Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Payner

2023-10-22T01:00:59Z

Quickfingers: Reference edited with ProveIt #proveit

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. It is often referred as the largest in size record label in terms of roster within the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with over 100 artists currently signed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payner - Музикална Компания - Изпълнители |url=https://payner.bg/Artists |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=payner.bg |language=en}}</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-11 |title=Payner - История |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711095759/http://www.payner.bg/history.php |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките" |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613060827/http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Payner

2023-10-22T00:58:09Z

Quickfingers: Reference edited with ProveIt #proveit

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. It is often referred as the largest in size record label in terms of roster within the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with over 100 artists currently signed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payner - Музикална Компания - Изпълнители |url=https://payner.bg/Artists |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=payner.bg |language=en}}</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-11 |title=Payner - История |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711095759/http://www.payner.bg/history.php |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Payner

2023-10-22T00:52:41Z

Quickfingers: Reference edited with ProveIt #proveit

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. It is often referred as the largest in size record label in terms of roster within the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with over 100 artists currently signed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payner - Музикална Компания - Изпълнители |url=https://payner.bg/Artists |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=payner.bg |language=en}}</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Payner

2023-10-22T00:51:20Z

Quickfingers: Reference edited with ProveIt #proveit

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. It is often referred as the largest in size record label in terms of roster within the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with over 100 artists currently signed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stayux.com |first=Stayu Kasabov | |title=Payner - Музикална Компания - Изпълнители |url=https://payner.bg/Artists |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=payner.bg |language=en}}</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Payner

2023-10-22T00:48:49Z

Quickfingers:

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. It is often referred as the largest in size record label in terms of roster within the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with over 100 artists currently signed.<ref> "http://www.payner.bg/singers.php"</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Payner

2023-10-22T00:46:52Z

Quickfingers:

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. It is often referred as the largest in size in terms of roster record label in the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with over 100 artists currently signed.<ref> "http://www.payner.bg/singers.php"</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Planeta TV

2023-10-22T00:36:28Z

Quickfingers:

{{short description|Bulgarian music television channel}}
{{unreferenced|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Planeta TV
| logo = Planeta_TV_Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| established =
| launch_date = {{Start date|2001|11|13|df=y}}
| closed_date = 
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]
| network =
| owner = Payner Media Ltd.
| parent =
| motto =
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| language = [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
| former_names =
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels = [[Planeta Folk]], [[Planeta HD]], [[Planeta 4K]]
| timeshift_service =
| website = http://www.planeta.tv
}}

'''Planeta TV''' is a [[Bulgaria]]n music [[television]] channel, which launched on 13 November 2001. It is owned by the company "Payner Media" Ltd., which also owns the sister channels [[Planeta Folk]] and [[Planeta HD]]. The channel is the highest rating among music channels in Bulgaria, according to studies from 2012. [[Planeta HD]] is an option for the viewer to watch the channel in high definition. Planeta musical artists have performed around the world and Planeta TV use the highest video production facilities. [[Planeta Folk]] consists of traditional Bulgarian folk music.

{{Bulgarian television}}

[[Category:Television in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Music television channels in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2001]]
[[Category:Television channels in North Macedonia]]

Payner

2023-09-03T08:01:26Z

Quickfingers:

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. Roster-wise it is the biggest record label in the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with 80 artists currently signed in their roster.<ref> "http://www.payner.bg/singers.php"</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Payner

2023-09-03T08:01:16Z

Quickfingers:

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. Roster-wise it is the biggest record label in the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with 80 artists currently signed in their roster.<ref> "http://www.payner.bg/singers.php"</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Planeta 4K

2023-09-03T08:00:52Z

Quickfingers: ←Redirected page to Planeta TV

#REDIRECT [[Planeta TV]] {{R from related topic}}

Payner

2023-09-03T08:00:13Z

Quickfingers:

{{Infobox record label 
| name = Payner
| image = [[Image:Payner_Logo.png]]
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| parent = 
| founded = 1990
| founder = [[Mitko Dimitrov]]
| fate = 
| defunct = 
| status = 
| distributor =
| genre = [[Chalga|Pop folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folklore]] and others.
| country = [[Bulgaria]]
| location = [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]]
| url = http://www.payner.bg
}}

'''Payner LTD''' ({{lang-bg|"Пaйнер" ООД}}) is an independent [[Bulgaria]]n [[record label]] and production company. It was founded in 1990 by Bulgarian businessman [[Mitko Dimitrov]]. Roster-wise it is the biggest record label in the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bg/music/grak-podpisa-s-payner.html|title=Грък подписа с "Пайнер"|last=lifestyle.bg|date=25 March 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnes.bg/balkanska/2014/11/22/bludnata-dyshteria-na-painer-desislava-se-zavyrna.246151|title="Блудната" дъщеря на "Пайнер" Десислава се завърна - Dnes.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcafe.bg/newscafe/obshtestvo/id_1406646011|title=Чалга на Античния театър по случай 25 г. "Пайнер"|date=15 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref> with 80 artists currently signed in their roster.<ref> "http://www.payner.bg/singers.php"</ref> Originally Payner started with the production of audio and videotapes for the Bulgarian market and for exportations abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/payner.php?id=6|title=Payner - Фирмата|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> As of today, the company owns their own record studio, founded in 1995. 3 television channels - [[Planeta TV]]<ref name="cem">{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.bg/linear_reg_docs.php?id=111&cat=1|title=Публичен регистър - Пайнер Медиа|website=www.cem.bg}}</ref> since 2001, [[Planeta Folk]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2007, [[Planeta HD]]<ref name="cem"/> since 2010 and [[Planeta 4K]] since 2020.<ref name="cem"/>
As well as 2 complexes - "Prikazkite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payner.bg/compex-prikazkite.php|title=Payner - Комплекс "Приказките"|website=www.payner.bg}}</ref> in [[Harmanli]]. [[Bulgaria]] and "Planeta Payner"<ref>[http://www.payner.bg/compex-cinema.php ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].

Production facilities and the head office of Payner LTD are situated in [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Artists==
{{Main|List of current Payner artists}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.payner.bg www.payner.bg] - Official website
* [http://www.planeta.tv www.planeta.tv] - Planeta TV's Official website
* [https://www.facebook.com/TeleviziaPlaneta Planeta TV's]'s Official [[Facebook]] page
* [https://www.youtube.com/PlanetaOfficial Planeta TV's] Official [[YouTube]] channel
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payner}}
[[Category:Bulgarian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:Bulgarian companies established in 1990]]

{{Europe-record-label-stub}}

Interscope Records discography

2022-05-04T06:22:08Z

Quickfingers: /* 2007 */

The following is a list of albums released by [[Interscope Records]].

==1990s==
=== 1991 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]''
* [[Gerardo Mejía|Gerardo]] - ''[[Mo' Ritmo]]''
* [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] - ''[[Music for the People (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch album)|Music for the People]]''
* [[Primus (band)|Primus]] - ''[[Sailing The Seas Of Cheese]]''
* [[The Storm (American band)|The Storm]] - ''The Storm''
*Various artists - ''[[Bill %26 Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture|Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey Soundtrack]]''

=== 1992 ===
* [[4 Non Blondes]] - ''[[Bigger, Better, Faster, More!]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[The Chronic]]'' (Death Row/Priority)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Meantime (album)|Meantime]]''
* [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] - ''[[You Gotta Believe]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[Broken (Nine Inch Nails EP)|Broken]]'' (Nothing/TVT)
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[No Doubt (No Doubt album)|No Doubt]]''
* [[Primus (band)|Primus]] - ''[[Miscellaneous Debris]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Unruly Child]] - ''[[Unruly Child]]''
*Colourhaus - ''Colourhaus''
*3 Shades Of Brown - ''Stronger Than Strong''

=== 1993 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]''
* [[Akinyele (rapper)|Akinyele]] - ''[[Vagina Diner]]
* [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] - ''[[Doggystyle]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1994 ===
* [[Blackstreet]] - ''[[Blackstreet (album)|Blackstreet]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[Sixteen Stone]]''
* [[Cop Shoot Cop]] - ''[[Release (Cop Shoot Cop album)|Release]]''
* [[Drive Like Jehu]] - ''[[Yank Crime]]''
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Betty (Helmet album)|Betty]]''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Portrait of an American Family]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[The Downward Spiral]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Sinister (band)|Sinister]]- ''Mobbin 4 Life'' (Atlantic)
* [[Toadies]] - ''[[Rubberneck (album)|Rubberneck]]''
* [[Thug Life]] - ''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Above the Rim (soundtrack)|Above the Rim]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Murder Was the Case]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Natural Born Killers (soundtrack)]]'' (Nothing)

=== 1995 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[Me Against the World]]''
* [[All (band)|All]] - ''[[Pummel (album)|Pummel]]''
* [[Dish (band)|Dish]] - ''[[Boneyard Beach (Dish album)|Boneyard Beach]]''
* [[Tha Dogg Pound]] - ''[[Dogg Food]]'' (Death Row/Priority)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Smells Like Children]]'' (Nothing)
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Tragic Kingdom]]''
*Various artists - ''[[Showgirls (soundtrack)|Showgirls Soundtrack]]''

=== 1996 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] (as Makaveli) - ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Blackstreet]] - ''[[Another Level (Blackstreet album)|Another Level]]''
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[Razorblade Suitcase]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Lifter (band)|Lifter]] - ''Melinda (Everything Was Beautiful and Nothing Hurt)''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Antichrist Superstar]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] - ''[[Tha Doggfather]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Christmas on Death Row]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Death Row Greatest Hits]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1997 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' (Amaru/Jive)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Aftertaste (album)|Aftertaste]]''
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Jurassic 5 (EP)]]'' (Rumble Records)
* [[The Lady of Rage]] - ''[[Necessary Roughness (album)|Necessary Roughness]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Three Dollar Bill, Y'all]]'' ([[Flip Records (1994)|Flip]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Remix & Repent]]'' (Nothing)
* Pink Noise Test - ''Plasticised''
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Fush Yu Mang]]''
* [[The Firm (hip hop group)|The Firm]]'' - [[The Album (The Firm album)|The Album]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[The Whispers]] - ''Songbook Volume 1: The Songs Of Babyface''
* Various artists - ''[[Gridlock'd (soundtrack)|Gridlock'd]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1998 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Greatest Hits (Tupac Shakur album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Behind the Front (album)|Behind the Front]]'' ([[will.i.am Music Group]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Mechanical Animals]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Mýa (album)|Mya]]''
*Various artists - ''[[Bulworth (soundtrack)|Bulworth Soundtrack]]''

=== 1999 ===

* [[2Pac]] & [[Outlawz]] - ''[[Still I Rise (album)|Still I Rise]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[The Science of Things]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Slim Shady LP]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Jordan Knight]] - ''[[Jordan Knight (album)|Jordan Knight]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Significant Other (album)|Significant Other]]'' ([[Flip Records (1994)|Flip]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The Last Tour on Earth]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album)|The Fragile]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Astro Lounge]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Wild Wild West (soundtrack)]]''

== 2000s ==

=== 2000 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[The Rose That Grew from Concrete]]'' (Amaru)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album)|Bridging the Gap]]'' (will.i.am Music Group)
* [[Drag-On]] - ''[[Opposite of H2O]]'' (Ruff Ryderse)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Marshall Mathers LP]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Quality Control (album)|Quality Control]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water]]''
* [[The LOX]] - ''[[We Are the Streets]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Fear of Flying (album)|Fear Of Flying]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Return of Saturn]]''
* [[Queens of the Stone Age]] - ''[[Rated R (Queens of the Stone Age album)|Rated R]]''
* [[U2]] - ''[[All That You Can't Leave Behind]]'' ([[Island Records|Island]])

=== 2001 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)|Until the End of Time]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[D12]] - ''[[Devil's Night]]'' (Shady)
* [[Eve (entertainer)|Eve]] - ''[[Scorpion (Eve album)|Scorpion]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Jadakiss]] - ''[[Kiss tha Game Goodbye]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[New Old Songs]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Rock Steady (album)|Rock Steady]]''
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Smash Mouth (album)|Smash Mouth]]''
* [[Toadies]] - ''[[Hell Below/Stars Above]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Ali (film)|Ali (soundtrack)]]''
* Various artists - ''[[The Wash (soundtrack)]]''

=== 2002 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Better Dayz]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead|...And You Will Know Us By The Trail of Dead]] - ''[[Source Tags & Codes]]''
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Eminem Show]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Power in Numbers]]''
* [[Styles P]] - ''[[A Gangster and a Gentleman]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]] - ''[[Truthfully Speaking]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[t.A.T.u.]] - ''[[200 km/h in the Wrong Lane]]'' (Universal)
* Various artists - ''[[8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture]]'' (Shady)

=== 2003 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Bubba Sparxxx]] - ''[[Deliverance (Bubba Sparxxx album)|Deliverance]]''
* [[Campfire Girls (band)|Campfire Girls]] - ''Tell Them Hi''
* [[G-Unit]] - ''[[Beg for Mercy]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Results May Vary]]''
* [[Obie Trice]] - ''[[Cheers (Obie Trice album)|Cheers]]'' (Shady)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The Golden Age of Grotesque]]'' (Nothing/Interscope)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Moodring]]'' (A&M/Interscope)
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album)|Get the Picture?]]''
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Elephunk]]'' ([[will.i.am Music Group]]/A&M/Interscope)

=== 2004 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' (Amaru)
* [[D12]] - ''[[D12 World]]'' (Shady/Interscope)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Encore (Eminem album)|Encore]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Size Matters]]''
* [[Jadakiss]] - ''[[Kiss of Death (Jadakiss album)|Kiss of Death]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Jimmy Eat World]] - ''[[Futures (album)|Futures]]'' (Tiny Evil)
* [[Lloyd Banks]] - ''[[The Hunger for More]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Lest We Forget: The Best Of]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[Love. Angel. Music. Baby.]]''
* [[U2]] - ''[[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb]]''
* [[Young Buck]] - ''[[Straight Outta Cashville]]'' (G-Unit)

=== 2005 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[The Massacre]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Daddy Yankee]] - ''[[Barrio Fino en Directo]]'' (El Cartel)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Curtain Call: The Hits]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] - ''[[The Documentary]]'' (Aftermath/G-Unit)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Arular]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[With Teeth]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Will Smith]] - ''[[Lost and Found (Will Smith album)|Lost and Found]]''
* [[t.A.T.u.]] - ''[[Dangerous and Moving]]'' (Universal)
* [[Tony Yayo]] - ''[[Thoughts of a Predicate Felon]]'' (G-Unit)

=== 2006 ===
* [[+44 (band)|+44]] - ''[[When Your Heart Stops Beating]]''
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Pac's Life]]'' (Amaru)
* [[Brand New (band)|Brand New]] - ''[[The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me]]'' (Tiny Evil)
* [[Busta Rhymes]] - ''[[The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album)|The Big Bang]]'' (Flipmode/Aftermath)
* [[Fergie]] - [[The Dutchess]] (will.i.am / A&M)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Feedback (Jurassic 5 album)|Feedback]]''
* [[Lloyd Banks]] - ''[[Rotten Apple (Lloyd Banks album)|Rotten Apple]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Mobb Deep]] - ''[[Blood Money (Mobb Deep album)|Blood Money]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Obie Trice]] - ''[[Second Round's on Me]]'' (Shady)
* [[Pharrell]] - ''[[In My Mind (Pharrell album)|In My Mind]]'' (Star Trak)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[The Sweet Escape]]''
* [[Styles P]] - ''[[Time Is Money (Styles P album)|Time Is Money]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[The Evolution of Robin Thicke]]'' (Star Trak)
* Various artists - ''[[Eminem Presents: The Re-Up]]'' (Shady)

=== 2007 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Best of 2Pac]]'' (Amaru/Death Row/UMG)
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Bone Thugs-n-Harmony]] - ''[[Strength & Loyalty]]'' (Full Surface)
* [[Daddy Yankee]] - ''[[El Cartel: The Big Boss]]'' (El Cartel)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Kala (album)|Kala]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Eat Me, Drink Me]]''
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[Year Zero (album)|Year Zero]]''
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Dreaming Out Loud]]'' (Mosley Music Group)
* [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] - ''[[souljaboytellem.com]]'' (Stacks On Deck Ent./HHH/Collipark)
* [[will.i.am]] - ''[[Songs About Girls]]''
* [[Young Buck]] - ''[[Buck the World]]'' (G-Unit)
*[[Maroon 5]] - ''[[It Won't Be Soon Before Long]]''

=== 2008 ===
* [[Vanessa Amorosi]] - ''[[Somewhere in the Real World]]'' (Universal Republic UK)
* [[Black Tide]] - ''[[Light From Above]]''
* [[G-Unit]] - ''[[T.O.S: Terminate on Sight]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Sean Garrett]] - ''[[Turbo 919]]'' (Bet I Penned Music)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Swan Songs (Hollywood Undead album)|Swan Songs]]''
* [[The Knux]] - ''[[Remind Me in 3 Days...]]'' (Chic Freak Music)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[The Fame (album)|The Fame]]''
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[How Many Votes Fix Mix]]''
* [[N.E.R.D]] - ''[[Seeing Sounds]]'' (Star Trak)
* [[New Kids on the Block]] - ''[[The Block (album)|The Block]]''
* [[Pussycat Dolls]] - ''[[Doll Domination]]''
* [[Rise Against]] - ''[[Appeal to Reason (album)|Appeal to Reason]]'' (Geffen/DGC)
* [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] - ''[[iSouljaBoyTellEm]]'' (Stacks On Deck Ent./HHH/Collipark)
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[Something Else (Robin Thicke album)|Something Else]]'' (Star Trak)

=== 2009 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Before I Self Destruct]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[The E.N.D.]]''
* [[Brand New (band)|Brand New]] - ''[[Daisy (Brand New album)|Daisy]]'' (DGC/Procrastinate!)
* [[Them Crooked Vultures]] - ''[[Them Crooked Vultures (album)|Them Crooked Vultures]]'' (DGC)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Relapse (Eminem album)|Relapse]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Desperate Measures (Hollywood Undead album)|Desperate Measures]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[The Fame Monster]]''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The High End of Low]]''
* [[Papa Roach]] - ''[[Metamorphosis (Papa Roach album)|Metamorphosis]]'' (DGC)
* [[Tokio Hotel]] - ''[[Humanoid (album)]]'' (Cherrytree)
* [[U2]] - ''[[No Line on the Horizon]]''

== 2010s ==

=== 2010 ===
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[The Beginning (The Black Eyed Peas album)|The Beginning]]''
* [[Keyshia Cole]] - ''[[Calling All Hearts]]''
* [[Diddy-Dirty Money]] - ''[[Last Train to Paris]]''
* [[El Debarge]] - ''[[Second Chance (El DeBarge album)|Second Chance]]''
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Recovery (Eminem album)|Recovery]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Escape The Fate]] - ''[[Escape the Fate (album)|Escape the Fate]]''
* [[Far East Movement]] - ''[[Free Wired]]''
* [[Girlicious]] - ''[[Rebuilt]]''
* [[Keri Hilson]] - ''[[No Boys Allowed]]''
* [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Maya (M.I.A. album)|Maya]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[N.E.R.D]] - ''[[Nothing (N.E.R.D album)|Nothing]]''
* [[The Pretty Reckless]] - ''[[The Pretty Reckless EP]]''
* [[The Pretty Reckless]] - ''[[Light Me Up]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk Pt. 1]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk Pt. 2]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk (Robyn album)|Body Talk]]''
* [[Soulja Boy]] - ''[[The DeAndre Way]]'' (SODMG/Collipark)
*[[Maroon 5]] - [[Hands All Over (album)|''Hands All Over'']]

=== 2011 ===
* [[All Time Low]] - ''[[Dirty Work (All Time Low album)|Dirty Work]]''
* [[Bad Meets Evil]] - ''[[Hell: The Sequel]]'' (Shady)
* [[Travis Barker]] - ''[[Give the Drummer Some]]''
* [[Black Tide]] - ''[[Post Mortem (album)|Post Mortem]]''
* [[Blink-182]] - ''[[Neighborhoods (Blink-182 album)|Neighborhoods]]'' (DGC)
* [[Game (rapper)|Game]] - ''[[The R.E.D. Album]]'' (DGC)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[American Tragedy (album)|American Tragedy]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Born This Way (album)|Born This Way]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Gold Cobra]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Icon (Limp Bizkit album)|Icon]]''
* [[Lloyd (singer)|Lloyd]] - ''[[King of Hearts (Lloyd album)|King of Hearts]]'' (Young Goldie)
* [[Rise Against]] - ''[[Endgame (Rise Against album)|Endgame]]'' (DGC)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Radioactive (Yelawolf album)|Radioactive]]'' (Ghet-O-Vision/DGC/Shady)

=== 2012 ===
* [[Azealia Banks]] - ''[[1991 (EP)|1991]]''
* [[Nelly Furtado]] - ''[[The Spirit Indestructible]]'' (Mosley)
* [[Game (rapper)|Game]] - ''[[Jesus Piece (album)|Jesus Piece]]''
* [[Girls' Generation]] - ''[[The Boys (Girls' Generation album)|The Boys]]'' (SM Entertainment/UMG)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[good kid, m.A.A.d city]]'' ([[Top Dawg|TDE]]/Aftermath)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Born to Die]]'' (Polydor/Stranger)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[MDNA (album)|MDNA]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Push and Shove (album)|Push and Shove]]''
* [[Haley Reinhart]] - ''[[Listen Up! (Haley Reinhart album)|Listen Up!]]''
* [[Slaughterhouse]] - ''[[Welcome to: Our House]]'' (Shady)
* [[Soulja Boy]] - ''[[Promise (Soulja Boy album)|Promise]]'' (SODMG/Collipark Music)
* [[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]] - ''[[Clarity (Zedd album)|Clarity]]''

=== 2013 ===
* [[Colette Carr]] - ''[[Skitszo]]''
* [[Eminem]] -''[[The Marshall Mathers LP 2]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[French Montana]] - ''[[Excuse My French (album)|Excuse My French]]''
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Notes from the Underground (Hollywood Undead album)|Notes From the Underground]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Artpop]]''
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Matangi (album)|Matangi]]''
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[MDNA World Tour]]''
* [[Scotty McCreery]] -''[[See You Tonight]]''
* [[Natalia Kills]] - ''[[Trouble (Natalia Kills album)|Trouble]]''
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Native (album)|Native]]''
* [[Jessica Sanchez]] - ''[[Me, You & the Music]]''
* [[Skylar Grey]] -''[[Don't Look Down (Skylar Grey album)|Don't Look Down]]''
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[Blurred Lines (album)|Blurred Lines]]''
* Various Artists - ''[[The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film]]''
* [[will.i.am]] - ''[[willpower (will.i.am album)|#willpower]]''

=== 2014 ===
* [[Tony Bennett]] & [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Cheek to Cheek (album)|Cheek To Cheek]]'' (Streamline/Interscope/Columbia)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Ultraviolence (album)|Ultraviolence]]''
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[V (Maroon 5 album)|V]]''
* [[Schoolboy Q]] - ''[[Oxymoron (album)|Oxymoron]]'' ([[Top Dawg|TDE]])
* [[U2]] - ''[[Songs of Innocence (U2 album)|Songs of Innocence]]''

=== 2015 ===
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Revival (Selena Gomez album)|Revival]]''
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[To Pimp a Butterfly]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Day of the Dead (Hollywood Undead album)|Day of the Dead]]''
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[Rebel Heart (Madonna album)|Rebel Heart]]''
* [[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]] - ''[[True Colors (Zedd album)|True Colors]]''

=== 2016 ===
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[6LACK]] - ''[[Free 6LACK]]'' (LoveRenaissance)
* [[AlunaGeorge]] - ''[[I Remember (AlunaGeorge album)|I Remember]]'' (Island)
* Bahari - ''Dancing on the Sun'' (Bahari Beach)
* [[Band of Horses]] - ''[[Why Are You OK]]''
* [[Bas (rapper)|Bas]] - ''[[Too High to Riot]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Cassius (band)|Cassius]] - ''[[Ibifornia]]'' (Love Justice SARL/Justice SARL)
* [[DJ Snake]] - ''[[Encore (DJ Snake album)|Encore]]''
* [[Dreezy]] - ''[[No Hard Feelings (album)|No Hard Feelings]]''
* [[Jack Garratt]] - ''[[Phase (album)|Phase]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Goldroom]] - ''West of the West'' (Downtown)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[4 Your Eyez Only]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] - ''[[Emotion Remixed +]]'' (604/School Boy)
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen ]]- ''[[Emotion: Side B]]'' (604/School Boy)
* [[K. Flay]] - ''Crush Me'' (Night Street)
* [[K Camp]] - ''Lyric Ave''
* [[Michael Kiwanuka]] - ''[[Love & Hate (Michael Kiwanuka album)|Love & Hate]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[untitled unmastered]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Joanne (album)|Joanne]]'' (Streamline)
* [[Lion Babe]] - ''[[Begin (Lion Babe album)|Begin]]'' (Polydor)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[AIM (album)|AIM]]'' (Polydor)
* Ella Mai - ''Change'' (10 Summers)
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Oh My My (album)|Oh My My]]'' (Mosley)
* [[Rae Sremmurd]] - ''[[SremmLife 2]]'' (EarDrummers)
* [[The Rolling Stones]] - ''[[Blue & Lonesome (The Rolling Stones album)|Blue & Lonesome]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Schoolboy Q]] - ''[[Blank Face LP]]'' (Top Dawg)
* [[Shura (English singer)|Shura]] - ''[[Nothing's Real]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Skylar Grey]] - ''[[Natural Causes (Skylar Grey album)|Natural Causes]]'' (KidinaKorner)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[This Is What the Truth Feels Like]]''
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] - ''[[57th & 9th]]'' (A&M)
* [[Tkay Maidza]] - ''[[Tkay]]'' (Downtown)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[I Told You]]'' (Mad Love)
* Various artists - ''[[La La Land (soundtrack)|La La Land: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''

=== 2017 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Best Of (50 Cent album)|Best Of]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Lauren Alaina]] - ''[[Road Less Traveled (Lauren Alaina album)|Road Less Traveled]]'' (19/Mercury Nashville)
* [[blackbear (musician)|blackbear]] - ''Cybersex'' (Beartrap/Alamo)
* [[Cashmere Cat]] - ''[[9 (Cashmere Cat album)|9]]'' (Mad Love)
* [[Electric Guest]] - ''Plural'' (Downtown)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Revival (Eminem album)|Revival]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Feist (singer)|Feist]] - ''[[Pleasure (Feist album)|Pleasure]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Ice Cube]] - ''[[Death Certificate (album)#Death Certificate 25th Anniversary Edition|Death Certificate (25th Anniversary Reissue)]]'' (Lench Mob)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Evolve (Imagine Dragons album)|Evolve]]'' (KidinaKorner)
* [[J.I.D]] - ''[[The Never Story]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[K.Flay]] - ''Every Where Is Some Where'' (Night Street)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[Damn (Kendrick Lamar album)|Damn]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album)|Lust for Life]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Bloom (Machine Gun Kelly album)|Bloom]]'' (Bad Boy)
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[Red Pill Blues]]'' (222)
* [[Mike Will Made It]] - ''[[Ransom 2]]'' (EarDrummers)
* [[Mura Masa]] - ''[[Mura Masa (album)|Mura Masa]]'' (Downtown/Polydor/Anchor Point)
* [[Oliver (duo)|Oliver]] - ''[[Full Circle (Oliver album)|Full Circle]]''
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Playboi Carti (mixtape)|Playboi Carti]]'' (AWGE)
* [[San Fermin (band)|San Fermin]] - ''Belong'' (Downtown)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[You Make It Feel Like Christmas]]''
* [[Tei Shi]] - ''Crawl Space'' (Downtown)
* [[Two-9]] - ''FRVR'' (EarDrummers)
* [[U2]] - ''[[Songs of Experience (U2 album)|Songs of Experience]]'' (Island)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Trial by Fire (Yelawolf album)|Trial by Fire]]'' (Slumerican/Shady)

=== 2018 ===
* [[Børns]] - ''[[Blue Madonna]]''
* Various Artists - ''[[Black Panther: The Album]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Cozz]] - ''[[Effected (album)|Effected]]'' (Tha Committee/Dreamville)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''2 Heartless'' (N-Less)
* [[Wes Period]] - ''Pretty Words'' (Facet)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[Memories Don't Die|MEMORIES DON'T DIE]]'' (Mad Love)
* Arin Ray - ''Platinum Fire''
* Trouble - ''Edgewood'' (Eardruma)
* [[Rich The Kid]] - ''[[The World Is Yours (Rich the Kid album)|The World Is Yours]]'' (Rich Forever Music)
* [[Kali Uchis]] - ''[[Isolation (Kali Uchis album)|Isolation]]'' (Virgin EMI)
* [[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] - ''[[America (Thirty Seconds to Mars album)|America]]''
* [[Smokepurpp]] & [[Murda Beatz]] - ''[[Bless Yo Trap]]'' (Cactus Jack/Alamo)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[KOD (album)|KOD]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] & [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]] - ''[[44/876]]'' (A&M)
* [[Rae Sremmurd]] - ''[[SR3MM]]'' (Eardruma)
* 6 Dogs & Danny Wolf - ''6 Wolves'' (Trust Me Danny/Mad Love)
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Die Lit]]'' (AWGE)
* SUR - ''SAVAGE BEAST''
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Goodbye & Good Riddance]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Jay Rock]] - ''[[Redemption (Jay Rock album)|Redemption]]'' (Top Dawg)
* Billy Raffoul - ''1975''
* Colouring - ''bn''
* Moneybagg Yo - ''Bet On Me'' (N-Less)
* [[Bas (rapper)|Bas]] - ''[[Milky Way (album)|Milky Way]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Kamikaze (Eminem album)|Kamikaze]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Night Game]] - ''The Night Game'' (Real Johnson/Vertigo/Capitol)
* Trill Sammy - ''No Sleep Vol. 1'' (Mad Love)
* Yoshi Flower - ''Brown Paper Bag (Maxi)'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Pale Waves]] - ''[[My Mind Makes Noises]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[6LACK]] - ''[[East Atlanta Love Letter]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - [[Binge (EP)|BINGE]]
* [[Lady Gaga]] & [[Bradley Cooper]] - [[A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)|A Star Is Born (soundtrack)]]
* [[Sheck Wes]] - ''[[Mudboy (album)|MUDBOY]]'' (Cactus Jack/GOOD)
* [[Ella Mai]] - ''[[Ella Mai (album)|Ella Mai]]'' (10 Summers)
* Yoshi Flower - ''AMERICAN RAVER'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Future (rapper)|Future]] & Juice WRLD - ''[[Wrld on Drugs]]'' (Grade A/Freebandz/Epic)
* [[Lil Mosey]] - ''[[Northsbest]]''
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''[[Last Day of Summer (Summer Walker album)|Last Day of Summer]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis the Child]] - ''Kids At Play''
* [[The Struts]] - ''[[Young & Dangerous (album)|YOUNG&DANGEROUS]]''
* Tory Lanez - ''[[Love Me Now?|LoVE me NOw]]'' (Mad Love)
* [[Jacob Banks]] - ''Village'' (Darkroom)
* [[Jay Critch]] - ''Hood Favorite'' (Rich Forever)
* [[K Camp]] - ''RARE Sound'' (RARE Sound/EMPIRE)
* [[Kris Wu]] - ''[[Antares (album)|Antares]]'' (Ace Unit/Go East/Universal Music China)
* [[Smino]] - ''[[Noir (Smino album)|NØIR]]'' (Zero Fatigue/Downtown)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Origins (Imagine Dragons album)|Origins]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[Lil Durk]] - ''Signed To The Streets 3'' (Only The Family/Alamo)
* [[Nightly (band)|Nightly]] - ''The Sound Of Your Voice''
* [[Mike Will Made It|Mike WiLL Made-It]] - ''[[Creed II (soundtrack)|Creed II: The Album]]'' (Eardruma)
* Moneybagg Yo - ''RESET'' (N-Less)
* [[J.I.D]] - ''[[DiCaprio 2]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* Blaise Moore - ''TEMPORARY HER''
* [[Ice Cube]] - ''[[Everythangs Corrupt]]'' (Lench Mob)
* [[SOB X RBE|Yhung T.O.]] - ''Trust Issues'' (SOB X RBE/Rule #1)
* [[Gryffin]] - ''Gravity, Pt. 1'' (Darkroom)

=== 2019 ===
* [[Dermot Kennedy]] - ''Dermot Kennedy'' (Riggins)
* [[Boogie (rapper)|Boogie]] - ''[[Everythings for Sale]]'' (Shady)
* [[Dreezy]] - ''[[Big Dreez]]''
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''CLEAR'' (LVRN)
* Mereba - ''The Jungle Is The Only Way Out''
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Baby on Baby]]'' (SCMG)
* [[The Japanese House]] - ''[[Good at Falling]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[Juice Wrld]] - ''[[Death Race for Love]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis The Child]] - ''Kids At Play (Remixes)''
* Lil Poppa - ''Under Investigation 2'' (Rule #1)
* [[Rich the Kid]] - ''[[The World Is Yours 2]]'' (Rich Forever)
* [[SOB X RBE|Yhung T.O.]] - ''On My Momma 2'' (SOB X RBE/Rule #1)
* Melli - ''phAses'' (Rule #1)
* [[Billie Eilish]] - ''[[When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?|WHEN WE ALL FALL ASLEEP, WHERE DO WE GO?]]'' (Darkroom)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Trunk Muzik III]]'' (Slumerican/Shady)
* [[Blackpink|BLACKPINK]] - ''[[Kill This Love]]''
* Billy Raffoul - ''The Running Wild EP''
* [[Blackbear (musician)|blackbear]] - ''[[Anonymous (Blackbear album)|Anonymous]]'' (Beartrap/Alamo)
* [[Schoolboy Q|ScHoolboy Q]] - ''[[Crash Talk|CrasH Talk]]'' (TDE)
* [[Ari Lennox]] - ''[[Shea Butter Baby]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Smokepurpp]] - ''Lost Planet 2.0'' (Alamo)
* [[Stunna 4 Vegas]] - ''BIG 4x'' (Billion Dollar Baby)
* Leven Kali - ''Low Tide''
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] - ''[[Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)|Dedicated]]'' (Schoolboy)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''[[43va Heartless|43VA HEARTLESS]]'' (N-Less)
* Yoshi Flower - ''PEER PRESSURE'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[Madame X (album)|Madame X]]'' (Boy Toy/Live Nation)
* [[Nightly (band)|Nightly]] - ''Talk You Down''
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''[[Orion (X Ambassadors album)|ORION]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[K Camp]] - ''Wayy 2 Kritical'' (RARE Sound/EMPIRE)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''The Life Of Pi'erre 4'' (SosssHouse)
* [[Mustard (record producer)|Mustard]] - ''[[Perfect Ten (album)|Perfect Ten]]'' (10 Summers)
* Nechie - ''SSN: Southside Nechi The Introduction''
* [[Dreamville Records|Dreamville]] & [[J. Cole]] - [[Revenge of the Dreamers III]] (Dreamville)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Hotel Diablo]]'' (EST 19XX/Bad Boy)
* Ann Marie - ''Pretty Psycho'' (Zulu)
* Blacc Zacc - ''Trappin Like Zacc'' (SCMG)
* [[Cuco (musician)|Cuco]] - ''[[Para Mi (Cuco album)|Para Mi]]''
* [[Lil Durk]] - ''Love Songs 4 The Streets 2'' (OTF/Alamo)
* Lou The Human - ''Painkiller Paradise''
* Various Artists - ''13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (Soundtrack)''
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Norman Fucking Rockwell]]''
* DaBaby - ''[[Kirk (album)|KIRK]]'' (SCMG)
* Summer Walker - ''[[Over It (album)|Over It]]'' (LVRN)
* Melii - ''MOTIONS'' (Rule #1)
* Justin Rarri - ''4EVARARRi''
* Jayla Darden - ''Onto Something'' (a sick project)
* ROLE MODEL - ''oh, how perfect''
* Only1Skoota - ''No Love Back''
* [[QUIN (singer)|QUIN]] - ''LUCID'' (Fantasy Soul)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[Chixtape 5]]'' (Mad Love)
* BB Nobre - ''Por Fin''
* Griselda - ''WWCD'' (Griselda/Shady)
* Yoshi Flower - ''I Will Not Let My Love Go To Waste'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* Only The Family & Lil Durk - ''Family Over Everything'' (OTF/Alamo)
* Arin Ray - ''Phases II''
* Lil Poppa - ''Almost Normal'' (Rule #1)
* [[Smino]] - ''High 4 Da Highladays'' (Zero Fatigue/Downtown)

== 2020s ==

=== 2020 ===
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''Time Served'' (N-Less)
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Rare (Selena Gomez album)|Rare]]''
* [[Dreamville Records|Dreamville]] & [[J. Cole]] - [[Revenge of the Dreamers III|Revenge of the Dreamers III: Director's Cut]] (Dreamville)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Music to Be Murdered By]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Mura Masa]] - ''R.Y.C'' (Anchor Point)
* [[Stunna 4 Vegas]] - ''RICH YOUNGIN'' (Billion Dollar Baby)
* [[Tame Impala]] - ''[[The Slow Rush]]'' (Modular)
* Blacc Zacc - ''Carolina Narco'' (SCMG)
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''Belong EP'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[renforshort]] - ''teenage angst EP'' (Renwasn'there Inc.)
* [[5 Seconds of Summer]] - ''[[Calm (album)|C A L M]]''
* [[Ari Lennox]] - ''[[Shea Butter Baby (Remix EP)]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[The New Toronto 3]]''
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Blame It on Baby|BLAME IT ON BABY]]'' (SCMG)
* [[K Camp]] - ''[[Kiss Five|Kiss 5]]'' (RARE Sound)
* [[Kali Uchis]] - ''[[To Feel Alive|TO FEEL ALIVE - EP]]'' (Virgin EMI)
* Leven Kali - ''HIGHTIDE''
* Smoove'L - ''Boy From Brooklyn'' (Run Music)
* [[Khea]] - ''Trapicheo'' (Young Flex)
* YXNG K.A - ''BABY REAPER - EP'' (Double O)
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[Notes on a Conditional Form]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* Mk.gee - ''A Museum Of Contradiction'' (IAMSOUND)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Chromatica]]''
* [[Blackpink|BLACKPINK]] - ''[[The Album (Blackpink album)|THE ALBUM]]''
* Lil Poppa - ''Evergreen Wildchild 2'' (Rule #1)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''The Life of Pi'erre 4 (Deluxe)'' (SossHouse)
* [[6lack|6LACK]] - ''[[6pc Hot EP]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Jessie Ware]] - ''[[What's Your Pleasure?]]'' (PMR/Virgin EMI)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis The Child]] - ''[[Here for Now]]''
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Legends Never Die (Juice Wrld album)|Legends Never Die]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Lil Mosey]] - ''[[Certified Hitmaker]] (AVA Leak)'' (Mogul Vision)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Tickets to My Downfall]]'' (Bad Boy)
* [[Westside Gunn]] - ''[[Who Made the Sunshine]]'' (Griselda/Shady)
* [[BlocBoy JB]] - ''FatBoy'' (Foundation)
* [[The Struts]] - ''Strange Days''
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Whole Lotta Red]]'' (AWGE)

=== 2021 ===
* [[BRS Kash]] - ''Kash Only'' (LVRN)
* [[Celeste (singer)|Celeste]] - ''[[Not Your Muse]]'' (Atlas Artists)
* Nechie - ''Shady Baby''
* [[slowthai]] - ''TYRON'' (Method/AWGE)
* [[Alexander 23]] - ''Oh No, Not Again! EP''
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Revelación]]'' (SMG)
* [[Bad Gyal]] - ''Warm Up'' (Aftercluv)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Chemtrails over the Country Club]]''
* YXNG K.A. - ''REAPER SZN (Deluxe)'' (Double O)
* [[Benny Blanco|benny blanco]] - ''FRIENDS KEEP SECRETS 2'' (Friends Keep Secrets)
* Vince Ash - ''VITO (Deluxe Edition)'' (Goliath)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''[[A Gangsta's Pain]]'' (N-Less/CMG)
* [[Sir Sly]] - ''The Rise & Fall Of Loverboy''
* [[Morray]] - ''[[Street Sermons]]'' (Pick Six)
* Lil Poppa - ''Blessed, I Guess'' (Rule #1)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[The Off-Season]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Cloves (singer)|CLOVES]] - ''Nightmare On Elmfield Road''
* [[42 Dugg]] - ''[[Free Dem Boyz]]'' (4PF/CMG)
* [[Mereba]] - ''AZEB EP''
* [[renforshort]] - ''off saint dominique EP''
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[Jordi (album)|JORDI]]'' (222)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''[[The Life of Pi'erre 5]]'' (SossHouse)
* [[Jax Jones]] - ''Deep Joy EP'' (Deep Joy Edition)
* [[Inhaler (band)|Inhaler]] - ''[[It Won't Always Be Like This]]''
* OMB Bloodbath - ''Blood Sample EP'' (LVRN)
* [[EST Gee]] - ''[[Bigger Than Life or Death]]'' (Warlike/CMG)
* [[Dave (rapper)|Dave]] - ''[[We're All Alone in This Together]]'' (Neighbourhood)
* [[Billie Eilish]] - ''[[Happier Than Ever]]'' (Darkroom)
* [[Allison Ponthier]] - ''Faking My Own Death''
* [[Glaive (musician)|glaive]] - ''all dogs go to heaven''
* [[K Camp|K CAMP]] - ''FLOAT'' (RARE Sound)
* Rosemarie - ''Sinnergy'' (Bird Vision)
* GRIP - ''[[I Died for This!?]]'' (Stray Society/Shady)
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Human (OneRepublic album)|Human]]'' (Mosley)
* 42 Dugg - ''Free Dem Boyz (Deluxe)'' (4PF/CMG)
* [[BIG30]] - ''King Of Killbranch'' (N-Less/Bread Gang)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Mercury - Act 1]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Dawn of Chromatica]]''
* LANY - ''gg bb xx'' (Side Street)
* [[Niki (singer)|NIKI]], [[DJ Snake]] & [[88rising]] - ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (soundtrack)|Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings: The Album]]'' (MARVEL/Hollywood)
* Hayd - ''Changes EP''
* [[Kacey Musgraves]] - '' [[Star-Crossed (album) |star-crossed]]'' (MCA Nashville)
* Co Cash - ''HIM, Not Them'' (Committed/Foundation)
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''The Beautiful Liar'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* Ryan Trey - ''A 64 East Saga'' (#JUSTAREGULARDAY)
* [[Tony Bennett]] & Lady Gaga - ''[[Love for Sale (Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga album)|Love for Sale]]'' (Columbia)
* [[Lute (rapper) | Lute]] - ''[[Gold Mouf]]'' (Dreamville)
* glaive & ericoda - ''then i'll be happy'' (LISTEN TO THE KIDS)
* [[Sam Fender]] - ''[[Seventeen Going Under]]''
* [[Finneas O'Connell|FINNEAS]] - ''[[Optimist (album)|Optimist]]'' (OYOY)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis the Child]] - ''Euphoria''
* Lana Del Rey - ''[[Blue Banisters]]
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''[[Still Over It]]'' (LVRN)
* HVN - ''ALL GIRLS GO TO HEAVEN'' (DON'T DIE/Field Trip)
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Back on My Baby Jesus Sh!t Again]]'' (SCMG)
* [[Gracie Abrams]] - ''[[This Is What It Feels Like (album)|This Is What It Feels Like]]''
* [[Ama Lou]] - ''AT LEAST WE HAVE THIS''
* [[Kevvo|KEVVO]] - ''Cotidiano''
* [[Cozz]] - ''Fortunate'' (Tha Committee/Dreamville)
* EST Gee - ''Bigger Than Life Or Death, Pt. 2'' (Warlike/CMG)
* LPB Poody - ''I’m The One'' (Chameleon)
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Fighting Demons]]'' (Grade A)
* [[TM88]] & Pi'erre Bourne - ''Yo!88'' (Capitol)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Interscope Records|Discography]]
[[Category:Discographies of American record labels]]

Interscope Records discography

2022-05-04T06:07:46Z

Quickfingers: /* 2005 */

The following is a list of albums released by [[Interscope Records]].

==1990s==
=== 1991 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]''
* [[Gerardo Mejía|Gerardo]] - ''[[Mo' Ritmo]]''
* [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] - ''[[Music for the People (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch album)|Music for the People]]''
* [[Primus (band)|Primus]] - ''[[Sailing The Seas Of Cheese]]''
* [[The Storm (American band)|The Storm]] - ''The Storm''
*Various artists - ''[[Bill %26 Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture|Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey Soundtrack]]''

=== 1992 ===
* [[4 Non Blondes]] - ''[[Bigger, Better, Faster, More!]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[The Chronic]]'' (Death Row/Priority)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Meantime (album)|Meantime]]''
* [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] - ''[[You Gotta Believe]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[Broken (Nine Inch Nails EP)|Broken]]'' (Nothing/TVT)
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[No Doubt (No Doubt album)|No Doubt]]''
* [[Primus (band)|Primus]] - ''[[Miscellaneous Debris]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Unruly Child]] - ''[[Unruly Child]]''
*Colourhaus - ''Colourhaus''
*3 Shades Of Brown - ''Stronger Than Strong''

=== 1993 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]''
* [[Akinyele (rapper)|Akinyele]] - ''[[Vagina Diner]]
* [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] - ''[[Doggystyle]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1994 ===
* [[Blackstreet]] - ''[[Blackstreet (album)|Blackstreet]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[Sixteen Stone]]''
* [[Cop Shoot Cop]] - ''[[Release (Cop Shoot Cop album)|Release]]''
* [[Drive Like Jehu]] - ''[[Yank Crime]]''
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Betty (Helmet album)|Betty]]''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Portrait of an American Family]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[The Downward Spiral]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Sinister (band)|Sinister]]- ''Mobbin 4 Life'' (Atlantic)
* [[Toadies]] - ''[[Rubberneck (album)|Rubberneck]]''
* [[Thug Life]] - ''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Above the Rim (soundtrack)|Above the Rim]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Murder Was the Case]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Natural Born Killers (soundtrack)]]'' (Nothing)

=== 1995 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[Me Against the World]]''
* [[All (band)|All]] - ''[[Pummel (album)|Pummel]]''
* [[Dish (band)|Dish]] - ''[[Boneyard Beach (Dish album)|Boneyard Beach]]''
* [[Tha Dogg Pound]] - ''[[Dogg Food]]'' (Death Row/Priority)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Smells Like Children]]'' (Nothing)
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Tragic Kingdom]]''
*Various artists - ''[[Showgirls (soundtrack)|Showgirls Soundtrack]]''

=== 1996 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] (as Makaveli) - ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Blackstreet]] - ''[[Another Level (Blackstreet album)|Another Level]]''
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[Razorblade Suitcase]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Lifter (band)|Lifter]] - ''Melinda (Everything Was Beautiful and Nothing Hurt)''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Antichrist Superstar]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] - ''[[Tha Doggfather]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Christmas on Death Row]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Death Row Greatest Hits]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1997 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' (Amaru/Jive)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Aftertaste (album)|Aftertaste]]''
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Jurassic 5 (EP)]]'' (Rumble Records)
* [[The Lady of Rage]] - ''[[Necessary Roughness (album)|Necessary Roughness]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Three Dollar Bill, Y'all]]'' ([[Flip Records (1994)|Flip]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Remix & Repent]]'' (Nothing)
* Pink Noise Test - ''Plasticised''
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Fush Yu Mang]]''
* [[The Firm (hip hop group)|The Firm]]'' - [[The Album (The Firm album)|The Album]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[The Whispers]] - ''Songbook Volume 1: The Songs Of Babyface''
* Various artists - ''[[Gridlock'd (soundtrack)|Gridlock'd]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1998 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Greatest Hits (Tupac Shakur album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Behind the Front (album)|Behind the Front]]'' ([[will.i.am Music Group]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Mechanical Animals]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Mýa (album)|Mya]]''
*Various artists - ''[[Bulworth (soundtrack)|Bulworth Soundtrack]]''

=== 1999 ===

* [[2Pac]] & [[Outlawz]] - ''[[Still I Rise (album)|Still I Rise]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[The Science of Things]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Slim Shady LP]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Jordan Knight]] - ''[[Jordan Knight (album)|Jordan Knight]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Significant Other (album)|Significant Other]]'' ([[Flip Records (1994)|Flip]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The Last Tour on Earth]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album)|The Fragile]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Astro Lounge]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Wild Wild West (soundtrack)]]''

== 2000s ==

=== 2000 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[The Rose That Grew from Concrete]]'' (Amaru)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album)|Bridging the Gap]]'' (will.i.am Music Group)
* [[Drag-On]] - ''[[Opposite of H2O]]'' (Ruff Ryderse)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Marshall Mathers LP]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Quality Control (album)|Quality Control]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water]]''
* [[The LOX]] - ''[[We Are the Streets]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Fear of Flying (album)|Fear Of Flying]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Return of Saturn]]''
* [[Queens of the Stone Age]] - ''[[Rated R (Queens of the Stone Age album)|Rated R]]''
* [[U2]] - ''[[All That You Can't Leave Behind]]'' ([[Island Records|Island]])

=== 2001 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)|Until the End of Time]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[D12]] - ''[[Devil's Night]]'' (Shady)
* [[Eve (entertainer)|Eve]] - ''[[Scorpion (Eve album)|Scorpion]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Jadakiss]] - ''[[Kiss tha Game Goodbye]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[New Old Songs]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Rock Steady (album)|Rock Steady]]''
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Smash Mouth (album)|Smash Mouth]]''
* [[Toadies]] - ''[[Hell Below/Stars Above]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Ali (film)|Ali (soundtrack)]]''
* Various artists - ''[[The Wash (soundtrack)]]''

=== 2002 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Better Dayz]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead|...And You Will Know Us By The Trail of Dead]] - ''[[Source Tags & Codes]]''
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Eminem Show]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Power in Numbers]]''
* [[Styles P]] - ''[[A Gangster and a Gentleman]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]] - ''[[Truthfully Speaking]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[t.A.T.u.]] - ''[[200 km/h in the Wrong Lane]]'' (Universal)
* Various artists - ''[[8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture]]'' (Shady)

=== 2003 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Bubba Sparxxx]] - ''[[Deliverance (Bubba Sparxxx album)|Deliverance]]''
* [[Campfire Girls (band)|Campfire Girls]] - ''Tell Them Hi''
* [[G-Unit]] - ''[[Beg for Mercy]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Results May Vary]]''
* [[Obie Trice]] - ''[[Cheers (Obie Trice album)|Cheers]]'' (Shady)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The Golden Age of Grotesque]]'' (Nothing/Interscope)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Moodring]]'' (A&M/Interscope)
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album)|Get the Picture?]]''
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Elephunk]]'' ([[will.i.am Music Group]]/A&M/Interscope)

=== 2004 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' (Amaru)
* [[D12]] - ''[[D12 World]]'' (Shady/Interscope)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Encore (Eminem album)|Encore]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Size Matters]]''
* [[Jadakiss]] - ''[[Kiss of Death (Jadakiss album)|Kiss of Death]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Jimmy Eat World]] - ''[[Futures (album)|Futures]]'' (Tiny Evil)
* [[Lloyd Banks]] - ''[[The Hunger for More]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Lest We Forget: The Best Of]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[Love. Angel. Music. Baby.]]''
* [[U2]] - ''[[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb]]''
* [[Young Buck]] - ''[[Straight Outta Cashville]]'' (G-Unit)

=== 2005 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[The Massacre]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Daddy Yankee]] - ''[[Barrio Fino en Directo]]'' (El Cartel)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Curtain Call: The Hits]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] - ''[[The Documentary]]'' (Aftermath/G-Unit)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Arular]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[With Teeth]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Will Smith]] - ''[[Lost and Found (Will Smith album)|Lost and Found]]''
* [[t.A.T.u.]] - ''[[Dangerous and Moving]]'' (Universal)
* [[Tony Yayo]] - ''[[Thoughts of a Predicate Felon]]'' (G-Unit)

=== 2006 ===
* [[+44 (band)|+44]] - ''[[When Your Heart Stops Beating]]''
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Pac's Life]]'' (Amaru)
* [[Brand New (band)|Brand New]] - ''[[The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me]]'' (Tiny Evil)
* [[Busta Rhymes]] - ''[[The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album)|The Big Bang]]'' (Flipmode/Aftermath)
* [[Fergie]] - [[The Dutchess]] (will.i.am / A&M)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Feedback (Jurassic 5 album)|Feedback]]''
* [[Lloyd Banks]] - ''[[Rotten Apple (Lloyd Banks album)|Rotten Apple]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Mobb Deep]] - ''[[Blood Money (Mobb Deep album)|Blood Money]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Obie Trice]] - ''[[Second Round's on Me]]'' (Shady)
* [[Pharrell]] - ''[[In My Mind (Pharrell album)|In My Mind]]'' (Star Trak)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[The Sweet Escape]]''
* [[Styles P]] - ''[[Time Is Money (Styles P album)|Time Is Money]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[The Evolution of Robin Thicke]]'' (Star Trak)
* Various artists - ''[[Eminem Presents: The Re-Up]]'' (Shady)

=== 2007 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Best of 2Pac]]'' (Amaru/Death Row/UMG)
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Bone Thugs-n-Harmony]] - ''[[Strength & Loyalty]]'' (Full Surface)
* [[Daddy Yankee]] - ''[[El Cartel: The Big Boss]]'' (El Cartel)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Kala (album)|Kala]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Eat Me, Drink Me]]''
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[Year Zero (album)|Year Zero]]''
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Dreaming Out Loud]]'' (Mosley Music Group)
* [[Rihanna]] - ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad (Rihanna album)|Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' ([[Def Jam]])
* [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] - ''[[souljaboytellem.com]]'' (Stacks On Deck Ent./HHH/Collipark)
* [[will.i.am]] - ''[[Songs About Girls]]''
* [[Young Buck]] - ''[[Buck the World]]'' (G-Unit)
*[[Maroon 5]] - ''[[It Won't Be Soon Before Long]]''

=== 2008 ===
* [[Vanessa Amorosi]] - ''[[Somewhere in the Real World]]'' (Universal Republic UK)
* [[Black Tide]] - ''[[Light From Above]]''
* [[G-Unit]] - ''[[T.O.S: Terminate on Sight]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Sean Garrett]] - ''[[Turbo 919]]'' (Bet I Penned Music)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Swan Songs (Hollywood Undead album)|Swan Songs]]''
* [[The Knux]] - ''[[Remind Me in 3 Days...]]'' (Chic Freak Music)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[The Fame (album)|The Fame]]''
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[How Many Votes Fix Mix]]''
* [[N.E.R.D]] - ''[[Seeing Sounds]]'' (Star Trak)
* [[New Kids on the Block]] - ''[[The Block (album)|The Block]]''
* [[Pussycat Dolls]] - ''[[Doll Domination]]''
* [[Rise Against]] - ''[[Appeal to Reason (album)|Appeal to Reason]]'' (Geffen/DGC)
* [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] - ''[[iSouljaBoyTellEm]]'' (Stacks On Deck Ent./HHH/Collipark)
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[Something Else (Robin Thicke album)|Something Else]]'' (Star Trak)

=== 2009 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Before I Self Destruct]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[The E.N.D.]]''
* [[Brand New (band)|Brand New]] - ''[[Daisy (Brand New album)|Daisy]]'' (DGC/Procrastinate!)
* [[Them Crooked Vultures]] - ''[[Them Crooked Vultures (album)|Them Crooked Vultures]]'' (DGC)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Relapse (Eminem album)|Relapse]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Desperate Measures (Hollywood Undead album)|Desperate Measures]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[The Fame Monster]]''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The High End of Low]]''
* [[Papa Roach]] - ''[[Metamorphosis (Papa Roach album)|Metamorphosis]]'' (DGC)
* [[Tokio Hotel]] - ''[[Humanoid (album)]]'' (Cherrytree)
* [[U2]] - ''[[No Line on the Horizon]]''

== 2010s ==

=== 2010 ===
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[The Beginning (The Black Eyed Peas album)|The Beginning]]''
* [[Keyshia Cole]] - ''[[Calling All Hearts]]''
* [[Diddy-Dirty Money]] - ''[[Last Train to Paris]]''
* [[El Debarge]] - ''[[Second Chance (El DeBarge album)|Second Chance]]''
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Recovery (Eminem album)|Recovery]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Escape The Fate]] - ''[[Escape the Fate (album)|Escape the Fate]]''
* [[Far East Movement]] - ''[[Free Wired]]''
* [[Girlicious]] - ''[[Rebuilt]]''
* [[Keri Hilson]] - ''[[No Boys Allowed]]''
* [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Maya (M.I.A. album)|Maya]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[N.E.R.D]] - ''[[Nothing (N.E.R.D album)|Nothing]]''
* [[The Pretty Reckless]] - ''[[The Pretty Reckless EP]]''
* [[The Pretty Reckless]] - ''[[Light Me Up]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk Pt. 1]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk Pt. 2]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk (Robyn album)|Body Talk]]''
* [[Soulja Boy]] - ''[[The DeAndre Way]]'' (SODMG/Collipark)
*[[Maroon 5]] - [[Hands All Over (album)|''Hands All Over'']]

=== 2011 ===
* [[All Time Low]] - ''[[Dirty Work (All Time Low album)|Dirty Work]]''
* [[Bad Meets Evil]] - ''[[Hell: The Sequel]]'' (Shady)
* [[Travis Barker]] - ''[[Give the Drummer Some]]''
* [[Black Tide]] - ''[[Post Mortem (album)|Post Mortem]]''
* [[Blink-182]] - ''[[Neighborhoods (Blink-182 album)|Neighborhoods]]'' (DGC)
* [[Game (rapper)|Game]] - ''[[The R.E.D. Album]]'' (DGC)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[American Tragedy (album)|American Tragedy]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Born This Way (album)|Born This Way]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Gold Cobra]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Icon (Limp Bizkit album)|Icon]]''
* [[Lloyd (singer)|Lloyd]] - ''[[King of Hearts (Lloyd album)|King of Hearts]]'' (Young Goldie)
* [[Rise Against]] - ''[[Endgame (Rise Against album)|Endgame]]'' (DGC)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Radioactive (Yelawolf album)|Radioactive]]'' (Ghet-O-Vision/DGC/Shady)

=== 2012 ===
* [[Azealia Banks]] - ''[[1991 (EP)|1991]]''
* [[Nelly Furtado]] - ''[[The Spirit Indestructible]]'' (Mosley)
* [[Game (rapper)|Game]] - ''[[Jesus Piece (album)|Jesus Piece]]''
* [[Girls' Generation]] - ''[[The Boys (Girls' Generation album)|The Boys]]'' (SM Entertainment/UMG)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[good kid, m.A.A.d city]]'' ([[Top Dawg|TDE]]/Aftermath)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Born to Die]]'' (Polydor/Stranger)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[MDNA (album)|MDNA]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Push and Shove (album)|Push and Shove]]''
* [[Haley Reinhart]] - ''[[Listen Up! (Haley Reinhart album)|Listen Up!]]''
* [[Slaughterhouse]] - ''[[Welcome to: Our House]]'' (Shady)
* [[Soulja Boy]] - ''[[Promise (Soulja Boy album)|Promise]]'' (SODMG/Collipark Music)
* [[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]] - ''[[Clarity (Zedd album)|Clarity]]''

=== 2013 ===
* [[Colette Carr]] - ''[[Skitszo]]''
* [[Eminem]] -''[[The Marshall Mathers LP 2]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[French Montana]] - ''[[Excuse My French (album)|Excuse My French]]''
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Notes from the Underground (Hollywood Undead album)|Notes From the Underground]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Artpop]]''
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Matangi (album)|Matangi]]''
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[MDNA World Tour]]''
* [[Scotty McCreery]] -''[[See You Tonight]]''
* [[Natalia Kills]] - ''[[Trouble (Natalia Kills album)|Trouble]]''
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Native (album)|Native]]''
* [[Jessica Sanchez]] - ''[[Me, You & the Music]]''
* [[Skylar Grey]] -''[[Don't Look Down (Skylar Grey album)|Don't Look Down]]''
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[Blurred Lines (album)|Blurred Lines]]''
* Various Artists - ''[[The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film]]''
* [[will.i.am]] - ''[[willpower (will.i.am album)|#willpower]]''

=== 2014 ===
* [[Tony Bennett]] & [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Cheek to Cheek (album)|Cheek To Cheek]]'' (Streamline/Interscope/Columbia)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Ultraviolence (album)|Ultraviolence]]''
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[V (Maroon 5 album)|V]]''
* [[Schoolboy Q]] - ''[[Oxymoron (album)|Oxymoron]]'' ([[Top Dawg|TDE]])
* [[U2]] - ''[[Songs of Innocence (U2 album)|Songs of Innocence]]''

=== 2015 ===
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Revival (Selena Gomez album)|Revival]]''
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[To Pimp a Butterfly]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Day of the Dead (Hollywood Undead album)|Day of the Dead]]''
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[Rebel Heart (Madonna album)|Rebel Heart]]''
* [[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]] - ''[[True Colors (Zedd album)|True Colors]]''

=== 2016 ===
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[6LACK]] - ''[[Free 6LACK]]'' (LoveRenaissance)
* [[AlunaGeorge]] - ''[[I Remember (AlunaGeorge album)|I Remember]]'' (Island)
* Bahari - ''Dancing on the Sun'' (Bahari Beach)
* [[Band of Horses]] - ''[[Why Are You OK]]''
* [[Bas (rapper)|Bas]] - ''[[Too High to Riot]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Cassius (band)|Cassius]] - ''[[Ibifornia]]'' (Love Justice SARL/Justice SARL)
* [[DJ Snake]] - ''[[Encore (DJ Snake album)|Encore]]''
* [[Dreezy]] - ''[[No Hard Feelings (album)|No Hard Feelings]]''
* [[Jack Garratt]] - ''[[Phase (album)|Phase]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Goldroom]] - ''West of the West'' (Downtown)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[4 Your Eyez Only]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] - ''[[Emotion Remixed +]]'' (604/School Boy)
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen ]]- ''[[Emotion: Side B]]'' (604/School Boy)
* [[K. Flay]] - ''Crush Me'' (Night Street)
* [[K Camp]] - ''Lyric Ave''
* [[Michael Kiwanuka]] - ''[[Love & Hate (Michael Kiwanuka album)|Love & Hate]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[untitled unmastered]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Joanne (album)|Joanne]]'' (Streamline)
* [[Lion Babe]] - ''[[Begin (Lion Babe album)|Begin]]'' (Polydor)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[AIM (album)|AIM]]'' (Polydor)
* Ella Mai - ''Change'' (10 Summers)
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Oh My My (album)|Oh My My]]'' (Mosley)
* [[Rae Sremmurd]] - ''[[SremmLife 2]]'' (EarDrummers)
* [[The Rolling Stones]] - ''[[Blue & Lonesome (The Rolling Stones album)|Blue & Lonesome]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Schoolboy Q]] - ''[[Blank Face LP]]'' (Top Dawg)
* [[Shura (English singer)|Shura]] - ''[[Nothing's Real]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Skylar Grey]] - ''[[Natural Causes (Skylar Grey album)|Natural Causes]]'' (KidinaKorner)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[This Is What the Truth Feels Like]]''
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] - ''[[57th & 9th]]'' (A&M)
* [[Tkay Maidza]] - ''[[Tkay]]'' (Downtown)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[I Told You]]'' (Mad Love)
* Various artists - ''[[La La Land (soundtrack)|La La Land: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''

=== 2017 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Best Of (50 Cent album)|Best Of]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Lauren Alaina]] - ''[[Road Less Traveled (Lauren Alaina album)|Road Less Traveled]]'' (19/Mercury Nashville)
* [[blackbear (musician)|blackbear]] - ''Cybersex'' (Beartrap/Alamo)
* [[Cashmere Cat]] - ''[[9 (Cashmere Cat album)|9]]'' (Mad Love)
* [[Electric Guest]] - ''Plural'' (Downtown)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Revival (Eminem album)|Revival]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Feist (singer)|Feist]] - ''[[Pleasure (Feist album)|Pleasure]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Ice Cube]] - ''[[Death Certificate (album)#Death Certificate 25th Anniversary Edition|Death Certificate (25th Anniversary Reissue)]]'' (Lench Mob)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Evolve (Imagine Dragons album)|Evolve]]'' (KidinaKorner)
* [[J.I.D]] - ''[[The Never Story]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[K.Flay]] - ''Every Where Is Some Where'' (Night Street)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[Damn (Kendrick Lamar album)|Damn]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album)|Lust for Life]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Bloom (Machine Gun Kelly album)|Bloom]]'' (Bad Boy)
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[Red Pill Blues]]'' (222)
* [[Mike Will Made It]] - ''[[Ransom 2]]'' (EarDrummers)
* [[Mura Masa]] - ''[[Mura Masa (album)|Mura Masa]]'' (Downtown/Polydor/Anchor Point)
* [[Oliver (duo)|Oliver]] - ''[[Full Circle (Oliver album)|Full Circle]]''
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Playboi Carti (mixtape)|Playboi Carti]]'' (AWGE)
* [[San Fermin (band)|San Fermin]] - ''Belong'' (Downtown)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[You Make It Feel Like Christmas]]''
* [[Tei Shi]] - ''Crawl Space'' (Downtown)
* [[Two-9]] - ''FRVR'' (EarDrummers)
* [[U2]] - ''[[Songs of Experience (U2 album)|Songs of Experience]]'' (Island)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Trial by Fire (Yelawolf album)|Trial by Fire]]'' (Slumerican/Shady)

=== 2018 ===
* [[Børns]] - ''[[Blue Madonna]]''
* Various Artists - ''[[Black Panther: The Album]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Cozz]] - ''[[Effected (album)|Effected]]'' (Tha Committee/Dreamville)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''2 Heartless'' (N-Less)
* [[Wes Period]] - ''Pretty Words'' (Facet)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[Memories Don't Die|MEMORIES DON'T DIE]]'' (Mad Love)
* Arin Ray - ''Platinum Fire''
* Trouble - ''Edgewood'' (Eardruma)
* [[Rich The Kid]] - ''[[The World Is Yours (Rich the Kid album)|The World Is Yours]]'' (Rich Forever Music)
* [[Kali Uchis]] - ''[[Isolation (Kali Uchis album)|Isolation]]'' (Virgin EMI)
* [[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] - ''[[America (Thirty Seconds to Mars album)|America]]''
* [[Smokepurpp]] & [[Murda Beatz]] - ''[[Bless Yo Trap]]'' (Cactus Jack/Alamo)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[KOD (album)|KOD]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] & [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]] - ''[[44/876]]'' (A&M)
* [[Rae Sremmurd]] - ''[[SR3MM]]'' (Eardruma)
* 6 Dogs & Danny Wolf - ''6 Wolves'' (Trust Me Danny/Mad Love)
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Die Lit]]'' (AWGE)
* SUR - ''SAVAGE BEAST''
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Goodbye & Good Riddance]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Jay Rock]] - ''[[Redemption (Jay Rock album)|Redemption]]'' (Top Dawg)
* Billy Raffoul - ''1975''
* Colouring - ''bn''
* Moneybagg Yo - ''Bet On Me'' (N-Less)
* [[Bas (rapper)|Bas]] - ''[[Milky Way (album)|Milky Way]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Kamikaze (Eminem album)|Kamikaze]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Night Game]] - ''The Night Game'' (Real Johnson/Vertigo/Capitol)
* Trill Sammy - ''No Sleep Vol. 1'' (Mad Love)
* Yoshi Flower - ''Brown Paper Bag (Maxi)'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Pale Waves]] - ''[[My Mind Makes Noises]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[6LACK]] - ''[[East Atlanta Love Letter]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - [[Binge (EP)|BINGE]]
* [[Lady Gaga]] & [[Bradley Cooper]] - [[A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)|A Star Is Born (soundtrack)]]
* [[Sheck Wes]] - ''[[Mudboy (album)|MUDBOY]]'' (Cactus Jack/GOOD)
* [[Ella Mai]] - ''[[Ella Mai (album)|Ella Mai]]'' (10 Summers)
* Yoshi Flower - ''AMERICAN RAVER'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Future (rapper)|Future]] & Juice WRLD - ''[[Wrld on Drugs]]'' (Grade A/Freebandz/Epic)
* [[Lil Mosey]] - ''[[Northsbest]]''
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''[[Last Day of Summer (Summer Walker album)|Last Day of Summer]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis the Child]] - ''Kids At Play''
* [[The Struts]] - ''[[Young & Dangerous (album)|YOUNG&DANGEROUS]]''
* Tory Lanez - ''[[Love Me Now?|LoVE me NOw]]'' (Mad Love)
* [[Jacob Banks]] - ''Village'' (Darkroom)
* [[Jay Critch]] - ''Hood Favorite'' (Rich Forever)
* [[K Camp]] - ''RARE Sound'' (RARE Sound/EMPIRE)
* [[Kris Wu]] - ''[[Antares (album)|Antares]]'' (Ace Unit/Go East/Universal Music China)
* [[Smino]] - ''[[Noir (Smino album)|NØIR]]'' (Zero Fatigue/Downtown)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Origins (Imagine Dragons album)|Origins]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[Lil Durk]] - ''Signed To The Streets 3'' (Only The Family/Alamo)
* [[Nightly (band)|Nightly]] - ''The Sound Of Your Voice''
* [[Mike Will Made It|Mike WiLL Made-It]] - ''[[Creed II (soundtrack)|Creed II: The Album]]'' (Eardruma)
* Moneybagg Yo - ''RESET'' (N-Less)
* [[J.I.D]] - ''[[DiCaprio 2]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* Blaise Moore - ''TEMPORARY HER''
* [[Ice Cube]] - ''[[Everythangs Corrupt]]'' (Lench Mob)
* [[SOB X RBE|Yhung T.O.]] - ''Trust Issues'' (SOB X RBE/Rule #1)
* [[Gryffin]] - ''Gravity, Pt. 1'' (Darkroom)

=== 2019 ===
* [[Dermot Kennedy]] - ''Dermot Kennedy'' (Riggins)
* [[Boogie (rapper)|Boogie]] - ''[[Everythings for Sale]]'' (Shady)
* [[Dreezy]] - ''[[Big Dreez]]''
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''CLEAR'' (LVRN)
* Mereba - ''The Jungle Is The Only Way Out''
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Baby on Baby]]'' (SCMG)
* [[The Japanese House]] - ''[[Good at Falling]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[Juice Wrld]] - ''[[Death Race for Love]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis The Child]] - ''Kids At Play (Remixes)''
* Lil Poppa - ''Under Investigation 2'' (Rule #1)
* [[Rich the Kid]] - ''[[The World Is Yours 2]]'' (Rich Forever)
* [[SOB X RBE|Yhung T.O.]] - ''On My Momma 2'' (SOB X RBE/Rule #1)
* Melli - ''phAses'' (Rule #1)
* [[Billie Eilish]] - ''[[When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?|WHEN WE ALL FALL ASLEEP, WHERE DO WE GO?]]'' (Darkroom)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Trunk Muzik III]]'' (Slumerican/Shady)
* [[Blackpink|BLACKPINK]] - ''[[Kill This Love]]''
* Billy Raffoul - ''The Running Wild EP''
* [[Blackbear (musician)|blackbear]] - ''[[Anonymous (Blackbear album)|Anonymous]]'' (Beartrap/Alamo)
* [[Schoolboy Q|ScHoolboy Q]] - ''[[Crash Talk|CrasH Talk]]'' (TDE)
* [[Ari Lennox]] - ''[[Shea Butter Baby]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Smokepurpp]] - ''Lost Planet 2.0'' (Alamo)
* [[Stunna 4 Vegas]] - ''BIG 4x'' (Billion Dollar Baby)
* Leven Kali - ''Low Tide''
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] - ''[[Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)|Dedicated]]'' (Schoolboy)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''[[43va Heartless|43VA HEARTLESS]]'' (N-Less)
* Yoshi Flower - ''PEER PRESSURE'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[Madame X (album)|Madame X]]'' (Boy Toy/Live Nation)
* [[Nightly (band)|Nightly]] - ''Talk You Down''
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''[[Orion (X Ambassadors album)|ORION]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[K Camp]] - ''Wayy 2 Kritical'' (RARE Sound/EMPIRE)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''The Life Of Pi'erre 4'' (SosssHouse)
* [[Mustard (record producer)|Mustard]] - ''[[Perfect Ten (album)|Perfect Ten]]'' (10 Summers)
* Nechie - ''SSN: Southside Nechi The Introduction''
* [[Dreamville Records|Dreamville]] & [[J. Cole]] - [[Revenge of the Dreamers III]] (Dreamville)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Hotel Diablo]]'' (EST 19XX/Bad Boy)
* Ann Marie - ''Pretty Psycho'' (Zulu)
* Blacc Zacc - ''Trappin Like Zacc'' (SCMG)
* [[Cuco (musician)|Cuco]] - ''[[Para Mi (Cuco album)|Para Mi]]''
* [[Lil Durk]] - ''Love Songs 4 The Streets 2'' (OTF/Alamo)
* Lou The Human - ''Painkiller Paradise''
* Various Artists - ''13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (Soundtrack)''
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Norman Fucking Rockwell]]''
* DaBaby - ''[[Kirk (album)|KIRK]]'' (SCMG)
* Summer Walker - ''[[Over It (album)|Over It]]'' (LVRN)
* Melii - ''MOTIONS'' (Rule #1)
* Justin Rarri - ''4EVARARRi''
* Jayla Darden - ''Onto Something'' (a sick project)
* ROLE MODEL - ''oh, how perfect''
* Only1Skoota - ''No Love Back''
* [[QUIN (singer)|QUIN]] - ''LUCID'' (Fantasy Soul)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[Chixtape 5]]'' (Mad Love)
* BB Nobre - ''Por Fin''
* Griselda - ''WWCD'' (Griselda/Shady)
* Yoshi Flower - ''I Will Not Let My Love Go To Waste'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* Only The Family & Lil Durk - ''Family Over Everything'' (OTF/Alamo)
* Arin Ray - ''Phases II''
* Lil Poppa - ''Almost Normal'' (Rule #1)
* [[Smino]] - ''High 4 Da Highladays'' (Zero Fatigue/Downtown)

== 2020s ==

=== 2020 ===
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''Time Served'' (N-Less)
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Rare (Selena Gomez album)|Rare]]''
* [[Dreamville Records|Dreamville]] & [[J. Cole]] - [[Revenge of the Dreamers III|Revenge of the Dreamers III: Director's Cut]] (Dreamville)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Music to Be Murdered By]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Mura Masa]] - ''R.Y.C'' (Anchor Point)
* [[Stunna 4 Vegas]] - ''RICH YOUNGIN'' (Billion Dollar Baby)
* [[Tame Impala]] - ''[[The Slow Rush]]'' (Modular)
* Blacc Zacc - ''Carolina Narco'' (SCMG)
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''Belong EP'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[renforshort]] - ''teenage angst EP'' (Renwasn'there Inc.)
* [[5 Seconds of Summer]] - ''[[Calm (album)|C A L M]]''
* [[Ari Lennox]] - ''[[Shea Butter Baby (Remix EP)]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[The New Toronto 3]]''
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Blame It on Baby|BLAME IT ON BABY]]'' (SCMG)
* [[K Camp]] - ''[[Kiss Five|Kiss 5]]'' (RARE Sound)
* [[Kali Uchis]] - ''[[To Feel Alive|TO FEEL ALIVE - EP]]'' (Virgin EMI)
* Leven Kali - ''HIGHTIDE''
* Smoove'L - ''Boy From Brooklyn'' (Run Music)
* [[Khea]] - ''Trapicheo'' (Young Flex)
* YXNG K.A - ''BABY REAPER - EP'' (Double O)
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[Notes on a Conditional Form]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* Mk.gee - ''A Museum Of Contradiction'' (IAMSOUND)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Chromatica]]''
* [[Blackpink|BLACKPINK]] - ''[[The Album (Blackpink album)|THE ALBUM]]''
* Lil Poppa - ''Evergreen Wildchild 2'' (Rule #1)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''The Life of Pi'erre 4 (Deluxe)'' (SossHouse)
* [[6lack|6LACK]] - ''[[6pc Hot EP]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Jessie Ware]] - ''[[What's Your Pleasure?]]'' (PMR/Virgin EMI)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis The Child]] - ''[[Here for Now]]''
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Legends Never Die (Juice Wrld album)|Legends Never Die]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Lil Mosey]] - ''[[Certified Hitmaker]] (AVA Leak)'' (Mogul Vision)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Tickets to My Downfall]]'' (Bad Boy)
* [[Westside Gunn]] - ''[[Who Made the Sunshine]]'' (Griselda/Shady)
* [[BlocBoy JB]] - ''FatBoy'' (Foundation)
* [[The Struts]] - ''Strange Days''
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Whole Lotta Red]]'' (AWGE)

=== 2021 ===
* [[BRS Kash]] - ''Kash Only'' (LVRN)
* [[Celeste (singer)|Celeste]] - ''[[Not Your Muse]]'' (Atlas Artists)
* Nechie - ''Shady Baby''
* [[slowthai]] - ''TYRON'' (Method/AWGE)
* [[Alexander 23]] - ''Oh No, Not Again! EP''
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Revelación]]'' (SMG)
* [[Bad Gyal]] - ''Warm Up'' (Aftercluv)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Chemtrails over the Country Club]]''
* YXNG K.A. - ''REAPER SZN (Deluxe)'' (Double O)
* [[Benny Blanco|benny blanco]] - ''FRIENDS KEEP SECRETS 2'' (Friends Keep Secrets)
* Vince Ash - ''VITO (Deluxe Edition)'' (Goliath)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''[[A Gangsta's Pain]]'' (N-Less/CMG)
* [[Sir Sly]] - ''The Rise & Fall Of Loverboy''
* [[Morray]] - ''[[Street Sermons]]'' (Pick Six)
* Lil Poppa - ''Blessed, I Guess'' (Rule #1)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[The Off-Season]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Cloves (singer)|CLOVES]] - ''Nightmare On Elmfield Road''
* [[42 Dugg]] - ''[[Free Dem Boyz]]'' (4PF/CMG)
* [[Mereba]] - ''AZEB EP''
* [[renforshort]] - ''off saint dominique EP''
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[Jordi (album)|JORDI]]'' (222)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''[[The Life of Pi'erre 5]]'' (SossHouse)
* [[Jax Jones]] - ''Deep Joy EP'' (Deep Joy Edition)
* [[Inhaler (band)|Inhaler]] - ''[[It Won't Always Be Like This]]''
* OMB Bloodbath - ''Blood Sample EP'' (LVRN)
* [[EST Gee]] - ''[[Bigger Than Life or Death]]'' (Warlike/CMG)
* [[Dave (rapper)|Dave]] - ''[[We're All Alone in This Together]]'' (Neighbourhood)
* [[Billie Eilish]] - ''[[Happier Than Ever]]'' (Darkroom)
* [[Allison Ponthier]] - ''Faking My Own Death''
* [[Glaive (musician)|glaive]] - ''all dogs go to heaven''
* [[K Camp|K CAMP]] - ''FLOAT'' (RARE Sound)
* Rosemarie - ''Sinnergy'' (Bird Vision)
* GRIP - ''[[I Died for This!?]]'' (Stray Society/Shady)
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Human (OneRepublic album)|Human]]'' (Mosley)
* 42 Dugg - ''Free Dem Boyz (Deluxe)'' (4PF/CMG)
* [[BIG30]] - ''King Of Killbranch'' (N-Less/Bread Gang)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Mercury - Act 1]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Dawn of Chromatica]]''
* LANY - ''gg bb xx'' (Side Street)
* [[Niki (singer)|NIKI]], [[DJ Snake]] & [[88rising]] - ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (soundtrack)|Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings: The Album]]'' (MARVEL/Hollywood)
* Hayd - ''Changes EP''
* [[Kacey Musgraves]] - '' [[Star-Crossed (album) |star-crossed]]'' (MCA Nashville)
* Co Cash - ''HIM, Not Them'' (Committed/Foundation)
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''The Beautiful Liar'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* Ryan Trey - ''A 64 East Saga'' (#JUSTAREGULARDAY)
* [[Tony Bennett]] & Lady Gaga - ''[[Love for Sale (Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga album)|Love for Sale]]'' (Columbia)
* [[Lute (rapper) | Lute]] - ''[[Gold Mouf]]'' (Dreamville)
* glaive & ericoda - ''then i'll be happy'' (LISTEN TO THE KIDS)
* [[Sam Fender]] - ''[[Seventeen Going Under]]''
* [[Finneas O'Connell|FINNEAS]] - ''[[Optimist (album)|Optimist]]'' (OYOY)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis the Child]] - ''Euphoria''
* Lana Del Rey - ''[[Blue Banisters]]
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''[[Still Over It]]'' (LVRN)
* HVN - ''ALL GIRLS GO TO HEAVEN'' (DON'T DIE/Field Trip)
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Back on My Baby Jesus Sh!t Again]]'' (SCMG)
* [[Gracie Abrams]] - ''[[This Is What It Feels Like (album)|This Is What It Feels Like]]''
* [[Ama Lou]] - ''AT LEAST WE HAVE THIS''
* [[Kevvo|KEVVO]] - ''Cotidiano''
* [[Cozz]] - ''Fortunate'' (Tha Committee/Dreamville)
* EST Gee - ''Bigger Than Life Or Death, Pt. 2'' (Warlike/CMG)
* LPB Poody - ''I’m The One'' (Chameleon)
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Fighting Demons]]'' (Grade A)
* [[TM88]] & Pi'erre Bourne - ''Yo!88'' (Capitol)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Interscope Records|Discography]]
[[Category:Discographies of American record labels]]

Interscope Records discography

2022-05-04T06:07:26Z

Quickfingers: /* 2006 */

The following is a list of albums released by [[Interscope Records]].

