https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RLutsWikipedia - User contributions [en]2024-11-12T12:54:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.2https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaxidfest&diff=799560320Zaxidfest2017-09-08T13:18:40Z<p>RLuts: /* Participants */</p>
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<div>{{infobox music festival<br />
| image = [[File:Zaxidfest_logo.jpg|250px]]<br>[[File:ANti flag zaxidfest.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption =<br />
| music_festival_name = ZAKHID <br> ЗАХІД<br />
| location = [[Lviv oblast]], [[Ukraine]]<br />
| years_active = 2009&ndash;present<br />
| founders = Yakiv Matviichuk<br />
| dates = three days in <br>the middle of August<br />
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Ethnic (music)|ethnic]], [[Independent music|indie]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://zaxidfest.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''ZAKHID''' (stylized as '''ZAXID''', due to cyrillic 'X/x' is transliterated as 'KH/kh' from Ukrainian) ({{lang-uk|Захід}}) is an annual international music and art festival held in the middle of August near [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. ZAKHID was founded in 2009 as a festival of Ukrainian rock and ethno music.<ref>[http://zaxid.net/news/showNews.do?u_zvenigorodtsi_na_lvivshhini_vidbudetsya_festival_quotzahidquot&objectId=1081586 У Звенигородці на Львівщині відбудеться фестиваль "ЗахіД"]</ref><ref>[http://yablog.org.ua/2009/09/01/zahid-2009/ Захід-2009]</ref> Later it has lost an attachment to some concrete music genre and was expanded by different foreign artists (among them such bands as [[Anti-Flag]], [[Caliban (band)|Caliban]], [[Clawfinger]], [[Ektomorf]], [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]], [[Ill Niño]], [[Kreator]], [[Oomph!]], [[Zdob şi Zdub]] and others).<ref>[http://afishalviv.net/event/ua/11801_estival-zahid-2014/ Фестиваль Захід 2014]</ref> <br />
<br />
Every year organizators conduct online-survey where anybody can propose and vote for artist. In this way the list of participants is formed. Also some artists are invited based on organizators' initiative and their names are hidden utill the tickets sales start.<ref>[http://vk.com/topic-10058641_29289522 Кого би хотіли чути-бачити на #zaxidfest?]</ref> <br />
<br />
The event name means in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] equivocally ''West'' (or ''Western'', meaning western part of Ukraine) and ''Festival''.<br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
In 2009 and 2010 Zakhid was held in towns of [[Zvenyhorod]] and [[Stare Selo]]<ref>[http://afishalviv.net/event/ua/2099_festyval-zakhid-2010/ Фестиваль ЗАХІД 2010]</ref> respectively (around 20 km from [[Lviv]]). Since 2011 the festival has been relocated to the village of [[Rodatychi]] (around 40 km from [[Lviv]]). <br />
<br />
== Participants ==<br />
There is a list of some Zakhid participants:<br />
* [[Alina Orlova]]<br />
* [[Anti-Flag]]<br />
* [[Atmasfera]]<br />
* [[Balthazar (band)|Balthazar]]<br />
* [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]]<br />
* [[BoomBox (Ukrainian band)|BoomBox]]<br />
* [[Braty Hadiukiny]]<br />
* [[Caliban (band)|Caliban]]<br />
* [[Chelsea Grin]]<br />
* [[Clawfinger]]<br />
* [[Crystal Castles (band)|Crystal Castles]]<br />
* [[Dakh Daughters]]<br />
* [[Dymna Sumish]]<br />
* [[Editors (band)|Editors]]<br />
* [[Ektomorf]]<br />
* [[Enter Shikari]]<br />
* [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]]<br />
* [[Flit (band)|Flit]]<br />
* [[Flunk]]<br />
* [[Hollywood Undead]]<br />
* [[IAMX]]<br />
* [[Ill Niño]]<br />
* [[In Extremo]]<br />
* [[Kadebostany]]<br />
* [[Krambambula (band)|Krambambula]]<br />
* [[Kreator]]<br />
* [[Krykhitka Tsakhes]]<br />
* [[Luk (band)|Luk]]<br />
* [[Lyapis Trubetskoy|Liapis Trubetskoi]]<br />
* [[Miss May I]]<br />
* [[Noize MC]]<br />
* [[Oomph!]]<br />
* [[Pain (band)|Pain]]<br />
* [[Perkalaba]]<br />
* [[Qarpa]]<br />
* [[Skryabin (band)|Skriabin]]<br />
* [[Tartak]]<br />
* [[The Qemists]]<br />
* [[Tin Sontsia]]<br />
* [[TNMK]]<br />
* [[Vopli Vidopliasova]]<br />
* [[Brutto_(band)|Brutto]]<br />
* [[Zdob şi Zdub]]<br />
* [[Serhiy Zhadan|Zhadan]] i [[Sobaky v Kosmosi|Sobaky]]<br />
* [[We Butter The Bread With Butter]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
* [http://zaxidfest.com/ Official page]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Music festivals in Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Lviv Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Rock festivals in Ukraine]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onuka_(band)&diff=780308547Onuka (band)2017-05-14T06:43:40Z<p>RLuts: /* History */</p>
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<div>{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Onuka<br />
| image = Мария Сорокина, Ната Жижченко, Дарина Серт .jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Mariya Sorokina, Nata Zhyzhchenko and Daryna Sert<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| landscape = <br />
| background = group_or_band<br />
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Experimental music|Experimental]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]|[[Folk music|folk]]}}<br />
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|<br />
*Tomato Jaws<br />
*The Maneken<br />
*KOOQLA}}<br />
| current_members = '''Nata Zhyzhchenko''' (lead singer)<br>'''Daryna Sert''' (keyboardist and backing vocalist)<br>'''Mariya Sorokina''' (percussionist)<br>'''Yevhen Yovenko''' (banduryst)<br />
| origin = [[Ukraine]]<br />
| years_active = {{Start date|2013}}–present <br />
| label = Enjoy<br />
| website = [http://www.onukamusic.com/ onukamusic.com]<br />
}}<br />
'''ONUKA''' is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] electro-folk band. It was created in 2013 by Ukrainian musicians Eugene Filatov and Nata Zhyzhchenko.<ref name=KyivPost>{{cite web|last1=Petrenko|first1=Victoria|title=Entertainment Guide March 3 - March 17|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/entertainment-guide/entertainment-guide-march-3-march-17-382712.html|accessdate=June 26, 2015|date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name=RateYourMusic>{{cite web|title=Onuka|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/onuka|accessdate=Aug 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name=JusteMagazine>{{cite web|last1=Maurice|first1=Loulou|title=ONUKA|url=http://justemagazine.com/music/onuka/|website=Justemagazine|publisher=Juste Magazine|accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> Other group members are Daryna Sert (keyboardist and backing vocalist), Mariya Sorokina (percussionist) and Yevhen Yovenko (banduryst). The band's instrumentation includes electronic drums, trombones, French horns and the Ukrainian folk instruments [[bandura]] and [[sopilka]].<ref name=FishCanFly>{{cite web|title=Onuka USA & Canada Tour Announce|url=http://www.fishcanfly.net/blog/2015/6/23/onuka-usa-tour-announce|accessdate=August 3, 2015|date=June 23, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Ukrainian word ''Onuka'' translates to "granddaughter," a tribute to lead singer Zhyzhchenko's grandfather and renowned folk-instrument maker, Oleksandr Shlionchyk.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Demskaya|first1=Aleksandra|title=ONUKA: Ukraine’s electronic miracle|url=http://empr.media/culture/onuka-ukraine-s-electronic-miracle/|website=EMPR|publisher=EMPR|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> Zhyzhchenko started her music career as a member of the band Tomato Jaws, a band that she started with her brother. Tomato Jaws remained active for 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/ukraine/kyiv-post/20150403/281655368584046|title=PressReader.com - Connecting People Through News|website=www.pressreader.com|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> Several of its songs were remixed by Filatov's band The Maneken, ultimately leading to the creation of Onuka. Lead singer Nata Zhyzhchenko believes that old traditions and classic folk instruments (such as the [[bandura]] and [[sopilka]]) disappeared in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Far From Moscow">{{cite web|title=Lyricism under Pressure: Naadya, Onuka, The Cancel, and KSKY|url=http://www.farfrommoscow.com/articles/naadya-onuka-the-cancel-and-ksky.html|website=Far From Moscow|publisher=Far From Moscow|accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
ONUKA's debut album was released on October 15, 2014, and it became the best-selling record of the month in [[iTunes]] [[Ukraine]]. Their first EP, ''Look'', was released on May 15 and debuted at #1 in iTunes Ukraine.<ref name=KyivPostPress /><br />
ONUKA released a second EP, ''Vidlik'' on February 8, 2016. The EP includes five tracks: Svitanok, Vidlik, Other (Intro), Other, and 19 86.<ref name=RateYourMusic-Vidlik>{{cite web|title=VIDLIK|url=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/ep/onuka/vidlik/|website=RateYourMusic|publisher=RateYourMusic|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref> Zhyzhchenko cites the [[Chernobyl disaster]] and its impact on [[Ukraine]] as a major influence on the album.<ref>{{cite web|title=ONUKA оспівала проблему Чорнобиля в новому альбомі|url=http://tsn.ua/glamur/onuka-ospivala-problemu-chornobilya-v-novomu-albomi-586786.html|website=TSN|publisher=TSN|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref> The EP's name, ''Vidlik'', means a new beginning, or countdown.<ref name="BeatPortVidlik">{{cite web|title=Vidlik|url=https://pro.beatport.com/release/vidlik/1693062|website=Beatport|publisher=Beatport, LLC|accessdate=28 February 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Studio albums ===<br />
<br />
* ''Onuka'' ''(2014)''<br />
<br />
=== EPs ===<br />
<br />
* ''Look'' ''(2014)''<br />
* ''VIDLIK'' ''(2016)''<br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
<br />
* Look (2013)<br />
* Time (2015)<br />
* Misto (2015)<br />
* City (2015)<br />
* Vidlik (2016)<br />
* 19 86 (2016)<br />
* Other feat. NAONI Orchestra (2016)<br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
Onuka was nominated for the Ukrainian Yuna Music Awards in the Discovery of the Year category.<ref name=KyivPostPress>{{cite web|last1=Romanyshyn|first1=Yuliana|title=Discover Onuka, Ukraine's electronic wonder|url=http://www.pressreader.com/ukraine/kyiv-post/20150403/281655368584046/TextView|accessdate=June 26, 2015|date=April 3, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commonscat|ONUKA}}<br />
* {{official|http://www.onukamusic.com/}}<br />
* {{facebook|onuka.official}}<br />
* {{youtube|user=onukaofficial}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian electronic musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2013]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_PSoC&diff=681832302Cypress PSoC2015-09-19T20:30:28Z<p>RLuts: /* Summary */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Some PSoC nr.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 IC chips]]<br />
[[Image:CY3212-CapSense.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 capacitive sensing development board with MiniProg programmer / debugger]]<br />
[[File:CY8CKIT-050.JPG|thumbnail|PSoC 5LP Development Kit]]<br />
<br />
'''PSoC''' ([[Computer program|Programmable]] [[System-on-Chip]]) is a family of microcontroller [[integrated circuit]]s by [[Cypress Semiconductor]]. These chips include a [[CPU]] core and [[mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 2002, Cypress began shipping commercial quantities of the PSoC 1.<ref>Reuters: [http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS116335+10-Mar-2009+BW20090310 "Cypress Hits Half-Billion Mark in Shipments of PSoC Programmable System-on-Chip Devices"] 2009</ref> To promote the PSoC, Cypress sponsored a "PSoC Design Challenge" in ''[[Steve Ciarcia|Circuit Cellar]]'' magazine in 2002 and 2004.<ref>Circuit Cellar:[http://www.circuitcellar.com/psoc2002/ "PSoC Design Challenge 2002"]</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2013, Cypress released the fourth generation, PSoC 4. The PSoC 4 features a 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]] CPU, with programmable analog blocks ([[operational amplifier]]s and comparators), programmable digital blocks (PLD-based UDBs), programmable routing and flexible GPIO (route any function to any pin), a serial communication block (for SPI, UART, [[I²C]]), a timer/counter/PWM block and more.<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/fully-qualified-production-silicon-cypress-120000787.html " Fully Qualified Production Silicon for Cypress’s First Two PSoC® 4 Product Families Is Now Available"]</ref><br />
<br />
PSoC is used in devices as simple as Sonicare toothbrushes and Adidas sneakers, and as complex as the [[TiVo]] set-top box. One PSoC, using [[CapSense]], controls the [[Touch panel|touch-sensitive]] [[scroll wheel]] on the Apple [[iPod click wheel]].<br />
<br />
In 2014, Cypress extended the PSoC 4 family by integrating a [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] radio along with a PSoC 4 Cortex-M0-based SoC in a single, monolithic die.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
A PSoC integrated circuit is composed of a core, configurable analog and digital blocks, and programmable routing and interconnect. The configurable blocks in a PSoC are the biggest difference from other microcontrollers.<br />
<br />
PSoC has three separate memory spaces: paged SRAM for data, [[Flash memory]] for instructions and fixed data, and I/O Registers for controlling and accessing the configurable logic blocks and functions. The device is created using [[SONOS]] technology.<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]: blocks can be assigned a wide range of functions and interconnected on-chip. Unlike an ASIC, there is no special manufacturing process required to create the custom configuration&nbsp;— only startup code that is created by Cypress' ''PSoC Designer'' (for PSoC 1) or ''PSoC Creator'' (for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5) [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[FPGA]] in that at power up it must be configured, but this configuration occurs by loading instructions from the built-in Flash memory.<br />
<br />
PSoC most closely resembles a [[microcontroller]] combined with a PLD and programmable analog. Code is executed to interact with the user-specified peripheral functions (called "Components"), using automatically generated APIs and interrupt routines. ''PSoC Designer'' or ''PSoC Creator'' generate the startup configuration code. Both integrate APIs that initialize the user selected components upon the users needs in a [[Visual studio|Visual-Studio]]-like GUI.<br />
<br />
=== Configurable analog and digital blocks ===<br />
[[Image:Psoc blocks.PNG|right|thumb | 200px |PsoC Block Example]]<br />
<br />
Using configurable analog and digital blocks, designers can create and change mixed-signal embedded applications. The digital blocks are state machines that are configured using the blocks registers. There are two types of digital blocks, Digital Building Blocks (DBBxx) and Digital Communication Blocks (DCBxx). Only the communication blocks can contain serial I/O user modules, such as SPI, UART, etc.<br />
<br />
Each digital block is considered an 8-bit resources that designers can configure using pre-built digital functions or user modules (UM), or, by combining blocks, turn them into 16-, 24-, or 32-bit resources. Concatenating UMs together is how 16-bit PWMs and timers are created.<br />
<br />
There are two types of analog blocks. The continuous time (CT) blocks are composed of an op-amp circuit and designated as ACBxx where xx is 00-03. The other type is the switch cap (SC) blocks, which allow complex analog signal flows and are designated by ASCxy where x is the row and y is the column of the analog block. Designers can modify and personalize each module to any design.<br />
<br />
=== Programmable routing and interconnect ===<br />
PSoC mixed-signal arrays' flexible routing allows designers to route signals to and from I/O pins more freely than with many competing microcontrollers. Global buses allow for signal multiplexing and for performing logic operations. Cypress suggests that this allows designers to configure a design and make improvements more easily and faster and with fewer PCB redesigns than a digital logic gate approach or competing microcontrollers with more fixed function pins.<br />
<br />
== Series ==<br />
PSoC is a software configured, mixed-signal array with a built-in microcontroller core.<br />
<br />
There are four different families of devices, each based around a different microcontroller core:<br />
* PSoC 1 - CY8C2xxxx series&nbsp;— M8C core.<br />
* PSoC 3 - CY8C3xxxx series - [[Intel 8051|8051]] core.<br />
* PSoC 4 - CY8C4xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M0]] core.<ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/microcontrollers/custom-peripherals-surround-cortex-m0-platform Custom Peripherals Surround Cortex-M0 Platform; Electronic Design; April 16, 2013.]</ref><br />
* PSoC 5/5LP - CY8C5xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M3]] core.<br />
<br />
;Bluetooth Low Energy<br />
Starting in 2014, Cypress began offering PSoC 4 BLE devices with integrated Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart). This can be used to create connected products leveraging the analog and digital blocks.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSoC® 4 BLE (Bluetooth Smart)|website=http://www.cypress.com/psoc4ble/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref> Users can add and configure the BLE module directly in PSoC creator. Cypress also provides a complete Bluetooth Low Energy stack licensed from [[Mindtree]] with both Peripheral and Central functionality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cypress offering BLE chipset, Here's what you need to know|website=http://www.argenox.com/blog/cypress-offers-ble-chipset/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Summary ===<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 1<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 3<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 4<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 5/5LP<br />
|-<br />
| 8-bit M8C core<br> up to 24&nbsp;MHz, 4&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 8-bit 8051 core (single-cycle)<br> up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 33&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]]<br> up to 48&nbsp;MHz, ?&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M3]]<br> up to 80&nbsp;MHz, 84&nbsp;MIPS<br />
|-<br />
| Flash: 4&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 256&nbsp;bytes to 2&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 3&nbsp;KB to 8&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 16&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 2&nbsp;KB to 4&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 32&nbsp;KB to 256&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br />
|-<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART,<br> FS USB 2.0<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S, CAN<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART<br> .<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S<br />
|-<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (6 to 14-bit)<br />
131&nbsp;ksps @ 8-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (6 to 8-bit)<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|1 SAR ADC (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (7 to 8-bit)<br />
<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @12-bit;<br />
<br />
2 SAR ADCs (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|-<br />
| Up to 64 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
| Up to 36 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
|-<br />