==1990s==
=== 1991 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]''
* [[Gerardo Mejía|Gerardo]] - ''[[Mo' Ritmo]]''
* [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] - ''[[Music for the People (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch album)|Music for the People]]''
* [[Primus (band)|Primus]] - ''[[Sailing The Seas Of Cheese]]''
* [[The Storm (American band)|The Storm]] - ''The Storm''
*Various artists - ''[[Bill %26 Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture|Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey Soundtrack]]''

=== 1992 ===
* [[4 Non Blondes]] - ''[[Bigger, Better, Faster, More!]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[The Chronic]]'' (Death Row/Priority)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Meantime (album)|Meantime]]''
* [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] - ''[[You Gotta Believe]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[Broken (Nine Inch Nails EP)|Broken]]'' (Nothing/TVT)
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[No Doubt (No Doubt album)|No Doubt]]''
* [[Primus (band)|Primus]] - ''[[Miscellaneous Debris]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Unruly Child]] - ''[[Unruly Child]]''
*Colourhaus - ''Colourhaus''
*3 Shades Of Brown - ''Stronger Than Strong''

=== 1993 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]''
* [[Akinyele (rapper)|Akinyele]] - ''[[Vagina Diner]]
* [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] - ''[[Doggystyle]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1994 ===
* [[Blackstreet]] - ''[[Blackstreet (album)|Blackstreet]]'' (Atlantic)
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[Sixteen Stone]]''
* [[Cop Shoot Cop]] - ''[[Release (Cop Shoot Cop album)|Release]]''
* [[Drive Like Jehu]] - ''[[Yank Crime]]''
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Betty (Helmet album)|Betty]]''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Portrait of an American Family]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[The Downward Spiral]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Sinister (band)|Sinister]]- ''Mobbin 4 Life'' (Atlantic)
* [[Toadies]] - ''[[Rubberneck (album)|Rubberneck]]''
* [[Thug Life]] - ''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Above the Rim (soundtrack)|Above the Rim]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Murder Was the Case]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Natural Born Killers (soundtrack)]]'' (Nothing)

=== 1995 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[Me Against the World]]''
* [[All (band)|All]] - ''[[Pummel (album)|Pummel]]''
* [[Dish (band)|Dish]] - ''[[Boneyard Beach (Dish album)|Boneyard Beach]]''
* [[Tha Dogg Pound]] - ''[[Dogg Food]]'' (Death Row/Priority)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Smells Like Children]]'' (Nothing)
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Tragic Kingdom]]''
*Various artists - ''[[Showgirls (soundtrack)|Showgirls Soundtrack]]''

=== 1996 ===
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] - ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] (as Makaveli) - ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Blackstreet]] - ''[[Another Level (Blackstreet album)|Another Level]]''
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[Razorblade Suitcase]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Lifter (band)|Lifter]] - ''Melinda (Everything Was Beautiful and Nothing Hurt)''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Antichrist Superstar]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] - ''[[Tha Doggfather]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Christmas on Death Row]]'' (Death Row)
* Various artists - ''[[Death Row Greatest Hits]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1997 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' (Amaru/Jive)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Aftertaste (album)|Aftertaste]]''
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Jurassic 5 (EP)]]'' (Rumble Records)
* [[The Lady of Rage]] - ''[[Necessary Roughness (album)|Necessary Roughness]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Three Dollar Bill, Y'all]]'' ([[Flip Records (1994)|Flip]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Remix & Repent]]'' (Nothing)
* Pink Noise Test - ''Plasticised''
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Fush Yu Mang]]''
* [[The Firm (hip hop group)|The Firm]]'' - [[The Album (The Firm album)|The Album]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[The Whispers]] - ''Songbook Volume 1: The Songs Of Babyface''
* Various artists - ''[[Gridlock'd (soundtrack)|Gridlock'd]]'' (Death Row)

=== 1998 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Greatest Hits (Tupac Shakur album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Behind the Front (album)|Behind the Front]]'' ([[will.i.am Music Group]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Mechanical Animals]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Mýa (album)|Mya]]''
*Various artists - ''[[Bulworth (soundtrack)|Bulworth Soundtrack]]''

=== 1999 ===

* [[2Pac]] & [[Outlawz]] - ''[[Still I Rise (album)|Still I Rise]]'' (Death Row)
* [[Bush (band)|Bush]] - ''[[The Science of Things]]''
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Slim Shady LP]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Jordan Knight]] - ''[[Jordan Knight (album)|Jordan Knight]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Significant Other (album)|Significant Other]]'' ([[Flip Records (1994)|Flip]])
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The Last Tour on Earth]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album)|The Fragile]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Astro Lounge]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Wild Wild West (soundtrack)]]''

== 2000s ==

=== 2000 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[The Rose That Grew from Concrete]]'' (Amaru)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album)|Bridging the Gap]]'' (will.i.am Music Group)
* [[Drag-On]] - ''[[Opposite of H2O]]'' (Ruff Ryderse)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Marshall Mathers LP]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Quality Control (album)|Quality Control]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water]]''
* [[The LOX]] - ''[[We Are the Streets]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Fear of Flying (album)|Fear Of Flying]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Return of Saturn]]''
* [[Queens of the Stone Age]] - ''[[Rated R (Queens of the Stone Age album)|Rated R]]''
* [[U2]] - ''[[All That You Can't Leave Behind]]'' ([[Island Records|Island]])

=== 2001 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)|Until the End of Time]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[D12]] - ''[[Devil's Night]]'' (Shady)
* [[Eve (entertainer)|Eve]] - ''[[Scorpion (Eve album)|Scorpion]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Jadakiss]] - ''[[Kiss tha Game Goodbye]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[New Old Songs]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Rock Steady (album)|Rock Steady]]''
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Smash Mouth (album)|Smash Mouth]]''
* [[Toadies]] - ''[[Hell Below/Stars Above]]''
* Various artists - ''[[Ali (film)|Ali (soundtrack)]]''
* Various artists - ''[[The Wash (soundtrack)]]''

=== 2002 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Better Dayz]]'' (Amaru/Death Row)
* [[...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead|...And You Will Know Us By The Trail of Dead]] - ''[[Source Tags & Codes]]''
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[The Eminem Show]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Power in Numbers]]''
* [[Styles P]] - ''[[A Gangster and a Gentleman]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]] - ''[[Truthfully Speaking]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[t.A.T.u.]] - ''[[200 km/h in the Wrong Lane]]'' (Universal)
* Various artists - ''[[8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture]]'' (Shady)

=== 2003 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Bubba Sparxxx]] - ''[[Deliverance (Bubba Sparxxx album)|Deliverance]]''
* [[Campfire Girls (band)|Campfire Girls]] - ''Tell Them Hi''
* [[G-Unit]] - ''[[Beg for Mercy]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Results May Vary]]''
* [[Obie Trice]] - ''[[Cheers (Obie Trice album)|Cheers]]'' (Shady)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The Golden Age of Grotesque]]'' (Nothing/Interscope)
* [[Mýa|Mya]] - ''[[Moodring]]'' (A&M/Interscope)
* [[Smash Mouth]] - ''[[Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album)|Get the Picture?]]''
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[Elephunk]]'' ([[will.i.am Music Group]]/A&M/Interscope)

=== 2004 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' (Amaru)
* [[D12]] - ''[[D12 World]]'' (Shady/Interscope)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Encore (Eminem album)|Encore]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] - ''[[Size Matters]]''
* [[Jadakiss]] - ''[[Kiss of Death (Jadakiss album)|Kiss of Death]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Jimmy Eat World]] - ''[[Futures (album)|Futures]]'' (Tiny Evil)
* [[Lloyd Banks]] - ''[[The Hunger for More]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Lest We Forget: The Best Of]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[Love. Angel. Music. Baby.]]''
* [[U2]] - ''[[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb]]''
* [[Young Buck]] - ''[[Straight Outta Cashville]]'' (G-Unit)

=== 2005 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[The Massacre]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Daddy Yankee]] - ''[[Barrio Fino en Directo]]'' (El Cartel)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Curtain Call: The Hits]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] - ''[[The Documentary]]'' (Aftermath/G-Unit)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Arular]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[With Teeth]]'' (Nothing)
* [[Will Smith]] - ''[[Lost and Found (Will Smith album)|Lost and Found]]''
* [[t.A.T.u.]] - ''[[Dangerous and Moving]]'' (Universal)
* [[Tony Yayo]] - ''[[Thoughts of a Predicate Felon]]'' (G-Unit)

*=== 2006 ===
* [[+44 (band)|+44]] - ''[[When Your Heart Stops Beating]]''
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Pac's Life]]'' (Amaru)
* [[Brand New (band)|Brand New]] - ''[[The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me]]'' (Tiny Evil)
* [[Busta Rhymes]] - ''[[The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album)|The Big Bang]]'' (Flipmode/Aftermath)
* [[Fergie]] - [[The Dutchess]] (will.i.am / A&M)
* [[Jurassic 5]] - ''[[Feedback (Jurassic 5 album)|Feedback]]''
* [[Lloyd Banks]] - ''[[Rotten Apple (Lloyd Banks album)|Rotten Apple]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Mobb Deep]] - ''[[Blood Money (Mobb Deep album)|Blood Money]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Obie Trice]] - ''[[Second Round's on Me]]'' (Shady)
* [[Pharrell]] - ''[[In My Mind (Pharrell album)|In My Mind]]'' (Star Trak)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[The Sweet Escape]]''
* [[Styles P]] - ''[[Time Is Money (Styles P album)|Time Is Money]]'' (Ruff Ryders)
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[The Evolution of Robin Thicke]]'' (Star Trak)
* Various artists - ''[[Eminem Presents: The Re-Up]]'' (Shady)

=== 2007 ===
* [[2Pac]] - ''[[Best of 2Pac]]'' (Amaru/Death Row/UMG)
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Bone Thugs-n-Harmony]] - ''[[Strength & Loyalty]]'' (Full Surface)
* [[Daddy Yankee]] - ''[[El Cartel: The Big Boss]]'' (El Cartel)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Kala (album)|Kala]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[Eat Me, Drink Me]]''
* [[Nine Inch Nails]] - ''[[Year Zero (album)|Year Zero]]''
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Dreaming Out Loud]]'' (Mosley Music Group)
* [[Rihanna]] - ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad (Rihanna album)|Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' ([[Def Jam]])
* [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] - ''[[souljaboytellem.com]]'' (Stacks On Deck Ent./HHH/Collipark)
* [[will.i.am]] - ''[[Songs About Girls]]''
* [[Young Buck]] - ''[[Buck the World]]'' (G-Unit)
*[[Maroon 5]] - ''[[It Won't Be Soon Before Long]]''

=== 2008 ===
* [[Vanessa Amorosi]] - ''[[Somewhere in the Real World]]'' (Universal Republic UK)
* [[Black Tide]] - ''[[Light From Above]]''
* [[G-Unit]] - ''[[T.O.S: Terminate on Sight]]'' (G-Unit)
* [[Sean Garrett]] - ''[[Turbo 919]]'' (Bet I Penned Music)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Swan Songs (Hollywood Undead album)|Swan Songs]]''
* [[The Knux]] - ''[[Remind Me in 3 Days...]]'' (Chic Freak Music)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[The Fame (album)|The Fame]]''
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[How Many Votes Fix Mix]]''
* [[N.E.R.D]] - ''[[Seeing Sounds]]'' (Star Trak)
* [[New Kids on the Block]] - ''[[The Block (album)|The Block]]''
* [[Pussycat Dolls]] - ''[[Doll Domination]]''
* [[Rise Against]] - ''[[Appeal to Reason (album)|Appeal to Reason]]'' (Geffen/DGC)
* [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] - ''[[iSouljaBoyTellEm]]'' (Stacks On Deck Ent./HHH/Collipark)
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[Something Else (Robin Thicke album)|Something Else]]'' (Star Trak)

=== 2009 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Before I Self Destruct]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[The E.N.D.]]''
* [[Brand New (band)|Brand New]] - ''[[Daisy (Brand New album)|Daisy]]'' (DGC/Procrastinate!)
* [[Them Crooked Vultures]] - ''[[Them Crooked Vultures (album)|Them Crooked Vultures]]'' (DGC)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Relapse (Eminem album)|Relapse]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Desperate Measures (Hollywood Undead album)|Desperate Measures]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[The Fame Monster]]''
* [[Marilyn Manson]] - ''[[The High End of Low]]''
* [[Papa Roach]] - ''[[Metamorphosis (Papa Roach album)|Metamorphosis]]'' (DGC)
* [[Tokio Hotel]] - ''[[Humanoid (album)]]'' (Cherrytree)
* [[U2]] - ''[[No Line on the Horizon]]''

== 2010s ==

=== 2010 ===
* [[The Black Eyed Peas]] - ''[[The Beginning (The Black Eyed Peas album)|The Beginning]]''
* [[Keyshia Cole]] - ''[[Calling All Hearts]]''
* [[Diddy-Dirty Money]] - ''[[Last Train to Paris]]''
* [[El Debarge]] - ''[[Second Chance (El DeBarge album)|Second Chance]]''
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Recovery (Eminem album)|Recovery]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Escape The Fate]] - ''[[Escape the Fate (album)|Escape the Fate]]''
* [[Far East Movement]] - ''[[Free Wired]]''
* [[Girlicious]] - ''[[Rebuilt]]''
* [[Keri Hilson]] - ''[[No Boys Allowed]]''
* [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Maya (M.I.A. album)|Maya]]'' (US only - [[XL Recordings]] worldwide)
* [[N.E.R.D]] - ''[[Nothing (N.E.R.D album)|Nothing]]''
* [[The Pretty Reckless]] - ''[[The Pretty Reckless EP]]''
* [[The Pretty Reckless]] - ''[[Light Me Up]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk Pt. 1]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk Pt. 2]]''
* [[Robyn]] - ''[[Body Talk (Robyn album)|Body Talk]]''
* [[Soulja Boy]] - ''[[The DeAndre Way]]'' (SODMG/Collipark)
*[[Maroon 5]] - [[Hands All Over (album)|''Hands All Over'']]

=== 2011 ===
* [[All Time Low]] - ''[[Dirty Work (All Time Low album)|Dirty Work]]''
* [[Bad Meets Evil]] - ''[[Hell: The Sequel]]'' (Shady)
* [[Travis Barker]] - ''[[Give the Drummer Some]]''
* [[Black Tide]] - ''[[Post Mortem (album)|Post Mortem]]''
* [[Blink-182]] - ''[[Neighborhoods (Blink-182 album)|Neighborhoods]]'' (DGC)
* [[Game (rapper)|Game]] - ''[[The R.E.D. Album]]'' (DGC)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[American Tragedy (album)|American Tragedy]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Born This Way (album)|Born This Way]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Gold Cobra]]''
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - ''[[Icon (Limp Bizkit album)|Icon]]''
* [[Lloyd (singer)|Lloyd]] - ''[[King of Hearts (Lloyd album)|King of Hearts]]'' (Young Goldie)
* [[Rise Against]] - ''[[Endgame (Rise Against album)|Endgame]]'' (DGC)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Radioactive (Yelawolf album)|Radioactive]]'' (Ghet-O-Vision/DGC/Shady)

=== 2012 ===
* [[Azealia Banks]] - ''[[1991 (EP)|1991]]''
* [[Nelly Furtado]] - ''[[The Spirit Indestructible]]'' (Mosley)
* [[Game (rapper)|Game]] - ''[[Jesus Piece (album)|Jesus Piece]]''
* [[Girls' Generation]] - ''[[The Boys (Girls' Generation album)|The Boys]]'' (SM Entertainment/UMG)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[good kid, m.A.A.d city]]'' ([[Top Dawg|TDE]]/Aftermath)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Born to Die]]'' (Polydor/Stranger)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[MDNA (album)|MDNA]]''
* [[No Doubt]] - ''[[Push and Shove (album)|Push and Shove]]''
* [[Haley Reinhart]] - ''[[Listen Up! (Haley Reinhart album)|Listen Up!]]''
* [[Slaughterhouse]] - ''[[Welcome to: Our House]]'' (Shady)
* [[Soulja Boy]] - ''[[Promise (Soulja Boy album)|Promise]]'' (SODMG/Collipark Music)
* [[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]] - ''[[Clarity (Zedd album)|Clarity]]''

=== 2013 ===
* [[Colette Carr]] - ''[[Skitszo]]''
* [[Eminem]] -''[[The Marshall Mathers LP 2]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[French Montana]] - ''[[Excuse My French (album)|Excuse My French]]''
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Notes from the Underground (Hollywood Undead album)|Notes From the Underground]]''
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Artpop]]''
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[Matangi (album)|Matangi]]''
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[MDNA World Tour]]''
* [[Scotty McCreery]] -''[[See You Tonight]]''
* [[Natalia Kills]] - ''[[Trouble (Natalia Kills album)|Trouble]]''
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Native (album)|Native]]''
* [[Jessica Sanchez]] - ''[[Me, You & the Music]]''
* [[Skylar Grey]] -''[[Don't Look Down (Skylar Grey album)|Don't Look Down]]''
* [[Robin Thicke]] - ''[[Blurred Lines (album)|Blurred Lines]]''
* Various Artists - ''[[The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film]]''
* [[will.i.am]] - ''[[willpower (will.i.am album)|#willpower]]''

=== 2014 ===
* [[Tony Bennett]] & [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Cheek to Cheek (album)|Cheek To Cheek]]'' (Streamline/Interscope/Columbia)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Ultraviolence (album)|Ultraviolence]]''
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[V (Maroon 5 album)|V]]''
* [[Schoolboy Q]] - ''[[Oxymoron (album)|Oxymoron]]'' ([[Top Dawg|TDE]])
* [[U2]] - ''[[Songs of Innocence (U2 album)|Songs of Innocence]]''

=== 2015 ===
* [[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]'' (Aftermath)
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Revival (Selena Gomez album)|Revival]]''
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[To Pimp a Butterfly]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Hollywood Undead]] - ''[[Day of the Dead (Hollywood Undead album)|Day of the Dead]]''
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[Rebel Heart (Madonna album)|Rebel Heart]]''
* [[Zedd (musician)|Zedd]] - ''[[True Colors (Zedd album)|True Colors]]''

=== 2016 ===
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[6LACK]] - ''[[Free 6LACK]]'' (LoveRenaissance)
* [[AlunaGeorge]] - ''[[I Remember (AlunaGeorge album)|I Remember]]'' (Island)
* Bahari - ''Dancing on the Sun'' (Bahari Beach)
* [[Band of Horses]] - ''[[Why Are You OK]]''
* [[Bas (rapper)|Bas]] - ''[[Too High to Riot]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Cassius (band)|Cassius]] - ''[[Ibifornia]]'' (Love Justice SARL/Justice SARL)
* [[DJ Snake]] - ''[[Encore (DJ Snake album)|Encore]]''
* [[Dreezy]] - ''[[No Hard Feelings (album)|No Hard Feelings]]''
* [[Jack Garratt]] - ''[[Phase (album)|Phase]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Goldroom]] - ''West of the West'' (Downtown)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[4 Your Eyez Only]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] - ''[[Emotion Remixed +]]'' (604/School Boy)
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen ]]- ''[[Emotion: Side B]]'' (604/School Boy)
* [[K. Flay]] - ''Crush Me'' (Night Street)
* [[K Camp]] - ''Lyric Ave''
* [[Michael Kiwanuka]] - ''[[Love & Hate (Michael Kiwanuka album)|Love & Hate]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[untitled unmastered]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Joanne (album)|Joanne]]'' (Streamline)
* [[Lion Babe]] - ''[[Begin (Lion Babe album)|Begin]]'' (Polydor)
* [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] - ''[[AIM (album)|AIM]]'' (Polydor)
* Ella Mai - ''Change'' (10 Summers)
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Oh My My (album)|Oh My My]]'' (Mosley)
* [[Rae Sremmurd]] - ''[[SremmLife 2]]'' (EarDrummers)
* [[The Rolling Stones]] - ''[[Blue & Lonesome (The Rolling Stones album)|Blue & Lonesome]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Schoolboy Q]] - ''[[Blank Face LP]]'' (Top Dawg)
* [[Shura (English singer)|Shura]] - ''[[Nothing's Real]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Skylar Grey]] - ''[[Natural Causes (Skylar Grey album)|Natural Causes]]'' (KidinaKorner)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[This Is What the Truth Feels Like]]''
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] - ''[[57th & 9th]]'' (A&M)
* [[Tkay Maidza]] - ''[[Tkay]]'' (Downtown)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[I Told You]]'' (Mad Love)
* Various artists - ''[[La La Land (soundtrack)|La La Land: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''

=== 2017 ===
* [[50 Cent]] - ''[[Best Of (50 Cent album)|Best Of]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Lauren Alaina]] - ''[[Road Less Traveled (Lauren Alaina album)|Road Less Traveled]]'' (19/Mercury Nashville)
* [[blackbear (musician)|blackbear]] - ''Cybersex'' (Beartrap/Alamo)
* [[Cashmere Cat]] - ''[[9 (Cashmere Cat album)|9]]'' (Mad Love)
* [[Electric Guest]] - ''Plural'' (Downtown)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Revival (Eminem album)|Revival]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Feist (singer)|Feist]] - ''[[Pleasure (Feist album)|Pleasure]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Ice Cube]] - ''[[Death Certificate (album)#Death Certificate 25th Anniversary Edition|Death Certificate (25th Anniversary Reissue)]]'' (Lench Mob)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Evolve (Imagine Dragons album)|Evolve]]'' (KidinaKorner)
* [[J.I.D]] - ''[[The Never Story]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[K.Flay]] - ''Every Where Is Some Where'' (Night Street)
* [[Kendrick Lamar]] - ''[[Damn (Kendrick Lamar album)|Damn]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album)|Lust for Life]]'' (Polydor)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Bloom (Machine Gun Kelly album)|Bloom]]'' (Bad Boy)
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[Red Pill Blues]]'' (222)
* [[Mike Will Made It]] - ''[[Ransom 2]]'' (EarDrummers)
* [[Mura Masa]] - ''[[Mura Masa (album)|Mura Masa]]'' (Downtown/Polydor/Anchor Point)
* [[Oliver (duo)|Oliver]] - ''[[Full Circle (Oliver album)|Full Circle]]''
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Playboi Carti (mixtape)|Playboi Carti]]'' (AWGE)
* [[San Fermin (band)|San Fermin]] - ''Belong'' (Downtown)
* [[Gwen Stefani]] - ''[[You Make It Feel Like Christmas]]''
* [[Tei Shi]] - ''Crawl Space'' (Downtown)
* [[Two-9]] - ''FRVR'' (EarDrummers)
* [[U2]] - ''[[Songs of Experience (U2 album)|Songs of Experience]]'' (Island)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Trial by Fire (Yelawolf album)|Trial by Fire]]'' (Slumerican/Shady)

=== 2018 ===
* [[Børns]] - ''[[Blue Madonna]]''
* Various Artists - ''[[Black Panther: The Album]]'' (Top Dawg/Aftermath)
* [[Cozz]] - ''[[Effected (album)|Effected]]'' (Tha Committee/Dreamville)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''2 Heartless'' (N-Less)
* [[Wes Period]] - ''Pretty Words'' (Facet)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[Memories Don't Die|MEMORIES DON'T DIE]]'' (Mad Love)
* Arin Ray - ''Platinum Fire''
* Trouble - ''Edgewood'' (Eardruma)
* [[Rich The Kid]] - ''[[The World Is Yours (Rich the Kid album)|The World Is Yours]]'' (Rich Forever Music)
* [[Kali Uchis]] - ''[[Isolation (Kali Uchis album)|Isolation]]'' (Virgin EMI)
* [[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] - ''[[America (Thirty Seconds to Mars album)|America]]''
* [[Smokepurpp]] & [[Murda Beatz]] - ''[[Bless Yo Trap]]'' (Cactus Jack/Alamo)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[KOD (album)|KOD]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] & [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]] - ''[[44/876]]'' (A&M)
* [[Rae Sremmurd]] - ''[[SR3MM]]'' (Eardruma)
* 6 Dogs & Danny Wolf - ''6 Wolves'' (Trust Me Danny/Mad Love)
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Die Lit]]'' (AWGE)
* SUR - ''SAVAGE BEAST''
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Goodbye & Good Riddance]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Jay Rock]] - ''[[Redemption (Jay Rock album)|Redemption]]'' (Top Dawg)
* Billy Raffoul - ''1975''
* Colouring - ''bn''
* Moneybagg Yo - ''Bet On Me'' (N-Less)
* [[Bas (rapper)|Bas]] - ''[[Milky Way (album)|Milky Way]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Kamikaze (Eminem album)|Kamikaze]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[The Night Game]] - ''The Night Game'' (Real Johnson/Vertigo/Capitol)
* Trill Sammy - ''No Sleep Vol. 1'' (Mad Love)
* Yoshi Flower - ''Brown Paper Bag (Maxi)'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Pale Waves]] - ''[[My Mind Makes Noises]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[6LACK]] - ''[[East Atlanta Love Letter]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - [[Binge (EP)|BINGE]]
* [[Lady Gaga]] & [[Bradley Cooper]] - [[A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)|A Star Is Born (soundtrack)]]
* [[Sheck Wes]] - ''[[Mudboy (album)|MUDBOY]]'' (Cactus Jack/GOOD)
* [[Ella Mai]] - ''[[Ella Mai (album)|Ella Mai]]'' (10 Summers)
* Yoshi Flower - ''AMERICAN RAVER'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Future (rapper)|Future]] & Juice WRLD - ''[[Wrld on Drugs]]'' (Grade A/Freebandz/Epic)
* [[Lil Mosey]] - ''[[Northsbest]]''
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''[[Last Day of Summer (Summer Walker album)|Last Day of Summer]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis the Child]] - ''Kids At Play''
* [[The Struts]] - ''[[Young & Dangerous (album)|YOUNG&DANGEROUS]]''
* Tory Lanez - ''[[Love Me Now?|LoVE me NOw]]'' (Mad Love)
* [[Jacob Banks]] - ''Village'' (Darkroom)
* [[Jay Critch]] - ''Hood Favorite'' (Rich Forever)
* [[K Camp]] - ''RARE Sound'' (RARE Sound/EMPIRE)
* [[Kris Wu]] - ''[[Antares (album)|Antares]]'' (Ace Unit/Go East/Universal Music China)
* [[Smino]] - ''[[Noir (Smino album)|NØIR]]'' (Zero Fatigue/Downtown)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Origins (Imagine Dragons album)|Origins]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[Lil Durk]] - ''Signed To The Streets 3'' (Only The Family/Alamo)
* [[Nightly (band)|Nightly]] - ''The Sound Of Your Voice''
* [[Mike Will Made It|Mike WiLL Made-It]] - ''[[Creed II (soundtrack)|Creed II: The Album]]'' (Eardruma)
* Moneybagg Yo - ''RESET'' (N-Less)
* [[J.I.D]] - ''[[DiCaprio 2]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* Blaise Moore - ''TEMPORARY HER''
* [[Ice Cube]] - ''[[Everythangs Corrupt]]'' (Lench Mob)
* [[SOB X RBE|Yhung T.O.]] - ''Trust Issues'' (SOB X RBE/Rule #1)
* [[Gryffin]] - ''Gravity, Pt. 1'' (Darkroom)

=== 2019 ===
* [[Dermot Kennedy]] - ''Dermot Kennedy'' (Riggins)
* [[Boogie (rapper)|Boogie]] - ''[[Everythings for Sale]]'' (Shady)
* [[Dreezy]] - ''[[Big Dreez]]''
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''CLEAR'' (LVRN)
* Mereba - ''The Jungle Is The Only Way Out''
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Baby on Baby]]'' (SCMG)
* [[The Japanese House]] - ''[[Good at Falling]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* [[Juice Wrld]] - ''[[Death Race for Love]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis The Child]] - ''Kids At Play (Remixes)''
* Lil Poppa - ''Under Investigation 2'' (Rule #1)
* [[Rich the Kid]] - ''[[The World Is Yours 2]]'' (Rich Forever)
* [[SOB X RBE|Yhung T.O.]] - ''On My Momma 2'' (SOB X RBE/Rule #1)
* Melli - ''phAses'' (Rule #1)
* [[Billie Eilish]] - ''[[When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?|WHEN WE ALL FALL ASLEEP, WHERE DO WE GO?]]'' (Darkroom)
* [[Yelawolf]] - ''[[Trunk Muzik III]]'' (Slumerican/Shady)
* [[Blackpink|BLACKPINK]] - ''[[Kill This Love]]''
* Billy Raffoul - ''The Running Wild EP''
* [[Blackbear (musician)|blackbear]] - ''[[Anonymous (Blackbear album)|Anonymous]]'' (Beartrap/Alamo)
* [[Schoolboy Q|ScHoolboy Q]] - ''[[Crash Talk|CrasH Talk]]'' (TDE)
* [[Ari Lennox]] - ''[[Shea Butter Baby]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Smokepurpp]] - ''Lost Planet 2.0'' (Alamo)
* [[Stunna 4 Vegas]] - ''BIG 4x'' (Billion Dollar Baby)
* Leven Kali - ''Low Tide''
* [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] - ''[[Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)|Dedicated]]'' (Schoolboy)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''[[43va Heartless|43VA HEARTLESS]]'' (N-Less)
* Yoshi Flower - ''PEER PRESSURE'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - ''[[Madame X (album)|Madame X]]'' (Boy Toy/Live Nation)
* [[Nightly (band)|Nightly]] - ''Talk You Down''
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''[[Orion (X Ambassadors album)|ORION]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[K Camp]] - ''Wayy 2 Kritical'' (RARE Sound/EMPIRE)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''The Life Of Pi'erre 4'' (SosssHouse)
* [[Mustard (record producer)|Mustard]] - ''[[Perfect Ten (album)|Perfect Ten]]'' (10 Summers)
* Nechie - ''SSN: Southside Nechi The Introduction''
* [[Dreamville Records|Dreamville]] & [[J. Cole]] - [[Revenge of the Dreamers III]] (Dreamville)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Hotel Diablo]]'' (EST 19XX/Bad Boy)
* Ann Marie - ''Pretty Psycho'' (Zulu)
* Blacc Zacc - ''Trappin Like Zacc'' (SCMG)
* [[Cuco (musician)|Cuco]] - ''[[Para Mi (Cuco album)|Para Mi]]''
* [[Lil Durk]] - ''Love Songs 4 The Streets 2'' (OTF/Alamo)
* Lou The Human - ''Painkiller Paradise''
* Various Artists - ''13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (Soundtrack)''
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Norman Fucking Rockwell]]''
* DaBaby - ''[[Kirk (album)|KIRK]]'' (SCMG)
* Summer Walker - ''[[Over It (album)|Over It]]'' (LVRN)
* Melii - ''MOTIONS'' (Rule #1)
* Justin Rarri - ''4EVARARRi''
* Jayla Darden - ''Onto Something'' (a sick project)
* ROLE MODEL - ''oh, how perfect''
* Only1Skoota - ''No Love Back''
* [[QUIN (singer)|QUIN]] - ''LUCID'' (Fantasy Soul)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[Chixtape 5]]'' (Mad Love)
* BB Nobre - ''Por Fin''
* Griselda - ''WWCD'' (Griselda/Shady)
* Yoshi Flower - ''I Will Not Let My Love Go To Waste'' (Rock Mafia/GRDN)
* Only The Family & Lil Durk - ''Family Over Everything'' (OTF/Alamo)
* Arin Ray - ''Phases II''
* Lil Poppa - ''Almost Normal'' (Rule #1)
* [[Smino]] - ''High 4 Da Highladays'' (Zero Fatigue/Downtown)

== 2020s ==

=== 2020 ===
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''Time Served'' (N-Less)
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Rare (Selena Gomez album)|Rare]]''
* [[Dreamville Records|Dreamville]] & [[J. Cole]] - [[Revenge of the Dreamers III|Revenge of the Dreamers III: Director's Cut]] (Dreamville)
* [[Eminem]] - ''[[Music to Be Murdered By]]'' (Shady/Aftermath)
* [[Mura Masa]] - ''R.Y.C'' (Anchor Point)
* [[Stunna 4 Vegas]] - ''RICH YOUNGIN'' (Billion Dollar Baby)
* [[Tame Impala]] - ''[[The Slow Rush]]'' (Modular)
* Blacc Zacc - ''Carolina Narco'' (SCMG)
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''Belong EP'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[renforshort]] - ''teenage angst EP'' (Renwasn'there Inc.)
* [[5 Seconds of Summer]] - ''[[Calm (album)|C A L M]]''
* [[Ari Lennox]] - ''[[Shea Butter Baby (Remix EP)]]'' (Dreamville)
* [[Tory Lanez]] - ''[[The New Toronto 3]]''
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Blame It on Baby|BLAME IT ON BABY]]'' (SCMG)
* [[K Camp]] - ''[[Kiss Five|Kiss 5]]'' (RARE Sound)
* [[Kali Uchis]] - ''[[To Feel Alive|TO FEEL ALIVE - EP]]'' (Virgin EMI)
* Leven Kali - ''HIGHTIDE''
* Smoove'L - ''Boy From Brooklyn'' (Run Music)
* [[Khea]] - ''Trapicheo'' (Young Flex)
* YXNG K.A - ''BABY REAPER - EP'' (Double O)
* [[The 1975]] - ''[[Notes on a Conditional Form]]'' (Dirty Hit)
* Mk.gee - ''A Museum Of Contradiction'' (IAMSOUND)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Chromatica]]''
* [[Blackpink|BLACKPINK]] - ''[[The Album (Blackpink album)|THE ALBUM]]''
* Lil Poppa - ''Evergreen Wildchild 2'' (Rule #1)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''The Life of Pi'erre 4 (Deluxe)'' (SossHouse)
* [[6lack|6LACK]] - ''[[6pc Hot EP]]'' (LVRN)
* [[Jessie Ware]] - ''[[What's Your Pleasure?]]'' (PMR/Virgin EMI)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis The Child]] - ''[[Here for Now]]''
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Legends Never Die (Juice Wrld album)|Legends Never Die]]'' (Grade A)
* [[Lil Mosey]] - ''[[Certified Hitmaker]] (AVA Leak)'' (Mogul Vision)
* [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]] - ''[[Tickets to My Downfall]]'' (Bad Boy)
* [[Westside Gunn]] - ''[[Who Made the Sunshine]]'' (Griselda/Shady)
* [[BlocBoy JB]] - ''FatBoy'' (Foundation)
* [[The Struts]] - ''Strange Days''
* [[Playboi Carti]] - ''[[Whole Lotta Red]]'' (AWGE)

=== 2021 ===
* [[BRS Kash]] - ''Kash Only'' (LVRN)
* [[Celeste (singer)|Celeste]] - ''[[Not Your Muse]]'' (Atlas Artists)
* Nechie - ''Shady Baby''
* [[slowthai]] - ''TYRON'' (Method/AWGE)
* [[Alexander 23]] - ''Oh No, Not Again! EP''
* [[Selena Gomez]] - ''[[Revelación]]'' (SMG)
* [[Bad Gyal]] - ''Warm Up'' (Aftercluv)
* [[Lana Del Rey]] - ''[[Chemtrails over the Country Club]]''
* YXNG K.A. - ''REAPER SZN (Deluxe)'' (Double O)
* [[Benny Blanco|benny blanco]] - ''FRIENDS KEEP SECRETS 2'' (Friends Keep Secrets)
* Vince Ash - ''VITO (Deluxe Edition)'' (Goliath)
* [[Moneybagg Yo]] - ''[[A Gangsta's Pain]]'' (N-Less/CMG)
* [[Sir Sly]] - ''The Rise & Fall Of Loverboy''
* [[Morray]] - ''[[Street Sermons]]'' (Pick Six)
* Lil Poppa - ''Blessed, I Guess'' (Rule #1)
* [[J. Cole]] - ''[[The Off-Season]]'' (Dreamville/Roc Nation)
* [[Cloves (singer)|CLOVES]] - ''Nightmare On Elmfield Road''
* [[42 Dugg]] - ''[[Free Dem Boyz]]'' (4PF/CMG)
* [[Mereba]] - ''AZEB EP''
* [[renforshort]] - ''off saint dominique EP''
* [[Maroon 5]] - ''[[Jordi (album)|JORDI]]'' (222)
* [[Pi'erre Bourne]] - ''[[The Life of Pi'erre 5]]'' (SossHouse)
* [[Jax Jones]] - ''Deep Joy EP'' (Deep Joy Edition)
* [[Inhaler (band)|Inhaler]] - ''[[It Won't Always Be Like This]]''
* OMB Bloodbath - ''Blood Sample EP'' (LVRN)
* [[EST Gee]] - ''[[Bigger Than Life or Death]]'' (Warlike/CMG)
* [[Dave (rapper)|Dave]] - ''[[We're All Alone in This Together]]'' (Neighbourhood)
* [[Billie Eilish]] - ''[[Happier Than Ever]]'' (Darkroom)
* [[Allison Ponthier]] - ''Faking My Own Death''
* [[Glaive (musician)|glaive]] - ''all dogs go to heaven''
* [[K Camp|K CAMP]] - ''FLOAT'' (RARE Sound)
* Rosemarie - ''Sinnergy'' (Bird Vision)
* GRIP - ''[[I Died for This!?]]'' (Stray Society/Shady)
* [[OneRepublic]] - ''[[Human (OneRepublic album)|Human]]'' (Mosley)
* 42 Dugg - ''Free Dem Boyz (Deluxe)'' (4PF/CMG)
* [[BIG30]] - ''King Of Killbranch'' (N-Less/Bread Gang)
* [[Imagine Dragons]] - ''[[Mercury - Act 1]]'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* [[Lady Gaga]] - ''[[Dawn of Chromatica]]''
* LANY - ''gg bb xx'' (Side Street)
* [[Niki (singer)|NIKI]], [[DJ Snake]] & [[88rising]] - ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (soundtrack)|Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings: The Album]]'' (MARVEL/Hollywood)
* Hayd - ''Changes EP''
* [[Kacey Musgraves]] - '' [[Star-Crossed (album) |star-crossed]]'' (MCA Nashville)
* Co Cash - ''HIM, Not Them'' (Committed/Foundation)
* [[X Ambassadors]] - ''The Beautiful Liar'' (KIDinaKORNER)
* Ryan Trey - ''A 64 East Saga'' (#JUSTAREGULARDAY)
* [[Tony Bennett]] & Lady Gaga - ''[[Love for Sale (Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga album)|Love for Sale]]'' (Columbia)
* [[Lute (rapper) | Lute]] - ''[[Gold Mouf]]'' (Dreamville)
* glaive & ericoda - ''then i'll be happy'' (LISTEN TO THE KIDS)
* [[Sam Fender]] - ''[[Seventeen Going Under]]''
* [[Finneas O'Connell|FINNEAS]] - ''[[Optimist (album)|Optimist]]'' (OYOY)
* [[Louis the Child (DJs)|Louis the Child]] - ''Euphoria''
* Lana Del Rey - ''[[Blue Banisters]]
* [[Summer Walker]] - ''[[Still Over It]]'' (LVRN)
* HVN - ''ALL GIRLS GO TO HEAVEN'' (DON'T DIE/Field Trip)
* [[DaBaby]] - ''[[Back on My Baby Jesus Sh!t Again]]'' (SCMG)
* [[Gracie Abrams]] - ''[[This Is What It Feels Like (album)|This Is What It Feels Like]]''
* [[Ama Lou]] - ''AT LEAST WE HAVE THIS''
* [[Kevvo|KEVVO]] - ''Cotidiano''
* [[Cozz]] - ''Fortunate'' (Tha Committee/Dreamville)
* EST Gee - ''Bigger Than Life Or Death, Pt. 2'' (Warlike/CMG)
* LPB Poody - ''I’m The One'' (Chameleon)
* [[Juice WRLD]] - ''[[Fighting Demons]]'' (Grade A)
* [[TM88]] & Pi'erre Bourne - ''Yo!88'' (Capitol)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Interscope Records|Discography]]
[[Category:Discographies of American record labels]]

Digit ratio

2022-03-19T06:38:17Z

Quickfingers: /* Correlation with traits */ Reference edited with ProveIt

{{distinguish|text=[[Benford's law]] about the frequencies of leading digits of numbers}}
{{Short description|Ratio of lengths of fingers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Hand zur Abmessung 2D4D.jpg|thumb|Hand with index finger being shorter than the ring finger, resulting in a small 2D:4D ratio, pointing to a high exposure to testosterone in the uterus.]]
[[File:Hand photograph dorsal1 copy.jpg|thumb|Image shows the measurement procedure of dorsal digit length using vernier calipers. The hand is placed on the edge of a table so that fingers are rested on table while making an angle of 90 degrees to the palm.]]
The '''digit ratio''' is the ratio of the lengths of different [[finger|digit]]s or fingers. The 2D:4D ratio is the most studied digit ratio and is calculated by dividing the length of the index finger of a given hand by the length of the ring finger of the same hand. A number of studies have shown a correlation between the 2D:4D digit ratio and various physical and behavioral traits.

==Measurement==
The digit length is typically measured on the palmar (ventral) hand, from the midpoint of the bottom crease to the tip of the finger.<ref name="pmid17764524">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayhew TM, Gillam L, McDonald R, Ebling FJ | title = Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 211 | issue = 5 | pages = 630–638 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17764524 | pmc = 2375787 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00801.x }}</ref> Measurement of the digits on the dorsal hand, from the tip of the finger to the proximal phalange-bone protrusion (which occurs when digits are bent at 90 degrees to the palm), has recently also gained acceptance.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Voracek M, Singh M | title = Sexual Dimorphism in Digit Ratios Derived from Dorsal Digit Length among Adults and Children | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 8 | pages = 41 | date = 2017-03-06 | pmid = 28321205 | pmc = 5337486 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2017.00041 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Auger J, Eustache F | title = Second to fourth digit ratios, male genital development and reproductive health: a clinical study among fertile men and testis cancer patients | journal = International Journal of Andrology | volume = 34 | issue = 4 Pt 2 | pages = e49-e58 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21091719 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01124.x }}</ref> A study has shown that, compared to the palmar digit ratio, the dorsal digit ratio is a better indicator of bone digit ratio.<ref name=":2"/> Moreover, differential placing of flexion creases is a factor in the palmar digit ratio.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Voracek M, Singh M | title = Differential Placing of Flexion Creases Contributes to Sex Differences in the Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 10 | pages = 537 | date = 2019-08-02 | pmid = 31428058 | pmc = 6688535 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2019.00537 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Other digit ratios are also similarly calculated in the same hand.

It has been suggested that because academics have accepted a variety of techniques and equipment (such as calipers, radiography and photocopy), researchers deliberately record multiple measurements and report only those which have significant findings,<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smoliga JM, Fogaca LK, Siplon JS, Goldburt AA, Jakobs F | title = Giving science the finger-is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study | journal = BMJ | volume = 375 | pages = e067849 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34911738 | pmc = 8672321 | doi = 10.1136/bmj-2021-067849 }}</ref> a form of [[reporting bias]].

==Correlations==
The ratio of two digits in particular – the palmar 2nd ([[index finger]]) and 4th ([[ring finger]]) – is affected by [[fetus|fetal]] exposure to [[hormone]]s, in particular to [[testosterone]], and other [[androgen|androgens]]; this 2D:4D ratio can be considered a crude measure for prenatal androgen exposure, with lower 2D:4D ratios pointing to higher prenatal androgen exposure.<ref name="pmid21896736">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng Z, Cohn MJ | title = Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 39 | pages = 16289–16294 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21896736 | pmc = 3182741 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1108312108 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Hönekopp Johannes, Bartholdt Luise, Beier Lothar, Liebert Andreas 313–321"/><ref name="Brown2002" /><ref name="Okten2002" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivas MP, Moreira LM, Santo LD, Marques AC, El-Hani CN, Toralles MB | title = New studies of second and fourth digit ratio as a morphogenetic trait in subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 559–561 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24668932 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22545 | s2cid = 7711519 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23258636">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Kilduff LP, Trivers R | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter's syndrome | journal = Andrology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–99 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23258636 | doi = 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00013.x | s2cid = 4503281 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ventura T, Gomes MC, Pita A, Neto MT, Taylor A | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–112 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23017880 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.08.009 | hdl = 10400.17/772 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre MH | title = The use of digit ratios as markers for perinatal androgen action | journal = Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | volume = 4 | pages = 10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16504142 | pmc = 1409789 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7827-4-10 }}</ref> There are also studies that suggest that the palmar 2D:4D ratio is influenced by prenatal estrogen exposure, and that it thus correlates negatively not with prenatal testosterone alone, but rather with the prenatal testosterone-to-estrogen ratio (T:O).<ref name="pmid15113628">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lutchmaya S, Baron-Cohen S, Raggatt P, Knickmeyer R, Manning JT | title = 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 77 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 23–28 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15113628 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17764524" /><ref name="pmid16473482">{{cite journal | vauthors = Malas MA, Dogan S, Evcil EH, Desdicioglu K | title = Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 82 | issue = 7 | pages = 469–475 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16473482 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dean A, Sharpe RM | title = Clinical review: Anogenital distance or digit length ratio as measures of fetal androgen exposure: relationship to male reproductive development and its disorders | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 2230–2238 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23569219 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-4057 }}</ref>

In keeping with these hormonal differences, the digit ratios are [[sexually dimorphic]], being lower in men than in women. In palmar digit ratios, strong sexual dimorphism occurs in those of digit 2.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loehlin JC, Medland SE, Martin NG | title = Relative finger lengths, sex differences, and psychological traits | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–305 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 18340520 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9303-z | s2cid = 12340685 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McFadden D, Shubel E | title = Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 492–500 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12488115 | doi = 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833 | s2cid = 1360679 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M | title = Comparative study of digit ratios (2D:4D and other) and novel measures of relative finger length: testing magnitude and consistency of sex differences across samples | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–93 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19425449 | doi = 10.2466/pms.108.1.83-93 | s2cid = 10076143 }}</ref> In dorsal digit ratios, in contrast, strong sexual dimorphism occurs in those of digit 5, with women having shorter fifth digits on average.<ref name=":1"/> Overall, the report of sexual dimorphism is much stronger in dorsal digit ratios<ref name=":1"/> than in palmar digit ratios, especially as compared to the classic, palmar 2D:4D ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hönekopp J, Watson S | title = Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 619–630 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20737609 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.21054 | s2cid = 29503255 }}</ref> Moreover, compared to palmar digit ratio, dorsal digit ratio is a better indicator of bone digit ratio.<ref name=":2"/> Thus, while most of the earlier research has focused on palmar 2D:4D ratio, study of other digit ratios is also promising.

Experimental studies of monkeys have shown prenatal testosterone injection produces male-typical changes in [[dermatoglyphics]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jamison CS, Jamison PL, Meier RJ | title = Effect of prenatal testosterone administration on palmar dermatoglyphic intercore ridge counts of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 94 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–419 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 7943194 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330940309 }}</ref> and in palmar digit length, but not in bone digit length.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abbott AD, Colman RJ, Tiefenthaler R, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH | title = Early-to-mid gestation fetal testosterone increases right hand 2D:4D finger length ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome-like monkeys | journal = PloS One | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = e42372 | date = 2012-08-22 | pmid = 22927929 | pmc = 3425513 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0042372 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...742372A | veditors = Helle S }}</ref> Moreover, this effect occurs in digit 2 but not in digit 4 in monkeys and frogs.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lofeu L, Brandt R, Kohlsdorf T | title = Phenotypic integration mediated by hormones: associations among digit ratios, body size and testosterone during tadpole development | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 175 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28768472 | pmc = 5541650 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-1021-0 }}</ref> Additionally, human epidermal tissues have only [[androgen receptors]] and no [[Estrogen receptor alpha|estrogen receptors-α]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pelletier G, Ren L | title = Localization of sex steroid receptors in human skin | journal = Histology and Histopathology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 629–636 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15024720 | doi = 10.14670/HH-19.629 }}</ref> Thus, it is likely that dermatoglyphic tissues in fingers may be more sensitive to prenatal testosterone effect, whereas, as reported above, bone digit ratios may be sensitive to testosterone-to-estrogen ratio. Hence, the palmar 2D:4D ratio reflects a combination of two different hormonal sensitivities. In support of this, a 2019 study has shown that differential placing of flexion creases contributes to sex differences in the palmar 2D:4D ratio.<ref name=":3" />

==History of research==
That a greater proportion of men have shorter index fingers than ring fingers than do women was noted in the scientific literature several times through the late 1800s,<ref name="Ecker A 1875 68–74">{{cite journal |volume=A1|doi=10.1525/aa.1888.1.1.02a00040 |title=Anthropological Notes on the Human Hand |journal=American Anthropologist |pages=51–76 |year=1888 | vauthors = Baker F }}</ref> with the statistically significant sex difference in a sample of 201 men and 109 women established by 1930,<ref name="George R 1930 199–204">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ar.1090460210 |title=Human finger types |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=199–204 |year=1930 | vauthors = Ruggles G |s2cid=83821071 }}</ref> after which time the sex difference appears to have been largely forgotten or ignored. In 1983, [[Glenn Wilson (psychologist)|Glenn Wilson]] of [[King's College London]] published a study examining the correlation between assertiveness in women and their digit ratio, which found that women with a lower 2D:4D ratio reported greater assertiveness.<ref name=Wilson1983>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(83)90061-2 |title=Finger-length as an index of assertiveness in women |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=4 |pages=111–112 |year=1983 | vauthors = Wilson GD }}</ref> This was the first study to examine the correlation between digit ratio and a psychological trait within members of the same sex.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Wilson G | year = 2010 | title = Fingers to feminism: The rise of 2D:4D | journal = Quarterly Review | volume = 4 | pages = 25–32 }}</ref> Wilson proposed that skeletal structure and personality were simultaneously affected by sex hormone levels in utero.<ref name=Wilson1983/> In 1998, John T. Manning and colleagues reported the sex difference in digit ratios was present in two-year-old children<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI | title = The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen | journal = Human Reproduction | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 3000–3004 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9853845 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000 }}</ref> and further developed the idea that the index was a marker of prenatal sex hormones. Since then, research on the topic has burgeoned around the world.

A 2009 study in ''[[Biology Letters]]'' argues: "Sexual differences in 2D:4D are mainly caused by the shift along the common [[allometric]] line with non-zero intercept, which means 2D:4D necessarily decreases with increasing finger length, and the fact that men have longer fingers than women",<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kratochvíl L, Flegr J | title = Differences in the 2nd to 4th digit length ratio in humans reflect shifts along the common allometric line | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 643–646 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19553247 | pmc = 2781964 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0346 }}</ref> which may be the basis for the sex difference in digit ratios and/or any putative hormonal influence on the ratios.

A 2011 paper by Zhengui Zheng and Martin J. Cohn reports "the 2D:4D ratio in mice is controlled by the balance of androgen to estrogen signaling during a narrow window of digit development".<ref name=pmid21896736/> The formation of the digits in humans, in utero, is thought to occur by 13 weeks, and the bone-to-bone ratio is consistent from this point into an individual's adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garn SM, Burdi AR, Babler WJ, Stinson S | title = Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–332 | date = November 1975 | pmid = 1211429 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330430305 | hdl = 2027.42/37557 }}</ref> During this period if the fetus is exposed to androgens, the exact level of which is thought to be sexually dimorphic, the growth rate of the 4th digit is increased, as can be seen by analyzing the 2D:4D ratio of opposite sex [[dizygotic twins]], where the female twin is exposed to excess androgens from her brother in utero, and thus has a significantly lower 2D:4D ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Anders SM, Vernon PA, Wilbur CJ | title = Finger-length ratios show evidence of prenatal hormone-transfer between opposite-sex twins | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–319 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16143332 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.08.003 | s2cid = 17288420 | hdl = 2027.42/83921 }}</ref>

Importantly, there has been no correlation between the sex hormone levels of an adult and the individual's 2D:4D,<ref name="Hönekopp Johannes, Bartholdt Luise, Beier Lothar, Liebert Andreas 313–321">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hönekopp J, Bartholdt L, Beier L, Liebert A | title = Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 313–321 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17400395 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007 | s2cid = 44238240 }}</ref> which implies that it is strictly the exposure in utero that causes this phenomenon.

A major problem with the research on this topic comes from the contradiction in the literature as to whether the testosterone level in adults can be predicted by the 2D:4D ratio.<ref name="Hönekopp Johannes, Bartholdt Luise, Beier Lothar, Liebert Andreas 313–321"/>

In 2021, a peer reviewed paper by Professor James Smoliga titled "Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study" heavily criticized the field of research. The researchers followed the same research methodology as other literature and were able to conclude that there is an association of low digit ratio with good luck. This result is attributed to chance, and an illustration of the [[Replication crisis|reproducibility crisis]]. This is complimented by a satirical list of "pitfalls to avoid in research" which lists high quality research practices that authors hoping to publish [[False positives and false negatives|false positive]] findings regarding 2D:4D digit ratios are likely to avoid, which are:

* [[Preregistration (science)|Pre-Registration]] of study protocol
* Performing or reporting a [[Power of a test|priori power analysis]]
* Detailed accounting for [[Multiple comparisons problem|multiple comparisons]]
* [[Publication bias|Reporting negative findings]] from other outcomes

Smoliga also provides an algorithm for researchers to identify a correlation between 2D:4D digit ratio, and any outcome measure.<ref name=":8" />

In a response, John T. Manning criticized the researchers for not controlling for ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smoliga |first=James M. |last2=Fogaca |first2=Lucas K. |last3=Siplon |first3=Jessica S. |last4=Goldburt |first4=Abigail A. |last5=Jakobs |first5=Franziska |date=2021-12-15 |title=Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-067849 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=375 |pages=e067849 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2021-067849 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=34911738}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Digit ratio visualization according to data from Bailey and Hurd, 2005.png|thumbnail|right|A visualization of the distributions: Men (blue), women (green), and the whole population (red). Based on a population at the [[University of Alberta]] and assuming [[normal distribution]].]]
From a study of 136 males and 137 females at the [[University of Alberta]]:<ref name="Bailey & Hurd 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bailey AA, Hurd PL | title = Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physical aggression in men but not in women | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–222 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15620791 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.05.001 | lay-url = http://www.livescience.com/193-finger-length-predicts-aggression-men.html | s2cid = 16606349 | lay-date = 2 March 2005 | lay-source = [[LiveScience]] }}</ref>
* Males: mean 0.947, [[standard deviation]] 0.029
* Females: mean 0.965, standard deviation 0.026
Assuming a [[normal distribution]], the above lead to 95% prediction intervals for 2D:4D ratio of 0.889–1.005 for males and 0.913–1.017 for females.

From a 2018 study on a final sample of 249 graduate and undergraduate students from [[Warwick University]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalton PS, Ghosal S | title = Self-confidence, Overconfidence and Prenatal Testosterone Exposure: Evidence from the Lab | journal = Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 12 | pages = 5 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29441000 | pmc = 5797613 | doi = 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00005 | doi-access = free }}</ref> proportionally balanced by gender:
* Males: mean 0.951, standard deviation 0.035
* Females: mean 0.968, standard deviation 0.028

==Evidence of androgen effect==
The sex difference in 2D:4D is present before birth in humans.<ref name="pmid16473482" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galis F, Ten Broek CM, Van Dongen S, Wijnaendts LC | title = Sexual dimorphism in the prenatal digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–62 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19301112 | pmc = 2811245 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-009-9485-7 }}</ref> The ratio of testosterone to [[estradiol]] measured in 33 [[amniocentesis]] samples correlated with the child's subsequent 2D:4D ratio.<ref name="pmid15113628" /> The conclusion of this research supported to an association between low 2D:4D and high levels of testosterone
compared with estrogen, and high 2D:4D with low
testosterone relative to estrogen.

The level of estrogen in the amniotic fluid is not correlated with higher 2D:4D, as researchers found no difference in estrogen levels between males and females.<ref name="pmid15113628" />

Several studies present evidence that digit ratios are heritable.<ref name="Paul2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul SN, Kato BS, Hunkin JL, Vivekanandan S, Spector TD | title = The big finger: the second to fourth digit ratio is a predictor of sporting ability in women | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 40 | issue = 12 | pages = 981–983 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17008344 | pmc = 2577466 | doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027193 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gobrogge KL, Breedlove SM, Klump KL | title = Genetic and environmental influences on 2D:4D finger length ratios: a study of monozygotic and dizygotic male and female twins | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–118 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18074216 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9272-2 | author2-link = Marc Breedlove | s2cid = 41921265 }}</ref>

In a non-clinical sample of women, digit ratio correlated with [[anogenital distance]] in the expected direction. In other words, women with a greater anogenital distance, indicating greater prenatal androgen exposure, had a smaller digit ratio.<ref name="pmid25584807">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barrett ES, Parlett LE, Swan SH | title = Stability of proposed biomarkers of prenatal androgen exposure over the menstrual cycle | journal = Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–157 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25584807 | pmc = 5119464 | doi = 10.1017/S2040174414000646 }}</ref>

=== Disorders of sex development ===
Women with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (CAH), which results in elevated androgen levels before birth, have lower, more masculinized 2D:4D on average.<ref name="Brown2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown WM, Hines M, Fane BA, Breedlove SM | title = Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 380–386 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12488105 | doi = 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1830 | s2cid = 8886238 }}</ref><ref name="Okten2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okten A, Kalyoncu M, Yariş N | title = The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 70 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 47–54 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12441204 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-3782(02)00073-7 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18854582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciumas C, Lindén Hirschberg A, Savic I | title = High fetal testosterone and sexually dimorphic cerebral networks in females | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–1174 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 18854582 | doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhn160 }}</ref> Other possible physiological effects include an enlarged [[clitoris]] and shallow [[vagina]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = McAnulty RD, Burnette MM |year= 2006| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KBi9aG0pQAkC&pg=PA165 |title= Sex and sexuality | volume = 1 | publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| page= 165| isbn= 9780313049194}}</ref> Males with CAH have smaller (more masculine) digit ratios than control males,<ref name="Brown2002" /><ref name="Okten2002" /> suggesting that prenatal androgens affect digit ratios. Amniocentesis samples show that prenatal levels of testosterone are in the high-normal range in males with CAH, while levels of the weaker androgen [[androstenedione]] are several fold higher than in control males.<ref name="pmid6447160">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pang S, Levine LS, Cederqvist LL, Fuentes M, Riccardi VM, Holcombe JH, Nitowsky HM, Sachs G, Anderson CE, Duchon MA, Owens R, Merkatz I, New MI | display-authors = 6 | title = Amniotic fluid concentrations of delta 5 and delta 4 steroids in fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency and in anencephalic fetuses | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–229 | date = August 1980 | pmid = 6447160 | doi = 10.1210/jcem-51-2-223 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8421074">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dörr HG, Sippell WG | title = Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: effect on midgestational amniotic fluid steroid levels | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–120 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8421074 | doi = 10.1210/jc.76.1.117 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10443667">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wudy SA, Dörr HG, Solleder C, Djalali M, Homoki J | title = Profiling steroid hormones in amniotic fluid of midpregnancy by routine stable isotope dilution/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: reference values and concentrations in fetuses at risk for 21-hydroxylase deficiency | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 84 | issue = 8 | pages = 2724–2728 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10443667 | doi = 10.1210/jc.84.8.2724 }}</ref> These measures indicate that males with CAH are exposed to greater prenatal concentrations of total androgens than are control males.

A greater digit ratio occurs for men with [[Klinefelter's syndrome]], who have reduced testosterone secretion throughout life compared to control males, than in their fathers or control males.<ref name=pmid23258636/>

Digit ratio in men may correlate with genetic variation in the [[androgen receptor]] gene.<ref name="Manning2003">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00052-7 |title=The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene |year=2003 |vauthors = Manning JT, Bundred PE, Newton DJ, Flanagan BF |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=24 |pages=399–405 |issue=6 }}</ref> Men with genes that produce androgen receptors that are less sensitive to testosterone (because they have more [[CAG repeats]]) have greater, i.e. more feminine, digit ratios. There are reports of a failure to replicate this finding.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hampson E, Sankar JS |title=Re-examining the Manning hypothesis: androgen receptor polymorphism and the 2D:4D ratio |journal=Evol Hum Behav |volume=33 | issue= 5|pages=557–561 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.003}}</ref> However, men carrying an androgen receptor with more CAG repeats compensate for the less sensitive receptor by secreting more testosterone,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crabbe P, Bogaert V, De Bacquer D, Goemaere S, Zmierczak H, Kaufman JM | title = Part of the interindividual variation in serum testosterone levels in healthy men reflects differences in androgen sensitivity and feedback set point: contribution of the androgen receptor polyglutamine tract polymorphism | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 3604–3610 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17579205 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2007-0117 }}</ref> probably as a result of reduced negative feedback on [[gonadotropins]]. Thus, it is not clear that 2D:4D would be expected to correlate with CAG repeats, even if it accurately reflects prenatal androgen.

XY individuals with [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] (AIS) due to a dysfunctional gene for the androgen receptor present as women and have feminine digit ratios on average, as would be predicted if androgenic hormones affect digit ratios. This finding also demonstrates that the sex difference in digit ratios is unrelated to the [[Y chromosome]] per se.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berenbaum SA, Bryk KK, Nowak N, Quigley CA, Moffat S | title = Fingers as a marker of prenatal androgen exposure | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 150 | issue = 11 | pages = 5119–5124 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19819951 | pmc = 2775980 | doi = 10.1210/en.2009-0774 }}</ref>

=== Other animals ===
In [[pheasant]]s, the ratio of the 2nd to 4th digit of the foot has been shown to be influenced by manipulations of testosterone in the [[Egg (biology)|egg]].<ref name=Romano2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Romano M, Leoni B, Saino N | title = Examination marks of male university students positively correlate with finger length ratios (2D:4D) | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 15978716 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.03.006 | s2cid = 39777964 }}</ref>

Studies in mice indicate that prenatal androgen acts primarily by promoting growth of the fourth digit.<ref name=pmid21896736/>

==Explanation of the digit ratio effect==
It is not clear why digit ratio is influenced by prenatal hormones. There is evidence of other similar traits, e.g. [[otoacoustic emissions]] and arm-to-trunk length ratio, which show similar effects. [[Hox genes]] responsible for both digit and penis development<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dickman S | title = HOX gene links limb, genital defects | journal = Science | volume = 275 | issue = 5306 | pages = 1568 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9072822 | doi = 10.1126/science.275.5306.1568 | s2cid = 33709778 }}</ref> have been implicated in affecting these multiple traits ([[pleiotropy]]). Direct effects of sex hormones on bone growth might be responsible, either by regulation of Hox genes in digit development or independently of such genes. Likewise, it is unclear why digit ratio on the right hand should be more responsive than that on the left hand, as is indicated by the greater sex difference on the right than the left.<ref name=Honekopp2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hönekopp J, Watson S | title = Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 619–630 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20737609 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.21054 | s2cid = 29503255 }}</ref> However, because no right–left difference has been found in sexual dimorphism of bone digit ratios (2D:4D<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xi H, Li M, Fan Y, Zhao L | title = A comparison of measurement methods and sexual dimorphism for digit ratio (2D:4D) in Han ethnicity | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 329–333 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24013635 | pmc = 3890058 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0179-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galis F, Ten Broek CM, Van Dongen S, Wijnaendts LC | title = Sexual dimorphism in the prenatal digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–62 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19301112 | pmc = 2811245 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-009-9485-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robertson J, Zhang W, Liu JJ, Muir KR, Maciewicz RA, Doherty M | title = Radiographic assessment of the index to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 212 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–48 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18005121 | pmc = 2423386 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00830.x }}</ref>) and dorsal digit ratios <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Voracek M, Singh M | title = The effects of hand preference and sex on right-left asymmetry in dorsal digit lengths among adults and children | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 153 | pages = 105293 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33340946 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105293 | s2cid = 229333079 }}</ref> and because differential placing of flexion creases contributes to sex differences in palmar digit ratio,<ref name=":3" /> right–left differences in the placing of flexion creases may be determining right–left difference in palmar 2D:4D ratio.

One study on mice from 2011 suggests that the 2D:4D ratio correlates with prenatal sex hormone levels because the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor activity is higher in digit 4 than in digit 2. Inactivation of AR decreases growth of digit 4, which causes a higher 2D:4D ratio, whereas inactivation of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) increases growth of digit 4, which leads to a lower 2D:4D ratio.<ref name=pmid21896736/>

==Geographic and ethnic variation in 2D:4D==
Manning and colleagues have shown that 2D:4D ratios vary greatly between different ethnic groups. In a study with [[Han Chinese|Han]], [[Berbers|Berber]], [[Uyghurs|Uygur]] and [[Jamaicans|Jamaican]] children as subjects, Manning et al. found that Han children had the highest mean values of 2D:4D (0.954±−0.032), they were followed by the Berbers (0.950±0.033), then the Uygurs (0.946±0.037), and the Jamaican children had the lowest mean 2D:4D (0.935±0.035).<ref name="pmid10828555">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Barley L, Walton J, Lewis-Jones DI, Trivers RL, Singh D, Thornhill R, Rohde P, Bereczkei T, Henzi P, Soler M, Szwed A | display-authors = 6 | title = The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success. evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? | journal = Evolution and Human Behavior | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 163–183 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10828555 | doi = 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00029-5 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Stewart A, Bundred PE, Trivers RL | title = Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–168 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15500996 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.06.004 }}</ref> This variation is far larger than the differences between sexes; in Manning's words, "There's more difference between a [[Polish people|Pole]] and a [[Finnish people|Finn]], than a man and a woman."<ref name=pmid10761903/>

The standard deviations associated with each given 2D:4D mean are considerable. For example, the ratio for Han children (0.954±−0.032) allows for a ratio as low as 0.922, while the ratio for Jamaican children (0.935±0.035) allows for a ratio as high as 0.970. Thus, some ethnic groups' [[confidence interval]]s overlap.

A 2008 study by Lu et al. found that the mean values of 2D:4D of the [[Hui people|Hui]] and the Han in [[Ningxia]] were lower than those in European countries like Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JPXB200802033.htm|title=STUDY ON THE DIGIT RATIO OF HUI AND HAN ETHNIC GROUPS IN NINGXIA--《Acta Anatomica Sinica》2008年02期|website=en.cnki.com.cn|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>

In 2007 Manning et al. also found that mean 2D:4D varied across ethnic groups with higher ratios for Whites, Non-Chinese Asians, and Mid-Easterners and lower ratios in Chinese and Black samples.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Churchill AJ, Peters M | title = The effects of sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–233 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17373585 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9171-6 | s2cid = 2042042 }}</ref>

Two studies explored the question of whether geographical differences in 2D:4D ratios were caused by gene pool differences or whether some environmental variable associated with latitude might be involved (e.g., exposure to sunlight or different day-length patterns). The conclusions were that geographical differences in 2D:4D ratio were caused by genetic pool differences, not by geographical latitude.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loehlin JC, McFadden D, Medland SE, Martin NG | title = Population differences in finger-length ratios: ethnicity or latitude? | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 739–742 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 16688484 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9039-1 | s2cid = 4763807 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.579.6269 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu Y, Zheng Y | title = The digit ratio (2D:4D) in China: A meta-analysis | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–309 | date = 2015-05-06 | pmid = 25284473 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22639 | s2cid = 40725875 }}</ref>

[[Consanguinous]] parentage ([[inbreeding]]) has been found to lower the 2D:4D ratio in offspring,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozener B, Hurd PL, Duyar I | title = Inbreeding is associated with lower 2D: 4D digit ratio | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–188 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24288299 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22491 | s2cid = 23618195 }}</ref> which may account for some of the geographical and ethnic variation in 2D:4D ratios, as consanguinity rates depend on, among others, religion, culture, and geography.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tadmouri GO, Nair P, Obeid T, Al Ali MT, Al Khaja N, Hamamy HA | title = Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs | journal = Reproductive Health | volume = 6 | pages = 17 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19811666 | pmc = 2765422 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4755-6-17 }}</ref>

==Correlation with traits==

Some authors suggest that digit ratio correlates with health, behavior, and even [[human sexuality|sexuality]] in later life. Below is a non-exhaustive list of some traits that have been either demonstrated or suggested to correlate with either high or low digit ratio.

{| class="wikitable"
!

!
Low digit ratio
!
High digit ratio
|-
| '''Physiology and disease'''
|
* Increased risk of [[prostate cancer]] and prostate diseases in males.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sudhakar HH, Manjunatha R, Madhusudhana HR | title = Relationship Between Second to Fourth Digit Ratios and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Aging Men | journal = Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = PC01-PC03 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26155515 | pmc = 4484107 | doi = 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11992.5937 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Slower utero fetal development in both sexes.<ref name=":0" />
* Increased reproductive success in males.<ref name=pmid10828555/>
*Longer penis in males.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi IH, Kim KH, Jung H, Yoon SJ, Kim SW, Kim TB | title = Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length | journal = Asian Journal of Andrology | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 710–714 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21725330 | pmc = 3739592 | doi = 10.1038/aja.2011.75 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Left handedness or left hand preference<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Singh M, Voracek M | title = Effects of hand preference on digit lengths and digit ratios among children and adults | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 151 | pages = 105204 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33059164 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105204 | s2cid = 222829822 }}</ref>
|
* Increased risk of [[breast cancer]] in females.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muller DC, Baglietto L, Manning JT, McLean C, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG, Severi G | display-authors = 6 | title = Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), breast cancer risk factors, and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 107 | issue = 9 | pages = 1631–1636 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22990654 | pmc = 3493764 | doi = 10.1038/bjc.2012.418 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Lowered sperm counts<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Increased risk for [[heart disease]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriakidis I, Papaioannidou P, Pantelidou V, Kalles V, Gemitzis K | title = Digit ratios and relation to myocardial infarction in Greek men and women | journal = Gender Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 628–636 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21195362 | doi = 10.1016/j.genm.2010.11.008 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Manning JT, Bundred PE |title=The ratio of second to fourth digit length and age at first myocardial infarction in men: a link with testosterone? |journal=British Journal of Cardiology |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=720–3 |year=2001 |issn=0969-6113}}</ref>
* Increased risk of [[obesity]] and [[metabolic syndrome]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N | title = The 2nd-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease | journal = International Journal of Obesity | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 711–714 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16261185 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803154 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Reduced risk for [[prostate cancer]]<ref name="prostate">{{cite news| vauthors = Walsh F |title=Index finger length prostate cancer clue|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11880415|work=BBC News|access-date=1 December 2010|date=1 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman AA, Lophatananon A, Stewart-Brown S, Harriss D, Anderson J, Parker T, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Pocock R, Dearnaley D, Guy M, O'Brien L, Wilkinson RA, Hall AL, Sawyer E, Page E, Liu JF, Eeles RA, Muir K | display-authors = 6 | title = Hand pattern indicates prostate cancer risk | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 104 | issue = 1 | pages = 175–177 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21119657 | pmc = 3039824 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605986 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Reduced birth size in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronalds G, Phillips DI, Godfrey KM, Manning JT | title = The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–26 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12191526 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00009-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klimek M, Galbarczyk A, Nenko I, Alvarado LC, Jasienska G | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males | journal = Annals of Human Biology | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 518–523 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24766144 | doi = 10.3109/03014460.2014.902993 | s2cid = 207461082 }}</ref>
* Increased reproductive success in females.<ref name=pmid10828555/>
* Severity of [[COVID-19]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Fink B | title = Understanding COVID-19: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in national case fatality rates | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 146 | pages = 105074 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32419720 | pmc = 7224643 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105074 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Psychological disorders'''
|
*Increased rate of [[ADHD]] in males<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = McFadden D, Westhafer JG, Pasanen EG, Carlson CL, Tucker DM |title=Physiological evidence of hypermasculinization in boys with the inattentive subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |journal=Clinical Neuroscience Research |volume=5 |pages=233–245 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.cnr.2005.09.004|issue=5–6|s2cid=35313789 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevenson JC, Everson PM, Williams DC, Hipskind G, Grimes M, Mahoney ER | title = Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and digit ratios in a college sample | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–50 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17160985 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.20571 | s2cid = 13099813 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martel MM, Gobrogge KL, Breedlove SM, Nigg JT | title = Masculinized finger-length ratios of boys, but not girls, are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 122 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–281 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18410167 | pmc = 2902868 | doi = 10.1037/0735-7044.122.2.273 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martel MM | title = Conscientiousness as a mediator of the association between masculinized finger-length ratios and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 50 | issue = 7 | pages = 790–798 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19298468 | pmc = 4311552 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02065.x }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[autism spectrum]] disorder (when comparing digit ratio to general population)<ref name="Manning">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Sanders G | title = The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 160–164 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11263685 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00181.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quartier A, Chatrousse L, Redin C, Keime C, Haumesser N, Maglott-Roth A, Brino L, Le Gras S, Benchoua A, Mandel JL, Piton A | display-authors = 6 | title = Genes and Pathways Regulated by Androgens in Human Neural Cells, Potential Candidates for the Male Excess in Autism Spectrum Disorder | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 84 | issue = 4 | pages = 239–252 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29428674 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.002 | s2cid = 46822493 }}</ref>
*Increased risk in females for [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref name=pmid21765573/>
*Increased [[psychopathy]] in men with low digit ratio and high adult testosterone levels.<ref name="Carré 319–326">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carré JM, Ortiz TL, Labine B, Moreau BJ, Viding E, Neumann CS, Goldfarb B | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) and psychopathic traits moderate the effect of exogenous testosterone on socio-cognitive processes in men | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 62 | pages = 319–326 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26356040 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.023 | s2cid = 11335253 }}</ref>
*Increased rate of alcohol dependency,<ref name=pmid21547078>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kornhuber J, Erhard G, Lenz B, Kraus T, Sperling W, Bayerlein K, Biermann T, Stoessel C | display-authors = 6 | title = Low digit ratio 2D:4D in alcohol dependent patients | journal = PloS One | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = e19332 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21547078 | pmc = 3081847 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0019332 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...619332K }}</ref> more frequent and more severe binge drinking<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenz B, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Mühle C, Kornhuber J | title = Low digit ratio (2D:4D) and late pubertal onset indicate prenatal hyperandrogenziation in alcohol binge drinking | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 86 | pages = 370–378 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29499227 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*Conduct disorder in boys<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eichler A, Heinrich H, Moll GH, Beckmann MW, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Muschler MR, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Lenz B, Kornhuber J | display-authors = 6 | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) and behavioral symptoms in primary-school aged boys | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 119 | pages = 1–7 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29486372 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.02.012 }}</ref>
|
* Increased risk for [[Depression (mood)|depression]] in males<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Bailey AA, Hurd PL |title=Depression in men is associated with more feminine finger length ratios|journal=Personality and Individual Differences |year=2005 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=829–836 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.017 }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[schizophrenia]]<ref name="Arató M, Frecska E, Beck C, An M, Kiss H 2004 191–4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arató M, Frecska E, Beck C, An M, Kiss H | title = Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 191–194 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14687873 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.020 | s2cid = 27449992 }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Evardone M, Alexander GM, Morey LC | title = Hormones and Borderline Personality Features | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 278–287 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 19554197 | pmc = 2700629 | doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.007 }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[psychopathy]] in females and increased rate of [[callous and unemotional traits|callous]] affect (subscale of psychopathy) in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanchard A, Lyons M |doi=10.5042/bjfp.2010.0183 |title=An investigation into the relationship between digit length ratio (2D: 4D) and psychopathy |journal=The British Journal of Forensic Practice |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=23–31 |year=2010 }}</ref>
* Reduced risk of [[alcohol dependency]]<ref name=pmid21547078/>
* Reduced risk of [[video game addiction]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kornhuber J, Zenses EM, Lenz B, Stoessel C, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Rehbein F, Kliem S, Mößle T | display-authors = 6 | title = Low 2D:4D values are associated with video game addiction | journal = PloS One | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e79539 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24236143 | pmc = 3827365 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0079539 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...879539K }}</ref>
* Increased [[anxiety]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Evardone M, Alexander GM | title = Anxiety, sex-linked behaviors, and digit ratios (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 442–455 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 17943431 | pmc = 2768336 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9260-6 }}</ref>
* Increased risk of [[nicotine dependence]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manning |first=John T. |last2=Fink |first2=Bernhard |date=2011-02-01 |title=Digit ratio, nicotine and alcohol intake and national rates of smoking and alcohol consumption |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691000512X |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=344–348 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.016 |issn=0191-8869}}</ref>
|-
| '''Physical and competitive behavior'''
|
* Increased aggressive behavior in sports.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mailhos A, Buunk AP, Del Arca D, Tutte V | title = Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios | journal = Aggressive Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 417–426 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26699684 | doi = 10.1002/ab.21638 }}</ref>
* Good luck in males<ref name=":8" />
|
* Reduced performance in sports<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Taylor RP | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans | journal = Evolution and Human Behavior | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–69 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11182575 | doi = 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00063-5 }}</ref>
* Reduced financial trading ability<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coates JM, Gurnell M, Rustichini A | title = Second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 623–628 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19139402 | pmc = 2626753 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0810907106 | lay-url = http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1871066,00.html | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009PNAS..106..623C | lay-date = 12 January 2009 | lay-source = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref>
* Right handedness skills<ref name = "Fink_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N, Tan U | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and hand skill in Austrian children | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 375–384 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15294393 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.012 | s2cid = 10148166 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.490.5559 }}</ref> (inconclusive)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Titus-Ernstoff L, Perez K, Hatch EE, Troisi R, Palmer JR, Hartge P, Hyer M, Kaufman R, Adam E, Strohsnitter W, Noller K, Pickett KE, Hoover R | display-authors = 6 | title = Psychosexual characteristics of men and women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–160 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12606880 | doi = 10.1097/01.EDE.0000039059.38824.B2 | s2cid = 31181675 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Cognition and personality'''
|
* [[Assertiveness]] in females<ref name=Wilson1983/>
* [[Psychoticism]] in females<ref name="Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM 150–157">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM |title=Ratio or Length? A Proposed Methodology for Understanding Digit Ratio and Personality Using a Female Sample |journal=Journal of Individual Differences |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1027/1614-0001/a000023|year=2010 }}</ref>
* [[Aggression]] in males<ref name="Bailey & Hurd 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benderlioglu Z, Nelson RJ | title = Digit length ratios predict reactive aggression in women, but not in men | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 558–564 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15555497 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.06.004 | s2cid = 17464657 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Portnoy J, Raine A | title = Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 771–782 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22781854 | pmc = 4247331 | doi = 10.1017/S0954579412000363 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Fink B | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 620–627 | date = 2015-10-01 | pmid = 25824265 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22718 | s2cid = 205303673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Joyce CW, Kelly JC, Chan JC, Colgan G, O'Briain D, Mc Cabe JP, Curtin W | title = Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures | journal = Injury | volume = 44 | issue = 11 | pages = 1636–1639 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23972912 | doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Cho KJ, Kim S |date=2017-12-01|title=Utilization of Second Digit to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) as One of Physical Markers to Evaluate Aggression in Elementary School Students|journal=Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=ko|volume=30|issue=4|pages=153|doi=10.11637/kjpa.2017.30.4.153 |doi-access=free |issn=1225-150X}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2022}}
* [[Aggression]] in females<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Mabulla A |date=2010-01-29|title=Sex differences in 2D: 4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in African children and adolescents: a cross-cultural study|journal=Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research|volume=2|issue=1|pages=17–31|doi=10.5042/jacpr.2010.0002|issn=1759-6599}}</ref>
* Hyperactivity and poor social cognitive function in girls<ref name="Williams et al 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams JH, Greenhalgh KD, Manning JT | title = Second to fourth finger ratio and possible precursors of developmental psychopathology in preschool children | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–65 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12706312 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00012-4 }}</ref>
* Masculinized handwriting in females<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Beech JR, Mackintosh IC |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.024 |title=Do differences in sex hormones affect handwriting style? Evidence from digit ratio and sex role identity as determinants of the sex of handwriting |date=July 2005 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=459–68}}</ref>
* Perceived 'dominance' and masculinity of man's face<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neave N, Laing S, Fink B, Manning JT | title = Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 270 | issue = 1529 | pages = 2167–2172 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14561281 | pmc = 1691489 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2003.2502 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burriss RP, Little AC, Nelson EC | title = 2D:4D and sexually dimorphic facial characteristics | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–384 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17203400 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9136-1 | s2cid = 39185091 }}</ref>
* In an orchestral context, rank and musical ability in males<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Sluming VA, Manning JT |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00026-4 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio in elite musicians Evidence for musical ability as an honest signal of male fitness |date=January 2000 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–9}}</ref>
* Right hand low digit ratio predicts academic performance<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nye JV, Androuschak G, Desierto D, Jones G, Yudkevich M | title = 2D:4D asymmetry and gender differences in academic performance | journal = PloS One | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = e46319 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23056282 | pmc = 3466225 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0046319 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...746319N }}</ref>
* Inverted U-shape relation between digit ratio and mathematical ability (participants with both high and low digit ratios earn lower grades in mathematics, while participants with intermediate digit ratios achieve the highest grades)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez Á, Sánchez-Campillo J, Moreno-Herrero D, Rosales V |doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.001 |title=2D:4D values are associated with mathematics performance in business and economics students |journal=Learning and Individual Differences |volume=36 |pages=110–116 |year=2014 }}</ref>
* Decreased [[empathy]] in men, in response to adult testosterone levels<ref name="Carré 319–326"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skalná Z, Senko T, Olexová L, Sedliak M, Kršková L | title = Vplyv miery prenatálnej expozície testosterónu a jeho postnatálnej koncentrácie na počet sexuálnych partneriek a schopnosť empatizácie u mužov zo Slovenska. | trans-title = Influence of the Level of Prenatal Exposure to Testosterone and Its Postnatal Concentration on the Number of Sexual Partners and the Ability to Empathize in Men From Slovakia | language = Slovak | journal = Slovenská Antropológia | date = 2017 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 42-49 | url = https://fns.uniba.sk/fileadmin/prif/biol/kan/SlovAntrop_casopis/2017_20_2/SlovAntropol_20_2.pdf#page=47 }}</ref>
* Higher propensity to attack without being provoked<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre MH, Barrett ES, McDermott R, Johnson DD, Cowden J, Rosen SP |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.009 |title=Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=755–764 |year=2007 }}</ref>
* Increased risk-taking behavior in men<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stenstrom E, Saad G, Nepomuceno MV, Mendenhall Z |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.003 |title=Testosterone and domain-specific risk: Digit ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as predictors of recreational, financial, and social risk-taking behaviors |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=412–416 |year=2011 }}</ref>
* Normative degrees of cooperation and sharing, as opposed to excessive altruism or egoism, which were both correlated with higher digit ratio<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Millet K, Dewitte S | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and cooperative behavior | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–115 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16024156 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.06.001 | s2cid = 5563321 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.518.4422 }}</ref>
* Mean 2D:4D ratio among artists is lower than among controls<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/147470491401200303 |doi-access=free |title=Art as an Indicator of Male Fitness: Does Prenatal Testosterone Influence Artistic Ability? |journal=Evolutionary Psychology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=147470491401200 |year=2014 | vauthors = Crocchiola D }}</ref>
* Higher [[numeracy]] (compared to [[literacy]]) in children<ref name=pmid17535470>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brosnan MJ | title = Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren | journal = British Journal of Psychology | volume = 99 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 75–85 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17535470 | doi = 10.1348/000712607X197406 | lay-url = http://www.livescience.com/7290-finger-length-predicts-sat-performance.html | lay-date = 22 May 2007 | lay-source = [[LiveScience]] }}</ref>
* Higher criminal offending rates after [[puberty]]<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Hoskin AW, Ellis L |date=2015-02-01|title=Fetal Testosterone and Criminality: Test of Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory|journal=Criminology|volume=53|issue=1|pages=54–73|doi=10.1111/1745-9125.12056|issn=1745-9125}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellis L, Hoskin AW | title = Criminality and the 2D:4D ratio: testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis | journal = International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–312 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 24013770 | doi = 10.1177/0306624X13503813 | s2cid = 29218986 }}</ref>
* Attenuated socio-affective skills<ref name=pmid25935637>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weisman O, Pelphrey KA, Leckman JF, Feldman R, Lu Y, Chong A, Chen Y, Monakhov M, Chew SH, Ebstein RP | display-authors = 6 | title = The association between 2D:4D ratio and cognitive empathy is contingent on a common polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576) | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 58 | pages = 23–32 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25935637 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.007 | s2cid = 10216749 }}</ref>
* Lower likelihood of celebrity worship in females<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Huh HR |date=2012-02-01 |title=Digit ratio and celebrity worship |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911004806 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.025 |issn=0191-8869}}</ref>
* Higher likelihood to select products with a more "masculine image" (as represented by selecting [[Coca-Cola|Coca Cola]] to represent a masculine image, [[Diet Coke]] a feminine image, and [[Coca-Cola Zero Sugar|Coke Zero]] for a neutral image), for males<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Aspara J, Van Den Bergh B |date=2014-03-01 |title=Naturally designed for masculinity vs. femininity? Prenatal testosterone predicts male consumers' choices of gender-imaged products |journal= International Journal of Research in Marketing |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=117–121 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2013.09.001 |issn=0167-8116}}</ref>
* Greater engagement with pro-environmental behavior, in men<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Hand C |date=2020-11-01 |title=Biology and being green: The effect of prenatal testosterone exposure on pro-environmental consumption behaviour |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296319301249 |journal=Journal of Business Research |language=en |volume=120 |pages=619–626 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.034 |s2cid=133410612 |issn=0148-2963}}</ref>
* Greater sense of direction, in women<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chai XJ, Jacobs LF | title = Digit ratio predicts sense of direction in women | journal = PloS One | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = e32816 | date = 2012-02-29 | pmid = 22393451 | pmc = 3290629 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032816 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...732816C }}</ref>
|
* [[Personality]] traits correlated with digit ratio, higher being more feminized<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00002-8 |title=A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio |date=November 2002 | vauthors = Austin EJ, Manning JT, McInroy K, Mathews E |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=1115–24}}</ref><ref name = "Fink_2004b" /><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Luxen MF, Buunk BP |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.016 |title=Second-to-fourth digit ratio related to Verbal and Numerical Intelligence and the Big Five |date=October 2005 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=959–66}}</ref>
* Greater [[Openness to experience|openness]] personality factor<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Burton LA, Guterman E, Baum G |date=2013-04-23|title=Effect of Prenatal Androgen on Adult Personality: Greater Openness with More Female-Typical 2D:4D Digit Ratios|journal=Current Psychology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=197–202|doi=10.1007/s12144-013-9170-9|s2cid=144106803|issn=1046-1310}}</ref>
* [[Paranormal]] and [[superstitious]] beliefs among people with a higher digit ratio<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.051 |title=Who wants to believe? Associations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and paranormal and superstitious beliefs |date=July 2009 | vauthors = Voracek M |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=105–109}}</ref>
* Higher exam scores among male students<ref name=Romano2006/><ref name=pmid17535470/>
* Higher [[neuroticism]] in both sexes with higher right hand digit ratio<ref name = "Fink_2004b">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.018 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio and the 'big five' personality factors |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=495–503 |year=2004 }}</ref> and on left hand in females<ref name="Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM 150–157"/>
* Higher left hand digit ratio in response to high adult testosterone levels predicts musical orchestra rank in females.<ref name=pmid23520475>{{cite journal | vauthors = Borniger JC, Chaudhry A, Muehlenbein MP | title = Relationships among musical aptitude, digit ratio and testosterone in men and women | journal = PloS One | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = e57637 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23520475 | pmc = 3592910 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0057637 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...857637B }}</ref>
* Higher [[Verbal fluency test|verbal fluency]] in both sexes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Digit Ratio: A Pointer To Fertility, Behavior And Health|url = https://archive.org/details/digitratiopointe00mann|url-access = limited| vauthors = Manning JT |publisher = Rutger University Press|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0813530291|location = New Brunswick|pages = [https://archive.org/details/digitratiopointe00mann/page/n83 65]–68}}</ref>
* Higher visual recall in females.<ref name="Poulin et al 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Poulin M, O'Connell RL, Freeman LM |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.004 |title=Picture recall skills correlate with 2D:4D ratio in women but not men |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=174–181 |year=2004 }}</ref>
* Higher [[literacy]] (compared to [[numeracy]]) in children<ref name=pmid17535470/>
|-
| '''[[Sexual orientation]]'''
|
* Lesbians have a lower digit ratio, on average, than heterosexual women<ref name="Watts et al 2018"/><ref name=Csatho2003/><ref name=pmid10761903>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams TJ, Pepitone ME, Christensen SE, Cooke BM, Huberman AD, Breedlove NJ, Breedlove TJ, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM | display-authors = 6 | title = Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation | journal = Nature | volume = 404 | issue = 6777 | pages = 455–456 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10761903 | doi = 10.1038/35006555 | s2cid = 205005405 | bibcode = 2000Natur.404..455W }}</ref><ref name = "Tortorice, J.L. (2002)">{{Cite book | vauthors = Tortorice JL |year=2002 |publisher=Rutgers University |title=Written on the body: butch vs. femme lesbian gender identity and biological correlates of low digit ratio |oclc=80234273|title-link=butch and femme }}</ref><ref name = "McFadden and Shubel (2002)">{{cite journal | vauthors = McFadden D, Shubel E | title = Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 492–500 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12488115 | doi = 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833 | s2cid = 1360679 }}</ref><ref name = "Hall and Love (2003)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall LS, Love CT | title = Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–28 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12597269 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021837211630 | s2cid = 1743441 }}</ref><ref name = "Rahman and Wilson (2003)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman Q, Wilson GD | title = Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 288–303 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12573297 | doi = 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00022-7 | s2cid = 21071741 }}</ref><ref name="Putz, D.A. et al. (2004)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.005 |title=Sex hormones and finger length |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=182–199 |year=2004 | vauthors = Putz DA, Gaulin SJ, Sporter RJ, McBurney DH }}</ref><ref name = "Rahman, Q. (2005)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman Q | title = Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 382–391 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15694118 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.10.006 | s2cid = 39896938 }}</ref><ref name = "Kraemer et al. (2006)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kraemer B, Noll T, Delsignore A, Milos G, Schnyder U, Hepp U | title = Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and dimensions of sexual orientation | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 210–214 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16874008 | doi = 10.1159/000094730 | s2cid = 201838 }}</ref><ref name = "Wallien et al. (2008)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wallien MS, Zucker KJ, Steensma TD, Cohen-Kettenis PT | title = 2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 450–454 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18585715 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.002 | s2cid = 6324765 }}</ref><ref name=pmid20364887>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grimbos T, Dawood K, Burriss RP, Zucker KJ, Puts DA | title = Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women | journal = Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 124 | issue = 2 | pages = 278–287 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20364887 | doi = 10.1037/a0018764 | s2cid = 2777884 }}</ref><ref name=pmid22270254>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hiraishi K, Sasaki S, Shikishima C, Ando J | title = The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese twin sample: heritability, prenatal hormone transfer, and association with sexual orientation | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 711–724 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22270254 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-011-9889-z | s2cid = 14974103 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2022}}
* Male homosexuality, but bisexual men have a lower digit ratio than exclusively homosexual men and community volunteers recruited regardless of sexual orientation.<ref name=sj />
* Tendency toward polygamy<ref name="pmid25652222">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wlodarski R, Manning J, Dunbar RI | title = Stay or stray? Evidence for alternative mating strategy phenotypes in both men and women | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 20140977 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25652222 | pmc = 4360109 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0977 }}</ref>
|
* Sexual preference for more masculine men among women<ref name=Csatho2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Csathó A, Osváth A, Bicsák E, Karádi K, Manning J, Kállai J | title = Sex role identity related to the ratio of second to fourth digit length in women | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–156 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12581689 | doi = 10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00127-8 | s2cid = 38339150 }}</ref> and gay men<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre MH | title = Digit ratios, childhood gender role behavior, and erotic role preferences of gay men | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 495–496 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14627046 | doi = 10.1023/A:1026054625638 | s2cid = 32682813 }}</ref> with high digit ratio.
* Lesbians are more likely to be [[butch and femme|femme]] and less likely to be [[butch and femme|butch]] with a high digit ratio.<ref name="Tortorice, J.L. (2002)"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown WM, Finn CJ, Cooke BM, Breedlove SM | title = Differences in finger length ratios between self-identified "butch" and "femme" lesbians | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–127 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11910785 | doi = 10.1023/A:1014091420590 | s2cid = 10259939 }}</ref> Identical female twins discordant for sexual orientation still show the difference (lesbian less than straight, on average) in digit ratio.<ref name = "Hall and Love (2003)"/><ref name=pmid22270254/><ref name="Watts et al 2018"/>
* Homosexuality or heterosexuality for men, according to some studies.<ref name = "McFadden and Shubel (2002)"/><ref name=pmid22270254/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peters M, Manning JT, Reimers S | title = The effects of sex, sexual orientation, and digit ratio (2D:4D) on mental rotation performance | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 251–260 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17394056 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9166-8 | s2cid = 41095407 }}</ref> Other studies have disputed this: some have shown that the digit ratio in homosexual men is similar to,<ref name=pmid10761903/><ref name = "Kraemer et al. (2006)"/><ref name = "Wallien et al. (2008)"/><ref name=pmid20364887/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yule MA, Brotto LA, Gorzalka BB | title = Biological markers of asexuality: Handedness, birth order, and finger length ratios in self-identified asexual men and women | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 299–310 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24045903 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0175-0 | s2cid = 5347734 }}</ref> or lower than,<ref name = "Rahman and Wilson (2003)" /><ref name="Watts et al 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Watts TM, Holmes L, Raines J, Orbell S, Rieger G | title = Finger Length Ratios of Identical Twins with Discordant Sexual Orientations | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 2435–2444 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 29978344 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1262-z | s2cid = 49705557 }}</ref><ref name = "Rahman, Q. (2005)" /><ref name=sj>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson SJ, Manning JT | title = The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality | journal = Evolution and Human Behavior | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–345 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11053694 | doi = 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0 }}</ref> that of heterosexual men. One study concluded that differences are dependent on geographical variation, with gay men having lower or similar ratios to straight men in Europe, but higher or similar in the United States.<ref name = "Voracek, Manning & Ponocny (2005)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M, Manning JT, Ponocny I | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) in homosexual and heterosexual men from Austria | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–340 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15971016 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-005-3122-x | s2cid = 32377034 }}</ref> But this finding has been questioned in a meta-analysis including 18 studies, which suggested that ethnicity, rather than geography, explained the differences previously found in men of different sexual orientations. The meta-analysis concluded that no significant sexual orientation differences in digit ratio exist in men.<ref name=pmid20364887/>
**Homosexual men with high digit ratio are more likely to have [[Top, bottom and versatile|receptive role]] during penetrative sexual activity and show higher rates of self-reported [[gender nonconformity]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Swift-Gallant A, Di Rita V, Major CA, Breedlove CJ, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM | title = Differences in digit ratios between gay men who prefer receptive versus insertive sex roles indicate a role for prenatal androgen | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 8102 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33854100 | pmc = 8046970 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-87338-0 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.8102S }}</ref>
* Tendency toward monogamy<ref name=pmid25652222/>
|}