| Operation: 1.7&nbsp;V to 5.25&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 3&nbsp;μA<br> Hibernate: ?<br />
| Operation: 0.5&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 200&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 1.71&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.6&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1.3&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 150&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 2.7&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 2&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 300&nbsp;nA<br />
|-<br />
| Requires ICE Cube and FlexPods<br />
| <br />
| On-chip SWD, Debug<br />
| On-chip JTAG, SWD, SWV,<br> Debug, Trace<br />
|-<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-030 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-040 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-042 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-049 Prototype Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-050 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-059 Prototype Kit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Designer ===<br />
This is the first generation software IDE to design and debug and program the PSoC 1 devices. It introduced unique features including a library of pre-characterized analog and digital peripherals in a drag-and-drop design environment which could then be customized to specific design needs by leveraging the dynamically generated API libraries of code.<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Creator ===<br />
PSoC Creator is the second generation software IDE to design debug and program the PSoC 3 / 4 / 5 devices. The development IDE is combined with an easy to use graphical design editor to form a powerful hardware/software co-design environment. PSoC Creator consists of two basic building blocks. The program that allows the user to select, configure and connect existing circuits on the chip and the components which are the equivalent of peripherals on MCUs. What makes PSoC intriguing is the possibility to create own application specific peripherals in hardware. Cypress publishes component packs several times a year. PSoC users get new peripherals for their existing hardware without being charged or having to buy new hardware. PSoC Creator also allows much freedom in assignment of peripherals to I/O pins.<br />
<br />
=== Cortex-M ===<br />
{{Main|List of ARM Cortex-M development tools}}<br />
Generic ARM development tools for PSoC 4 and PSoC 5.<br />
<br />
== Documentation ==<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5<br />
The amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting, especially for newcomers. The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document, but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown. The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer ([[Cypress Semiconductor]]) and documents from CPU core vendor ([[ARM Holdings]]).<br />
<br />
A typical top-down documentation tree is: manufacturer website, manufacturer marketing slides, manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip, manufacturer detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family, ARM core generic user guide, ARM core technical reference manual, ARM architecture reference manual that describes the instruction set(s).<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5 documentation tree (top to bottom):<br />
# PSoC website.<br />
# PSoC marketing slides.<br />
# PSoC datasheet.<br />
# PSoC reference manuals.<br />
# ARM core website.<br />
# ARM core generic user guide.<br />
# ARM core technical reference manual.<br />
# ARM architecture reference manual.<br />
<br />
Cypress Semiconductor has additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See [[#External links|External Links]] section for links to official PSoC and ARM documents.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Computer science|Electronics}}<br />
* [[ARM architecture]], [[List of ARM microprocessor cores]], [[ARM Cortex-M]]<br />
* [[Microcontroller]], [[List of common microcontrollers]]<br />
* [[Embedded system]], [[Single-board microcontroller]]<br />
* [[Interrupt]], [[Interrupt handler]], [[Comparison of real-time operating systems]]<br />
* [[Joint Test Action Group|JTAG]], [[Joint Test Action Group#Serial Wire Debug|SWD]]<br />
* [[Field-programmable analog array]], [[Reconfigurable computing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{See also|ARM Cortex-M#Further reading|l1=List of books about ARM Cortex-M}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Cypress PSoC}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Embedded Systems/Cypress PSoC Microcontroller}}<br />
<br />
;PSoC Official Documents<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.cypress.com/psoc|PSoC official website}}<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?id=2522 PSoC Designer software] for PSoC 1 family<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/psoccreator/ PSoC Creator software] for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?rID=38050 PSoC Programmer software] for PSoC 1 / 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
<br />
;ARM Official Documents for PSoC 4 / 5<br />
{{Main|ARM Cortex-M#External links|l1=ARM Cortex-M external links}}<br />
<br />
;Other<br />
* [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/projects/getting-started-with-psoc/ PSoC Introduction] on AllAboutCircuits<br />
* [http://www.psocdeveloper.com PSoC Developer]<br />
* [http://www.psoc-chile.es.tl Psoc-chile] El primer web site en Español sobre Microcontroladore Psoc<br />
<br />
{{Embedded ARM-based chips}}<br />
{{Microcontrollers}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psoc}}<br />
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]<br />
[[Category:System on a chip]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_PSoC&diff=681832175Cypress PSoC2015-09-19T20:29:14Z<p>RLuts: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Some PSoC nr.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 IC chips]]<br />
[[Image:CY3212-CapSense.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 capacitive sensing development board with MiniProg programmer / debugger]]<br />
[[File:CY8CKIT-050.JPG|thumbnail|PSoC 5LP Development Kit]]<br />
<br />
'''PSoC''' ([[Computer program|Programmable]] [[System-on-Chip]]) is a family of microcontroller [[integrated circuit]]s by [[Cypress Semiconductor]]. These chips include a [[CPU]] core and [[mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 2002, Cypress began shipping commercial quantities of the PSoC 1.<ref>Reuters: [http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS116335+10-Mar-2009+BW20090310 "Cypress Hits Half-Billion Mark in Shipments of PSoC Programmable System-on-Chip Devices"] 2009</ref> To promote the PSoC, Cypress sponsored a "PSoC Design Challenge" in ''[[Steve Ciarcia|Circuit Cellar]]'' magazine in 2002 and 2004.<ref>Circuit Cellar:[http://www.circuitcellar.com/psoc2002/ "PSoC Design Challenge 2002"]</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2013, Cypress released the fourth generation, PSoC 4. The PSoC 4 features a 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]] CPU, with programmable analog blocks ([[operational amplifier]]s and comparators), programmable digital blocks (PLD-based UDBs), programmable routing and flexible GPIO (route any function to any pin), a serial communication block (for SPI, UART, [[I²C]]), a timer/counter/PWM block and more.<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/fully-qualified-production-silicon-cypress-120000787.html " Fully Qualified Production Silicon for Cypress’s First Two PSoC® 4 Product Families Is Now Available"]</ref><br />
<br />
PSoC is used in devices as simple as Sonicare toothbrushes and Adidas sneakers, and as complex as the [[TiVo]] set-top box. One PSoC, using [[CapSense]], controls the [[Touch panel|touch-sensitive]] [[scroll wheel]] on the Apple [[iPod click wheel]].<br />
<br />
In 2014, Cypress extended the PSoC 4 family by integrating a [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] radio along with a PSoC 4 Cortex-M0-based SoC in a single, monolithic die.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
A PSoC integrated circuit is composed of a core, configurable analog and digital blocks, and programmable routing and interconnect. The configurable blocks in a PSoC are the biggest difference from other microcontrollers.<br />
<br />
PSoC has three separate memory spaces: paged SRAM for data, [[Flash memory]] for instructions and fixed data, and I/O Registers for controlling and accessing the configurable logic blocks and functions. The device is created using [[SONOS]] technology.<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]: blocks can be assigned a wide range of functions and interconnected on-chip. Unlike an ASIC, there is no special manufacturing process required to create the custom configuration&nbsp;— only startup code that is created by Cypress' ''PSoC Designer'' (for PSoC 1) or ''PSoC Creator'' (for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5) [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[FPGA]] in that at power up it must be configured, but this configuration occurs by loading instructions from the built-in Flash memory.<br />
<br />
PSoC most closely resembles a [[microcontroller]] combined with a PLD and programmable analog. Code is executed to interact with the user-specified peripheral functions (called "Components"), using automatically generated APIs and interrupt routines. ''PSoC Designer'' or ''PSoC Creator'' generate the startup configuration code. Both integrate APIs that initialize the user selected components upon the users needs in a [[Visual studio|Visual-Studio]]-like GUI.<br />
<br />
=== Configurable analog and digital blocks ===<br />
[[Image:Psoc blocks.PNG|right|thumb | 200px |PsoC Block Example]]<br />
<br />