{{See also|Biology and sexual orientation|Neuroscience and sexual orientation#2D:4D digit ratio}}

===Male-to-female transgender women===
A study in Germany has found a correlation between digit ratio and [[trans woman|male-to-female]] [[transgender people|transgender women]]. Trans women were found to have a higher digit ratio than cis men. This was not true for trans men, however, who were within the average range for females.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schneider HJ, Pickel J, Stalla GK | title = Typical female 2nd-4th finger length (2D:4D) ratios in male-to-female transsexuals-possible implications for prenatal androgen exposure | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–269 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16140461 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.005 | s2cid = 33927715 }}</ref>

===Digit ratio and development===
There is some evidence that 2D:4D ratio may also be indicative for human development and growth. Ronalds ''et al.'' (2002) showed that men who had an above average placental weight and a shorter neonatal crown-heel length had higher 2D:4D ratios in adult life.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronalds G, Phillips DI, Godfrey KM, Manning JT | title = The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–26 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12191526 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-3782(02)00009-9 }}</ref> Kumar et al.<ref name=":5" /> have reported that a similar effect of hand preference on digit lengths and digit ratios occurs oppositely among children and adults. Moreover, studies about 2D:4D correlations with face shape suggest that testosterone exposure early in life may set some constraints for subsequent development. Prenatal sex steroid ratios (in terms of 2D:4D) and actual chromosomal sex dimorphism were found to operate differently on human faces, but affect male and female face shape by similar patterns.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Grammer K, Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Schaefer K, Bookstein FL, Manning JT | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and face shape | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 272 | issue = 1576 | pages = 1995–2001 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16191608 | pmc = 1559906 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2005.3179 }}</ref> Fink ''et al.'' (2004) found that men with low (indicating high testosterone) and women with high (indicating high estrogen) 2D:4D ratios express greater levels of [[facial symmetry]].<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N, Grammer K |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00084-9 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio and facial asymmetry |date=March 2004 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=125–32}}</ref>

===Criticism===
The credibility and usefulness of research into the relationship between Digit Ratios and traits has been subject to criticism,<ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82">{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M, Kossmeier M, Tran US | title=Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How? | journal=Zeitschrift für Psychologie | publisher=Hogrefe Publishing Group | volume=227 | issue=1 | year=2019 | issn=2190-8370 | doi=10.1027/2151-2604/a000357 | pages=64–82| s2cid=86788835 }}</ref> as critics have found research to be lacking moderate to strong statistical significance,<ref name="Jones Jaeger Schild 2021 p=105272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones AL, Jaeger B, Schild C | title = No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 152 | pages = 105272 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33227636 | pmc = 7670914 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref><ref name="Voracek Pietschnig Nader Stieger 2011 pp. 417–422">{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M, Pietschnig J, Nader IW, Stieger S | title=Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex-role orientation: Further evidence and meta-analysis | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=51 | issue=4 | year= September 2011 | issn=0191-8869 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.009 | pages=417–422}}</ref> consistently failing to be replicated, useless as a [[proxy variable]], and have compared the research to [[pseudoscience]].<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | url=https://www.science.org/news/2019/06/talk-hand-scientists-try-debunk-idea-finger-length-can-reveal-personality-and-health | vauthors = Leslie M | title=Talk to the hand. Scientists try to debunk idea that finger length can reveal personality and health | journal=Science | year=2019 | doi=10.1126/science.aay2735 | s2cid=241187298 | access-date=1 October 2021 }}</ref>

Although research into Digit Ratios find statistical significance, there has been criticism for failing to account for a majority of the variation within a dataset, with one of the most highly publicized papers on the topic failing to account for 96% of variation.<ref name="FallsShort">{{cite journal | url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/you-it/201107/male-genital-length-study-falls-short | vauthors = Joannides P | title=Male Genital Length Study Falls Short| journal=Science | year=2011 | access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, skepticism has also been attributed to an abundance of research [[Correlation does not imply causation|lacking a cause-and-effect relationship]] between Digit Ratio and supposed traits, research that often lacks any theoretical motivation.<ref name="McCormick Carré 2020 p=104710">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormick CM, Carré JM | title = Facing off with the phalangeal phenomenon and editorial policies: A commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020) | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 120 | pages = 104710 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32057822 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104710 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 211112860 }}</ref><ref name="Jones Jaeger Schild 2021 p=105272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones AL, Jaeger B, Schild C | title = No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 152 | pages = 105272 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33227636 | pmc = 7670914 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref>

The utilization of Digit Ratio as a [[proxy variable]] has come under scrutiny,<ref name="McCormick Carré 2020 p=104710">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormick CM, Carré JM | title = Facing off with the phalangeal phenomenon and editorial policies: A commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020) | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 120 | pages = 104710 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32057822 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104710 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 211112860 }}</ref><ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82" /> as studies that investigate the relationship between a trait and some unobservable variable fail to consider other possible [[confounding variables]]. This is especially problematic in cases where the relationship is likely to be weak, such as prenatal testosterone.<ref name="Hollier Keelan Jamnadass Maybery 2015 pp. 111–117">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hollier LP, Keelan JA, Jamnadass ES, Maybery MT, Hickey M, Whitehouse AJ | title = Adult digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to umbilical cord androgen or estrogen concentrations, their ratios or net bioactivity | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–117 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25594498 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.12.011 | publisher = Elsevier BV | hdl = 20.500.11937/48405 }}</ref><ref name="Wong Hines 2016 pp. 86–94">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong WI, Hines M | title = Interpreting digit ratio (2D:4D)-behavior correlations: 2D:4D sex difference, stability, and behavioral correlates and their replicability in young children | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 78 | pages = 86–94 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26542674 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.022 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 26592548 }}</ref><ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82" /> Furthermore, critics have pointed out that controlling for confounding variables is an impossible task due to the expanding list of confounding variables, including ethnicity, sex,<ref name=":6" /><ref name="Lindová Hrušková Pivoňková Kuběna 2008 pp. 347–356">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindová J, Hrušková M, Pivoňková V, Kuběna A, Flegr J | title=Digit ratio (2D:4D) and Cattell's personality traits | journal=European Journal of Personality | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=22 | issue=4 | date = June 2008 | issn=0890-2070 | doi=10.1002/per.664 | pages=347–356| s2cid=18205251 }}</ref> and physical, medical or behavioral conditions.<ref name="McQuade pp. 667–668">{{cite journal | vauthors = McQuade DB | title = Does digit ratio (2D:4D) predict penile length? | journal = Asian Journal of Andrology | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 667–668 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21725331 | pmc = 3739583 | doi = 10.1038/aja.2011.81 | publisher = Medknow }}</ref>

Researchers have also pointed out that research into the Digit Ratio is illustrative of the ongoing [[Replication Crisis]].<ref name=":7" /> Not only have subsequent studies and meta-analysis failed to replicate previous research,<ref name=":7" /><ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82" /> but have often found contradictory results,<ref name="MedlandZayatsGlaser2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Medland SE, Zayats T, Glaser B, Nyholt DR, Gordon SD, Wright MJ, Montgomery GW, Campbell MJ, Henders AK, Timpson NJ, Peltonen L, Wolke D, Ring SM, Deloukas P, Martin NG, Smith GD, Evans DM | display-authors = 6 | title = A variant in LIN28B is associated with 2D:4D finger-length ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–525 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20303062 | pmc = 2850436 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.017 }}</ref><ref name="Wong Hines 2016 pp. 86–94">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong WI, Hines M | title = Interpreting digit ratio (2D:4D)-behavior correlations: 2D:4D sex difference, stability, and behavioral correlates and their replicability in young children | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 78 | pages = 86–94 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26542674 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.022 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 26592548 }}</ref><ref name="PRATT TURANOVIC CULLEN pp. 587–620">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pratt TC, Turanovic JJ, Cullen FT | title=Revisiting the Criminological Consequences of Exposure to Fetal Testosterone: A Meta-Analysis of the 2D:4D Digit Ratio | journal=Criminology | publisher=Wiley | volume=54 | issue=4 | date=2016-09-22 | issn=0011-1384 | doi=10.1111/1745-9125.12115 | pages=587–620}}</ref> or failed closer scrutiny.<ref name="Hilgard Engelhardt Rouder Segert pp. 606–616">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hilgard J, Engelhardt CR, Rouder JN, Segert IL, Bartholow BD | title = Null Effects of Game Violence, Game Difficulty, and 2D:4D Digit Ratio on Aggressive Behavior | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 606–616 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30843758 | doi = 10.1177/0956797619829688 | publisher = SAGE Publications | s2cid = 73496727 }}</ref><ref name="Jones Jaeger Schild 2021 p=105272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones AL, Jaeger B, Schild C | title = No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 152 | pages = 105272 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33227636 | pmc = 7670914 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref> [[Martin Voracek (psychologist)|Psychologist Martin Voracek]] has criticized the field for its irreproducible findings, stating it's "like a house of cards built on an unknown and uncertain base" and subsequently compared "the work on finger ratios to [[phrenology]] or [[physiognomy]], the discredited ideas that people's head shape or facial features, respectively, reveal their personalities, character, and intelligence."<ref name=":7" />

==Palaeolithic hand stencils==
2D:4D is being used alongside other methods to help understand Palaeolithic [[hand stencil]]s found in prehistoric European and Indonesian [[cave painting]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00093704 |title=Sexual dimorphism in Upper Palaeolithic hand stencils |journal=Antiquity |volume=80 |issue=308 |pages=390–404 |year=2006 |vauthors = Snow DR |s2cid=16301395 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chazine JM, Noury A |title=Sexual Determination of Hand Stencils on the Main Panel of the Gua Masri II Cave (East-Kalimantan/Borneo – Indonesia) |journal=International Newsletter on Rock Art |volume=28 |pages=16–22 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00342551 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref name="waspjournals.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson E, Manning J, Sinclair A |doi=10.3828/bfarm.2006.1.6 |title=News Using the length of the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) to sex cave art hand stencils: Factors to consider |journal=Before Farming |volume=2006 |pages=1–7 |year=2006 }}</ref>

==Other animals==
* Dennis McFadden and collaborators have demonstrated sexual dimorphism in hind limb digit ratio in a number of [[great apes]], including gorillas and chimpanzees.<ref name = "McFadden and Shubel (2002)"/>
* Emma Nelson and Susanne Shultz are currently investigating how 2D:4D relates to primate mating strategies and the evolution of human sociality.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Shultz S, Opie C, Nelson E, Atkinson QD, Dunbar RI |chapter=Evolution of Primate Social Systems: Implications for Hominin Social Evolution |pages=317–405 |chapter-url={{Google books|VEakAgAAQBAJ|page=317|plainurl=yes}} | veditors = Dunbar RI, Gamble C, Gowlett JA |year=2014 |title=Lucy to Language: The Benchmark Papers |isbn=978-0-19-965259-4 }}</ref>
* Nancy Burley's research group has demonstrated sexual dimorphism in [[zebra finch]]es, and found a correlation between digit ratio in females and the strength of their preference for sexually selected traits in males.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burley NT | title = An eye for detail: selective sexual imprinting in zebra finches | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 1076–1085 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16817546 | doi = 10.1554/05-399.1 | s2cid = 28869542 | jstor = 4095408 }}</ref>
* Alžbeta Talarovičová and collaborators found in rats that elevated testosterone during the prenatal period can influence 4D length, the 2D:4D ratio, and open field motor activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Talarovicová A, Krsková L, Blazeková J | title = Testosterone enhancement during pregnancy influences the 2D:4D ratio and open field motor activity of rat siblings in adulthood | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 235–239 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19022257 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.010 | s2cid = 23727819 }}</ref>
* [[Peter L. Hurd]], [[Theodore Garland Jr.]], and their students have examined hindlimb 2D:4D in lines of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior (see [[experimental evolution]]). These high-runner mice exhibit increased 2D:4D. This apparent "feminization" is opposite to the relation seen between 2D:4D and physical fitness in human beings, and is difficult to reconcile with the idea that 2D:4D is a clear proxy for prenatal androgen exposure in mice. The authors suggest that 2D:4D may more accurately reflect effect of glucocorticoids or other factors that regulate any of various genes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yan RH, Malisch JL, Hannon RM, Hurd PL, Garland T | title = Selective breeding for a behavioral trait changes digit ratio | journal = PloS One | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = e3216 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797502 | pmc = 2528935 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0003216 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.3216Y }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anogenital distance]]
* [[Body mass index]]
* [[Chiromancy]] (palm reading)
* [[Dermatoglyphics]]
* [[Handedness and sexual orientation]]
* [[Waist–hip ratio]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Digit ratio}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=%22digit%20ratio%22or%22digit%20ratios%22or%222D%3A4D%22 PubMed listing of papers on digit ratios]
*{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mills ME |date=October 2002 |title=Review of ''Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior and Health'' by John T. Manning |url=http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/manning.html |journal=Human Nature Review |volume=2 |pages=418–23}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digit Ratio}}
[[Category:Anthropometry]]
[[Category:Sex differences in humans]]
[[Category:Fingers]]
[[Category:Ratios]]
[[Category:Testosterone]]

Digit ratio

2022-03-18T22:05:10Z

Quickfingers: /* Correlation with traits */ Reference edited with ProveIt

{{distinguish|text=[[Benford's law]] about the frequencies of leading digits of numbers}}
{{Short description|Ratio of lengths of fingers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Hand zur Abmessung 2D4D.jpg|thumb|Hand with index finger being shorter than the ring finger, resulting in a small 2D:4D ratio, pointing to a high exposure to testosterone in the uterus.]]
[[File:Hand photograph dorsal1 copy.jpg|thumb|Image shows the measurement procedure of dorsal digit length using vernier calipers. The hand is placed on the edge of a table so that fingers are rested on table while making an angle of 90 degrees to the palm.]]
The '''digit ratio''' is the ratio of the lengths of different [[finger|digit]]s or fingers. The 2D:4D ratio is the most studied digit ratio and is calculated by dividing the length of the index finger of a given hand by the length of the ring finger of the same hand. A number of studies have shown a correlation between the 2D:4D digit ratio and various physical and behavioral traits.

==Measurement==
The digit length is typically measured on the palmar (ventral) hand, from the midpoint of the bottom crease to the tip of the finger.<ref name="pmid17764524">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayhew TM, Gillam L, McDonald R, Ebling FJ | title = Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 211 | issue = 5 | pages = 630–638 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17764524 | pmc = 2375787 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00801.x }}</ref> Measurement of the digits on the dorsal hand, from the tip of the finger to the proximal phalange-bone protrusion (which occurs when digits are bent at 90 degrees to the palm), has recently also gained acceptance.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Voracek M, Singh M | title = Sexual Dimorphism in Digit Ratios Derived from Dorsal Digit Length among Adults and Children | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 8 | pages = 41 | date = 2017-03-06 | pmid = 28321205 | pmc = 5337486 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2017.00041 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Auger J, Eustache F | title = Second to fourth digit ratios, male genital development and reproductive health: a clinical study among fertile men and testis cancer patients | journal = International Journal of Andrology | volume = 34 | issue = 4 Pt 2 | pages = e49-e58 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21091719 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01124.x }}</ref> A study has shown that, compared to the palmar digit ratio, the dorsal digit ratio is a better indicator of bone digit ratio.<ref name=":2"/> Moreover, differential placing of flexion creases is a factor in the palmar digit ratio.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Voracek M, Singh M | title = Differential Placing of Flexion Creases Contributes to Sex Differences in the Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 10 | pages = 537 | date = 2019-08-02 | pmid = 31428058 | pmc = 6688535 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2019.00537 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Other digit ratios are also similarly calculated in the same hand.

It has been suggested that because academics have accepted a variety of techniques and equipment (such as calipers, radiography and photocopy), researchers deliberately record multiple measurements and report only those which have significant findings,<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smoliga JM, Fogaca LK, Siplon JS, Goldburt AA, Jakobs F | title = Giving science the finger-is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study | journal = BMJ | volume = 375 | pages = e067849 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34911738 | pmc = 8672321 | doi = 10.1136/bmj-2021-067849 }}</ref> a form of [[reporting bias]].

==Correlations==
The ratio of two digits in particular – the palmar 2nd ([[index finger]]) and 4th ([[ring finger]]) – is affected by [[fetus|fetal]] exposure to [[hormone]]s, in particular to [[testosterone]], and other [[androgen|androgens]]; this 2D:4D ratio can be considered a crude measure for prenatal androgen exposure, with lower 2D:4D ratios pointing to higher prenatal androgen exposure.<ref name="pmid21896736">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng Z, Cohn MJ | title = Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 39 | pages = 16289–16294 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21896736 | pmc = 3182741 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1108312108 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Hönekopp Johannes, Bartholdt Luise, Beier Lothar, Liebert Andreas 313–321"/><ref name="Brown2002" /><ref name="Okten2002" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivas MP, Moreira LM, Santo LD, Marques AC, El-Hani CN, Toralles MB | title = New studies of second and fourth digit ratio as a morphogenetic trait in subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 559–561 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24668932 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22545 | s2cid = 7711519 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23258636">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Kilduff LP, Trivers R | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter's syndrome | journal = Andrology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–99 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23258636 | doi = 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00013.x | s2cid = 4503281 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ventura T, Gomes MC, Pita A, Neto MT, Taylor A | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–112 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23017880 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.08.009 | hdl = 10400.17/772 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre MH | title = The use of digit ratios as markers for perinatal androgen action | journal = Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | volume = 4 | pages = 10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16504142 | pmc = 1409789 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7827-4-10 }}</ref> There are also studies that suggest that the palmar 2D:4D ratio is influenced by prenatal estrogen exposure, and that it thus correlates negatively not with prenatal testosterone alone, but rather with the prenatal testosterone-to-estrogen ratio (T:O).<ref name="pmid15113628">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lutchmaya S, Baron-Cohen S, Raggatt P, Knickmeyer R, Manning JT | title = 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 77 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 23–28 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15113628 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17764524" /><ref name="pmid16473482">{{cite journal | vauthors = Malas MA, Dogan S, Evcil EH, Desdicioglu K | title = Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 82 | issue = 7 | pages = 469–475 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16473482 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dean A, Sharpe RM | title = Clinical review: Anogenital distance or digit length ratio as measures of fetal androgen exposure: relationship to male reproductive development and its disorders | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 2230–2238 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23569219 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-4057 }}</ref>

In keeping with these hormonal differences, the digit ratios are [[sexually dimorphic]], being lower in men than in women. In palmar digit ratios, strong sexual dimorphism occurs in those of digit 2.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loehlin JC, Medland SE, Martin NG | title = Relative finger lengths, sex differences, and psychological traits | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–305 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 18340520 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9303-z | s2cid = 12340685 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McFadden D, Shubel E | title = Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 492–500 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12488115 | doi = 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833 | s2cid = 1360679 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M | title = Comparative study of digit ratios (2D:4D and other) and novel measures of relative finger length: testing magnitude and consistency of sex differences across samples | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–93 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19425449 | doi = 10.2466/pms.108.1.83-93 | s2cid = 10076143 }}</ref> In dorsal digit ratios, in contrast, strong sexual dimorphism occurs in those of digit 5, with women having shorter fifth digits on average.<ref name=":1"/> Overall, the report of sexual dimorphism is much stronger in dorsal digit ratios<ref name=":1"/> than in palmar digit ratios, especially as compared to the classic, palmar 2D:4D ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hönekopp J, Watson S | title = Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 619–630 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20737609 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.21054 | s2cid = 29503255 }}</ref> Moreover, compared to palmar digit ratio, dorsal digit ratio is a better indicator of bone digit ratio.<ref name=":2"/> Thus, while most of the earlier research has focused on palmar 2D:4D ratio, study of other digit ratios is also promising.

Experimental studies of monkeys have shown prenatal testosterone injection produces male-typical changes in [[dermatoglyphics]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jamison CS, Jamison PL, Meier RJ | title = Effect of prenatal testosterone administration on palmar dermatoglyphic intercore ridge counts of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 94 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–419 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 7943194 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330940309 }}</ref> and in palmar digit length, but not in bone digit length.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abbott AD, Colman RJ, Tiefenthaler R, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH | title = Early-to-mid gestation fetal testosterone increases right hand 2D:4D finger length ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome-like monkeys | journal = PloS One | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = e42372 | date = 2012-08-22 | pmid = 22927929 | pmc = 3425513 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0042372 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...742372A | veditors = Helle S }}</ref> Moreover, this effect occurs in digit 2 but not in digit 4 in monkeys and frogs.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lofeu L, Brandt R, Kohlsdorf T | title = Phenotypic integration mediated by hormones: associations among digit ratios, body size and testosterone during tadpole development | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 175 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28768472 | pmc = 5541650 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-1021-0 }}</ref> Additionally, human epidermal tissues have only [[androgen receptors]] and no [[Estrogen receptor alpha|estrogen receptors-α]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pelletier G, Ren L | title = Localization of sex steroid receptors in human skin | journal = Histology and Histopathology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 629–636 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15024720 | doi = 10.14670/HH-19.629 }}</ref> Thus, it is likely that dermatoglyphic tissues in fingers may be more sensitive to prenatal testosterone effect, whereas, as reported above, bone digit ratios may be sensitive to testosterone-to-estrogen ratio. Hence, the palmar 2D:4D ratio reflects a combination of two different hormonal sensitivities. In support of this, a 2019 study has shown that differential placing of flexion creases contributes to sex differences in the palmar 2D:4D ratio.<ref name=":3" />

==History of research==
That a greater proportion of men have shorter index fingers than ring fingers than do women was noted in the scientific literature several times through the late 1800s,<ref name="Ecker A 1875 68–74">{{cite journal |volume=A1|doi=10.1525/aa.1888.1.1.02a00040 |title=Anthropological Notes on the Human Hand |journal=American Anthropologist |pages=51–76 |year=1888 | vauthors = Baker F }}</ref> with the statistically significant sex difference in a sample of 201 men and 109 women established by 1930,<ref name="George R 1930 199–204">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ar.1090460210 |title=Human finger types |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=199–204 |year=1930 | vauthors = Ruggles G |s2cid=83821071 }}</ref> after which time the sex difference appears to have been largely forgotten or ignored. In 1983, [[Glenn Wilson (psychologist)|Glenn Wilson]] of [[King's College London]] published a study examining the correlation between assertiveness in women and their digit ratio, which found that women with a lower 2D:4D ratio reported greater assertiveness.<ref name=Wilson1983>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(83)90061-2 |title=Finger-length as an index of assertiveness in women |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=4 |pages=111–112 |year=1983 | vauthors = Wilson GD }}</ref> This was the first study to examine the correlation between digit ratio and a psychological trait within members of the same sex.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Wilson G | year = 2010 | title = Fingers to feminism: The rise of 2D:4D | journal = Quarterly Review | volume = 4 | pages = 25–32 }}</ref> Wilson proposed that skeletal structure and personality were simultaneously affected by sex hormone levels in utero.<ref name=Wilson1983/> In 1998, John T. Manning and colleagues reported the sex difference in digit ratios was present in two-year-old children<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI | title = The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen | journal = Human Reproduction | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 3000–3004 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9853845 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000 }}</ref> and further developed the idea that the index was a marker of prenatal sex hormones. Since then, research on the topic has burgeoned around the world.

A 2009 study in ''[[Biology Letters]]'' argues: "Sexual differences in 2D:4D are mainly caused by the shift along the common [[allometric]] line with non-zero intercept, which means 2D:4D necessarily decreases with increasing finger length, and the fact that men have longer fingers than women",<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kratochvíl L, Flegr J | title = Differences in the 2nd to 4th digit length ratio in humans reflect shifts along the common allometric line | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 643–646 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19553247 | pmc = 2781964 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0346 }}</ref> which may be the basis for the sex difference in digit ratios and/or any putative hormonal influence on the ratios.

A 2011 paper by Zhengui Zheng and Martin J. Cohn reports "the 2D:4D ratio in mice is controlled by the balance of androgen to estrogen signaling during a narrow window of digit development".<ref name=pmid21896736/> The formation of the digits in humans, in utero, is thought to occur by 13 weeks, and the bone-to-bone ratio is consistent from this point into an individual's adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garn SM, Burdi AR, Babler WJ, Stinson S | title = Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–332 | date = November 1975 | pmid = 1211429 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330430305 | hdl = 2027.42/37557 }}</ref> During this period if the fetus is exposed to androgens, the exact level of which is thought to be sexually dimorphic, the growth rate of the 4th digit is increased, as can be seen by analyzing the 2D:4D ratio of opposite sex [[dizygotic twins]], where the female twin is exposed to excess androgens from her brother in utero, and thus has a significantly lower 2D:4D ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Anders SM, Vernon PA, Wilbur CJ | title = Finger-length ratios show evidence of prenatal hormone-transfer between opposite-sex twins | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–319 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16143332 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.08.003 | s2cid = 17288420 | hdl = 2027.42/83921 }}</ref>

Importantly, there has been no correlation between the sex hormone levels of an adult and the individual's 2D:4D,<ref name="Hönekopp Johannes, Bartholdt Luise, Beier Lothar, Liebert Andreas 313–321">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hönekopp J, Bartholdt L, Beier L, Liebert A | title = Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 313–321 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17400395 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007 | s2cid = 44238240 }}</ref> which implies that it is strictly the exposure in utero that causes this phenomenon.

A major problem with the research on this topic comes from the contradiction in the literature as to whether the testosterone level in adults can be predicted by the 2D:4D ratio.<ref name="Hönekopp Johannes, Bartholdt Luise, Beier Lothar, Liebert Andreas 313–321"/>

In 2021, a paper by Professor James Smoliga titled "Giving science the finger—is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study" heavily criticised the field of research. The researchers followed the same research methodology as other literature and are able to conclude that there is an association of low digit ratio with good luck. This result is attributed to chance, and an illustration of the [[Replication crisis|reproducibility crisis]]. This is complimented by a satirical list of "pitfalls to avoid in research" which lists high quality research practices that authors hoping to publish [[False positives and false negatives|false positive]] findings regarding 2D:4D digit ratios are likely to avoid. They are:

* [[Preregistration (science)|Pre-Registration]] of study protocol
* Performing or reporting a priori power analysis
* Detailed accounting for [[Multiple comparisons problem|multiple comparisons]]
* [[Publication bias|Reporting negative findings]] from other outcomes

Smoliga also provides an algorithm for researchers to identify a correlation between 2D:4D digit ratio, and any outcome measure.<ref name=":8" />

==Distribution==
[[File:Digit ratio visualization according to data from Bailey and Hurd, 2005.png|thumbnail|right|A visualization of the distributions: Men (blue), women (green), and the whole population (red). Based on a population at the [[University of Alberta]] and assuming [[normal distribution]].]]
From a study of 136 males and 137 females at the [[University of Alberta]]:<ref name="Bailey & Hurd 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bailey AA, Hurd PL | title = Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physical aggression in men but not in women | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–222 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15620791 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.05.001 | lay-url = http://www.livescience.com/193-finger-length-predicts-aggression-men.html | s2cid = 16606349 | lay-date = 2 March 2005 | lay-source = [[LiveScience]] }}</ref>
* Males: mean 0.947, [[standard deviation]] 0.029
* Females: mean 0.965, standard deviation 0.026
Assuming a [[normal distribution]], the above lead to 95% prediction intervals for 2D:4D ratio of 0.889–1.005 for males and 0.913–1.017 for females.

From a 2018 study on a final sample of 249 graduate and undergraduate students from [[Warwick University]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalton PS, Ghosal S | title = Self-confidence, Overconfidence and Prenatal Testosterone Exposure: Evidence from the Lab | journal = Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 12 | pages = 5 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29441000 | pmc = 5797613 | doi = 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00005 | doi-access = free }}</ref> proportionally balanced by gender:
* Males: mean 0.951, standard deviation 0.035
* Females: mean 0.968, standard deviation 0.028

==Evidence of androgen effect==
The sex difference in 2D:4D is present before birth in humans.<ref name="pmid16473482" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galis F, Ten Broek CM, Van Dongen S, Wijnaendts LC | title = Sexual dimorphism in the prenatal digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–62 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19301112 | pmc = 2811245 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-009-9485-7 }}</ref> The ratio of testosterone to [[estradiol]] measured in 33 [[amniocentesis]] samples correlated with the child's subsequent 2D:4D ratio.<ref name="pmid15113628" /> The conclusion of this research supported to an association between low 2D:4D and high levels of testosterone
compared with estrogen, and high 2D:4D with low
testosterone relative to estrogen.

The level of estrogen in the amniotic fluid is not correlated with higher 2D:4D, as researchers found no difference in estrogen levels between males and females.<ref name="pmid15113628" />

Several studies present evidence that digit ratios are heritable.<ref name="Paul2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul SN, Kato BS, Hunkin JL, Vivekanandan S, Spector TD | title = The big finger: the second to fourth digit ratio is a predictor of sporting ability in women | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 40 | issue = 12 | pages = 981–983 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17008344 | pmc = 2577466 | doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027193 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gobrogge KL, Breedlove SM, Klump KL | title = Genetic and environmental influences on 2D:4D finger length ratios: a study of monozygotic and dizygotic male and female twins | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–118 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18074216 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9272-2 | author2-link = Marc Breedlove | s2cid = 41921265 }}</ref>

In a non-clinical sample of women, digit ratio correlated with [[anogenital distance]] in the expected direction. In other words, women with a greater anogenital distance, indicating greater prenatal androgen exposure, had a smaller digit ratio.<ref name="pmid25584807">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barrett ES, Parlett LE, Swan SH | title = Stability of proposed biomarkers of prenatal androgen exposure over the menstrual cycle | journal = Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–157 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25584807 | pmc = 5119464 | doi = 10.1017/S2040174414000646 }}</ref>

=== Disorders of sex development ===
Women with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (CAH), which results in elevated androgen levels before birth, have lower, more masculinized 2D:4D on average.<ref name="Brown2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown WM, Hines M, Fane BA, Breedlove SM | title = Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 380–386 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12488105 | doi = 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1830 | s2cid = 8886238 }}</ref><ref name="Okten2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okten A, Kalyoncu M, Yariş N | title = The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 70 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 47–54 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12441204 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-3782(02)00073-7 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18854582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciumas C, Lindén Hirschberg A, Savic I | title = High fetal testosterone and sexually dimorphic cerebral networks in females | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–1174 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 18854582 | doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhn160 }}</ref> Other possible physiological effects include an enlarged [[clitoris]] and shallow [[vagina]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = McAnulty RD, Burnette MM |year= 2006| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KBi9aG0pQAkC&pg=PA165 |title= Sex and sexuality | volume = 1 | publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| page= 165| isbn= 9780313049194}}</ref> Males with CAH have smaller (more masculine) digit ratios than control males,<ref name="Brown2002" /><ref name="Okten2002" /> suggesting that prenatal androgens affect digit ratios. Amniocentesis samples show that prenatal levels of testosterone are in the high-normal range in males with CAH, while levels of the weaker androgen [[androstenedione]] are several fold higher than in control males.<ref name="pmid6447160">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pang S, Levine LS, Cederqvist LL, Fuentes M, Riccardi VM, Holcombe JH, Nitowsky HM, Sachs G, Anderson CE, Duchon MA, Owens R, Merkatz I, New MI | display-authors = 6 | title = Amniotic fluid concentrations of delta 5 and delta 4 steroids in fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency and in anencephalic fetuses | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–229 | date = August 1980 | pmid = 6447160 | doi = 10.1210/jcem-51-2-223 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8421074">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dörr HG, Sippell WG | title = Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: effect on midgestational amniotic fluid steroid levels | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–120 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8421074 | doi = 10.1210/jc.76.1.117 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10443667">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wudy SA, Dörr HG, Solleder C, Djalali M, Homoki J | title = Profiling steroid hormones in amniotic fluid of midpregnancy by routine stable isotope dilution/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: reference values and concentrations in fetuses at risk for 21-hydroxylase deficiency | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 84 | issue = 8 | pages = 2724–2728 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10443667 | doi = 10.1210/jc.84.8.2724 }}</ref> These measures indicate that males with CAH are exposed to greater prenatal concentrations of total androgens than are control males.

A greater digit ratio occurs for men with [[Klinefelter's syndrome]], who have reduced testosterone secretion throughout life compared to control males, than in their fathers or control males.<ref name=pmid23258636/>

Digit ratio in men may correlate with genetic variation in the [[androgen receptor]] gene.<ref name="Manning2003">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00052-7 |title=The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene |year=2003 |vauthors = Manning JT, Bundred PE, Newton DJ, Flanagan BF |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=24 |pages=399–405 |issue=6 }}</ref> Men with genes that produce androgen receptors that are less sensitive to testosterone (because they have more [[CAG repeats]]) have greater, i.e. more feminine, digit ratios. There are reports of a failure to replicate this finding.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hampson E, Sankar JS |title=Re-examining the Manning hypothesis: androgen receptor polymorphism and the 2D:4D ratio |journal=Evol Hum Behav |volume=33 | issue= 5|pages=557–561 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.003}}</ref> However, men carrying an androgen receptor with more CAG repeats compensate for the less sensitive receptor by secreting more testosterone,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crabbe P, Bogaert V, De Bacquer D, Goemaere S, Zmierczak H, Kaufman JM | title = Part of the interindividual variation in serum testosterone levels in healthy men reflects differences in androgen sensitivity and feedback set point: contribution of the androgen receptor polyglutamine tract polymorphism | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 3604–3610 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17579205 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2007-0117 }}</ref> probably as a result of reduced negative feedback on [[gonadotropins]]. Thus, it is not clear that 2D:4D would be expected to correlate with CAG repeats, even if it accurately reflects prenatal androgen.

XY individuals with [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] (AIS) due to a dysfunctional gene for the androgen receptor present as women and have feminine digit ratios on average, as would be predicted if androgenic hormones affect digit ratios. This finding also demonstrates that the sex difference in digit ratios is unrelated to the [[Y chromosome]] per se.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berenbaum SA, Bryk KK, Nowak N, Quigley CA, Moffat S | title = Fingers as a marker of prenatal androgen exposure | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 150 | issue = 11 | pages = 5119–5124 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19819951 | pmc = 2775980 | doi = 10.1210/en.2009-0774 }}</ref>

=== Other animals ===
In [[pheasant]]s, the ratio of the 2nd to 4th digit of the foot has been shown to be influenced by manipulations of testosterone in the [[Egg (biology)|egg]].<ref name=Romano2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Romano M, Leoni B, Saino N | title = Examination marks of male university students positively correlate with finger length ratios (2D:4D) | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 15978716 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.03.006 | s2cid = 39777964 }}</ref>

Studies in mice indicate that prenatal androgen acts primarily by promoting growth of the fourth digit.<ref name=pmid21896736/>

==Explanation of the digit ratio effect==
It is not clear why digit ratio is influenced by prenatal hormones. There is evidence of other similar traits, e.g. [[otoacoustic emissions]] and arm-to-trunk length ratio, which show similar effects. [[Hox genes]] responsible for both digit and penis development<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dickman S | title = HOX gene links limb, genital defects | journal = Science | volume = 275 | issue = 5306 | pages = 1568 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9072822 | doi = 10.1126/science.275.5306.1568 | s2cid = 33709778 }}</ref> have been implicated in affecting these multiple traits ([[pleiotropy]]). Direct effects of sex hormones on bone growth might be responsible, either by regulation of Hox genes in digit development or independently of such genes. Likewise, it is unclear why digit ratio on the right hand should be more responsive than that on the left hand, as is indicated by the greater sex difference on the right than the left.<ref name=Honekopp2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hönekopp J, Watson S | title = Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 619–630 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20737609 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.21054 | s2cid = 29503255 }}</ref> However, because no right–left difference has been found in sexual dimorphism of bone digit ratios (2D:4D<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xi H, Li M, Fan Y, Zhao L | title = A comparison of measurement methods and sexual dimorphism for digit ratio (2D:4D) in Han ethnicity | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 329–333 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24013635 | pmc = 3890058 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0179-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galis F, Ten Broek CM, Van Dongen S, Wijnaendts LC | title = Sexual dimorphism in the prenatal digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–62 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19301112 | pmc = 2811245 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-009-9485-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robertson J, Zhang W, Liu JJ, Muir KR, Maciewicz RA, Doherty M | title = Radiographic assessment of the index to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 212 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–48 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18005121 | pmc = 2423386 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00830.x }}</ref>) and dorsal digit ratios <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Voracek M, Singh M | title = The effects of hand preference and sex on right-left asymmetry in dorsal digit lengths among adults and children | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 153 | pages = 105293 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33340946 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105293 | s2cid = 229333079 }}</ref> and because differential placing of flexion creases contributes to sex differences in palmar digit ratio,<ref name=":3" /> right–left differences in the placing of flexion creases may be determining right–left difference in palmar 2D:4D ratio.

One study on mice from 2011 suggests that the 2D:4D ratio correlates with prenatal sex hormone levels because the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor activity is higher in digit 4 than in digit 2. Inactivation of AR decreases growth of digit 4, which causes a higher 2D:4D ratio, whereas inactivation of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) increases growth of digit 4, which leads to a lower 2D:4D ratio.<ref name=pmid21896736/>

==Geographic and ethnic variation in 2D:4D==
Manning and colleagues have shown that 2D:4D ratios vary greatly between different ethnic groups. In a study with [[Han Chinese|Han]], [[Berbers|Berber]], [[Uyghurs|Uygur]] and [[Jamaicans|Jamaican]] children as subjects, Manning et al. found that Han children had the highest mean values of 2D:4D (0.954±−0.032), they were followed by the Berbers (0.950±0.033), then the Uygurs (0.946±0.037), and the Jamaican children had the lowest mean 2D:4D (0.935±0.035).<ref name="pmid10828555">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Barley L, Walton J, Lewis-Jones DI, Trivers RL, Singh D, Thornhill R, Rohde P, Bereczkei T, Henzi P, Soler M, Szwed A | display-authors = 6 | title = The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success. evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? | journal = Evolution and Human Behavior | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 163–183 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10828555 | doi = 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00029-5 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Stewart A, Bundred PE, Trivers RL | title = Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–168 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15500996 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.06.004 }}</ref> This variation is far larger than the differences between sexes; in Manning's words, "There's more difference between a [[Polish people|Pole]] and a [[Finnish people|Finn]], than a man and a woman."<ref name=pmid10761903/>

The standard deviations associated with each given 2D:4D mean are considerable. For example, the ratio for Han children (0.954±−0.032) allows for a ratio as low as 0.922, while the ratio for Jamaican children (0.935±0.035) allows for a ratio as high as 0.970. Thus, some ethnic groups' [[confidence interval]]s overlap.

A 2008 study by Lu et al. found that the mean values of 2D:4D of the [[Hui people|Hui]] and the Han in [[Ningxia]] were lower than those in European countries like Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JPXB200802033.htm|title=STUDY ON THE DIGIT RATIO OF HUI AND HAN ETHNIC GROUPS IN NINGXIA--《Acta Anatomica Sinica》2008年02期|website=en.cnki.com.cn|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>

In 2007 Manning et al. also found that mean 2D:4D varied across ethnic groups with higher ratios for Whites, Non-Chinese Asians, and Mid-Easterners and lower ratios in Chinese and Black samples.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Churchill AJ, Peters M | title = The effects of sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–233 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17373585 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9171-6 | s2cid = 2042042 }}</ref>

Two studies explored the question of whether geographical differences in 2D:4D ratios were caused by gene pool differences or whether some environmental variable associated with latitude might be involved (e.g., exposure to sunlight or different day-length patterns). The conclusions were that geographical differences in 2D:4D ratio were caused by genetic pool differences, not by geographical latitude.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loehlin JC, McFadden D, Medland SE, Martin NG | title = Population differences in finger-length ratios: ethnicity or latitude? | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 739–742 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 16688484 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9039-1 | s2cid = 4763807 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.579.6269 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu Y, Zheng Y | title = The digit ratio (2D:4D) in China: A meta-analysis | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–309 | date = 2015-05-06 | pmid = 25284473 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22639 | s2cid = 40725875 }}</ref>

[[Consanguinous]] parentage ([[inbreeding]]) has been found to lower the 2D:4D ratio in offspring,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozener B, Hurd PL, Duyar I | title = Inbreeding is associated with lower 2D: 4D digit ratio | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–188 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24288299 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22491 | s2cid = 23618195 }}</ref> which may account for some of the geographical and ethnic variation in 2D:4D ratios, as consanguinity rates depend on, among others, religion, culture, and geography.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tadmouri GO, Nair P, Obeid T, Al Ali MT, Al Khaja N, Hamamy HA | title = Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs | journal = Reproductive Health | volume = 6 | pages = 17 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19811666 | pmc = 2765422 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4755-6-17 }}</ref>

==Correlation with traits==

Some authors suggest that digit ratio correlates with health, behavior, and even [[human sexuality|sexuality]] in later life. Below is a non-exhaustive list of some traits that have been either demonstrated or suggested to correlate with either high or low digit ratio.

{| class="wikitable"
!

!
Low digit ratio
!
High digit ratio
|-
| '''Physiology and disease'''
|
* Increased risk of [[prostate cancer]] and prostate diseases in males.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sudhakar HH, Manjunatha R, Madhusudhana HR | title = Relationship Between Second to Fourth Digit Ratios and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Aging Men | journal = Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = PC01-PC03 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26155515 | pmc = 4484107 | doi = 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11992.5937 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Slower utero fetal development in both sexes.<ref name=":0" />
* Increased reproductive success in males.<ref name=pmid10828555/>
*Longer penis in males.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi IH, Kim KH, Jung H, Yoon SJ, Kim SW, Kim TB | title = Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length | journal = Asian Journal of Andrology | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 710–714 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21725330 | pmc = 3739592 | doi = 10.1038/aja.2011.75 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Left handedness or left hand preference<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Singh M, Voracek M | title = Effects of hand preference on digit lengths and digit ratios among children and adults | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 151 | pages = 105204 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33059164 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105204 | s2cid = 222829822 }}</ref>
|
* Increased risk of [[breast cancer]] in females.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muller DC, Baglietto L, Manning JT, McLean C, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG, Severi G | display-authors = 6 | title = Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), breast cancer risk factors, and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 107 | issue = 9 | pages = 1631–1636 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22990654 | pmc = 3493764 | doi = 10.1038/bjc.2012.418 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Lowered sperm counts<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Increased risk for [[heart disease]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriakidis I, Papaioannidou P, Pantelidou V, Kalles V, Gemitzis K | title = Digit ratios and relation to myocardial infarction in Greek men and women | journal = Gender Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 628–636 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21195362 | doi = 10.1016/j.genm.2010.11.008 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Manning JT, Bundred PE |title=The ratio of second to fourth digit length and age at first myocardial infarction in men: a link with testosterone? |journal=British Journal of Cardiology |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=720–3 |year=2001 |issn=0969-6113}}</ref>
* Increased risk of [[obesity]] and [[metabolic syndrome]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N | title = The 2nd-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease | journal = International Journal of Obesity | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 711–714 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16261185 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803154 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Reduced risk for [[prostate cancer]]<ref name="prostate">{{cite news| vauthors = Walsh F |title=Index finger length prostate cancer clue|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11880415|work=BBC News|access-date=1 December 2010|date=1 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman AA, Lophatananon A, Stewart-Brown S, Harriss D, Anderson J, Parker T, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Pocock R, Dearnaley D, Guy M, O'Brien L, Wilkinson RA, Hall AL, Sawyer E, Page E, Liu JF, Eeles RA, Muir K | display-authors = 6 | title = Hand pattern indicates prostate cancer risk | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 104 | issue = 1 | pages = 175–177 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21119657 | pmc = 3039824 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605986 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Reduced birth size in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronalds G, Phillips DI, Godfrey KM, Manning JT | title = The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–26 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12191526 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00009-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klimek M, Galbarczyk A, Nenko I, Alvarado LC, Jasienska G | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males | journal = Annals of Human Biology | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 518–523 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24766144 | doi = 10.3109/03014460.2014.902993 | s2cid = 207461082 }}</ref>
* Increased reproductive success in females.<ref name=pmid10828555/>
* Severity of [[COVID-19]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Fink B | title = Understanding COVID-19: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in national case fatality rates | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 146 | pages = 105074 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32419720 | pmc = 7224643 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105074 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Psychological disorders'''
|
*Increased rate of [[ADHD]] in males<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = McFadden D, Westhafer JG, Pasanen EG, Carlson CL, Tucker DM |title=Physiological evidence of hypermasculinization in boys with the inattentive subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |journal=Clinical Neuroscience Research |volume=5 |pages=233–245 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.cnr.2005.09.004|issue=5–6|s2cid=35313789 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevenson JC, Everson PM, Williams DC, Hipskind G, Grimes M, Mahoney ER | title = Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and digit ratios in a college sample | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–50 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17160985 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.20571 | s2cid = 13099813 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martel MM, Gobrogge KL, Breedlove SM, Nigg JT | title = Masculinized finger-length ratios of boys, but not girls, are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 122 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–281 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18410167 | pmc = 2902868 | doi = 10.1037/0735-7044.122.2.273 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martel MM | title = Conscientiousness as a mediator of the association between masculinized finger-length ratios and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 50 | issue = 7 | pages = 790–798 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19298468 | pmc = 4311552 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02065.x }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[autism spectrum]] disorder (when comparing digit ratio to general population)<ref name="Manning">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Sanders G | title = The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 160–164 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11263685 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00181.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quartier A, Chatrousse L, Redin C, Keime C, Haumesser N, Maglott-Roth A, Brino L, Le Gras S, Benchoua A, Mandel JL, Piton A | display-authors = 6 | title = Genes and Pathways Regulated by Androgens in Human Neural Cells, Potential Candidates for the Male Excess in Autism Spectrum Disorder | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 84 | issue = 4 | pages = 239–252 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29428674 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.002 | s2cid = 46822493 }}</ref>
*Increased risk in females for [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref name=pmid21765573/>
*Increased [[psychopathy]] in men with low digit ratio and high adult testosterone levels.<ref name="Carré 319–326">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carré JM, Ortiz TL, Labine B, Moreau BJ, Viding E, Neumann CS, Goldfarb B | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) and psychopathic traits moderate the effect of exogenous testosterone on socio-cognitive processes in men | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 62 | pages = 319–326 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26356040 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.023 | s2cid = 11335253 }}</ref>
*Increased rate of alcohol dependency,<ref name=pmid21547078>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kornhuber J, Erhard G, Lenz B, Kraus T, Sperling W, Bayerlein K, Biermann T, Stoessel C | display-authors = 6 | title = Low digit ratio 2D:4D in alcohol dependent patients | journal = PloS One | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = e19332 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21547078 | pmc = 3081847 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0019332 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...619332K }}</ref> more frequent and more severe binge drinking<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenz B, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Mühle C, Kornhuber J | title = Low digit ratio (2D:4D) and late pubertal onset indicate prenatal hyperandrogenziation in alcohol binge drinking | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 86 | pages = 370–378 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29499227 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*Conduct disorder in boys<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eichler A, Heinrich H, Moll GH, Beckmann MW, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Muschler MR, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Lenz B, Kornhuber J | display-authors = 6 | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) and behavioral symptoms in primary-school aged boys | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 119 | pages = 1–7 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29486372 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.02.012 }}</ref>
|
* Increased risk for [[Depression (mood)|depression]] in males<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Bailey AA, Hurd PL |title=Depression in men is associated with more feminine finger length ratios|journal=Personality and Individual Differences |year=2005 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=829–836 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.017 }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[schizophrenia]]<ref name="Arató M, Frecska E, Beck C, An M, Kiss H 2004 191–4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arató M, Frecska E, Beck C, An M, Kiss H | title = Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 191–194 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14687873 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.020 | s2cid = 27449992 }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Evardone M, Alexander GM, Morey LC | title = Hormones and Borderline Personality Features | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 278–287 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 19554197 | pmc = 2700629 | doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.007 }}</ref>
* Increased rate of [[psychopathy]] in females and increased rate of [[callous and unemotional traits|callous]] affect (subscale of psychopathy) in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanchard A, Lyons M |doi=10.5042/bjfp.2010.0183 |title=An investigation into the relationship between digit length ratio (2D: 4D) and psychopathy |journal=The British Journal of Forensic Practice |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=23–31 |year=2010 }}</ref>
* Reduced risk of [[alcohol dependency]]<ref name=pmid21547078/>
* Reduced risk of [[video game addiction]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kornhuber J, Zenses EM, Lenz B, Stoessel C, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Rehbein F, Kliem S, Mößle T | display-authors = 6 | title = Low 2D:4D values are associated with video game addiction | journal = PloS One | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e79539 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24236143 | pmc = 3827365 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0079539 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...879539K }}</ref>
* Increased [[anxiety]] in males<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Evardone M, Alexander GM | title = Anxiety, sex-linked behaviors, and digit ratios (2D:4D) | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 442–455 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 17943431 | pmc = 2768336 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9260-6 }}</ref>
* Increased risk of [[nicotine dependence]] in women<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borkowska |first=Barbara |last2=Pawlowski |first2=Boguslaw |date=2013-10-01 |title=Alcohol and nicotine intake and prenatal level of androgens measured by digit ratio |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913002377 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=685–687 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.020 |issn=0191-8869}}</ref>
* Increased risk in females for [[Bulimia nervosa|bulimia]].<ref name=pmid21765573>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quinton SJ, Smith AR, Joiner T | title = The 2 to 4 digit ratio (2D:4D) and eating disorder diagnosis in women | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 402–405 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21765573 | pmc = 3134962 | doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.024 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Physical and competitive behavior'''
|
* Increased aggressive behavior in sports.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mailhos A, Buunk AP, Del Arca D, Tutte V | title = Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios | journal = Aggressive Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 417–426 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26699684 | doi = 10.1002/ab.21638 }}</ref>
* Good luck in males<ref name=":8" />
|
* Reduced performance in sports<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manning JT, Taylor RP | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans | journal = Evolution and Human Behavior | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–69 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11182575 | doi = 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00063-5 }}</ref>
* Reduced financial trading ability<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coates JM, Gurnell M, Rustichini A | title = Second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 623–628 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19139402 | pmc = 2626753 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0810907106 | lay-url = http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1871066,00.html | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009PNAS..106..623C | lay-date = 12 January 2009 | lay-source = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref>
* Right handedness skills<ref name = "Fink_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N, Tan U | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and hand skill in Austrian children | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 375–384 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15294393 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.012 | s2cid = 10148166 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.490.5559 }}</ref> (inconclusive)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Titus-Ernstoff L, Perez K, Hatch EE, Troisi R, Palmer JR, Hartge P, Hyer M, Kaufman R, Adam E, Strohsnitter W, Noller K, Pickett KE, Hoover R | display-authors = 6 | title = Psychosexual characteristics of men and women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–160 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12606880 | doi = 10.1097/01.EDE.0000039059.38824.B2 | s2cid = 31181675 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Cognition and personality'''
|
* [[Assertiveness]] in females<ref name=Wilson1983/>
* [[Psychoticism]] in females<ref name="Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM 150–157">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM |title=Ratio or Length? A Proposed Methodology for Understanding Digit Ratio and Personality Using a Female Sample |journal=Journal of Individual Differences |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1027/1614-0001/a000023|year=2010 }}</ref>
* [[Aggression]] in males<ref name="Bailey & Hurd 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benderlioglu Z, Nelson RJ | title = Digit length ratios predict reactive aggression in women, but not in men | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 558–564 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15555497 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.06.004 | s2cid = 17464657 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Portnoy J, Raine A | title = Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 771–782 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22781854 | pmc = 4247331 | doi = 10.1017/S0954579412000363 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Fink B | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 620–627 | date = 2015-10-01 | pmid = 25824265 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.22718 | s2cid = 205303673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Joyce CW, Kelly JC, Chan JC, Colgan G, O'Briain D, Mc Cabe JP, Curtin W | title = Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures | journal = Injury | volume = 44 | issue = 11 | pages = 1636–1639 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23972912 | doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Cho KJ, Kim S |date=2017-12-01|title=Utilization of Second Digit to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) as One of Physical Markers to Evaluate Aggression in Elementary School Students|journal=Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=ko|volume=30|issue=4|pages=153|doi=10.11637/kjpa.2017.30.4.153 |doi-access=free |issn=1225-150X}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2022}}
* [[Aggression]] in females<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Mabulla A |date=2010-01-29|title=Sex differences in 2D: 4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in African children and adolescents: a cross-cultural study|journal=Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research|volume=2|issue=1|pages=17–31|doi=10.5042/jacpr.2010.0002|issn=1759-6599}}</ref>
* Hyperactivity and poor social cognitive function in girls<ref name="Williams et al 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams JH, Greenhalgh KD, Manning JT | title = Second to fourth finger ratio and possible precursors of developmental psychopathology in preschool children | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–65 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12706312 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00012-4 }}</ref>
* Masculinized handwriting in females<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Beech JR, Mackintosh IC |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.024 |title=Do differences in sex hormones affect handwriting style? Evidence from digit ratio and sex role identity as determinants of the sex of handwriting |date=July 2005 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=459–68}}</ref>
* Perceived 'dominance' and masculinity of man's face<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neave N, Laing S, Fink B, Manning JT | title = Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 270 | issue = 1529 | pages = 2167–2172 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14561281 | pmc = 1691489 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2003.2502 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burriss RP, Little AC, Nelson EC | title = 2D:4D and sexually dimorphic facial characteristics | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–384 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17203400 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9136-1 | s2cid = 39185091 }}</ref>
* In an orchestral context, rank and musical ability in males<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Sluming VA, Manning JT |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00026-4 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio in elite musicians Evidence for musical ability as an honest signal of male fitness |date=January 2000 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–9}}</ref>
* Right hand low digit ratio predicts academic performance<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nye JV, Androuschak G, Desierto D, Jones G, Yudkevich M | title = 2D:4D asymmetry and gender differences in academic performance | journal = PloS One | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = e46319 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23056282 | pmc = 3466225 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0046319 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...746319N }}</ref>
* Inverted U-shape relation between digit ratio and mathematical ability (participants with both high and low digit ratios earn lower grades in mathematics, while participants with intermediate digit ratios achieve the highest grades)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez Á, Sánchez-Campillo J, Moreno-Herrero D, Rosales V |doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.001 |title=2D:4D values are associated with mathematics performance in business and economics students |journal=Learning and Individual Differences |volume=36 |pages=110–116 |year=2014 }}</ref>
* Decreased [[empathy]] in men, in response to adult testosterone levels<ref name="Carré 319–326"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skalná Z, Senko T, Olexová L, Sedliak M, Kršková L | title = Vplyv miery prenatálnej expozície testosterónu a jeho postnatálnej koncentrácie na počet sexuálnych partneriek a schopnosť empatizácie u mužov zo Slovenska. | trans-title = Influence of the Level of Prenatal Exposure to Testosterone and Its Postnatal Concentration on the Number of Sexual Partners and the Ability to Empathize in Men From Slovakia | language = Slovak | journal = Slovenská Antropológia | date = 2017 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 42-49 | url = https://fns.uniba.sk/fileadmin/prif/biol/kan/SlovAntrop_casopis/2017_20_2/SlovAntropol_20_2.pdf#page=47 }}</ref>
* Higher propensity to attack without being provoked<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre MH, Barrett ES, McDermott R, Johnson DD, Cowden J, Rosen SP |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.009 |title=Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=755–764 |year=2007 }}</ref>
* Increased risk-taking behavior in men<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stenstrom E, Saad G, Nepomuceno MV, Mendenhall Z |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.003 |title=Testosterone and domain-specific risk: Digit ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as predictors of recreational, financial, and social risk-taking behaviors |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=412–416 |year=2011 }}</ref>
* Normative degrees of cooperation and sharing, as opposed to excessive altruism or egoism, which were both correlated with higher digit ratio<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Millet K, Dewitte S | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and cooperative behavior | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–115 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16024156 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.06.001 | s2cid = 5563321 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.518.4422 }}</ref>
* Mean 2D:4D ratio among artists is lower than among controls<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/147470491401200303 |doi-access=free |title=Art as an Indicator of Male Fitness: Does Prenatal Testosterone Influence Artistic Ability? |journal=Evolutionary Psychology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=147470491401200 |year=2014 | vauthors = Crocchiola D }}</ref>
* Higher [[numeracy]] (compared to [[literacy]]) in children<ref name=pmid17535470>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brosnan MJ | title = Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren | journal = British Journal of Psychology | volume = 99 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 75–85 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17535470 | doi = 10.1348/000712607X197406 | lay-url = http://www.livescience.com/7290-finger-length-predicts-sat-performance.html | lay-date = 22 May 2007 | lay-source = [[LiveScience]] }}</ref>
* Higher criminal offending rates after [[puberty]]<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Hoskin AW, Ellis L |date=2015-02-01|title=Fetal Testosterone and Criminality: Test of Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory|journal=Criminology|volume=53|issue=1|pages=54–73|doi=10.1111/1745-9125.12056|issn=1745-9125}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellis L, Hoskin AW | title = Criminality and the 2D:4D ratio: testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis | journal = International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–312 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 24013770 | doi = 10.1177/0306624X13503813 | s2cid = 29218986 }}</ref>
* Attenuated socio-affective skills<ref name=pmid25935637>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weisman O, Pelphrey KA, Leckman JF, Feldman R, Lu Y, Chong A, Chen Y, Monakhov M, Chew SH, Ebstein RP | display-authors = 6 | title = The association between 2D:4D ratio and cognitive empathy is contingent on a common polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576) | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 58 | pages = 23–32 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25935637 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.007 | s2cid = 10216749 }}</ref>
* Lower likelihood of celebrity worship in females<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Huh HR |date=2012-02-01 |title=Digit ratio and celebrity worship |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911004806 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.025 |issn=0191-8869}}</ref>
* Higher likelihood to select products with a more "masculine image" (as represented by selecting [[Coca-Cola|Coca Cola]] to represent a masculine image, [[Diet Coke]] a feminine image, and [[Coca-Cola Zero Sugar|Coke Zero]] for a neutral image), for males<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Aspara J, Van Den Bergh B |date=2014-03-01 |title=Naturally designed for masculinity vs. femininity? Prenatal testosterone predicts male consumers' choices of gender-imaged products |journal= International Journal of Research in Marketing |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=117–121 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2013.09.001 |issn=0167-8116}}</ref>
* Greater engagement with pro-environmental behavior, in men<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Hand C |date=2020-11-01 |title=Biology and being green: The effect of prenatal testosterone exposure on pro-environmental consumption behaviour |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296319301249 |journal=Journal of Business Research |language=en |volume=120 |pages=619–626 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.034 |s2cid=133410612 |issn=0148-2963}}</ref>
* Greater sense of direction, in women<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chai XJ, Jacobs LF | title = Digit ratio predicts sense of direction in women | journal = PloS One | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = e32816 | date = 2012-02-29 | pmid = 22393451 | pmc = 3290629 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032816 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...732816C }}</ref>
|
* [[Personality]] traits correlated with digit ratio, higher being more feminized<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00002-8 |title=A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio |date=November 2002 | vauthors = Austin EJ, Manning JT, McInroy K, Mathews E |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=1115–24}}</ref><ref name = "Fink_2004b" /><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Luxen MF, Buunk BP |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.016 |title=Second-to-fourth digit ratio related to Verbal and Numerical Intelligence and the Big Five |date=October 2005 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=959–66}}</ref>
* Greater [[Openness to experience|openness]] personality factor<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Burton LA, Guterman E, Baum G |date=2013-04-23|title=Effect of Prenatal Androgen on Adult Personality: Greater Openness with More Female-Typical 2D:4D Digit Ratios|journal=Current Psychology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=197–202|doi=10.1007/s12144-013-9170-9|s2cid=144106803|issn=1046-1310}}</ref>
* [[Paranormal]] and [[superstitious]] beliefs among people with a higher digit ratio<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.051 |title=Who wants to believe? Associations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and paranormal and superstitious beliefs |date=July 2009 | vauthors = Voracek M |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=105–109}}</ref>
* Higher exam scores among male students<ref name=Romano2006/><ref name=pmid17535470/>
* Higher [[neuroticism]] in both sexes with higher right hand digit ratio<ref name = "Fink_2004b">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.018 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio and the 'big five' personality factors |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=495–503 |year=2004 }}</ref> and on left hand in females<ref name="Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM 150–157"/>
* Higher left hand digit ratio in response to high adult testosterone levels predicts musical orchestra rank in females.<ref name=pmid23520475>{{cite journal | vauthors = Borniger JC, Chaudhry A, Muehlenbein MP | title = Relationships among musical aptitude, digit ratio and testosterone in men and women | journal = PloS One | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = e57637 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23520475 | pmc = 3592910 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0057637 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...857637B }}</ref>
* Higher [[Verbal fluency test|verbal fluency]] in both sexes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Digit Ratio: A Pointer To Fertility, Behavior And Health|url = https://archive.org/details/digitratiopointe00mann|url-access = limited| vauthors = Manning JT |publisher = Rutger University Press|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0813530291|location = New Brunswick|pages = [https://archive.org/details/digitratiopointe00mann/page/n83 65]–68}}</ref>
* Higher visual recall in females.<ref name="Poulin et al 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Poulin M, O'Connell RL, Freeman LM |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.004 |title=Picture recall skills correlate with 2D:4D ratio in women but not men |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=174–181 |year=2004 }}</ref>
* Higher [[literacy]] (compared to [[numeracy]]) in children<ref name=pmid17535470/>
|-
| '''[[Sexual orientation]]'''
|
* Lesbians have a lower digit ratio, on average, than heterosexual women<ref name="Watts et al 2018"/><ref name=Csatho2003/><ref name=pmid10761903>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams TJ, Pepitone ME, Christensen SE, Cooke BM, Huberman AD, Breedlove NJ, Breedlove TJ, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM | display-authors = 6 | title = Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation | journal = Nature | volume = 404 | issue = 6777 | pages = 455–456 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10761903 | doi = 10.1038/35006555 | s2cid = 205005405 | bibcode = 2000Natur.404..455W }}</ref><ref name = "Tortorice, J.L. (2002)">{{Cite book | vauthors = Tortorice JL |year=2002 |publisher=Rutgers University |title=Written on the body: butch vs. femme lesbian gender identity and biological correlates of low digit ratio |oclc=80234273|title-link=butch and femme }}</ref><ref name = "McFadden and Shubel (2002)">{{cite journal | vauthors = McFadden D, Shubel E | title = Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 492–500 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12488115 | doi = 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833 | s2cid = 1360679 }}</ref><ref name = "Hall and Love (2003)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall LS, Love CT | title = Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–28 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12597269 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021837211630 | s2cid = 1743441 }}</ref><ref name = "Rahman and Wilson (2003)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman Q, Wilson GD | title = Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 288–303 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12573297 | doi = 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00022-7 | s2cid = 21071741 }}</ref><ref name="Putz, D.A. et al. (2004)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.005 |title=Sex hormones and finger length |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=182–199 |year=2004 | vauthors = Putz DA, Gaulin SJ, Sporter RJ, McBurney DH }}</ref><ref name = "Rahman, Q. (2005)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman Q | title = Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 382–391 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15694118 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.10.006 | s2cid = 39896938 }}</ref><ref name = "Kraemer et al. (2006)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kraemer B, Noll T, Delsignore A, Milos G, Schnyder U, Hepp U | title = Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and dimensions of sexual orientation | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 210–214 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16874008 | doi = 10.1159/000094730 | s2cid = 201838 }}</ref><ref name = "Wallien et al. (2008)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wallien MS, Zucker KJ, Steensma TD, Cohen-Kettenis PT | title = 2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 450–454 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18585715 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.002 | s2cid = 6324765 }}</ref><ref name=pmid20364887>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grimbos T, Dawood K, Burriss RP, Zucker KJ, Puts DA | title = Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women | journal = Behavioral Neuroscience | volume = 124 | issue = 2 | pages = 278–287 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20364887 | doi = 10.1037/a0018764 | s2cid = 2777884 }}</ref><ref name=pmid22270254>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hiraishi K, Sasaki S, Shikishima C, Ando J | title = The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese twin sample: heritability, prenatal hormone transfer, and association with sexual orientation | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 711–724 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22270254 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-011-9889-z | s2cid = 14974103 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2022}}
* Male homosexuality, but bisexual men have a lower digit ratio than exclusively homosexual men and community volunteers recruited regardless of sexual orientation.<ref name=sj />
* Tendency toward polygamy<ref name="pmid25652222">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wlodarski R, Manning J, Dunbar RI | title = Stay or stray? Evidence for alternative mating strategy phenotypes in both men and women | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 20140977 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25652222 | pmc = 4360109 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0977 }}</ref>
|
* Sexual preference for more masculine men among women<ref name=Csatho2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Csathó A, Osváth A, Bicsák E, Karádi K, Manning J, Kállai J | title = Sex role identity related to the ratio of second to fourth digit length in women | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–156 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12581689 | doi = 10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00127-8 | s2cid = 38339150 }}</ref> and gay men<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre MH | title = Digit ratios, childhood gender role behavior, and erotic role preferences of gay men | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 495–496 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14627046 | doi = 10.1023/A:1026054625638 | s2cid = 32682813 }}</ref> with high digit ratio.
* Lesbians are more likely to be [[butch and femme|femme]] and less likely to be [[butch and femme|butch]] with a high digit ratio.<ref name="Tortorice, J.L. (2002)"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown WM, Finn CJ, Cooke BM, Breedlove SM | title = Differences in finger length ratios between self-identified "butch" and "femme" lesbians | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–127 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11910785 | doi = 10.1023/A:1014091420590 | s2cid = 10259939 }}</ref> Identical female twins discordant for sexual orientation still show the difference (lesbian less than straight, on average) in digit ratio.<ref name = "Hall and Love (2003)"/><ref name=pmid22270254/><ref name="Watts et al 2018"/>
* Homosexuality or heterosexuality for men, according to some studies.<ref name = "McFadden and Shubel (2002)"/><ref name=pmid22270254/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peters M, Manning JT, Reimers S | title = The effects of sex, sexual orientation, and digit ratio (2D:4D) on mental rotation performance | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 251–260 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17394056 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9166-8 | s2cid = 41095407 }}</ref> Other studies have disputed this: some have shown that the digit ratio in homosexual men is similar to,<ref name=pmid10761903/><ref name = "Kraemer et al. (2006)"/><ref name = "Wallien et al. (2008)"/><ref name=pmid20364887/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yule MA, Brotto LA, Gorzalka BB | title = Biological markers of asexuality: Handedness, birth order, and finger length ratios in self-identified asexual men and women | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 299–310 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24045903 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0175-0 | s2cid = 5347734 }}</ref> or lower than,<ref name = "Rahman and Wilson (2003)" /><ref name="Watts et al 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Watts TM, Holmes L, Raines J, Orbell S, Rieger G | title = Finger Length Ratios of Identical Twins with Discordant Sexual Orientations | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 2435–2444 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 29978344 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1262-z | s2cid = 49705557 }}</ref><ref name = "Rahman, Q. (2005)" /><ref name=sj>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson SJ, Manning JT | title = The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality | journal = Evolution and Human Behavior | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–345 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11053694 | doi = 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0 }}</ref> that of heterosexual men. One study concluded that differences are dependent on geographical variation, with gay men having lower or similar ratios to straight men in Europe, but higher or similar in the United States.<ref name = "Voracek, Manning & Ponocny (2005)">{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M, Manning JT, Ponocny I | title = Digit ratio (2D:4D) in homosexual and heterosexual men from Austria | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–340 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15971016 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-005-3122-x | s2cid = 32377034 }}</ref> But this finding has been questioned in a meta-analysis including 18 studies, which suggested that ethnicity, rather than geography, explained the differences previously found in men of different sexual orientations. The meta-analysis concluded that no significant sexual orientation differences in digit ratio exist in men.<ref name=pmid20364887/>
**Homosexual men with high digit ratio are more likely to have [[Top, bottom and versatile|receptive role]] during penetrative sexual activity and show higher rates of self-reported [[gender nonconformity]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Swift-Gallant A, Di Rita V, Major CA, Breedlove CJ, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM | title = Differences in digit ratios between gay men who prefer receptive versus insertive sex roles indicate a role for prenatal androgen | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 8102 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33854100 | pmc = 8046970 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-87338-0 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.8102S }}</ref>
* Tendency toward monogamy<ref name=pmid25652222/>
|}

{{See also|Biology and sexual orientation|Neuroscience and sexual orientation#2D:4D digit ratio}}

===Male-to-female transgender women===
A study in Germany has found a correlation between digit ratio and [[trans woman|male-to-female]] [[transgender people|transgender women]]. Trans women were found to have a higher digit ratio than cis men. This was not true for trans men, however, who were within the average range for females.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schneider HJ, Pickel J, Stalla GK | title = Typical female 2nd-4th finger length (2D:4D) ratios in male-to-female transsexuals-possible implications for prenatal androgen exposure | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–269 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16140461 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.005 | s2cid = 33927715 }}</ref>

===Digit ratio and development===
There is some evidence that 2D:4D ratio may also be indicative for human development and growth. Ronalds ''et al.'' (2002) showed that men who had an above average placental weight and a shorter neonatal crown-heel length had higher 2D:4D ratios in adult life.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronalds G, Phillips DI, Godfrey KM, Manning JT | title = The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–26 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12191526 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-3782(02)00009-9 }}</ref> Kumar et al.<ref name=":5" /> have reported that a similar effect of hand preference on digit lengths and digit ratios occurs oppositely among children and adults. Moreover, studies about 2D:4D correlations with face shape suggest that testosterone exposure early in life may set some constraints for subsequent development. Prenatal sex steroid ratios (in terms of 2D:4D) and actual chromosomal sex dimorphism were found to operate differently on human faces, but affect male and female face shape by similar patterns.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Grammer K, Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Schaefer K, Bookstein FL, Manning JT | title = Second to fourth digit ratio and face shape | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 272 | issue = 1576 | pages = 1995–2001 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16191608 | pmc = 1559906 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2005.3179 }}</ref> Fink ''et al.'' (2004) found that men with low (indicating high testosterone) and women with high (indicating high estrogen) 2D:4D ratios express greater levels of [[facial symmetry]].<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N, Grammer K |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00084-9 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio and facial asymmetry |date=March 2004 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=125–32}}</ref>

===Criticism===
The credibility and usefulness of research into the relationship between Digit Ratios and traits has been subject to criticism,<ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82">{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M, Kossmeier M, Tran US | title=Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How? | journal=Zeitschrift für Psychologie | publisher=Hogrefe Publishing Group | volume=227 | issue=1 | year=2019 | issn=2190-8370 | doi=10.1027/2151-2604/a000357 | pages=64–82| s2cid=86788835 }}</ref> as critics have found research to be lacking moderate to strong statistical significance,<ref name="Jones Jaeger Schild 2021 p=105272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones AL, Jaeger B, Schild C | title = No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 152 | pages = 105272 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33227636 | pmc = 7670914 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref><ref name="Voracek Pietschnig Nader Stieger 2011 pp. 417–422">{{cite journal | vauthors = Voracek M, Pietschnig J, Nader IW, Stieger S | title=Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex-role orientation: Further evidence and meta-analysis | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=51 | issue=4 | year= September 2011 | issn=0191-8869 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.009 | pages=417–422}}</ref> consistently failing to be replicated, useless as a [[proxy variable]], and have compared the research to [[pseudoscience]].<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | url=https://www.science.org/news/2019/06/talk-hand-scientists-try-debunk-idea-finger-length-can-reveal-personality-and-health | vauthors = Leslie M | title=Talk to the hand. Scientists try to debunk idea that finger length can reveal personality and health | journal=Science | year=2019 | doi=10.1126/science.aay2735 | s2cid=241187298 | access-date=1 October 2021 }}</ref>

Although research into Digit Ratios find statistical significance, there has been criticism for failing to account for a majority of the variation within a dataset, with one of the most highly publicized papers on the topic failing to account for 96% of variation.<ref name="FallsShort">{{cite journal | url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/you-it/201107/male-genital-length-study-falls-short | vauthors = Joannides P | title=Male Genital Length Study Falls Short| journal=Science | year=2011 | access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, skepticism has also been attributed to an abundance of research [[Correlation does not imply causation|lacking a cause-and-effect relationship]] between Digit Ratio and supposed traits, research that often lacks any theoretical motivation.<ref name="McCormick Carré 2020 p=104710">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormick CM, Carré JM | title = Facing off with the phalangeal phenomenon and editorial policies: A commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020) | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 120 | pages = 104710 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32057822 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104710 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 211112860 }}</ref><ref name="Jones Jaeger Schild 2021 p=105272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones AL, Jaeger B, Schild C | title = No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 152 | pages = 105272 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33227636 | pmc = 7670914 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref>

The utilization of Digit Ratio as a [[proxy variable]] has come under scrutiny,<ref name="McCormick Carré 2020 p=104710">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormick CM, Carré JM | title = Facing off with the phalangeal phenomenon and editorial policies: A commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020) | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 120 | pages = 104710 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32057822 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104710 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 211112860 }}</ref><ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82" /> as studies that investigate the relationship between a trait and some unobservable variable fail to consider other possible [[confounding variables]]. This is especially problematic in cases where the relationship is likely to be weak, such as prenatal testosterone.<ref name="Hollier Keelan Jamnadass Maybery 2015 pp. 111–117">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hollier LP, Keelan JA, Jamnadass ES, Maybery MT, Hickey M, Whitehouse AJ | title = Adult digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to umbilical cord androgen or estrogen concentrations, their ratios or net bioactivity | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–117 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25594498 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.12.011 | publisher = Elsevier BV | hdl = 20.500.11937/48405 }}</ref><ref name="Wong Hines 2016 pp. 86–94">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong WI, Hines M | title = Interpreting digit ratio (2D:4D)-behavior correlations: 2D:4D sex difference, stability, and behavioral correlates and their replicability in young children | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 78 | pages = 86–94 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26542674 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.022 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 26592548 }}</ref><ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82" /> Furthermore, critics have pointed out that controlling for confounding variables is an impossible task due to the expanding list of confounding variables, including ethnicity, sex,<ref name=":6" /><ref name="Lindová Hrušková Pivoňková Kuběna 2008 pp. 347–356">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindová J, Hrušková M, Pivoňková V, Kuběna A, Flegr J | title=Digit ratio (2D:4D) and Cattell's personality traits | journal=European Journal of Personality | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=22 | issue=4 | date = June 2008 | issn=0890-2070 | doi=10.1002/per.664 | pages=347–356| s2cid=18205251 }}</ref> and physical, medical or behavioral conditions.<ref name="McQuade pp. 667–668">{{cite journal | vauthors = McQuade DB | title = Does digit ratio (2D:4D) predict penile length? | journal = Asian Journal of Andrology | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 667–668 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21725331 | pmc = 3739583 | doi = 10.1038/aja.2011.81 | publisher = Medknow }}</ref>

Researchers have also pointed out that research into the Digit Ratio is illustrative of the ongoing [[Replication Crisis]].<ref name=":7" /> Not only have subsequent studies and meta-analysis failed to replicate previous research,<ref name=":7" /><ref name="Voracek Kossmeier Tran 2019 pp. 64–82" /> but have often found contradictory results,<ref name="MedlandZayatsGlaser2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Medland SE, Zayats T, Glaser B, Nyholt DR, Gordon SD, Wright MJ, Montgomery GW, Campbell MJ, Henders AK, Timpson NJ, Peltonen L, Wolke D, Ring SM, Deloukas P, Martin NG, Smith GD, Evans DM | display-authors = 6 | title = A variant in LIN28B is associated with 2D:4D finger-length ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–525 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20303062 | pmc = 2850436 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.017 }}</ref><ref name="Wong Hines 2016 pp. 86–94">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong WI, Hines M | title = Interpreting digit ratio (2D:4D)-behavior correlations: 2D:4D sex difference, stability, and behavioral correlates and their replicability in young children | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 78 | pages = 86–94 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26542674 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.022 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 26592548 }}</ref><ref name="PRATT TURANOVIC CULLEN pp. 587–620">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pratt TC, Turanovic JJ, Cullen FT | title=Revisiting the Criminological Consequences of Exposure to Fetal Testosterone: A Meta-Analysis of the 2D:4D Digit Ratio | journal=Criminology | publisher=Wiley | volume=54 | issue=4 | date=2016-09-22 | issn=0011-1384 | doi=10.1111/1745-9125.12115 | pages=587–620}}</ref> or failed closer scrutiny.<ref name="Hilgard Engelhardt Rouder Segert pp. 606–616">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hilgard J, Engelhardt CR, Rouder JN, Segert IL, Bartholow BD | title = Null Effects of Game Violence, Game Difficulty, and 2D:4D Digit Ratio on Aggressive Behavior | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 606–616 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30843758 | doi = 10.1177/0956797619829688 | publisher = SAGE Publications | s2cid = 73496727 }}</ref><ref name="Jones Jaeger Schild 2021 p=105272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones AL, Jaeger B, Schild C | title = No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 152 | pages = 105272 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33227636 | pmc = 7670914 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref> [[Martin Voracek (psychologist)|Psychologist Martin Voracek]] has criticized the field for its irreproducible findings, stating it's "like a house of cards built on an unknown and uncertain base" and subsequently compared "the work on finger ratios to [[phrenology]] or [[physiognomy]], the discredited ideas that people's head shape or facial features, respectively, reveal their personalities, character, and intelligence."<ref name=":7" />

==Palaeolithic hand stencils==
2D:4D is being used alongside other methods to help understand Palaeolithic [[hand stencil]]s found in prehistoric European and Indonesian [[cave painting]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00093704 |title=Sexual dimorphism in Upper Palaeolithic hand stencils |journal=Antiquity |volume=80 |issue=308 |pages=390–404 |year=2006 |vauthors = Snow DR |s2cid=16301395 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chazine JM, Noury A |title=Sexual Determination of Hand Stencils on the Main Panel of the Gua Masri II Cave (East-Kalimantan/Borneo – Indonesia) |journal=International Newsletter on Rock Art |volume=28 |pages=16–22 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00342551 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref name="waspjournals.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson E, Manning J, Sinclair A |doi=10.3828/bfarm.2006.1.6 |title=News Using the length of the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) to sex cave art hand stencils: Factors to consider |journal=Before Farming |volume=2006 |pages=1–7 |year=2006 }}</ref>

==Other animals==
* Dennis McFadden and collaborators have demonstrated sexual dimorphism in hind limb digit ratio in a number of [[great apes]], including gorillas and chimpanzees.<ref name = "McFadden and Shubel (2002)"/>
* Emma Nelson and Susanne Shultz are currently investigating how 2D:4D relates to primate mating strategies and the evolution of human sociality.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Shultz S, Opie C, Nelson E, Atkinson QD, Dunbar RI |chapter=Evolution of Primate Social Systems: Implications for Hominin Social Evolution |pages=317–405 |chapter-url={{Google books|VEakAgAAQBAJ|page=317|plainurl=yes}} | veditors = Dunbar RI, Gamble C, Gowlett JA |year=2014 |title=Lucy to Language: The Benchmark Papers |isbn=978-0-19-965259-4 }}</ref>
* Nancy Burley's research group has demonstrated sexual dimorphism in [[zebra finch]]es, and found a correlation between digit ratio in females and the strength of their preference for sexually selected traits in males.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burley NT | title = An eye for detail: selective sexual imprinting in zebra finches | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 1076–1085 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16817546 | doi = 10.1554/05-399.1 | s2cid = 28869542 | jstor = 4095408 }}</ref>
* Alžbeta Talarovičová and collaborators found in rats that elevated testosterone during the prenatal period can influence 4D length, the 2D:4D ratio, and open field motor activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Talarovicová A, Krsková L, Blazeková J | title = Testosterone enhancement during pregnancy influences the 2D:4D ratio and open field motor activity of rat siblings in adulthood | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 235–239 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19022257 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.010 | s2cid = 23727819 }}</ref>
* [[Peter L. Hurd]], [[Theodore Garland Jr.]], and their students have examined hindlimb 2D:4D in lines of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior (see [[experimental evolution]]). These high-runner mice exhibit increased 2D:4D. This apparent "feminization" is opposite to the relation seen between 2D:4D and physical fitness in human beings, and is difficult to reconcile with the idea that 2D:4D is a clear proxy for prenatal androgen exposure in mice. The authors suggest that 2D:4D may more accurately reflect effect of glucocorticoids or other factors that regulate any of various genes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yan RH, Malisch JL, Hannon RM, Hurd PL, Garland T | title = Selective breeding for a behavioral trait changes digit ratio | journal = PloS One | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = e3216 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797502 | pmc = 2528935 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0003216 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.3216Y }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anogenital distance]]
* [[Body mass index]]
* [[Chiromancy]] (palm reading)
* [[Dermatoglyphics]]
* [[Handedness and sexual orientation]]
* [[Waist–hip ratio]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Digit ratio}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=%22digit%20ratio%22or%22digit%20ratios%22or%222D%3A4D%22 PubMed listing of papers on digit ratios]
*{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mills ME |date=October 2002 |title=Review of ''Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior and Health'' by John T. Manning |url=http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/manning.html |journal=Human Nature Review |volume=2 |pages=418–23}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digit Ratio}}
[[Category:Anthropometry]]
[[Category:Sex differences in humans]]
[[Category:Fingers]]
[[Category:Ratios]]
[[Category:Testosterone]]

Cornelius (musician)

2022-02-04T08:43:08Z

Quickfingers: Reverted 1 edit by 240D:1A:4D2:A00:F836:AA4:A3E0:14EC (talk): Please address the issue on the Talk page first.

{{Short description|Japanese musician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{About|the contemporary Japanese musician|the historical German musician|Peter Cornelius|the contemporary Austrian musician|Peter Cornelius (musician)|other uses|Cornelius (disambiguation){{!}}Cornelius}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Cornelius
| image = Keigo Oyamada and Ryuichi Sakamoto (cropped).jpg
| caption = Oyamada in 2007
| image_size =
| birth_name = Keigo Oyamada
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|1|27|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Setagaya]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Shibuya-kei]]<ref name="Fisher2015">{{cite news|last=Fisher|first=Devon|title=Momus honors music's eccentrics on 'Turpsycore'|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2015/03/10/music/momus-honors-musics-eccentrics-turpsycore/#.WJV-slUrJvw|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=March 10, 2015|access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref>
}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
*Musician
*producer
*vocalist
}}
| instrument = {{Flatlist|
*Guitar
*vocals
*multi-instrumentalist
}}
| years_active = 1987–present
| label = {{Flatlist|
*[[Warner Music Group]]
*[[Rostrum Records]]
*Lefse Records
*[[Everloving Records]]
*[[Cherry Red Records|Cherry Red]]
*[[Trattoria Records]] (1992–2002)
*[[Matador Records]] (1998–2005)
}}
| associated_acts = {{plainlist|
*[[Flipper's Guitar]] (1989–1991)
*[[Takako Minekawa]]
*[[Plastic Ono Band]]
*[[Ryuichi Sakamoto]]
*[[Salyu]]
*[[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]
*[[Pizzicato Five]]
*[[Metafive]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://cornelius-sound.com/}}
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Keigo Oyamada'''|小山田圭吾|Oyamada Keigo|born January 27, 1969}}, also known by his moniker {{Nihongo|'''Cornelius'''|CORNELIUS（コーネリアス）|Kōneriasu}}, is a Japanese musician and producer who co-founded [[Flipper's Guitar]], an influential [[Shibuya-kei]] band, and subsequently embarked on a solo career. In 1997, he released the album ''[[Fantasma (Cornelius album)|Fantasma]]'', which landed him praise from American music critics, who called him a "modern-day [[Brian Wilson]]" or the "Japanese [[Beck]]".<ref name="Lindsay2016">{{cite web|last=Lindsay|first=Cam|title=Return to the Planet of Cornelius|url=https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/return-to-the-planet-of-cornelius|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=August 4, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref> In 2007, ''[[Rolling Stone#International editions|Rolling Stone Japan]]'' named two of Oyamada's albums amongst the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time", with ''Fantasma'' ranking in 10th place and ''[[Camera Talk]]'' by Flipper's Guitar ranking in 35th place.

==Biography==
Oyamada was born in [[Setagaya, Tokyo]], Japan. His first claim to fame was as a member of the pop duo [[Flipper's Guitar]], one of the key groups of the Tokyo [[Shibuya-kei]] scene. Following the disbandment of Flipper's Guitar in 1991, Oyamada donned the "Cornelius" moniker and embarked on a successful solo career. He chose his pseudonym in tribute to the character of the same name from the film ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''. He commissioned a song, about himself, on [[Momus (musician)|Momus]]' 1999 album ''[[Stars Forever]]''.

[[File:Cornelius 5268079w.jpg|thumb|left|Cornelius, 2007 [[Moers Festival]]]]

In 2005, [[the Spinto Band]] referenced him in their song "Japan Is an Island" on their album ''[[Nice and Nicely Done]]''.

As of September 2006, he was no longer signed to [[Matador Records]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plasticbamboo.com/2006/09/12/matador-not-releasing-new-cornelius-album/ |title=Matador not releasing new Cornelius album |website=Plastic Bamboo |date=12 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204014646/http://www.plasticbamboo.com/2006/09/12/matador-not-releasing-new-cornelius-album/ |archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

In 2006 and 2007 respectively, the song "The Micro Disneycal World Tour" from the ''[[Fantasma (Cornelius album)|Fantasma]]'' album, was used for [[Nick Park]]'s ''[[Creature Comforts]]'' and [[Sky Group|Sky]] television's "Surf, Speak, See" advertisements in the UK. It had also been used several years earlier in an ironic [[National Football League|NFL]] television commercial in the US, which juxtaposed the song's relaxing qualities with video clips showing rapid, aggressive football playmaking.

In 2010, he contributed the song "Katayanagi Twins vs. Sex Bob-Omb" to [[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (soundtrack)|the film soundtrack]] of ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]''.

In 2013, he participated with [[Taku Satoh]] and [[Yugo Nakamura]] directing the music for the exhibition Design Ah! at [[21_21 Design Sight]] in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Balboa|first1=Rafael A.|last2=Paklone|first2=Ilze|url=https://www.domusweb.it/en/design/2013/02/18/design-ah-.html |title=Design Ah!|magazine=[[Domus (magazine)|Domus]]|date=February 18, 2013|access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref>

==Musical style==
{{See|Shibuya-kei}}

Cornelius was a pioneer of the [[Shibuya-kei]] style of music in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaye |first=Ben |title=Cornelius Resigns from Tokyo Olympics Opening Ceremony Over History of Bullying |url=https://consequence.net/2021/07/cornelius-tokyo-olympics-opening-ceremony-bullying/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> The music of Cornelius could be described as experimental and exploratory, and often incorporates dissonant elements alongside more familiar harmonically "pleasing" sounds. This tension, plus his practice of bringing in sounds and samples from mass culture, pure electronic tones, and sounds from nature (such as on his ''[[Point (album)|Point]]'' album), lead him to being sometimes characterized as an "acquired taste".{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} American music journalists often describe Cornelius' musical style as being similar to [[Beck]]'s, whom he acknowledges as an influence along with [[the Beach Boys]], [[the Jesus and Mary Chain]], [[Primal Scream]] and the Brazilian band [[Kassin + 2]], among others.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Personal life==
Oyamada married musician and collaborator [[Takako Minekawa]] in 2000 and they have one child, Milo, named after the son of Cornelius in ''Planet of the Apes''. They divorced in 2012.

He is a second cousin of [[Joi Ito]] and [[Miki Berenyi]],<ref name=carpenter>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.undertheradarmag.com/interviews/miki_berenyi_interview_1020071/ |title=Miki Berenyi |last=Carpenter |first=Lorraine |magazine=[[Under the Radar (magazine)|Under the Radar]] |date=2 October 2007 |access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> the latter who appears on the song "The Spell of a Vanishing Loveliness" from ''[[Mellow Waves]]''.<ref name=cills>{{cite web |url=https://jezebel.com/a-chat-with-japanese-musician-cornelius-about-growing-o-1797040740 |title=A Chat With Japanese Musician Cornelius About Growing Older and New Album ''Mellow Waves'' |last=Cills |first=Hazel |website=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]] |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>

==Bullying controversy==
In interviews in 1994 and 1995, Oyamada said that he had bullied and assaulted several students with [[Disability|disabilities]] in school.<ref name="Mainichi-210716">{{cite web|last=Yamashita|first=Chie |date=16 July 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics opening ceremony music leader under fire for past bullying|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210716/p2a/00m/0na/008000c|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Mainichi Shimbun|The Mainichi]]}}</ref> In one interview, Oyamada dismissed the incidents with a laugh.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCurry|first=Justin |date=2021-07-18|title=Filled with doubt, division and Covid, Tokyo braces for Olympics|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/18/filled-with-doubt-division-and-covid-tokyo-braces-for-olympics|access-date=2021-07-18|work=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> In a 1995 interview for ''{{Interlanguage link|Quick Japan|ja|Quick Japan}}'',<ref name="Kyodo-210717">{{Cite news|date=2021-07-17|title=組織委、小山田さん続投に理解を|work=[[Reuters]]|agency=[[Kyodo News]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idJP2021071701000567|access-date=2021-07-17|language=ja}}</ref> Oyamada said he had involved in the group of bullies who locked a disabled student in a [[Vault (gymnastics)|vaulting box]],<ref name="AsahiShimbun-210717">{{cite news|last1=Yoshizawa|first1=Hidemasa |last2=Saito|first2=Yusuke |date=17 July 2021|title=Olympic composer apologizes for historic actions|url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14397427|access-date=17 July 2021|work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]}}</ref> wrapped another student in [[Mat (gymnastics)|gymnastics mattresses]] and kicked them,<ref name="Telegraph-210717">{{cite web|last=Bloom|first=Ben |date=19 July 2021|title=Japanese composer axed from Olympics opening ceremony after boasts about abusing disabled classmates revealed|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2021/07/17/composer-forced-disabled-classmates-eat-faeces-masturbate-will/|access-date=22 July 2021|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> forced a student to eat their [[human feces|excrement]],<ref name="Telegraph-210717" /> taped a cardboard box around a student's head and poured chalk inside,<ref name="AsahiShimbun-210717" /> made fun of a disabled student running a long-distance race,<ref name="AsahiShimbun-210717" /> and forced a student to [[Masturbation|masturbate]] in front of other students.<ref name="Telegraph-210717" /> A dialogue between Oyamada and the victims was planned by the magazine ''[[Rockin'On Japan]]'', but all of the victims refused to meet him. One of the victims' mothers picked up the phone and told the interviewer that her son had [[bullying and suicide|considered suicide]].<ref name="RockinOnJapan-1994-01">{{cite magazine|date=January 1994|title=Interview with Keigo Oyamada (Cornelius, A Japanese Musician)|url=http://oymdkig.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-2.html|access-date=17 July 2021|magazine=[[Rockin'On Japan]]|via=OYMDKIG}}</ref>

On July 14, 2021, the [[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|Tokyo Organising Committee]] of the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic]] and [[2020 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]] (TOCOG) announced that Oyamada would be a composer of the [[2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]], with the concept being "the ability to celebrate differences, to empathise, and to live side by side with compassion for one another".<ref name="Tokyo2020-210714en">{{cite press release|date=14 July 2021|title=Tokyo 2020 unveils concepts behind Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/tokyo-2020-unveils-concepts-behind-games-opening-and-closing-ceremonies|access-date=17 July 2021|publisher=Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games}}</ref><ref name="Tokyo2020-210714ja">{{cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=東京2020大会開閉会式4式典共通コンセプトならびに東京2020オリンピック開閉会式コンセプトを発表|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/ja/news/news-20210714-03-ja|access-date=17 July 2021|publisher=Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|language=ja}}</ref> The announcement caused a social media backlash due to Oyamada's personal history.<ref name="Mainichi-210716" />

On July 16, a week before the opening ceremony, Oyamada [[Twitter|tweeted]] an apology,<ref name="AsahiShimbun-210717" /> but also said articles had contained exaggerations or mistakes that he had not corrected.<ref name="AsahiShimbun-210716">{{cite news|date=16 July 2021|title=小山田圭吾さん謝罪文全文　自身のツイッターに掲載|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP7J67FTP7JUTIL03F.html|access-date=17 July 2021|work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]|language=ja}}</ref> On the same day, the TOCOG issued a statement stating they were unaware of the interviews<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCurry|first=Justin|date=2021-07-17|title=Tokyo 2020 composer apologises for historical bullying of disabled classmates|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/17/tokyo-2020-composer-apologises-for-historical-bullying-of-disabled-classmates|access-date=2021-07-18|work=The Observer}}</ref> and that while Oyamada's actions were "very inappropriate", they had not dismissed him from the ceremony.<ref name="AsahiShimbun-210717" /><ref name="Jiji-210716">{{cite news|date=16 July 2021|title=小山田氏の起用、変更なし　組織委「不適切な発言」〔五輪〕|url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2021071601210&g=spo|access-date=17 July 2021|agency=[[Jiji Press]]|language=ja}}</ref> [[Toshirō Mutō]], the chief executive of the Organising Committee and ex-chairman of [[Kaisei Academy]], said he wanted Oyamada to remain.<ref name="Telegraph-210717" /> On July 19, Oyamada decided to leave the creative team for the Tokyo Olympics on his own terms.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tokyo Olympic composer quits over bullying of disabled children|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/07/ab777b89e56a-japans-olympic-composer-admits-past-bullying-faces-calls-to-quit.html|date=2021-07-19|access-date=2021-07-19|agency=Kyodo News}}</ref>

In September 2021, Oyamanda appeared in a two-hour interview with ''[[Shūkan Bunshun]]'' addressing why he took so many years to address his past actions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Michel|first=Patrick St|date=2021-09-22|title=How do you deflect a controversy? Keigo Oyamada blames the media.|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/09/22/music/keigo-oyamada-olympics-controversy-reaction/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Infobox artist discography
|Artist = Cornelius
|Image =
|Caption =
|Studio = 6
|Option = 8
|Option name = Remix albums
|Live =
|Compilation =
|Video = 7
|EP = 3
|Singles = 14
|Music videos =
|Soundtrack = 3
}}
The discography of Cornelius consists of six studio albums, three soundtracks, eight remix albums, three extended plays, fourteen singles and seven video albums.

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;
!rowspan="2"| Year
!rowspan="2" width="300"| Information
!colspan="4"|Chart positions
|-style="font-size:smaller;"
!width="30"|[[Oricon|JP]] <ref name="Japanese album positions">{{cite web |title=CORNELIUSのアルバム売上ランキング |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/27220/ranking/cd_album/ |website=Oricon News |access-date=2013-04-20 |language=ja}}</ref>
!width="30"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref name="ChartlogUK">{{cite web |editor-last=Zywietz|editor-first=Tobias |title=Chart Log UK: Chris C. - CZR|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_C.HTM |website=Zobbel |access-date=2013-04-20 }}</ref>
!width="30"|[[Dance/Electronic Albums|US Elec.]] <ref name=AMG>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/cornelius-mn0000099449/awards | title=Cornelius - Awards |website=[[AllMusic]]| access-date=2013-04-20 }}</ref>
!width="30"|[[Independent Albums|US Indie]] <ref name=AMG />
|-
| 1994
|align=left| ''[[The First Question Award]]''
*Labels: [[Trattoria Records]], Polystar
*Released: February 25, 1994
| 4
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1995
|align=left| ''[[69/96]]''
*Labels: Trattoria, Polystar
*Released: June 9, 1995
| 3
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 1997
|align=left| ''[[Fantasma (Cornelius album)|Fantasma]]''
*Labels: Trattoria, Polystar, [[Matador Records|Matador]], Lefse Records
*Released: August 6, 1997
| 6
| —
| —
| —
|-
| 2001
|align=left| ''[[Point (album)|Point]]''
*Labels: Trattoria, Polystar, Matador
*Released: October 24, 2001
| 4
| 124
| 17
| 47
|-
| 2006
|align=left| ''[[Sensuous]]''
*Labels: [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Japan]], [[Everloving Records|Everloving]]
*Released: October 25, 2006
| 8
| —
| 18
| —
|-
|-
| 2017
|align=left| ''[[Mellow Waves]]''
*Labels: Warner Music Japan, [[Rostrum Records]]
*Released: June 28, 2017
| 10
| —
| 10
| —
|-
|}

===Soundtracks===
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'' (Warner Music Japan; January 23, 2013) – [[Oricon|JP]] #33<ref name="Japanese album positions"/>
* ''The Cat That Lived a Million Times'' (Warner Music Japan; October 31, 2013) (EP)
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie]] O.S.T.'' (Flying Dog; June 15, 2015) – [[Oricon|JP]] #62<ref name="Japanese album positions"/>

===Remix albums===
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="1"| Year
!rowspan="1" width="300"| Information
!rowspan="1" width="30"|[[Oricon|JP chart]] <ref name="Japanese album positions"/>
!rowspan="1"| Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[96/69]]''
*Labels: Trattoria, Polystar
*Released: June 9, 1996
|align=center| 6
|
* Remix [[LP record|LP]] of ''69/96''
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998
| ''FM – Fantasma Remixes''
*Released: November 26, 1998
*Labels: Trattoria, Polystar, Matador
|align=center| 39
|
* Various artists' remixes of ''Fantasma''
* Mixes by [[Money Mark]], [[the High Llamas]], [[Buffalo Daughter]], [[the Pastels]], [[Yasuharu Konishi]] (Japan only), [[Damon Albarn]], [[Unkle]], [[Coldcut]]
|-
| ''CM – Cornelius Remixes''
*Labels: Trattoria, Polystar, Matador
*Released: November 26, 1998
|align=center| 40
|
* Cornelius' remixes of artists contributing to ''FM''
* Mixes of [[Unkle]], [[Money Mark]], [[Buffalo Daughter]], [[Coldcut]], [[the Pastels]], [[the High Llamas]], [[Salon Music (band)|Salon Music]] (not on Japan edition)
|-
| 2003
| ''CM2 – Interpretation by Cornelius''
*Labels: Warner Music Japan
*Released: June 25, 2003
|align=center| 29
|
* Cornelius remix collection
* Mixes of [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[k.d. lang]], [[Beck]], [[Gerling]], [[the Avalanches]], [[Moby]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Tahiti 80]] and more
|-
| 2004
| ''PM by Humans''
*Labels: Matador
*Released: January 20, 2004
|align=center| 87
|
* Various artists' remixes of ''Point''.
* Released together with the 5.1 [[DVD-Audio]] of ''Point'' as ''Five Point One + PM by Humans''
|-
| 2009
| ''CM3 – Interpretation Remixed by Cornelius''
*Labels: Warner Music Japan
*Released: May 13, 2009
|align=center| 32
|
* Cornelius remix collection
* Mixes of [[Kings of Convenience]], [[Bloc Party]], [[the Go! Team]], [[James Brown]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] and more
|-
| 2012
| ''CM4''
*Labels: Warner Music Japan
*Released: September 5, 2012
|align=center| 53
|
* Cornelius remix collection
* Mixes [[Plastic Ono Band|Yoko Ono Plastic Ono Band]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[MGMT]], [[Arto Lindsay]], [[Lali Puna]], [[Haruo Minami]], [[Tomoyasu Hotei]], [[Maia Hirasawa]] and more
|-
| 2015
| ''Constellations of Music''
*Labels: Warner Music Japan
*Released: August 19, 2015
|align=center| 30
|
* Collaboration and remix album with various artists
* Mixes of [[Penguin Cafe]], [[Gotye]], [[Shintaro Sakamoto]], [[Toshio Nakanishi|Plastic Sex]], [[Sakanaction]]
* Collaboration with [[the Bird and the Bee]], [[Salyu|salyu × salyu]], Korallreven, [[Buffalo Daughter|Yumiko Ohno]]
|-
|}

===Extended plays===
*''[[Holidays in the Sun (EP)|Holidays in the Sun]]'' (September 10, 1993) JP #12<ref name="Japanese album positions"/>
*''Cornelius Works 1999'' (1999), rare CD-R promo from 3-D Corporation Ltd. (Japan)
*''Gum EP'' (2008)

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;
!rowspan="2"| Year
!rowspan="2" width="300"| Title
!colspan="2"|Chart positions
!rowspan="2"| Album
|-style="font-size:smaller;"
!width="30"|[[Oricon|JP]] <ref name="Japanese singles positions">{{cite web |title=CORNELIUSのシングル売上ランキング |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/27220/ranking/cd_single/ |website=Oricon News |access-date=2013-04-20 |language=ja}}</ref>
!width="30"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="ChartlogUK"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1993
|align=left| "The Sun Is My Enemy"
| 15
| –
|rowspan="4"| ''The First Question Award''
|-
|align=left| "Perfect Rainbow"
| 29
| –
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1994
|align=left| "(You Can't Always Get) What You Want"
| 27
| –
|-
|align=left| "Moon Light Story"
| 40
| –
|-
| 1995
|align=left| "Moon Walk" ([[cassette tape|cassette]] only)
| 30
| –
| ''69/96''
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1997
|align=left| "Star Fruits Surf Rider"
| 17
| 142
|rowspan="3"| ''Fantasma''
|-
|align=left| "Freefall" (UK only)
| N/R
| –
|-
|align=left| "Chapter 8 – Seashore and Horizon –" (UK only)
| N/R
| –
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001
|align=left| "Point of View Point"
| 16
| 142
|rowspan="2"| ''Point''
|-
|align=left| "Drop"
| 12
| 82
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006
|align=left| "Music"
| 17
| –
|rowspan="2"| ''Sensuous''
|-
|align=left| "Breezin'"
| 20
| –
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2017
|align=left| "あなたがいるなら" ("If You're Here")
| 31
| –
|rowspan="3"| ''Mellow Waves''
|-
|align=left| "いつか / どこか" ("Sometime/Someplace")
| 35
| –
|-
|-
|align=left| "夢の中で" ("In a Dream")
| 24
| –
|-
|}

===Video===
*''Promotions!'' (1994), music videos
*''Love Heavy Metal Style Music Vision'' (1994) – live performances
*''EUS'' (2000) – live performances
*''Five Point One'' (2003) – a DVD package of music videos and PM
*''From Nakameguro to Everywhere Tour '02–'04'' (2008) – live performances
*''Sensurround'' (2008) – a DVD version of ''Sensuous'' with accompanying videos and 5.1 surround sound
*''Sensuous Synchronized Show'' (2009) – live performances

===Compilation appearances===
*''[[Tribute Spirits]]'' (May 1, 1999)
*''[[DJ-Kicks: Erlend Øye]]'' (April 19, 2004)
*''[[Matador at Fifteen]]'' (October 12, 2004)
*''[[The Wired CD|The Wired CD: Rip. Sample. Mash. Share.]]'' (April 22, 2009)

===Other works===
*''[[Bit Generations#Coloris|Coloris]]'' (2006) – a Nintendo ''[[bit Generations]]'' game for [[Game Boy Advance]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Alexander |first=Patrick | date=March 14, 2008 | title=Feature: Kenichi Nishi and Archime-DS Interview (Part One) | url=http://www.eegra.com/pages/show/title/14_03_2008_Feature__Kenichi_Nishi_and_Archime_DS_Interview__Part_One_/page/3 | website=Eegra | access-date=2009-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201133441/http://www.eegra.com/pages/show/title/14_03_2008_Feature__Kenichi_Nishi_and_Archime_DS_Interview__Part_One_/page/3 | archive-date=February 1, 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Cornelius appeared on the TV show ''[[Yo Gabba Gabba!]]'' performing a version of his song "Count Five or Six" as a way to teach kids how to count (at least up to six). This can be seen on the episode titled "Share".
*"Count Five or Six" appears on the soundtrack to the TV series ''[[Spaced]]''.
* Composed music played by the Katayanagi Twins characters in the film ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]''.
* Produced [[Salyu]]'s ''S(o)un(d)beams'' (2011)
* Composed the soundtrack to the anime series ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'' (2013)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{External links|date=December 2019}}
*[http://cornelius-sound.com/ cornelius-sound.com] – official website {{in lang|ja|en}}
* [http://corneliusjapan.com/ corneliusjapan.com] – semi-official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081231134148/http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-3/artist_name-cornelius/ Nippop Profile | Cornelius]
* [http://www.matadorrecords.com/cornelius/ Matador Records' Cornelius page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929211844/http://asap.ap.org/stories/1452845.s Cornelius rocks] – Jaime Holguin from the Associated Press explores the allure of Japan's Keigo Oyamada. A May 2007 Associated Press/asap written and video piece about Cornelius.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080810010023/http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/spooners/domzig-172/cornelius-at-the-shepherds-bush-empire-390/ Cornelius at Shepherd Bush Empire] – Dominic Haley from Spoonfed Media writes about the intrigue of the unexpected in Cornelius' music.
* [http://hesomagazine.com/music/interview-with-cornelius-oyamada-keigo/ Interview with Oyamada Keigo] – Manny Santiago goes to the 3D Studio in Nakameguro, Tokyo for ''Heso'' magazine.
* {{discogs artist|artist=Cornelius|name=Cornelius}}

{{Cornelius}}
{{Plastic Ono Band}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornelius}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Art rock musicians]]
[[Category:Japanese electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Japanese multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Matador Records artists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Setagaya]]
[[Category:Plastic Ono Band members]]
[[Category:Remixers]]
[[Category:Shibuya-kei musicians]]

Fairmont Senior High School

2022-02-04T08:08:03Z

Quickfingers: Undid revision 1069825072 by 120.29.69.101 (talk) Please address the issue on the Talk page.

{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Fairmont Senior High School
| logo = FSHS seal.jpg
| imagesize =
| streetaddress = 1 Loop Park Drive
| city = [[Fairmont, West Virginia|Fairmont]]
| state = [[West Virginia]]
| zipcode = 26554
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{coord|39|28|42|N|80|9|27|W|type:edu_region:US-WV|display=inline,title}}
| schoolboard = [[Marion County, West Virginia|Marion County]]
| affiliation =
| superintendent = Randall Farley<ref name="district directory">{{cite web |title=Central Office Directory |url=https://www.marionboe.com/central-office-directory.html |website=Marion County Schools |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| trustee =
| founder =
| principal = Karen Finamore
| teaching_staff = 45.00 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| ratio = 18:20<ref name=NCES/>
| schooltype = Public secondary
| endowment =
| budget =
| enrollment = 819 (2018–19)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=5400720&ID=540072000553|title=Fairmont Senior High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>
| grades = 9{{ndash}}12
| classrooms =
| campus =
| campus size = {{convert|15.0|acre|m2}}<ref>1930 Maple Leaves</ref>
| conference = Big Ten
| rival = [[East Fairmont High School]]
| nickname = Polar bears
| colors = Royal blue, white & red (secondary) {{color box|royalblue}}{{color box|white}}{{color box|red}}
| yearbook = Maple Leaves
| newspaper = Hi Life
| established = 1876
| picture = FSHS spring.jpg
| website = {{url|https://www.marionboe.com/fairmontsenior.html}}
| module = {{Infobox NRHP
| name = Fairmont Senior High School
| nrhp_type =
| image = FSHS winter.jpg
| caption = Main Building
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|39|28|42|N|80|9|27|W|type:edu_region:US-WV|display=inline}}
| locmapin = West Virginia#USA
| embed = yes
| built = April 1, 1929
| architect = [[William B. Ittner]]
| architecture = [[Colonial Revival]]
| added = March 22, 2002
| refnum = 02000254<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Fairmont Senior High School''', is a [[Public High School|public high school]] in [[Fairmont, West Virginia]]. The current school building, opened in 1928, is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Serving grades nine through twelve, it is one of three high schools in [[Marion County, West Virginia|Marion County]], along with [[East Fairmont High School]] and [[North Marion High School (West Virginia)|North Marion High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=School Directory|url=https://www.marionboe.com/directory.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Marion County Schools|language=en}}</ref>

The school was established in 1876 as '''Fairmont High School'''. A growing student population led to the school being relocated in 1905 and then to its current campus in 1928. The school offers a number of different extracurricular activities, such as marching band, a choir program, a theatre program, and a wide range of athletic opportunities. Notable alumni include Olympic gold medalist [[Mary Lou Retton]], U.S. Air Force officer [[Frank Kendall Everest Jr.|Frank Kendall Everest Jr]]., entrepreneur [[Jim Delligatti]], business executive [[Heather Bresch]], and several others.

==History==
[[Image:Second Ward Building.jpg|thumb|left|Second Ward Building: the original building to house Fairmont Senior, which was built in 1872 and began to house Fairmont Senior in 1876.]] The first building to house the high school was the Second Ward Building on the corner of Adams and Quincy. The building opened in 1872 and jointly held the Fairmont public school and the [[Fairmont State University|Fairmont State Normal School]] until 1892. This is despite the public school and normal school's separation in 1875.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Fairmont High School was founded in the Second Ward Building in 1876, and the first graduating class consisted of four students in 1877. Increased enrollment and the need for additional facilities eventually led to the construction of a new school.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== 5th Street building ===
[[Image:The Point FSHS.jpg|thumb|left|"The Point" building: the second building to house Fairmont Senior, which was built in 1905.]] In 1905, a new building was constructed near the corner of 5th Street and Benoni Avenue, in an area known as "The Point". The building consisted of 12 classrooms, labs, offices and a library with the top floor used as a gymnasium. The first class attended the new Fairmont High School in 1906. A gymnasium was constructed at the rear of the building in 1922, and although the high school no longer stands, the Fifth Street Gym is still in operation for interscholastic purposes. The old building remained in operation as Fairmont Junior High School until 1963 when the foundation of the building slipped, forcing its closure.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Loop Park building ===
[[File:FSHS front.jpg|left|thumb|Loop Park building: the current building to house Fairmont Senior, which was built in 1928.]]
In 1927, the school system decided to adopt a 6–3–3 organization for schools in the area. This meant that grades 7–9 would make up a junior high school, while grades 10–12 would create a senior high school.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

A new senior high school was built at Loop Park in 1928, which is where Fairmont Senior High School currently resides. The seventh and eighth grades were relocated to Dunbar School on High Street. Much of the new building was constructed of concrete, which helped to mitigate the destruction caused by a fire that damaged a large section of the school's roof on February 16, 1979. The foundation of the building was preserved.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Architect [[William B. Ittner]] designed the Loop Park building;<ref name=":8">http://www.wvculture.org/shpo/nr/pdf/marion/02000254.pdf {{Bare URL inline|date=November 2021}}</ref> he has designed several notable public school buildings<ref>https://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/64500314.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and other buildings, such as the [[Missouri Athletic Club Building|Missouri Athletic Club building]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Landmarks Association of St. Louis :: Architects :: William B. Ittner, FAIA (1864-1936)|url=https://www.landmarks-stl.org/architects/bio/william_b_ittner_faia_1864_1936/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.landmarks-stl.org}}</ref> and the [[Continental Life Building]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stritzel|first=Chris|date=2019-03-29|title=A Look Inside the Continental Life Building|url=https://www.cityscene-stl.com/post/a-look-inside-the-continental-life-building|access-date=2020-12-03|website=CityScene STL|language=en}}</ref> On March 22, 2002, Fairmont Senior was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Twelve Fairmont State alumni honored during homecoming luncheon {{!}} News {{!}} Fairmont State University|url=https://www.fairmontstate.edu/news/fsu-front-page/twelve-fairmont-state-alumni-be-honored-during-homecoming-luncheon|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.fairmontstate.edu}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The campus currently consists of several different components, such as a main building, the Freshman Building, physical education facilities, and inscriptions. The campus is surrounded by different types of trees, such as [[dogwoods]], [[Maple trees|maples]], and [[oak]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} The Loop Park building's architectural classification is [[Colonial Revival]], with a stone foundation, brick walls, and [[asphalt shingle]] roofing.

=== Senior Court ===
[[Image:FSHS Lincoln side.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of Abraham Lincoln in front of the now-defunct Senior Court in around 2008. The Senior Court was later replaced by a media center.]]Senior Court was a feature of the Loop Park building for years. This light court was bound on all sides by interior walls of the school, but it did not have a ceiling. The opening provided sunlight to the surrounding halls and classrooms, as well as the small glass [[greenhouse]] located just inside the court.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In 1929, the first class to graduate from the building presented the school with a statue of [[Abraham Lincoln]] that still stands at the school's entrance.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Media center replacement ===
In 2010, a school [[Bond (finance)|bond]] was passed by the Marion County Board of Education to renovate Fairmont Senior's campus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Kaylyn ChristopherTimes West|title='Massive undertaking': PHOTOS|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/local_news/massive-undertaking-photos/article_ac4b5ec5-dc65-5431-813d-5e4614d1d134.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> This $4.2 million project included replacing the Senior Court with a [[School library|school media center]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-04|title=Fairmont Senior High School Renovations|url=https://thethrashergroup.com/portfolio-item/fairmont-senior-high-school-renovations/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=The Thrasher Group|language=en-US}}</ref> The project took a few years to complete.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike the Senior Court, the media center has a ceiling and is a two-story room with a balcony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fairmont Senior High School|url=http://www.msesarchitects.com/projects/fshs/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.msesarchitects.com}}</ref>

=== Auditorium ===
[[File:FSHS Auditorium.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Fairmont Senior's auditorium in 2019.]]
Fairmont Senior's Lop [[auditorium]] originally housed 1107 opera style chairs and a 16 by {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} wooden stage. Later, when the stage was expanded, the first four rows of seating were removed leaving 976 seats. By the start of the 20th century, many of the seats were in poor condition and needed to be replaced. The 1000 Voices fund was established to restore the auditorium to its original state. In 2001, the seats were dismantled and sent away to be completely refurbished and reinstalled into the auditorium. Intricate details such as the gold leaf ribbons on the house lighting globes was also preserved, as well as detailed paintings on the [[proscenium arch]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Freshman Building ===
Fairmont Senior has a one-story building located at the east end of its campus, which is known as the Freshman Building.<ref name=":8" /> In the early 1990s, a [[chemistry lab]] was built adjacent to the Freshman Building.<ref>{{Cite book|title=1992 Maple Leaves|pages=1}}</ref>

=== Physical education facilities ===
Originally, Fairmont Senior only had one gymnasium, which was located on the second floor of the main building. In November 1989, a proposal was made for a new physical education facility beside Fairmont Senior's Freshman Building. Work for the facility began in 1992. Despite objections and a lawsuit from area residents, the facility was completed a few years later.<ref>{{Cite book|title=1994 Maple Leaves|pages=36}}</ref>

===Inscriptions===
Fairmont Senior's building has several [[inscriptions]] that can be found etched into the stone at various locations on the exterior of the main building.

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|- style="background:#d0e5f5;"
! Main entrance
! Auditorium wing
! Gymnasium wing
|- style="background:white"
| rowspan="3" | [[Image:FSHS Inscription4.jpg|375px|center|thumb|
FAIRMONT 
HIGH SCHOOL 
KNOWLEDGE IS THE GREAT SUN IN 
THE FIRMAMENT – LIFE AND POWER ARE 
SCATTERED WITH ALL ITS BEAMS</center>]]
| [[Image:FSHS Inscription5.jpg|center|thumb|{{center|AND GOD SAID LET THERE BE LIGHT AND THERE WAS LIGHT}}]]
| [[Image:FSHS Inscription3.jpg|center|thumb|{{center|LET THE PEOPLE KNOW THE TRUTH AND THE WORLD WILL BE SAFE}}]]
|- style="background:#d0e5f5;"
! First rear entrance
! Second rear entrance
|- style="background:white"
| [[Image:FSHS Inscription1.jpg|center|thumb|{{center|ACHIEVEMENT LIVE IN DEEDS - NOT WORDS}}]]
| [[Image:FSHS Inscription2.jpg|center|thumb|{{center|OPPORTUNITY ACT IN THE LIVING PRESENT}}]]
|-
|}
'''Inscription's origins'''
* The inscription at the main entrance was taken from a quote by [[Daniel Webster]] who spoke at the dedication of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in 1825.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* The inscription at the auditorium wing was taken from a quote from the [[Genesis 1:3|third verse]] of the [[Book of Genesis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Book of Genesis|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/genesis/documents/bible_genesis_en.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>
* The inscription at the second rear entrance was taken from the sixth stanza of "[[A Psalm of Life]]", a poem by [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Poetry|date=2020-12-01|title=A Psalm of Life by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44644/a-psalm-of-life|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==
Fairmont Senior High School offers different academic opportunities for its students. The schools offers math, English, science, social studies, foreign language, special education, and elective classes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fairmont Senior High|url=https://www.marionboe.com/fairmontsenior.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Marion County Schools|language=en}}</ref>

=== Advanced Placement classes ===
The school offers a number of different [[Advanced Placement]] classes. The AP classes offered in Fairmont Senior's 2020-21 school year include [[AP Art History]], [[AP Calculus AB]], [[AP Chemistry]], [[AP Comparative Government and Politics]], [[AP English Language and Composition]], [[AP English Literature and Composition]], [[AP European History]], [[AP Music Theory]], [[AP Psychology]], [[AP Statistics]], [[AP United States Government and Politics|AP U.S. Government and Politics]], and [[AP United States History]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AP Course Audit|url=https://apcourseaudit.inflexion.org/ledger/school.php?a=MzU2NzA=&b=MA==|access-date=2020-12-02|website=apcourseaudit.inflexion.org}}</ref>

== Fine arts ==
Fairmont Senior High School offers different fine arts programs for its students.

=== Marching band ===
[[File:FSHS Polar Bear Band 2017.jpg|thumb|323x323px|Fairmont Senior's marching band plays at East-West Stadium for the 52nd annual FSHS Band Spectacular in 2017.]]
Fairmont Senior has a [[marching band]], which is known as the Fairmont Senior High School Polar Bear Band.<ref>{{Cite web|last=WRITER|first=John Mark Shaver STAFF|title=Fairmont Pride - Sounds of success at the Fairmont Senior High School Band Spectacular|url=https://www.wvnews.com/fairmontnews/news/fairmont-pride---sounds-of-success-at-the-fairmont-senior-high-school-band-spectacular/article_13550f70-273a-549e-862f-329f12db1403.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref> The school's marching band was first directed full time by Earl McConnell Sr.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Band Director Hall of Fame|url=https://www.polarbearband.com/director-hall-of-fame|access-date=2020-12-02|website=FSHS Polar Bear Band|language=en}}</ref> The marching band has performed in the [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]] in [[New York City]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeswv.com/news/local_news/a-great-career/article_70f24786-e6e2-5b5a-8656-5590814ddc27.html|title=A great career|last=Burnside|first=Mary Wade|work=Times West Virginian|access-date=2018-05-08|language=en}}</ref> [[Walt Disney World]], and [[Universal Studios Florida|Universal Studios.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeswv.com/news/fshs-band-members-see-different-careers-in-music-during-trip/article_a20982fc-e2b5-11e5-9d91-57c92f308bfa.html|title=FSHS band members see 'different careers in music' during trip to Disney World|last=Virginian|first=Michelle Dillon Times West|work=Times West Virginian|access-date=2018-05-08|language=en}}</ref> The school holds a Band Spectacular annually at East-West Stadium where college and high school bands play their respective field shows.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeswv.com/news/band-spectacular-set-saturday/article_3dc5581a-9471-11e7-97b0-0337f0f81fc5.html|title=Band Spectacular set Saturday|last=Virginian|first=Eddie Trizzino {{!}} Times West|work=Times West Virginian|access-date=2018-05-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wvnews.com/fairmontnews/news/fairmont-pride---east-west-stadium-rocked-for-the/article_ab343da8-dcdf-53a6-870a-4e049bc87075.html|title=Fairmont Pride - East-West Stadium rocked for the 51st annual Fairmont Senior High School Band Spectacular|author=|work=WV News|access-date=2018-05-08|language=en}}</ref>

Other than the school's marching band, the school's instrumental music curriculum has previously included [[symphonic band]], [[concert band]], [[jazz ensemble]], and [[Steelpan|steel band]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://polarbearband.tripod.com/about.htm|title=About the Polar Bear Band|website=polarbearband.tripod.com|access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>

=== Choir program ===
[[File:FSHS Choir.jpg|thumb|323x323px|Fairmont Senior's choir performs in a concert at the school's auditorium in 2018.]]
Fairmont Senior has three choral groups: the [[Madrigal]]s, women's ensemble, and men's ensemble.<ref name="EDITOR">{{Cite web|last=EDITOR|first=John Mark Shaver FAIRMONT NEWS|title=Fairmont, WV, Senior High School Madrigals, choir sweep awards in Orlando|url=https://www.wvnews.com/fairmont-wv-senior-high-school-madrigals-choir-sweep-awards-in-orlando/article_7c08c5aa-1c78-50bd-949a-b317af88865d.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref> The full name of the school's Madrigals group is the Fairmont Senior Madrigal Chamber Choir, which is considered to be a [[Renaissance music|renaissance]] style [[a cappella]] [[choir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=FSHS Madrigals, West Virginia|url=https://vymaps.com/US/Fshs-Madrigals-603551603123480/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=vymaps.com}}</ref> The group was started by Doug Bunner in 1985;<ref>{{Cite web|last=VEASEY|first=JOHN|title=Zirkle to replace Bunner at FSHS|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/local_news/zirkle-to-replace-bunner-at-fshs/article_eb945c57-500a-5bbb-bc6e-0a4216651c9e.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> he taught at the school until his retirement in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary of Clyde Douglas "Doug" Bunner {{!}} Ford Chapel|url=https://fordfuneralhomes.com/tribute/details/540/Clyde-Bunner/obituary.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=fordfuneralhomes.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The group hosts an annual elimination dinner at the Fairmont Knights of Columbus,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-23|title=Fairmont Knights of Columbus hosts elimination dinner benefiting FSHS Madrigals|url=https://www.wboy.com/top-stories/fairmont-knights-of-columbus-hosts-elimination-dinner-benefiting-fshs-madrigals/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=WBOY.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and the school presents the Madrigals's Yuletide Feast biennially (a tradition that started in 1985).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Kelsie LeRose {{!}} Times West|title=FSHS choir group to continue tradition dating back to 1985|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/fshs-choir-group-to-continue-tradition-dating-back-to-1985/article_887e5f10-ac77-11e6-84cb-8f8529b8a1aa.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> The group has performed at other places, such as the current Fairmont Senior building,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaver|first=Staff video by John Mark|title=Fairmont Senior High School Madrigals and football team sing school's alma mater|url=https://www.wvnews.com/tv/news/fairmont-senior-high-school-madrigals-and-football-team-sing-schools-alma-mater/video_3dae3b23-5663-5574-aa7f-7d5ed70ac58e.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref> Meadowbrook Mall,<ref>{{Cite web|title=15th Annual Meadowbrook Mall Purchase with a Purpose Brings Record Crowd; Jane Lew's Joanne Zimmerman Wins $5,000 Grand Prize|url=https://www.connect-bridgeport.com/connect.cfm?func=view&section=News&item=15th-Annual-Meadowbrook-Mall-Purchase-with-a-Purpose-Brings-Record-Crowd-Jane-Lews-Joanne-Zimmerman-Wins-5000-Grand-Prize36711|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Connect-Bridgeport.com|language=en}}</ref> [[West Virginia University]] Mountainlair,<ref>{{Cite web|title=WVUToday Archive|url=http://wvutoday-archive.wvu.edu/n/2002/11/18/243.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=wvutoday-archive.wvu.edu}}</ref> and the WorldStrides OnStage competition in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]].<ref name="EDITOR"/>

=== Thespian program ===
Fairmont Senior offers a thespian program. Fairmont Senior's thespians group is known as the Fairmont Senior High School Thespians Troupe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Kaitlyn Neff {{!}} Times West|title=FSHS Thespians perform for community Saturday|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/fshs-thespians-perform-for-community-saturday/article_64be9350-bad2-11e7-9fa4-1b47890f2fa3.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> Fairmont Senior's group has performed in different events, such as the West Virginia State Thesbian Festival.<ref>http://www.wvculture.org/events/Thespian2012program.pdf {{Bare URL inline|date=November 2021}}</ref>

==Athletics==
Fairmont Senior offers a number athletic opportunities to its students, such as [[baseball]], [[softball]], [[basketball]], [[Cross country running|cross country]], [[golf]], [[Cheerleading|cheer]], [[American football|football]], [[volleyball]], [[Association football|soccer]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[tennis]], [[Track and field|track]], and [[wrestling]]. Fairmont Senior also offers lacrosse, but, as of December 2020, it is not a sport of the [[West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission]] (the main governing head of West Virginia high school band, cheer, and sports).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sports, Schedules & Rosters « WVSSAC|url=https://www.wvssac.org/sports-schedules/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.wvssac.org}}</ref>

=== State championship history ===
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background:#d0e5f5;" |Boys' sports
! style="background:#d0e5f5;" |State titles
! style="background:#FFFFED;" |Girls' sports
! style="background:#FFFFED;" |State titles
|-
| [[Baseball]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Baseball.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123658/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Baseball.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:ebd77ccc-402a-4a16-a4be-a6c9f5a77731#pageNum=2|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>|| || [[Softball]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Softball.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124525/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Softball.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:d2cdadb2-335a-4ba7-965a-ec686188e343#pageNum=1|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>||
|-
| Boys [[basketball]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Boys%20Basketball.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124426/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Boys%20Basketball.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://www.wvssac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Boys-Basketball-3.pdf</ref>|| 1927, 1939, 1942, 1949, 1996, 2016, 2017|| Girls [[basketball]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Girls%20Basketball.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124221/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Girls%20Basketball.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://www.wvssac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Girls-Basketball-2.pdf</ref>|| 1997, 2017, 2019
|-
| [[Cross country running|Cross country]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Cross%20Country.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124035/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Cross%20Country.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Bradley Heltzel {{!}} Times West|title=Fairmont Senior wins boys' and girls' team state titles|url=https://www.timeswv.com/sports/fairmont-senior-wins-boys-and-girls-team-state-titles/article_391d6830-fde1-11e9-94e3-f3234b216014.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:f7f1163d-011c-4cfb-93eb-3666c3398294#pageNum=1|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:89e3473b-aac9-4cbc-978b-acc9c173b286#pageNum=2|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>|| 1977, 1988, 1997, 1999, 2012, 2018, 2019 || [[Cross country running|Cross country]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />|| 1989, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2019
|-
| [[Golf]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Minnich|first=Michael|title=Fairmont Senior wins 1st state golf title|url=https://www.wvnews.com/sports/highschool/fairmont-senior-wins-st-state-golf-title/article_a2715ce4-8ef8-51be-9e14-10f8d5c82014.html|access-date=2019-11-27|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:c87970ec-af92-43fc-a877-0f84858c9e92#pageNum=1|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>||2019
|[[Cheerleading|Cheer]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Cheer.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124309/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Cheer.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:fc061209-8ccc-4f00-a172-2999d41b5e82#pageNum=2|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-20|title=Fairmont Senior wins 2020-2021 AA Cheerleading State Title|url=https://www.wboy.com/sports/fairmont-senior-wins-2021-aa-cheerleading-state-title/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=WBOY.com|language=en-US}}</ref>|| 1991, 1992, 1999, 2021
|-
| [[American football|Football]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Minnich|first=Michael|title=The wait is over: Fairmont Senior ends 72-year title drought|url=https://www.wvnews.com/sports/highschool/the-wait-is-over-fairmont-senior-ends--year-title/article_fef84357-97d4-5193-ab7a-8931cee70898.html|access-date=2019-01-07|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Metzger|first=Rob|date=2020-11-28|title=New West Virginia COVID map all but ends West Virginia prep football season|url=https://wtov9.com/news/local/new-west-virginia-covid-map-all-but-ends-west-virginia-prep-football-season|access-date=2020-12-01|website=WTOV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:1a6b0e4f-6d6e-4280-93c3-f034321aeec5#pageNum=1|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>|| 1903,{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} 1907,{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} 1924,{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} 1929,{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} 1946, 2018, 2020||[[Volleyball]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Volleyball.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124249/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Volleyball.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:9a309852-c77a-485b-a79f-d75b00735e57#pageNum=2|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>||
|-
| [[Soccer]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Soccer.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123925/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Soccer.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Bradley Heltzel {{!}} Times West|title=Towns' goal in OT lifts Fairmont Senior to Class AA state soccer championship|url=https://www.timeswv.com/sports/towns-goal-in-ot-lifts-fairmont-senior-to-class-aa/article_47961d1a-032e-11ea-b5bc-1b5576e07d57.html|access-date=2019-11-27|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref>|| 2015, 2019, 2020||[[Soccer]]<ref name=":5" />||
|-
| [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Swim.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124104/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Swim.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Adobe Acrobat|url=https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:238d48d9-407a-4dd2-a0ce-de94e67ff88f#pageNum=1|access-date=2020-12-03|website=documentcloud.adobe.com}}</ref>|| 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008|| [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />|| 2006
|-
| Boys [[tennis]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Boys%20%20Tennis.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123821/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Boys%20%20Tennis.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://www.wvssac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Boys-Tennis.pdf</ref>|| ||Girls [[tennis]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Girls%20Tennis.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124122/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Girls%20Tennis.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://www.wvssac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Girls-Tennis.pdf</ref>||
|-
| Boys [[Track and field|track]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Boys%20Track.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124507/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Boys%20Track.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://www.wvssac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Boys-Track.pdf</ref>|| ||Girls [[Track and field|track]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Girls%20Track.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123845/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Girls%20Track.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://www.wvssac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Girls-Track.pdf</ref>|| 1999
|-
|[[Lacrosse]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
|2009
|[[Lacrosse]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
|2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016
|-
| [[Wrestling]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-30|url=http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Wrestling.pdf|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123906/http://wvssac.org/new_site/WVSSAC_WebSite/HTML/State%20Champions/Wrestling.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3A22350268-037e-481a-9d04-b64249dd5791#pageNum=2</ref>|| 1960 || ||
|}
</center>

===Mascot===
The [[mascot]] of Fairmont Senior High School is the [[Polar bear|Polar Bear]]. Originally, Fairmont Senior's athletic teams were known as "Ice's Men", which was in reference to Coach Frank Ice who coached the school's athletic teams from 1914 to 1920. In 1926, the Polar Bear mascot was officially established in honor of Ice. West Fairmont Middle School's, a Fairmont Senior feeder school, mascot is the Polar Cubs<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowen|first=Mike|title=WFMS finishes perfect season|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/wfms-finishes-perfect-season/article_2ef8bd08-0320-5534-859c-f9363a165a1a.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> or Polar Bears Cubs<ref>{{Cite web|last=EDITOR|first=John Dahlia|title=Fairmont News - Sports Pride - West Fairmont Middle School Polar Bear Cubs|url=https://www.wvnews.com/fairmontnews/sports/fairmont-news---sports-pride---west-fairmont-middle-school-polar-bear-cubs/article_a025e620-8287-5fa1-a505-0d956ad27f7f.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref> (a reference to Fairmont's Senior's mascot).[[File:Two_Polar_Bears_At_Entrance.jpg|left|thumb|280x280px|Two polar bear statues stand at the entrance of Fairmont Senior in 2017, a donation by Fairmont Senior's class of 1972.]]

===Rivalry===

Fairmont Senior is one of three AA high schools in [[Marion County, West Virginia|Marion County]], along with [[East Fairmont High School]] and [[North Marion High School (West Virginia)|North Marion High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wvde.state.wv.us/ed_directory/index.html?county_id=47|title=WV School Directory|website=wvde.state.wv.us|language=en|access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref> East Fairmont High School and Fairmont Senior's football teams have met annually beginning on October 25, 1921,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=By Matt Welch Times West|title=East-West game holds plenty of history|url=https://www.timeswv.com/sports/east-west-game-holds-plenty-of-history/article_bee9b82a-6317-11e4-b7b3-e307d4388e9e.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> making the series one of the oldest in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Bradley Heltzel {{!}} Times West|title=Fairmont Senior rolls past East Fairmont 41-14 to win 100th East-West game|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/saturday_news/fairmont-senior-rolls-past-east-fairmont-41-14-to-win-100th-east-west-game/article_9898cd7a-20a6-11eb-b5f3-8722820317f3.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref>

As of November 2009, Fairmont Senior leads the series 59-28-7; three scoreless ties and 27 shutouts have been recorded throughout the rivalry's history.<ref>{{
cite news
|title= East-West History
|newspaper= [[Times West Virginian]]
|location= [[Fairmont, WV]]
|date= 6 November 2009
|page=4B
}}</ref>

===East-West Stadium===
The East-West Stadium is a central location for Fairmont Senior sports, such as football. The stadium was built in the 1930s with [[Works Progress Administration]] (a [[New Deal]] program) funding.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Sean McNamara {{!}} Times West|title=EFHS stadium, track being explored|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/efhs-stadium-track-being-explored/article_12fe2b88-937e-11e6-bb83-df39e8f8c094.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref> The facility includes a football/soccer/lacrosse field, track, and a swimming pool. The stadium, which covers one full city block, has an approximate capacity of six-thousand spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastweststadium.com/about.asp|title=East-West Stadium|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818035129/http://www.eastweststadium.com/about.asp|archive-date=18 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Athletic facility ===
Fairmont Senior has an athletic facility, the 201st Fairmont Senior High School Field House.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top-ranked FSHS does in Riders|url=https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/sports/local-sports/2017/03/top-ranked-fshs-does-in-riders/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=weirtondailytimes.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=Matt Welch Times West|title=Upgrades to new FSHS athletic facility planned|url=https://www.timeswv.com/sports/upgrades-to-new-fshs-athletic-facility-planned/article_6c1699b6-8413-11e4-8c8c-f77c30a7ad2c.html|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref>

=== Awards and recognition ===
Fairmont Senior is considered an "above average" school by [[Niche (company)|Niche]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Fairmont Senior High School|url=https://www.niche.com/k12/fairmont-senior-high-school-fairmont-wv/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Niche|language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Fairmont Senior as 3380th in its national ranking, 10th in West Virginia, and 1st in Marion County.<ref>https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/west-virginia/districts/marion-county-schools/fairmont-senior-high-school-21382#:~:text=Fairmont%20Senior%20High%20School%202020,they%20prepare%20students%20for%20college. {{Bare URL inline|date=January 2022}}</ref>

Fairmont Senior received the 2010 Blue Ribbon honor,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sep/10: Three W.Va. Schools Receive 2010 Blue Ribbon Honor|url=https://wvde.state.wv.us/news/2155/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=wvde.state.wv.us}}</ref> and in 2019, the school was recognized with the Champion of College Access and Success award for "efforts to make students aware of higher education opportunities after they graduate".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brandon Hughes|date=2019-09-27|title=24 high schools recognized for performance guiding students to college|url=http://www.wvhepc.edu/24-high-schools-recognized-for-performance-guiding-students-to-college/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission|language=en-US}}</ref>

Math teacher Sarah Snyder was honored by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] with the [[Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-22|title=President Obama Honors Outstanding Mathematics and Science Teachers|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/22/president-obama-honors-outstanding-mathematics-and-science-teachers|access-date=2020-12-04|website=whitehouse.gov|language=en}}</ref> The following year, Fairmont Senior English teacher Toni Poling was recognized as the 2017 West Virginia Teacher of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sep/16: 2017 West Virginia Teacher of the Year Named|url=https://wvde.state.wv.us/news/3319/#:~:text=CHARLESTON,%20W.Va.,Virginia%20Superintendent%20of%20Schools,%20Dr.|access-date=2020-12-04|website=wvde.state.wv.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Raghun|first1=Spoorthi|last2=an|title=Past West Virginia Teachers of the Year|url=https://wvde.us/wv-teacher-of-the-year-application/past-west-virginia-teachers-of-the-year/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=West Virginia Department of Education|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
[[File:President Ronald Reagan with Mary Lou Retton and the 1984 United States Olympic team.jpg|thumb|President [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Mary Lou Retton]] with the [[U.S. Olympic team|U.S. Olympic Team]] in [[Los Angeles]], 1984. Retton attended Fairmont Senior High School.]]
*[[Heather Bresch]], CEO of [[Mylan Pharmaceuticals|Mylan]]<ref>{{cite news|last=King|first=Joselyn|date=May 17, 2008|title=Garrison: I Need To Stay at WVU|newspaper=[[The Intelligencer & Wheeling News Register]]|url=http://www.theintelligencer.net/page/content.detail/id/509599.html?nav=515|access-date=February 6, 2015|quote=[[Michael Garrison (politician)|Garrison]], a Marion County native, also is a long-time friend of the Manchin family who attended Fairmont Senior High School in Fairmont, W.Va., with Bresch}} {{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Marks|first=Rusty|title=Mylan CEO stresses company's contributions to West Virginia, Bresch: 'We really considered this location central when we went global'|url=https://www.wvnews.com/theet/news/mylan-ceo-stresses-companys-contributions-to-west-virginia-bresch-we-really-considered-this-location-central/article_0245cdc0-6d9e-5fc9-9635-6ed69eec6936.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jim Delligatti]], entrepreneur who created the [[McDonald's]] [[Big Mac]] [[hamburger]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mcdepk.com/bigmac/mediadocs/Delligatti_FactSheet.pdf |title=McDonald's Media Documents |access-date=2010-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060108/http://mcdepk.com/bigmac/mediadocs/Delligatti_FactSheet.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/30/business/michael-james-delligatti-creator-of-the-big-mac-dies-at-98.html|title=Michael James Delligatti, Creator of the Big Mac, Dies at 98|date=1 December 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Virginian|first=PHOTO BY DANNY SNYDERThe Times West|title=Jim Delligatti|url=https://www.timeswv.com/jim-delligatti/image_b6d8ecb2-9c4c-5c34-af35-e9062944f7b6.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Frank Kendall Everest Jr.]], fighter and test pilot who was once known as "the fastest man alive"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-15|title=Marion County's Famous Government and Military Leaders|url=https://marioncvb.com/marion-countys-famous-governament-military-leaders/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Marion County CVB|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-10-29|title=Frank K. Everest Jr., 84; Fighter and Test Pilot Was 'Fastest Man Alive' in '50s|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-29-me-everest29-story.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Michael Garrison (politician)|Michael Garrison]], former president of [[West Virginia University]]<ref name="WVUToday Archive">{{Cite web|title=WVUToday Archive|url=http://wvutoday-archive.wvu.edu/n/2008/01/14/6437.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=wvutoday-archive.wvu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pace|first=Fred|title=Garrison to step down as WVU president|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/garrison-to-step-down-as-wvu-president/article_e189fa35-93eb-5948-a0f5-d4c7277d4edd.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rashod Kent]], NFL player<ref name="WVUToday Archive" />
*[[Russ Meredith]], NFL player and member of the West Virginia House of Delegates<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russ Meredith (2001) - WVU Sports Hall of Fame|url=https://wvusports.com/honors/wvu-sports-hall-of-fame/russ-meredith/75|access-date=2020-12-01|website=West Virginia University Athletics|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=wvswa.org|url=https://wvswa.org/index275.htm|access-date=2020-12-01|website=wvswa.org}}</ref>
*[[Mary Lou Retton]], gymnast, [[1984 Summer Olympics]] gold medalist in all-around competition<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Week in West Virginia History|url=https://www.wvnews.com/this-week-in-west-virginia-history/article_e0a863f8-e04a-5107-bd21-3c90f79fc08f.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=WV News|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jazz Securo]], international ring announcer{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
*[[Darius Stills]], [[American football]] [[defensive tackle]] for the [[West Virginia Mountaineers football|West Virginia Mountaineers]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=West Virginian|first=Matt Welch Times|title=Darius Stills garners national recognition|url=https://www.timeswv.com/sports/darius-stills-garners-national-recognition/article_81dbf3e4-b136-11e5-a513-afd4bb4f91d5.html|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Times West Virginian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=Darius Stills declares for 2021 NFL Draft|url=https://www.wboy.com/goldandbluenation/wvu-football/darius-stills-declares-for-2021-nfl-draft/|access-date=2020-12-13|website=WBOY.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Dante Stills]], [[American football]] [[defensive lineman]] for the [[West Virginia Mountaineers football|West Virginia Mountaineers]]

==See also==
*[[List of National Register of Historic Places entries]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fairmont Senior High School}}

* [https://www.marionboe.com/fairmontsenior.html School's website]
{{National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia]]
[[Category:Fairmont, West Virginia]]
[[Category:Public high schools in West Virginia]]
[[Category:School buildings completed in 1929]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1876]]
[[Category:Colonial Revival architecture in West Virginia]]
[[Category:William B. Ittner buildings]]
[[Category:Schools in Marion County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Marion County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in West Virginia]]

User talk:2405:201:6819:90CB:69B9:2E9:B4FF:DED8

2022-02-04T08:06:07Z

Quickfingers: General note: Removal of content, blanking on :Vishwa Guru.

== February 2022 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]]. I noticed that you recently removed content from [[:Vishwa Guru]] without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Quickfingers|my talk page]]. Thanks. [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 08:06, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
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Vishvaguru

2022-02-04T08:05:56Z

Quickfingers: Reverted 1 edit by 2405:201:6819:90CB:69B9:2E9:B4FF:DED8 (talk) to last revision by Citation bot

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Short description|Sanskrit phrase}}
{{Distinguish||text=[[Jagadguru]] or the fastest film produced [[Vishwaguru]]}}

'''Vishwa Guru''' or '''vishwaguru''' is a [[Sanskrit]] phrase and idea which translates to world or global teacher,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|authors=PTI|date=2021-03-09|title=NEP will once again make India 'Vishwa Guru': Pokhriyal|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/nep-will-once-again-make-india-vishwa-guru-pokhriyal-11615311036086.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lahiri|first=Swaroopa|date=2017-05-14|title=Soft Power - A Major Tool in Modi's Foreign Policy Kit|url=https://journals.esciencepress.net/index.php/JSAS/article/view/1952|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=39–47|issn=2307-4000}}</ref> world [[guru]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Ian|date=2017-01-01|title=Narendra Modi and India's normative power|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiw004|journal=International Affairs|volume=93|issue=1|pages=113–131|doi=10.1093/ia/iiw004|issn=0020-5850}}</ref> tutors of the world,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|author-link=A. G. Noorani|date=15 February 2021|title=What the RSS as 'Vishwaguru' Means for India and the World|url=https://thewire.in/politics/rss-vishwaguru-india-world-hindutva|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Wire}}</ref> world leader,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|authors=[[IANS]]|date=2021-11-22|title=India is rising to become 'Vishwa Guru': RSS chief|url=https://english.lokmat.com/politics/india-is-rising-to-become-vishwa-guru-rss-chief/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=[[Lokmat]] English}}</ref> or teacher to the world or universe.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2021-09-05|title=Time has come for India to emerge as knowledge hub, become 'vishwa guru' again: Vice President|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/time-has-come-for-india-to-emerge-as-knowledge-hub-become-vishwa-guru-again-vice-prez/article36303157.ece|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] is translated as ''Universal Hindu Council''}}

== Translation ==
{{Further|Vishwa|Guru}}
{{transl|sa|ISO|Vishwa Guru}} ({{lang-sa|विश्व गुरु}}) consists of two words: {{transl|sa|ISO|[[Vishva|vishwa]] or vishva}} ({{trans|'to pervade'|'universe'}}) and {{transl|sa|ISO|[[guru]]}} ({{trans|'teacher'|literal=yes}}).

== References in the modern world ==
In 1999, [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]], the fourth [[List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), wrote "people have to forego and limit their personal pleasure and work for the realisation of the dream of making Bharat the ''Vishwaguru'' ''again''. Great men such as [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]], Dr [[K. B. Hedgewar|Hedgewar]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Aurobindo Ghose]], saw this dream and did wonderful work towards its realisation."<ref name=":1" /> The phrase has also been used by the sixth RSS head [[Mohan Bhagwat]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Meenakshi|date=22 November 2021|title=India doesn't need to be a superpower, should aspire to be 'Vishwa Guru': Mohan Bhagwat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mohan-bhagwat-says-india-doesn-t-need-to-be-a-superpower-has-this-suggestion-101637597998731.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The word has been used during the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]] as a political catchphrase, as a long-term strategy, and to remind Indians of past glory.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|authors=PTI|date=19 August 2017|title=India on way to become Vishwa Guru under Modi: Shah|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/india-on-way-to-become-vishwa-guru-under-modi-shah/1127486|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Outlook India}}</ref> The Vice President of India, [[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]], used the phrase with reference the India's [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy of 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> [[M. S. Swaminathan|M.S. Swaminathan]], widely known as the Father of the [[Green Revolution in India]], has been called a "Vishwa Guru in Agriculture, a teacher and a scholar who continues to leave his inspirational, ideational thought prints on the world" by Naidu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2018|others=Vice President's Secretariat|title=Prof. M.S. Swaminathan is a Vishwaguru in Agriculture: Vice President|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184393|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

[[Shivshankar Menon]], India's fourth [[National Security Advisor]], has commented on the usage of the phrase under Modi, saying that India is not now, or anywhere near, being a net exporter of knowledge and ideas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Shivshankar|author-link=Shivshankar Menon|date=20 April 2021|title=Modi's India plans to be 'vishwaguru' but forgets soft power is useless without hard muscle|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/modis-india-plans-to-be-vishwaguru-but-forgets-soft-power-is-useless-without-hard-muscle/642359/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=ThePrint}}</ref> On a more practical level, Menon says that it is not clear "how ''vishwaguru'' status would address the immediate problems of livelihood and security that the Indian people and nation face".<ref name=":2" /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|covid-19 pandemic in India]] crisis, the phrase was changed to {{transl|sa|ISO|Vishwa [[Bihari|Bikhari]]{{dn|date=December 2021}}}} ({{trans|global beggar|all pervading beggar}}) with respect to India asking for medical oxygen from the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2021|title=Forget Vishwa Guru, India has become 'Vishwa Bikhari': Congress slams Modi govt over oxygen crisis|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/forget-vishwa-guru-india-has-become-vishwa-bikhari-congress-slams-modi-govt-over-oxygen-crisis/775894|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Times Now News}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web|last=Naidu|first=M Venkaiah|author-link=Venkaiah Naidu|date=5 September 2018|title=Make India Vishwaguru again|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/make-india-vishwaguru-again-indian-education-system-5340058/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite web|last=Murugkar|first=Milind|date=24 February 2021|title=An anxiety-ridden Vishwaguru|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/an-anxiety-ridden-vishwaguru-7203186/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Indian Express}}

== References ==

; Notes
{{Notelist}}

; Citations
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

User talk:Megadog9000

2022-02-04T07:59:54Z

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== February 2022 ==

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University College Roosevelt

2022-02-04T07:59:36Z

Quickfingers: Reverted 1 edit by Megadog9000 (talk) to last revision by Keith D

{{short description|Liberal arts and science college in Middelburg, Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:University College Roosevelt}}
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| founder = [[Hans Adriaansens]]
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'''University College Roosevelt''' ('''UCR'''), formerly known as '''Roosevelt Academy''' ('''RA'''), is a small, honors undergraduate [[liberal arts college|liberal arts and science college]] located in [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]] in the Netherlands and the sole university in [[Zeeland]]. It offers a residential setting, and is an international honors college of [[Utrecht University]]. It is named in honour of the [[Roosevelt family]], which traces its ancestry to the province of [[Zeeland]].

==History==
[[File:Middelburg Stadhuis 01.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Middelburg's former City Hall, now UCR's main academic building]]
The '''Roosevelt Academy''', as it was then called, was established in 2004 thanks to the efforts led by [[Hans Adriaansens]], its Founding Dean. Prof. Adriaansens first experienced the ground principles of the [[liberal arts education]] during his brief time as a visiting professor at [[Smith College]], USA, in the 1980–1981 academic year. He started to develop the idea of a small scale and academically intensive undergraduate college in the Netherlands, which led Adriaansens to the foundation of [[University College Utrecht]] in 1998, the first liberal arts college in the country. After the success of the first University College in [[Utrecht]], Adriaansens started preparations for a sister college in his hometown, [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]].

Middelburg and the whole of [[Zeeland]] did not have a [[List of universities in the Netherlands#Research universities|research university]] yet, although [[William the Silent|William of Orange]] had considered Middelburg as a possible venue when establishing the first university in the [[Netherlands]] in 1575, before ultimately settling for [[University of Leiden|Leiden]]. Based in Middelburg's former Gothic [[Town hall of Middelburg|City Hall]], this first college in Zeeland was to be following the same principles of liberal arts education as the Utrecht counterpart. It was named after the [[Roosevelt family]], particularly [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt|Eleanor]] and [[Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore]], due to their ancestry originating in the Dutch province of Zeeland.

The Roosevelt Academy was officially founded on 23 January 2004 and the first students enrolled in August of that year, after [[Queen Beatrix]] performed the official opening of the university.<ref name="queen">[http://www.vvvzeeland.nl/nl/over-zeeland/erfgoed/middelburg-en-de-oranjes Middelburg en de Oranjes]</ref> It was the third [[University college#Netherlands|University College]] to be established in the Netherlands, after [[University College Utrecht]] and [[University College Maastricht]]. In its first few years, the Roosevelt Academy consistently ranked high among University Colleges: the magazine [[Elsevier (magazine)|''Elsevier'']] ranked RA as the top liberal arts college in the Netherlands for three times in its first four years,<ref>{{cite news | title = Roosevelt Academy voor derde keer beste universitaire studie | language = nl | publisher = Blikopnieuws | date = 2008-10-09 | url = http://www.blikopnieuws.nl/bericht/84564 | access-date = 2009-09-02}}</ref> and in 2011 the Keuzengids Onderwijs also ranked it as the number one University College in the Netherlands. Hans Adriaansens retired as dean in November 2011,<ref>{{cite news | title = Oprichter Roosevelt Academy met pensioen | language = nl | publisher = [[Omroep Zeeland]] | date = 2011-11-09 | url = https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/52520/Oprichter-Roosevelt-Academy-met-pensioen | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref> and was replaced by Prof. Barbara Oomen in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Barbara Oomen wordt nieuwe Dean van de Roosevelt Academy |url=https://www.lnvh.nl/a-744/barbara-oomen-wordt-nieuwe-dean-van-de-roosevelt-academy|access-date=2020-10-21|website=lnvh.nl|language=nl}}</ref>

On 5 February 2013, Roosevelt Academy changed its name to '''University College Roosevelt''', to avoid ambiguity on the nature of the institution and to present itself explicitly as a university college.<ref name="name">[http://www.ucr.nl/news/Pages/RA-becomes-UCR!.aspx RA becomes UCR!]</ref> UCR kept developing as it entered its second decade. An important milestone was the opening of the Common House Elliott, a building housing classrooms, a student restaurant and a basement bar. After many ostacles, including resistance from the local residents, Elliott opened its doors to the first party on 28 November 2013<ref>{{cite news | title = Roosevelt- studenten feesten in oude postkantoor | language = nl | publisher = Omroep Zeeland | date = 2013-11-28 | url = https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/69989/Roosevelt-studenten-feesten-in-oude-postkantoor | access-date = 2009-09-02}}</ref> and was formally inaugurated in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news | title = Eindelijk een joyful day na many obstacles | language = nl | publisher = Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant | date = 2014-04-29 | url = https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/2014-04-29/edition/null/page/29?query=Bel%200906-10.10.162%20Box&sort=relevance | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref> In the same year, a Teaching and Learning Centre for excellence in education was established and officially opened by [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Queen Máxima]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Máxima opent nieuw centrum voor excellent onderwijs |url=https://www.dub.uu.nl/nl/nieuws/m%C3%A1xima-opent-nieuw-centrum-voor-excellent-onderwijs |access-date=2020-10-21|website=dub.nl|language=nl}}</ref>

In August 2016, Prof. Bert van den Brink became the new dean of UCR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bert van den Brink to become new Dean of University College Roosevelt|url=https://www.uu.nl/en/news/bert-van-den-brink-to-become-new-dean-of-university-college-roosevelt |access-date=2020-10-21|website=uu.nl|language=en}}</ref> Under Prof. van der Brink, UCR expanded its curriculum by establishing a new Engineering Department, piloted from 2019 and officially started in fall 2020.<ref>{{cite news | title = UCR in Middelburg start met vakken ‘engineering’ | language = nl | publisher = Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant | date = 2019-01-25 | url = https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/ucr-in-middelburg-start-met-vakken-engineering~a0e5476d/ | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref> This led to new campus expansions: a new building was acquired to house the new department, and a Joint Research Center (JRI) was developed in cooperation with the [[HZ University of Applied Sciences]] and Scalda. Planned to open in 2021, the JRI will house labs to be used in the fields of engineering, data sciences, chemistry and ecology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Research Center to Open in 2021 |url=https://www.ucr.nl/nieuws/joint-research-center/ |access-date=2020-10-21| website=ucr.nl|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:170830 Koenders opent Academisch Jaar University College Roosevelt (36765104352).jpg|right|thumb|Opening of Academic Year at University College Roosevelt.]]

===Deans===
* [[Hans Adriaansens]] (2004–2011)
* Willem Hendrik Gispen (Interim Dean, 2011–2012)
* Barbara Oomen (2012-2016)
* Bert van den Brink (2016–present)

==Academics==
UCR offers a broad [[Liberal Arts|Liberal Arts & Sciences]] programme with a foundation in academic skills. The students have the freedom to design their own curriculum within certain requirements; they are encouraged and to an extent required to follow classes in different disciplines. Courses have a maximum of 25 students, so classes are small and interaction is encouraged.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Academic Program |url=https://www.ucr.nl/academics/academic-program/academic-program/ |access-date=2020-10-21|website=ucr.nl|language=en}}</ref>

After the first year, students are required to declare a [[Academic major|major]] in one of the four departments: [[Humanities|Arts & Humanities]], [[Social Sciences]], [[Science]] or (since 2019) [[Engineering]]. An interdepartmental major, combining two ore more departments is also possible. Within this curriculum, UCR also offers two special programs: Music Performance, in which students can combine academic studies with performance courses in [[music]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Performance - Music |url=https://www.ucr.nl/academics/academic-program/special-programs/performance-music/ |access-date=2020-10-21|website=ucr.nl|language=en}}</ref> and the Pre-Medical programme, in which students can combine biomedical and life science courses, allowing them to continue their studies in a [[Medical degree|medical Master]] course in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pre-Medical Program |url=https://www.ucr.nl/academics/academic-program/special-programs/pre-medical-program/ |access-date=2020-10-21|website=ucr.nl|language=en}}</ref>

After three years of successful study at UCR, students are awarded an [[Utrecht University]] [[Honours degree|Honors]] [[Bachelor of Arts]] or [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, depending on their chosen major.

===Admissions===
The university admits 170 students each academic year from about 350 applications received. Approximately half of the students come from the Netherlands while the others hail from all over the world. The tuition fee for European students is set at € 3,750 for the 2022-2023 academic year, while that of International students is set at € 9,450. <ref>https://www.ucr.nl/admissions/finance/tuition-fees/</ref>

===Accreditation and rankings===
The [[NVAO]] (Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organization) has been accrediting UCR since its foundation. In 2004, it was awarded an "excellent" status, confirmed with the reaccreditations in 2008 and 2013. In 2019, instead, it was given the overall predicate "good". In addition to its normal accreditation, the NVAO awarded UCR with its "small and intensive" label

In 2011, the Keuzegids Onderwijs ranked UCR as the number one University College in The Netherlands with an 84.<ref>{{cite news | title = Roosevelt Academy is beste universitaire opleiding | language = nl | publisher = Omroep Zeeland | date = 2011-01-12 | url = https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/2493/Roosevelt-Academy-is-beste-universitaire-opleiding | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref> In 2012 however, it fell to second place, with a 78, with University College Maastricht in first place with an 86. As more University Colleges were established in the country, UCR sank in the rankings, reaching the last place among the 10 University Colleges in 2017.<ref>{{cite news | title = Laatste plaats voor University College Roosevelt in keuzegids | language = nl | publisher = [[Omroep Zeeland]] | date = 2017-11-15 | url = https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/2493/Roosevelt-Academy-is-beste-universitaire-opleiding | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref> Nevertheless, the following year it rose again, ranking 7th out of 10 in 2018 with a 74.<ref>{{cite news | title =Middelburgse universiteit UCR stijgt in keuzegids | language = nl | publisher = [[Omroep Zeeland]] | date = 2018-11-15 | url = https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/2493/Roosevelt-Academy-is-beste-universitaire-opleiding | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref>

===Exchange programs===
Students may study abroad during their fourth or fifth semester. Students can earn credits towards their UCR degree while at a wide variety of universities around the world. Options include locations through the [[Utrecht University]] exchange network, but UCR also has direct exchange agreements with the Honors Program at the [[University of Nebraska at Kearney]], USA, [[Bard College]] in New York, USA, and with [[Glendon College]] in Toronto, Canada.<ref name="exchange">[http://www.ucr.nl/academic-program/Exchange/Pages/default.aspx UCR Exchange Opportunities]</ref>

===Academic journal===
University College Roosevelt publishes an annual academic journal, ''Ad Astra'', that publishes noteworthy student essays and papers.