Using configurable analog and digital blocks, designers can create and change mixed-signal embedded applications. The digital blocks are state machines that are configured using the blocks registers. There are two types of digital blocks, Digital Building Blocks (DBBxx) and Digital Communication Blocks (DCBxx). Only the communication blocks can contain serial I/O user modules, such as SPI, UART, etc.<br />
<br />
Each digital block is considered an 8-bit resources that designers can configure using pre-built digital functions or user modules (UM), or, by combining blocks, turn them into 16-, 24-, or 32-bit resources. Concatenating UMs together is how 16-bit PWMs and timers are created.<br />
<br />
There are two types of analog blocks. The continuous time (CT) blocks are composed of an op-amp circuit and designated as ACBxx where xx is 00-03. The other type is the switch cap (SC) blocks, which allow complex analog signal flows and are designated by ASCxy where x is the row and y is the column of the analog block. Designers can modify and personalize each module to any design.<br />
<br />
=== Programmable routing and interconnect ===<br />
PSoC mixed-signal arrays' flexible routing allows designers to route signals to and from I/O pins more freely than with many competing microcontrollers. Global buses allow for signal multiplexing and for performing logic operations. Cypress suggests that this allows designers to configure a design and make improvements more easily and faster and with fewer PCB redesigns than a digital logic gate approach or competing microcontrollers with more fixed function pins.<br />
<br />
== Series ==<br />
PSoC is a software configured, mixed-signal array with a built-in microcontroller core.<br />
<br />
There are four different families of devices, each based around a different microcontroller core:<br />
* PSoC 1 - CY8C2xxxx series&nbsp;— M8C core.<br />
* PSoC 3 - CY8C3xxxx series - [[Intel 8051|8051]] core.<br />
* PSoC 4 - CY8C4xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M0]] core.<ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/microcontrollers/custom-peripherals-surround-cortex-m0-platform Custom Peripherals Surround Cortex-M0 Platform; Electronic Design; April 16, 2013.]</ref><br />
* PSoC 5/5LP - CY8C5xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M3]] core.<br />
<br />
;Bluetooth Low Energy<br />
Starting in 2014, Cypress began offering PSoC 4 BLE devices with integrated Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart). This can be used to create connected products leveraging the analog and digital blocks.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSoC® 4 BLE (Bluetooth Smart)|website=http://www.cypress.com/psoc4ble/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref> Users can add and configure the BLE module directly in PSoC creator. Cypress also provides a complete Bluetooth Low Energy stack licensed from [[Mindtree]] with both Peripheral and Central functionality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cypress offering BLE chipset, Here's what you need to know|website=http://www.argenox.com/blog/cypress-offers-ble-chipset/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Summary ===<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 1<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 3<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 4<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 5/5LP<br />
|-<br />
| 8-bit M8C core<br> up to 24&nbsp;MHz, 4&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 8-bit 8051 core (single-cycle)<br> up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 33&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]]<br> up to 48&nbsp;MHz, ?&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M3]]<br> up to 80&nbsp;MHz, 84&nbsp;MIPS<br />
|-<br />
| Flash: 4&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 256&nbsp;bytes to 2&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 3&nbsp;KB to 8&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 16&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 2&nbsp;KB to 4&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 32&nbsp;KB to 256&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br />
|-<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART,<br> FS USB 2.0<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S, CAN<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART<br> .<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S<br />
|-<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (6 to 14-bit)<br />
131&nbsp;ksps @ 8-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (6 to 8-bit)<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|1 SAR ADC (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (7 to 8-bit)<br />
<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @12-bit;<br />
<br />
2 SAR ADCs (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|-<br />
| Up to 64 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
| Up to 36 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
|-<br />
| Operation: 1.7&nbsp;V to 5.25&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 3&nbsp;μA<br> Hibernate: ?<br />
| Operation: 0.5&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 200&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 1.71&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.6&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1.3&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 150&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 2.7&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 2&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 300&nbsp;nA<br />
|-<br />
| Requires ICE Cube and FlexPods<br />
| <br />
| On-chip SWD, Debug<br />
| On-chip JTAG, SWD, SWV,<br> Debug, Trace<br />
|-<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-030 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-040 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-042 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-049 Prototype Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-050 Development Kit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Designer ===<br />
This is the first generation software IDE to design and debug and program the PSoC 1 devices. It introduced unique features including a library of pre-characterized analog and digital peripherals in a drag-and-drop design environment which could then be customized to specific design needs by leveraging the dynamically generated API libraries of code.<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Creator ===<br />
PSoC Creator is the second generation software IDE to design debug and program the PSoC 3 / 4 / 5 devices. The development IDE is combined with an easy to use graphical design editor to form a powerful hardware/software co-design environment. PSoC Creator consists of two basic building blocks. The program that allows the user to select, configure and connect existing circuits on the chip and the components which are the equivalent of peripherals on MCUs. What makes PSoC intriguing is the possibility to create own application specific peripherals in hardware. Cypress publishes component packs several times a year. PSoC users get new peripherals for their existing hardware without being charged or having to buy new hardware. PSoC Creator also allows much freedom in assignment of peripherals to I/O pins.<br />
<br />
=== Cortex-M ===<br />
{{Main|List of ARM Cortex-M development tools}}<br />
Generic ARM development tools for PSoC 4 and PSoC 5.<br />
<br />
== Documentation ==<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5<br />
The amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting, especially for newcomers. The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document, but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown. The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer ([[Cypress Semiconductor]]) and documents from CPU core vendor ([[ARM Holdings]]).<br />
<br />
A typical top-down documentation tree is: manufacturer website, manufacturer marketing slides, manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip, manufacturer detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family, ARM core generic user guide, ARM core technical reference manual, ARM architecture reference manual that describes the instruction set(s).<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5 documentation tree (top to bottom):<br />
# PSoC website.<br />
# PSoC marketing slides.<br />
# PSoC datasheet.<br />
# PSoC reference manuals.<br />
# ARM core website.<br />
# ARM core generic user guide.<br />
# ARM core technical reference manual.<br />
# ARM architecture reference manual.<br />
<br />
Cypress Semiconductor has additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See [[#External links|External Links]] section for links to official PSoC and ARM documents.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Computer science|Electronics}}<br />
* [[ARM architecture]], [[List of ARM microprocessor cores]], [[ARM Cortex-M]]<br />
* [[Microcontroller]], [[List of common microcontrollers]]<br />
* [[Embedded system]], [[Single-board microcontroller]]<br />
* [[Interrupt]], [[Interrupt handler]], [[Comparison of real-time operating systems]]<br />
* [[Joint Test Action Group|JTAG]], [[Joint Test Action Group#Serial Wire Debug|SWD]]<br />
* [[Field-programmable analog array]], [[Reconfigurable computing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{See also|ARM Cortex-M#Further reading|l1=List of books about ARM Cortex-M}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Cypress PSoC}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Embedded Systems/Cypress PSoC Microcontroller}}<br />
<br />
;PSoC Official Documents<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.cypress.com/psoc|PSoC official website}}<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?id=2522 PSoC Designer software] for PSoC 1 family<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/psoccreator/ PSoC Creator software] for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?rID=38050 PSoC Programmer software] for PSoC 1 / 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
<br />
;ARM Official Documents for PSoC 4 / 5<br />
{{Main|ARM Cortex-M#External links|l1=ARM Cortex-M external links}}<br />
<br />
;Other<br />
* [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/projects/getting-started-with-psoc/ PSoC Introduction] on AllAboutCircuits<br />
* [http://www.psocdeveloper.com PSoC Developer]<br />
* [http://www.psoc-chile.es.tl Psoc-chile] El primer web site en Español sobre Microcontroladore Psoc<br />
<br />
{{Embedded ARM-based chips}}<br />
{{Microcontrollers}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psoc}}<br />
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]<br />
[[Category:System on a chip]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_PSoC&diff=681831367Cypress PSoC2015-09-19T20:22:40Z<p>RLuts: /* Series */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Some PSoC nr.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 IC chips]]<br />
[[Image:CY3212-CapSense.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 capacitive sensing development board with MiniProg programmer / debugger]]<br />
[[File:CY8CKIT-050.JPG|thumbnail|PSoC 5LP Development Kit]]<br />
<br />
'''PSoC''' ([[Computer program|Programmable]] [[System-on-Chip]]) is a family of microcontroller [[integrated circuit]]s by [[Cypress Semiconductor]]. These chips include a [[CPU]] core and [[mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 2002, Cypress began shipping commercial quantities of the PSoC 1.<ref>Reuters: [http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS116335+10-Mar-2009+BW20090310 "Cypress Hits Half-Billion Mark in Shipments of PSoC Programmable System-on-Chip Devices"] 2009</ref> To promote the PSoC, Cypress sponsored a "PSoC Design Challenge" in ''[[Steve Ciarcia|Circuit Cellar]]'' magazine in 2002 and 2004.<ref>Circuit Cellar:[http://www.circuitcellar.com/psoc2002/ "PSoC Design Challenge 2002"]</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2013, Cypress released the fourth generation, PSoC 4. The PSoC 4 features a 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]] CPU, with programmable analog blocks ([[operational amplifier]]s and comparators), programmable digital blocks (PLD-based UDBs), programmable routing and flexible GPIO (route any function to any pin), a serial communication block (for SPI, UART, [[I²C]]), a timer/counter/PWM block and more.<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/fully-qualified-production-silicon-cypress-120000787.html " Fully Qualified Production Silicon for Cypress’s First Two PSoC® 4 Product Families Is Now Available"]</ref><br />
<br />
PSoC is used in devices as simple as Sonicare toothbrushes and Adidas sneakers, and as complex as the [[TiVo]] set-top box. One PSoC, using [[CapSense]], controls the [[Touch panel|touch-sensitive]] [[scroll wheel]] on the Apple [[iPod click wheel]].<br />
<br />
In 2014, Cypress extended the PSoC 4 family by integrating a [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] radio along with a PSoC 4 Cortex-M0-based SoC in a single, monolithic die.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
A PSoC integrated circuit is composed of a core, configurable analog and digital blocks, and programmable routing and interconnect. The configurable blocks in a PSoC are the biggest difference from other microcontrollers.<br />
<br />
PSoC has three separate memory spaces: paged SRAM for data, [[Flash memory]] for instructions and fixed data, and I/O Registers for controlling and accessing the configurable logic blocks and functions. The device is created using [[SONOS]] technology.<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]: blocks can be assigned a wide range of functions and interconnected on-chip. Unlike an ASIC, there is no special manufacturing process required to create the custom configuration&nbsp;— only startup code that is created by Cypress' ''PSoC Designer'' (for PSoC 1) or ''PSoC Creator'' (for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5) [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[FPGA]] in that at power up it must be configured, but this configuration occurs by loading instructions from the built-in Flash memory.<br />
<br />
PSoC most closely resembles a [[microcontroller]] combined with a PLD and programmable analog. Code is executed to interact with the user-specified peripheral functions (called "Components"), using automatically generated APIs and interrupt routines. ''PSoC Designer'' or ''PSoC Creator'' generate the startup configuration code. Both integrate APIs that initialize the user selected components upon the users needs in a [[Visual studio|Visual-Studio]]-like GUI.<br />
<br />
=== Configurable analog and digital blocks ===<br />
[[Image:Psoc blocks.PNG|right|thumb | 200px |PsoC Block Example]]<br />
<br />
Using configurable analog and digital blocks, designers can create and change mixed-signal embedded applications. The digital blocks are state machines that are configured using the blocks registers. There are two types of digital blocks, Digital Building Blocks (DBBxx) and Digital Communication Blocks (DCBxx). Only the communication blocks can contain serial I/O user modules, such as SPI, UART, etc.<br />
<br />
Each digital block is considered an 8-bit resources that designers can configure using pre-built digital functions or user modules (UM), or, by combining blocks, turn them into 16-, 24-, or 32-bit resources. Concatenating UMs together is how 16-bit PWMs and timers are created.<br />
<br />
There are two types of analog blocks. The continuous time (CT) blocks are composed of an op-amp circuit and designated as ACBxx where xx is 00-03. The other type is the switch cap (SC) blocks, which allow complex analog signal flows and are designated by ASCxy where x is the row and y is the column of the analog block. Designers can modify and personalize each module to any design.<br />
<br />
=== Programmable routing and interconnect ===<br />
PSoC mixed-signal arrays' flexible routing allows designers to route signals to and from I/O pins more freely than with many competing microcontrollers. Global buses allow for signal multiplexing and for performing logic operations. Cypress suggests that this allows designers to configure a design and make improvements more easily and faster and with fewer PCB redesigns than a digital logic gate approach or competing microcontrollers with more fixed function pins.<br />
<br />
== Series ==<br />
PSoC is a software configured, mixed-signal array with a built-in microcontroller core.<br />
<br />
There are four different families of devices, each based around a different microcontroller core:<br />
* PSoC 1 - CY8C2xxxx series&nbsp;— M8C core.<br />
* PSoC 3 - CY8C3xxxx series - [[Intel 8051|8051]] core.<br />
* PSoC 4 - CY8C4xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M0]] core.<ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/microcontrollers/custom-peripherals-surround-cortex-m0-platform Custom Peripherals Surround Cortex-M0 Platform; Electronic Design; April 16, 2013.]</ref><br />
* PSoC 5/5LP - CY8C5xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M3]] core.<br />
<br />
;Bluetooth Low Energy<br />
Starting in 2014, Cypress began offering PSoC 4 BLE devices with integrated Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart). This can be used to create connected products leveraging the analog and digital blocks.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSoC® 4 BLE (Bluetooth Smart)|website=http://www.cypress.com/psoc4ble/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref> Users can add and configure the BLE module directly in PSoC creator. Cypress also provides a complete Bluetooth Low Energy stack licensed from [[Mindtree]] with both Peripheral and Central functionality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cypress offering BLE chipset, Here's what you need to know|website=http://www.argenox.com/blog/cypress-offers-ble-chipset/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Summary ===<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 1<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 3<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 4<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 5<br />
|-<br />
| 8-bit M8C core<br> up to 24&nbsp;MHz, 4&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 8-bit 8051 core (single-cycle)<br> up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 33&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]]<br> up to 48&nbsp;MHz, ?&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M3]]<br> up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 84&nbsp;MIPS<br />
|-<br />
| Flash: 4&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 256&nbsp;bytes to 2&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 3&nbsp;KB to 8&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 16&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 2&nbsp;KB to 4&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 32&nbsp;KB to 256&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br />
|-<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART,<br> FS USB 2.0<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S, CAN<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART<br> .<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S<br />
|-<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (6 to 14-bit)<br />
131&nbsp;ksps @ 8-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (6 to 8-bit)<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|1 SAR ADC (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (7 to 8-bit)<br />
<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @12-bit;<br />
<br />
2 SAR ADCs (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|-<br />
| Up to 64 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
| Up to 36 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