==Organization==
University College Roosevelt is an international [[honors college]] of [[Utrecht University]]. UCR is a financially independent institution of higher education with its own management and board of trustees, while Utrecht University ensures quality control, contributes to the development of the curriculum, and awards the degrees.<ref>{{cite news | title = Waarom de UU in Middelburg een tweede College heeft | language = nl | publisher = dub.uu.nl | date = 2014-01-23 | url = https://www.dub.uu.nl/nl/achtergrond/waarom-de-uu-middelburg-een-tweede-college-heeft | access-date = 2020-10-26}}</ref> UCR students are considered to be Utrecht University students and receive a UU degree at the end of their studies. UCR's dean and [[professor|full professors]] are all professors at Utrecht University as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Relation with Utrecht University |url=https://www.ucr.nl/about-ucr/discover/utrecht-university-connection/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=ucr.nl}}</ref>

==Campus==

===Academic buildings===
[[File:20040103 Middelburg Stadhuis.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Middelburg City Hall]]

The University College Roosevelt campus is located near the market square in Middelburg behind the [[Town hall of Middelburg|medieval city hall]], which was built in 1452 and is often used by the college for ceremonial purposes. The city, which owns the building, began renting the annexed offices to the university college in 2004 after all municipal offices were moved to a new city hall on the Kanaalweg.

The academic buildings are named after prominent members of the [[Roosevelt Family]]. The newer, non-gothic section of the city hall is known as '''Franklin''', while the other buildings are called '''Theodore''' and '''Eleanor'''. These three buildings all face a square called the Helm and house classrooms and computer labs, as well as faculty and administrative offices.

A new building named '''Anne''' has been recently acquired by UCR and will house its engineering department. This building is named after [[James Roosevelt#Family and marriages|Anna Eleanor Roosevelt]], chair of the [[Roosevelt Institute]] and granddaughter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Engineering building named after Anne Roosevelt. |url=https://www.ucr.nl/nieuws/building-named-after-anne-roosevelt/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=ucr.nl|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Helm Square Middelburg.jpg|thumb|left| 200px|The Helm Square]]

Next to these, '''Elliott''', located in the former post office of Middelburg, is a building that contains classrooms, a study area, a bar with a lounge area and a basement bar for parties. Elliott is completely managed by students, organized in the Common House Elliott Foundation.

An outdoor classroom, known as Metamorfose Lokaal, is located on the Helm. A joint initiative of UCR and the municipality of Middelburg, it opened in 2017 in occasion of the 400th anniversary of the birth in Middelburg of [[Jan Goedart]], a prominent Dutch entomologist and painter. UCR classes regularly take place outdoor in this classroom, as well as other lectures open to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Metamorfose Lokaal |url=https://metamorfoselokaal.nl/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=metamorfoselokaal.nl|language=en}}</ref>

===Housing Locations===
UCR is a residential college, meaning that all admitted students are guaranteed affordable housing for the duration of their studies. Students live in one of the residential halls, '''Bagijnhof''', '''Roggeveenhof''', '''Koestraat''' or '''Bachtensteene''', all within [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]]. These halls house between 100 and 200 students each and are spread throughout the city.<ref>https://www.ucr.nl/life-ucr/living-at-ucr/housing/</ref>

===Library===
Students have full access to the [[Zeeland Library]], the largest library in the province, and can use the digital library of [[Utrecht University]].

==Student life==

===Student organisations===
[[File:University College Roosevelt mascotte Teddy.jpg|thumb|right|UCR's mascotte Teddy]]

The Roosevelt's All Students Association (RASA) is a student association open to all students at UCR. The role of RASA is to make "UCR a stimulating and outreaching community, through promoting contact between members, representing their interests, maintaining key traditions and providing a framework in which its members' initiatives and diversity can flourish". RASA is the umbrella organization of many different societies and teams, all fully organised by students, allowing them to pursue a wide variety of interests and organise different activities. The RASA board consists of six members that are elected yearly by the student body.

The Academic Affairs Council (AAC) is mainly responsible for handling academic complaints, monitoring academic standards, representing students as an intricate part of UCR, and helping students in reaching their full academic potential. It is active in some of the university's major decision making bodies, to ensure student input on different levels. The AAC is also responsible for representing UCR on a national level, at the UCSRN (University College Student Representatives the Netherlands) and ISO (Interstedelijk Studenten Overleg). This board consists of a chair, vice-chair, student advisor, internal officer and external officer.

The Housing Affairs Council (HAC) has multiple functions: HAC represents students’ housing interests and works to ensure the best living conditions on campus for a reasonable price. The board consist of a chair, a secretary, a treasurer and four campus elders.

=== Social ===
Students at UCR benefit from a very vibrant social life. They befriend people from around the world in an international and close-knit community. Middelburg is also home to a variety of unique clothing shops, exquisite restaurants, fun cafes and bars, as well as bookstores, pizzerias, plant shops and a cinema.<ref>https://www.ucr.nl/life-ucr/student-life/recreation/</ref> Several sororities and fraternities are present at UCR, providing members with weekly activities and organizing larger events for the wider UCR population. V.S.V Illicio and A.L. Fides are two sororities for women, while O.M.D. Erodios is the college's single fraternity.

===Athletics===
The RASA Sports Committee, called SportsCo, organizes a variety of sports for students. Regular trainings and events are hosted in various sportscentres in Middelburg. Inter-collegiate tournaments with other University Colleges in the Netherlands are regularly held.

MSRA Odin, the Middelburg Student Rowing Association, is an independent rowing association associated with UCR and open to [[HZ University of Applied Sciences|Hogeschool Zeeland]] students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middelburg Student Rowing Association {{!}} Odin Rowing {{!}} Middelburg - Zeeland|url=https://www.odinrowing.nl/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=ODIN Rowing|language=en}}</ref>

Roosevelt runners (RR) is UCR's student running club. During the year, the Roosevelt Runners participate in international competitions such as the Batavierenrace, national races like CPC Loop Den Haag and provincial races all around Zeeland. They also take part in local charity fun runs.

===Choir===
The Roosevelt College Choir is UCR's official choir, consisting of about 20 students. All members are in the choir at least one academic year, during which they follow the Choir Course. The Choir Course is required for those students following the music performing programme. The ensemble enhances academic events and performs during church services and independent concerts throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Roosevelt College Choir|url=http://rcchoir.nl/about/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=rcchoir.nl}}</ref>

===Traditions===
During official academic ceremonies, a procession of notables and professors in [[academic dress]] walks from the City Hall to Middelburg's New Church (Dutch: ''Nieuwe Kerk''), part of the [[Middelburg Abbey]] complex, where the ceremonies are held. The [[Convocation]] takes place in the New Church at the start of every academic year, while the [[Graduation ceremony]], when the weather permits, is held in the adjacent Abbey Square. The celebration of the founding of the college, known as ''Dies Natalis'', takes place every five years.

At the beginning of every semester, an ''IntRoweek'' is organised to welcome new students.

A yearly [[dragon boat]] race known as ''King of the Channel'' sees UCR students in competition with students from [[HZ University of Applied Sciences]] and other higher education institutions in the region. The race takes place on the [[Canal through Walcheren]], the stretch of water between Middelburg and [[Vlissingen]], where the HZ is located.<ref>{{cite news | title =Felle strijd om titel King of the Channel | language = nl | publisher = Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant | date = 2017-09-29 | url = https://www.pzc.nl/walcheren/felle-strijd-om-titel-king-of-the-channel~a6181fc6/ | access-date = 2020-10-21}}</ref>

A lesser know tradition at UCR is that of '''The Flying Teddy'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Urus |first1=Theodore |title=The Flying Teddy |url=https://hypeddit.com |website=The History of the fying teddy |publisher=Teddy Publications |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>. Teddy is UCR's beloved mascot, and this tradition involves moving the mascot (while being carried by UCR students) from the Roggeveenhof campus location to the Koestraat campus location. This occurs on the last day of the semester to thank Teddy for all their hard work keeping spirits high. The name '''The Flying Teddy'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Urus |first1=Theodore |title=The Flying Teddy |url=https://hypeddit.com |website=The History of the fying teddy |publisher=Teddy Publications |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> was inspired from the Flying Dutchman. This tradition has been something that students always look forward to at the end of the semester before the summer break.

==Alumni organisation and Friends of UCR==
Aurora Alumni Foundation is UCR's alumni association. Together with UCR and the 'Friends of UCR', they form the Roosevelt Alumni Board, which ensures that alumni relations are maintained by providing opportunities for social interaction, networking and various services. {{asof|2019}} There were 1900 alumni<ref>{{Cite web|title=UCR - Facts and Figures|url=https://www.ucr.nl/about-ucr/discover/facts-and-figures/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=ucr.nl}}</ref>

Friends of UCR is an independent foundation associated with University College Roosevelt. It is governed by a board consisting of UCR representatives, major sponsors from the foundation, and UCR alumni and provides interest-free loans to international students to study at the college, with extended grace periods. This gives students sufficient time to pursue further education and establish themselves professionally after graduating.<ref>https://www.ucr.nl/about-ucr/friends-of-ucr/about-the-friends/</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Utrecht University]]
* [[University College Utrecht]]
* [[University college#Netherlands|University Colleges in the Netherlands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ucr.nl Official Website of University College Roosevelt]
*[http://www.ucr.nl/finance/Pages/default.aspx Information on Costs and Tuition]
*[http://www.ucr.nl/academic-program/Pages/default.aspx Information on the Academic Program]
*[http://www.ucr.nl/campus-life/Student%20Organizations/Pages/default.aspx Roosevelt's student organizations]
*[https://www.rasa.nu/ Official Website of the Roosevelt's All Student Association]

{{Liberal arts colleges in the Netherlands}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Utrecht University]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges at universities in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Education in Zeeland]]
[[Category:Middelburg, Zeeland]]

.me

2022-02-04T07:27:00Z

Quickfingers: Reverted good faith edits by 2402:9D80:388:2DB3:0:0:4420:8E7B (talk)

{{short description|Internet country-code top level domain for Montenegro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox top level domain
| name = .me
| image = Domainme.png
| introduced = 24 September 2007
| type = [[Country code top-level domain]]
| status = Active
| registry = domain.me (DoMEn d.o.o)
| sponsor = [[Government of Montenegro]]
| intendeduse = Entities connected with {{MNE}}
| actualuse = Positions itself for global use like a personal namespace; can be registered and used for any purpose. Used by businesses in [[Maine]], the [[Middle East]], and Montenegro and is popular for [[domain hack]]s.
| restrictions = None
| structure = Second-level registrations available worldwide; third-level registrations under certain second-level names available within Montenegro
| document = [http://www.domain.me/policies Policies]
| disputepolicy = Sunrise Policy, and UDRP
| website = [http://www.domain.me/ Domain.me]
| dnssec = Yes
}}

'''.me''' is the [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]] (ccTLD) for [[Montenegro]].

The '''.me''' registry is operated by doMEn,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://domain.me/policies/#terms-and-conditions|title=domain.me Terms and Conditions|website=domain.me|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> which won a contract to do so after a bid process conducted by the government of Montenegro and was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.

== Introduction ==
Montenegro declared its independence from [[Serbia and Montenegro]] on 3 June 2006, after a majority of Montenegrins supported independence in a [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006|national referendum]]. As a part of that country, constituently, Montenegro had unofficially been using the [[#.cg.yu|.cg.yu]] [[second-level domain]]; [[Republic of Montenegro|Montenegrin Authorities]] used .mn.yu subdomain, while the [[.cs]] [[top-level domain]] (TLD) had been assigned to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 following the breakup of [[Yugoslavia]], but remained unused. Montenegro was assigned the [[ISO 3166-1]] two-letter code "ME", which was allocated by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) in September 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/newsletter_v-12_serbia_montenegro.pdf |title=ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency – Newsletter V-12 |date=26 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119120338/http://www.iso.org/iso/newsletter_v-12_serbia_montenegro.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> (most other possible abbreviations of Montenegro ([[.mo|MO]], [[.mn|MN]], [[.mt|MT]], [[.mg|MG]] and [[.mr|MR]]) and its Montenegrin name Crna Gora ([[.cg|CG]]) having already been taken).

In September 2007, ICANN delegated the .me domain to the [[Government of Montenegro]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.icann.org/minutes/prelim-report-11sep07.htm |title=Preliminary Report for Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors – 11 September 2007 |publisher=ICANN |date=11 September 2007 |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> with the former [[.yu]] domain to be operated temporarily by the [[.rs]] domain registry ([[.rs|Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names]]) until its eventual abolition on or before 30 September 2009. Delegation of root [[name server]]s was approved by [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.iana.org/root-whois/me.htm |title= IANA .me whois information |publisher=Iana.org |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> establishing .me. The ".me" domain became active on 24 September 2007, and a "Public Invitation for selection of the Agent for domain registration under the national Internet domain of Montenegro" was posted on 14 November. doMEn d.o.o., as a Montenegro-based joint venture whose partners are [[Afilias]], [[GoDaddy]].com, and ME-net d.o.o., was selected as the new registry operator.

On 6 May 2008, the [[Telecommunications in Montenegro#Internet|General Sunrise]] period for the .me registry began for all eligible trademark holders worldwide, and on 16 July 2008, registration was made available to everyone for all .me domains at various registrars.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="3"|'''.ME registry'''
|-
||www.domen.me
||.ME registry in [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]
|-
||www.domain.me
||.ME registry in English
|-
||www.nic.me
||Former .ME registry
|-
|colspan="2"|'''Government of Montenegro'''
|-
||www.me
||Montenegro general information
|-
||www.gov.me
||Government of Montenegro
|-
||www.szr.gov.me
||Secretariat for Economic Development
|-
|colspan="2"|'''University of Montenegro'''
|-
||www.ucg.ac.me
||University of Montenegro main site
|-
||www.cis.ac.me
||Centre for Information Systems
|-
||www.etf.ac.me
||Faculty of Electrical Engineering
|-
||www.ef.ac.me www.ekonomija.ac.me
|valign="top"|Faculty of Economics
|-
||www.pmf.ac.me
||Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
|}

== Domain structure for .me ==
The domain .me was assigned to Montenegro as a country code after it became an independent nation in June 2006. However, the Montenegro government decided .me would be operated as a generic name after considering the potential worldwide appeal for the domain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/me-opens-registration-on-july-17 |title=.ME Opens Registration on July 17 |date=14 July 2008 |work=Web Host Industry Review |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223015026/http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/me-opens-registration-on-july-17 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Third-level registrations are available to Montenegrin citizens and companies in the following zones:

* '''.co.me''' – unlimited registration, but appropriate for corporations
* '''.net.me''' – unlimited registration, but appropriate for providers of Internet services
* '''.org.me''' – unlimited registration, but appropriate for civil organizations and associations
* '''.edu.me''' – Educational institutions, such as primary and high schools
* '''.ac.me''' – Academic and post-secondary organizations such as universities; University of Montenegro has ucg.ac.me as its primary domain
* '''.gov.me''' – State and Government authorities
* '''.its.me''' or '''.priv.me''' – unlimited registration, but appropriate for personal use

== Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods ==
On 6 May 2008, the .me registry opened the [[sunrise period]] for all eligible trademark holders anywhere in the world.

Throughout June and July 2008, multiple land rush applications were received, which resulted in more than 2,500 land rush auctions that were held during July and August 2008. Go Live was opened on 17 July 2008 when registrations were made available for all unreserved .me [[domain name|domains]] via various registrars.

During the .me land rush auction period, more than [[United States dollar|US$]]2,000,000 was generated with names like insure.me and sync.me going to the highest bidder.

At the beginning of August 2008, 100,000 .me [[domain name]]s were registered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domain.me/index.php?page=12&news=100 |title=ME Domain Crosses 100,000 Milestone | 5 August 2008 |publisher=Domain.me |date=21 December 1983 |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> Sources say part of the worldwide appeal for the .me domain is the marketing aspect.

In 2008 in terms of the number of Web pages indexed by [[Google]] among all TLDs, .me sites have enjoyed the fastest growth with more than 50% a month. In the same year, .me topped its potential rivals [[.mobi]] and [[.asia]] in [[Alexa Internet]] top one million websites with 341 .me sites versus 233 [[.mobi]] sites and 86 [[.asia]] sites. Extra potential of .me is revealed considering the fact that [[.mobi]] was launched two years before .me and [[.asia]] four months before .me.

By the middle of February 2009, 200,000 .me [[domain name]]s were registered.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.domain.me/news.php?&news=154 |title=Global Sensation – .ME Hits 200,000 Registered Domains {{!}} 10 February 2009 |access-date=11 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211183131/http://www.domain.me/news.php?&news=154 |archive-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |year=2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.rewarding.me/dot-me-directory Dot Me Directory of 100,000+ domains | 13 February 2009]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 15 May 2009, the number of registered .me [[domain name]]s rose to 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=| .ME Domains Hit Quarter-Million Milestone | 20 May 2009|url=http://domain.me/news.php?&news=170|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523000653/http://www.domain.me/news.php?&news=170|archive-date=23 May 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=20 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In less than a year .me became more popular than [[.asia]], [[.jobs]], [[.coop]], [[.aero]], [[.int]], [[.mil]], [[.museum]], [[.name]], [[.pro]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]], and 200 other [[country code top-level domain]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://brands-and-jingles.com/white-papers/2009%20-%20Brands-and-Jingles%20-%20one%20year%20of%20dot%20me%20-%20for%20marketeers.pdf |title=White paper by Brands-and-Jingles – One Year of .ME: 2009 – "ME" branded names for marketeers {{!}} 17 July 2009 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014600/http://brands-and-jingles.com/white-papers/2009%20-%20Brands-and-Jingles%20-%20one%20year%20of%20dot%20me%20-%20for%20marketeers.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |df= dmy-all |year=2009 }}</ref>

== .me domain statistics ==
By 2010, over 320,000 .me domains had been purchased, making it the fastest-selling top-level domain in history.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8448593.stm |title= Montenegro's .me domain name gain |date=9 January 2010 |publisher=BBC |author=Dave Lee |access-date=9 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110052452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8448593.stm|archive-date=10 January 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy}}</ref>

By March 30, 2016 the '''.me''' domain space had reached over one million domain registrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://domain.me/1-million-me-domains-milestone-and-more/|title = 1 Million .ME Domains Milestone and More|date = 30 March 2016}}</ref>

==Known hacks==
Most .me [[domain name]]s were purchased as [[domain hack]]s in English and, to a lesser extent, Dutch; 71% of names were applied for by applicants in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domain.me/news.php?news=100 |title=.ME in the News – .ME Domain Crosses 100,000 Milestone |date=5 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919195041/http://domain.me/news.php?news=100 |archive-date=19 September 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |access-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Because of the possibility of owning pure verb and noun combinations, their prices have stayed high: during the sunrise period, insure.me went for $68,005, and judge.me sold for $8000 in 2011.

.me has been used as an abbreviation for the [[Middle East]], for [[Maine]], and for the [[accusative case]] of ''ja'' (''I'' in [[South Slavic languages]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Other examples of domain hacks include [[deviantArt]] (fav.me), [[WordPress]] (wp.me),<ref>[http://en.blog.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/shorten/] WP.me – shorten your links. Accessed 15 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090818141625/http://en.blog.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/shorten/ Archived] 17 August 2009.</ref> the ''[[Despicable Me]]'' website, and [[MeetMe]].

==Premium domains==
Me subdomain names must be between 3 and 63 characters in length,<ref>General Registration Policies. Domain.ME. Downloaded on 31 May 2009. [http://www.nic.me/policies/general-registration-policies.html]. Accessed 31 May 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090517003615/http://www.nic.me/policies/general-registration-policies.html Archived] 2 June 2009.</ref> but a few exceptions have been granted, mainly for [[URL shortening]] purposes. Examples of shortened domain names include:

* [[Accession of Montenegro to the European Union]] portal, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro]] (eu.me)
* [[Facebook]] (fb.me)
* [[Google+]] (g.me)
* [[Turbulenz]] (ga.me)
* [[GoDaddy]] (go.me)
* [[Facebook Messenger]] (m.me)
* [[Infomaniak]] (ik.me)
* [[Lime (transportation company)]] (li.me)
* [[Namecheap]] for Education (nc.me)
* [[ProtonMail]] (pm.me)
* [[Telegram (messaging service)]] (t.me)
* [[Viber]] (vb.me)
* [[VK (social networking)|Vkontakte]] (vk.me)
* [[WhatsApp]] (wa.me)
*[[WordPress.com]] (wp.me)
*[[PayPal]] (pp.me)

[[Yahoo!]] was using me.me for its project [[Yahoo! Meme]], but the domain name was taken back by the .me registry when the company closed down the portal.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Trademark disputes ==
In 2008 three [[trademark]] cases were filed with the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] Arbitration and Mediation Center. All three [[domain name]]s (creditmutuel.me, porsche.me, and exxonmobil.me) were transferred to the [[Plaintiff|complainants]].<ref>{{cite web|author=WIPO |url=http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisionsx/list.jsp?prefix=DME&year=2008&seq_min=1&seq_max=199 |title=WIPO UDRP Domain Name Decisions | 2008 |publisher=Wipo.int |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref>

== .cg.yu ==
Prior to the introduction of '''.me''', the most used domain in Montenegro was the [[second-level domain]] .cg.yu under [[.yu]], the Internet domain name of Montenegrin [[Internet service provider]] [[Crnogorski Telekom|T-Crnogorski Telekom]], which was allowed to such organisations. The acronym "CG" was used because of the native name for Montenegro, Crna Gora. When [[.yu]] TLD was phased out, all e-mail addresses ending with @cg.yu were replaced with @t-com.me, and the Web sites moved, variously, mostly under .me.

== See also ==
* [[.uk|.me.uk]]
* [[.us#Second-level domains for states|.me.us]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.domain.me/ Montenegro Domain Registry] (Montenegrin)
* [https://www.iana.org/root-whois/me.htm IANA Whois record for .me]

{{CcTLD}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Me}}
[[Category:Communications in Montenegro]]
[[Category:Country code top-level domains]]
[[Category:Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2007]]

[[sv:Toppdomän#M]]

User talk:49.145.131.215

2021-09-07T00:19:18Z

Quickfingers: Caution: Unconstructive editing on :LazarBeam.

== May 2019 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Bojo1498|Bojo1498]]. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, [[:List of radio stations in Cebu]], but you didn't provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so. If you need guidance on referencing, please see the [[Help:Referencing for beginners|referencing for beginners]] tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Bojo1498|my talk page]]. Thank you.  [[User:bojo1498|bojo]] | [[User talk:bojo1498|talk]] 23:24, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

== September 2021 ==
[[File:Information.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to [[:LazarBeam]] have been undone by an automated computer program called [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]].
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* The following is the log entry regarding this message: [[LazarBeam]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LazarBeam&diff=1042827349&oldid=1042626743 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/49.145.131.215|49.145.131.215]] [[User:49.145.131.215|(u)]] [[User talk:49.145.131.215|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.91568 on 2021-09-07T00:17:23+00:00 
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 00:17, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:LazarBeam]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism may result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 00:19, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
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LazarBeam

2021-09-07T00:19:05Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 49.145.131.215 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{short description|Australian YouTuber and Internet personality}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = LazarBeam
| birth_name = Lannan Neville Eacott
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]],
[[New South Wales]], Australia<ref name="YTQ&A2016" />
| nationality = Australian
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Online streamer|live streamer]]
}}
| channels = {{hlist|[https://www.youtube.com/c/LazarBeam LazarBeam]|[https://www.youtube.com/c/lazarlazar LazarLazar]|[https://www.youtube.com/c/lazarshorts LazarShorts]}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Video game culture|Gaming]]
* comedy
* [[vlog]]
}}
| subscribers = {{Rounddown|{{Sum|18.8|2.52}}|1}} million (combined)<ref name="YTStats">See:
* {{Cite web |title=LazarBeam's YouTube Stats |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCw1SQ6QRRtfAhrN_cjkrOgA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426182233/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCw1SQ6QRRtfAhrN_cjkrOgA |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Social Blade]]}} He loves the Fortnite player lil ree07 and bigbopa12
* {{Cite web |title=LazarLazar's YouTube Stats |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCZ3AmknSJtbzXCeO5a4peoQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426182237/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCZ3AmknSJtbzXCeO5a4peoQ |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Social Blade]]}}</ref>
| views = {{Rounddown|{{Sum|7.322|0.050}}|2}} billion (combined)<ref name="YTStats" />
| stats_update = 28 May 2021
| associated_acts = [[Lachlan Power]]
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2015
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2017
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2019<ref name="YTRewind2019" />
}}

'''acott'''<ref name="Instagram">{{Cite web |title= LazarBeam revealing his middle name given by his Grandpop|url= https://www.instagram.com/p/Baz6fhznVT7/|website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> (born 14 December 1994), better known by his [[Pseudonym|online alias]] '''LazarBeam''', is an Australian [[YouTuber]], professional gamer and [[Internet celebrity|Internet personality]], known primarily for his [[Let's Play|video game commentaries]] videos, "comedic riffs" and [[Internet memes|memes]].<ref name="YTQ&A2016" />

Lazargod began making [[slow motion]] demolition videos in 2014 while working in his family's construction business. After having his equipment stolen, he registered his current YouTube channel in 2015, Eacott primarily posted Let's Play and challenge videos of various video games. As his channel grew, his style of video content diversified to include more [[vlog]] and comedy style videos. His channel experienced substantial growth in popularity when he began posting videos of ''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]'' in 2018. In December 2019, Eacott was acknowledged as [[YouTube]]'s eighth-most-viewed [[content creator]] of the year, with 2 billion views in 2019.

{{As of|2021|4}}, his two YouTube channels have collectively reached over 21 million subscribers and 7 billion video views,<ref name="YTStats" /> with his main channel ranking as the third-most-subscribed and third-most-viewed channel on the platform from Australia.<ref name="TopAusYTersSubs">{{Cite web |title=Top 250 YouTubers in Australia Sorted by Subscribers |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/top/country/au/mostsubscribed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621193526/https://socialblade.com/youtube/top/country/au/mostsubscribed |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=[[Social Blade]]}}</ref><ref name="TopAusYTersViews">{{Cite web |title=Top 250 YouTubers in Australia Sorted by Video Views |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/top/country/au/mostviewed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621193522/https://socialblade.com/youtube/top/country/au/mostviewed |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=[[Social Blade]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Eacott dropped out of high school at the age of fifteen and started working in his family's construction business.<ref name="TheVersed2019" /><ref name="TopAusYTersNI2019" /> He originally began posting videos of demolition in [[slow motion]] on [[YouTube]],<ref name="TheVersed2019" /><ref name="SmashingVidsTDT" /> under the name "CrushSlash".<ref name="SVG" /> After getting his recording equipment stolen,<ref name="TheVersed2019" /> he registered the "LazarBeam" YouTube [[gamer|gaming]] channel on 4 January 2015; taking the name of one of his former ''[[RuneScape]]'' characters.<ref name="BestAusYTersWho" /><ref name="YTQ&A2017" /> Eacott focused on [[Let's Play|video game commentaries]] and challenge videos, primarily of the [[Madden NFL|''Madden NFL'' video game series]].<ref name="TubefilterInterview2017" /> His channel experienced a substantial growth in popularity when he began playing ''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]'' in 2018.<ref name="FortniteStruggles" /><ref name="YTDealBBC" /><ref name="YTDealAnnouncement" /> On 18 September 2018, Eacott was announced as a member of the launch roster of the entertainment collective Click (also known as the Click Crew), alongside other Australian gaming [[Internet celebrity|personalities]].<ref name="ClickAnnouncement" /><ref name="ClickBushfireFundraiserDotE" />

In April 2019, his channel reached 10 million subscribers, becoming the second Australian gaming [[content creator]] to hit that milestone.<ref name="YTRewind2019" /> By July 2019, Eacott was the third-most-subscribed YouTube ''[[Fortnite]]'' [[Online streamer|streamer]], with more than 10.8 million subscribers and over 7 billion video views.<ref name="TopFortniteYTersJul2019" /> Eacott, along with some other streamers, was critical of the [[Fortnite Battle Royale#Chapter 1|tenth season of ''Fortnite Battle Royale'']], which was released in August 2019 and introduced the "B.R.U.T.E"—a mechanical suit with missile launchers and a giant shotgun. The addition was described as "overpowered and unbalanced". Following this, Eacott's production of ''[[Minecraft]]''-related videos began to increase, although he welcomed an update that restricted the abilities of the mechanical suit.<ref name="FortniteS10Reaction" /><ref name="MinecraftComeback" /> After the release of [[Fortnite Battle Royale#Chapter 2|the game's second chapter]] in October 2019, the focus of Eacott's videos further shifted away from ''Fortnite''; he stated that he was disappointed with the update's lack of content.<ref name="FortniteStruggles" /><ref name="FortniteThoughts" />

In October 2019, it was announced that Eacott would appear as himself in the 2021 film ''[[Free Guy]]'', alongside streamers [[Ninja (gamer)|Ninja]] and [[Jacksepticeye]].<ref name="FreeGuyIGN" /><ref name="FreeGuyDotE" /> In December, Eacott was acknowledged in YouTube's 2019 end-of-year summary, ''[[YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record]]'', as the eighth-most-viewed content creator of the year, with 2 billion views in 2019.<ref name="YTRewind2019Variety" /><ref name="YTRewind2019Adweek" /> Reporting on this, ''[[Business Insider]]'' described him as being known for his "comedic riffs" and use of [[Internet meme|meme]]s.<ref name="YTRewind2019BI" /> They also noted Eacott's video-editing style, which "uses zoom in and spliced graphics to highlight his reactions, with a camera focused directly on his face as he sits in front of a computer screen."<ref name="StreamersDealsBI" />

On 13 January 2020, it was announced that Eacott, along with fellow Australian YouTuber Elliott "Muselk" Watkins, had signed a deal with YouTube to [[live streaming|stream]] exclusively on that platform; he had previously streamed on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].<ref name="YTDealBBC" /><ref name="YTDealTWP" /> Eacott and Watkins celebrated the announcement by undertaking in a 12-hour live stream to raise money for the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|ongoing Australian bushfire relief effort]],<ref name="YTDealTWP" /><ref name="YTDealSR" /> and raised {{AUD|100,000}}.<ref name="BushfireFundraisers" /> Similarly, early that month, Eacott, Watkins, and the other members of Click, did a 36-hour charity stream for the bushfire relief efforts and raised over {{AUD|300,000}}.<ref name="ClickBushfireFundraiserDotE" /><ref name="ClickBushfireFundraiserIGN" /> Eacott has partnered with [[Rooster Teeth]],<ref name="TubefilterInterview2017" /><ref name="RoosterTeeth" /> and is represented by Click Management and [[Endeavor (company)|WME]].<ref name="Click" /><ref name="WME" />

In June 2020, during ''Fortnite''{{'}}s season-ending live event "The Device", Eacott's stream peaked at over 900,000 concurrent viewers.<ref name="TheDeviceClubic" /><ref name="TheDeviceTweet" /><ref name="TheDeviceGameSpot" /> The following month, Click announced they would "stop filming [group] videos for the foreseeable future" with the members wanting to "spend time working on [their] own content".<ref name="ClickCrewEnds" /> In December, Eacott was listed as the ninth top content creator of 2020 by YouTube,<ref name="YTReview2020Deadline" /> as well as the sixth-most-viewed gaming creator of the year and one of the top live streamers by views of 2020.<ref name="YTGamingReview2020" />

In March 2021, Eacott received his own ''Fortnite'' skin in the game as part of the Fortnite Icon Series.<ref name="FortniteSkin" />

== Personal life ==
Eacott has two brothers and a sister. His sister, Tannar, has a YouTube channel with over 1 million subscribers.<ref name="TheVersed2019" /><ref name="StatsTannar">{{Cite web |title=Tannar's YouTube Stats |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCZqwIV1CGK_8MGMyvDrJvqw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200702223817/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCZqwIV1CGK_8MGMyvDrJvqw |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=[[Social Blade]]}}</ref> Eacott is named after [[John Lennon]].<ref>{{Citation|title=LAZARBEAM IN A BIKINI! (Would You Rather)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlgp_SS-EWc|language=en|access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref>7:37 In early 2019, Eacott had "code lazar"—his unique identifier for ''Fortnite'' [[Virtual economy|in-game purchases]]—tattooed on his [[forearm]].<ref name="FortniteStruggles" /><ref name="FortniteThoughts" /> Eacott also has [[Fear of mice and rats|musophobia]].<ref>{{Citation |title=MY BIGGEST FEAR! - Random Games |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gaj_pXMvtJQ |language=en |access-date=2021-03-27}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Film roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Lazer Team]]''
| —
| Executive producer
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="LazerTeamDonation">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Djuro |date=27 January 2016 |title=Aussie fans help Rooster Teeth YouTube stars create movie history |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/aussie-fans-help-rooster-teeth-youtube-stars-create-movie-history-30668945.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200122214141/https://au.news.yahoo.com/aussie-fans-help-rooster-teeth-youtube-stars-create-movie-history-30668945.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=[[Seven News]] |agency=[[Yahoo! Australia|Yahoo! News Australia]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Free Guy]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="FreeGuyDotE" />
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" | 2020
| [[12th Shorty Awards|Shorty Awards]]
| Best in Gaming
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perelli |first=Amanda |date=10 March 2020 |title=Exclusive: All the finalists for this year's Shorty Awards, which won't be a physical event for the first time in 12 years because of the coronavirus |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/finalists-for-2020-shorty-awards-which-wont-have-physical-event-2020-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310182409/https://www.businessinsider.com/finalists-for-2020-shorty-awards-which-wont-have-physical-event-2020-3 |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=LazarBeam – Gaming (12th Shorty Awards) |url=https://shortyawards.com/12th/lazarbeam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310182529/https://shortyawards.com/12th/lazarbeam |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |publisher=[[Shorty Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="YTQ&A2016">{{Cite web |last=Eacott |first=Lannan |date=29 August 2016 |title=My Entire Life Story! Q/A |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGmNMpDGpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213004402/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGmNMpDGpc |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=17 January 2020 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTQ&A2017">{{Cite web |last=Eacott |first=Lannan |date=16 July 2015 |title=Q&A Time! I answer All (most) of Your Questions! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0VbEO_0Ybc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213004337/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0VbEO_0Ybc |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=16 January 2020 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TheVersed2019">{{Cite web |last=Bovey |first=LJ |date=13 July 2019 |title=Gamer Focus: Who Is Lazar Beam? |url=https://www.theversed.com/97109/gamer-focus-who-is-lazar-beam/#.G7h1bL9Yp2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200121035901/https://www.theversed.com/97109/gamer-focus-who-is-lazar-beam/%23.W1YkNO69wF#.G7h1bL9Yp2 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=The Versed}}</ref>

<ref name="SmashingVidsTDT">{{Cite web |last=Meddows |first=David |date=16 January 2015 |title=Lannan Eacott smashes beer bottles with a massive earthmover |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/lannan-eacott-smashes-beer-bottles-with-a-massive-earthmover/news-story/795bd2217268f91b878d11a3a81011c7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200121031048/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/lannan-eacott-smashes-beer-bottles-with-a-massive-earthmover/news-story/795bd2217268f91b878d11a3a81011c7 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SVG">{{Cite web |last=Farner |first=Shawn |title=The Untold Truth of LazarBeam |url=https://www.svg.com/138596/the-untold-truth-of-lazarbeam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122214946/https://www.svg.com/138596/the-untold-truth-of-lazarbeam/ |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=SVG}}</ref>

<ref name="TubefilterInterview2017">{{Cite web |last=Gutelle |first=Sam |date=9 November 2017 |title=YouTube Millionaires: LazarBeam Adds "Absurdness" To His Gaming Experience |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/11/09/youtube-millionaires-lannan-lazar-beam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111053603/http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/11/09/youtube-millionaires-lannan-lazar-beam/ |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[Tubefilter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TopFortniteYTersJul2019">{{Cite web |last=Cunliffe |first=Mark |date=8 July 2019 |title=The Top Six Fortnite YouTube Streamers Right Now |url=https://www.ladbible.com/entertainment/latest-the-top-6-fortnite-streamers-on-youtube-20190708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200121182701/https://www.ladbible.com/entertainment/latest-the-top-6-fortnite-streamers-on-youtube-20190708 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[LADbible]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FortniteS10Reaction">{{Cite web |last=Craven |first=Joe |date=23 August 2019 |title=CouRage, Cloak, Chap, and more react to Fortnite finally nerfing BRUTE mechs |url=https://www.dexerto.com/fortnite/courage-cloak-chap-and-more-react-to-fortnite-finally-nerfing-brute-mechs-942852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114182824/https://www.dexerto.com/fortnite/courage-cloak-chap-and-more-react-to-fortnite-finally-nerfing-brute-mechs-942852 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Dexerto}}</ref>

<ref name="MinecraftComeback">{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=1 August 2019 |title=Minecraft is having a big comeback in 2019 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/8/1/20727946/minecraft-youtube-popularity-memes-pewdiepie-grandayy-keemstar-minecraft-monday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121064813/https://www.polygon.com/2019/8/1/20727946/minecraft-youtube-popularity-memes-pewdiepie-grandayy-keemstar-minecraft-monday |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TopAusYTersNI2019">{{Cite web |last=Meddows |first=David |date=28 September 2019 |title=Australia's Top Ten Most Famous YouTubers |url=https://www.newidea.com.au/australian-youtubers-the-official-top-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121040153/https://www.newidea.com.au/australian-youtubers-the-official-top-10 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[New Idea]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BestAusYTersWho">{{Cite web |last=McKay |first=Rhys |title=Subscribe For More: 15 Best Australian YouTubers To Watch |url=https://www.who.com.au/top-australian-youtubers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221215314/https://www.who.com.au/top-australian-youtubers |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[Who (magazine)|Who]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FortniteStruggles">{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Isaac |date=12 January 2020 |title=Lazarbeam reveals why he's been struggling to play Fortnite in Chapter 2 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/fortnite/lazarbeam-reveals-why-hes-been-struggling-to-play-fortnite-in-chapter-2-1312159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114182816/https://www.dexerto.com/fortnite/lazarbeam-reveals-why-hes-been-struggling-to-play-fortnite-in-chapter-2-1312159 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Dexerto}}</ref>

<ref name="FortniteThoughts">{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=E. |date=14 January 2020 |title='Fortnite:' Lazarbeam on the current status of the game, 'we're attending its funeral' |url=https://us.blastingnews.com/gaming/2020/01/fortnite-lazarbeam-on-the-current-status-of-the-game-were-attending-its-funeral-003049031.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121060256/https://us.blastingnews.com/gaming/2020/01/fortnite-lazarbeam-on-the-current-status-of-the-game-were-attending-its-funeral-003049031.html |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Blasting News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FreeGuyIGN">{{Cite web |last=Collura |first=Scott |date=3 October 2019 |title=Free Guy: Ninja Joins Ryan Reynolds Comedy |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/10/03/free-guy-ninja-joins-ryan-reynolds-comedy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121044718/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/10/03/free-guy-ninja-joins-ryan-reynolds-comedy |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FreeGuyDotE">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Ben |date=4 October 2019 |title=Ninja, Jacksepticeye, Pokimane and more will co-star in Ryan Reynolds' Free Guy |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ninja-jacksepticeye-pokimane-and-more-will-co-star-in-ryan-reynolds-free-guy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230015344/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ninja-jacksepticeye-pokimane-and-more-will-co-star-in-ryan-reynolds-free-guy |archive-date=30 December 2019 |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=[[Dot Esports]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTRewind2019">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=YouTube Rewind 2019 – Australia |url=https://rewind.youtube/explore/au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200202212323/https://rewind.youtube/explore/au/ |archive-date=2 February 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=[[YouTube Rewind]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTRewind2019Variety">{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=5 December 2019 |title=PewDiePie Is the Most-Watched YouTube Creator of 2019 With 4 Billion Views |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pewdiepie-youtube-most-viewed-youtube-creator-2019-1203425951/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206125219/https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pewdiepie-youtube-most-viewed-youtube-creator-2019-1203425951/ |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTRewind2019Adweek">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=David |date=5 December 2019 |title=YouTube Rewind Tries to Rebound With Its 2019 Edition |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/youtube-rewind-tries-to-rebound-with-its-2019-edition/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121050236/https://www.adweek.com/digital/youtube-rewind-tries-to-rebound-with-its-2019-edition/ |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTRewind2019BI">{{Cite web |last=Leskin |first=Paige |date=6 December 2019 |title=The most-viewed creators on YouTube in 2019 include PewDiePie, David Dobrik, and some of your favorite gamers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-most-viewed-creators-pewdiepie-david-dobrik-mrbeast-azzyland-lazarbeam-2019-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208065259/https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-most-viewed-creators-pewdiepie-david-dobrik-mrbeast-azzyland-lazarbeam-2019-12 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTDealAnnouncement">{{Cite press release |title=Youtube Signs Gaming Creators Lazarbeam, Muselk And Valkyrae To Exclusive Live Streaming Deals |date=13 January 2020 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |location=[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/356596/youtube_signs_gaming_creators_lazarbeam_muselk_and_valkyrae_to_exclusive_live_streaming_deals.php |access-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213030325/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/356596/youtube_signs_gaming_creators_lazarbeam_muselk_and_valkyrae_to_exclusive_live_streaming_deals.php |archive-date=13 February 2020 |agency=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTDealBBC">{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Zoe |date=14 January 2020 |title=YouTube signs three top gamers away from Twitch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-51101606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114135033/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-51101606 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTDealTWP">{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Gene |date=14 January 2020 |title=YouTube signs on exclusive streaming deals with 3 big gaming creators: LazarBeam, Muselk and Valkyrae |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2020/01/13/youtube-signs-exclusive-streaming-deals-with-3-big-gaming-creators-lazarbeam-muselk-valkyrae/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114173136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2020/01/13/youtube-signs-exclusive-streaming-deals-with-3-big-gaming-creators-lazarbeam-muselk-valkyrae/ |archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="YTDealSR">{{Cite web |last=Lawyer |first=Bryan |date=13 January 2020 |title=YouTube Gaming Signs Valkyrae, LazarBeam and Muselk to Exclusive Deals |url=https://screenrant.com/valkyrae-lazarbeam-muselk-youtube-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121052802/https://screenrant.com/valkyrae-lazarbeam-muselk-youtube-exclusive/ |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Click">{{Cite web |title=Lazarbeam |url=https://clickmgmt.com.au/lazarbeam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115210253/https://clickmgmt.com.au/lazarbeam |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=15 January 2020 |publisher=Click Management}}</ref>

<ref name="ClickBushfireFundraiserDotE">{{Cite web |last=Martinello |first=Eva |date=6 January 2020 |title=Australian streamer crew raises over $220,000 to aid wildfire victims |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/australian-streamer-crew-raises-over-220000-to-aid-wildfire-victims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121063605/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/australian-streamer-crew-raises-over-220000-to-aid-wildfire-victims |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=[[Dot Esports]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ClickBushfireFundraiserIGN">{{Cite web |last=Gallaway |first=Lauren |date=12 January 2020 |title=Twitch Streamers Raise Over $200K for Australian Fire Relief |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/twitch-streamers-raise-over-200k-for-australian-fire-relief |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122033409/https://www.ign.com/articles/twitch-streamers-raise-over-200k-for-australian-fire-relief |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BushfireFundraisers">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Andrew |date=16 January 2020 |title=Australian Bushfires: Celebrities, Game Developers, and Streamers Who Have Donated and How You Can Too |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/australian-bushfires-celebrities-who-have-donated-and-how-you-can-too |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122061305/https://www.ign.com/articles/australian-bushfires-celebrities-who-have-donated-and-how-you-can-too |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RoosterTeeth">{{Cite web |last=Chmielewski |first=Dawn C. |date=15 November 2017 |title=James Buckley Joins Rooster Teeth's Roster Of Gaming Channels |url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/james-buckley-joins-rooster-teeth-gaming-channels-1202208456/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200128013859/https://deadline.com/2017/11/james-buckley-joins-rooster-teeth-gaming-channels-1202208456/ |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="StreamersDealsBI">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |last2=Webb |first2=Kevin |date=14 January 2020 |title=Amazon's wildly popular video game streaming service, Twitch, is no longer the biggest game in town: These are all the stars who have signed exclusivity deals with the competition |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-twitch-vs-mixer-youtube-stars-who-switched-2019-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115123134/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-twitch-vs-mixer-youtube-stars-who-switched-2019-11 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=11 February 2020 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ClickAnnouncement">{{Cite press release |title=Click Management and NRG Esports announce the launch of "Click" |date=18 September 2018 |publisher=[[NRG Esports]] |location=[[Sydney|Sydney, Australia]] |url=http://www.nrg.gg/news/2018/9/17/nrg-esports-partners-with-click-management |access-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213012728/http://www.nrg.gg/news/2018/9/17/nrg-esports-partners-with-click-management |archive-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="WME">{{Cite web |last=Shanley |first=Patrick |date=4 March 2020 |title=WME Bolsters Digital Department With Two New Agents Focused on Gaming (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wme-hires-two-new-agents-focused-gaming-1282448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308193323/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wme-hires-two-new-agents-focused-gaming-1282448 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TheDeviceClubic">{{Cite web |last=Renouard |first=Guillaume |date=16 June 2020 |title=Fortnite boit la tasse |trans-title=Fortnite drinks the cup |url=https://www.clubic.com/mag/jeux-video/actualite-3736-fortnite-boit-la-tasse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704224540/https://www.clubic.com/mag/jeux-video/actualite-3736-fortnite-boit-la-tasse.html |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=[[Clubic]] |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="TheDeviceTweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1272600523120578565 |user=Lazarbeam |title=peaked at 904k viewers... LMAO |date=15 June 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200704224359/https://twitter.com/Lazarbeam/status/1272600523120578565 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |url-status=live |last=Eacott |first=Lannan}}</ref>

<ref name="TheDeviceGameSpot">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Hayley |date=12 January 2021 |title=Here Are The Biggest Twitch And YouTube Livestreams Ever |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/here-are-the-biggest-twitch-and-youtube-livestreams-ever/1100-6486216/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204023648/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/here-are-the-biggest-twitch-and-youtube-livestreams-ever/1100-6486216/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ClickCrewEnds">{{Cite web |last=Norton |first=Brad |date=2 July 2020 |title=Click Crew comes to an end as Aussie YouTube group "stops filming" |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/click-crew-comes-to-end-aussie-youtube-group-stops-filming-1387404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702221307/https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/click-crew-comes-to-end-aussie-youtube-group-stops-filming-1387404 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=Dexerto}}</ref>

<ref name="YTReview2020Deadline">{{Cite web |last=Del Rosario |first=Alexandra |date=1 December 2020 |title=Dave Chappelle, Ricky Gervais & John Krasinski Make YouTube Top Trending Videos 2020 List |url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/youtube-trending-dave-chappelle-ricky-gervais-john-krasinski-1234635359/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202015903/https://deadline.com/2020/12/youtube-trending-dave-chappelle-ricky-gervais-john-krasinski-1234635359/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="YTGamingReview2020">{{Cite web |last=Wyatt |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Wyatt |date=8 December 2020 |title=2020 is YouTube Gaming's biggest year, ever: 100B watch time hours |url=https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/youtube-gaming-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208152602/https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/youtube-gaming-2020/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FortniteSkin">{{Cite web |last=Gramenz |first=Jack |date=2 March 2021 |title=Aussie Fortnite streamer Lazarbeam honoured with tradie skin featuring meat pie |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/home-entertainment/gaming/aussie-fortnite-streamer-lazarbeam-honoured-with-tradie-skin-featuring-meat-pie/news-story/5ff57cb4cf327cbfc377d8b701832d19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426182813/https://www.news.com.au/technology/home-entertainment/gaming/aussie-fortnite-streamer-lazarbeam-honoured-with-tradie-skin-featuring-meat-pie/news-story/5ff57cb4cf327cbfc377d8b701832d19 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|c=UCw1SQ6QRRtfAhrN_cjkrOgA|LazarBeam}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7878598}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Australian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Comedy YouTubers]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Gaming-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Let's Players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male YouTubers]]
[[Category:People from Tamworth, New South Wales]]
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[[Category:Twitch (service) streamers]]
[[Category:Video bloggers]]
[[Category:Video game commentators]]
[[Category:Vlogs-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2015]]
[[Category:YouTube vloggers]]

User talk:85.255.232.142

2021-09-07T00:09:24Z

Quickfingers: Caution: Unconstructive editing on :Formula One drivers from the Netherlands.

== August 2020 ==

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Formula One drivers from the Netherlands

2021-09-07T00:09:10Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 85.255.232.142 (talk) to last version by Quickfingers

{{short description|Formula One drivers from the Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2020}}
{{Infobox F1 nationality
| title = Formula One drivers from the Netherlands
| name = Formula One drivers from the Netherlands
| image = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
| caption =
|image_size = 210
|Drivers = [[:Category:Dutch Formula One drivers|16]]<ref name=":0"/>
|Grands Prix = {{#expr:302+{{F1stat|VER|entries}}}}
|Entries = {{#expr:309+{{F1stat|VER|entries}}}}
|Starts = {{#expr:268+{{F1stat|VER|starts}}}}
|Highest season finish = 3rd ({{F1|2019}}, {{f1|2020}})
|Wins = {{F1stat|VER|wins}}
|Podiums = {{#expr:2+{{F1stat|VER|podiums}}}}
|Pole positions = {{F1stat|VER|poles}}
|Fastest laps = {{F1stat|VER|fastestlaps}}
|Points = {{#expr:27+{{F1stat|VER|careerpoints}}}}
|First entry = [[1952 Dutch Grand Prix]]
|First win = [[2016 Spanish Grand Prix]]
|Last win = {{f1GP||2021 Dutch}}
|Last entry = {{Latest F1GP}}
|2021 = [[Max Verstappen]]
|2022 = [[Max Verstappen]]
|2023 = [[Max Verstappen]]
}}
There have been 16 '''Formula One drivers from the Netherlands''' who have taken part in races since 1952.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/netherlands.aspx|title=Netherlands |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> [[Max Verstappen]] is the most successful [[Netherlands|Dutch]] driver, as the only one to have won races, one of the two to have finished on the podium of a Grand Prix (the other being his father [[Jos Verstappen]]), the one to score most career points and the only one to have achieved a pole position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/netherlands/pilote.aspx|title=Netherlands – Drivers |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>

==Current drivers==
[[Max Verstappen]], son of [[Jos Verstappen]], began his Formula One career in {{F1|2015}}, driving for [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/max-verstappen/saison.aspx|title=Max VERSTAPPEN – Seasons |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> Aged 17 years and 166 days, he became the youngest Formula One driver in history.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/statistiques/pilote/gp/age.aspx|title=Statistics Drivers – Grands Prix – By age |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> On 15 May 2016, he became the youngest driver to win a Grand Prix, aged 18 years, 7 months and 15 days, at the [[2016 Spanish Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/statistiques/pilote/victoire/age.aspx|title=Statistics Drivers – Wins – By age |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> He has been driving for [[Red Bull Racing]] since the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix and is due to drive for them until the end of the {{F1|2023}} season.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.driver-market-max-verstappen-commits-to-red-bull-until-the-end-of-2023.2XUgc3xrGozMMY6lKRYeQz.html|title=Max Verstappen commits to Red Bull until the end of 2023|date=7 January 2020|website=formula1.com|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" heights="220" widths="165">
File:Max Verstappen 2017 Malaysia 2.jpg|alt=Max Verstappen, 2016|[[Max Verstappen]] {{f1|{{first word|{{F1stat|UPTO}}}}}} season position: {{F1stat|VER|seasonposition}}
</gallery>

==Former drivers==

===1950s and 1960s===
At the [[1952 Dutch Grand Prix]], [[Jan Flinterman]] and [[Dries van der Lof]] were the first Dutch drivers to participate in a Formula One race; for both drivers, it was their only one.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/jan-flinterman.aspx|title=Jan FLINTERMAN |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/dries-van-der-lof.aspx|title=Dries van der LOF |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> In 1957, [[Carel Godin de Beaufort]] was the first regular Dutch Formula One driver, and the first Dutch driver to score points, driving in 31 races between 1957 and 1964, before crashing fatally at the [[1964 German Grand Prix]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/netherlands/grand-prix.aspx?year=1962|title=Netherlands – Grands Prix started |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/statistiques/nation/point/detail-netherlands--nombre.aspx|title=Statistics Nations – Points – By number – Netherlands |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/1964/allemagne/classement.aspx|title=Germany 1964 – Result |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>

Three Dutch drivers were entered for the [[1962 Dutch Grand Prix]]: besides Carel Godin de Beaufort, who drove the entire [[1962 Formula One season]], [[Ben Pon]] drove in his first and only Formula One Grand Prix as de Beaufort's teammate. [[Rob Slotemaker]] was entered for the race, but did not participate because his car was not ready in time.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/1962/pays-bas/engages.aspx|title=Netherlands 1962 – Race entrants |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

===1970s and 1980s===
[[File:Kwalificatieritten voor training Grand Prix van Nederland Michel Bleekemolen kri, Bestanddeelnr 929-3168.jpg|right|thumb|[[Michael Bleekemolen]] and [[Gijs van Lennep]] at the 1977 Dutch Grand Prix]]
[[Gijs van Lennep]], a successful [[World Sportscar Championship|sportscar]] driver and two-time winner of the [[Le Mans 24 Hours]], entered 12 Formula One Grands Prix between {{F1|1971}} and {{F1|1975}} competing in 8 of them, in which he scored 2 career points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/gijs-van-lennep.aspx|title=Gijs van LENNEP |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> In {{F1|1975}}, [[Roelof Wunderink]] entered 6 Grands Prix for [[Ensign (racing team)|Ensign]], but scored no points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/roelof-wunderink.aspx|title=Roelof WUNDERINK |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> [[Boy Hayje]] entered 8 races in {{F1|1976}} and {{F1|1977}}, while [[Michael Bleekemolen]] entered 5 races in {{F1|1977}} and {{F1|1978}}; both without scoring points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/boy-hayje.aspx|title=Boy HAYJE |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/michael-bleekemolen.aspx|title=Michael BLEEKEMOLEN |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

At the [[1979 Argentine Grand Prix]], [[Jan Lammers]] started his Formula One career with [[Shadow Racing Team|Shadow]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/jan-lammers/engagement.aspx|title=Jan LAMMERS – Involvement |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> In 1980, he qualified a spectacular fourth place for the [[1980 United States Grand Prix West|United States Grand Prix West]] at Long Beach in an [[ATS (wheels)|ATS]], but failed to score any points after a retirement.<ref name=":2" /> In {{F1|1982}}, after 39 Grands Prix, Jan Lammers retired from Formula One for a more successful career in [[World Sportscar Championship|sportscars]], winning the [[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans]] and the 1990 [[Daytona 24 Hours]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/jan-lammers.aspx|title=Jan LAMMERS |website=StatsF1.com|language=fr|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> In 1992, Lammers made a two-race comeback in Formula One for [[March Engineering|March]], in [[1992 Japanese Grand Prix|Japan]] and [[1992 Australian Grand Prix|Australia]].<ref name=":2" /> These races marked his first Formula One appearance since 1982, which is a still-standing record for the longest gap between successive Grands Prix in Formula One {{As of|2019|9|df=UK|lc=y|since=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/statistiques/pilote/gp/ecart.aspx|title=Statistics Drivers – Grands Prix – Interval between two |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> He was signed for the team in 1993 but the team went bankrupt before the season started.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/march.aspx|title=March |website=StatsF1.com|language=fr|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>

In {{F1|1984}}, [[Huub Rothengatter]] made his debut for what was to become a career of 30 races over 3 years, although he scored no points, he would later become the manager of [[Jos Verstappen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/huub-rothengatter.aspx|title=Huub ROTHENGATTER |website=StatsF1.com|language=fr|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>

===1990s and 2000s===
[[File:Verstappen benetton194.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jos Verstappen]] at the 1994 British Grand Prix]]
At the end of 1993 [[Jos Verstappen]], after impressing in [[Formula Opel Lotus]] and [[Formula Three]], was one of the most wanted upcoming drivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/feature/2529/remembering-1993-f1-young-driver-test|title=Remembering 1993's F1 young driver test|last=Hallbery|first=Andy|website=Autosport.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He was eventually signed as test driver for [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]] for {{F1|1994}}, but made his debut in [[1994 Brazilian Grand Prix|Brazil]] after regular driver [[JJ Lehto]] injured himself in pre-season testing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/1994/bresil.aspx|title=Brazil 1994 |website=StatsF1.com|language=fr|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Verstappen became the default race driver in [[1994 French Grand Prix|France]], and would go on to score a podium in [[1994 Hungarian Grand Prix|Hungary]] and [[1994 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/jos-verstappen/podium.aspx|title=Jos VERSTAPPEN – Podiums |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He was replaced for the last two races of 1994, and moved to [[Simtek]] in {{F1|1995}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/benetton/grand-prix.aspx?year=1994|title=Benetton – Grands Prix started 1994 |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/jos-verstappen/grand-prix.aspx|title=Jos VERSTAPPEN – Grands Prix started |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> This would mark the beginning of a career mostly spent in mid-field and back-field teams such as [[Arrows Grand Prix International|Arrows]], [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]] and [[Minardi]].<ref name=":3" /> After a career in which he drove 107 Grands Prix, spanning 9 years and scoring 17 points, Verstappen retired after the [[2003 Japanese Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/jos-verstappen.aspx|title=Jos VERSTAPPEN |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Christijan Albers 2005.jpg|right|thumb|[[Christijan Albers]] in the Minardi, who, together with...]][[File:Robert Doornbos.jpg|right|thumb|...[[Robert Doornbos]], were teammates in 2005]]
After impressing in [[Formula Three]] and finishing Rookie of the Year [[International Formula 3000]] with a victory in Belgium in 2004, [[Robert Doornbos]] was hired as Friday test driver for [[Jordan Grand Prix]] for the [[2004 Chinese Grand Prix]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/robert-doornbos/engagement.aspx|title=Robert DOORNBOS – Involvement |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> Doornbos impressed as test driver for the final few races of the season, and was reappointed for the [[2005 Formula One World Championship|2005 season]], although he raced with a [[Monegasques|Monegasque]] racing license that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Entry_List/Season_2005/entry.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216225728/http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Entry_List/Season_2005/entry.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-02-16|title=F1 Season Entry List 2005|date=2006-02-16|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> At the [[2005 German Grand Prix]], he joined fellow Dutch driver Christijan Albers at [[Minardi]], who debuted earlier that year as the team's regular driver.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/minardi/grand-prix.aspx|title=Minardi – Grands Prix started 2005 |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> In {{F1|2006}}, Doornbos was appointed Friday test and reserve driver at [[Red Bull Racing]], and would replace Christian Klien for the last 3 races of the season.<ref name=":4" /> After just 11 races over 4 years time, his Formula One career ended as he went to drive the [[Champ Car]] World Series in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/robert-doornbos.aspx|title=Robert DOORNBOS |website=StatsF1.com|language=fr|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

Following two successful seasons in [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]], [[Christijan Albers]] made his debut in the [[2005 Australian Grand Prix]] for [[Minardi]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/christijan-albers.aspx|title=Christijan ALBERS |website=StatsF1.com|language=fr|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Aside from a 5th point finish in the 6-car [[2005 United States Grand Prix]] though, Albers's career was largely unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/christijan-albers/point.aspx|title=Christijan ALBERS – Points |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He was released by [[Spyker F1|Spyker]] after driving 46 races following the [[2007 British Grand Prix]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itv-f1.com/News_Article.aspx?PO_ID=40011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306131231/http://www.itv-f1.com/News_Article.aspx?PO_ID=40011|title=Christijan Albers loses Spyker seat |publisher=ITV Sport|archive-date=6 March 2008|website=ITV-F1.com|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> In July 2014, [[Caterham F1|Caterham]] announced Christijan Albers as the team's new team principal, he was in charge until the teams collapse at the end of {{F1|2014}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.racefans.net/2014/07/02/caterham/|title=Caterham to continue racing as sale is confirmed|website=www.racefans.net|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

=== 2010s and 2020s ===
[[Giedo van der Garde]]'s first steps into Formula One was when he was confirmed as test and reserve driver for {{F1|2007}} for [[Super Aguri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns17872.html|title=Super Aguri names Van der Garde|website=www.grandprix.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> However, due to contract conflicts with [[Spyker F1|Spyker]], who had also signed him as test and reserve driver, he ended up not taking part in any Grand Prix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/56603/spyker-coy-on-van-der-garde-conflict|title=Spyker coy on van der Garde conflict |last=Elizalde|first=Jonathan Noble and Pablo|website=Autosport.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Following good results in the [[GP2 Series]], Van der Garde was signed as test and reserve driver for [[Caterham F1|Caterham]] in Formula One, while racing for the team in GP2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.espnf1.com/caterham/motorsport/story/69294.html|title=Caterham sign Giedo van der Garde as test driver|website=ESPN UK|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/giedo-van-der-garde/engagement.aspx|title=Giedo van der GARDE – Involvement |website=StatsF1.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> After debuting for Caterham in {{F1|2013}}, [[Giedo van der Garde]] became [[Sauber]]'s official test and reserve driver for [[2014 Formula One season|2014]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/21338103|title=Caterham promote reserve driver Giedo van der Garde|date=5 February 2013|work=BBC Sport|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/112204/van-der-garde-joins-sauber-as-reserve|title=Giedo van der Garde joins Sauber as 2014 Formula 1 reserve driver|last=Elizalde|first=Pablo|website=Autosport.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> He had a race contract with Sauber for {{F1|2015}}, but following a legal dispute with the team, did not drive in the season-opening [[2015 Australian Grand Prix#Legal challenge against Sauber|Australian Grand Prix]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/van-der-garde-set-for-second-sauber-seat-in-2015/458284/|title=Van der Garde set for second Sauber seat in 2015|website=www.motorsport.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Following the threat of follow-up action in Malaysia, all charges were dropped and van der Garde left Formula One.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/118116/van-der-garde-gets-sauber-settlement|title=Giedo van der Garde reaches settlement with Sauber Formula 1 team|website=Autosport.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

Following a successful rise through the karting ranks and a very successful first year in the [[Formula 3 Euro Series]], [[Max Verstappen]], son of former F1 driver [[Jos Verstappen]], joined the [[Red Bull Junior Team]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nu.nl/sport/3850611/max-verstappen-per-direct-opgenomen-in-opleiding-red-bull.html|title=Max Verstappen per direct opgenomen in opleiding Red Bull|date=12 August 2014|work=verstappen.nl|accessdate=18 August 2014|publisher=Nu.nl|language=nl}}</ref> On August 18, 2014, it was announced that he would debut in Formula One in 2015 for the [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]] team.<ref>{{cite news|title=Max Verstappen to race with Toro Rosso F1 team in 2015|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|work=autosport.com|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/115435|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref> He won the [[2016 Spanish Grand Prix]] in his debut race for [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]] at the age of 18, becoming the youngest-ever winner of a Grand Prix and the first racing under the Dutch flag.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/netherlands/victoire.aspx|title=Netherlands – Wins|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> He has raced for Red Bull since the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix and is due to race with them until {{F1|2023}}.<ref name=":8" />

==Timeline==
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:85%;"
!colspan=2| Current drivers
|-
|[[Max Verstappen]]
|{{F1|2015}}–{{F1|2021}}
|-
!colspan=2| Former drivers
|-
|[[Jan Flinterman]]
|{{F1|1952}}
|-
|[[Dries van der Lof]]
|{{F1|1952}}
|-
|[[Carel Godin de Beaufort]]
|{{F1|1957}}–{{F1|1964}}
|-
|[[Ben Pon]]
|{{F1|1962}}
|-
|[[Rob Slotemaker]]
|{{F1|1962}}*
|-
|[[Gijs van Lennep]]
|{{F1|1971}}, {{F1|1973}}–{{F1|1975}}
|-
|[[Roelof Wunderink]]
|{{F1|1975}}
|-
|[[Boy Hayje]]
|{{F1|1976}}–{{F1|1977}}
|-
|[[Michael Bleekemolen]]
|{{F1|1977}}–{{F1|1978}}
|-
|[[Jan Lammers]]
|{{F1|1979}}–{{F1|1982}}, {{F1|1992}}
|-
|[[Huub Rothengatter]]
|{{F1|1984}}–{{F1|1986}}
|-
|[[Jos Verstappen]]
|{{F1|1994}}–{{F1|1998}}, {{F1|2000}}–{{F1|2001}}, {{F1|2003}}
|-
|[[Christijan Albers]]
|{{F1|2005}}–{{F1|2007}}
|-
|[[Robert Doornbos]]
|{{F1|2006}}**
|-
|[[Giedo van der Garde]]
|{{F1|2013}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Source: <ref name=":1" />
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Was entered for the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix, but did not participate because his car was not ready in time

<nowiki>**</nowiki> Competed under Monegasque racing license in {{F1|2005}}

==See also==
* [[List of Formula One Grand Prix winners]]
* [[List of Formula One drivers]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Formula One nationalities}}

[[Category:Dutch Formula One drivers|*]]

User talk:85.255.232.142

2021-09-07T00:06:26Z

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Formula One drivers from the Netherlands

2021-09-07T00:06:12Z

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User talk:2607:FEA8:3D5D:B900:E864:F014:5D13:2ED6

2021-09-07T00:02:11Z

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== September 2021 ==

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Wendy Rogers (politician)

2021-09-07T00:01:55Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 2607:FEA8:3D5D:B900:E864:F014:5D13:2ED6 (talk) to last version by Neutrality

{{short description|American politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Wendy Rogers by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| name = Wendy Rogers
| state_senate = Arizona
| birth_place = [[Fort Knox, Kentucky]], U.S.
| preceded = [[Sylvia Allen]]
| term_end =
| term_start = January 11, 2021
| district = [[Arizona 6th Legislative District|6th]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|July 24, 1954}}
| death_place =
| branch = {{flag|United States Air Force}}
| rank = [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| education = [[Michigan State University]] ([[Bachelor of Social Work|BSW]]) [[University of Alabama]] ([[Master of Social Work|MSW]]) [[California State University, San Bernardino]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
| spouse = {{marriage|Hal Kunnen|1978}}
| children = 2
}}
'''Wendy Rogers''' (born July 24, 1954) is an American politician. A [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], she has been a member of the [[Arizona Senate]] from the 6th district since 2021.

==Early life, education, and career before politics==
Rogers was born in [[Fort Knox, Kentucky]] on July 24, 1954.<ref name=CattCtr>{{Cite web|title=Wendy Rogers |url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/wendy-rogers/|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Archives of Women's Political Communication|publisher=Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics, Iowa State University}}</ref> She was in the [[United States Air Force]] from 1976 to 1996, retiring with the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]].<ref name=CattCtr/>She holds a Bachelor of Social Work from [[Michigan State University]], a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of Alabama]], and a Master of Science in national security studies from [[California State University, San Bernardino]].<ref name=CattCtr/>

She owns a home inspection business.<ref name=Cowan>Emery Cowan, [https://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/5-from-gop-want-district-1-seat-in-congress/article_d812a9b1-d988-503c-aeab-f17d303b1729.html 5 from GOP want District 1 seat in Congress], ''Arizona Daily Sun'' (August 17, 2016).</ref>

==Political career ==
===Unsuccessful campaigns in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018===
In 2010, Rogers ran for the [[Arizona Senate]] in the [[Arizona's 17th legislative district|17th legislative district]], losing to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[David Schapira]].<ref>[https://azcapitoltimes.com/election/2010/11/02/schapira-holds-slight-edge-over-rogers-in-ld17/ Schapira narrowly beats Rogers in LD17], ''Arizona Capitol Times'' (November 2, 2010).</ref>

In 2012, Rogers ran for the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] in [[Arizona's 9th congressional district]], losing the Republican primary to [[Vernon Parker]].<ref>[https://apps.azsos.gov/election/2012/Primary/Canvass.pdf State of Arizona Official Canvass: 2012 Primary Election - August 28, 2012], Arizona Secretary of State.</ref>

In 2014, Rogers ran again in the 9th district, losing to the Democratic incumbent congresswoman [[Kyrsten Sinema]].<Ref>[https://apps.azsos.gov/election/2014/General/Canvass2014GE.pdf State of Arizona Official Canvass: 2012 General Election - November 4, 2014], Arizona Secretary of State.</ref> During her campaign, Rogers used [[Beheading video|footage of the beheading video]] of American journalist [[James Foley (journalist)|James Foley]] by ISIL terrorists in a campaign ad seeking to attack Sinema as weak on national security. Democrats condemned the ad as a "reprehensible" smear tactic, while Rogers' campaign defended it.<ref>Donna Cassata, [https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2014/10/06/beheading-video-used-rogers-ad-sinema/16840487/ Beheading video used in Rogers ad against Sinema], Associated Press (October 6, 2014).</ref>

In 2016, Rogers unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for a U.S. House seat from [[Arizona's 1st congressional district]]; she was one of a five-person field, along with [[Pinal County, Arizona|Pinal County]] Sheriff [[Paul Babeu]], former state Senator and Arizona Secretary of State [[Ken Bennett]], rancher and businessman [[Gary Kiehne]], and [[Shawn Redd]].<ref name=Cowan/> During her primary campaign, Rogers was the sole candidate to support [[Donald Trump]]'s promotion of a U.S.-Mexico border wall.<ref name=Cowan/> She also supported increasing the number of U.S. military personnel deployed to foreign conflicts.<ref name=Cowan/> Rogers lost, coming in third place behind Babeu, who won the nomination, and Kiehne, the runner-up.<ref>[https://apps.azsos.gov/election/2016/Primary/canvass2016primary.pdf Official Election Canvass of Results: 2016 Primary Election - August 30, 2016], Arizona Secretary of State.</ref>

In 2018, Rogers again made a failed run for Congress, losing to the Democratic incumbent [[Tom O'Halleran]].<ref>[https://azsos.gov/sites/default/files/2018%201203%20Signed%20Official%20Statewide%20Canvass.pdf State of Arizona Official Canvass: 2018 General Election - November 6, 2018], Arizona Secretary of State].</ref> While running for the seat, she ran [[attack ad]]s claiming that one of her opponents in the Republican [[primary election]], former state Senator [[Steve Smith (Arizona politician)|Steve Smith]], was a "slimy character whose modeling agency specializes in underage girls and advertises on websites linked to sex trafficking."<ref name=DefamationSuit>[https://apnews.com/article/arizona-supreme-court-arizona-government-and-politics-41448d8f1f749252efcc5365246b481d Arizona Supreme Court to hear lawmaker's defamation case], Associated Press (May 5, 2021).</ref><ref name=Reagan>Kevin Reagan, [https://www.pinalcentral.com/politics/modeling-agency-suing-wendy-rogers-over-campaign-attack-ads/article_3bca0400-b067-562d-b827-14eaad01a307.html Modeling agency suing Wendy Rogers over campaign attack ads], ''PinalCentral.com'' (February 26, 2019).</ref> The modeling agency sued Rogers for [[defamation]], and the case led to the [[Arizona Supreme Court]] deciding to consider whether the First Amendment shields a political candidate from liability for defaming a third party while attacking an opposing candidate.<ref name=DefamationSuit/>

===State Senate election and tenure===
In 2020, Rogers ran for [[Arizona's 6th legislative district]], defeating incumbent [[Sylvia Allen]] in a bitterly contested Republican primary, and defeating Democratic nominee Felicia French in the general election.<ref name=Aleshire>Peter Aleshire, [https://www.paysonroundup.com/news/republicans-hang-onto-district-6-in-costly-slugfest/article_4c49f217-9e7b-57ac-a63b-3220436581e8.html Republicans hang onto District 6 in costly slugfest], ''Payson Roundup'' (November 4, 2020).</ref> The district encompasses [[Mogollon Rim|Rim Country]] and the [[White Mountains (Arizona)|White Mountains]], and extends from [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]] to the Arizona-[[New Mexico]] border.<ref name=ClaimsMembership>Peter Aleshire, [https://www.paysonroundup.com/elections_2018/senate-candidate-claims-membership-in-controversial-militia/article_df7dd5e0-210a-5288-90c6-58b84ad35f9f.html Senate candidate claims membership in controversial militia], ''Payson Roundup'' (October 27, 2020).</ref> Rogers raised $1 million in campaign contributions, a record for the district, and [[dark money]] organizations on both sides spent large sums to support and oppose the two candidates.<ref name=Aleshire/> During the campaign, Rogers made few public appearances and did not participate in debates; she also avoided taking positions on local political issues, including [[forest management]], funding for education, or response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona]].<ref name=Aleshire/>

In December 2020, as a senator[[-elect]], Rogers issued a tweet praising [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general [[Robert E. Lee]] as a "great patriot and a great leader."<ref>David Baker, [https://www.azfamily.com/news/politics/arizona_politics/arizona-state-senator-elect-wendy-rogers-praises-robert-e-lee/article_3bb45a28-43f8-11eb-b7d0-bf0e2293a6cf.html Arizona State Senator-elect Wendy Rogers praises Robert E Lee], 3TV/CBS 5 (December 21, 2010).</ref> In 2021, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona]], Rogers sponsored legislation to declare gun shops "essential businesses" permitted to remain open during emergencies.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/business-legislature-arizona-wendy-rogers-coronavirus-pandemic-9e8af2fdd121ee72f0ef80325bf763ef Arizona bill would designate gun stores as essential firms], Associated Press (March 3, 2021).</ref>

In the legislature, Rogers has introduced anti-abortion measures.<ref>Bob Christie, [https://apnews.com/article/legislature-arizona-phoenix-legislation-us-supreme-court-a83c8f42d7dbf18ea26fb441929272c5 GOP-controlled Legislature advancing anti-abortion measures], Associated Press (February 18, 2021).</ref>

====Affiliation with militia group====
Rogers first claimed to be a "charter member" of the [[Oath Keepers]], a [[far-right]] [[militia movement]] group, in 2018. During her 2020 run for the state Senate, she promoted her membership in the group, which promotes fringe [[conspiracy theories]] and violent, extremist rhetoric, including talk of a [[Second American Civil War|new civil war]].<ref name=ClaimsMembership/> In one fundraising appeal in her 2020 campaign, Rogers compared herself to [[Kyle Rittenhouse]].<ref name=ClaimsMembership/><ref>Peter Aleshire, [https://www.wmicentral.com/news/latest_news/senate-candidate-rogers-compares-herself-to-wisconsin-gunman/article_583f7db0-23cc-54e2-8bdb-74ecc444cf1d.html Senate candidate Rogers compares herself to Wisconsin gunman], ''White Mountain Independent'' (September 11, 2020).</ref>

====Former aide's complaint====
In January 2021, a former legislative aide to Rogers filed a complaint in the state Senate Ethics Committee against Rogers. The ex-staffer accused Rogers of abusive workplace conduct, including verbally abusing him and destroying his possessions in a tirade, repeatedly demanding that he work while on [[sick leave]] with [[COVID-19]]; demanding that he illegally perform campaign work on government time, and mocking his weight and appearance. In March 2021, the Ethics Committee dismissed the complaint against Rogers on a 3–2 party-line vote; the Republican majority said there was no "[[clear and convincing evidence]]" of an ethics violation, while the Democratic minority disagreed.<ref>Dennis Welch, [https://www.azfamily.com/news/politics/arizona_politics/ex-staff-files-ethics-complaint-against-arizona-sen-wendy-rogers/article_246a6f08-5f6c-11eb-a724-37f81d58c0ad.html Ex-staff files ethics complaint against Arizona Sen. Wendy Rogers], 3TV/CBS 5 (January 25, 2021); [https://apnews.com/article/arizona-wendy-rogers-coronavirus-pandemic-c48ff990b67b63882786ec34ae0aacbc Ethics panel to investigate senator accused of harassment], Associated Press (February 4, 2021); Bob Christie, [https://apnews.com/article/arizona-wendy-rogers-b39a666f381a765fb7189da92298499a Arizona ethics panel tosses complaint against GOP senator], Associated Press (March 2, 2021).</ref> The former staffer subsequently filed a $500,000 notice of claim (a precursor to a lawsuit) against the state, alleging wrongful termination and harassment by Rogers.<ref>Piper Hansen, [https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/03/03/michael-polloni-files-notice-claim-against-arizona-wendy-rogers/6908052002/ Former staffer to Arizona Sen. Wendy Rogers files $500K notice of claim against state], ''The Arizona Republic'' (March 3, 2021).</ref>

====Attempts to subvert outcome of 2020 presidential election====
{{see|Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election}}
Following the [[2020 United States presidential election]], in which President [[Donald Trump]] was defeated by [[Joe Biden]], Rogers promoted the false claim that Trump had won the election nationally and [[2020 United States presidential election in Arizona|in Arizona]].<ref name="waltz2">{{cite web|last=Waltz|first=Adam|date=January 7, 2021|title=Seven Arizonan Republican legislators face calls to ban them from the House and Senate|url=https://www.abc15.com/news/state/seven-arizonan-republican-legislators-face-calls-to-ban-them-from-the-house-and-senate|access-date=February 20, 2021|publisher=[[ABC 15 Arizona]]}}</ref> As Arizona's slate of [[Electoral College (United States)|electors]] met in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] to formally cast the state's electoral votes for Biden, Rogers tweeted "Buy more ammo."<ref>Laurie Roberts, [https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/laurieroberts/2020/12/14/arizona-republicans-wont-give-election-fraud-line-rest/6544939002/ Here is one GOP senator's response to Biden's win in Arizona: 'Buy more ammo'], ''The Arizona Republic'' (December 14, 2020).</ref><ref name=Dana>Joe Dana, [https://www.12news.com/article/news/politics/elections/state-electors-set-to-cast-electoral-college-votes-for-president-and-vice-president-on-dec-14/75-68164e03-8c29-4e12-a1e9-815af4123ee5 Arizona electors confirm 11 votes for President-elect Joe Biden], KPNX (December 11, 2020).</ref> [[Arizona Secretary of State]] [[Katie Hobbs]] condemned Rogers' statement.<ref name=Dana/>

After a mob of Trump supporters [[storming of the United States Capitol|stormed the U.S. Capitol]] in January 2021 in a failed attempt to halt the [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|counting of the electoral votes]] and keep Trump in power, Rogers falsely claimed the attack had been conducted by [[Antifa (United States)|antifa]] groups.<ref name="waltz2" /><ref name=Small>Jim Small, [https://www.azmirror.com/2021/01/07/some-arizona-republicans-defended-excused-the-violent-pro-trump-mob/ Some Arizona Republicans defended, excused the violent pro-Trump mob], ''Arizona Mirror'' (January 7, 2021).</ref> Rogers was one of a number of Republican state legislators in Arizona who either defended and excused the attempted insurrection, or spread disinformation about responsibility for the attack.<ref name=Small/>

In February 2021, Rogers sponsored legislation seeking to rename a portion of [[Arizona State Route 260]] as the "Donald J. Trump Highway"; state Senator [[Martin Quezada]], a Democrat from Phoenix, described the proposal as "a desperate attempt to really pander to a base of voters even though the state of Arizona rejected Donald Trump."<ref>Dennis Welch, [https://www.azfamily.com/news/arizona-senator-wants-to-name-major-state-highway-after-donald-trump/article_53146e48-6b2f-11eb-b7b1-0b7f225593a6.html Arizona senator wants to name major state highway after Donald Trump], KTVK 3TV & KPHO CBS 5. (February 9, 2021).</ref>

In June 2021, Rogers appeared on the online TV network [[TruNews]] to promote Arizona Republicans' [[2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit|baseless "audit"]] into the 2020 presidential election results in [[Maricopa County, Arizona]]. (The results had previously been repeatedly audited, with no irregularities found.) TruNews and its founder, [[Rick Wiles]], are known for promoting [[antisemitism]], including claims that "seditious Jews" plotted Trump's impeachment and that "the American people are being oppressed by Jewish tyrants." Rogers made the appearance on a show hosted by [[white nationalist]] commentator [[Lauren Witzke (politician)|Lauren Witzke]].<ref>Molly Boigon, [https://forward.com/fast-forward/471941/arizona-state-senator-touts-appearance-on-network-that-warned-against/ Arizona state senator touts appearance on network that warned against 'Jewish tyrants'], ''Forward'' (June 24, 2021).</ref>

====Immigration====
Rogers has posted on social media warnings that that echo the "[[Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theory. In July 2021, she asserted that "We Americans who love this country are being replaced by people who do not love this country" and that "Communists & our enemies are using mass immigration, education, big tech, big corporations & other strategies to accomplish this."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aleshire |first1=Peter |title=Sen. Rogers tweets “we are being replaced” |url=https://www.wmicentral.com/news/sen-rogers-tweets-we-are-being-replaced/article_5109c3b9-252f-53d3-95e5-3d055f6cf5a3.html|publisher=White Mountain Independent |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rogers married Hal Kunnen in 1978 and they have two children. Kunnen is a retired Air Force officer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wendy Rogers|url=https://www.eastvalleytribune.com/arizona/politics/unplugged/wendy-rogers/article_f8513d82-cced-11df-8c23-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2021-04-01|website=East Valley Tribune|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://ballotpedia.org/Wendy_Rogers Biography] at [[Ballotpedia]]
{{Arizona State Senate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rogers, Wendy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Arizona Republicans]]
[[Category:Arizona state senators]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:Women in the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:American female aviators]]
[[Category:Aviators from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Alabama alumni]]
[[Category:California State University, San Bernardino alumni]]
[[Category:Women state legislators in Arizona]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2010 United States elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2012 United States elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 United States elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2018 United States elections]]
[[Category:Female military aviators]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

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Google Play

2021-09-06T23:58:55Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by MESMART132900 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{Distinguish|Google Store|Google Pay}}
{{Short description|Digital distribution service by Google}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Google Play
| logo = Google Play.svg
| logo size = 185px
| screenshot = Google Play (digital distribution platform) screenshot.png
| screenshot size = 260px
| caption = Google Play Store on the web
| collapsible = yes
| developer = [[Google]]
| released = {{start date and age|2008|10|22}} (as Android Market) {{start date and age|2012|3|6}} (as Google Play)
| ver layout = stacked
| latest release version = 25.3.32 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/google-inc/google-play-store/|title = Google Play Store APKs}}</ref>
| platform = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Android TV]], [[Wear OS]], [[Chrome OS]], [[Web application|Web]]
| genre = [[Digital distribution]], [[App store]], [[Mobile game|Mobile game store]], [[Video on demand]], [[Ebook|Ebook store]] [[Online music store]] (closed in December 2020)
| website = {{URL|https://play.google.com}}
}}

'''Google Play''', also branded as the '''Google Play Store''' and formerly '''Android Market''', is a [[digital distribution]] service operated and developed by [[Google]]. It serves as the official app store for certified devices running on the [[Android (operating system)|Android operating system]] and [[Google Operating System|its derivatives]] as well as [[Chrome OS]], allowing users to browse and download applications developed with the [[Android software development|Android software development kit]] (SDK) and published through Google. Google Play also serves as a [[digital media]] store, offering music, books, movies, and television programs.<ref name=":2" /> Content that has been purchased on Google Play Movies & TV and Google Play Books can be accessed on a web browser, and through the Android and iOS apps.

Applications are available through Google Play either free of charge or at a cost. They can be downloaded directly on an Android device through the [[proprietary software|proprietary]] Play Store [[mobile app]] or by [[Software deployment|deploying]] the application to a device from the Google Play website. Applications utilizing hardware capabilities of a device can be targeted to users of devices with specific hardware components, such as a motion sensor (for motion-dependent games) or a front-facing camera (for online video calling). The Google Play store had over 82 billion app downloads in 2016 and reached over 3.5 million apps published in 2017,<ref name="3.5 million apps"/> while after a purge of apps is back to over 3 million.<ref name="3 million apps"/> It has been the subject of multiple issues concerning security, in which [[Malware|malicious software]] has been approved and uploaded to the store and downloaded by users, with varying degrees of severity.

Google Play was launched on March 6, 2012, bringing together Android Market, and the Google under one brand, marking a shift in Google's digital distribution strategy. The services included in Google Play are being discontinued in favor of [[YouTube Music]] in December 2020. Following their re-branding, Google has gradually expanded the geographical support for each of the services.