|-<br />
| Operation: 1.7&nbsp;V to 5.25&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 3&nbsp;μA<br> Hibernate: ?<br />
| Operation: 0.5&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 200&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 1.71&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.6&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1.3&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 150&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 2.7&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 2&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 300&nbsp;nA<br />
|-<br />
| Requires ICE Cube and FlexPods<br />
| <br />
| On-chip SWD, Debug<br />
| On-chip JTAG, SWD, SWV,<br> Debug, Trace<br />
|-<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-030 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-040 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-042 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-049 Prototype Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-050 Development Kit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Designer ===<br />
This is the first generation software IDE to design and debug and program the PSoC 1 devices. It introduced unique features including a library of pre-characterized analog and digital peripherals in a drag-and-drop design environment which could then be customized to specific design needs by leveraging the dynamically generated API libraries of code.<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Creator ===<br />
PSoC Creator is the second generation software IDE to design debug and program the PSoC 3 / 4 / 5 devices. The development IDE is combined with an easy to use graphical design editor to form a powerful hardware/software co-design environment. PSoC Creator consists of two basic building blocks. The program that allows the user to select, configure and connect existing circuits on the chip and the components which are the equivalent of peripherals on MCUs. What makes PSoC intriguing is the possibility to create own application specific peripherals in hardware. Cypress publishes component packs several times a year. PSoC users get new peripherals for their existing hardware without being charged or having to buy new hardware. PSoC Creator also allows much freedom in assignment of peripherals to I/O pins.<br />
<br />
=== Cortex-M ===<br />
{{Main|List of ARM Cortex-M development tools}}<br />
Generic ARM development tools for PSoC 4 and PSoC 5.<br />
<br />
== Documentation ==<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5<br />
The amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting, especially for newcomers. The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document, but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown. The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer ([[Cypress Semiconductor]]) and documents from CPU core vendor ([[ARM Holdings]]).<br />
<br />
A typical top-down documentation tree is: manufacturer website, manufacturer marketing slides, manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip, manufacturer detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family, ARM core generic user guide, ARM core technical reference manual, ARM architecture reference manual that describes the instruction set(s).<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5 documentation tree (top to bottom):<br />
# PSoC website.<br />
# PSoC marketing slides.<br />
# PSoC datasheet.<br />
# PSoC reference manuals.<br />
# ARM core website.<br />
# ARM core generic user guide.<br />
# ARM core technical reference manual.<br />
# ARM architecture reference manual.<br />
<br />
Cypress Semiconductor has additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See [[#External links|External Links]] section for links to official PSoC and ARM documents.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Computer science|Electronics}}<br />
* [[ARM architecture]], [[List of ARM microprocessor cores]], [[ARM Cortex-M]]<br />
* [[Microcontroller]], [[List of common microcontrollers]]<br />
* [[Embedded system]], [[Single-board microcontroller]]<br />
* [[Interrupt]], [[Interrupt handler]], [[Comparison of real-time operating systems]]<br />
* [[Joint Test Action Group|JTAG]], [[Joint Test Action Group#Serial Wire Debug|SWD]]<br />
* [[Field-programmable analog array]], [[Reconfigurable computing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{See also|ARM Cortex-M#Further reading|l1=List of books about ARM Cortex-M}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Cypress PSoC}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Embedded Systems/Cypress PSoC Microcontroller}}<br />
<br />
;PSoC Official Documents<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.cypress.com/psoc|PSoC official website}}<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?id=2522 PSoC Designer software] for PSoC 1 family<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/psoccreator/ PSoC Creator software] for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?rID=38050 PSoC Programmer software] for PSoC 1 / 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
<br />
;ARM Official Documents for PSoC 4 / 5<br />
{{Main|ARM Cortex-M#External links|l1=ARM Cortex-M external links}}<br />
<br />
;Other<br />
* [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/projects/getting-started-with-psoc/ PSoC Introduction] on AllAboutCircuits<br />
* [http://www.psocdeveloper.com PSoC Developer]<br />
* [http://www.psoc-chile.es.tl Psoc-chile] El primer web site en Español sobre Microcontroladore Psoc<br />
<br />
{{Embedded ARM-based chips}}<br />
{{Microcontrollers}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psoc}}<br />
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]<br />
[[Category:System on a chip]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_PSoC&diff=681831254Cypress PSoC2015-09-19T20:21:49Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Some PSoC nr.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 IC chips]]<br />
[[Image:CY3212-CapSense.jpg|thumb|right|PSoC 1 capacitive sensing development board with MiniProg programmer / debugger]]<br />
[[File:CY8CKIT-050.JPG|thumbnail|PSoC 5LP Development Kit]]<br />
<br />
'''PSoC''' ([[Computer program|Programmable]] [[System-on-Chip]]) is a family of microcontroller [[integrated circuit]]s by [[Cypress Semiconductor]]. These chips include a [[CPU]] core and [[mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 2002, Cypress began shipping commercial quantities of the PSoC 1.<ref>Reuters: [http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS116335+10-Mar-2009+BW20090310 "Cypress Hits Half-Billion Mark in Shipments of PSoC Programmable System-on-Chip Devices"] 2009</ref> To promote the PSoC, Cypress sponsored a "PSoC Design Challenge" in ''[[Steve Ciarcia|Circuit Cellar]]'' magazine in 2002 and 2004.<ref>Circuit Cellar:[http://www.circuitcellar.com/psoc2002/ "PSoC Design Challenge 2002"]</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2013, Cypress released the fourth generation, PSoC 4. The PSoC 4 features a 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]] CPU, with programmable analog blocks ([[operational amplifier]]s and comparators), programmable digital blocks (PLD-based UDBs), programmable routing and flexible GPIO (route any function to any pin), a serial communication block (for SPI, UART, [[I²C]]), a timer/counter/PWM block and more.<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/fully-qualified-production-silicon-cypress-120000787.html " Fully Qualified Production Silicon for Cypress’s First Two PSoC® 4 Product Families Is Now Available"]</ref><br />
<br />
PSoC is used in devices as simple as Sonicare toothbrushes and Adidas sneakers, and as complex as the [[TiVo]] set-top box. One PSoC, using [[CapSense]], controls the [[Touch panel|touch-sensitive]] [[scroll wheel]] on the Apple [[iPod click wheel]].<br />
<br />
In 2014, Cypress extended the PSoC 4 family by integrating a [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] radio along with a PSoC 4 Cortex-M0-based SoC in a single, monolithic die.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
A PSoC integrated circuit is composed of a core, configurable analog and digital blocks, and programmable routing and interconnect. The configurable blocks in a PSoC are the biggest difference from other microcontrollers.<br />
<br />
PSoC has three separate memory spaces: paged SRAM for data, [[Flash memory]] for instructions and fixed data, and I/O Registers for controlling and accessing the configurable logic blocks and functions. The device is created using [[SONOS]] technology.<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]: blocks can be assigned a wide range of functions and interconnected on-chip. Unlike an ASIC, there is no special manufacturing process required to create the custom configuration&nbsp;— only startup code that is created by Cypress' ''PSoC Designer'' (for PSoC 1) or ''PSoC Creator'' (for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5) [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[FPGA]] in that at power up it must be configured, but this configuration occurs by loading instructions from the built-in Flash memory.<br />
<br />
PSoC most closely resembles a [[microcontroller]] combined with a PLD and programmable analog. Code is executed to interact with the user-specified peripheral functions (called "Components"), using automatically generated APIs and interrupt routines. ''PSoC Designer'' or ''PSoC Creator'' generate the startup configuration code. Both integrate APIs that initialize the user selected components upon the users needs in a [[Visual studio|Visual-Studio]]-like GUI.<br />
<br />
=== Configurable analog and digital blocks ===<br />
[[Image:Psoc blocks.PNG|right|thumb | 200px |PsoC Block Example]]<br />
<br />
Using configurable analog and digital blocks, designers can create and change mixed-signal embedded applications. The digital blocks are state machines that are configured using the blocks registers. There are two types of digital blocks, Digital Building Blocks (DBBxx) and Digital Communication Blocks (DCBxx). Only the communication blocks can contain serial I/O user modules, such as SPI, UART, etc.<br />
<br />
Each digital block is considered an 8-bit resources that designers can configure using pre-built digital functions or user modules (UM), or, by combining blocks, turn them into 16-, 24-, or 32-bit resources. Concatenating UMs together is how 16-bit PWMs and timers are created.<br />
<br />
There are two types of analog blocks. The continuous time (CT) blocks are composed of an op-amp circuit and designated as ACBxx where xx is 00-03. The other type is the switch cap (SC) blocks, which allow complex analog signal flows and are designated by ASCxy where x is the row and y is the column of the analog block. Designers can modify and personalize each module to any design.<br />
<br />
=== Programmable routing and interconnect ===<br />
PSoC mixed-signal arrays' flexible routing allows designers to route signals to and from I/O pins more freely than with many competing microcontrollers. Global buses allow for signal multiplexing and for performing logic operations. Cypress suggests that this allows designers to configure a design and make improvements more easily and faster and with fewer PCB redesigns than a digital logic gate approach or competing microcontrollers with more fixed function pins.<br />
<br />
== Series ==<br />
PSoC is a software configured, mixed-signal array with a built-in microcontroller core.<br />
<br />
There are four different families of devices, each based around a different microcontroller core:<br />
* PSoC 1 - CY8C2xxxx series&nbsp;— M8C core.<br />
* PSoC 3 - CY8C3xxxx series - [[Intel 8051|8051]] core.<br />
* PSoC 4 - CY8C4xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M0]] core.<ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/microcontrollers/custom-peripherals-surround-cortex-m0-platform Custom Peripherals Surround Cortex-M0 Platform; Electronic Design; April 16, 2013.]</ref><br />
* PSoC 5 - CY8C5xxxx series - [[ARM Cortex-M3]] core.<br />
<br />
;Bluetooth Low Energy<br />
Starting in 2014, Cypress began offering PSoC 4 BLE devices with integrated Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart). This can be used to create connected products leveraging the analog and digital blocks.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSoC® 4 BLE (Bluetooth Smart)|website=http://www.cypress.com/psoc4ble/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref> Users can add and configure the BLE module directly in PSoC creator. Cypress also provides a complete Bluetooth Low Energy stack licensed from [[Mindtree]] with both Peripheral and Central functionality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cypress offering BLE chipset, Here's what you need to know|website=http://www.argenox.com/blog/cypress-offers-ble-chipset/|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Summary ===<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 1<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 3<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 4<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 5<br />
|-<br />
| 8-bit M8C core<br> up to 24&nbsp;MHz, 4&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 8-bit 8051 core (single-cycle)<br> up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 33&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M0]]<br> up to 48&nbsp;MHz, ?&nbsp;MIPS<br />
| 32-bit [[ARM Cortex-M3]]<br> up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 84&nbsp;MIPS<br />
|-<br />
| Flash: 4&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 256&nbsp;bytes to 2&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 3&nbsp;KB to 8&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 16&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 2&nbsp;KB to 4&nbsp;KB<br />
| Flash: 32&nbsp;KB to 256&nbsp;KB<br> SRAM: 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br />
|-<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART,<br> FS USB 2.0<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S, CAN<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART<br> .<br />
| I²C, SPI, UART, LIN,<br> FS USB 2.0, I²S<br />
|-<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (6 to 14-bit)<br />
131&nbsp;ksps @ 8-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (6 to 8-bit)<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|1 SAR ADC (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (7 to 8-bit)<br />
<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @12-bit;<br />
<br />
2 SAR ADCs (12-bit)<br />
<br />
1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit;<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
|-<br />
| Up to 64 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
| Up to 36 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
|-<br />
| Operation: 1.7&nbsp;V to 5.25&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 3&nbsp;μA<br> Hibernate: ?<br />
| Operation: 0.5&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 200&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 1.71&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 1.6&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 1.3&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 150&nbsp;nA<br />
| Operation: 2.7&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br> Active: 2&nbsp;mA,<br> Sleep: 2&nbsp;μA,<br> Hibernate: 300&nbsp;nA<br />
|-<br />
| Requires ICE Cube and FlexPods<br />
| <br />
| On-chip SWD, Debug<br />
| On-chip JTAG, SWD, SWV,<br> Debug, Trace<br />
|-<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-030 Development Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-040 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-042 Pioneer Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-049 Prototype Kit<br />
| CY8CKIT-001 Development Kit<br/> CY8CKIT-050 Development Kit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Designer ===<br />
This is the first generation software IDE to design and debug and program the PSoC 1 devices. It introduced unique features including a library of pre-characterized analog and digital peripherals in a drag-and-drop design environment which could then be customized to specific design needs by leveraging the dynamically generated API libraries of code.<br />
<br />
=== PSoC Creator ===<br />
PSoC Creator is the second generation software IDE to design debug and program the PSoC 3 / 4 / 5 devices. The development IDE is combined with an easy to use graphical design editor to form a powerful hardware/software co-design environment. PSoC Creator consists of two basic building blocks. The program that allows the user to select, configure and connect existing circuits on the chip and the components which are the equivalent of peripherals on MCUs. What makes PSoC intriguing is the possibility to create own application specific peripherals in hardware. Cypress publishes component packs several times a year. PSoC users get new peripherals for their existing hardware without being charged or having to buy new hardware. PSoC Creator also allows much freedom in assignment of peripherals to I/O pins.<br />
<br />
=== Cortex-M ===<br />
{{Main|List of ARM Cortex-M development tools}}<br />
Generic ARM development tools for PSoC 4 and PSoC 5.<br />
<br />
== Documentation ==<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5<br />
The amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting, especially for newcomers. The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document, but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown. The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer ([[Cypress Semiconductor]]) and documents from CPU core vendor ([[ARM Holdings]]).<br />
<br />
A typical top-down documentation tree is: manufacturer website, manufacturer marketing slides, manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip, manufacturer detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family, ARM core generic user guide, ARM core technical reference manual, ARM architecture reference manual that describes the instruction set(s).<br />
<br />
;PSoC 4 / 5 documentation tree (top to bottom):<br />
# PSoC website.<br />
# PSoC marketing slides.<br />
# PSoC datasheet.<br />
# PSoC reference manuals.<br />
# ARM core website.<br />
# ARM core generic user guide.<br />
# ARM core technical reference manual.<br />
# ARM architecture reference manual.<br />
<br />
Cypress Semiconductor has additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See [[#External links|External Links]] section for links to official PSoC and ARM documents.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Computer science|Electronics}}<br />
* [[ARM architecture]], [[List of ARM microprocessor cores]], [[ARM Cortex-M]]<br />
* [[Microcontroller]], [[List of common microcontrollers]]<br />
* [[Embedded system]], [[Single-board microcontroller]]<br />
* [[Interrupt]], [[Interrupt handler]], [[Comparison of real-time operating systems]]<br />
* [[Joint Test Action Group|JTAG]], [[Joint Test Action Group#Serial Wire Debug|SWD]]<br />
* [[Field-programmable analog array]], [[Reconfigurable computing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{See also|ARM Cortex-M#Further reading|l1=List of books about ARM Cortex-M}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Cypress PSoC}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Embedded Systems/Cypress PSoC Microcontroller}}<br />
<br />
;PSoC Official Documents<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.cypress.com/psoc|PSoC official website}}<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?id=2522 PSoC Designer software] for PSoC 1 family<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/psoccreator/ PSoC Creator software] for PSoC 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