== Catalog content ==

=== Android applications ===
{{Further|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Availability of Google Play in the World.svg|alt=Map of global availability of Google Play|thumb|600px|Global availability of Google Play]]
By 2017, Google Play featured more than 3.5 million Android applications.<ref name="3.5 million apps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266210/number-of-available-applications-in-the-google-play-store/|title=Number of Google Play Store apps 2017 {{!}} Statistic|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref><ref name="2.7 million apps">{{cite web|title=Number of Android applications |url=https://www.appbrain.com/stats/number-of-android-apps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210051327/https://www.appbrain.com/stats/number-of-android-apps |website=AppBrain |date=February 9, 2017 |archive-date=February 10, 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> After Google purged a lot of apps from the Google Play store, the number of apps has risen back to over 3 million Android applications.<ref name="3 million apps">{{Cite web|title=Number of Android applications on the Google Play store|url=https://www.appbrain.com/stats/number-of-android-apps|access-date=2020-08-12|website=AppBrain|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Play Store: number of apps|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266210/number-of-available-applications-in-the-google-play-store/|access-date=2020-07-20|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> As of 2017, developers in more than 150 locations could distribute apps on Google Play, though not every location supports merchant registration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supported locations for developer & merchant registration |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/table/3539140 |website=Developer Console Help |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> Developers receive 70% of the application price, while the remaining 30% goes to the distribution partner and operating fees.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} Developers can set up sales, with the original price struck out and a banner underneath informing users when the sale ends.<ref name="Sales 2"/><ref name="Sales 3"/> Google Play allows developers to release early versions of apps to a select group of users, as [[Software testing|alpha]] or [[Software testing|beta]] tests.<ref name="Sales 3" /> Users can pre-order select apps (as well as movies, music, books, and games) to have the items delivered as soon as they are available.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-05|title=How to use a Google Play gift card|url=https://www.androidcentral.com/how-use-google-play-gift-card|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Android Central}}</ref> Some [[Mobile network operator|network carriers]] offer billing for Google Play purchases, allowing users to opt for charges in the monthly phone bill rather than on credit cards.<ref name="Carrier billing introduced"/> Users can request refunds within 48 hours after a purchase.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-02|title=Two Years Later, Google Play Support Docs Acknowledge 48-Hour Refund Window|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2016/06/02/two-years-later-google-play-support-docs-acknowledge-48-hour-refund-window/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Android Police|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Games ===
{{Main|Google Play Games}}
At the [[Google I/O]] 2013 Developer Conference, Google announced the introduction of Google Play Games.<ref>{{cite web|last=Webster|first=Andrew|date=May 15, 2013|title=Google announces Play game services, Android's cross-platform answer to Game Center|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/15/4327880/google-announces-android-game-center-competitor|access-date=January 18, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Google Play Games is an [[Online game|online gaming]] service for Android that features real-time [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer gaming]] capabilities, [[Cloud storage|cloud saves]], social and public leaderboards, and [[Achievement (video gaming)|achievements]]. Its standalone [[mobile app]] was launched on July 24, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |title=Google takes on Game Center with Google Play Games for Android |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4553190/google-play-games-app-for-android-will-be-available-today |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref>

=== Books ===
{{Main|Google Play Books}}
[[File:Play Books availability.png|alt=Map of Global Availability of Google Play Books|thumb|Global availability of Google Play Books]]
Google Play Books is an [[ebook]] [[digital distribution]] service. Google Play offers over five million ebooks available for purchase,<ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Google Play Offers Over 5M eBooks And More Than 18M Songs, One Year After Its Rebranding |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/06/google-play-offers-over-5m-ebooks-and-more-than-18m-songs-one-year-after-its-rebranding/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> and users can also upload up to 1,000 of their own ebooks in the form of [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] or [[EPUB]] [[file format]]s.<ref>{{cite web |author=m4tt |title=Google Play Books enables user ebook uploads, Google Drive support |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/15/4334444/google-play-books-ios-android-sideloaded-ebooks |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref>
{{As of|2017|01}}, Google Play Books is available in 75 countries.<ref name="Content availability"/>

=== Movies and TV shows ===
{{Main|Google TV}}
[[File:Google Play Movies & TV Availability.svg|thumb|Global availability of Google Play Movies & TV]]
Google Play Movies & TV was a [[video on demand]] service offering movies and television shows available for purchase or rental, depending on availability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rent or buy movies & TV shows |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/topic/2438922 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=January 15, 2017}}</ref>

{{As of|2017|1|df=us}}, movies are available in over 110 countries, while TV shows are available only in Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Content availability"/>

In October 2020, Google Play Movies & TV was renamed Google TV.

=== Play Pass ===
{{Main|Google Play Pass}}
[[File:Availability of Google Play Pass in the World.svg|alt=Map of global availability of Google Play Pass|thumb|Global availability of Google Play Pass]]
On September 23, 2019, Google launched its [[Google Play Pass]] games and apps subscription service in the US.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bohn |first1=Dieter |title=Google Play Pass bundles 350 Android games and apps for $4.99 per month |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/23/20878843/google-play-pass-bundles-350-android-games-and-apps-for-4-99-per-month |website=The Verge |access-date=24 September 2019 |language=en |date=23 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Google Play Pass: Enjoy apps and games without ads or in-app purchases |url=https://blog.google/products/google-play/google-play-pass-enjoy-apps-and-games-without-ads-or-app-purchases/ |website=Google |access-date=24 September 2019 |language=en |date=23 September 2019}}</ref> As of September 2019, subscribers could access the games and apps without ads and in-app purchases. The program is invitation-only for app developers, who then can integrate the service into their existing apps.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google launches apps and games subscription service 'Play Pass' for $4.99 per month|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/google-launches-apps-and-games-subscription-service-play-pass-for-499-per-month/story/380885.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>

=== Device updates ===
Google introduced Project Mainline in [[Android 10]], allowing core OS components to be updated via the [[Google Play Store]], without requiring a complete system update.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/05/fresher-os-with-projects-treble-and-mainline.html|title=Fresher OS with Projects Treble and Mainline|website=Android Developers Blog|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/7/18531350/google-android-q-project-mainline-security-updates-play-store-io-2019|title=Project Mainline is Google's new attempt to send security updates directly to your phone|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2019-05-07|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

[[Android 10]] supports updates for core OS components including:

* '''Security''': Media Codecs, Media Framework Components, DNS Resolver, Conscrypt
* '''Privacy''': Documents UI, Permission Controller, ExtServices
* '''Consistency''': Time zone data, ANGLE (developers opt-in), Module Metadata, Networking components, Captive Portal Login, Network Permission Configuration<ref name=":0" />

On December 4, 2019, [[Qualcomm]] announced their [[List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems-on-chip#Snapdragon 865|Snapdragon 865]] supports [[GPU]] drivers updated via the Google Play Store. This feature was initially introduced with [[Android Oreo]] but vendors had not added support yet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15178/qualcomm-announces-snapdragon-865-and-765-5g-for-all-in-2020-all-the-details|title=Qualcomm Announces Snapdragon 865 and 765(G): 5G For All in 2020, All The Details|last=Frumusanu|first=Andrei|website=www.anandtech.com|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

=== Teacher Approved ===
In 2020, Google launched a new children-focused 'Teacher Approved' section for the Google Play Store. Apps marked as 'Teacher Approved' meet higher standards approved for educational purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/15/21221830/google-play-kids-section-teacher-approved-educational-apps|title=Google Play is getting a new Kids section filled with "Teacher Approved" apps|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2020-04-15|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.google/products/google-play/teacher-approved-apps/|title=Find high-quality apps for kids on Google Play|date=April 15, 2020|website=Google}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Google Play logo (2012-2015).svg|thumb|200px|Former Google Play logo, 2012]]
Google Play (previously styled '''Google play''') originated from three distinct products: Android Market, Google Music and Google eBookstore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-06|title=From Android Market to Google Play: a brief history of the Play Store|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/android-market-google-play-history-754989/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Android Authority|language=en-US}}</ref>

Android Market was announced by Google on August 28, 2008,<ref>{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Shankland |title=Google announces Android Market for phone apps |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-announces-android-market-for-phone-apps/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Biggs |title=Android to Get Its Own App Market |url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/08/28/android-to-get-its-own-app-market/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> and was made available to users on October 22.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Chu |title=Android Market: Now available for users |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2008/10/android-market-now-available-for-users.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=October 22, 2008 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |title=Google releases details on Android Market launch |url=https://venturebeat.com/2008/10/22/google-releases-details-on-android-market-launch/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=October 22, 2008 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In December 2010, content filtering was added to Android Market, each app's details page started showing a promotional graphic at the top, and the maximum size of an app was raised from 25 [[megabyte]]s to 50 megabytes.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ed |last=Burnette |title=Big changes in store for Android Market |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/big-changes-in-store-for-android-market/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 11, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sean |last=Hollister |title=Android Market update streamlines content, nukes tabs, dismantles 24-hour return policy to appease devs |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/12/11/android-market-update-streamlines-content-nukes-tabs-dismantle/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=December 11, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Ziegler |title=Android Market adding content ratings to all apps, past, present, and future |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/11/24/android-market-adding-content-ratings-to-all-apps-past-present/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=November 24, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> The Google eBookstore was launched on December 6, 2010, debuting with three million ebooks, making it "the largest ebooks collection in the world".<ref>{{cite web |first=Abraham |last=Murray |title=Discover more than 3 million Google eBooks from your choice of booksellers and devices |url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/12/discover-more-than-3-million-google.html |website=Official Google Blog |date=December 6, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In November 2011, Google announced Google Music, a section of the Play Store offering music purchases.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ross |last=Miller |title=Google Music store official: artist hubs, Google+ integration, and more |url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/11/16/2566928/google-music-store-announcement |website=[[The Verge]] |date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Armando |last=Rodriguez |title=Get Started With Google's New Music Store |url=http://www.techhive.com/article/244066/getting_started_with_google_s_new_music_store.html |website=TechHive |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In March 2012, Google increased the maximum allowed size of an app by allowing developers to attach two expansion files to an app's basic download; each expansion file with a maximum size of 2 [[gigabyte]]s, giving app developers a total of 4 gigabytes.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bams |last=Sadewo |title=Google Increases App Size Limit on Android Market to 4GB |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/google-increases-app-size-limit-4gb-60314/ |website=Android Authority |date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chloe |last=Albanesius |title=Google Ups Android App Size Limit to 4GB |url=http://uk.pcmag.com/apps/65818/news/google-ups-android-app-size-limit-to-4gb |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> Also in March 2012, Android Market was re-branded as Google Play.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jamie |last=Rosenberg |title=Introducing Google Play: All your entertainment, anywhere you go |url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2012/03/introducing-google-play-all-your.html |website=Official Google Blog |date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Joshua |last=Topolsky |title=Hello, Google Play: Google launches sweeping revamp of app, book, music, and video stores |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/6/2848223/google-play-store-rebranded-android-market |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Velazco |title=Goodbye Android Market, Hello Google Play |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/06/goodbye-android-market-hello-google-play/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref>

The Google Play Store, including all [[Android (operating system)|Android]] apps, came to [[Chrome OS]] in September 2016.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Amadeo |title=The Play Store comes to Chrome OS, but not the way we were expecting |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/05/the-play-store-comes-to-chrome-os-but-not-the-way-we-were-expecting/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=Google Play is coming to Chrome OS in September |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/19/google-play-is-coming-to-chrome-os-in-september/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2021, Google Play announced plans to implement a new section with privacy information for all applications in its storefront. The project is similar to [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]]'s privacy labels and is expected to be released in full in the first half of 2022. The feature will show users what kind of information each app collects, whether the data it stores is encrypted and whether users can opt out of being tracked by the application.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jon|last=Porter |title=Google Play's app listings will require privacy info next year, just like the App Store |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/6/22422894/google-play-app-privacy-info-apple-app-store-labels |website=[[The Verge]] |date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Google Play Music}}
[[File:Google Play Music Availability.png|alt=Map of global availability of Google Play Music|thumb|Global availability of Google Play Music]]
Google Play Music was a [[comparison of on-demand music streaming services|music]] and [[podcast]] [[streaming service]] and [[Comparison of online music lockers|online music locker]]. It features over 40 million songs,<ref>{{cite web |first=Abner |last=Li |title=Play Music 7.4 adds 'Recents' to navigation drawer, now has 40 million songs in its library |url=https://9to5google.com/2017/02/22/google-play-music-7-4-recents-section/ |website=9to5Google |date=February 22, 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> and gives users free [[File hosting service|cloud storage]] of up to 50,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to use Google Play Music |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/4515411 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref>

{{As of|2017|5|df=us}}, Google Play Music was available in 64 countries.<ref name="Content availability">{{cite web |title=Country availability for apps & digital content |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/2843119 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

In June 2018, Google announced plans to shut down Play Music by 2020 and offered users to migrate to [[YouTube Music]], migration to Google Podcasts was announced in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/music/what-happens-to-google-play-music-youtube-music/|access-date=2020-10-05|website=www.digitaltrends.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Li|first=Abner|date=May 12, 2020|title=Google Podcasts can import all your Play Music podcast subscriptions|work=9to5Google|url=https://9to5google.com/2020/05/12/google-podcasts-play-music/|access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> In October 2020, the music store for Google Play Music was shutdown.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Li|first=Abner|date=October 12, 2020|title=Google completes worldwide shutdown of Play Music store|work=9to5Google|url=https://9to5google.com/2020/10/12/google-play-music-store-shutdown/|access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> Google Play Music was shut down in December 2020 and was replaced by YouTube Music and Google Podcasts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Info about the Google Play Music phase-out|url=https://support.google.com/googleplaymusic/answer/9973710?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=6230811|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=Google Help}}</ref>

=== News publications and magazines ===
{{Main|Google Play Newsstand}}
[[File:Availability of Google Play Newsstand in the World (2012-2018).svg|alt=Map of Global Availability of Google Play Newsstand|thumb|Global availability of Google Play Newsstand]]
Google Play Newsstand was a [[news aggregator]] and [[digital newsstand]] service offering subscriptions to digital magazines and topical news feeds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lyons|first=Kim|date=2020-01-03|title=Google News will discontinue its program that offered magazine subs in print replica format|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/3/21048297/google-news-print-replica-magazine-pdf-discontinued|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Google released Newsstand in November 2013, combining the features of [[Google Play Magazines]] and [[Google Currents (2011–13)|Google Currents]] into a single product.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/20/google-play-newstand/ |title=Google Play Newsstand merges Currents, magazines and newspapers on Android today, iOS in 2014 |author=O'Brien, Terrence |website=Engadget.com |access-date= September 4, 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2017|1|df=us}}, the basic Newsstand service, was available worldwide. As of 2017, paid Newsstand content was available in more than 35 countries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

On May 15, 2018, the mobile app merged with [[Google News & Weather]] to form [[Google News]]. The Newsstand section continued to appear on the Google Play website until November 5, 2018, but now is only available through the Google News app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hartmans|first=Avery|title=We compared Google News and Apple's built-in News app for the iPhone to see which one is better — and there's a clear winner|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-news-vs-apple-news-2018-7|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

=== Devices ===
{{Main|Google Store}}
Until March 2015, Google Play had a "Devices" section for users to purchase [[Google Nexus]] devices, [[Chromebook]]s, [[Chromecast]]s, other Google-branded hardware, and accessories. A separate online hardware retailer called the [[Google Store]] was introduced on March 11, 2015, replacing the Devices section of Google Play.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Bowers |title=Meet the updated Chromebook Pixel and the new Google Store |url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/03/meet-updated-chromebook-pixel-and-new.html |website=Official Google Blog |date=March 11, 2015 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Amadeo |title=Google launches the Google Store, a new place to buy hardware [Updated] |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/03/google-launches-the-google-store-a-new-second-place-to-buy-hardware/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=March 11, 2015 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

== User interface ==
Apart from searching for content by name, apps can also be searched through keywords provided by the developer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get discovered on Google Play search |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/4448378 |website=Developer Console Help |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> When searching for apps, users can press on suggested search filters, helping them to find apps matching the determined filters.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=Play Store suggested search filters are rolling out to all |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2017/06/06/play-store-suggested-search-filters-rolling/ |website=Android Police |date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref> For the discoverability of apps, Play Store consists of lists featuring top apps in each category, including "Top Free", a list of the most popular free apps of all time; "Top Paid", a list of the most popular paid apps of all time; "Top Grossing", a list of apps generating the highest amounts of revenue; "Trending Apps", a list of apps with recent installation growth; "Top New Free", a list of the most popular new free apps; "Top New Paid", a list of the most popular new paid apps; "Featured", a list of new apps selected by the Google Play team; "Staff Picks", a frequently-updated list of apps selected by the Google Play team; "Editors' Choice", a list of apps considered the best of all time; and "Top Developer", a list of apps made by developers considered the best.<ref>{{cite web |title=Types of featured app lists |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/1295940 |website=Developer Console Help |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> In March 2017, Google added a "Free App of the Week" section, offering one normally-paid app for free.<ref>{{cite web |first=Abhimanyu |last=Ghoshal |title=Google Play now offers a free Android app every week |url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2017/03/27/google-play-now-offers-free-android-app-every-week/ |website=The Next Web |date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=Google Play gets a Free App of the Week section |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/26/google-play-gets-a-free-app-of-the-week-section/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, Google expanded its "Editors' Choice" section to feature curated lists of apps deemed to provide good Android experiences within overall themes, such as fitness, video calling and puzzle games.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mallory |last=Locklear |title=Google Play wants to help users find apps with curated lists |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/07/19/google-play-help-find-apps-curated-lists/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 19, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Williams |last=Pelegrin |title=Google Play's editorial pages put a human touch on finding high-quality apps |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/google-play-editors-choice-788456/ |website=Android Authority |date=July 19, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref>

Google Play enables users to know the popularity of apps, by displaying the number of times the app has been downloaded. The download count is a color-coded badge, with special color designations for surpassing certain app download milestones, including grey for 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 downloads, blue for 10,000 and 50,000 downloads, green for 100,000 and 500,000 downloads, and red/orange for 1 million, 5 million, 10 million and 1 billion downloads.<ref>{{cite web |first=Blake |last=Stimac |title=Google Play Store now showcases app download numbers with new badges |url=http://www.greenbot.com/article/2463910/google-play-store-now-showcases-app-download-numbers-with-new-badges.html |website=Greenbot |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Grush |title=Play Store introduces colorful badges denoting number of app downloads |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/play-store-badges-417072/ |website=Android Authority |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

Users can submit reviews and ratings for apps and digital content distributed through Google Play, which are displayed publicly. Ratings are based on a 5-point scale. App developers can respond to reviews<ref>{{cite web |first=Jeff |last=Blagdon |title=Google Play now lets all developers respond to user reviews |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/14/4329042/google-play-lets-all-developers-respond-to-user-reviews |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> using the Google Play Developer Console.<ref>{{cite web |title=View & analyze your app's ratings & reviews |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/138230 |website=Developer Console Help |access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref>

=== Design ===
Google has redesigned Google Play's interface on several occasions. In February 2011, Google introduced a [[web application|website interface]] for the then-named Android Market that provides access through a computer.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Chu |title=Introducing the Android Market website |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.no/2011/02/introducing-android-market-website.html |website=Google Mobile Blog |date=February 2, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> Applications purchased are downloaded and installed on an Android device remotely, with a "My Market Account" section letting users give their devices a nickname for easy recognition.<ref>{{cite web |first=Vlad |last=Savov |title=Android Market gets a web store with OTA installations, in-app purchases coming soon |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/02/02/android-market-gets-a-web-store/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 2, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In May 2011, Google added new application lists to Android Market, including "Top Paid", "Top Free", "Editor's Choice", "Top Grossing", "Top Developers", and "Trending".<ref>{{cite web |first=Kim-Mai |last=Cutler |title=Android Market Now Highlights Top-Grossing and Trending Apps |url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/android-market-new-categories-trending-top-grossing/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Beringer Capital |date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jeffrey Van |last=Camp |title=Google revamps Android Market, adds more lists |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/android/google-revamps-android-market-adds-more-lists/ |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=May 12, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In July, Google introduced an interface with a focus on featured content, more search filters, and (in the US) book sales and movie rentals.<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Montoy-Wilson |title=A new Android Market for phones, with books and movies |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.no/2011/07/new-android-market-for-phones-with.html |website=Google Mobile Blog |date=July 12, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In May 2013, a redesign to the [[Web application|website interface]] matched the then-recently redesigned Android app.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |title=Google redesigning Play apps and Play Store on the web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/15/4333780/google-redesigning-play-apps-and-play-store-on-the-web |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> In July 2014, the Play Store Android app added new headers to the Books/Movies sections, a new Additional Information screen offering a list featuring the latest available app version, installed size, and content rating, and simplified the app permissions prompt into overview categories.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=[Update #2: 4.8.22] Latest Google Play Store 4.8.22 With PayPal Support, Simplified App Permissions, Bigger Buttons, And More [APK Download] |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/07/15/google-rolling-out-play-store-v4-8-19-with-paypal-support-simplified-app-permissions-bigger-buttons-and-more-apk-download/ |website=Android Police |date=July 15, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> A few days later, it got a redesign consistent with the then-new [[Material Design]] design language,<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Ruddock |title=Google Play Store Update 4.9.13 Adds Material Design App And Content Pages [APK Download] |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/07/22/google-play-store-update-4-9-13-adds-material-design-app-and-content-pages-apk-download/ |website=Android Police |date=July 22, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Walter |title=Google Play Store gets a Material Design-inspired makeover |url=http://www.greenbot.com/article/2456235/google-play-store-gets-a-material-design-inspired-makeover.html |website=Greenbot |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=July 23, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> and the app was again updated in October 2015 to feature new animations, divide up the content into "Apps and Games" and "Entertainment" sections, as well as added support for languages read right-to-left.<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Vincent |title=A first look at the Google Play store redesign |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/16/9549121/google-play-redesign |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Google Play Is Getting A Makeover |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/16/google-play-is-getting-a-makeover/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Billy |last=Steele |title=Google Play's pending redesign gets an early tease |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/16/google-play-app-store-redesign/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In April 2016, Google announced a redesign of all the icons used for its suite of Play apps, adding a similar style and consistent look.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=Google Announces New Google Play App Icons |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2016/04/04/google-announces-new-google-play-app-icons/ |website=Android Police |date=April 4, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Statt |title=Google Play app icons are getting the candy-colored flat design treatment |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/4/11362476/google-play-store-app-icon-redesign |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=April 4, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In May 2017, Google removed the shopping bag from the Google Play icon, with only the triangle and associated colors remaining.<ref>{{cite web |first=Cody |last=Toombs |title=The Play Store adopts new app and notification icons with v7.8.16 [APK Download] |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2017/05/10/the-play-store-adopts-new-app-and-notification-icons-with-v7-8-16-apk-download/ |website=Android Police |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ashley |last=Carman |title=Google drops the shopping bag from the Play Store icon |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/11/15624990/google-updated-play-store-icon |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, Google experimented by changing the format of the screenshots used for the App pages from the WebP format to PNG but reverted the change after it caused the images to load more slowly. The update also saw small UI tweaks to the Google Play Store site with the reviews section now opening to a dedicated page and larger images in the light box viewer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://androidpocket.com/2018/03/30/google-play-store-site-gets-redesigned-rolling-out-to-all/|title=Google Play Store site gets redesigned, rolling out to all - Android Pocket|date=2018-03-30|work=Android Pocket|access-date=2018-05-10|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/03/17/google-rolling-new-web-play-store-design-much-larger-screenshots-new-reviews-page/#1|title=[Update: More details] Google is rolling out a new web Play Store design with much larger screenshots, a new reviews page, and more|date=2018-03-17|work=Android Police|access-date=2018-05-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Google Play Instant Apps ==

Launched in 2017, '''Google Play Instant''', also known as '''Google Instant Apps''', allows to use an app or game without installing it first.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.android.com/topic/google-play-instant|title=Google Play Instant|website=Android Developers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3234532/android-instant-apps-what-they-are-and-how-to-use-them-on-your-phone.html|title=Android Instant Apps: What they are and how to use them on your phone|date=October 24, 2017|website=PCWorld}}</ref>

== App monetization ==
Google states in its Developer Policy Center that "Google Play supports a variety of monetization strategies to benefit developers and users, including paid distribution, in-app products, subscriptions, and ad-based models", and requires developers to comply with the policies in order to "ensure the best user experience". It requires that developers charging for apps and downloads through Google Play must use Google Play's payment system. In-app purchases unlocking additional app functionality must also use the Google Play payment system, except in cases where the purchase "is solely for physical products" or "is for digital content that may be consumed outside of the app itself (e.g. songs that can be played on other music players)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetization and Ads |url=https://play.google.com/about/monetization-ads/ |website=Developer Policy Center |access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> Support for paid applications was introduced on February 13, 2009 for developers in the United States and the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Chu |title=Android Market update: support for priced applications |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2009/02/android-market-update-support-for.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=February 13, 2009 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> with support expanded to an additional 29 countries on September 30, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Chu |title=More Countries, More sellers, More buyers |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2010/09/more-countries-more-sellers-more-buyers.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=September 30, 2010 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> The in-app billing system was originally introduced in March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Chu |title=In-App Billing on Android Market: Ready for Testing |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2011/03/in-app-billing-on-android-market-ready.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=March 24, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> All developers on Google Play are required to feature a physical address on the app's page in Google Play, a requirement established in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=Google Will Now Require All App Publishers With Paid Apps Or In-App Purchases To Have An Address On File And Displayed Publicly In Google Play [Update] |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/09/18/google-will-now-require-all-app-publishers-with-paid-apps-or-in-app-purchases-to-have-an-address-on-file-in-google-play/ |website=Android Police |date=September 18, 2014 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref>

In February 2017, Google announced that it would let developers set sales for their apps, with the original price struck out and a banner underneath informing users when the sale ends. Google also announced that it had made changes to its algorithms to promote games based on user engagement and not just downloads. Finally, it announced new editorial pages for what it considers "optimal gaming experiences on Android", further promoting and curating games.<ref name="Sales 1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Bankhead |title=Welcome to Google Developer Day at Game Developer Conference 2017 |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/02/welcome-to-google-developer-day-at-game.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sales 2">{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Google now lets apps display sale prices in the Play Store |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/28/14760940/google-play-store-app-sales |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sales 3">{{cite web |first=Derrick |last=Rossignol |title=Google now lets developers offer sales on Android apps |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/02/28/google-now-lets-developers-offer-sales-on-android-apps/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref>

=== Payment methods ===
Google allows users to purchase content with credit or debit cards, carrier billing, gift cards, or through [[PayPal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Accepted payment methods on Google Play |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/2651410 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref> Google began rolling out carrier billing for purchases in May 2012,<ref name="Carrier billing introduced">{{cite web |first=Terrence |last=O'Brien |title=Google Play adds carrier billing for music, movies and books |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/02/google-play-adds-carrier-billing-for-music-movies-and-books/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Ziegler |title=Google Play now lets you charge movies, music, and books to your phone bill on some carriers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/5/2/2994146/google-play-music-movies-books-carrier-billing |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> followed by support for PayPal in May 2014.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Ruddock |title=Play Store Now Accepts PayPal In 12 Countries, Carrier Billing, Gift Cards, And Developer Sales Countries Expanded, Too |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/05/15/play-store-now-accepts-paypal-in-12-countries-carrier-billing-gift-cards-and-developer-sales-countries-expanded-too/ |website=Android Police |date=May 15, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Seifert |title=You can now use PayPal to buy apps from the Google Play Store |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/15/5721192/google-play-store-android-paypal-integration |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 15, 2014 |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref>

==== Gift cards ====
[[File:Google Play gift card.jpeg|thumb|150px|Gift cards in a [[Target Corporation|Target]] store in the United States]]
The rumor of Google Play [[gift card]]s started circulating online in August 2012 after references to it were discovered by ''Android Police'' in the 3.8.15 version update of the Play Store Android app.<ref>{{cite web |first=Artem |last=Russakovskii |title=Google Is Gearing Up To Finally Introduce Play Store Gift Cards And A Wishlist [APK Teardown] |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/08/15/exclusive-google-is-gearing-up-to-finally-introduce-play-store-gift-cards/ |website=Android Police |date=August 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> Soon after, images of the gift cards started to leak,<ref>{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Nickinson |title=Google Play gift cards are real - and here's what they look like |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/google-play-gift-cards-are-real-and-heres-what-they-look |website=Android Central |publisher=Mobile Nations |date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> and on August 21, 2012 they were made official by Google and rolled out over the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Nickinson |title=Google Play Gift Cards are official, rolling out over the next few weeks |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/google-play-gift-cards-get-official-site |website=Android Central |publisher=Mobile Nations |date=August 21, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Lee |title=Google rolls out Google Play gift cards |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/google-rolls-out-google-play-gift-cards/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref>

As of April 2017 Google Play gift cards are available in the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where to buy Google Play gift cards |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/3422734 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref>

=== Subscriptions ===
Google introduced in-app subscriptions to Google Play in May 2012.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Ziegler |title=Google Play adds in-app subscription billing |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/5/24/3040919/google-play-in-app-subscriptions |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Olivarez-Giles |title=Google Introduces in-App Subscriptions for Android |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/05/android-in-app-subscriptions/ |website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In June 2016, some sources reported that Google announced that subscriptions charged through Google Play would now split the revenue 85/15, where developers receive 85% of revenue and Google takes 15%, a change from the traditional 70/30 split in years prior. The move followed [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s then-recently announced change of the same model, although commentators were quick to point out that while Apple grants the 85/15 revenue share after one year of active subscriptions, Google's subscription change takes effect immediately.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Bergen |title=Google is offering app developers the same revenue-sharing terms Apple just announced — with one big advantage |url=https://www.recode.net/2016/6/8/11889298/google-apple-subscription-app-revenue-share |website=[[Recode]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sean |last=King |title=Google planning to let developers keep 85% of app subscription payments |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/devs-to-keep-85-percent-of-subscription-payments-697528/ |website=Android Authority |date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Abner |last=Li |title=Report: Google also working on 85-15 revenue split with developers, but without year long wait |url=https://9to5google.com/2016/06/08/google-play-revenue-split/ |website=9to5Google |date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> As of January 1, 2018, the transaction fee for subscription products decreased to 15% for any subscribers developers retain after 12 paid months,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/112622?hl=en|title=Transaction fees - Play Console Help|website=support.google.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> establishing that, unlike what sources were reporting, Google is using the same model as Apple with in-app subscriptions on the App Store.

== Play Store on Android ==
{{Anchor|Play_Store_.28Android_application.29}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Play Store
| logo = 
| developer = [[Google]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2008|10|22}}
| ver layout = stacked
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| genre = [[Digital distribution]], [[App store]]
| screenshot_size = 220px
}}
[[File:Get it on Google play.svg|thumb|''Get it on Google Play'' badge]]
Play Store is Google's official pre-installed [[app store]] on Android-certified devices. It provides access to content on the Google Play Store, including apps, books, magazines, music, movies, and television programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Find the Google Play Store app |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/190860 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> Devices do not ship with the Play Store in China, with manufacturers offering their own alternative.<ref>{{cite web |title=ARCore supported devices |url=https://developers.google.com/ar/discover/supported-devices#android_china |website=Google Developers |access-date=23 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Play Store filters the list of apps to those compatible with the user's device. Developers can target specific hardware components (such as [[compass]]), software components (such as [[Software widget|widget]]), and Android versions (such as [[Android Nougat|7.0 Nougat]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Device Compatibility |url=https://developer.android.com/guide/practices/compatibility.html |website=Android Developers |access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> [[Mobile network operator|Carriers]] can also ban certain apps from being installed on users' devices, for example [[tethering]] applications.<ref>{{cite web |first=Terrence |last=O'Brien |title=Carriers crack down on Android tethering apps, rain on our mobile hotspot parade |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/05/02/carriers-crack-down-on-android-tethering-apps-rain-on-our-mobil/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] (a division of [[Verizon Communications]]) |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref>

There is no requirement that Android applications be acquired using the Play Store. Users may download Android applications from a developer's website or through a third-party app store alternative.<ref>{{cite web |first=Priya |last=Ganapati |title=Independent App Stores Take On Google's Android Market |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/06/independent-app-stores-take-on-googles-android-market/ |website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> Play Store applications are self-contained [[Android application package|Android Package files]] (APK), similar to [[Executable|.exe]] files to install programs on [[Microsoft Windows]] computers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott Adam |last=Gordon |title=What is an APK file and how do you install one? |url=https://www.androidpit.com/android-for-beginners-what-is-an-apk-file |website=Android Pit |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> On Android devices, an "Unknown sources" feature in Settings allows users to bypass the Play Store and install APKs from other sources.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Graziano |title=How to install apps outside of Google Play |url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-install-apps-outside-of-google-play/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=September 12, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> Depending on developer preferences, some apps can be installed to a phone's [[Secure Digital|external storage card]].<ref>{{cite web |title=App Install Location |url=https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data/install-location.html |website=Android Developers |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

=== Installation history ===
The Play Store app features a history of all installed apps. Users can remove apps from the list, with the changes also synchronizing to the Google Play website interface, where the option to remove apps from the history does not exist.<ref>{{cite web |first= Jason |last= Cipriani |title= Delete downloaded app history from Google Play |url= https://www.cnet.com/how-to/delete-downloaded-app-history-from-google-play/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref>

=== Compatibility ===
Google publishes the [[source code]] for Android through its "Android Open Source Project", allowing enthusiasts and developers to program and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system. However, not all these modified versions are compatible with apps developed for Google's official Android versions. The "Android Compatibility Program" serves to "define a baseline implementation of Android that is compatible with third-party apps written by developers". Only Android devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements may install and access Google's Play Store application. As stated in a help page for the Android Open Source Project, "Devices that are "Android compatible" may participate in the Android ecosystem, including Android Market; devices that don't meet the compatibility requirements exist outside that ecosystem. In other words, the Android Compatibility Program is how we separate "Android compatible devices" from devices that merely run derivatives of the source code. We welcome all uses of the Android source code, but only Android compatible devices—as defined and tested by the Android Compatibility Program—may participate in the Android ecosystem."<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://source.android.com/faqs.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523025416/http://source.android.com/faqs.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 23, 2010 |website=Android Open Source Project |access-date=February 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Some [[original equipment manufacturer|device manufacturers]] choose to use their own app store instead of or in addition to the Play Store.

== Google Play Services ==
{{Main|Google Play Services}}
In 2012, Google began decoupling certain aspects of its Android operating system (particularly its core applications) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS. One of those components, [[Google Play Services]], is a [[Proprietary software|closed-source]] system-level process providing [[Application programming interface|API]]s for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running [[Android Froyo|Android 2.2 "Froyo"]] and higher. With these changes, Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Amadeo |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> As a result, [[Android Jelly Bean|Android 4.2 and 4.3 "Jelly Bean"]] contained relatively fewer user-facing changes, focusing more on minor changes and platform improvements.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Cunningham |title=Review: Android 4.3's multitude of minor changes future-proofs the platform |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/08/review-android-4-3-future-proofs-the-platform-with-multitude-of-minor-changes/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=August 9, 2013 |access-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref>

== History of app growth ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Month
! Applications available
! Downloads to date
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2009
|March
|2,300<ref>{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Lawson |title=Android Market Needs More Filters, T-Mobile Says |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/161410/article.html |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=March 17, 2009 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|December
|16,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Robin |last=Wauters |title=Google: Actually, We Count Only 16,000 Apps In Android Market |url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/12/16/google-android-market/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=December 16, 2009 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2010
|March
|30,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Chan |title=Android Market has 30,000 apps, sort of |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-has-30000-apps |website=Android Central |date=March 18, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|April
|38,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Nickinson |title=Android Market now has 38,000 'apps' |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-now-has-38000-apps |website=Android Central |date=April 15, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424112836/http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-now-has-38000-apps |archive-date=April 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|-
|July
|70,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Nickinson |title=Android Market now officially has more than 70,000 applications |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-now-officially-has-more-70000-applications |website=Android Central |date=July 15, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403015950/http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-now-officially-has-more-70000-applications |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|-
|September
|80,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Jerry |last=Hildenbrand |title=Android Market has more than 80,000 apps, Android's Rubin says |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/googles-andy-rubin-says-over-80k-apps-now-android-market |website=Android Central |date=September 9, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|October
|100,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Kyle |last=Gibb |title=Android Market passes 100,000 'apps' |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-surpasses-100000-apps |website=Android Central |date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2011
|April
|
|3 billion<ref>{{cite web |first=Leena |last=Rao |title=Google: 3 Billion Android Apps Installed; Downloads Up 50 Percent From Last Quarter |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/14/google-3-billion-android-apps-installed-up-50-percent-from-last-quarter/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|May
|200,000<ref name="May 2011">{{cite web |first=Hugo |last=Barra |title=Android: momentum, mobile and more at Google I/O |url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/android-momentum-mobile-and-more-at.html |website=Official Google Blog |date=May 10, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|4,5 billion<ref name="May 2011"/>
|-
|July
|250,000<ref name="July 2011">{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Nickinson |title=Android Market now has more than a quarter-million applications |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-now-has-more-quarter-million-applications |website=Android Central |date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172204/http://www.androidcentral.com/android-market-now-has-more-quarter-million-applications |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|6 billion<ref name="July 2011"/>
|-
|October
|500,000<ref>{{cite web |first=Leslie |last=Horn |title=Report: Android Market Reaches 500,000 Apps |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2395188,00.asp |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Brian |title=Google's Android Market surpasses 500,000 successful submissions |url=https://thenextweb.com/google/2011/10/21/googles-android-market-surpasses-500000-successful-submissions/ |website=The Next Web |date=October 21, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|December
|
|10 billion<ref>{{cite web |first=Mike |last=Isaac |title=Android Market Hits 10 Billion Downloads, Kicks Off App Sale |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/12/android-market-downloads/ |website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=December 6, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2012
|April
|
|15 billion<ref>{{cite web |first=Ingrid |last=Lunden |title=Google Play About To Pass 15 Billion App Downloads? Pssht! It Did That Weeks Ago |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/05/07/google-play-about-to-pass-15-billion-downloads-pssht-it-did-that-weeks-ago/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|June
|600,000<ref name="June 2012">{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Fingas |title=Google Play hits 600,000 apps, 20 billion total installs |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/27/google-play-hits-600000-apps/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|20 billion<ref name="June 2012"/>
|-
|September
|675,000<ref name="September 2012">{{cite web |first=Zachary |last=Lutz |title=Google Play hits 25 billion app downloads, holds celebratory yard sale with $0.25 games |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/26/google-play-hits-25-billion-app-downloads/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|25 billion<ref name="September 2012"/>
|-
|October
|700,000<ref>{{cite web|first=Brian |last=Womack |title=Google Says 700,000 Applications Available for Android |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-29/google-says-700-000-applications-available-for-android-devices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101015738/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-29/google-says-700-000-applications-available-for-android-devices |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |date=October 29, 2012 |archive-date=November 1, 2012 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2013
|May
|
|48 billion<ref>{{cite web |first=Brad |last=Ward |title=Google: 900 million Android activations, 48 billion app installs |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/google-io-android-activations-210036/ |website=Android Authority |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|July
|1 million<ref name="July 2013">{{cite web |first=Christina |last=Warren |title=Google Play Hits 1 Million Apps |url=http://mashable.com/2013/07/24/google-play-1-million/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>
|50 billion<ref name="July 2013"/>
|-
|rowspan="1" |2016
|
|
|82 billion<ref>{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=With 82 billion app installs in 2016, Google gives developers more Play Console features |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/05/17/with-82-billion-app-installs-in-2016-google-gives-developers-more-play-console-features/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=May 17, 2017 |access-date=May 22, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |2017
|February
|2.7 million<ref name="2.7 million apps"/>
|
|}

== Google Play Awards and yearly lists ==

In April 2016, Google announced the Google Play Awards, described as "a way to recognize our incredible developer community and highlight some of the best apps and games". The awards showcase five nominees across ten award categories, and the apps are featured in a dedicated section of Google Play. Google stated that "Nominees were selected by a panel of experts on the Google Play team based on criteria emphasizing app quality, innovation, and having a launch or major update in the last 12 months", with the winners announced in May.<ref>{{cite web |first=Purnima |last=Kochikar |title=The Google Play Awards coming to Google I/O |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2016/04/the-google-play-awards-coming-to-google.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Google showcases the best Android apps for its first-ever Google Play Awards |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/22/google-showcases-the-best-android-apps-for-its-first-ever-google-play-awards/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 22, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

Google has also previously released yearly lists of apps it deemed the "best" on Google Play.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Goldman |title=The best apps of 2015 ... according to Apple and Google |url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/12/10/technology/best-apps-2015-apple-google/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 10, 2015 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Victor |last=Luckerson |title=Google Says These Are 2014's Best Android Apps |url=http://time.com/3611709/best-android-google-play-apps-2014/ |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |date=December 1, 2014 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

On March 6, 2017, five years after Google Play's launch, Google released lists of the best-selling apps, games, movies, music, and books over the past five years.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chaim |last=Gartenberg |title=The top-selling Google Play Store content of all time is exactly what you think it is |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/6/14829514/google-play-store-top-selling-content-fifth-anniversary |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Nieva |title=At 5, Google Play calls out Adele, Candy Crush as most popular |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-play-store-top-apps-adele-candy-crush-the-interview/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref>

In June 2017, Google introduced "Android Excellence", a new editorial program to highlight the apps deemed the highest quality by the Google Play editors.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Google Play introduces 'Android Excellence' collections that showcase editorially selected top apps and games |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/13/google-play-introduces-android-excellence-collections-that-showcase-editorially-selected-top-apps-and-games/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 13, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dani |last=Deahl |title=Google Play's new Android Excellence collections highlight the very best in apps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15794786/google-play-android-excellence-collections |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 13, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, Google Play awarded the [[Disney+]] emerged as the top app of the year for users in the US, and SpongeBob: Krusty Cook-Off taking the honors in the gaming category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/google-play-awards-disney-plus-genshin-impact-080149376.html|title=Disney+ is the best app of the year, according to Google Play users|access-date=1 December 2020|website=Engadget}}</ref>

==Application approval==
Google places some restrictions on the types of apps that can be published, in particular not allowing sexually explicit content, child endangerment, violence, bullying & harassment, hate speech, gambling, illegal activities, and requiring precautions for user-generated content.<ref>{{cite web |title=Let's build the world's most trusted store for apps and games |url=https://play.google.com/about/developer-content-policy/ |website=Developer Policy Center |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

In March 2015, Google disclosed that over the past few months, it had been begun using a combination of automated tools and human reviewers to check apps for [[malware]] and terms of service violations before they are published in the Play Store. At the same time, it began rolling out a new age-based ratings system for apps and games, based on a given region's official ratings authority (for example, [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]] in the US).<ref>{{cite web |first=Eunice |last=Kim |title=Creating Better User Experiences on Google Play |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2015/03/creating-better-user-experiences-on.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=App Submissions On Google Play Now Reviewed By Staff, Will Include Age-Based Ratings |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/17/app-submissions-on-google-play-now-reviewed-by-staff-will-include-age-based-ratings/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Cunningham |title=Google Play apps and updates are now subject to a review process |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/03/google-play-apps-and-updates-are-now-subject-to-a-review-process/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref>

In October 2016, Google announced a new detection and filtering system designed to provide "additional enhancements to protect the integrity of the store". The new system is aimed to detect and filter cases where developers have been attempting to "manipulate the placement of their apps through illegitimate means like fraudulent installs, fake reviews, and incentivized ratings".<ref>{{cite web |first=Kazushi |last=Nagayama |title=Keeping the Play Store trusted: fighting fraud and spam installs |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2016/10/keeping-the-play-store-trusted-fighting-fraud-and-spam-installs.html |website=Android Developers Blog |date=October 31, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Google gets better at flagging apps trying to fake their way into the Play Store's top charts |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/31/google-gets-better-at-flagging-apps-trying-to-fake-their-way-into-the-play-stores-top-charts/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 31, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2016/10/31/google-rolling-improved-fraud-spam-detection-play-store/ |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=Google rolling out improved fraud and spam detection in the Play Store |website=Android Police |date=October 31, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref>

In April 2019, Google announced changes to the store's app review process, stating that it would take several days to review app submissions from new and less-established developers. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Improving the update process with your feedback|url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/04/improving-update-process-with-your.html|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Android Developers Blog|language=en}}</ref> The company later clarified that, in exceptional cases, certain apps may be subject to an expanded review process, delaying publication by seven days or longer. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Publish an app - Play Console Help|url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/6334282|access-date=2020-08-21|website=support.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-30|title=[Update 2: Up to 7 Days or Longer] Google Play Store approval for new apps will now take more time|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/google-play-store-approval-new-apps-time/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=xda-developers|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Application bans ===
Some [[Mobile network operator|mobile carriers]] can block users from installing certain apps. In March 2009, reports surfaced that several [[tethering]] apps were banned from the store.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Krazit |title=Google bans tethering app from Android Market? |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-bans-tethering-app-from-android-market/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=March 31, 2009 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> However, the apps were later restored, with a new ban preventing only [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] subscribers from downloading the apps. Google released a statement:<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Krazit |title=Google restores tethering app for Android users outside U.S. |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-restores-tethering-app-for-android-users-outside-u-s/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=April 2, 2009 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

{{cquote|On Monday, several applications that enable tethering were removed from the Android Market catalog because they were in violation of T-Mobile's terms of service in the US. Based on Android's Developer Distribution Agreement (section 7.2), we remove applications from the Android Market catalog that violate the terms of service of a carrier or manufacturer.

We inadvertently unpublished the applications for all carriers, and today we have corrected the problem so that all Android Market users outside the T-Mobile US network will now have access to the applications. We have notified the affected developers.|30px|30px}}

In April 2011, Google removed the [[Grooveshark]] app from the store due to unspecified policy violations. ''[[CNET]]'' noted that the removal came "after some of the top music labels have accused the service of violating copyright law".<ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Sandoval |title=Google boots Grooveshark from Android Market |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-boots-grooveshark-from-android-market/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=April 6, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> ''[[TechCrunch]]'' wrote approximately two weeks later that Grooveshark had returned to Android, "albeit not through the official App Market", but rather "Playing on Android's ability to install third-party applications through the browser, Grooveshark has taken on the responsibility of distributing the application themselves".<ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Kumparak |title=Grooveshark Back On Android, Bypasses The Android App Market |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/18/grooveshark-back-on-android-skips-the-app-market/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 18, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2011, Google banned the account of the developer of several video game [[Video game console emulator|emulator]]s. Neither Google nor the developer publicly revealed the reason for the ban.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Murphy |title=Google Pulls Yongzh's Emulator Apps Off Android Market |url=http://uk.pcmag.com/android-apps-reviews-news-tips/5636/news/google-pulls-yongzhs-emulator-apps-off-android-market |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=May 30, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

In March 2013, Google began to pull [[ad blocking]] apps from the Play Store, per section 4.4 of the developers' agreement, which prohibits apps that interfere with servers and services.<ref>{{cite web |first=Whitson |last=Gordon |title=Google Has Started Removing Ad Blockers from the Play Store |url=http://lifehacker.com/5990448/google-has-started-removing-ad-blockers-from-the-play-store |website=[[Lifehacker]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |date=March 13, 2013 |access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref>

Apps that exempt themselves from power management policies introduced on [[Android Marshmallow]] without being "adversely affected" by them, are banned.<ref name=android-doze>{{cite news|title=Optimizing for Doze and App Standby|url=http://developer.android.com/training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby.html#whitelisting-cases|access-date=November 17, 2015|work=Android developers portal|quote=Google Play policies prohibit apps from requesting direct exemption from Power Management features in Android 6.0+ (Doze and App Standby) unless the core function of the app is adversely affected.}}</ref><ref name=aa-taskerpulled>{{cite web|title=Tasker has been pulled from the Play Store|url=http://www.androidauthority.com/tasker-pulled-from-play-store-656147/|website=Android Authority|access-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref>

In July 2018, Google banned additional categories of apps, including those that perform [[cryptocurrency]] [[Mining (cryptocurrency)|mining]] on-device, apps that "facilitate the sale of explosives, firearms, ammunition, or certain firearms accessories", are only used to present ads, contain adult content but are aimed towards children, "multiple apps with highly similar content and user experience," and "apps that are created by an automated tool, wizard service, or based on templates and submitted to Google Play by the operator of that service on behalf of other persons."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/27/google-follows-in-apples-footsteps-by-cleaning-up-its-play-store/?sr_share=twitter|title=Google follows in Apple's footsteps by cleaning up its Play Store|work=TechCrunch|access-date=2018-07-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Application security ==
In February 2012, Google introduced a new automated [[Antivirus software|antivirus]] system, called Google Bouncer, to scan both new and existing apps for [[malware]] (e. g. [[spyware]] or [[Trojan horse (computing)|trojan horses]]).<ref>{{cite web |first=Hiroshi |last=Lockheimer |title=Android and Security |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.no/2012/02/android-and-security.html |website=Google Mobile Blog |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chloe |last=Albanesius |title=Google 'Bouncer' Now Scanning Android Market for Malware |url=http://uk.pcmag.com/apps/66697/news/google-bouncer-now-scanning-android-market-for-malware |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, the Bouncer feature and other safety measures within the Android platform were rebranded under the umbrella name Google Play Protect, a system that regularly scans apps for threats.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Fingas |title=Google Play protects your Android phone against rogue apps |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/05/17/google-play-protect/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 17, 2017 |access-date=May 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Amadeo |title=Android 8.0 Oreo, thoroughly reviewed |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/09/android-8-0-oreo-thoroughly-reviewed/5/#h1 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=September 4, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref>

Android apps can ask for or require certain permissions on the device, including access to body sensors, calendar, camera, contacts, location, microphone, phone, SMS, storage, WI-FI, and access to Google accounts.<ref>{{cite web |title=App permissions for Android 6.0 and up |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/6270602 |website=Google Play Help |access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>

In July 2017, Google described a new security effort called "peer grouping", in which apps performing similar functionalities, such as calculator apps, are grouped together and attributes compared. If one app stands out, such as requesting more device permissions than others in the same group, Google's systems automatically flag the app and security engineers take a closer inspection. Peer grouping is based on app descriptions, [[metadata]], and statistics such as download count.<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Vincent |title=Google is using machine learning to sort good apps from bad on the Play Store |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/12/15958372/google-machine-learning-ai-app-store-malware-security |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=July 12, 2017 |access-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jerry |last=Hildenbrand |title=Google is using deep learning and data analysis to curate the Play Store |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/google-using-deep-learning-and-data-analysis-curate-play-store |website=Android Central |publisher=Mobile Nations |date=July 12, 2017 |access-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>

=== Security issues ===
In early March 2011, DroidDream, a [[Trojan horse (computing)|trojan]] [[rootkit]] exploit, was released to the then-named Android Market in the form of several free applications that were, in many cases, [[Copyright infringement|pirated versions]] of existing priced apps. This exploit allowed hackers to steal information such as [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|IMEI]] and [[International mobile subscriber identity|IMSI]] numbers, phone model, user ID, and service provider. The exploit also installed a [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] that allowed the hackers to download more code to the infected device.<ref name="ap-droiddream">{{cite web |first=Aaron |last=Gingrich |title=The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived: Stolen Apps Released To The Market That Root Your Phone, Steal Your Data, And Open Backdoor |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |website=Android Police |date=March 1, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> The exploit only affected devices running Android versions earlier than 2.3 "Gingerbread".<ref>{{cite web |first=Cade |last=Metz |title=Google vanishes 'DroidDream' malware from citizen phones |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/07/google_remotely_kills_android_malware_apps/ |website=[[The Register]] |publisher=Situation Publishing |date=March 7, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> Google removed the apps from the Market immediately after being alerted,<ref name="ap-droiddream2">{{cite web |first=Aaron |last=Gingrich |title=[Update: Plug The Hole Yourself] Malware Monster: DroidDream Is An Android Nightmare, And We've Got More Details |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/02/update-on-the-malware-monster-droiddream-is-an-android-nightmare-and-weve-got-more-details/ |website=Android Police |date=March 2, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> but the apps had already been downloaded more than 50,000 times, according to ''Android Police''{{'}}s estimate.<ref name="ap-droiddream"/> ''Android Police'' wrote that the only method of removing the exploit from an infected device was to reset it to a factory state, although community-developed solutions for blocking some aspects of the exploit were created.<ref name="ap-droiddream2"/> A few days later, Google confirmed that 58 malicious apps had been uploaded to Android Market, and had been downloaded to 260,000 devices before being removed from the store.<ref name="tc-droiddream"/> Google emailed affected users with information that "As far as we can determine, the only information obtained was device-specific (IMEI/IMSI, unique codes which are used to identify mobile devices, and the version of Android running on your device)" as opposed to personal data and account information.<ref name="tc-droiddream"/> It also announced the then-new "remote kill" functionality, alongside a security update, that lets Google remotely remove malicious apps from users' devices.<ref name="tc-droiddream">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Kincaid |title=Google Responds To Android Malware, Will Fix Infected Devices And 'Remote Kill' Malicious Apps |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/05/android-malware-rootkit-google-response/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 5, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> However, days later, a malicious version of the security update was found on the Internet, though it did not contain the specific DroidDream malware.<ref>{{cite web |first=Aaron |last=Gingrich |title=PSA: Infected "Android Market Security Tool March 2011" App Floating Around |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/09/psa-infected-android-market-security-tool-march-2011-apk-floating-around/ |website=Android Police |date=March 9, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> New apps featuring the malware, renamed DroidDream Light, surfaced the following June, and were also removed from the store.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Paul |title=DroidDream Light a malware nightmare, booted from Android Market |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/06/droiddream-light-a-malware-nightmare-booted-from-android-market-encumbered-boobies-out-of-android-marketdroiddream-light-an-malware-nightware-booted-from-android-market/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref>

At the [[Black Hat Briefings|Black Hat]] security conference in 2012, security firm Trustwave demonstrated their ability to upload an app that would circumvent the Bouncer blocker system. The application used a [[JavaScript]] exploit to steal contacts, SMS messages, and photos, and was also capable of making the phone open arbitrary web pages or launch [[denial-of-service attack]]s. Nicholas Percoco, senior vice president of Trustwave's SpiderLabs advanced security team, stated that "We wanted to test the bounds of what it's capable of". The app stayed on Google Play for more than two weeks, being repeatedly scanned by the Bouncer system without detection, with Percoco further saying that "As an attack, all a malware attacker has to do to get into Google Play is to bypass Bouncer". Trustwave reached out to Google to share their findings, but noted that more manual testing of apps might be necessary to detect apps using malware-masking techniques.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ellen |last=Messmer |title=Black Hat demo: Google Bouncer malware detection can be beaten |url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2617648/application-security/black-hat-demo--google-bouncer-malware-detection-can-be-beaten.html |website=[[InfoWorld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=July 23, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Black Hat: Researchers find way to "bounce" malware into Google app store |url=https://www.scmagazine.com/black-hat-researchers-find-way-to-bounce-malware-into-google-app-store/article/542351/ |website=SC Magazine |date=July 26, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>

According to a 2014 research study released by [[RiskIQ]], a security services company, malicious apps introduced through Google Play increased 388% between 2011 and 2013, while the number of apps removed by Google dropped from 60% in 2011 to 23% in 2013. The study further revealed that "Apps for personalizing Android phones led all categories as most likely to be malicious".<ref>{{cite web |title=RiskIQ Reports Malicious Mobile Apps in Google Play Have Spiked Nearly 400 Percent |url=https://www.riskiq.com/press-release/riskiq-reports-malicious-mobile-apps-google-play-have-spiked-nearly-400/ |publisher=[[RiskIQ]] |date=February 19, 2014 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |title=RiskIQ claims malicious Android apps up by almost 400 percent on Google Play |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/riskiq-claims-malicious-android-apps-up-by-almost-400-percent-on-google-play/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=February 19, 2014 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[PC World]]'', "Google said it would need more information about RiskIQ's analysis to comment on the findings."<ref>{{cite web |first=Zach |last=Miners |title=Report: Malware-infected Android apps spike in the Google Play store |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2099421/report-malwareinfected-android-apps-spike-in-the-google-play-store.html |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=February 19, 2014 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref>

In October 2016, ''[[Engadget]]'' reported about a blog post named "Password Storage in Sensitive Apps" from freelance Android hacker Jon Sawyer, who decided to test the top privacy apps on Google Play.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bill|last=Key|title=Top Android Privacy Apps|url=https://8bitsumo.com/best-privacy-apps-for-android/|access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> Testing two applications, one named "Hide Pictures Keep Safe Vault" and the other named "Private Photo Vault", Sawyer found significant errors in password handling in both, and commented, "These companies are selling products that claim to securely store your most intimate pieces of data, yet are at most snake oil. You would have near equal protection just by changing the file extension and renaming the photos."<ref>{{cite web |first=Violet |last=Blue |title='Secure' apps in Google's Play Store are a crapshoot |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/10/14/secure-apps-in-googles-play-store-are-a-crapshoot/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Password Storage In Sensitive Apps |url=http://bbqand0days.com/Password-Storage-In-Sensitive-Apps/ |date=October 6, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref>

In April 2017, security firm [[Check Point]] announced that a malware named "FalseGuide" had been hidden inside approximately 40 "game guide" apps in Google Play.<ref name="zdnet-falseguide">{{cite web |first=Asha |last=McLean |title=FalseGuide malware victim count jumps to 2 million |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/falseguide-malware-victim-count-jumps-to-2-million/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> The malware is capable of gaining administrator access to infected devices, where it then receives additional modules that let it show popup ads. The malware, a type of [[botnet]], is also capable of launching [[Denial-of-service attack|DDoS]] attacks.<ref name="ap-falseguide">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=Security firm Check Point says millions infected with botnet malware via Play Store |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2017/04/26/security-firm-check-point-says-millions-infected-botnet-malware-via-play-store/ |website=Android Police |date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="zdnet-falseguide"/> After being alerted to the malware, Google removed all instances of it in the store,<ref name="ap-falseguide"/> but by that time, approximately two million Android users had already downloaded the apps, the oldest of which had been around since November 2016.<ref name="zdnet-falseguide"/>

In June 2017, researchers from the [[Sophos]] security company announced their finding of 47 apps using a third-party development library that shows intrusive advertisements on users' phones. Even after such apps are force-closed by the user, advertisements remain. Google removed some of the apps after receiving reports from Sophos, but some apps remained. When asked for comment, Google didn't respond.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Goodin |title=Google Play is fighting an uphill battle against Android adware |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2017/06/google-play-is-fighting-an-uphill-battle-against-android-adware/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=June 16, 2017 |access-date=June 17, 2017}}</ref> In August 2017, 500 apps were removed from Google Play after security firm Lookout discovered that the apps contained an [[Software development kit|SDK]] that allowed for malicious advertising. The apps had been collectively downloaded over 100 million times, and consisted of a wide variety of use cases, including health, weather, photo-editing, Internet radio and emoji.<ref>{{cite web |first=Angela |last=Moscaritolo |title=500+ Google Play Apps Hit by Ad-Related Malware |url=http://uk.pcmag.com/news/90858/500-google-play-apps-hit-by-ad-related-malware |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=August 23, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Goodin |title=Spyware backdoor prompts Google to pull 500 apps with >100m downloads |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/08/500-google-play-apps-with-100-million-downloads-had-spyware-backdoor/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=August 22, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref>

In all of 2017, over 700,000 apps were banned from Google Play due to abusive contents; this is a 70% increase over the number of apps banned in 2016.<ref>[http://pocketnow.com/2018/02/01/google-play-bad-apps-700-thousand-rejected-2017 More than 700,000 ‘bad’ apps were banned from Google Play last year, up 70 percent] ''Pocket Now'' Retrieved 1 February 2018</ref>

In March 2020, [[Check Point]] discovered 56 apps containing a malware program that had infected a total of 1 million devices. The program, called Tekya, was designed to evade detection by Google Play Protect and [[VirusTotal]] and then [[Click fraud|fraudulently click on ads]]. Around the same time, [[Dr. Web]] discovered at least six apps with 700,000 total downloads containing at least 18 modifications program called Android.Circle.1. In addition to performing click fraud, Android.Circle.1 can also operate as [[adware]] and perform [[phishing]] attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/03/found-malicious-google-play-apps-with-1-7-million-downloads-many-by-children/|title=Google Play's malicious app problem infects 1.7 million more devices|last=Goodin|first=Dan|website=[[Ars Technica]]|date=March 24, 2020|access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref>

On July 1, 2021, Dr. Web discovered malicious apps on Google Play that steal Facebook users' logins and passwords. Their specialists uncovered 9 trojans that were available on Google Play Store with over 5.8 million installs among them. The apps tricked victims into logging into their Facebook accounts and hijacked the credentials via JavaScript code.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/07/google-boots-google-play-apps-for-stealing-users-facebook-passwords/ |title=Apps with 5.8 million Google Play downloads stole users' Facebook passwords |last=Goodin |first=Dan |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> Google removed these apps later on.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Android Apps with 5.8 million Installs Caught Stealing Users' Facebook Passwords|url=https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/android-apps-with-58-million-installs.html|date=July 3, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021|last=Lakshmanan |first=Ravie|website=The Hacker News|language=en}}</ref>

== Patent issues ==
Some developers publishing on Google Play have been sued for [[patent infringement]] by "patent trolls", people who own broad or vaguely worded patents that they use to target small developers. If the developer manages to successfully challenge the initial assertion, the "patent troll" changes the claim of the violation in order to accuse the developer of having violated a different assertion in the patent. This situation continues until the case goes into the legal system, which can have substantial economic costs, prompting some developers to settle.<ref name="patent troll">{{cite web |first=Kris |last=Carlon |title=You can be sued simply for uploading an app to Google Play |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/patent-troll-suing-app-developers-uploading-app-google-play-697544/ |website=Android Authority |date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> In February 2013, Austin Meyer, a flight simulator game developer, was sued for having used a copy-protection system in his app, a system that he said "Google gave us! And, of course, this is what Google provides to everyone else that is making a game for Android!" Meyer claimed that Google would not assist in the lawsuit, and he stated that he would not settle the case.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Biggs |title=Creator Of The X-Plane Flight Simulator Seeks Help Fighting A Patent Troll |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/02/creator-of-the-x-plane-flight-simulator-seeks-help-fighting-a-patent-troll/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 2, 2013 |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> His battle with the troll continued for several years, uploading a video in June 2016 discussing that he was then being sued for uploading his app to Google Play, because "the patent troll apparently owns the {{sic|''idea''}} of the Google Play Store itself".<ref name="patent troll"/> ''Android Authority'' wrote that "This scenario has played out against many other app developers for many years", and have prompted discussions over "a larger issue at stake", in which developers stop making apps out of fear of patent problems.<ref name="patent troll"/>

== Availability ==
Users outside the countries/regions listed below only have access to free apps and games through Google Play.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan = "2" |Country/region
! colspan="3" scope="col" |Paid apps and games
! scope="col" rowspan = "2" |Devices<ref name = "devices">{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=2462844 |title= Country availability for devices|website=Google Play Help|access-date=January 1, 2015}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan = "2" |Magazines<ref name="Content availability"/>
! scope="col" rowspan = "2" |Books<ref name="Content availability"/>
! scope="col" colspan = "2" |Movies & TV<ref name="Content availability"/>
! scope="col" colspan = "2" |Music<ref name="Content availability"/>
|-
! scope="col" | Customers can purchase<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/table/3541286?hl=en|title=Supported locations for distribution to Google Play users
|publisher=Google Inc.|access-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Developers can sell<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/150324?hl=en|title=Supported locations for merchants|publisher=Google Inc.}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Google Play Pass<ref name=":1" />
! scope="col" | Movies
! scope="col" | TV shows
! scope="col" | Standard
! scope="col" | All access
|-
! scope="row" | {{ALB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ALG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ANG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ATG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ARG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ARM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ARU}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{AUS}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{AUT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{AZE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BHS}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BHR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BGD}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BRB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BLR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BEL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BLZ}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BEN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BER}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BTN}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BOL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BIH}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BWA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BRA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{VGB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BRN}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BGR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BFA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{BDI}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KHM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CMR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CAN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CPV}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CAY}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CAF}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TCD}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CHL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CHN}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{COL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{COM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{COD}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{COG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CRI}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{HRV}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CYP}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CZE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{DNK}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{DJI}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{DMA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{DOM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ECU}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{EGY}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GNQ}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SLV}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ERI}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{EST}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SWZ}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{FJI}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{FIN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{FRA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GAB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GMB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GEO}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GER}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GHA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GRC}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GRD}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GTM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GIN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GNB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{GUY}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{HTI}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{HND}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{HKG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{HUN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ISL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IND}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IDN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IRQ}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IRL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ISR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ITA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CIV}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{JAM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{JPN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{JOR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KAZ}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KEN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KIR}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KWT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KGZ}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LAO}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LVA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LBN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LSO}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LBR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LBY}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LIE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LTU}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LUX}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MAC}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MWI}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MAS}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MDV}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MLI}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MLT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MRT}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MUS}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MEX}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{FSM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MDA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MCO}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MNG}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MAR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MOZ}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MMR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NAM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NPL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NLD}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ANT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NZL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NIC}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NER}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NGA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{MKD}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{NOR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{OMN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PAK}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PSE}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PAN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PNG}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PRY}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PER}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PHL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{POL}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{PRT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{QAT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ROM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{RUS}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{RWA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KNA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LCA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{VCT}}
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{WSM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SMR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KSA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SEN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SRB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SYC}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SLE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SGP}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SVK}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SVN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SLB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SOM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ZAF}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{KOR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ESP}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{LKA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SUR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{SWE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{CHE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TWN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TJK}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TZA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{THA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TON}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TGO}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TTO}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TUN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TUR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TKM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{TCA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{UGA}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{UKR}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{UAE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{UK}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{USA}}{{efn|including [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Marshall Islands]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Palau]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]] for paid apps only}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{URY}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{UZB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{VUT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{VAT}}
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{VEN}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{VNM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{YEM}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ZMB}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{ZWE}}
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of mobile app distribution platforms]]
* [[List of most-downloaded Google Play applications]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|https://play.google.com/|name=|mobile=}}

{{Google Inc.}}
{{Android}}
{{Software digital distribution platforms}}
{{Video distribution platforms}}
{{E-book distribution platforms}}

[[Category:Google Play| ]]
[[Category:Android (operating system)]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:E-book sources]]
[[Category:E-book suppliers]]
[[Category:Google software|Play]]
[[Category:Mobile software distribution platforms]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2008]] 
[[Category:Products introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Software update managers]]
[[Category:Software distribution platforms]]
[[Category:Online marketplaces of the United States]]

Big Four (Grammy Awards)

2021-04-25T19:38:04Z

Quickfingers: /* 2020s */

The Big Four Grammy Awards (also known as the General Field) are four [[Grammy Award|Grammy awards]] presented by the [[The Recording Academy|National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] which go to musical acts and works which are not restricted by genre or another criterion.

Unlike the other Grammy awards, the nomination and voting process for the Big Four are open to all Academy voting members. They are the most prestigious and important awards at the ceremony.

The Big Four include:
* [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] is awarded to the performer, songwriter(s), and the production team of a full album.
* [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] is awarded to the performer and the production team of a single song.
* [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] is awarded to the songwriter(s) of a single song.
* [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] is awarded to an artist without reference to a song or album.

== Recipients ==
===1950s===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="20%" | Award
! width="40%" | Work
! width="35%" | Artist(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[1st Annual Grammy Awards|1959]] <ref name="Grammy1959">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1959-may-238.html|title=Grammy Awards 1959 (May)|publisher=Awards & Shows|access-date=July 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528061002/http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1959-may-238.html|archive-date=May 28, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
| '''Album'''
| ''[[The Music from Peter Gunn]]''
| [[Henry Mancini]]
|-
| '''Record'''
| "[[Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)]]"
| [[Domenico Modugno]]
|-
| '''Song'''
|"[[Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)]]"
| [[Domenico Modugno]]
|-
|}

===1960s===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[2nd Annual Grammy Awards|1960]] <ref name="Grammy1960">{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1960-239.html|title=Grammy Awards 1960 (November)|publisher=Awards & Shows|access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
|''[[Come Dance with Me! (album)|Come Dance with Me!]]''
|[[Frank Sinatra]]
|
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Mack the Knife]]"
| [[Bobby Darin]]
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[The Battle of New Orleans]]"
|[[Johnny Horton]]
|[[Jimmy Driftwood]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Bobby|Darin}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[3rd Annual Grammy Awards|1961]] <ref name="Grammy1961">{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1961-213.html|title=Grammy Awards 1961|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart]]''
| [[Bob Newhart]]
|
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Theme from A Summer Place]]"
| [[Percy Faith]]
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Theme of Exodus|Theme of ''Exodus'']]"
|Instrumental (Various Artists)
|[[Ernest Gold (composer)|Ernest Gold]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Bob|Newhart}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[4th Annual Grammy Awards|1962]] <ref name="Grammy1962">{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1962-214.html|title=Grammy Awards 1962|publisher=Awards & Shows|access-date=December 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602005611/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1962-214.html|archive-date=June 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
|''[[Judy at Carnegie Hall]]''
|[[Judy Garland]]
|
|-
|'''Record'''
|"[[Moon River]]"
| [[Henry Mancini]]
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Moon River]]"
|[[Henry Mancini]]
|[[Henry Mancini]] [[Johnny Mercer]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Peter|Nero}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[5th Annual Grammy Awards|1963]] <ref name="Grammy1963">{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1963-215.html|title=Grammy Awards 1963|publisher=Awards & Shows|access-date=December 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207105152/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1963-215.html|archive-date=December 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The First Family (album)|The First Family]]''
| [[Vaughn Meader]]
| Bob Booker & Earle Doud, producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[I Left My Heart in San Francisco]]"
| [[Tony Bennett]]
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[What Kind of Fool Am I?]]"
|[[Sammy Davis Jr.]]
|[[Leslie Bricusse]] [[Anthony Newley]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| {{sortname|Robert|Goulet}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[6th Annual Grammy Awards|1964]] <ref name="Grammy1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1964-216.html|title=Grammy Awards 1964|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]''
| [[Barbra Streisand]]
|
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Days of Wine and Roses (song)|Days of Wine and Roses]]"
| [[Henry Mancini]]
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Days of Wine and Roses (song)|Days of Wine and Roses]]" *
|[[Henry Mancini]]
|[[Henry Mancini]] [[Johnny Mercer]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[The Swingle Singers]]
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[7th Annual Grammy Awards|1965]] <ref name="Grammy1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1965-217.html|title=Grammy Awards 1965|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Getz/Gilberto]]''
| [[Stan Getz]] & [[João Gilberto]]
|
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[The Girl from Ipanema]]"
| [[Stan Getz]] & [[Astrud Gilberto]]
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Hello, Dolly! (song)|Hello, Dolly!]]"
|[[Louis Armstrong]]
|[[Jerry Herman]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[The Beatles]]
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[8th Annual Grammy Awards|1966]] <ref name="Grammy1966">{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1966-241.html|title=Grammy Awards 1966|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[September of My Years]]''
| [[Frank Sinatra]]
| [[Sonny Burke]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[A Taste of Honey (song)|A Taste of Honey]]"
| [[Herb Alpert]] & the Tijuana Brass
| [[Herb Alpert]] & [[Jerry Moss]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[The Shadow of Your Smile]]"
|[[Tony Bennett]]
|[[Paul Francis Webster]] [[Johnny Mandel]]
|-
|'''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| {{sortname|Tom|Jones|Tom Jones (singer)}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[9th Annual Grammy Awards|1967]] <ref name="Grammy1967">{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1967-242.html|title=Grammy Awards 1967|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[A Man and His Music]]''
| [[Frank Sinatra]]
| [[Sonny Burke]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Strangers in the Night]]"
| [[Frank Sinatra]]
| [[Jimmy Bowen]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Michelle (song)|Michelle]]"
|[[The Beatles]]
|[[John Lennon]] [[Paul McCartney]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| No Award
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[10th Annual Grammy Awards|1968]] <ref name="Grammy1968">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1968-218.html|title=Grammy Awards 1968|publisher=Awards & Shows|access-date=December 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519012644/http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1968-218.html|archive-date=May 19, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''
| [[The Beatles]]
| [[George Martin]],producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Up, Up and Away (song)|Up, Up and Away]]"
| [[The 5th Dimension]]
| [[Marc Gordon]] & [[Johnny Rivers]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Up, Up and Away (song)|Up, Up, and Away]]" *
|[[The 5th Dimension]]
|[[Jimmy Webb]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| {{sortname|Bobbie|Gentry}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[11th Annual Grammy Awards|1969]] <ref name="Grammy1969">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZvYNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vXsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7306,477181&dq|title='Now' Singers To Get Grammys|date=February 11, 1969|access-date=April 24, 2010|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|publisher=[[Times Publishing Company]]}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[By the Time I Get to Phoenix (album)|By the Time I Get to Phoenix]]''
| [[Glen Campbell]]
| [[Al De Lory]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Mrs. Robinson]]"
| [[Simon & Garfunkel]]
| [[Roy Halee]] & [[Simon & Garfunkel]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Little Green Apples]]"
|[[O. C. Smith]]
|[[Bobby Russell]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| {{sortname|José|Feliciano}}
|-
|}

===1970s===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[12th Annual Grammy Awards|1970]] <ref name=Grammy1970>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1970-219.html|title=Grammy Awards 1970|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Blood, Sweat & Tears (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)|Blood, Sweat & Tears]]''
| [[Blood, Sweat & Tears]]
| [[James William Guercio]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In]]"
| [[The 5th Dimension]]
| [[Bones Howe]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Games People Play (Joe South song)|Games People Play]]"
|[[Joe South]]
|[[Joe South]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young|Crosby, Stills & Nash]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[13th Annual Grammy Awards|1971]] <ref name=Grammy1971>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1971-220.html|title=Grammy Awards 1971|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Bridge over Troubled Water]]''
| [[Simon & Garfunkel]]
| [[Roy Halee]] & [[Simon & Garfunkel]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Bridge over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge over Troubled Water]]"
| [[Simon & Garfunkel]]
| [[Roy Halee]] & [[Simon & Garfunkel]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Bridge over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge over Troubled Water]]"
|[[Simon & Garfunkel]]
|[[Paul Simon]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[The Carpenters]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[14th Annual Grammy Awards|1972]] <ref name=Grammy1972>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1972-221.html|title=Grammy Awards 1972|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Tapestry (Carole King album)|Tapestry]]''
| [[Carole King]]
| [[Lou Adler]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[It's Too Late (Carole King song)|It's Too Late]]"
| [[Carole King]]
| [[Lou Adler]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[You've Got a Friend]]"
|[[James Taylor]] & [[Carole King]]
|[[Carole King]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Carly|Simon}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[15th Annual Grammy Awards|1973]] <ref name=Grammy1973>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1973-222.html|title=Grammy Awards 1973|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangla Desh]]''
| [[George Harrison]] & Friends ([[Ravi Shankar]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Leon Russell]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Billy Preston]], [[Eric Clapton]] & [[Klaus Voormann]])
| [[George Harrison]] & [[Phil Spector]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face]]"
| [[Roberta Flack]]
| [[Joel Dorn]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face]]"
|[[Roberta Flack]]
|[[Ewan MacColl]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[America (band)|America]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[16th Annual Grammy Awards|1974]] <ref name=Grammy1974>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1974-223.html|title=Grammy Awards 1974|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Innervisions]]''
| [[Stevie Wonder]]
| [[Stevie Wonder]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Killing Me Softly with His Song]]"
| [[Roberta Flack]]
| [[Joel Dorn]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Killing Me Softly with His Song]]"
|[[Roberta Flack]]
|[[Norman Gimbel]] [[Charles Fox (composer)|Charles Fox]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Bette|Midler}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[17th Annual Grammy Awards|1975]] <ref name=Grammy1975>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1975-240.html|title=Grammy Awards 1975|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Fulfillingness' First Finale]]''
| [[Stevie Wonder]]
| [[Stevie Wonder]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[I Honestly Love You]]"
| [[Olivia Newton-John]]
| [[John Farrar]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[The Way We Were (song)|The Way We Were]]"
|[[Barbra Streisand]]
|[[Alan and Marilyn Bergman]] [[Marvin Hamlisch]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Marvin|Hamlisch}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[18th Annual Grammy Awards|1976]] <ref name=Grammy1976>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1976-224.html|title=Grammy Awards 1976|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Still Crazy After All These Years]]''
| [[Paul Simon]]
| [[Paul Simon]] & [[Phil Ramone]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Love Will Keep Us Together]]"
| [[Captain & Tennille]]
| [[Daryl Dragon]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Send in the Clowns]]"
|[[Judy Collins]]
|[[Stephen Sondheim]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Natalie|Cole}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[19th Annual Grammy Awards|1977]] <ref name=Grammy1977>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1977-225.html|title=Grammy Awards 1977|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''
| [[Stevie Wonder]]
| [[Stevie Wonder]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[This Masquerade]]"
| [[George Benson]]
| [[Tommy LiPuma]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[I Write the Songs]]"
|[[Barry Manilow]]
|[[Bruce Johnston]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Starland Vocal Band]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[20th Annual Grammy Awards|1978]] <ref name=Grammy1978>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1978-226.html|title=Grammy Awards 1978|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Rumours (album)|Rumours]]''
| [[Fleetwood Mac]]
| [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Ken Caillat]] & [[Richard Dashut]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Hotel California]]"
| [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]
| [[Bill Szymczyk]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[You Light Up My Life (song)|You Light Up My Life]]"
| [[Debby Boone]]
|[[Joseph Brooks (songwriter)|Joe Brooks]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| {{sortname|Debby|Boone}} {{sortname|Debby|Boone}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[21st Annual Grammy Awards|1979]] <ref name=Grammy1979>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5gIpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C9MEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2129,3598894&dq|title=Bee Gees Head Lists For 6 Grammy Awards|date=January 9, 1979|access-date=April 23, 2010|work=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal|Daytona Beach Morning Journal]]|publisher=The News-Journal Corporation}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack)|Saturday Night Fever - Soundtrack]]''{{anchor|ref_A}}[[#endnote A|[A]]]
| Various Artists
| [[Albhy Galuten]], [[Arif Mardin]], [[Bee Gees]], Bill Oakes, [[Bobby Martin (producer)|Bobby Martin]], Broadway Eddie, [[David Shire]], [[Freddie Perren]], [[Harry Wayne Casey]], [[K.G. Productions]], Karl Richardson, [[Ralph MacDonald]], [[Richard Finch (musician)|Richard Finch]], [[Ron Kersey]], [[Thomas J. Valentino]] & William Salter, producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)|Just the Way You Are]]"
| [[Billy Joel]]
| [[Phil Ramone]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)|Just the Way You Are]]"
|[[Billy Joel]]
|[[Billy Joel]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[A Taste of Honey (band)|A Taste of Honey]]
|-
|}

===1980s===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[22nd Annual Grammy Awards|1980]] <ref name=Grammy1980>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JcopAAAAIBAJ&pg=6870,4003315&dq|title=Grammy awards field a definite mixed bag|date=January 9, 1980|access-date=April 23, 2010|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|publisher=[[Cowles Publishing Company]]|first=Yardena|last=Arar}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
|''[[52nd Street (album)|52nd Street]]''
| [[Billy Joel]]
| [[Phil Ramone]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[What a Fool Believes]]"
| [[The Doobie Brothers]]
| [[Ted Templeman]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[What a Fool Believes]]"
|[[The Doobie Brothers]]
|[[Kenny Loggins]] [[Michael McDonald (musician)|Michael McDonald]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| {{sortname|Rickie Lee|Jones}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[23rd Annual Grammy Awards|1981]] <ref name=Grammy1981>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/02/22/the-grammys/ff91504b-09a1-4e3b-b193-fce5cfa213ef/|title=The Grammys|date=February 22, 1981|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=The Washington Post|first=Richard|last=Harrington}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
|''[[Christopher Cross (album)|Christopher Cross]]''
| [[Christopher Cross]]
| [[Michael Omartian]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Sailing (Christopher Cross song)|Sailing]]"
| [[Christopher Cross]]
| [[Michael Omartian]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Sailing (Christopher Cross song)|Sailing]]"
|[[Christopher Cross]]
|[[Christopher Cross]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Christopher|Cross}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[24th Annual Grammy Awards|1982]] <ref name=Grammy1982>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/01/13/richie-lennon-jones-lead-grammy-nominees/bc55f71b-e989-4ec0-af12-a3b2cb40a95a/|title=Richie, Lennon, Jones Lead Grammy Nominees|date=January 13, 1982|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=The Washington Post}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Double Fantasy]]''
| [[John Lennon]] & [[Yoko Ono]]
| [[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]], [[John Lennon]] & [[Yoko Ono]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Bette Davis Eyes]]"
| [[Kim Carnes]]
| [[Val Garay]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Bette Davis Eyes]]"
|[[Kim Carnes]]
|[[Donna Weiss]] [[Jackie DeShannon]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Sheena|Easton}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[25th Annual Grammy Awards|1983]] <ref name=Grammy1983>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/01/11/Toto-tops-Grammy-nominees/9786411109200/|title=Toto tops Grammy nominees|date=January 11, 1983|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=UPI|first=Jeff|last=Wilson}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Toto IV]]''
| [[Toto (band)|Toto]]
| [[Toto (band)|Toto]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Rosanna (song)|Rosanna]]"
| [[Toto (band)|Toto]]
| [[Toto (band)|Toto]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Always on My Mind]]"
|[[Willie Nelson]]
|[[Johnny Christopher]] [[Mark James (songwriter)|Mark James]] [[Wayne Carson]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Men at Work]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[26th Annual Grammy Awards|1984]] <ref name=Grammy1984>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/01/11/the-grammy-thriller/17821b9a-6e81-4903-a591-7d8f35e1d18b/|title=The Grammy Thriller|date=January 11, 1984|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=The Washiington Post|first=Richard|last=Harrington}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''
| [[Michael Jackson]]
| [[Michael Jackson]] & [[Quincy Jones]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Beat It]]"
| [[Michael Jackson]]
| [[Michael Jackson]] & [[Quincy Jones]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|[[The Police]]
|"[[Every Breath You Take]]"
|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[Culture Club]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[27th Annual Grammy Awards|1985]] <ref name=Grammy1985>{{cite news|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1985-01-11-8501020038-story.html|title=TURNER, LAUPER, PRINCE LEAD FIELD FOR GRAMMYS|date=January 11, 1985|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Sun Sentinel}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Can't Slow Down (Lionel Richie album)|Can't Slow Down]]''
| [[Lionel Richie]]
| [[James Anthony Carmichael]] & [[Lionel Richie]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[What's Love Got to Do with It (song)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]"
| [[Tina Turner]]
| [[Terry Britten]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[What's Love Got to Do with It (song)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]"
|[[Tina Turner]]
|[[Gallagher and Lyle|Graham Lyle]] [[Terry Britten]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Cyndi|Lauper}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[28th Annual Grammy Awards|1986]] <ref name=Grammy1986>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-01-05-ca-24485-story.html|title=PICKING THE GRAMMY NOMINEES OF 1986|date=January 5, 1986|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Paul|last=Grein}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[No Jacket Required]]''
| [[Phil Collins]]
| [[Hugh Padgham]] & [[Phil Collins]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[We Are the World]]"
| [[USA for Africa]]
| [[Quincy Jones]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[We Are the World]]"
|[[USA for Africa]]
|[[Michael Jackson]] [[Lionel Richie]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Sade (band)|Sade]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[29th Annual Grammy Awards|1987]] <ref name=Grammy1987>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-09-ca-2676-story.html|title=GRAMMY NOMINATIONS: HIGHS AND LOWS : Winwood, Gabriel and Simon Garner Most Nominations |date=January 9, 1987|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Denis|last=Hunt}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Graceland (album)|Graceland]]''
| [[Paul Simon]]
| [[Paul Simon]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Higher Love]]"
| [[Steve Winwood]]
| [[Russ Titelman]] & [[Steve Winwood]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[That's What Friends Are For]]"
|[[Dionne Warwick]] & Friends ([[Elton John]], [[Gladys Knight]] & [[Stevie Wonder]])
|[[Burt Bacharach]] [[Carole Bayer Sager]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Bruce|Hornsby}} & The Range
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[30th Annual Grammy Awards|1988]] <ref name=Grammy1988>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-01-15-8803220503-story.html|title=JACKSON, U2 LEAD RACE FOR GRAMMYS |date=January 15, 1988|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=Chicago Tribune|first=Lynn|last=Van Matre}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Joshua Tree]]''
| [[U2]]
| [[Brian Eno]] & [[Daniel Lanois]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Graceland (song)|Graceland]]"
| [[Paul Simon]]
| [[Paul Simon]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Somewhere Out There (An American Tail song)|Somewhere Out There]]"
|[[Linda Ronstadt]] & [[James Ingram]]
|[[James Horner]] [[Barry Mann]] [[Cynthia Weil]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Jody|Watley}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[31st Annual Grammy Awards|1989]] <ref name=Grammy1989>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/01/13/grammy-hts-misses/4a5035ef-316b-4ad7-a249-f1ea59a312f9/|title=GRAMMY HTS MISSES |date=January 13, 1989|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=The Washington Post|first=Richard|last=Harrington}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]''
| [[George Michael]]
| [[George Michael]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]"
| [[Bobby McFerrin]]
| Linda Goldstein, producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]"
|[[Bobby McFerrin]]
|[[Bobby McFerrin]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Tracy|Chapman}}
|-
|}

===1990s===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[32nd Annual Grammy Awards|1990]] <ref name=Grammy1990>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-01-12-9001030957-story.html|title=GRAMMY NOMINATIONS BREAK WITH TRADITION|date=January 12, 1990|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Chicago Tribune|first=David|last=Silverman}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Nick of Time (album)|Nick of Time]]''
| [[Bonnie Raitt]]
| [[Don Was]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]"
| [[Bette Midler]]
| [[Arif Mardin]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Wind Beneath My Wings]]"
|[[Bette Midler]]
|[[Larry Henley]] [[Jeff Silbar]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[Milli Vanilli|<s>Milli Vanilli</s>]] (rescinded)<ref name="revoked">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-20-mn-4948-story.html|title=Milli Vanilli's Grammy Rescinded by Academy : Music: Organization revokes an award for the first time after the revelation that the duo never sang on the album.|date=1990-11-20|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[33rd Annual Grammy Awards|1991]] <ref name=Grammy1991>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/01/11/collins-leads-grammy-hopefuls/8529a825-eda2-45c4-8e03-2881856a5826/|title=COLLINS LEADS GRAMMY HOPEFULS|date=January 11, 1991|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=The Washington Post|first=Richard|last=Harrington}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Back on the Block]]''
| [[Quincy Jones]] & Various Artists
| [[Quincy Jones]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Another Day in Paradise]]"
| [[Phil Collins]]
| [[Hugh Padgham]] & [[Phil Collins]], producers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[From a Distance]]"
|[[Bette Midler]]
|[[Julie Gold]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Mariah|Carey}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[34th Annual Grammy Awards|1992]] <ref name=Grammy1992>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/09/arts/grammy-short-list-many-for-a-few.html|title=Grammy Short List: Many For a Few|date=January 9, 1992|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=New York Times|first=Jon|last=Pareles}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Unforgettable... with Love]]''
| [[Natalie Cole]]
| Andre Fischer, [[David Foster]] & [[Tommy LiPuma]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Unforgettable (Irving Gordon song)|Unforgettable]]"
| [[Natalie Cole]] (With [[Nat King Cole]])
| [[David Foster]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Unforgettable (Irving Gordon song)|Unforgettable]]" *
|[[Natalie Cole]] (With [[Nat King Cole]])
|[[Irving Gordon]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Marc|Cohn}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]] <ref name=Grammy1993>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1993/music/news/grammy-noms-rain-down-on-clapton-102770/|title=Grammy noms rain down on Clapton|date=January 7, 1993|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Variety|first=Bruce|last=Haring}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Unplugged (Eric Clapton album)|Unplugged]]''
| [[Eric Clapton]]
| [[Russ Titelman]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Tears in Heaven]]"
| [[Eric Clapton]]
| [[Russ Titelman]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Tears in Heaven]]"
|[[Eric Clapton]]
|[[Eric Clapton]] [[Will Jennings]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]] <ref name=Grammy1994>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-01-07-1994007161-story.html|title=GRAMMY NOMINATIONS|date=January 7, 1994|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Bultimore Sun}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Bodyguard (soundtrack)|The Bodyguard - Original Soundtrack Album]]'' {{anchor|ref_B}}[[#endnote B|[B]]]
| [[Whitney Houston]]
| [[David Foster]], [[Narada Michael Walden]], [[L.A. Reid]], [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] & [[BeBe Winans]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[I Will Always Love You]]"
| [[Whitney Houston]]
| [[David Foster]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[A Whole New World]]"
|[[Peabo Bryson]] & [[Regina Belle]]
|[[Alan Menken]] [[Tim Rice]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Toni|Braxton}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[37th Annual Grammy Awards|1995]] <ref name=Grammy1995>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-06/entertainment/ca-17089_1_vocal-performance/1|title=The 37th Grammy Nominations|date=January 6, 1995|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company|page=1}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[MTV Unplugged (Tony Bennett album)|MTV Unplugged]]''
| [[Tony Bennett]]
| [[David Kahne]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[All I Wanna Do (Sheryl Crow song)|All I Wanna Do]]"
| [[Sheryl Crow]]
| [[Bill Bottrell]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Streets of Philadelphia]]"
|[[Bruce Springsteen]]
|[[Bruce Springsteen]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Sheryl|Crow}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[38th Annual Grammy Awards|1996]] <ref name=Grammy1996>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9601/grammy_noms/grammy_list.html|title=List of Grammy nominees|date=January 4, 1996|access-date=July 12, 2010|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Jagged Little Pill]]''
| [[Alanis Morissette]]
| [[Glen Ballard]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Kiss from a Rose]]"
| [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
| [[Trevor Horn]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Kiss from a Rose]]"
|[[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
|[[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Hootie & the Blowfish]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[39th Annual Grammy Awards|1997]] <ref name=Grammy1997>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HKQaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4773,8816303&dq|title=Babyface is up for 12 Grammy awards|date=January 8, 1997|access-date=July 12, 2010|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|first=Mary|last=Campbell}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Falling into You]]''
| [[Celine Dion]]
| [[Roy Bittan]], [[Jeff Bova]], [[David Foster]], [[Humberto Gatica]], [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]], Rick Hahn, [[Dan Hill]], John Jones, [[Aldo Nova]], [[Rick Nowels]], [[Steven Rinkoff]], [[Billy Steinberg]], [[Jim Steinman]] & [[Ric Wake]], producers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Change the World]]"
| [[Eric Clapton]]
| [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Change the World]]"
|[[Eric Clapton]]
|[[Gordon Kennedy (musician)|Gordon Kennedy]] [[Wayne Kirkpatrick]] [[Tommy Sims]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|LeAnn|Rimes}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[40th Annual Grammy Awards|1998]] <ref name=Grammy1998>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1998/more/news/grammy-nominations-i-1117434314/|title= Grammy Nominations |date=January 5, 1998|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=Variety}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Time Out of Mind (Bob Dylan album)|Time Out of Mind]]''
| [[Bob Dylan]]
| [[Daniel Lanois]], producer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Sunny Came Home]]"
| [[Shawn Colvin]]
| [[John Leventhal]], producer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Sunny Came Home]]"
|[[Shawn Colvin]]
|[[Shawn Colvin]] [[John Leventhal]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Paula|Cole}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[41st Annual Grammy Awards|1999]] <ref name=Grammy1999>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jan-06-ca-60928-story.html|title=Academy's Complete List of Nominees |date=January 6, 1999|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill]]''
| [[Lauryn Hill]]
| [[Lauryn Hill]], producer; [[Gordon "Commissioner Gordon" Williams|Commissioner Gordon]], Matt Howe, Storm Jefferson, Ken Johnston, Tony Prendatt, Warren Riker, Chris Theis & Johnny Wyndrx, engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[My Heart Will Go On]]"
| [[Celine Dion]]
| [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Simon Franglen]] & [[James Horner]], producers; [[Simon Franglen]], [[Humberto Gatica]] & David Gleeson, engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[My Heart Will Go On]]"
|[[Celine Dion]]
|[[James Horner]] [[Will Jennings]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Lauryn|Hill}}
|-
|}

===2000s===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards|2000]] <ref name=Grammy2000>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalhit.com/grammy/42/nominees.shtml|title=42nd Grammy Award Nominations (2000)|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=DigitalHit}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Supernatural (Santana album)|Supernatural]]''
| [[Santana (band)|Santana]]
| [[Clive Davis]], [[Jerry Duplessis]], [[Dust Brothers]], [[Alex González (musician)|Alex González]], [[Charles Goodan]], [[Stephen Harris (producer)|Stephen M. Harris]], [[Lauryn Hill]], Art Hodge, [[Wyclef Jean]], [[Fher Olvera]], [[K. C. Porter]], [[Dante Ross]] & [[Matt Serletic]], producers; Mike Couzzi, [[Benny Faccone]], Steve Farrone, Steve Fontano, David Frazer, Jim Gaines, [[John Gamble (record producer)|John Gamble]], [[Gordon "Commissioner Gordon" Williams|Commissioner Gordon]], Andy Grassi, John Karpowich, Glenn Kolotkin, [[Tom Lord-Alge]], Jeff Poe, Tony Prendatt, Anton Pukshansky, Warren Riker, [[Jim Scott (producer)|Jim Scott]], John Seymour, Matty Spindel, T-Ray, Chris Theis, David Thoener & Alvaro Villagra, engineers/mixers
|-
| "[[Smooth (Santana song)|Smooth]]"
| [[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]]
| [[Matt Serletic]], producer; David Thoener, engineer/mixer
|
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Smooth (Santana song)|Smooth]]" *
|[[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]]
|[[Itaal Shur]] [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" |{{sortname|Christina|Aguilera}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[43rd Annual Grammy Awards|2001]] <ref name="Grammy2001">{{cite magazine |author= |title=The Nominees in the Four Top Grammy Categories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |magazine=Billboard |date=February 3, 2001 |access-date=October 20, 2019 }}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Two Against Nature]]''
| [[Steely Dan]]
| [[Walter Becker]] & [[Donald Fagen]], producers; Phil Burnett, [[Roger Nichols (recording engineer)|Roger Nichols]], Dave Russell & [[Elliot Scheiner]], engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Beautiful Day]]"
| [[U2]]
| [[Brian Eno]] & [[Daniel Lanois]], producers; [[Steve Lillywhite]] & Richard Rainey, engineer/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
| "[[Beautiful Day]]"
| [[U2]]
|[[Adam Clayton]] [[The Edge|David Evans]] [[Larry Mullen Jr.]] [[Bono|Paul Hewson]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Shelby|Lynne}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[44th Annual Grammy Awards|2002]] <ref name=Grammy2002>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2002/music/news/44th-annual-grammy-award-nominations-1117857951/|title=44th Annual Grammy Award Nominations|date=January 4, 2002|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=Variety}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)|O Brother, Where Art Thou? - Soundtrack]]'' {{anchor|ref_C}}[[#endnote C|[C]]]
| Various Artists
| [[T Bone Burnett]], producer; [[Mike Piersante]] & [[Peter Kurland]], engineer/mixers; [[Gavin Lurssen]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Walk On (U2 song)|Walk On]]"
| [[U2]]
| [[Brian Eno]] & [[Daniel Lanois]], producers; [[Steve Lillywhite]] & Richard Rainey, engineer/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Fallin' (Alicia Keys song)|Fallin']]"
|[[Alicia Keys]]
|[[Alicia Keys]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Alicia|Keys}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[45th Annual Grammy Awards|2003]] <ref name=Grammy2003>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2003/music/news/45th-annual-grammy-award-nominations-1117878286/ |title=45th Annual Grammy Award Nominations |work=Variety |date=January 7, 2003 |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Come Away with Me]]''
| [[Norah Jones]]
| [[Norah Jones]], [[Arif Mardin]], [[Jay Newland]] & Craig Street, producers; S. Husky Huskolds & [[Jay Newland]], engineers/mixers; [[Ted Jensen]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Don't Know Why]]"
| [[Norah Jones]]
| [[Norah Jones]], [[Arif Mardin]] & [[Jay Newland]], producers; [[Arif Mardin]] & [[Jay Newland]], engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Don't Know Why]]"
|[[Norah Jones]]
|[[Jesse Harris]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Norah|Jones}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[46th Annual Grammy Awards|2004]] <ref name=Grammy2004>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2004/music/markets-festivals/beyonce-beats-the-rap-at-the-grammys-1117899800/|title=Beyonce beats the rap at the Grammys|first=Phil|last=Gallo|date=February 8, 2004|access-date=October 20, 2019|work=Variety}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Speakerboxxx/The Love Below]]''
| [[OutKast]]
| [[André 3000]] & [[Big Boi|Antwon "Big Boi" Patton]], producers; Vincent Alexander, Chris Carmouche, Kevin "KD" Davis, Reggie Dozier, John Frye, Robert Hannon, Padraic Kernin, Moka Nagatani, Pete Novak, Brian Paturalski, [[Neal Pogue]], Dexter Simmons, Matt Still & [[Darrell Thorp]], engineers/mixers; [[Brian Gardner]] & [[Bernie Grundman]], mastering engineers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Clocks (song)|Clocks]]"
| [[Coldplay]]
| [[Coldplay]] & [[Ken Nelson (British record producer)|Ken Nelson]], producers; [[Coldplay]], [[Ken Nelson (British record producer)|Ken Nelson]] & Mark Phythian, engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Dance with My Father (song)|Dance with My Father]]"
|[[Luther Vandross]]
|[[Richard Marx]] [[Luther Vandross]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Evanescence]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[47th Annual Grammy Awards|2005]] <ref name=Grammy2005>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2004/music/markets-festivals/grammy-gets-its-groove-on-1117914552/|title=Grammy gets its groove on|date=December 7, 2004|access-date=October 20, 2019|first=Phil|last=Gallo|work=Variety}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Genius Loves Company]]''
| [[Ray Charles]] & Various Artists
| John Burk, Terry Howard, Don Mizell, [[Phil Ramone]] & Herbert Waltl, producers; Robert Fernandez, John Harris, Terry Howard, Pete Karam, Joel Moss, Al Schmitt & Ed Thacker, engineers/mixers; Robert Hadley & Doug Sax, mastering engineers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Here We Go Again (Ray Charles song)|Here We Go Again]]"
| [[Ray Charles]] & [[Norah Jones]]
| John Burk, producer; Mark Fleming, Terry Howard & [[Al Schmitt]], engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Daughters (John Mayer song)|Daughters]]"
|[[John Mayer]]
|[[John Mayer]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Maroon 5]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[48th Annual Grammy Awards|2006]] <ref name=Grammy2006>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2005/music/markets-festivals/48th-annual-grammy-nominations-list-part-1-1117934222/|title=48th annual Grammy nominations list|access-date=October 20, 2019|date=December 8, 2005|work=Variety}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb]]''
| [[U2]]
| [[Brian Eno]], [[Flood (producer)|Flood]], [[Daniel Lanois]], [[Jacknife Lee]], [[Steve Lillywhite]] & [[Chris Thomas (record producer)|Chris Thomas]], producers; Greg Collins, [[Flood (producer)|Flood]], Carl Glanville, Simon Gogerly, [[Nellee Hooper]], [[Jacknife Lee]] & [[Steve Lillywhite]], engineers/mixers; Arnie Acosta, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)|Boulevard of Broken Dreams]]"
| [[Green Day]]
| [[Rob Cavallo]] & [[Green Day]], producers; [[Chris Lord-Alge]] & Doug McKean, engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|[[U2]]
|"[[Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own]]"
|[[Adam Clayton]] [[The Edge|David Evans]] [[Larry Mullen Jr.]] [[Bono|Paul Hewson]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|John|Legend}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[49th Annual Grammy Awards|2007]] <ref name=Grammy2007>{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_show/list.aspx#05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061220160454/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 20, 2006 |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |access-date=July 12, 2010 }}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Taking the Long Way]]''
| [[The Chicks|Dixie Chicks]]
| [[Rick Rubin]], producer; [[Richard Dodd]], [[Jim Scott (producer)|Jim Scott]] & [[Christopher Mario Testa|Chris Testa]], engineers/mixers; [[Richard Dodd]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Not Ready to Make Nice]]"
| [[The Chicks|Dixie Chicks]]
| [[Rick Rubin]], producer; [[Richard Dodd]], [[Jim Scott (producer)|Jim Scott]] & [[Christopher Mario Testa|Chris Testa]], engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Not Ready to Make Nice]]"
|[[The Chicks|Dixie Chicks]]
|[[Emily Robison]] [[Martie Maguire]] [[Natalie Maines]] [[Dan Wilson (musician)|Dan Wilson]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Carrie|Underwood}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[50th Annual Grammy Awards|2008]] <ref name=Grammy2008>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2008-grammy-winners-list/|title=2008 Grammy Winners List|date=December 6, 2007|work=CBS News|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[River: The Joni Letters]]''
| [[Herbie Hancock]]
| [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Norah Jones]], [[Joni Mitchell]], [[Corinne Bailey Rae]], [[Luciana Souza]] & [[Tina Turner]], featured artists; [[Herbie Hancock]] & [[Larry Klein]], producers; Helik Hadar, engineer/mixer; Bernie Grundman, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]"
| [[Amy Winehouse]]
| [[Mark Ronson]], producer; [[Tom Elmhirst]], [[Mark Ronson]], [[Dom Morley]], Vaughan Merrick & Gabriel Roth, engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]"
| [[Amy Winehouse]]
|[[Amy Winehouse]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|{{sortname|Amy|Winehouse}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[51st Annual Grammy Awards|2009]] <ref name=Grammy2009>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/winners-51st-grammy-awards/|title=Winners: 51st Grammy Awards|date=December 4, 2008|work=CBS News|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Raising Sand]]''
| [[Robert Plant]] & [[Alison Krauss]]
| [[T Bone Burnett]], producer; [[Mike Piersante]], engineer/mixer; [[Gavin Lurssen]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Please Read the Letter]]"
| [[Robert Plant]] & [[Alison Krauss]]
| [[T Bone Burnett]], producer; [[Mike Piersante]], engineer/mixe
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Viva la Vida]]"
|[[Coldplay]]
|[[Guy Berryman]] [[Jonny Buckland]] [[Will Champion]] [[Chris Martin]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Adele]]
|-
|}

===2010s===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[52nd Annual Grammy Awards|2010]] <ref name=Grammy2010>{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/52nd_show/list.aspx#04 |title=The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]] |access-date=October 18, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618185140/http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/52nd_show/list.aspx |archive-date=June 18, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Fearless (Taylor Swift album)|Fearless]]''
| [[Taylor Swift]]
| [[Colbie Caillat]], featured artist; [[Nathan Chapman (record producer)|Nathan Chapman]] & [[Taylor Swift]], producers; Chad Carlson, [[Nathan Chapman (record producer)|Nathan Chapman]] & Justin Niebank, engineers/mixers; Hank Williams, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Use Somebody]]"
| [[Kings of Leon]]
| [[Jacquire King]] & [[Angelo Petraglia]], producers; [[Jacquire King]], engineer/mixer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]"
|[[Beyoncé]]
|[[Kuk Harrell|Thaddis Harrell]] [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]] [[Tricky Stewart|Christopher Stewart]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Zac Brown Band]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[53rd Annual Grammy Awards|2011]] <ref name=Grammy2011>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/sites/com/files/53rdpresslist113010.pdf|title=Final Nominations List: 53rd Annual Grammy Awards|publisher=[[Recording Academy|The Recording Academy]]|access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[The Suburbs]]''
| [[Arcade Fire]]
| [[Arcade Fire]] & [[Markus Dravs]], producers; [[Arcade Fire]], Mark Lawson & Craig Silvey, engineers/mixers; Mark Lawson, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Need You Now (Lady Antebellum song)|Need You Now]]"
| [[Lady Antebellum]]
| [[Lady Antebellum]] & [[Paul Worley]], producers; Clarke Schleicher, engineer/mixer
|-
|'''Song'''
| "[[Need You Now (Lady Antebellum song)|Need You Now]]"
| [[Lady Antebellum]]
|[[Dave Haywood]] [[Josh Kear]] [[Charles Kelley]] [[Hillary Scott]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Esperanza Spalding]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[54th Annual Grammy Awards|2012]] <ref name=Grammy2012>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/892661/bon-iver-nominated-for-4-grammy-awards/top-stories/|title=Bon Iver Nominated for 4 Grammy Awards |first=Scott |last=Lapatine |work=Stereo Gum |date=November 30, 2011 |access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[21 (Adele album)|21]]''
| [[Adele]]
| [[Jim Abbiss]], [[Adele|Adele Adkins]], [[Paul Epworth]], [[Rick Rubin]], [[Fraser T Smith]], [[Ryan Tedder]] & [[Dan Wilson (musician)|Dan Wilson]], producers; [[Jim Abbiss]], Philip Allen, Beatriz Artola, Ian Dowling, [[Tom Elmhirst]], [[Greg Fidelman]], [[Dan Parry]], Steve Price, [[Mark Rankin (record engineer)|Mark Rankin]], [[Andrew Scheps]], [[Fraser T. Smith]] & [[Ryan Tedder]], engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Rolling in the Deep]]"
| [[Adele]]
| [[Paul Epworth]], producer; [[Tom Elmhirst]] & [[Mark Rankin (record engineer)|Mark Rankin]], engineers/mixers
|-
|'''Song'''
| "[[Rolling in the Deep]]"
| [[Adele]]
|[[Adele|Adele Adkins]] [[Paul Epworth]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Bon Iver]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[55th Annual Grammy Awards|2013]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/full-2013-grammy-nominations-list-article-1.1214356|title=Grammys 2013: Full nominations list of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards |date=December 5, 2012|work=New York Daily News|access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Babel (Mumford & Sons album)|Babel]]''
| [[Mumford & Sons]]
| [[Markus Dravs]], producer; Robin Baynton & Ruadhri Cushnan, engineers/mixers; [[Bob Ludwig]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Somebody That I Used to Know]]"
| [[Gotye]] featuring [[Kimbra]]
| [[Gotye|Wally de Backer]], producer; [[Gotye|Wally de Backer]] & [[François Tétaz]], engineers/mixers; William Bowden, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[We Are Young]]"
|[[Fun (band)|Fun]] featuring [[Janelle Monáe]]
|[[Nate Ruess]] [[Jack Antonoff]] [[Jeff Bhasker]] [[Andrew Dost]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center" |[[Fun (band)|Fun]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[56th Annual Grammy Awards|2014]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mixonline.com/technology/56th-annual-grammy-award-audio-production-nominations-380181|title=56th Annual Grammy Award Audio Production Nominations|date=December 16, 2013|work=Mix Online|access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Random Access Memories]]''
| [[Daft Punk]]
| [[Julian Casablancas]], [[DJ Falcon]], [[Todd Edwards]], [[Chilly Gonzales]], [[Giorgio Moroder]], [[Panda Bear (musician)|Panda Bear]], [[Nile Rodgers]], [[Paul Williams (songwriter)|Paul Williams]] & [[Pharrell Williams]], featured artists; [[Thomas Bangalter]], [[Julian Casablancas]], [[Guy-Manuel De Homem-Christo]], [[DJ Falcon]] & [[Todd Edwards]], producers; [[Peter Franco]], [[Mick Guzauski]], Florian Lagatta, Guillaume Le Braz & Daniel Lerner, engineers/mixers; [[Bob Ludwig]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)|Get Lucky]]"
| [[Daft Punk]] featuring [[Pharrell Williams]] & [[Nile Rodgers]]
| [[Thomas Bangalter]] & [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]], producers; [[Peter Franco]], [[Mick Guzauski]], Florian Lagatta & Daniel Lerner, engineers/mixers; Antoine Chabert & [[Bob Ludwig]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Royals (song)|Royals]]"
|[[Lorde]]
|[[Joel Little]] [[Lorde|Ella Yelich-O'Connor]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" |[[Macklemore & Ryan Lewis]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|2015]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Grammy Nominees & Winners 2015|url=https://www.voanews.com/arts-culture/grammy-nominees-winners-2015|website=VOA News|date=6 February 2015}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Morning Phase]]''
| [[Beck]]
| [[Beck|Beck Hansen]], producer; [[Tom Elmhirst]], David Greenbaum, Florian Lagatta, [[Cole M. Greif-Neill|Cole Marsden Greif-Neill]], Robbie Nelson, Darrell Thorp, Cassidy Turbin & Joe Visciano, engineers/mixers; [[Bob Ludwig]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Stay with Me (Sam Smith song)|Stay with Me (Darkchild Version)]]"
| [[Sam Smith]]
| [[Steve Fitzmaurice]], [[Rodney Jerkins]] & [[Jimmy Napes]], producers; [[Steve Fitzmaurice]], [[Jimmy Napes]] & Steve Price, engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
| "[[Stay with Me (Sam Smith song)|Stay with Me]]"
| [[Sam Smith]]
|[[Jimmy Napes|James Napier]] [[William Phillips (musician)|William Phillips]] [[Sam Smith]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Sam Smith]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[58th Annual Grammy Awards|2016]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/grammys/6785974/grammy-nominations-2016-full-list|title=Grammy Nominations 2016: See the Full List of Nominees |date=December 7, 2015|work=Billboard|access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]''
| [[Taylor Swift]]
| [[Jack Antonoff]], [[Nathan Chapman (record producer)|Nathan Chapman]], [[Imogen Heap]], [[Max Martin]], [[Mattman & Robin]], [[Ali Payami]], [[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Ryan Tedder]] & [[Noel Zancanella]], producers; [[Jack Antonoff]], Mattias Bylund, Smith Carlson, [[Nathan Chapman (record producer)|Nathan Chapman]], [[Serban Ghenea]], John Hanes, [[Imogen Heap]], Sam Holland, Michael Ilbert, Brendan Morawski, Laura Sisk & [[Ryan Tedder]], engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Uptown Funk]]"
| [[Mark Ronson]] featuring [[Bruno Mars]]
| [[Jeff Bhasker]], [[Bruno Mars]] & [[Mark Ronson]], producers; Josh Blair, [[Serban Ghenea]], Wayne Gordon, John Hanes, Inaam Haq, Boo Mitchell, [[Charles Moniz]] & [[Mark Ronson]], engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Thinking Out Loud]]"
|[[Ed Sheeran]]
|[[Ed Sheeran]] [[Amy Wadge]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"| [[Meghan Trainor]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/nominees |title=59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213051242/https://www.grammy.com/nominees |archive-date=13 February 2017 }}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[25 (Adele album)|25]]''
| [[Adele]]
| [[Danger Mouse (musician)|Danger Mouse]], [[Samuel Dixon]], [[Paul Epworth]], [[Greg Kurstin]], [[Max Martin]], [[Ariel Rechtshaid]], [[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]], [[The Smeezingtons]] & [[Ryan Tedder]], producers; Julian Burg, Austen Jux Chandler, Cameron Craig, [[Samuel Dixon]], [[Tom Elmhirst]], Declan Gaffney, [[Serban Ghenea]], John Hanes, Jan Holzner, Michael Ilbert, Chris Kasych, [[Greg Kurstin]], [[Charles Moniz]], Liam Nolan, Alex Pasco, [[Mike Piersante]], [[Ariel Rechtshaid]], Rich Rich, Dave Schiffman & Matt Wiggins, engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]] & [[Randy Merrill]], mastering engineers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Hello (Adele song)|Hello]]"
| [[Adele]]
| [[Greg Kurstin]], producer; Julian Burg, [[Tom Elmhirst]], [[Greg Kurstin]], Liam Nolan & Alex Pasco, engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]] & [[Randy Merrill]], mastering engineers
|-
|'''Song'''
| "[[Hello (Adele song)|Hello]]"
| [[Adele]]
|[[Adele|Adele Adkins]] [[Greg Kurstin]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Chance the Rapper]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2018-grammy-awards-complete-winners-list|title=Grammy Awards: Record of the Year 2017 |work=[[The Recording Academy]]|access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[24K Magic (album)|24K Magic]]''
| [[Bruno Mars]]
| [[The Smeezingtons|Shampoo Press & Curl]], producers; [[Serban Ghenea]], John Hanes & [[Charles Moniz]], engineers/mixers; [[1500 or Nothin'|Christopher Brody Brown]], [[James Fauntleroy]], [[Philip Lawrence (songwriter)|Philip Lawrence]] & [[Bruno Mars]], songwriters; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[24K Magic (song)|24K Magic]]"
| [[Bruno Mars]]
| [[The Smeezingtons|Shampoo Press & Curl]], producers; [[Serban Ghenea]], John Hanes & [[Charles Moniz]], engineers/mixers; [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[That's What I Like (Bruno Mars song)|That's What I Like]]"
|[[Bruno Mars]]
|[[1500 or Nothin'|Christopher Brody Brown]] [[James Fauntleroy]] [[Philip Lawrence (songwriter)|Philip Lawrence]] [[Bruno Mars]] [[The Stereotypes|Ray Charles McCullough II]] [[The Stereotypes|Jeremy Reeves]] [[The Stereotypes|Ray Romulus]] [[The Stereotypes|Jonathan Yip]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Alessia Cara]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[61st Annual Grammy Awards|2019]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2019-grammy-awards-nominations-complete-nominees-and-winners-list|title=2019 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees And Winners List|work=[[The Recording Academy]]|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[Golden Hour (Kacey Musgraves album)|Golden Hour]]''
| [[Kacey Musgraves]]
| [[Ian Fitchuk]], [[Kacey Musgraves]] & [[Daniel Tashian]], producers; Craig Alvin & [[Shawn Everett]], engineers/mixers; [[Ian Fitchuk]], [[Kacey Musgraves]] & [[Daniel Tashian]], songwriters; [[Greg Calbi]] & Steve Fallone, mastering engineers
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[This Is America (song)|This Is America]]"
| [[Donald Glover|Childish Gambino]]
| [[Donald Glover]] & [[Ludwig Göransson]], producers; [[Derek "MixedByAli" Ali]], Kesha Lee, Riley Mackin, Shaan Singh & Alex Tumay, engineers/mixers; [[Mike Bozzi]], mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[This Is America (song)|This Is America]]"
| [[Donald Glover|Childish Gambino]]
|[[Donald Glover]] [[Ludwig Göransson]] [[Young Thug|Jeffery Lamar Williams]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Dua Lipa]]
|-
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! width="10%" | Award
! width="30%" | Work
! width="25%" | Artist(s)
! width="30%" | Production Team/Song Writers
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[62nd Annual Grammy Awards|2020]] <ref>[https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2020-grammy-awards-complete-nominees-list 2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List|Grammy.com]</ref>
|'''Album'''
| ''[[When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?]]''
| [[Billie Eilish]]
| [[Finneas O'Connell]], producer; Rob Kinelski & [[Finneas O'Connell]], engineers/mixers; [[Billie Eilish|Billie Eilish O'Connell]] & [[Finneas O'Connell]], songwriters; John Greenham, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Bad Guy (Billie Eilish song)|Bad Guy]]"
| [[Billie Eilish]]
| [[Finneas O'Connell]], producer; [[Rob Kinelski]] & [[Finneas O'Connell]], engineers/mixers; John Greenham, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[Bad Guy (Billie Eilish song)|Bad Guy]]" *
|[[Billie Eilish]]
|[[Billie Eilish|Billie Eilish O'Connell]] [[Finneas O'Connell]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center"|[[Billie Eilish]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[63rd Annual Grammy Awards|2021]]
|'''Album'''
|''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]''
| [[Taylor Swift]]
| [[Jack Antonoff]], [[Aaron Dessner]] & [[Taylor Swift]], producers; Jack Antonoff, Aaron Dessner, [[Serban Ghenea]], John Hanes, Jonathan Low & [[Laura Sisk]], engineers/mixers; Aaron Dessner & Taylor Swift, songwriters; [[Randy Merrill]], mastering engineer
|
|-
|'''Record'''
| "[[Everything I Wanted]]"
| [[Billie Eilish]]
| [[Finneas O'Connell]], producer; [[Rob Kinelski]] & Finneas O'Connell, engineers/mixers; John Greenham, mastering engineer
|-
|'''Song'''
|"[[I Can't Breathe (H.E.R. song)|I Can't Breathe]]"
|[[H.E.R]]
|[[D'Mile]], [[H.E.R.]] & [[Tiara Thomas]]
|-
| '''Best New Artist'''
| colspan="3" align="center" |[[Megan Thee Stallion]]
|-
|}

== See Also ==
[[List of Grammy Award categories]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

User talk:2001:4451:1122:4900:89B0:9F63:F5DA:2100

2021-04-06T07:19:11Z

Quickfingers: General note: Unconstructive editing on :Federal pardons in the United States.

== April 2021 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/2001:4451:1122:4900:89B0:9F63:F5DA:2100|your recent contributions]] to [[:Federal pardons in the United States]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]]. Thanks.{{Z186}} [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 07:19, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

Federal pardons in the United States

2021-04-06T07:19:01Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 2001:4451:1122:4900:89B0:9F63:F5DA:2100 (talk) to last version by FrescoBot

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}{{Short description|US pardons by the federal government}}

A '''federal pardon in the United States''' is the action of the [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]] that [[pardon|completely sets aside]] the punishment for a [[federal crime]]. The authority to take such action is granted to the president by [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 1: Command of military; Opinions of cabinet secretaries; Pardons|Article II, Section 2, Clause 1]] of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]]. A pardon is one form of the clemency power of the president, the others being [[commutation of sentence]], remission of fine or restitution, and reprieve.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of the Pardon Attorney|website=US Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/pardon/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105004108/http://www.justice.gov/pardon/index.html|archive-date=2015-01-05|access-date=2021-01-12}}</ref> A person may decide not to accept a pardon, in which case it does not take effect;<ref name=":1" /> according to a Supreme Court majority opinion in ''[[Burdick v. United States]]'' a pardon "carries an imputation of guilt; acceptance a confession of it".

Under the Constitution, the president's clemency power extends to all federal criminal offenses, except in cases of impeachment.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/pardon/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions|website=Department of Justice - Office of the Pardon Attorney|date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128231918/https://www.justice.gov/pardon/frequently-asked-questions-concerning-executive-clemency|archive-date=2017-11-28|url-status=live}}</ref> All requests for executive clemency for federal offenses are normally directed to the [[Office of the Pardon Attorney]] in the U.S. Department of Justice for investigation and review,<ref name="usdojpardon"/> but the president is free to bypass that office.<ref name="WaPo_Gearan_20200222">{{Cite news|last1=Reinhard|first1=Beth|last2=Gearan|first2=Anne|title=Most Trump clemency grants bypass Justice Dept. and go to well-connected offenders|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/most-clemency-grants-bypass-doj-and-go-to-well-connected-offenders/2020/02/03/4e8f3eb2-21ce-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>

The president's pardon power is limited to federal offenses; the Constitution only grants the president the power to pardon "[o]ffenses against the United States."<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/> An offense that violates state law, but not federal law, is an offense against that state rather than an offense against the United States.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ" /><ref name=":0" />

The full extent of a president's power to pardon has not been fully resolved. Pardons have been used for presumptive cases, such as when President [[Gerald Ford]] pardoned [[Richard Nixon]], who had not been charged with anything, over any possible crimes connected with the [[Watergate scandal]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Presidential Pardons – ABA Legal Fact Check – American Bar Association|url=https://abalegalfactcheck.com/articles/pardons.html|access-date=2017-08-30|website=www.abalegalfactcheck.com|language=en}}</ref> but the Supreme Court has never considered the legal effectiveness of such pardons.<ref name="duker" /> There is disagreement about how the pardon power applies to cases involving obstructions of an [[Impeachment in the United States|impeachment]].<ref>Martin H. Redish, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/05/opinion/impeachment-pardon-power.html "The President’s Pardon Power May Be Weaker Than It Seems"], ''The New York Times'', Dec. 5, 2019, Accessed 12/16/2019</ref> Also, the ability of a president to pardon themselves (self-pardon) has never been tested in the courts, because, to date, no president has ever taken that action.<ref name="Conklin2020">{{cite journal|last1=Conklin|first1=Michael|date=April 28, 2020|title=Please Allow Myself to Pardon . . . Myself: The Constitutionality of a Presidential Self-Pardon|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3587921|journal=University of Detroit Mercy Law Review|volume=97|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3587921|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> There has also been speculation as to whether secret pardons are possible.<ref> [https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/trump-secret-presidential-pardons/ Could Trump Have Issued Secret Presidential Pardons?] </ref>

== Constitutional provision ==
The pardon power of the President is based on [[Article Two of the United States Constitution]] (Section 2, Clause 1), which provides:

{{quote|The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of [[Impeachment in the United States|impeachment]].}}

The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] has interpreted the provision to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, [[Respite (law)|respites]] and [[Amnesty|amnesties]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=P. S. Jr. |last=Ruckman |year=1997 |title=Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900–1993) |volume=27 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |issue=2 |pages=251–271 |jstor=27551729 }}</ref>

== Definitions ==
* A ''pardon'' is an executive order granting clemency for a conviction. It may be granted "at any time" after the commission of the crime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/71/333#writing-USSC_CR_0071_0333_ZO |title=Ex Parte Garland|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|access-date=2017-02-06|quote="The power thus conferred is unlimited, with the exception stated. It extends to every offence known to the law, and may be exercised at any time after its commission, either before legal proceedings are taken or during their pendency or after conviction and judgment."}}</ref> As per Justice Department regulations, convicted persons may only apply five or more years after their sentence has been completed.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/> However, the President's power to pardon is not restricted by any temporal constraints except that the crime must have been committed. A pardon is an expression of the President's forgiveness and ordinarily is granted in recognition of the applicant's acceptance of responsibility for the crime and established good conduct for a significant period of time after conviction or completion of sentence. It does not signify innocence.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/> Its practical effect is the restoration of civil rights and statutory disabilities (e.g., firearm rights, occupational licensing) associated with a past criminal conviction.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/> In rarer cases, such as the [[pardon of Richard Nixon]], a pardon can also halt criminal proceedings and prevent an indictment, though this has not been tested in court.

* A ''reprieve'' is a temporary postponement of a punishment (refer to [[Pardon#Related concepts|pardon/related concepts]]).

* A ''commutation'' is the mitigation of the sentence of someone currently serving a sentence for a crime pursuant to a conviction, without cancelling the conviction itself.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/>

== Early history ==
[[Alexander Hamilton]] defended the pardon power in ''[[The Federalist Papers]]'', particularly in [[Federalist No. 74]].

At the [[Virginia Ratifying Convention]], the delegate [[George Mason]] argued against ratification partly on the grounds that "the President ought not to have the power of pardoning, because he may frequently pardon crimes which were advised by himself."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Traditional Interpretation of the Pardon Power Is Wrong |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/traditional-interpretation-pardon-power-wrong/614083/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref>

Pardons granted by presidents from [[George Washington]] until [[Grover Cleveland]]'s first term (1885–1889) were hand written by the president. After [[typewriter]]s came to be used for regular White House business, pardons were prepared for the president by administrative staff requiring only that the president sign them.<ref name=Clemency>{{cite web|url=http://ednet.rvc.cc.il.us/~PeterR/Papers/paper3.htm |title=Federal Executive Clemency in United States |access-date=March 19, 2011 |last=Ruckman Jr. |first=P. S. |date=November 4, 1995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326045557/http://ednet.rvc.cc.il.us/~PeterR/Papers/paper3.htm |archive-date=March 26, 2011 }}</ref>

== Modern process ==
All federal pardon petitions are addressed to the President, who grants or denies the request. Typically, applications for pardons are referred for review and non-binding recommendation by the [[Office of the Pardon Attorney]], an official of the [[United States Department of Justice]]. The number of pardons and reprieves granted has varied from administration to administration. Fewer pardons have been granted since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |first=P. S. Jr. |last=Ruckman |title=Presidential Pardons by Administration, 1789–2001 |url=http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif |work=[[Rock Valley College]] |access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref>

A federal pardon can be issued prior to the start of a legal case or inquiry, prior to any indictments being issued, for unspecified offenses, and prior to or after a conviction for a federal crime.<ref name="kalt-in-fp">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Kalt |title=Can Trump Pardon Himself? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/19/what-would-happen-if-trump-pardoned-himself-mueller-russia-investigation/ |url-access=limited |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=May 19, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2017}}</ref> Ford's broad federal pardon of former president Richard M. Nixon in 1974 for "all offenses against the United States which he, Richard Nixon, has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from January 20, 1969 through August 9, 1974" is a notable example of a fixed-period federal pardon that came prior to any indictments being issued and that covered unspecified federal offenses that may or may not have been committed.<ref name="kalt-in-fp" />

The Justice Department normally requires that anyone filing a petition for a pardon wait five years after conviction or release prior to receiving a pardon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/28/1.2 |title=28 C.F.R. § 1.2 Eligibility for filing petition for pardon |access-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref> The constitutionality of open pardons, such as Ford's pardon of Nixon, has never been judicially tested in the Supreme Court and is open to question.<ref name="duker">{{cite journal|last1=Duker|first1=William F.|title=The President's Power to Pardon: A Constitutional History|journal=Wm. & Mary L. Rev.|date=1976|volume=18|pages=475–537|quote=The Supreme Court never has been called upon to judge the validity of an open pardon like the Nixon pardon. If it must do so in the future and if it continues to view Article II, section 2 in light of the meaning the framers intended it to have, the evidence raises a reasonable doubt of the constitutionality of the Nixon pardon.|url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2444&context=wmlr}}</ref>

While clemency may be granted without the filing of a formal request, in most cases the Office of the Pardon Attorney will consider only petitions from persons who have completed their sentences and, in addition, have demonstrated their ability to lead a responsible and productive life for a significant period after conviction or release from confinement.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/>

The Supreme Court ruled in ''[[United States v. Wilson]]'' (1833) that a pardon could be rejected by the convict. In ''[[Burdick v. United States]]'' (1915), the court specifically said: "Circumstances may be made to bring innocence under the penalties of the law. If so brought, escape by confession of guilt implied in the acceptance of a pardon may be rejected, preferring to be the victim of the law rather than its acknowledged transgressor, preferring death even to such certain infamy." Commutations (reduction in prison sentence), unlike pardons (restoration of civil rights after prison sentence had been served) may not be refused. In ''[[Biddle v. Perovich]]'' {{ussc|274|480|1927}}, the subject of the commutation did not want to accept life in prison but wanted the death penalty restored. The Supreme Court said, "Just as the original punishment would be imposed without regard to the prisoner's consent and in the teeth of his will, whether he liked it or not, the public welfare, not his consent, determines what shall be done."<ref>''[[Biddle v. Perovich]]'' {{ussc|274|480|1927}}, at 486</ref>

== Limitations ==
Federal pardons issued by the president apply only to federal law; they do not apply to civil, state, or local offenses. Federal pardons also do not apply to cases of impeachment. Pardons for state crimes are handled by governors or a state pardon board.<ref name="Department of Justice FAQ"/>

One limitation to the president's power to grant pardons is "in cases of [[impeachment]]." This means that the president cannot use a pardon to stop an officeholder from being impeached, or to undo the effects of an impeachment and conviction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Amar |first=Akhil |author-link=Akhil Amar |date=2005 |title=America's Constitution: A Biography |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=187 |isbn=978-0812972726 }}</ref>

=== Acceptance by the recipient ===
In ''[[United States v. Wilson]]'' (1833), the United States Supreme Court held that a pardon can be rejected by the intended recipient and must be affirmatively accepted to be officially recognized by the courts. In that case, George Wilson who was convicted of robbing the [[US Mail]] and was sentenced to death. Due to his friends' influence, Wilson was pardoned by President [[Andrew Jackson]], but Wilson refused the pardon and the Supreme Court held that his rejection was valid and the court could not force a pardon upon him; and consequently the pardon must be introduced to the court by "plea, motion, or otherwise" to be considered as a point of fact and evidence.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=United States v. Wilson: 32 U.S. 150 (1833) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/32/150/case.html |work=Justia.com |access-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref>

According to Associate Justice Joseph McKenna, writing the majority opinion in the U.S. Supreme Court case ''Burdick v. United States'', a pardon "carries an imputation of guilt; acceptance a confession of it."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/presidential-pardons-how-the-nixon-pardon-strained-a-presidential-friendshi|title=How the Nixon Pardon Strained a Presidential Friendship|date=2011-12-13|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref> The federal courts have yet to make it clear how this logic applies to persons who are deceased (such as [[Henry Ossian Flipper]], who was pardoned by Bill Clinton), those who are relieved from penalties as a result of general amnesties, and those whose punishments are relieved via a commutation of sentence (which cannot be rejected in any sense of the language).<ref>see ''Chapman v. Scott'' (C.C.A.) 10 F.(2d) 690)</ref> Brian Kalt, a law professor at Michigan State University, states that presidents sometimes (albeit rarely) grant pardons on the basis of innocence, and argues that if a president issues a pardon because they think an individual is innocent, then accepting that pardon would not be an admission of guilt.<ref name="Five Myths About Pardons">{{cite web |last1=Kalt |first1=Brian |title=Five myths about presidential pardons |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-presidential-pardons/2018/06/06/18447f84-69ba-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html |work=Washington Post |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Residual effects of convictions ===
A presidential pardon restores various rights lost as a result of the pardoned offense and may lessen to some extent the stigma arising from a conviction, but does not erase or expunge the record of the conviction itself. Therefore, a person who is granted a pardon must still disclose their conviction(s) on any form where such information is required, although the person may also disclose the fact that they received a pardon.<ref name="usdojpardon">{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/pardon/pardon-information-and-instructions |title=Pardon Information and Instructions |work=US Department of Justice - Office of the Pardon Attorney|date=2018-11-23 }}</ref> Also, as most [[civil disabilities]] arising from a criminal conviction, such as [[Felony disenfranchisement in the United States|loss of the right to vote]] and hold state public office, are imposed by state rather than federal law, they may be removed only by state action.<ref name="usdojpardon"/>

=== Self-pardons ===
The legal and constitutional ability of a president to pardon himself (self-pardon) is an unresolved issue. During the [[Watergate scandal]], President [[Richard M. Nixon|Nixon]]'s lawyer suggested that a self-pardon would be legal, while the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] issued a memorandum opinion on August 5, 1974, stating that a president cannot pardon himself.<ref name="doj-1974">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/1974/08/31/op-olc-supp-v001-p0370.pdf|title=Presidential or Legislative Pardon of the President|date=1974-08-05|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> The 1974 memo laid out a scenario in which, under the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], the president could declare himself unable to perform his duties and could appoint the vice president as acting president. The acting president could then pardon the president and "thereafter the president could either resign or resume the duties of his office."<ref name="doj-1974" /> The informal Nixon memo only address the presidential self-pardon in 69 words with no citations and lacks legal analysis, and thus not authoritative on the issue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conklin|first=Michael|date=2020-04-28|title=Please Allow Myself to Pardon . . . Myself: The Constitutionality of a Presidential Self-Pardon|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3587921|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3587921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-15|title=The President Can Self-Pardon, but It Would Be an Impeachable Offense|url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/president-can-self-pardon-it-would-be-impeachable-offense|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Cato Institute|language=en}}</ref>

The issue arose again in 1998, during the [[impeachment of President Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Can President Clinton Pardon Himself? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1998/12/can-president-clinton-pardon-himself.html |date=December 30, 1998 |access-date= December 25, 2020}}</ref>

On July 22, 2017, President [[Donald Trump]] [[tweeted]], "While all agree the U.S. President has the complete power to pardon, why think of that when only crime so far is LEAKS against us. FAKE NEWS", prompting a series of news article and online commentary regarding the president's ability to pardon relatives, aides, and possibly even himself in relation to the [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|2017 Special Counsel investigation]], which ultimately concluded President Donald Trump could not be indicted at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump Says He Has 'Complete Power' to Pardon |last=Baker |first=Peter |newspaper=New York Times |date=July 22, 2017 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/us/politics/donald-trump-jeff-sessions.html}}</ref>

==== Constitutionality of self-pardon ====
Common arguments against self-pardons include the themes of self-judging and self-dealing, the unjust nature of the president being above the law, violations of the public trust, the inclusion of the word "grant" in the relevant clause (one cannot grant something to oneself), the definition of "pardon" (because one cannot grant forgiveness to oneself), and the inadequacy of other safeguards such as political consequences. However, such arguments have been disputed, and since the Supreme Court has issued constitutional rulings that affirmed the president's "unlimited" pardon power, a constitutional amendment or a Supreme Court decision on a self-pardon would be required to settle the constitutionality of a self-pardon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conklin|first=Michael|date=2020-04-28|title=Please Allow Myself to Pardon . . . Myself: The Constitutionality of a Presidential Self-Pardon|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3587921|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3587921}}</ref>

Constitutional issues of the pardon power have been raised in multiple Supreme Court cases. In ''[[Ex parte Garland]]'', the Supreme Court majority ruled:<blockquote>"The power thus conferred is unlimited, with the exception stated. It extends to every offence known to the law, and may be exercised at any time after its commission, either before legal proceedings are taken, or during their pendency, or after conviction and judgment. This power of the President is not subject to legislative control. Congress can neither limit the effect of his pardon, nor exclude from its exercise any class of offenders. The benign prerogative of mercy reposed in him cannot be fettered by any legislative restrictions."<ref>{{Cite web|title=EX PARTE GARLAND.|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/71/333|access-date=2021-01-18|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|date=2017-08-26|title=Why Trump's Pardon of Arpaio Follows Law, Yet Challenges It (Published 2017)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/26/us/politics/trump-pardon-joe-arpaio-constitution.html|access-date=2021-01-18|issn=0362-4331}}</ref></blockquote>In ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Marshall]] wrote regarding the presidential powers:<blockquote>"[T]he President is invested with certain important political powers . . . [for] which he is to use his own discretion, and is accountable only to his country in his political character, and to his own conscience . . . [.] [W]hatever opinion may be entertained of the manner in which executive discretion may be used, still there exists, and can exist, no power to control that discretion . . . [.] [T]he decision of the executive is conclusive."<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Reports: Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep005137/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref></blockquote>

== Controversial use ==
The pardon power was controversial from the outset; many [[Anti-Federalism|Anti-Federalists]] remembered examples of royal abuses of the pardon power in Europe, and warned that the same would happen in the new republic.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trickey|first=Erick|date=April 21, 2019|title='The President himself may be guilty': Why pardons were hotly debated by the Founding Fathers|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/04/21/the-president-himself-may-be-guilty-why-pardons-were-hotly-debated-by-founding-fathers/|access-date=2020-11-28|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Critics such as the Anti-Federalists have argued that pardons have been used more often for the sake of political expediency than to correct judicial error.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crouch|first=Jeffrey|date=December 2008|title=The Law: Presidential Misuse of the Pardon Power|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41219712|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|volume=38|issue=4|pages=722–734|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02674.x|jstor=41219712|issn=0360-4918}}</ref>

In the 18th century, George Washington granted the first high-profile federal pardon to leaders of the [[Whiskey Rebellion]] on his final day in office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Whiskey-Rebellion|title=Whiskey Rebellion {{!}} Definition, History, & Significance|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-11-15|language=en}}</ref>

In the 19th century, [[Andrew Johnson]] controversially issued sweeping [[Pardons for ex-Confederates#Andrew Johnson|pardons of thousands of former Confederate officials and military personnel]] after the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Johnson, Andrew. (December 25, 1868). [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360 Proclamation 179 – Granting Full Pardon and Amnesty for the Offense of Treason Against the United States During the Late Civil War]. presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref>

In the 20th century, [[Gerald Ford]] pardoned former President Richard Nixon on September 8, 1974, for official misconduct which gave rise to the Watergate scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ford Gives Pardon To Nixon, Who Regrets 'My Mistakes' |date=September 9, 1974 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0908.html|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616093841/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0908.html|archive-date=12 June 2013 }}</ref> Polls showed a majority of Americans disapproved of the pardon, and Ford's public-approval ratings tumbled afterward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/23995/gerald-ford-retrospective.aspx|title=Gerald Ford Retrospective|first=Gallup|last=Inc.}}</ref> Other publicly controversial uses of the pardon power include [[Jimmy Carter]]'s grant of amnesty to Vietnam-era [[draft dodger]]s on his second day in office, January 21, 1977;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carter pardons draft dodgers Jan. 21, 1977 |last=GLASS |first=ANDREW |work=POLITICO |date=21 January 2008 |url= https://www.politico.com/story/2008/01/carter-pardons-draft-dodgers-jan-21-1977-007974}}</ref> [[George H. W. Bush]]'s [[List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush|pardons of 75 people]], including six [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]] officials accused or convicted in connection with the [[Iran–Contra affair]]; and [[Bill Clinton]]'s commutation of sentences for 16 members of [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña|FALN]] in 1999.<ref name="Hillary">{{cite news|author=Chris Black|date=1999-09-05|title=First lady opposes presidential clemency for Puerto Rican Nationalists|publisher=CNN|url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/09/05/senate.2000/hillary.puerto.rico/|url-status=dead|access-date=2007-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303215333/http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/09/05/senate.2000/hillary.puerto.rico/|archive-date=2006-03-03}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Clinton's pardons of [[Bill Clinton pardon controversy|140 people on his last day in office]], January 20, 2001, including [[billionaire]] [[fugitive]] [[Marc Rich]] and his own brother, [[Roger Clinton Jr.|Roger Clinton]], were heavily criticized.

President Donald Trump issued his first pardon to former Arizona sheriff [[Joe Arpaio]] on August 25, 2017;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Diaz|first2=Daniella|last3=Tatum|first3=Sophie|date=August 27, 2017|title=Trump pardons former Sheriff Joe Arpaio|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/25/politics/sheriff-joe-arpaio-donald-trump-pardon/index.html|access-date=August 27, 2017|website=CNN}}</ref> Arpaio had been convicted of criminal contempt in federal court.<ref name="Cassidy">Megan Cassidy, [http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2017/07/31/maricopa-county-sheriff-joe-arpaio-found-guilty-criminal-contempt-court/486278001/ Former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio found guilty of criminal contempt of court], ''The Arizona Republic'' (July 31, 2017).</ref> The [[Pardon of Joe Arpaio|pardon of Arpaio]] was relatively unusual in being issued early in Trump's presidency. It was met with widespread criticism from political opponents. On November 25, 2020, Trump announced, via Twitter, that he had pardoned former General and Trump National Security Advisor [[Michael Flynn]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 26, 2020|title=Michael Flynn: Trump pardons ex-national security adviser|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-55080923|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Flynn had pleaded guilty to one count of making false statements to the FBI, an offense which prompted Trump to fire Flynn as his national security advisor 23 days after taking office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herb |first1=Jeremy|last2=Polantz|first2=Katelyn|last3=Perez|first3=Evan|last4=Cohen|first4=Marshall|date=December 1, 2017|title=Flynn pleads guilty to lying to FBI, is cooperating with Mueller |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/01/politics/michael-flynn-charged/index.html |access-date=February 18, 2019}}</ref> On December 23, 2020, Trump pardoned 26 friends and allies, including his longtime ally [[Roger Stone]], former campaign chairman [[Paul Manafort]], and [[Charles Kushner]], his son-in-law's father.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump issues 26 new pardons, including for Stone, Manafort and Charles Kushner |last1=Brown |first1=Pamela |last2=LeBlanc |first2=Paul |last3=Polantz |first3=Katelyn |last4=Liptak |first4=Kevin |website=CNN |date=24 December 2020 |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/23/politics/trump-pardons-stone-manafort-kushner/index.html}}</ref>

== Symbolic use ==
A symbolic use of the presidential pardon is the [[National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation]] in November, in which a [[domestic turkey]] is pardoned from being killed for [[Thanksgiving dinner]] and is allowed to live out its life on a farm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/eight-years-of-obamas-turkey-pardons-idUSRTST0Q6|title=Eight years of Obama's turkey pardons|date=23 November 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Politics|law
}}
* [[List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States]]
* [[List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30}}

{{Federal pardons in the United States}}
{{US Constitution}}
[[Category:Pardons]]
[[Category:Clauses of the United States Constitution|Pardon presidential]]
[[Category:Presidency of the United States]]
{{Authority control}}

User talk:Bitcoing567

2021-04-06T07:14:23Z

Quickfingers: General note: Removal of content, blanking on :Millbrook School.

== Wikipedia and copyright ==

[[File:Control copyright icon.svg|30px|link=|alt=Control copyright icon]] Hello Bitcoing567! Your additions to [[:Millbrook School]] have been removed in whole or in part, as they appear to have added copyrighted content without evidence that the source material is in the [[public domain]] or has been released by its owner or legal agent under a [[WP:COMPLIC|suitably-free and compatible]] copyright license. (''To request such a release, see [[Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission]]''.) While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid [[copyright]] and [[plagiarism]] issues.

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It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you.  [[User:Greyjoy|'''Greyjoy''']] [[User talk:Greyjoy|talk]] 06:38, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

== April 2021 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]]. I noticed that you recently removed content from [[:Millbrook School]] without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use your [[User:Bitcoing567/sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Quickfingers|my talk page]]. Thanks. [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 07:14, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

Millbrook School

2021-04-06T07:13:45Z

Quickfingers: Reverted 1 edit by Bitcoing567 (talk)

{{Coord|41|51|20|N|73|37|16|W|type:edu|display=title}}
{{Infobox school
|name = Millbrook School
|image= Millbrook School Crest.jpg
|motto = ''Non Sibi Sed Cunctis'' Not for oneself, but for all
|city = [[Stanford, New York|Stanford]]
|state = New York
|country = United States
|type = Private, Boarding & Day
|established = 1931
|head = Drew Casertano
|faculty = 64
|grades = 9–12
|gender = Coeducational
|ratio = 4.1:1
|houses = 8 Boarding houses
|athletics = 14 interscholastic sports
|athletics_conference = [[NEPSAC]]
|mascot = [[Mustang (horse)|Mustang]]
|accreditation = [[New York State Association of Independent Schools|NYSAIS]]
|yearbook = The Tamarack
|head_name = Headmaster
|campus = [[Rural]], {{convert|800|acre|km2|0}}
|enrollment = 310 students
|class = 11 students
|colors = Navy Blue & Grey {{color box|#23238E}}{{Color box|#C5D0D6|border=darkgray}}
|homepage = [http://www.millbrook.org/ www.millbrook.org]
}}
'''Millbrook School''' is a private, coeducational preparatory school located in [[Dutchess County, New York]], United States.

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
Millbrook School was founded in 1931 by Edward Pulling. Pulling was a graduate of both [[Princeton University]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], and he taught at both [[Groton School]] and [[Avon Old Farms]] as well as private schools in the United Kingdom. While at Avon, Pulling began to think of creating his own school. His philosophy for a school was heavily influenced by the traditional setting he experienced at Groton and in the UK as well as the progressive ideology that Avon possessed. After searching for suitable grounds to house the school — including an offer from then Governor [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to build in [[Hyde Park, New York]] — Pulling and his wife decided on the Stephenson farm just 5 miles (8 km) outside Millbrook, NY in nearby Stanford, NY.

After the purchase of the property, Pulling drafted his first board of trustees, which included Endicott Peabody Sr., who was headmaster at Groton, and Henry Harkness Flagler, who became the first President of the Board of Trustees. With the generous support of the Flagler family and Pulling's father-in-law [[Russell Leffingwell]] the campus increased from the original farm buildings to include much of the current campus infrastructure.

== Environmental Stewardship ==
Environmental Stewardship is one of the five core values of Millbrook School and the school has contributed in many ways with having Trevor Zoo on campus, building solar panels that will source and generate electricity for the entire campus, and building school's architecture with LEED certification.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millbrook School: Better by Design Environmental Stewardship|url=https://www.millbrook.org/school-life/environmental-stewardship|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.millbrook.org}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
{{Alumni|date=April 2020}}
* [[Serena Altschul]] 1989 - Journalist
* [[Francisco L. Borges]] 1970 - former [[Connecticut State Treasurer]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-29|title=Commencement Address by Francisco L. Borges '70, May 29, 2016|url=https://www.millbrook.org/news-detail?pk=1044823|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Millbrook School|language=en}}</ref>
*[[James L. Buckley]] 1939 - Former [[U.S. Senator]] and Federal Judge
* [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]] 1943 - Author, Founder of [[The Tamarack]] and ''[[National Review]]''
* [[Schuyler Chapin]] - Commissioner of Cultural Affairs for New York City
* [[Frederic C. Hamilton]] - Businessman
* [[John Dawson (musician)|John Dawson]] 1963 - Musician, associate of the [[Grateful Dead]], co-founder of the [[New Riders of the Purple Sage]]
* [[Alistair Horne]] 1943 - Author
* [[Robert Wood Johnson IV]] 1965 - Chairman and CEO of [[The Johnson Company]], owner of the [[New York Jets]]
* [[Nicholas Kazan]] 1963 - Writer, producer, director
* [[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]] - [[Environmental law]] attorney
* [[David Guy Levy]] 1999 - Producer
* [[Thomas Lovejoy]] 1959 - Conservation biologist, Former Director of the [[World Wildlife Fund]]
* [[Whit Stillman]] 1969 - Writer and Director, known for the 1990s comedies ''[[Metropolitan (1990 film)|Metropolitan]]'', ''[[Barcelona (film)|Barcelona]]'', and ''[[The Last Days of Disco]]''
* [[Rachel Uchitel]] 1992 - Nightclub manager
* [[Rufus Wainwright]] 1991 - Musician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.millbrook.org}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1931 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1931]]
[[Category:Preparatory schools in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Private high schools in Dutchess County, New York]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in New York (state)]]

User talk:78.154.3.83

2021-01-24T16:49:10Z

Quickfingers: Caution: Unconstructive editing.

== January 2021 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/78.154.3.83|your recent contributions]] to [[:Preslava]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]]. Thanks.{{Z186}} [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 16:44, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism may result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you.{{Z187}} [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 16:49, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
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Preslava

2021-01-24T16:48:55Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 78.154.3.83 (talk) to last version by Quickfingers

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Preslava
| image = Preslava-Na-tebe-ne-otkazvam.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Petya Koleva Ivanova
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|06|26}}
| birth_place = [[Dobrich]], [[Bulgaria]]
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[chalga]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2003–present
| label = [[Payner]]
| associated_acts = [[Milko Kalaidjiev]], [[Ork.Akademitsi]], [[DJ Jerry]], [[Rashid Al Rashid]], [[Boris Dali]], [[Nadia Zahoor]], [[Konstantin]], [[Elena Gheorghe|Elena]], [[Ivelina Koleva]], [[Galena (singer)|Galena]], [[Anelia]], [[Toni Storaro]], [[Fiki]], {{ill|Vanya (singer)|lt=Vanya|bg|Ваня (певица)}}, [[Stefan Ilchev]], [[Dzhena]]
| website = {{URL|preslavaonline.com/}}
}}

'''Preslava Koleva Ivanova''' ({{lang-bg| Преслава Колева Иванова}}) <ref name="novoime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.actualno.com/curious/preslava-si-smeni-imeto-v-syda-news_699096.html |title=Преслава си смени името в съда |date=2018-10-10 |website=Actualno.com |language=bg-BG |access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> (born Petya Koleva Ivanova) ({{lang-bg| Петя Колева Иванова}}) on June 26, 1984), better known by her stage name '''Preslava''', is a [[Bulgaria]]n singer. She was born in [[Dobrich]], Bulgaria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://signal.bg/view_people.php?people_id=1&tab=home&tab=bio |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726142253/http://signal.bg/view_people.php?people_id=1&tab=home&tab=bio |archive-date=2017-07-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is considered one of the key names in the Bulgarian modern music, and won more than 30 awards since her debut in 2004.<ref name="preslavapayner">{{Cite web |url=http://www.payner.bg/singers.php?preslava |title=Payner - Изпълнители - Преслава |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref>

==Life and career==

===Early life (1984–2003)===
Petya Koleva Ivanova was born on June 26, 1984 in [[Dobrich]], [[Bulgaria]] . Her mother, Yanka Toncheva was a seamstress. Her father, Kolyo Tonchev was a worldwide race car driver.<ref name="hotnewsint">{{Cite web |url=http://hotnews.bg/n/Preslava-Noshtem-se-zadushavah-ot-tezhestta-na-byusta-si.1567.html |title=Преслава: Нощем се задушавах от тежестта на бюста си!
|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> Ivanova has an older sister named Ivelina who is a [[Bulgarian folk music|folk]] singer.<ref name="ivelinapayner">{{Cite web |url=http://www.payner.bg/singers.php?ivelina-koleva |title=Payner - Изпълнители - Ивелина Колева |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> She sang her first song when she was 7 years old. Despite her parents disapproval, she started singing in nightclubs at age of 15.<ref name="evaarticle">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eva.bg/article/8140-Malkata-Petya-golyamata-Preslava |title=Малката Петя - голямата Преслава - EVA.bg |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> She completed her musical education with the specialty ‘folk singing’ with [[Gadulka]] speciality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monitor.bg/article?id=338997|title=Фолкдивата Преслава свирила на гъдулка в школото|language=bg|trans-title=Folk Preslava played a gadulka in the school|work=Monitor|last=Dimitrova|first=Iva|access-date=4 July 2017|date=21 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117191132/http://www.monitor.bg/article?id=338997|archive-date=17 January 2015|df=dmy}}</ref>

===Career beings and ''Preslava'' (2003–2004)===
During the summer of 2003 a prominent singer from the music company [[Payner]], [[Milko Kalaidjiev]] asked her to perform with his group for a few events. Impressed by her excessive talent, he helped her to become a part of the company.<ref name="evaarticle"/> In the beginning of 2003 she released her first song, "Nezhen reket" which was a duet with [[Milko Kalaidjiev]]. In 2004, she picked a stage name – Preslava and changed her creative direction. Instead of typical [[pop folk]], her later songs such as "Duma za vyarnost", "Tazi nosht bezumna" and "Mili moy" were more modern sounding. They were part of her debut album, ''Preslava'', released in December. It featured 16 songs in total. The record was received very well. It won the "Album of the Year" award in ''Nov Folk Magazine'''{{'}}s Annual Awards of 2004.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> In the same ceremony, Preslava won the "Founding and Debut of the year" award.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> In the Annual Music Awards of Planeta TV of 2004, she won awards for "Debut of the year" and "Most prosperous performer of the year".<ref name="preslavapayner"/> She built the Zetiova cheshma in Mramor in 2003.

===''Dyavolsko Zhelanie'' and ''Intriga'' (2005–2006)===
In the span of April to June 2005, two new singles, "Dyavolsko zhelanie" and "Zavinagi tvoya" were released. Both of them were very positively received, especially "Dyavolsko zhelanie" which won the "Hit of the Year" award in Planeta TV's Annual Music Awards of 2005.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> Preslava was among the artists of Planeta TV's Summer Tour for first time in her career. In November she released her second album, ''Dyavolsko zhelanie''. A new single with a music video, "Finalni dumi" was dropped within the same month. In Nov Folk's Annual Awards of 2005 Preslava won the "Most Prosperous Performer" award.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> In April 2006 a new single, "I kogato samne" was released. It won song of the year award in the Annual Music Awards of Planeta TV of 2006 and Nov Folk Magazine's Annual Awards of 2006.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> Preslava was again part of the Planeta TV's Summer Tour. Within the end of year two new singles, "Zaklevam te" and "Lazha e" were released, alongside her third studio album ''Intriga''. "Lazha e" was the first rock song she ever recorded.

== Personal life ==
Since late 2017, she has been in a relationship with the Bulgarian businessman Pavel Lazarov. On September 14, 2018 she gave birth to a baby girl, Paola.<ref>[https://signal.bg/честито-преслава-стана-майка-за-първи/]</ref>

== Discography ==
*''Preslava'' (2004)
*''Dyavolsko Zhelanie (Дяволско желание)'' (2005)
*''Intriga (Интрига)'' (2006)
*''Ne Sam Angel (Не съм ангел)'' (2007)
*''Pazi Se Ot Priyatelki (Пази се от приятелки)'' (2009)
*''Kak Ti Stoi (Как ти стои)'' (2011)
*''Da gori v lyubov'' (Да гори в любов) (2019)

==Music videos==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Music Video !! Premiere Date !! Album !! Director
|-
| Nezhen reket || 2004 || {{n/a | Non-album song}} || Petyo Kartulev/Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Duma za vyarnost || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Tazi nosht bezumna || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Mili moy || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Razdvoeni || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Molish me || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Obicham te || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Dyavolsko zhelanie || 07.04.2005 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Zavinagi tvoya || 05.06.2005 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Finalni dumi || 16.10.2005 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Nyamam pravo || 04.02.2006 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Petyo Kartulev/Nikolay Nankov
|-
| I kogato samne || 02.04.2006 || Intriga || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Preday se na zhelanieto || 10.08.2006 || Intriga || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Zaklevam te || 22.09.2006 || Intriga || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Lazha e || 20.12.2006 || Intriga || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Nishto drugo || 18.05.2007 || Intriga || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Preday se na zhelanieto 2 || 09.06.2007 || Ne sam angel || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Mazh na horizonta || 23.07.2007 || Ne sam angel || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Moyat nov lyubovnik || 11.12.2007 || Ne sam angel || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ne sam angel || 29.12.2007 || Ne sam angel || Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Posleden adres || 14.05.2008 || Ne sam angel || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Novata ti || 27.09.2008 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ot dobrite momicheta || 04.11.2008 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Chervena tochka || 26.03.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Barzo li govorya || 01.06.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Fenomen || 01.09.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Useshtane za Merilin || 08.09.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Ne mi prechi || 26.11.2009 || Hitovete na Preslava || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Dishay || 11.02.2010 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Piya za tebe || 25.05.2010 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Zhenite sled men || 11.07.2010 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Kak ti stoi || 01.01.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Mrasno i poleka || 18.02.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Hayde,otkazhi me || 12.03.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Kato za final || 05.08.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ludata doyde || 15.05.2012 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Praveno e s drug || 04.10.2012 || Hitovete na Preslava || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Razkriy me || 24.10.2012 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Butilka || 17.01.2013 || {{n/a | Non-album song}} || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Skoro || 17.07.2013 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Nyama da sam druga || 07.08.2013 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Rezhim "neprilichna" || 14.02.2014 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Pishi go neuspeshno || 09.04.2014 || rowspan="14" {{n/a | Non-album songs}} || Lyudmil Ilarionov/Georgi Markov
|-
| Poveche ne pitay || 23.09.2014 ||Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Nasheto lyubov e || 12.12.2014 ||Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ako utre me gubish || 14.02.2015 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Nokaut (with {{ill|Vanya (singer)|lt=Vanya|bg|Ваня (певица)}})|| 19.03.2015 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Amatyorka || 05.06.2015 || Aleksandar Mollov
|-|bg|Ваня (певица)}}
| Na tebe ne otkazvam || 15.09.2015 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| S teb ili s nikoy (with [[Fiki (singer)|Fiki]]) || 08.12.2015 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| In control (wuth Stefan Ilchev) || 09.02.2016 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Chupliva i vlyubena || 23.03.2016 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Nyama da ti pisha || 26.06.2016 || Georgi Markov
|-
| Bez teb || 14.12.2016 || Kiril Kirov
|-
| Pada zvezda || 05.05.2017 || Georgi Markov
|-
| Tuk zhena mu pazi (with [[Dzhena]]) || 09.08.2017 || Georgi Markov
|-
| Ne se iztrivash || 01.11.2017 || Da gori v lyubov || Georgi Markov
|-
| Obratno v igrata || 16.02.2018 || Da gori v lyubov || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Bogovi zemljom hode (with [[Dragan Kojić Keba]]) || 24.04.2018 || Da gori v lyubov || Georgi Markov
|-
| Da gori v lyubov || 28.09.2018 || Da gori v lyubov || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Iztreznyavash li || 14.02.2019 || Da gori v lyubov || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|-
| Piyan || 19.07.2019 || Da gori v lyubov || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|-
| Taka ni se pada (with {{ill|Galin (singer)|lt=Galin|bg|Галин (певец)}}) || 22.10.2019 || rowspan="2" {{n/a | Non-album songs}} || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|-
| Beden v sartseto || 19.06.2020 || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|}

==Tours==
* [[Planeta Prima 2005]] (2005)
* [[Planeta Prima 2006]] (2006)
* [[Planeta Derby 2007]] (2007)
* [[Planeta Derby Plus 2008]] (2008)
* [[Planeta Derby 2009]] (2009)
* [[Planeta Derby 2010]] (2010)
* [[Preslava USA Tour]] (2012)
* [[Planeta Summer 2014]] (2014)

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://preslavaonline.com/}}
*[http://www.payner.bg/singers.php?preslava Preslava] at [[Payner]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502143259/http://signal.bg/view_people.php?people_id=1 Preslava] at signal.bg
*[https://www.facebook.com/PreslavaTV Preslava] at [[Facebook]]
*[https://twitter.com/PreslavaTV Preslava] at [[Twitter]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL158B94CEC3A42C9B Preslava] at [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.reverbnation.com/preslavatv Preslava] at [[ReverbNation]]

{{Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bulgarian female singers]]
[[Category:Bulgarian pop-folk singers]]
[[Category:People from Dobrich]]
[[Category:Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series) contestants]]
[[Category:Symphonic rock musicians]]
[[Category:Payner artists]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]

User talk:78.154.3.83

2021-01-24T16:44:06Z

Quickfingers: General note: Unconstructive editing on :Preslava.

Preslava

2021-01-24T16:42:46Z

Quickfingers: Reverted to revision 996877066 by Monkbot (talk): Restored wrong edit. fx

Preslava

2021-01-24T16:42:00Z

Quickfingers: Reverted to revision 1002106633 by 78.154.3.83 (talk): Vandalism

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Preslava
| image = Preslava-Na-tebe-ne-otkazvam.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Petya Koleva Ivanova
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|06|26}}
| birth_place = [[Dobrich]], [[Bulgaria]]
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[chalga]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2003–present
| label = [[Payner]]
| associated_acts = [[Milko Kalaidjiev]], [[Ork.Akademitsi]], [[DJ Jerry]], [[Rashid Al Rashid]], [[Boris Dali]], [[Nadia Zahoor]], [[Konstantin]], [[Elena Gheorghe|Elena]], [[Ivelina Koleva]], [[Galena (singer)|Galena]], [[Anelia]], [[Toni Storaro]], [[Fiki]], {{ill|Vanya (singer)|lt=Vanya|bg|Ваня (певица)}}, [[Stefan Ilchev]], [[Dzhena]]
| website = {{URL|preslavaonline.com/}}
}}

'''Preslava Koleva Ivanova''' ({{lang-bg| Преслава Колева Иванова}}) <ref name="novoime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.actualno.com/curious/preslava-si-smeni-imeto-v-syda-news_699096.html |title=Преслава си смени името в съда |date=2018-10-10 |website=Actualno.com |language=bg-BG |access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> (born Petya Koleva Ivanova) ({{lang-bg| Петя Колева Иванова}}) on June 26, 1984), better known by her stage name '''Preslava''', is the Queen of Bulgarian Pop-Folk Music. She was born in [[Dobrich]], Bulgaria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://signal.bg/view_people.php?people_id=1&tab=home&tab=bio |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726142253/http://signal.bg/view_people.php?people_id=1&tab=home&tab=bio |archive-date=2017-07-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is considered one of the key names in the Bulgarian modern music, and won more than 30 awards since her debut in 2004.<ref name="preslavapayner">{{Cite web |url=http://www.payner.bg/singers.php?preslava |title=Payner - Изпълнители - Преслава |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref>

==Life and career==

===Early life (1984–2003)===
Petya Koleva Ivanova was born on June 26, 1984 in [[Dobrich]], [[Bulgaria]] . Her mother, Yanka Toncheva was a seamstress. Her father, Kolyo Tonchev was a worldwide race car driver.<ref name="hotnewsint">{{Cite web |url=http://hotnews.bg/n/Preslava-Noshtem-se-zadushavah-ot-tezhestta-na-byusta-si.1567.html |title=Преслава: Нощем се задушавах от тежестта на бюста си!
|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> Ivanova has an older sister named Ivelina who is a [[Bulgarian folk music|folk]] singer.<ref name="ivelinapayner">{{Cite web |url=http://www.payner.bg/singers.php?ivelina-koleva |title=Payner - Изпълнители - Ивелина Колева |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> She sang her first song when she was 7 years old. Despite her parents disapproval, she started singing in nightclubs at age of 15.<ref name="evaarticle">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eva.bg/article/8140-Malkata-Petya-golyamata-Preslava |title=Малката Петя - голямата Преслава - EVA.bg |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> She completed her musical education with the specialty ‘folk singing’ with [[Gadulka]] speciality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monitor.bg/article?id=338997|title=Фолкдивата Преслава свирила на гъдулка в школото|language=bg|trans-title=Folk Preslava played a gadulka in the school|work=Monitor|last=Dimitrova|first=Iva|access-date=4 July 2017|date=21 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117191132/http://www.monitor.bg/article?id=338997|archive-date=17 January 2015|df=dmy}}</ref>

===Career beings and ''Preslava'' (2003–2004)===
During the summer of 2003 a prominent singer from the music company [[Payner]], [[Milko Kalaidjiev]] asked her to perform with his group for a few events. Impressed by her excessive talent, he helped her to become a part of the company.<ref name="evaarticle"/> In the beginning of 2003 she released her first song, "Nezhen reket" which was a duet with [[Milko Kalaidjiev]]. In 2004, she picked a stage name – Preslava and changed her creative direction. Instead of typical [[pop folk]], her later songs such as "Duma za vyarnost", "Tazi nosht bezumna" and "Mili moy" were more modern sounding. They were part of her debut album, ''Preslava'', released in December. It featured 16 songs in total. The record was received very well. It won the "Album of the Year" award in ''Nov Folk Magazine'''{{'}}s Annual Awards of 2004.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> In the same ceremony, Preslava won the "Founding and Debut of the year" award.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> In the Annual Music Awards of Planeta TV of 2004, she won awards for "Debut of the year" and "Most prosperous performer of the year".<ref name="preslavapayner"/> She built the Zetiova cheshma in Mramor in 2003.

===''Dyavolsko Zhelanie'' and ''Intriga'' (2005–2006)===
In the span of April to June 2005, two new singles, "Dyavolsko zhelanie" and "Zavinagi tvoya" were released. Both of them were very positively received, especially "Dyavolsko zhelanie" which won the "Hit of the Year" award in Planeta TV's Annual Music Awards of 2005.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> Preslava was among the artists of Planeta TV's Summer Tour for first time in her career. In November she released her second album, ''Dyavolsko zhelanie''. A new single with a music video, "Finalni dumi" was dropped within the same month. In Nov Folk's Annual Awards of 2005 Preslava won the "Most Prosperous Performer" award.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> In April 2006 a new single, "I kogato samne" was released. It won song of the year award in the Annual Music Awards of Planeta TV of 2006 and Nov Folk Magazine's Annual Awards of 2006.<ref name="preslavapayner"/> Preslava was again part of the Planeta TV's Summer Tour. Within the end of year two new singles, "Zaklevam te" and "Lazha e" were released, alongside her third studio album ''Intriga''. "Lazha e" was the first rock song she ever recorded.

== Personal life ==
Since late 2017, she has been in a relationship with the Bulgarian businessman Pavel Lazarov. On September 14, 2018 she gave birth to a baby girl, Paola.<ref>[https://signal.bg/честито-преслава-стана-майка-за-първи/]</ref>

== Discography ==
*''Preslava'' (2004)
*''Dyavolsko Zhelanie (Дяволско желание)'' (2005)
*''Intriga (Интрига)'' (2006)
*''Ne Sam Angel (Не съм ангел)'' (2007)
*''Pazi Se Ot Priyatelki (Пази се от приятелки)'' (2009)
*''Kak Ti Stoi (Как ти стои)'' (2011)
*''Da gori v lyubov'' (Да гори в любов) (2019)

==Music videos==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Music Video !! Premiere Date !! Album !! Director
|-
| Nezhen reket || 2004 || {{n/a | Non-album song}} || Petyo Kartulev/Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Duma za vyarnost || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Tazi nosht bezumna || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Mili moy || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Razdvoeni || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Molish me || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Obicham te || 2004 || Preslava 2004 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Dyavolsko zhelanie || 07.04.2005 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Zavinagi tvoya || 05.06.2005 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Finalni dumi || 16.10.2005 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Nyamam pravo || 04.02.2006 || Dyavolsko zhelanie || Petyo Kartulev/Nikolay Nankov
|-
| I kogato samne || 02.04.2006 || Intriga || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Preday se na zhelanieto || 10.08.2006 || Intriga || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Zaklevam te || 22.09.2006 || Intriga || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Lazha e || 20.12.2006 || Intriga || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Nishto drugo || 18.05.2007 || Intriga || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Preday se na zhelanieto 2 || 09.06.2007 || Ne sam angel || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Mazh na horizonta || 23.07.2007 || Ne sam angel || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Moyat nov lyubovnik || 11.12.2007 || Ne sam angel || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ne sam angel || 29.12.2007 || Ne sam angel || Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Posleden adres || 14.05.2008 || Ne sam angel || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Novata ti || 27.09.2008 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ot dobrite momicheta || 04.11.2008 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Chervena tochka || 26.03.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Barzo li govorya || 01.06.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Fenomen || 01.09.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Useshtane za Merilin || 08.09.2009 || Pazi se ot priyatelki || Nikolay Nankov
|-
| Ne mi prechi || 26.11.2009 || Hitovete na Preslava || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Dishay || 11.02.2010 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Piya za tebe || 25.05.2010 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Zhenite sled men || 11.07.2010 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Kak ti stoi || 01.01.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Mrasno i poleka || 18.02.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Hayde,otkazhi me || 12.03.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Kato za final || 05.08.2011 || Kak ti stoi || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ludata doyde || 15.05.2012 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Praveno e s drug || 04.10.2012 || Hitovete na Preslava || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Razkriy me || 24.10.2012 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Butilka || 17.01.2013 || {{n/a | Non-album song}} || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Skoro || 17.07.2013 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Nyama da sam druga || 07.08.2013 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Rezhim "neprilichna" || 14.02.2014 || Hitovete na Preslava || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Pishi go neuspeshno || 09.04.2014 || rowspan="14" {{n/a | Non-album songs}} || Lyudmil Ilarionov/Georgi Markov
|-
| Poveche ne pitay || 23.09.2014 ||Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Nasheto lyubov e || 12.12.2014 ||Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Ako utre me gubish || 14.02.2015 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Nokaut (with {{ill|Vanya (singer)|lt=Vanya|bg|Ваня (певица)}})|| 19.03.2015 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Amatyorka || 05.06.2015 || Aleksandar Mollov
|-|bg|Ваня (певица)}}
| Na tebe ne otkazvam || 15.09.2015 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| S teb ili s nikoy (with [[Fiki (singer)|Fiki]]) || 08.12.2015 || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| In control (wuth Stefan Ilchev) || 09.02.2016 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Chupliva i vlyubena || 23.03.2016 || Nikolay Skerlev
|-
| Nyama da ti pisha || 26.06.2016 || Georgi Markov
|-
| Bez teb || 14.12.2016 || Kiril Kirov
|-
| Pada zvezda || 05.05.2017 || Georgi Markov
|-
| Tuk zhena mu pazi (with [[Dzhena]]) || 09.08.2017 || Georgi Markov
|-
| Ne se iztrivash || 01.11.2017 || Da gori v lyubov || Georgi Markov
|-
| Obratno v igrata || 16.02.2018 || Da gori v lyubov || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Bogovi zemljom hode (with [[Dragan Kojić Keba]]) || 24.04.2018 || Da gori v lyubov || Georgi Markov
|-
| Da gori v lyubov || 28.09.2018 || Da gori v lyubov || Lyudmil Ilarionov
|-
| Iztreznyavash li || 14.02.2019 || Da gori v lyubov || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|-
| Piyan || 19.07.2019 || Da gori v lyubov || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|-
| Taka ni se pada (with {{ill|Galin (singer)|lt=Galin|bg|Галин (певец)}}) || 22.10.2019 || rowspan="2" {{n/a | Non-album songs}} || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|-
| Beden v sartseto || 19.06.2020 || Viktor Antonov - Rik
|}

==Tours==
* [[Planeta Prima 2005]] (2005)
* [[Planeta Prima 2006]] (2006)
* [[Planeta Derby 2007]] (2007)
* [[Planeta Derby Plus 2008]] (2008)
* [[Planeta Derby 2009]] (2009)
* [[Planeta Derby 2010]] (2010)
* [[Preslava USA Tour]] (2012)
* [[Planeta Summer 2014]] (2014)

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://preslavaonline.com/}}
*[http://www.payner.bg/singers.php?preslava Preslava] at [[Payner]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502143259/http://signal.bg/view_people.php?people_id=1 Preslava] at signal.bg
*[https://www.facebook.com/PreslavaTV Preslava] at [[Facebook]]
*[https://twitter.com/PreslavaTV Preslava] at [[Twitter]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL158B94CEC3A42C9B Preslava] at [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.reverbnation.com/preslavatv Preslava] at [[ReverbNation]]

{{Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bulgarian female singers]]
[[Category:Bulgarian pop-folk singers]]
[[Category:People from Dobrich]]
[[Category:Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series) contestants]]
[[Category:Symphonic rock musicians]]
[[Category:Payner artists]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]

Sex Stains

2021-01-17T05:10:09Z

Quickfingers:

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sex Stains
| background = group_or_band
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| origin = [[Los Angeles]], U.S.
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Punk rock]]
}}
| occupation =
| years_active = 2014–2017
| label = [[Don Giovanni Records|Don Giovanni]]
| website =
| current_members =
* [[Allison Wolfe]]
* Mecca Vazie Andrews
* David Orlando
* Sharif Dumani
* Francisco "Pachy" Garcia
}}

'''Sex Stains''' was an American [[punk rock]] band from [[Los Angeles]] formed in 2014 by [[Allison Wolfe]], alongside David Orlando, Sharif Dumani, Francisco "Pachy" Garcia, and Mecca Vazie Andrews.<ref name="Reardon">{{cite news|last1=Reardon|first1=Tom|title=How a Choreographer and a Riot Grrrl Formed L.A.'s Most Exciting New Punk Band|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/how-a-choreographer-and-a-riot-grrrl-formed-las-most-exciting-new-punk-band-7314020|access-date=December 10, 2016|work=L.A. Weekly|date=September 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910225431/https://www.laweekly.com/how-a-choreographer-and-a-riot-grrrl-formed-l-a-s-most-exciting-new-punk-band/ |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wolfe was a former member of [[Bratmobile]] and other bands; Orlando came from [[Warpaint (band)|Warpaint]] and Garcia from Prettiest Eyes; Dumani had played with [[Cody Chesnutt]] and [[Alice Bag]]; and Andrews came with a background as a professional dancer and choreographer.<ref name="Reardon"/>

In 2016, the band released their debut album, eponymously titled ''Sex Stains''.<ref name="Gotrich">{{cite news|last1=Gotrich|first1=Lars|title=Riot In The Bathroom: Watch Sex Stains' 'Period. Period.' Video|url=https://www.npr.org/event/music/493262420/riot-in-the-bathroom-watch-sex-stains-period-period-video|access-date=December 10, 2016|work=NPR.org|date=September 13, 2016}}</ref> The album was recorded at Station House Studios in [[Echo Park, Los Angeles|Echo Park]], and produced by Mark Rains.<ref name="Reardon"/>

A music video for the song "Period. Period." was filmed in the bathroom of the longstanding Los Angeles punk venue The Smell.<ref name="Gotrich"/> Wolfe said she had long been fascinated by the building's colorfully decorated facilities, "though I'm a little afraid to actually go to the bathroom there".<ref name="Gotrich"/>

In a 2016 interview, Wolfe described the band as a more casual endeavor than her previous ones: "We’re not a younger band where we’re all just hanging around and trying to make it – we all have our lives already and we’re a little bit older and just kind of like, 'Yeah, we’ll do the band when we can'."<ref name="Johnston">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/bratmobiles-allison-wolfe-on-riot-grrrl-history-new-wave-of-feminist-punk-105492/ |title=Bratmobile’s Allison Wolfe on Riot Grrrl History, New Wave of Feminist Punk |author=Johnston, Maura |author-link=Maura Johnston |date=October 12, 2016 |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=June 8, 2019 }}</ref>

In December 2016, months after performing at [[Comet Ping Pong]], the band was targeted by individuals who believed in the [[Pizzagate (conspiracy theory)|Pizzagate conspiracy theory]]; this was also due to the band allegedly featuring the "Boy Lover" symbol in their music video on [[YouTube]]. The band responded by closing the comments on their YouTube channel, writing in the description in one of their videos: "There was absolutely NO PLOT to purposefully use offensive symbols or to mess with peoples heads. There was/is ZERO interest in anything having to do with children. No one in the band had any knowledge of the triangle/spirals horrid symbolism. We're shocked & disgusted by the theory that we are somehow linked to Pedophelia rings or Satanic cults, and also by the hateful comments & accusations we've been receiving. WE ARE NOT pedophiles and do NOT support or promote it. Period. Again, we are just a punk rock band."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tempey|first1=Nathan|title=What On Earth Is Pizzagate And How Did It Result In Gunfire At Comet Ping Pong?|url=http://dcist.com/2016/12/what_on_earth_is_pizzagate_why_did.php|access-date=December 10, 2016|work=DCist|date=December 5, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208075242/http://dcist.com/2016/12/what_on_earth_is_pizzagate_why_did.php|archive-date=December 8, 2016}}</ref>

From summer 2017, Wolfe led a modified lineup of the band, dubbed '''Ex Stains'''.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/pg/exstains/about/ Ex Stains] "About" page on Facebook</ref> This outfit performed for approximately a year, disbanding in summer 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rocknyc.live/cat-scan-with-justus-proffit-ex-stains-at-the-echo-monday-june-18th-2018.html |title=Cat Scan With Justus Proffit, Ex-Stains At The Echo, Monday June 18th 2018 |author=Camus, Alyson |date=June 20, 2018 |website=RockNYC.live |access-date=June 15, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thelosangelesbeat.com/2018/06/ex-stains-at-the-echo-6-18-18/ |title=Ex Stains at The Echo 6.18.18 |author=Frazin, Deb |date=June 19, 2018 |website=TheLosAngelesBeat |access-date=June 15, 2019 }}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''Sex Stains'' (2016)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official|https://sexstains.bandcamp.com/}}

[[Category:Musical groups established in 2014]]
[[Category:Punk rock groups from California]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles]]

User talk:207.157.13.29

2020-08-19T14:06:35Z

Quickfingers: General note: Removal of content, blanking on :Robert Bunsen. (TW)

{{IPtalk}}
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== August 2020 ==
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Robert Bunsen

2020-08-19T14:06:24Z

Quickfingers: Reverted 1 edit by 207.157.13.29 (talk) (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name = Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen
| name = Robert Bunsen
| image = Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (HeidICON 53016) (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1811|3|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Göttingen]], [[Kingdom of Westphalia|Westphalia]], [[Rhine Confederation]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1899|8|16|1811|3|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Heidelberg]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[German Empire]]
| residence = Germany
| field = {{plainlist|
* [[Chemistry]] {{small|(career)}}
* [[Geology]] and [[mineralogy]] {{small|(retirement)}}
}}
| work_institutions = {{plainlist|
* [[Polytechnic School of Kassel]]
* [[University of Marburg]]
* [[University of Heidelberg]]
* [[University of Wrocław|University of Breslau]]
}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Göttingen]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Friedrich Stromeyer]]
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist|
* [[Adolf von Baeyer]]
* [[Hans Goldschmidt]]
* [[Fritz Haber]]
* [[Philipp Lenard]]
* [[Georg Ludwig Carius]]
* [[Hermann Kolbe]]
* [[Adolf Lieben]]
* [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig]]
* [[Viktor Meyer]]
* [[Lothar Meyer]]
* [[Friedrich Konrad Beilstein]]
* [[Henry Enfield Roscoe]]
* [[John Tyndall]]
* [[Edward Frankland]]
* [[Thomas Edward Thorpe]]
* [[Francis Robert Japp]]
}}
| notable_students = [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*Discovery of cacodyl radical
*Discoveries of [[caesium]] and [[rubidium]]
*Invention of the [[Bunsen burner]]
*Carbon-zinc electrochemical cell
*Methods of gas analysis
*Development of [[spectroscopy|spectrochemical analysis]]}}
| prizes = {{plainlist|
* [[Copley medal]] {{small|(1860)}}
* [[Davy Medal]] {{small|(1877)}}
* [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] {{small|(1898)}}
}}
}}

'''Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʌ|n|s|ən}}; {{IPA-de|ˈbʊnzən|lang}};
30 March 1811{{efn|1=Sources disagree on Robert Bunsen's exact birth date. His [[parish register]], as well as two ''[[curricula vitae]]'' handwritten by Bunsen himself, support the claim that 30 March 1811 is Bunsen's true birth date;<ref name=Quack>{{cite journal|author=Martin Quack|title=Wann wurde Robert Wilhelm Bunsen geboren?|journal=Bunsen-Magazin|year=2011|volume=2|pages=56–57|publisher=Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie}}</ref><ref name=Stock>''Robert Wilhelm Bunsens Korrespondenz vor dem Antritt der Heidelberger Professur (1852): kritische Edition''; Christine Stock, [ed.] Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 2007. {{ISBN|3-8047-2320-9}}</ref><ref name=Britannica>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84752/Robert-Wilhelm-Bunsen "Robert Wilhelm Bunsen"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2011. Web. 3 April 2011</ref><ref name="Georg Lockemann 1949, p. 18">Georg Lockemann: ''Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. Lebensbild eines deutschen Naturforschers'', Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, 1949, p. 18</ref> however, many later sources cite 31 March as the date.<ref name=ACS/><ref>[http://www.rsc.org/Library/Collections/Historical/Archive/Bunsen.asp "Robert Bunsen's 200th Anniversary"], [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]</ref><ref>[http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/34/5/309 "Bunsen without his burner"], Colin A. Russell, ''Phys. Educ.'' 34(5) September 1999</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900705.html "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard], ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' (2008). Retrieved 31 March 2011 from [[Encyclopedia.com]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/086079b0| title = The Centenary of Bunsen's Birth| journal = Nature| volume = 86| issue = 2159| pages = 79| year = 1911| last1 = Jones | first1 = F. | last2 = Grossmann | first2 = J.| bibcode = 1911Natur..86...79J| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1429540/files/article.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1949-8594.1943.tb05846.x| title = Humanizing Science and Mathematics by Commemorating March Anniversaries| journal = School Science and Mathematics| volume = 43| issue = 3| pages = 234–250| year = 1943| last1 = Teller | first1 = J. D. }}</ref> According to his biographer [[:w:de:Georg Lockemann|Georg Lockemann]], Bunsen himself celebrated his birthday on the 31st in his later years. Lockemann nevertheless regarded the 30th as the correct date.<ref name="Georg Lockemann 1949, p. 18"/>}}
– 16 August 1899) was a German [[chemist]]. He investigated [[electromagnetic spectroscopy|emission spectra]] of heated elements, and discovered [[caesium]] (in 1860) and [[rubidium]] (in 1861) with the [[physicist]] [[Gustav Kirchhoff]].<ref name="Weeks">{{cite book |last1=Weeks |first1=Mary Elvira |title=The discovery of the elements |date=1956 |publisher=Journal of Chemical Education |location=Easton, PA |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp |edition=6th }}</ref> The [[Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award]] for [[spectroscopy]] is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.

Bunsen also developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in [[photochemistry]], and did early work in the field of [[organoarsenic]] chemistry. With his laboratory assistant [[Peter Desaga]], he developed the [[Bunsen burner]], an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use.

==Early life and education==
Robert Bunsen was born at [[Göttingen]] in 1811, in what is now the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. Bunsen was the youngest of four sons of the [[University of Göttingen]]'s chief librarian and professor of modern philology, Christian Bunsen (1770–1837).<ref name=ACS>{{cite journal|title=Professor Robert W. Bunsen|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|year=1900|volume=23|pages=89–107|url=https://books.google.com/?id=u9oBAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA89|publisher=American Chemical Society|author1= American Chemical Society}}</ref>

After attending school in [[Holzminden]], Bunsen matriculated at Göttingen in 1828 and studied chemistry with [[Friedrich Stromeyer]] as well as [[mineralogy]] with [[Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann]] and mathematics with [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]].<ref name=ACS/> After obtaining a PhD in 1831, Bunsen spent 1832 and 1833 traveling in France, Germany, and Austria. During his journeys, Bunsen met the scientists [[Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge|Friedlieb Runge]] (who discovered [[aniline]] and in 1819 isolated [[caffeine]]), [[Justus von Liebig]] in [[Giessen]], and [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] in [[Bonn]].<ref name=ACS/>

==Academic career==
In 1833 Bunsen became a lecturer at Göttingen and began experimental studies of the (in)solubility of metal salts of [[arsenous acid]]. His discovery of the use of [[iron oxide]] [[hydrate]] as a [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitating agent]] is still today the most effective [[antidote]] against [[arsenic poisoning]]. This interdisciplinary research was carried on and published in conjunction with the physician Arnold Adolph Berthold.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Wilhelm Bunsen|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen.aspx|accessdate=16 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=ac>{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm}}</ref> In 1836, Bunsen succeeded [[Friedrich Wöhler]] at the [[Polytechnic School of Kassel]] ({{lang-de|Baugewerkschule Kassel}}). Bunsen taught there for three years, and then accepted an associate professorship at the [[University of Marburg]], where he continued his studies on [[cacodyl]] derivatives. He was promoted to full professorship in 1841. While at University of Marburg, Bunsen participated in the 1846 expedition for the investigation of Iceland's volcanoes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Oesper|first=R.E.|title=Bunsen's Trip to Iceland as Recounted in Letters to His Mother|journal=J. Chem. Educ.|volume=18|issue=6|pages=253–260|year=1941|doi=10.1021/ed018p253 |bibcode=1941JChEd..18..253O}}</ref>

Bunsen's work brought him quick and wide acclaim, partly because cacodyl, which is extremely toxic and undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air, is so difficult to work with. Bunsen almost died from [[arsenic poisoning]], and an explosion with cacodyl cost him sight in his right eye. In 1841,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bunsen|first=R.|title=Ueber eine neue Construction der galvanischen Säule|journal=Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie|volume=38|issue=3|pages=311–313|year=1841|doi=10.1002/jlac.18410380307 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426963}}</ref> Bunsen created the [[Bunsen cell]] battery, using a [[carbon]] [[electrode]] instead of the expensive platinum electrode used in [[William Robert Grove]]'s electrochemical cell. Early in 1851 he accepted a professorship at the [[University of Wrocław|University of Breslau]], where he taught for three semesters. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

[[File:Bunsen-Kirchhoff.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gustav Kirchhoff]] (left) and Robert Bunsen (right)|alt=Black-and-white image of two middle-aged men, either one leaning with one elbow on a wooden column in the middle. Both wear long jackets, and the shorter man on the left has a beard.]]

In late 1852 Bunsen became the successor of [[Leopold Gmelin]] at the [[University of Heidelberg]]. There he used [[electrolysis]] to produce pure [[metals]], such as [[chromium]], [[magnesium]], [[aluminium]], [[manganese]], [[sodium]], [[barium]], [[calcium]] and [[lithium]]. A long collaboration with [[Henry Enfield Roscoe]] began in 1852, in which they studied the photochemical formation of [[hydrogen chloride]] (HCl) from [[hydrogen]] and [[chlorine]]. From this work, the [[Reciprocity (photography)|reciprocity law of Bunsen and Roscoe]] originated. He discontinued his work with Roscoe in 1859 and joined [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] to study emission spectra of heated elements, a research area called [[Spectroscopy|spectrum analysis]]. For this work, Bunsen and his laboratory assistant, [[Peter Desaga]], had perfected a special gas burner by 1855, which was influenced by earlier models. The newer design of Bunsen and Desaga, which provided a very hot and clean flame, is now called simply the "[[Bunsen burner]]", a common laboratory equipment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jensen|first=William B.|title=The Origin of the Bunsen Burner|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=82|issue=4|pages=518|year=2005|doi=10.1021/ed082p518 |bibcode=2005JChEd..82..518J}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/chemicalmanipula00fararich "Chemical Manipulation, Being Instructions to Students in Chemistry"], [[Internet Archive]] Michael Faraday, 1827</ref>

There had been earlier studies of the characteristic colors of heated elements, but nothing systematic. In the summer of 1859, Kirchhoff suggested to Bunsen that he should try to form prismatic spectra of these colors. By October of that year the two scientists had invented an appropriate instrument, a prototype spectroscope. Using it, they were able to identify the characteristic spectra of sodium, lithium, and potassium. After numerous laborious purifications, Bunsen proved that highly pure samples gave unique spectra. In the course of this work, Bunsen detected previously unknown new blue spectral emission lines in samples of mineral water from [[Dürkheim]]. He guessed that these lines indicated the existence of an undiscovered chemical element. After careful distillation of forty tons of this water, in the spring of 1860 he was able to isolate 17 grams of a new element. He named the element "caesium", after the Latin word for deep blue. The following year he discovered rubidium, by a similar process.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. |title= Rediscovery of the Elements: Mineral Waters and Spectroscopy |journal=The Hexagon |date=2008 |issue= |pages=42–48 |url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/bunsen%20and%20spectroscopy.pdf |accessdate=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lockemann|first1=G.|last2=Oesper|first2= R.|title=Bunsen's Transfer from Cassel to Marburg|journal=J. Chem. Educ.|volume=32|issue=9|pages=456–460|year=1955|doi=10.1021/ed032p456 |bibcode=1955JChEd..32..456L}}</ref><ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/robert-bunsen-and-gustav-kirchhoff|website=Science History Institute|accessdate=20 March 2018|date=June 2016}}</ref>

In 1860, Bunsen was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
[[File:Bunsen-Grabmal.jpg|right|thumb|Bunsen's grave in Heidelberg's Bergfriedhof]]

In 1877, Robert Bunsen together with [[Gustav Robert Kirchhoff]] were the first recipients of the prestigious [[Davy Medal]] "for their researches and discoveries in spectrum analysis".<ref>{{cite web |title=Davy Medal – Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/davy-medal/ |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=The Royal Society |accessdate=14 August 2020 |language=en-gb |quote=See full list of all past winners of the Davy Medal at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1021770356&single=true}}</ref>

==Personality==
Bunsen was one of the most universally admired scientists of his generation. He was a master teacher, devoted to his students, and they were equally devoted to him. At a time of vigorous and often caustic scientific debates, Bunsen always conducted himself as a perfect gentleman, maintaining his distance from theoretical disputes. He much preferred to work quietly in his laboratory, continuing to enrich his science with useful discoveries. As a matter of principle he never took out a patent. He never married.<ref name="Stock"/><ref>{{cite book |first=G. |last=Lockemann |title=Robert Wilhelm Bunsen |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft |location=Stuttgart |year=1949 |pages=214–223 }}</ref>

Despite his lack of pretension, Bunsen was a vivid "chemical character", had a well-developed sense of humor, and is the subject of many amusing anecdotes.<ref>Jensen, William B. (2013) Chapter 2, pp. 7–31 in "Characters in Chemistry: A Celebration of the Humanity of Chemistry", {{DOI|10.1021/bk-2013-1136.ch002}}, American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Vol. 1136. {{ISBN|9780841228016}}.</ref>

==Retirement and death==
When Bunsen retired at the age of 78, he shifted his work solely to [[geology]] and [[mineralogy]], interests which he had pursued throughout his career. He died in [[Heidelberg]] on 16 August 1899, at the age of 88.<ref>{{NDB|3|18|20|Bunsen, Robert|Lockemann, Georg|118664999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[Henry Roscoe (chemist)|Roscoe, Henry]] |title=Bunsen Memorial Lecture |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions |date=1900 |volume=77 |pages=513 |doi=10.1039/CT9007700513}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bunsen reaction]]
*[[Bunsenite]]
*[[Pneumatolysis]]
*[[List of German inventors and discoverers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://archive.org/details/gasometrycompri00bunsgoog/page/n17  ''Gasometry: Comprising the Leading Physical and Chemical Properties of Gases''] by Robert Bunsen; translated by Henry Roscoe. London: Walton and Maberly, 1857
* ''Robert Wilhelm Bunsen'', by Georg Lockemann, 1949.
* Sir Henry Roscoe's "Bunsen Memorial Lecture", in: ''Trans. Chem. Soc.'', 1900, reprinted (in German) with other obituary notices in an edition of Bunsen's collected works published by Wilhelm Ostwald and [[Max Bodenstein]] in 3 vols. at Leipzig in 1904. This is ''Gesammelte Abhandlungen von Robert Bunsen'': im Auftrage der Deutschen Bunsen-Gesellschaft für angewandte Physikalische Chemie hrsg. von Wilhelm Ostwald und Max Bodenstein. 3 Bände. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904
* {{cite journal | title = Robert Wilhelm Bunsen | author = Crew, H. | journal= The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 10 | pages = 301–305 | doi = 10.1086/140654 | year = 1899 | bibcode =1899ApJ....10..301C}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm von}}
* {{Commons cat inline|Robert Bunsen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224234/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Bunsen.html Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]
* {{MathGenealogy|id=123967}}

{{Copley Medallists 1851–1900}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunsen, Robert}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German chemists]]
[[Category:German inventors]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Corresponding Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:People from Göttingen]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Hanover]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]
[[Category:University of Breslau faculty]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Marburg faculty]]
[[Category:Caesium]]
[[Category:Rubidium]]
[[Category:Battery inventors]]
[[Category:Rare earth scientists]]

User talk:220.238.83.118

2020-08-19T03:40:24Z

Quickfingers: General note: Unconstructive editing on :Drogheda. (TW)

== August 2020 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/220.238.83.118|your recent contributions]] to [[:Drogheda]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]]. Thanks.{{Z186}} [[User:Quickfingers|Quickfingers]] ([[User talk:Quickfingers|talk]]) 03:40, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
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Drogheda

2020-08-19T03:40:12Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 220.238.83.118 (talk) to last version by Materialscientist

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Use Irish English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|Town]]
| name = Drogheda
| native_name = {{Pad top italic|{{lang|ga|Droichead Átha|italic=unset}}}}
| image_skyline = Drogheda2005.jpg
| image_caption = 2007 view of Drogheda from the south
| image_flag = Drogheda Flag.png
| flag_size = 125px
| image_shield = Drogheda Coat of Arms.gif
| motto = “God our strength, merchandise our glory.”
| mapsize = 230px
| map_caption = Location of Drogheda in Ireland
| pushpin_map = Ireland#Europe
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland
| coordinates = {{coord|53.714|-6.350|type:city_region:IE|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of Sovereign States|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Leinster]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Ireland|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[County Louth]] and [[County Meath]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Municipal district (Ireland)|Municipal district]]
| subdivision_name3 = Drogheda Borough District
| subdivision_type4 = [[Dáil Éireann]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Louth (Dáil constituency)|Louth]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[EU Parliament]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Midlands–North-West (European Parliament constituency)|Midlands–North-West]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name=cso2016>{{cite web | url = http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=E2014&PLanguage=0&PXSId=0 | title = Population Density and Area Size 2016 by Towns | publisher = [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)]] | accessdate = 13 December 2017}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 14.8
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_total = 40,956
| population_footnotes = <ref name=cso2016/>
| population_density_km2 = 2,776.6
| population_urban =
| population_rural =
| population_blank1_title = Total
| population_blank1 =
| population_blank2_title = Greater area
| population_blank2 = 83,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/cromwell-back-at-gates-of-drogheda-demanding-a-city-36358320.html|title=Cromwell back at gates of Drogheda - demanding a city|publisher=Independent.ie|accessdate=2 December 2017}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population|6th]]
| population_demonyms = Droghedean, Boynesider
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 911 AD
| established_title2 = First Charter
| established_date2 = 1194
| established_title3 = County Status
| established_date3 = 1412<ref name="Johnston 1826 37">{{cite book |last=Johnston |first=L. C. |title=History of Drogheda: from the earliest period to the present time |location=Drogheda |year=1826 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9s9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37 }}</ref> (Abolished 1898)
| elevation_min_m = 1
| elevation_max_m = 24
| website = {{Official URL}}
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland|Telephone area code]]
| area_code = +353(0)41
| postal_code_type = [[Eircode]] routing key
| postal_code = A92
| timezone = [[Western European Time|WET]]
| utc_offset = ±0
| timezone_DST = [[Irish Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Map of Drogheda.png|thumb|Map of Drogheda]]

'''Drogheda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|ɒ|h|ə|d|ə|,_|ˈ|d|r|ɔː|d|ə}} {{respell|DRAW|həd|ah}}; {{Irish place name|Droichead Átha}} {{IPA-ga|ˈd̪ˠɾˠɛhəd̪ˠ ˈaːhə|}}, meaning "bridge at the ford") is one of the oldest towns in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is located on the [[Dublin–Belfast corridor]] on the east coast of Ireland, mostly in [[County Louth]] but with the south fringes of the town in [[County Meath]], 49 km or 30 miles north of [[Dublin]]. Drogheda has a population of approximately 41,000 inhabitants (2016), making it the [[List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population|eleventh largest settlement]] by population in all of [[Ireland]]. It is the last bridging point on the [[River Boyne]] before it enters the [[Irish Sea]]. The [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Newgrange]] is located 8 km west of the town.
[[File:123 of 'Cromwell in Ireland, a history of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ... with map, plans and illustrations' (11162537876).jpg|thumb|upright|Drogheda, 1749]]
Drogheda was founded as two separately administered towns in two different territories: Drogheda-in-[[Kingdom of Meath|Meath]] (i.e. the [[Lordship of Meath|Lordship and Liberty of Meath]], from which a charter was granted in 1194) and Drogheda-in-Oriel (or '[[Airgíalla|Uriel]]', as County Louth was then known). The division came from the twelfth-century boundary between two Irish kingdoms, colonised by different Norman interests, just as the River Boyne continues to divide the town between the dioceses of Armagh and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meath|Meath]]. In [[1412 in Ireland|1412]] these two towns were united, and Drogheda became a 'County Corporate', styled as 'the County of the Town of Drogheda'. Drogheda continued as a County Borough until the setting up of County Councils through the enactment of the [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]], which saw all of Drogheda, including a large area south of the Boyne, become part of an extended County Louth. With the passing of the County of Louth and Borough of Drogheda (Boundaries) Provisional Order, 1976, County Louth again grew larger at the expense of County Meath. The boundary was further altered in 1994 by the Local Government (Boundaries) (Town Elections) Regulations 1994. The 2007–2013 Meath County Development Plan recognises the Meath environs of Drogheda as a primary growth centre on a par with [[Navan]].

The town was selected to host {{lang|ga|Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann}} for two years in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/argus/localnotes/drogheda-to-host-fleadh-cheoil-35529952.html |title=Drogheda to host Fleadh Cheoil |date=18 March 2017 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Drogheda Commemorates.jpg|thumb|left|Commemoration of Official Charter]]

===Hinterland===
{{Historical populations|state=collapsed
|1811|15590
|1813|16123
|1821|18118
|1831|17365
|1841|17300
|1851|16810
|1861|14722
|1871|13510
|1881|12297
|1891|11873
|1901|12760
|1911|12501
|1926|12716
|1936|14494
|1946|15715
|1951|16779
|1956|17008
|1961|17085
|1966|17908
|1971|20095
|1981|23615
|1986|24681
|1991|24656
|1996|25282
|2002|31020
|2006|35090
|2011|38578
|2016|40956
||footnote=<ref>See http://www.cso.ie/census and http://www.histpop.org for post 1821 figures, 1813 estimate from Mason's Statistical Survey. For a discussion on the accuracy of pre-famine census returns see J.J. Lee "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses", ''Irish Population, Economy and Society,'' eds. J.M. Goldstrom and L.A. Clarkson (1981) p.54, and also "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850" by Joel Mokyr and Cormac O Grada in ''The Economic History Review,'' New Series, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov. 1984), pp. 473–488.</ref>}}

The town is situated in an area which contains a number of archaeological monuments dating from the Neolithic period onwards, of which the large [[passage tomb]]s of [[Newgrange]], Knowth, and Dowth are probably the best known.<ref>Stout, G. 2002 ''Newgrange and the Bend of the Boyne''. Cork University Press.</ref> The density of archaeological sites of the prehistoric and early Christian periods uncovered in the course of ongoing developments, (including during construction of the Northern Motorway or 'Drogheda Bypass'), have shown that the hinterland of Drogheda has been a settled landscape for millennia.<ref>Bennett, I. (ed) 1987–2004 ''Excavations : Summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland''. Bray.</ref><ref>The Hidden Places of Ireland 190443410X David Gerrard - 2004 -"Two minutes from the centre of Drogheda. in the old townland of Mell."</ref>

===Town beginnings===
[[File:Drogheda StMaryMagdaleneFriary.JPG|thumb|right|St Mary Magdalene Friary.]]
Despite local tradition linking [[Millmount Fort|Millmount]] to [[Amergin Glúingel]], in his 1978 study of the history and archaeology of the town John Bradley stated that "neither the documentary nor the archaeological evidence indicates that there was any settlement at the town prior to the coming of the Normans".<ref>Bradley, J. 1978 'The Topography and Layout of Medieval Drogheda', ''Co. Louth Archaeological and Historical Journal'', '''19''', 2, 98–127.</ref> The results of a number of often large-scale excavations carried out within the area of the medieval town appear to confirm this statement.<ref>Bennett op cit.</ref>

One of the earliest structures in the town is the [[motte-and-bailey castle]], now known as [[Millmount Fort]], which overlooks the town from a bluff on the south bank of the Boyne and which was probably erected by the [[Normans|Norman]] Lord of Meath, [[Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath|Hugh de Lacy]] sometime before 1186. The wall on the east side of Rosemary Lane, a back-lane which runs from St. Laurence Street towards the Augustinian Church is the oldest stone structure in Drogheda.<ref>Archaeology No. 5257: The medieval walls of Drogheda</ref> It was completed in 1234 as the west wall of the first castle guarding access to the northern crossing point of the Boyne. The earliest known town charter is that granted to Drogheda-in-Meath by Walter de Lacy in 1194.<ref>Bradley ''op cit'' 105</ref> In the 1600s, the name of the town was also spelled "Tredagh" in keeping with the common pronunciation, as documented by [[Gerard Boate]] in his work ''Irelands' Natural History''. In ''c.'' 1655 it was spelled "Droghedagh" on a map by William Farriland.<ref>NLI. MS. 716, copy of map by Daniel O'Brien, ''c. 1780''</ref>

Drogheda was an important walled town in the [[The Pale|English Pale]] in the medieval period. It frequently hosted meetings of the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] at that time. According to [[Rosamond Joscelyne Mitchell|R.J. Mitchell]] in ''John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester'', in a spill-over from the [[War of the Roses]] the [[Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond|Earl of Desmond]] and his two youngest sons (still children) were executed there on Valentine's Day 1468 on orders of the [[John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester|Earl of Worcester]], the [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]]. It later came to light (for example in Robert Fabyan's ''The New Chronicles of England and France''), that [[Elizabeth Woodville|Elizabeth Woodville, the queen consort]], was implicated in the orders given.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/newchroniclesofe00fabyuoft|title=The new chronicles of England and France, in two parts: by Robert Fabyan. Named by himself The concordance of histories. Reprinted from Pynson's edition of 1516. The first part collated with the editions of 1533, 1542, and 1559; and the second with a manuscript of the author's own time, as well as the subsequent editions: including the different continuations. To which are added a biographical and literary preface, and an index |last1=Fabyan|first1=Robert|last2=Ellis|first2=Henry|date=1811|publisher=London : Printed for F.C. & J. Rivington [etc.]|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> The parliament was moved to the town in 1494 and passed [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]], the most significant legislation in Irish history, a year later. This effectively subordinated the Irish Parliament's [[legislature|legislative powers]] to the King and his [[Privy Council of England|English Council]].

===Later events===
[[File:Drogheda - St. Laurences Gate (5638818100).jpg|thumb|St. Laurence's Gate]]
{{See|Siege of Drogheda (1641)|Siege of Drogheda}}
The town was [[siege of Drogheda|besieged]] twice during the [[Irish Confederate Wars]].

On the second occasion an assault was made on the town from the south, the tall walls breached, and the town was taken by [[Oliver Cromwell]] on 11 September 1649,<ref>Antonia Fraser, Cromwell, our chief of men (London, 1973)</ref> as part of the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] and it was the site of a [[Siege of Drogheda#Cromwell’s siege 1649|massacre]] of the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] defenders. In his own words after the siege of Drogheda, "When they submitted, their officers were knocked on the head, and [[Decimation (Roman army)|every tenth man of the soldiers killed]] and the rest shipped to [[Barbados]]."<ref>[[s:Cromwell letter to William Lenthall|Cromwell letter to William Lenthall (1649)]]</ref>

The [[Earldom of Drogheda]] was created in the [[Peerage of Ireland]] in 1661.

The [[Battle of the Boyne]], 1690, occurred some {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of the town, on the banks of the [[River Boyne]], at Oldbridge.

In 1790, Drogheda Harbour Commissioners were established. They remained in place until 1997 when the Drogheda Port Company a commercial enterprise replaced them.

In 1825, the [[Drogheda Steam Packet Company]] was formed in the town, providing shipping services to [[Liverpool]].

In 1837, the population of Drogheda area was 17,365 people, of whom 15,138 lived in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/d3.php|title=Entry for Drogheda in Lewis Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837)|publisher=Libraryireland.com|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref>

===Town arms===
Drogheda's coat of arms features [[Laurence's Gate|St. Laurence's Gate]] with three lions, and a ship emerging from either side of the [[barbican]]. The town's motto ''Deus praesidium, mercatura decus'' translates as "God our strength, merchandise our glory".

The [[star and crescent]] emblem in the crest of the coat of arms is mentioned as part of the mayor's seal
by D'Alton (1844).<ref>John D'Alton, The History of Drogheda: With Its Environs, and an Introductory Memoir of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway (1844), [https://archive.org/details/historydrogheda00dalgoog/page/n308 p. 138].</ref>
In 2010, Irish president Mary McAleese, in a speech delivered during an official visit to Turkey, stated that the star and crescent had been added in the aftermath of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] as gratitude for food supplies donated by the Ottoman Sultan, which had arrived at Drogheda by ship. Irish press quickly pointed out the story was a myth, with a local historian calling it 'nothing short of sheer nonsense'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/president-sparks-star-and-crescent-debate-27144260.html|title=PRESIDENT SPARKS STAR AND CRESCENT DEBATE|work=[[Irish Independent]]|first=Alison|last=Comyn|date=March 31, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Arms">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0325/1224267012277.html |title=President tells Turks an anecdote of myth not fact |last=Murray |first=Ken |date=25 March 2010 |work=The Irish Times |accessdate=25 March 2010 }} "Liam Reilly, an administrator with the Old Drogheda Society based in the town's Millmount Museum, said last night the comments were incorrect. 'There are no records with the Drogheda Port Authority of this ever happening. Drogheda historians can trace the star and crescent back to 1210 when the British governor of Ireland, King John Lackland, granted the town its first charter,' he said"{{unreliable source?|date=December 2016}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269871-ottoman-aid-to-the-irish-to-hit-the-big-screen.html |title=Ottoman aid to the Irish to hit the big screen |work=TodaysZaman |accessdate=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006144345/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269871-ottoman-aid-to-the-irish-to-hit-the-big-screen.html |archivedate= 6 October 2014 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/news/New-evidence-shows-Turkey-delivered-food--to-Ireland-during-the-famine-156681255.html |title=New evidence shows Turkey delivered food to Ireland during the famine |work=IrishCentral.com |accessdate=20 November 2014 }}</ref> However, later evidence, including a letter displayed at the office of the European Commission, confirms that Turkey came to the aid of the Irish during the Famine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/role-of-turkey-during-famine-clarified-1.672383|title=Role of Turkey during Famine clarified|work=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Ken|last=Murray|date=June 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2020/02/16/ireland-remembers-how-19th-century-aid-from-ottoman-sultan-changed-fate-of-thousands/amp ]</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:St Oliver Plunkett's head 2007-10-5.jpg|thumb|St Oliver Plunkett's Head]]
In 1921, the preserved severed head of [[Oliver Plunkett|Saint Oliver Plunkett]], who was executed in London in 1681, was put on display in [[St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Drogheda|St. Peter's (Catholic) Church]], where it remains today. The church is located on West Street, which is the main street in the town.

In 1979, [[Pope John Paul II]] visited Drogheda as part of his [[Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland|five-stop tour of Ireland]]. He arrived less than a month after the IRA assassination of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]]'s cousin, in [[Mullaghmore, County Sligo|Mullaghmore]]. On 29 September 1979, he arrived in Dublin, where he gave his first mass. He then addressed 300,000 people in Drogheda, where he appealed "on his knees" to paramilitaries to end the [[The Troubles|violence in Ireland]]:<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering Pope John Paul II's 1979 visit to Ireland (PHOTOS)|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/remembering-pope-john-paul-ii-1979-visit-to-ireland-62563642-237662091|accessdate=17 June 2017|work=IrishCentral.com|date=29 September 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Doherty|first1=Christine|title=Drogheda was safe place for Pope to visit |url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/drogheda-was-safe-place-for-pope-to-visit-27141584.html|accessdate=17 June 2017|work=The Independent|date=6 January 2010|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGarry|first1=Patsy|title=Pope's visit to Ireland will not draw the 1979 crowds of 2.7m|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/pope-s-visit-to-ireland-will-not-draw-the-1979-crowds-of-2-7m-1.2885724|accessdate=17 June 2017|work=The Irish Times|date=29 November 2016}}</ref>

<blockquote>"Now I wish to speak to all men and women engaged in violence. I appeal to you, in language of passionate pleading. On my knees I beg you to turn away from the paths of violence and to return to the ways of peace. You may claim to seek justice. I too believe in justice and seek justice. But violence only delays the day of justice. Violence destroys the work of justice. Further violence in Ireland will only drag down to ruin the land you claim to love and the values you claim to cherish."<ref>{{cite news|title=29 September 1979: Mass in Drogheda - Dublin {{!}} John Paul II|url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/homilies/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19790929_irlanda-dublino-drogheda.html|accessdate=17 June 2017|work=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|publisher=Vatican}}</ref></blockquote>

===21st century===
[[File:Number 43 West Street Drogheda.jpg|thumb|derelict building in the Westgate area of Drogheda town]]
Two decades into the 21st century some of the historic core of Drogheda town has suffered urban decline. Some of the buildings have been derelict for some years and are in danger of collapse.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/dangerous-structure-notice-is-served-on-two-narrow-west-street-properties-35472175.html|title=Dangerous structure notice is served on two Narrow West Street properties |date=2017-02-25 |work=[[Drogheda Independent]] |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> There was a 2006 traffic plan for pedestrianisation of West Street. It was rejected at a vote of the elected councillors. They had come under pressure from traders in the area concerned about a potential further decline in customer footfall. But the issue has come up for debate again.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://droghedalife.com/news/councillors-in-favour-of-closing-west-street-to-traffic |title=Councillors in favour of closing West Street to traffic |date=2020-05-13 |work=Drogheda Life |access-date=2020-05-18 }}</ref> When asked, Drogheda residents point out that a combination of expensive car-parking and high commercial rates had a push-pull effect on the town's centre. Shops were forced to close and at the same time shoppers brought their business to retail parks such as the Boyne Shopping Centre on Bolton Street.<ref>{{Cite news |url=Planning 'neglect' has made Drogheda a town that has lost its 'heart'|title=Councillors in favour of closing West Street to traffic |date=2016-02-18 |work=[[TheJournal.ie]] |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> A substantial root-and-branch approach to renewal of the locality was proposed in “Westgate Vision: A Townscape Recovery Guide”. The Westgate area of Drogheda is to be subject to a 10-year regeneration by Louth County Council.<ref>{{cite book |author= Louth Forward Planning Office |title= Westgate Vision: A Townscape Recovery Guide |url= https://www.louthcoco.ie/en/services/planning/westgate-vision-/|location= Dundalk |publisher= Louth County Council|date= June 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Drogheda has a hinterland of 70,000+ within a {{convert|15|km|mi}} radius covering County Louth and County Meath.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} According to the 2016 census, there were 40,956 people living in Drogheda town at that time.<ref name="census2016">{{Cite web |url=http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=3322F7F8-96A1-450C-9703-23C4EDADFD3A | publisher = Central Statistics Office |work = Census 2016 |title=Sapmap Area - Settlements - Drogheda | date = April 2016 | accessdate = 7 February 2020 }}</ref>

As of the 2011 census, non-Irish nationals accounted for 16.1% of the population, compared with a national average of 12%. Polish nationals (1,127) were the largest group, followed by Lithuanian nationals (1,044 people).<ref name="profile2011">{{cite web|url = http://census.cso.ie/areaprofiles/PDF/ST/droghedalegaltownanditsenvirons.pdf | publisher = Central Statistics Office | title = Area Profile For Town - Drogheda Legal Town and its environs | date = 2011 | accessdate = 7 February 2020 }}</ref> As of the 2016 census, 17.4% of the population were non-Irish nationals, with 676 people from the UK, 1,324 Polish nationals, 1,014 Lithuanians, 1,798 people from elsewhere in the EU, and 1,400 with other (non-EU) nationalities.<ref name="census2016"/>

==Arts and entertainment==
===Music===
Drogheda has hosted the national traditional music festival, [[Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann]], in 2018 and again in 2019.<ref>https://www.visitlouth.ie/whats-on/festivals/fleadh-cheoil-na-h%C3%A9ireann-drogheda-2019.html</ref>

Drogheda is home to two brass bands: [[Drogheda Brass Band]] and [[Lourdes Brass Band]]. Both bands have been National Brass Band Champions of Ireland and Northern Ireland.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The town previously hosted a summer [[Samba]] festival in which Samba bands from around the world came to the town for three days of drumming and parades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://droghedasamba.com|title=Drogheda Samba Festival|author=Noel Cosgrave|publisher=Droghedasamba.com|accessdate=20 November 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217035210/http://droghedasamba.com/|archivedate=17 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Literature===
Drogheda and its hinterland have had a strong literary tradition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} [[Oisín McGann]] is an award-winning writer of children's literature. [[Angela Greene (poet)|Angela Greene]] was the first Drogheda poet to win The [[Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award]] in 1988.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The Drogheda poet [[Susan Connolly (poet)|Susan Connolly]] was awarded the [[Patrick and Katherine Kavanagh Fellowship in Poetry]] in 2001 for her life's work. The poet, writer, and occasional broadcaster [[Marie MacSweeney]] has received the Francis MacManus Short Story Award for her short story ''Dipping into the Darkness''.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Places of interest==
[[File:Millmount Fort in Drogheda.jpg|thumb|Millmount Monument]]
Drogheda is an ancient town that has a growing tourism industry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spearman|first=Andy|title=Drogheda Life {{!}} Drogheda allocated funding to become a tourist 'Destination Town'|url=https://droghedalife.com/news/drogheda-allocated-funding-to-become-a-tourist-destination-town|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Drogheda Life {{!}} Best For Local News & Advertising}}</ref> It has a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage site, [[Newgrange]], located {{convert|8|km|mi}} to the west of the town centre. Other tourist sites in the area include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Millmount Fort]] and museum
*[[Saint Laurence Gate]] barbican gate {{circa}} 1300s
*[[John Philip Holland]] memorial (sculpture commemorating submarine inventor)
*[[Boyne Viaduct]]
*[[Jameson Irish Whiskey|John Jameson]]'s residential home (not open to the public), and a Jameson distillery trail of malthouses in the town.
*[[Battle Of The Boyne]] Site, visitors centre
*[[Eamonn Ceannt]]'s school (formerly St Joseph's CBS now operates as Scholars Hotel)
*[[Beaulieu House and Gardens, Co. Louth|Beaulieu House and gardens]]
*[[Mellifont Abbey]]
*[[Townley Hall]] nature trail and woods
*[[Princess Grace]] Rose Garden at St. Dominic's Park
*[[St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Drogheda|St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church]], which houses a shrine of [[Oliver Plunkett]]
*[[St. Peter's Church of Ireland, Drogheda|St Peter's Church of Ireland church]], on Peter's Hill
*[[Highlanes Gallery]]
*[[Augustinians|Augustinian Church]] <ref>https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g186624-d7688559-Reviews-Augustinian_Church-Drogheda_County_Louth.html</ref>
{{div col end}}

[[File:View of Drogheda from Millmount.jpg|thumb|View of Drogheda from Millmount]]

==Industry and economy==

Drogheda has a growing industrial base{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} with several international companies based in the town. Local employers include the Boyne Valley Group (food producers),{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} [[Coca-Cola]] International Services, [[State Street Corporation|State Street]] International Services, Natures Best (a food processor employing 300 people),{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}, Yapstone Inc,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yapstone.com/contact/|title=Contact Us - YapStone, Payment Service Provider|publisher=|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150413005192/en/YapStone-Names-Daniel-Issen-Chief-Technology-Officer|title=YapStone Names Daniel Issen as Chief Technology Officer|website=www.businesswire.com|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> the Drogheda Port Company (the oldest indigenous employer since 1790),{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} [[Glanbia]], Flogas, and [[CRH plc]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Drogheda also has a history of brewing and distilling, with companies [[Jameson Whiskey]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Guinness]], [[Jack Daniel's]] all having previously produced (or are still producing) their products in or near the town. These include the Boann distillery and brewery, Slane Whiskey (a Jack Daniel's-owned company), Listoke House, Dan Kellys (cider), and Jack Codys (craft beers and stouts).{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The town formerly distilled Prestons whiskey, a Jameson Whiskey brand; Carines Beer, founded locally and sold to Guinness; and Coca-Cola concentrate, which has since moved to [[Ballina, County Mayo]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Transport, communications and amenities==

[[File:De lacey Bridge 001.jpg|thumb|De lacey Bridge]]
[[File:Boyne River Bridge, M1 motorway 353105.jpg|thumb|M1 traffic crossing Boyne River Bridge.]]
[[File:Boyne and Railway Bridge.JPG|thumb|Railway bridge over Boyne]]

===Road links and infrastructure===
Drogheda is located close to the M1 (E1 Euro Route 1) (main [[Dublin]] – [[Belfast]] motorway). The [[Boyne River Bridge]] carries traffic from the M1, across the [[River Boyne]], 3 km west of the town. It was opened on 9 June 2003 and is the longest [[cable-stayed bridge]] in Ireland. The town's postcode, or [[eircode]], is A92.

===Railway===
Drogheda acquired rail links to [[Dublin]] in 1844, [[Navan]] in 1850 and [[Belfast]] in 1852. Passenger services between Drogheda and [[Navan]] were ended in 1958, however the line remains open for freight (Tara Mines/Platin Cement) traffic. In 1966 Drogheda station was renamed "MacBride". [[Drogheda railway station]] opened on 25 May 1844.<ref>{{cite web | title=Drogheda station | work=Railscot – Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref>

The station has direct trains on the [[Enterprise (train service)|Enterprise]] northbound to [[Dundalk railway station|Dundalk]], {{stnlnk|Newry}}, {{stnlnk|Portadown}}, {{stnlnk|Lisburn}} and [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast Central]], and southbound to [[Dublin Connolly]].

A wide variety of [[Iarnród Éireann]] commuter services connect southbound to {{stnlnk|Balbriggan}}, {{stnlnk|Malahide}}, {{stnlnk|Howth Junction}}, [[Dublin Connolly]], {{stnlnk|Tara Street}}, [[Dublin Pearse railway station|Dublin Pearse]], {{stnlnk|Grand Canal Dock}}, [[Dún Laoghaire railway station|Dún Laoghaire]], {{stnlnk|Bray}}, {{stnlnk|Greystones}}, {{stnlnk|Wicklow}}, {{stnlnk|Rathdrum}} and {{stnlnk|Arklow}}.

===Bus transport===
Drogheda's bus station is located on Donore Road. It replaces an earlier facility on the Bull Ring.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Past [[Bus Éireann]] routes included the 184 to [[Garristown]] and 185 to [[Bellewstown]] but these were discontinued a few years ago.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Politics and government==
[[File:Scotch Hall Shopping Centre Drogheda.jpg|thumb|right|Scotch Hall Shopping Centre]]
Drogheda [[Borough Councils in the Republic of Ireland|Borough Council]] is an elected local government body which is mandated under the [[Local Government Act 2001]] to provide civic leadership and a forum for the democratic representation of the community. Responsibilities include amenity support, operation of the Litter Act, contribution to tourism development, event licensing, arts support, etc. The Borough Council executive comprises twelve elected Councillors, headed by the mayor. The mayor, elected in June 2019 for the period 2019–2020, was Paul Bell (Labour).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://droghedalife.com/news/bell-elected-mayor-of-drogheda-for-fourth-time | website=droghedalife.com | title=Bell elected Mayor of Drogheda for fourth time |date = 10 June 2019 | accessdate=8 February 2020 }}</ref>

For local elections to [[Louth County Council]], the town forms part of two [[local electoral area]]s – Drogheda East (6) and Drogheda West (4) . This includes both the urban Drogheda area and surrounding rural areas.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

For the purposes of elections to [[Dáil Éireann]], the town is part of the [[Louth (Dáil constituency)|Louth]] constituency which returns five [[Teachta Dála|TDs]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Media==
The local newspapers are the ''[[Drogheda Independent]]'' and ''[[Drogheda Leader]]'', known locally as ''The D.I.'' and ''The Leader''. Both newspapers are published every Wednesday. The headquarters of'' The Drogheda Independent'' are on Shop Street and ''The Drogheda Leader'''s offices are on Laurence Street.

The local radio station is [[LMFM]], broadcasting on 95.8 FM. The headquarters of LMFM are on Marley's Lane on the south side of the town.

==Hospitals and health care==
Drogheda is a regional centre for medical care. Its main hospital is [[Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda|Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital]], a public hospital located in the town. and is part of the [[Louth Meath Hospital Group]]. Facilities include a 24-hour emergency department for the populations of County Louth, County Meath and the North-East of Ireland. The hospital provides 340 beds, of which 30 are reserved for acute day cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/3/acutehospitals/hospitals/Lourdes/|title=Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda - HSE.ie|website=www.hse.ie|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref>

The Cottage Hospital on Scarlet Street is a former maternity hospital, which subsequently became a Geriatric Unit for a number of years and is now a long-stay residential unit.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

== Education ==
There are six secondary schools situated in Drogheda. St. Joseph's secondary school in Newfoundwell is an all-boys school, as is St. Marys Diocesan School on Beamore Rd. The Sacred Heart School,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredheart.ie|title=Sacred Heart Secondary School - Principal's Welcome|website=www.sacredheart.ie|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> situated in Sunnyside Drogheda, is an all-girls school. The Drogheda Grammar school, located on Mornington Road, St. Oliver's Community College,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socc.ie|title=Home Page|website=www.socc.ie|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> on Rathmullen Road, and Ballymakenny College, on the Ballymakenny Road, are co-ed schools. Our Lady's College,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourladys.ie/index.php/en/|title=Home|first=Super|last=User|website=www.ourladys.ie|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> in Greenhills is an all-girls school. There is also Drogheda Institute for Further Education (DIFE), a third-level college situated in [[Moneymore, Drogheda|Moneymore]].

==Sport==
The town's [[association football]] (soccer) team, [[Drogheda United FC]], won the [[FAI Cup]] for the first time in 2005. The club also won the [[Setanta Cup]] in 2006, and the [[League of Ireland]] for the first time in 2007.

In [[rugby union]], the local [[Boyne RFC]] team was formed in 1997 from the amalgamation of Delvin RFC and Drogheda RFC. {{As of|2010}}, the men's 1st XV team were playing in the Leinster J1 1st division. Drogheda is also home to a number of rugby-playing schools.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

There are five [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] clubs in Drogheda: Newtown Blues GFC, Wolfe Tones GFC, O'Raghallaigh's GFC, Oliver Plunket's GFC, and St. Nicholas's GFC.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Town twinning==
* {{flagicon|Italy}} – [[Bronte, Catania]], Italy
* {{flagicon|TUR}} - [[Kuşadası]] , Turkey
* {{flagicon|USA}} – [[Salinas, California]], United States
* {{flagicon|UK}} - [[Eastwood, Nottingham]], United Kingdom

== Notable residents and citizens==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2020}}

===Arts and media===
* [[Yasmine Akram]], comedian and actress in [[Sherlock (TV series)|Sherlock]]
* [[Pierce Brosnan]], actor, film producer and environmentalist was born in Drogheda.{{Dubious |Dubious content discussion|date=January 2019}}
* [[Eamonn Campbell]], member of [[The Dubliners]]
* [[James Chadwick]],theologian, lyricist and Archbishop Newcastle and Hexham.
* [[Angela Greene]], poet, Patrick Kavanagh Award 1988, Salmon Press.
* [[Alison Comyn]], journalist and broadcaster
* [[Susan Connolly (poet)|Susan Connolly]], poet, Patrick and Katherine Kavanagh Fellowship 2001
* [[Michael Holohan]], composer, member and former chair of [[Aosdána]]
* [[Jonathan Kelly]], singer-songwriter.
* [[Courtney Love]] singer actress and wife of [[Kurt Cobain]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/love-story-courtney-love-26652337.html|title=Love story: Courtney Love - Independent.ie|publisher=|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2.681/i-ve-been-tortured-and-scorned-since-the-day-i-was-born-1.662130|title=I've been tortured and scorned since the day I was born|publisher=|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Colin O'Donoghue]], actor known for his role of Captain Hook/Killian Jones in the American TV Show ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]''.
* [[Deirdre O'Kane]], actress and casting director
* [[Eliza O'Neill]], actress.
* [[John Boyle O'Reilly]], poet and novelist, member of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]
* [[Nano Reid]], painter of landscapes, particularly Drogheda, the Boyne Valley and surrounding areas.
* [[Fiachra Trench]], composer. Penned the string arrangement for [[fairytale of New York]] wrote music for many Hollywood movies.

===Politics and diplomacy===
* [[Geraldine Byrne Nason]] diplomat, Irish Ambassador to the United Nations
* [[Eamonn Ceannt]] 1916 Rising Leader - secondary school student in St Joseph CBS Drogheda.
* [[William Hughes (senator)|William Hughes]], Irish-born US senator from New Jersey.
* [[Alison Kelly (diplomat)|Alison Kelly]], Irish ambassador to Israel.
* [[Tony Martin (politician)|Tony Martin]], Canadian social democratic legislator.
* [[Dominic McGlinchey]], [[INLA]] leader, assassinated 10 February 1994.
* [[John Neary]] Diplomat. Ambassador to Netherlands
* [[Damien English]]
* [[Peadar Toibin]]
* [[Henry Singleton (judge)|Henry Singleton]], judge and friend of [[Jonathan Swift]], was a lifelong resident of Drogheda.
* [[T. K. Whitaker]], former Irish economist who wrote the Programme for Economic Expansion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/localnotes/tk-whitaker-recalls-his-childhood-in-paradise-27109582.html|title=TK Whitaker recalls his childhood in Paradise - Independent.ie|publisher=|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref>

===Military===
* [[John Barrett (Royal Navy officer)|John Barrett]] Captain of [[HMS Minotaur (1793)]] and [[HMS Africa (1781)]]
* [[William Kenny (VC)|William Kenny]], recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]
* Rear-Admiral James Figgins<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersF.html|title=Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - F|first=J.N.|last=Houterman|website=www.unithistories.com}}</ref> Captain of [[HMS Newcastle (C76)]] .WW2
* [[Thomas Charles Wright]] Admiral and Genera A founder of the Ecuadorian Navy/
* [[George Forbes, 3rd Earl of Granard]] Naval Officer

===Business===
* [[John Jameson (distiller)|John Jameson]] Founder of Jameson whiskey lived in Distillery House, Dyer Street.

===Academia and science===
* [[James Cullen (mathematician)|James Cullen]], mathematician who discovered what are now known as the [[Cullen number]]s.
* [[John Philip Holland]], inventor of the modern-day submarine.
* [[Thomas McLaughlin (engineer)|Thomas McLaughlin]] ESB founder and first CEO. Built the Shannon Hydro Electric Plant.
* [[Michael Scott (architect)|Michael Scott]], architect who designed [[Busáras]] and the [[Abbey Theatre]]

===Religion===
* [[Patrick Curtis]] Archbishop of Armagh, Spymaster for the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsular War. No 1 on Napoleon's most wanted list.
* [[Thomas Lancaster]], bishop, buried at St. Peter's Church

===Sport===
* [[Tommy Breen]], Manchester United goalkeeper
* [[Gavin Brennan]], midfielder for [[Warrenpoint Town F.C.|Warrenpoint Town]], [[Drogheda United F.C.|Drogheda United]] and [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.|Shamrock Rovers]]. Brother of footballer [[Killian Brennan]].
* [[Killian Brennan]], midfielder with several League of Ireland clubs, and winner of 3 [[League of Ireland Premier Division|League of Ireland's]], 3 [[FAI Cup|FAI Cup's]] and 5 [[League of Ireland Cup|League Cup's]]
* [[Tommy Byrne (racing driver)|Tommy Byrne]], former racing driver, raced briefly in [[Formula 1]] in 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the42.ie/crash-and-byrne-documentary-tommy-byrne-2802607-Jun2016/|title='Better than Senna' - Tommy Byrne was the greatest racing driver you've probably never heard of|first=Steve|last=O'Rourke|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/crash-and-burn-review-tommy-byrne-far-beyond-driven-1.2886381|title=Crash and Burn review: Tommy Byrne - Far beyond driven|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Tony Byrne (boxer)|Tony Byrne]], bronze medal winner for Ireland [[1956 Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne]] in the lightweight division.
* [[Megan Campbell]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] Left Back
* [[Jerome Clarke]], former [[Drogheda United F.C.|Drogheda United]] forward, earned one cap for the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]].
* [[Nick Colgan]], goalkeeper for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] and the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]].
* [[Barry Conlon]], former [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] Striker
* [[Mick Fairclough]], Former Irish International (English Premier League of that era )
* [[Paddy Gavin]], former full-back for [[Dundalk F.C.|Dundalk]], [[Doncaster Rovers F.C.|Doncaster Rovers]] and [[Republic of Ireland national football B team|Republic of Ireland B]]
* [[Deirdre Gogarty]], 1997 [[Women's International Boxing Federation]] (WIBF) Featherweight Title Champion.
* [[James Hand (footballer)|James Hand]], footballer for [[Huddersfield Town]]
* [[Ian Harte]], former footballer with several English clubs and the [[Republic of Ireland national football team]].
* [[Gary Kelly (footballer, born 1974)|Gary Kelly]], football player and charity campaigner.
* [[Colin Lowth]], an Olympic swimmer who represented Ireland at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]].
* [[David McAllister (footballer)|David McAllister]], midfielder for [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]], [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] and [[Stevenage F.C.|Stevenage]].
* [[Shane Monahan (rugby union)|Shane Monahan]], Professional rugby player, Gloucester, Leinster, Munster, Connaught, Ireland U-21s International.
* [[Des Smyth]], professional golfer, vice-captain on the winning [[Ryder Cup]] team in 2006.
* [[Steve Staunton]], former [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] defender and [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]] captain and manager was born there.
* [[Gary Tallon]], midfielder for [[Mansfield Town F.C.|Mansfield Town]].
* [[Kevin Thornton (footballer)|Kevin Thornton]], midfielder [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry]] and former [[Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team|Republic of Ireland under 21]].
* [[Sean Thornton]], midfielder [[Drogheda United F.C.|Drogheda United]] and [[Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team|Republic of Ireland under 21 national team]], former [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] Player of the Year.

===Other===
* [[Death of Jill Meagher|Jill Meagher]], crime victim.
* Sir [[John Lumsden]], founder of [[St John Ambulance Ireland]]

==Freedom of the Town==
The following people have received the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Town]] of Drogheda.
* [[Charles Stewart Parnell]]: 1884.<ref>http://100objects.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/15-Lesson-Plan_Post-Primary_Parnell-Silver-Casket-1.pdf</ref>
* [[Éamon de Valera]]: 1933.
* [[Pope]] [[John Paul II]]: 29 September 1979.<ref>http://www.irishidentity.com/extras/saints/stories/pope.htm</ref>
* [[John Hume]]: 14 May 2001.<ref>https://www.irishtimes.com/news/drogheda-honour-for-john-hume-1.307694</ref>
* [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Father]] Iggy O’Donovan: 23 October 2013.<ref>https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/fr-iggy-o-donovan-to-be-awarded-freedom-of-drogheda-1.1569638</ref>
* [[Michael D. Higgins]]: 22 May 2015.<ref>https://president.ie/en/diary/details/president-is-conferred-with-the-freedom-of-drogheda</ref>
* [[Seamus Mallon]]: 8 June 2018.<ref>https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/s%C3%A9amus-mallon-awarded-freedom-of-drogheda-despite-sinn-f%C3%A9in-objections-1.3524451</ref>
* [[Geraldine Byrne Nason]]: 10 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/geraldine-to-gain-freedom-of-drogheda-in-january-event-38822457.html | publisher = Drogheda Independent| title = Geraldine to gain Freedom of Drogheda in January event | date = 4 January 2020 | accessdate = 8 February 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Mary Robinson]].{{cn|date=July 2020}}

==See also==
* [[List of abbeys and priories in the Republic of Ireland#County Louth|List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Louth)]]
* [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Drogheda Grammar School |first=Michael |last=Quane |journal=Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society |volume=15 |issue=3 |year=1963 |pages=207–248 |doi=10.2307/27729054 |jstor=27729054 }}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Drogheda}}
{{Commons category|Drogheda}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Drogheda |volume=8 |short=x}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050308115051/http://www.droghedaboro.ie/ Drogheda Borough Council]
* [http://www.drogheda.ie Drogheda on the Boyne – Official Tourism Website]
* [http://www.droghedachamber.com Drogheda & District Chamber of Commerce]

{{County Louth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Drogheda| ]]
[[Category:911 establishments]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea]]
[[Category:Towns and villages in County Louth]]
[[Category:Boroughs in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in Ireland]]

User talk:74.199.10.42

2020-08-19T03:34:19Z

Quickfingers: General note: Unconstructive editing on :Alicia Garza. (TW)

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Alicia Garza

2020-08-19T03:34:04Z

Quickfingers: Reverted edits by 74.199.10.42 (talk) to last version by Johannnes89

{{short description|Co-founder of the Black Lives Matter International movement}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alicia Garza
| image = Alicia Garza.jpg
| caption = Garza in 2016
| nationality = American
| birth_date = January 4, 1981 (age 39)
| birth_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S.
| other_names = Alicia Schwartz
| education = [[University of California, San Diego]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = Activist
| movement = [[Black Lives Matter]], [[Movement for Black Lives]]
| known_for = [[Black Lives Matter]], People Organized to Win Employment Rights, National Domestic Workers Alliance
}}

'''Alicia Garza''' ([[née]] '''Schwartz'''; born January 4, 1981) is an American [[civil rights]] activist and writer known for co-founding the international [[Black Lives Matter]] movement. She has organized around the issues of [[Race and health in the United States|health]], [[student services]] and [[student rights|rights]], rights for [[domestic worker]]s, ending [[police brutality]], [[anti-racism]], and violence against [[transgender]] and [[gender non-conforming]] people of color. Her editorial writing has been published by ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Nation]]'', ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', and [[Truthout]]. She currently directs Special Projects at the [[National Domestic Workers Alliance]] and is the Principal at the Black Futures Lab.

==Early life and education==
Garza was born in [[Oakland, California]], on January 4, 1981. She grew up as Alicia Schwartz in [[Marin County]] in a mixed-raced and mixed-religion household, with a [[Jewish]] stepfather and an African American mother.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed |title=The Matter of Black Lives |author=Jelani Cobb |date=March 7, 2016 |magazine=The New Yorker }}</ref> Garza identifies as Jewish.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organizers {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|url=https://jwa.org/powercouples/booth-garza|access-date=2020-06-13|website=jwa.org}}</ref> The family ran an antiques business, assisted later by her younger brother, Joey.<ref name="New Yorker"/> In her teens, Alicia engaged in activism, promoting school [[sex education]] about [[birth control]].<ref name=Launch>{{cite book |title=Women Who Launch: Women Who Shattered Glass Ceilings |author=Marlene Wagman-Geller |date=2018 |publisher=Mango Media |page=138 |isbn=9781633536968}}</ref> Enrolling in the [[University of California, San Diego]] (UCSD), she continued her activism by joining the student association and calling for higher pay for the university's janitors. In her final year at college, she helped organize the first Women of Color Conference, a university-wide convocation held at UCSD in 2002.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://tritonmag.com/what-it-means-to-rise/ |title=What It Means to Rise |author=Jenee Darden |date=April 24, 2009 |magazine=Triton |publisher=University of California, San Diego}}</ref> She graduated in 2002 with a degree in anthropology and sociology.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern HERstory|last=Imani|first=Blair|publisher=Ten Speed Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-399-58223-3|location=California|pages=24}}</ref>

In 2003 she met Malachi Garza, 24, a transgender man and a community activist. In 2004, Alicia came out as [[queer]] to her family. In 2008, she married Malachi and took the name Garza, settling in [[Oakland]].<ref name="New Yorker"/><ref name=Launch/>

== Career ==
===Black Lives Matter===
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| bgcolor = #ADD8E6
| quote = '''stop saying we are not surprised. that's a damn shame in itself. I continue to be surprised at how little Black lives matter. And I will continue that. stop giving up on black life. Black people. I love you. I love us. Our lives matter.'''
| source = Alicia Garza's Facebook post on July 13, 2013, responsible for sparking the Black Lives Matter movement<ref>{{cite book |title=Black Lives Matter: From a Moment to a Movement |author=Laurie Collier Hillstrom |page=22 |date=2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781440865718}}</ref>
}}
With [[Opal Tometi]] and [[Patrisse Cullors]], Garza birthed the [[Black Lives Matter]] hashtag.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalton|first1=Deron|title=The Three Women Behind the Black Lives Matter Movement|url=http://madamenoire.com/528287/the-three-women-behind-the-black-lives-matter-movement/|website=Madame Noire|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|website = [[USA Today]]|accessdate = 2016-01-15}}</ref> Garza is credited with inspiring the slogan when, after the July 2013 acquittal of [[George Zimmerman]] of murder in the death of [[Trayvon Martin]], she posted on [[Facebook]]: "I continue to be surprised at how little Black lives matter... Our lives matter." Cullors shared this with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. She was also struck by the similarities of [[Trayvon Martin]] to her younger brother, Joey, feeling that Joey could have been killed instead.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Day|first1=Elizabeth|title=#BlackLivesMatter: The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement|website=The Guardian|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> The organization Black Lives Matter was spurred on by the killings of [[black people]] by police in recent media and racial disparities within the U.S. criminal legal system. Concerns were over violence from the police, [[Incarceration in the United States|mass incarceration]], [[Militarization of police|police militarization]], and [[Overcriminalization|over-criminalization]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/darrensands/what-happened-to-black-lives-matter|title=What Happened To Black Lives Matter?|website=BuzzFeed News|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> In particular, the movement was born and Garza's post became popularized after protests emerged in [[Ferguson, Missouri]], where an unarmed black teenager was shot and killed by a white police officer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/origins-of-a-movement/|title=The Rise and Resilience of Black Lives Matter|last=Baptiste|first=Nathalie|date=2017-02-09|access-date=2019-12-08|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378}}</ref>

Garza led the 2015 Freedom Ride to Ferguson, organized by Cullors and [[Darnell Moore]] that launched the building of BlackLivesMatter chapters across the United States and the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pleasant|first1=Liz|title=Meet the Woman Behind #BlackLivesMatter – the Hashtag that Became a Civil Rights Movement|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/make-it-right/meet-the-woman-behind-black-lives-matter-the-hashtag-that-became-a-civil-rights-movement|website=Yes Magazine|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> However, Garza does not think of the Black Lives Matter Movement as ever being created. She feels her work is only a continuation of the [[Civil resistance|resistance]] led by black people in America.<ref name=":3" /> The movement and Garza are credited for popularizing the use of social media for mass mobilization in the United States; a practice called “mediated mobilization”. This practice has been used by other movements such as the [[Me Too movement|#MeToo movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/how-black-lives-matter-changed-way-americans-fight|title=How Black Lives Matter Changed the Way Americans Fight for Freedom|website=American Civil Liberties Union|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

=== The Movement for Black Lives ===
[[The Movement for Black Lives]] was created following concerns over the way that Black Lives Matter had become synonymous with the Ferguson [[riot]]s. The Movement for Black Lives is the largest group inside the Black Lives Matter movement's network. This group directs their [[activism]] based on Garza's [[advocacy]] style,{{dubious|date=June 2020}} which works outside of the existing power structure as a way to avoid what they see as the organizational failures of past black activist groups. They reject traditional tactics and avoid making connections and compromises with politicians. The group also puts those with the most marginalized identities in [[leadership]] positions. In 2015, The Movement for Black Lives created the Policy Table in an attempt to translate their goals into a policy platform. This involved initiatives that give bail money to black mothers who could not afford it and a land-rights initiative.<ref name=":3" />

=== Book ===
Garza's first book, ''The Purpose of Power: How We Come Together When We Fall Apart,'' will be published in October 2020 by Penguin Random House. Described as "an essential guide", the book tells Garza's story as an activist and shares lessons for future activists. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kassahun|first=Tomas|title=Blavity News & Politics|url=https://blavity.com/black-lives-matter-co-founder-alicia-garza-to-release-new-book-the-purpose-of-power-this-fall|access-date=2020-07-17|website=Blavity News & Politics|language=en}}</ref>

==Additional work==
Garza's editorial writing has been published by ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile Alicia Garza|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/alicia-garza|website=The Guardian|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Nation]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Author Alicia Garza|url=http://www.thenation.com/authors/alicia-garza/|website=The Nation|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> The Feminist Wire,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', ''[[HuffPost]]'' and [[Truthout]]. She currently directs Special Projects at the [[National Domestic Workers Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/morgansimon/2020/02/19/black-futures-month-alicia-garza--economic-justice-across-gender/|title=Black Futures Month: Alicia Garza & Economic Justice Across Gender|last=Simon|first=Morgan|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

Previously, Garza had served as the director of People Organized to Win Employment Rights (POWER) in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. During her time in the position, she won the right for youth to use public transportation for free in San Francisco and also fought [[gentrification]] and exposing police brutality in the area.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pleasant|first1=Liz|title=Meet the Woman Behind #BlackLives Matter – The Hashtag that Became a Civil Rights Movement|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/make-it-right/meet-the-woman-behind-black-lives-matter-the-hashtag-that-became-a-civil-rights-movement|website=Yes Magazine|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> Garza is an active participant in several Bay Area social movement groups. She is on the board of directors of [[Forward Together]]'s Oakland California branch and is also involved with Black Organizing for Leadership and Dignity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Board About|url=http://forwardtogether.org/about/board|website=Forward Together|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref> She is also on the board of directors for Oakland's School of Unity and Liberation (SOUL).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|date=2014-10-07|work=The Feminist Wire|access-date=2017-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2011, she was the Chair person of [[Right to the City Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pdf.guidestar.org/PDF_Images/2011/943/462/2011-943462187-08bd04ce-9.pdf |title=2011 IRS form 990 for Right to the City Alliance |publisher=guidestar |access-date=30 June 2020 |page=7}}</ref>

In 2015, Garza was selected as the Member's Choice for Community Grand Marshal at 2015 Pride celebration, as she was considered a local hero in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] for her contributions to the [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] community and [[society]] at large. Over two dozen Black Lives Matter organizers and supporters marched in the [[Pride parade|Pride Parade]] behind Garza, who sat next to trans activist [[Miss Major Griffin-Gracy|Miss Major]], the previous year's Community Grand Marshal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oaklandxings.com/2015/07/alicia-garza-of-blacklivesmatter-serves-as-grand-marshal-speaks-at-sf-pride-parade/|title=Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter Serves as Grand Marshal, Speaks at SF Pride Parade|last=Ospina|first=Tulio|date=2015-07-06|website=Ken A. Epstein|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

===Notable speeches===
Garza presented at the 2016 Bay Area Rising event, speaking about the propagation of Black Lives Matter and human rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alicia Garza Speaking at Bay Area Rising 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1Bn1h3YZis|website=YouTube|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Garza spoke to graduating students from [[San Francisco State University]]. In her speech, Garza praised the persistence of the black women who came before her, saying that they laid the foundation for modern activism:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/blm-alicia-garza-dedicates-commencement-black-women_n_592d7b10e4b053f2d2ae3945|title=BLM Co-Founder Delivers Ode To Black Women During Commencement Speech: 'We Are Magic'|last=Finley|first=Taryn|date=2017-05-30|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> "Were it not for black women, there would be no Underground Railroad, no one to campaign against black bodies swinging from trees like strange fruit, there would be no protest songs like the ones that came from the toes, through the womb up, through the lungs and out of the brilliant mind and mouth of Nina Simone. There would be no black women voting like the 96 percent of us who did vote and said hell no to this administration. There would be no America were it not for black women. This is an ode to black women – because black women are magic. [...] We, I, you and me – we owe everything to black women. [...] Yes – all lives, all contributions. But this? This is bigger than all that. This is about black women, cisgender, transgender, no gender, disabled, queer, immigrant black women who time and time again keep trying to tell y'all and more than that... keep showing y'all. We are magic."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza represents grad students with powerful speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VemmBIKWyhE|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

===Acts of protest===
Garza participated in an attempt to stop a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] train for four and a half hours, a time chosen to reflect the time that [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]'s body was left in the street after he was killed. The protesters stopped the train for an hour and a half by chaining themselves both to the inside of the train and the outside, making it impossible for the door to close. The event ended when police removed the protestors by dismantling part of the train.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Heather|title=Meet the BART-stopping Woman Behind "Black Lives Matter|url=http://grist.org/politics/stopping-a-bart-train-in-michael-browns-name/|website=Grist Magazine|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Activism in politics==

=== Organization Supermajority ===
Supermajority was established in the spring of 2019 and is focused on creating political power for American women.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://supermajority.com/about-us/|title=About Us|website=Supermajority|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> The organization Supermajority was created by Garza, [[Cecile Richards]], and [[Ai-jen Poo]]. Supermajority intends to "train and mobilize two million women across America to become organizers, activists, and leaders ahead of the 2020 election" to create a "multiracial, intergenerational movement for women's equality."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salam |first1=Maya |title=A 'Women's New Deal' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/us/cecile-richards-supermajority.html |website=NY Times |accessdate=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Joan |title=The New Political Group Supermajority Aims to Mobilize Women Across Race, Class, and Generation |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/supermajority-cecile-richards-2020-presidential-election/ |website=The Nation}}</ref> One of the main goals of Supermajority is to create "'a women's new deal,'" with women's issues like "voting rights, gun control, paid family leave, and equal pay" being seen as "issues that impact everyone" for the 2020 presidency, as well as build a greater platform for women in politics.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Menendez |first1=Alicia |title=Black Lives Matter's Alicia Garza Wants Supermajority To Be Your New Home For Activism |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/black-lives-matters-alicia-garza-wants-supermajority-to-be-your-new-home-for-activism-17231396 |website=Bustle |accessdate=2019-12-15}}</ref> In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]], cofounder Cecile Richards says "[the group will be successful] if 54% of voters in this country are women and if we are able to insert into this country the issues that women care about and elect a president who’s committed to doing something about them." <ref>{{cite web |title=Cecile Richards Discusses Women's Political Action Group, Supermajority |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4797306/cecile-richards-discusses-womens-political-action-group-supermajority |website=C-Span |accessdate=2019-12-15}}</ref>

=== Black Political Power ===
In 2018 Garza launched [[Black Futures Lab]], whose goal is to engage with advocate organizations to advance policies that make black communities stronger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/black-lives-matter-census-project-alicia-garza_n_5a9429fce4b02cb368c42d52|title=BLM's Alicia Garza Launches Census Project To Mobilize Black Political Power|last=Finley|first=Taryn|date=2018-02-26|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> The first project for Black Futures Lab was the Black Census Project. This project was the largest survey on Black People since the [[Reconstruction era]] of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackcensus.org/|title=Black Census|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> The survey included questions on subjects such as political attitudes, organization affiliation, experiences with [[racism]] and [[Police brutality|police violence]], perceptions of [[social movement]]s, access to healthcare and economic well being. Black Future Labs plans to use the results of the Black Census Project to determine pressing [[Legislature|legislative]] and policy issues. Garza divided the [[Black Census Project]] into creating separate studies focusing on the black LGBTQ community as well as the black community's political engagement in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://progressive.org/api/content/b562f31c-e13d-11e9-b92e-12f1225286c6/|title=‘We Need Everybody’|last=Tempus|first=Alexandra|date=2019-10-01|website=Progressive.org|language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

=== 2016 Presidential election ===
While Garza has been critical of [[Donald Trump]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Givens|first1=Orie|title=Queer Black Lives Matter Founders Put 'Terrorist' Trump Among 'Worst Fascists in History'|url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/2016/7/22/queer-black-lives-matter-founders-put-terrorist-trump-among-worst-facists-history|website=The Advocate|accessdate=August 9, 2016|date= July 22, 2016}}</ref> she has also been critical of [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter Co-Founder: Obama Overlooked Black Women|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/category/alicia-garza|website=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=August 9, 2016|date= January 18, 2016}}</ref> and [[Hillary Clinton]], saying: "The Clintons use black people for votes, but then don't do anything for black communities after they're elected. They use us for photo ops."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Valentino|first1=Steven|title=Alicia Garza Says No to Hillary|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/alicia-garza-says-no-hillary|website=WYNC|accessdate=August 9, 2016|date= January 16, 2016}}</ref> She voted for [[Bernie Sanders]] in the California Democratic Primary, but promised to do everything in her power "to make sure that we are not led by Donald Trump", and she voted for Clinton in the general election.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harris-Perry|first1=Melissa|title=The #BlackLivesMatter Movement Won't Support Hilary Clinton|url=http://theroottv.theroot.com/video/The-BlackLivesMatter-Movement-W|website=The Root|publisher=Gizmodo Media Group|accessdate=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182240/http://theroottv.theroot.com/video/The-BlackLivesMatter-Movement-W|archive-date=June 7, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=HARRIS-PERRY |first1=MELISSA |title=Today, Brittany Packnett officially and publicly endorsed Secretary Hillary Clinton for president. |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a40176/brittany-packnett-hillary-clinton-endorsement/ |accessdate=21 April 2019 |work=Elle |date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

=== 2020 Presidential Election ===
Garza gave a speech to a crowd of 200 students on the 2020 elections in celebration of [[Black History Month]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucsdguardian.org/2019/02/27/black-lives-matter-co-founder-alicia-garza-speaks-crowd-hundreds-movement-2020-election/|title=Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Alicia Garza Speaks to Crowd of Hundreds on Movement, 2020 Election|last=Faurot|first=Tyler|date=2019-02-27|website=UCSD Guardian|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> She spoke about how the Black Lives Matter Movement is misinterpreted as being anti-white, anti-law enforcement, or a terrorist organization. In this speech, she showed support for the [[Green New Deal]], condemned [[voter suppression]], and called for more voter involvement. Garza endorsed [[Elizabeth Warren]] in the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]].<ref>{{cite news |last=McCammond |first=Alexi |title=Black activist group gives its first presidential endorsement to Elizabeth Warren |website=Axios |date=February 20, 2020 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |url=https://www.axios.com/2020-election-elizabeth-warren-black-future-action-fund-babadf81-92fa-4c5d-b977-f5d5c3ad9861.html}}</ref>

==Recognition and awards==
Garza was recognized on the Root 100 list of African American Achievers between the ages of 25 and 45. She was also recognized on the Politico50 2015 guide to Thinkers, Doers, and Visionaries, along with Cullors and Tometi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/politico50/2015/alicia-garza-patrisse-cullors-opal-tometi|title=The POLITICO 50 - 2017 - Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi|website=POLITICO Magazine|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>

Garza has received the Local Hero award from the ''[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]''. She has been twice awarded by the [[Harvey Milk Democratic Club]] the Bayard Rustin Community Activist Award for her work fighting racism and gentrification in San Francisco. She has also been awarded the Jeanne Gauna Communicate Justice Award from the Centre for Media Justice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alicia Garza Selected as Communities Choice for Grand Marshal|url=http://sfpride.org/blog/announcements/alicia-garza-selected-as-members-choice-for-community-grand-marshal/|website=San Francisco Pride|accessdate=October 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906010602/http://sfpride.org/blog/announcements/alicia-garza-selected-as-members-choice-for-community-grand-marshal/|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2015, Garza, Cullors, and Tometi (as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter") were among the nine runners-up for ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]''{{'}}s Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=Advocate.com Editors |url=http://www.advocate.com/people/2015/11/05/person-year-finalists |title=Person of the Year: The Finalists |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|date=November 5, 2015|accessdate=May 30, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, Black Lives Matter founders Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi were awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article152232197.html|title=Black Lives Matter founders to be awarded 2017 Sydney Peace Prize|work=miamiherald|access-date=2017-06-20|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018 Garza was named in the inaugural cohort of the Atlantic Fellows for Racial Equity (AFRE). This first cohort of 29 Atlantic Fellows are focused on challenging racism in the U.S. and South Africa and disrupting the rise of white nationalism and supremacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gca.columbia.edu/news/atlantic-fellows-racial-equity-announces-inaugural-class-fellows|title=Atlantic Fellowship Announcement|last=|first=|date=2017-11-08|website=Columbia University|access-date=2018-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620163848/https://gca.columbia.edu/news/atlantic-fellows-racial-equity-announces-inaugural-class-fellows|archive-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{C-SPAN|Alicia Garza}}

{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garza, Alicia}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter people]]
[[Category:Writers from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:American women activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:LGBT African Americans]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:Jewish human rights activists]]
[[Category:Jewish anti-racism activists]]
[[Category:African-American Jews]]
[[Category:LGBT Jews]]
[[Category:Queer women]]