** [http://www.cypress.com/?rID=38050 PSoC Programmer software] for PSoC 1 / 3 / 4 / 5LP families<br />
<br />
;ARM Official Documents for PSoC 4 / 5<br />
{{Main|ARM Cortex-M#External links|l1=ARM Cortex-M external links}}<br />
<br />
;Other<br />
* [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/projects/getting-started-with-psoc/ PSoC Introduction] on AllAboutCircuits<br />
* [http://www.psocdeveloper.com PSoC Developer]<br />
* [http://www.psoc-chile.es.tl Psoc-chile] El primer web site en Español sobre Microcontroladore Psoc<br />
<br />
{{Embedded ARM-based chips}}<br />
{{Microcontrollers}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psoc}}<br />
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]<br />
[[Category:System on a chip]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmelnytskyi_Nuclear_Power_Plant&diff=598366196Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant2014-03-06T06:58:25Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox power station <br />
| name = Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant<br />
| official_name = <br />
| image = Khnpp 2013 - 2.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Khelminitskiy Nuclear Power Plant<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| location_map = Ukraine<br />
| location_map_width = <br />
| location_map_text = <br />
| lat_d = 50<br />
| lat_m = 18<br />
| lat_s = 5.06<br />
| lat_NS = N<br />
| long_d = 26<br />
| long_m = 38<br />
| long_s = 59.10<br />
| long_EW = E<br />
| coordinates_type = region:UA_type:landmark<br />
| coordinates_display= inline,title<br />
| coordinates_ref = <br />
| country = [[Ukraine]]<br />
| locale = [[Netishyn]]<br />
| status = O<br />
| construction_began = 1981<br />
| commissioned = 1987<br />
| licence_expires = <br />
| decommissioned = <br />
| cost = <br />
| owner = [[Energoatom]]<br />
| operator = <br />
| developer = <br />
| constructor = <br />
| reactors_operate_mw= 2000<br />
| reactors_const_mw = 2000<br />
| reactors_planned_mw= <br />
| reactors_decom_mw = <br />
| reactors_cancel_mw = <br />
| reactor_type = PWR<br />
| reactor_supplier = [[Atomstroyexport]]<br />
| turbine_manu_npp = [[LMZ]]<br/>[[Electrosila]]<br />
| installed_capacity = 2,000<br />
| max_planned_cap = 4,000<br />
| capacity_factor = <br />
| average_annual_gen = <br />
| net_generation = <br />
| website = [http://www.xaec.org.ua/store/pages/eng/khnpp www.xaec.org.ua]<br />
| as_of = 13 February 2011<br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant''' is a nuclear power plant in [[Netishyn]], [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]], [[Ukraine]]. The plant is operated by [[Energoatom]]. Two [[VVER]]-1000 reactors are operational, each generating 1000 [[Megawatt|MW]] (net) of electricity. Construction of the first reactor started in 1981 and the first unit was put in operation in late 1987. Construction of the second reactor started in 1983 with plans to finish it in 1991. In 1990, however, construction was stopped as part of a moratorium on new plant construction. Construction was completed only in August 2004 after the moratorium was lifted.<ref name=industcards><br />
{{cite news<br />
| url= http://www.industcards.com/nuclear-lt-ua.htm<br />
| title = Nuclear Power Plants in Lithuania & Ukraine<br />
| work = industcards.com<br />
| accessdate=2011-02-13}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Two reactors are currently under construction. Construction of the third reactor started in September 1985 and the fourth reactor in June 1986. Construction was stopped in 1990 when they were 75% and 28% complete, respectively. An intergovernmental agreement on the resumption of construction was signed between Ukraine and Russia in June 2010.<ref name=wnn030211><br />
{{cite news<br />
| url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Khmelnitsky_feasibility_study_progresses-0302115.html<br />
| title= Khmelnitsky feasibility study progresses<br />
| date= 2011-02-03<br />
| work= World Nuclear News <br />
| accessdate= 2011-02-13}}<br />
</ref> On 10 February 2011, Energoatom and [[Atomstroyexport]] signed a contract agreement for the completion of reactors 3 and 4. They should be commissioned in 2018 and 2020, respectively..<ref name=wnn100211><br />
{{cite news<br />
| url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Contract_agreement_for_Khmelnitsky_3_and_4-1002115.html<br />
| title= Contract agreement for Khmelnitsky 3 and 4<br />
| date= 2011-02-10<br />
| work= World Nuclear News <br />
| accessdate= 2011-02-13}}<br />
</ref> Feasibility study of reactors 3 and 4 was conducted by Kiev Institute Energoproekt.<br />
<br />
Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant is the start of the [[750kV-powerline Widelka-Khmelnytskyi]], one of three 750&nbsp;kV lines running from Ukraine to the European Union.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nuclear power stations in Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear power stations using VVER reactors]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Yanukovych&diff=596766445Viktor Yanukovych2014-02-23T12:44:15Z<p>RLuts: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-vandalism|expiry=26 February 2014|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}<br />
{{Eastern Slavic name|Fedorovych|Yanukovych}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{original research|date=February 2014}}<br />
{{globalize|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{update|date=January 2014}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|name = Viktor Yanukovych<br>{{small|Віктор Янукович}}<br />
|image = Agência Brasil 2011 Viktor Yanukovich.jpg<br />
|office = [[List of Presidents of Ukraine|4th]] [[President of Ukraine]]<br />
|primeminister = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]<br>[[Oleksandr Turchynov]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br>[[Mykola Azarov]]<br>[[Serhiy Arbuzov]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />
|term_start = 25 February 2010<br />
|term_end = 22 February 2014<ref name=autogenerated4>[http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/22/live-updates-protesters-take-over-kyiv-parliament-releases-tymoschenko/ Ukraine as it happened: Yanukovych ousted, Tymoshenko freed | euronews<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
|predecessor = [[Viktor Yushchenko]]<br />
|successor = [[Oleksandr Turchynov]] {{small|(Acting)}}<ref>[Kyiv Post http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-feb-21-live-updates-337287.html Parliament votes 328-0 to impeach Yanukovych on Feb. 22; sets May 25 for new election; Tymoshenko free (LIVE UPDATES, VIDEO)]</ref><br />
|office1 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Ukraine|9th and 12th]] [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]<br />
|president1 = [[Viktor Yushchenko]]<br />
|deputy1 = [[Mykola Azarov]]<br />
|term_start1 = 4 August 2006<br />
|term_end1 = 18 December 2007<br />
|predecessor1 = [[Yuriy Yekhanurov]]<br />
|successor1 = [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]<br />
|president2 = [[Leonid Kuchma]]<br />
|deputy2 = [[Mykola Azarov]]<br />
|term_start2 = 28 December 2004<br />
|term_end2 = 5 January 2005<br />
|predecessor2 = [[Mykola Azarov]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />
|successor2 = [[Mykola Azarov]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />
|president3 = [[Leonid Kuchma]]<br />
|deputy3 = [[Mykola Azarov]]<br />
|term_start3 = 21 November 2002<br />
|term_end3 = 7 December 2004<br />
|predecessor3 = [[Anatoliy Kinakh]]<br />
|successor3 = [[Mykola Azarov]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />
|office4=[[People's Deputy of Ukraine]]<br />
|term_start4=25 May 2006<br />
|term_end4=12 September 2006<br />
|term_start5=23 November 2007<br />
|term_end5=19 February 2010<br />
|office6 = 4th [[Chief of Local State Administration (Ukraine)|Governor of Donetsk]]<br />
|term_start6 = 14 May 1997<br />
|term_end6 = 21 November 2002<br />
|predecessor6 = [[Volodymyr Sherban]]<br />
|successor6 = [[Anatoliy Blyzniuk]]<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|7|9|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Yenakiieve]], [[Soviet Union]]<br>{{small|(now [[Ukraine]])}}<br />
|death_place = <br />
|death_place = <br />
|party = [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist Party]]<br>{{small|(Before 1991)}}<br>[[Party of Regions]] {{small|(2003–2010)}}<br>[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] {{small|(2010–present)}}<br />
|spouse = Lyudmilla Oleksandrivna<br />
|children = [[Oleksandr Yanukovych|Oleksandr]]<br>[[Viktor Viktorovych Yanukovych|Viktor]]<br />
|residence = [[Mezhyhirya (residence)|Mezhyhirya]]<br />
|alma_mater = [[Donetsk National Technical University]]<br>[[Kiev National University of Trade and Economics]]<br />
|religion = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodoxy]]<br />
|signature = Viktor Yanukovych signature.svg<br />
|website = [http://www.president.gov.ua/ Government website]<br />
}}<br />
'''Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych''' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Ві́ктор Фе́дорович Януко́вич, {{Audio|Janukowytsch.ogg|listen}}; {{lang-ru|link=no|Виктор Фёдорович Янукович}}; born 9 July 1950) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] politician who was [[President of Ukraine]] from 2010 to 2014. He took office in February 2010 after beating [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] in a [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|second round of voting]]. Four years later, on 22 February 2014, he was impeached by a vote of 328 out of 340 in the [[Verkhovna Rada]], Ukraine's parliament.<ref>[http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/radan_gs09/ns_golos?g_id=3863 Постанова про усунення і результати голосування по ній на сайті верховної ради України] {{ref-uk}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/22/7015777/ Рада усунула Януковича - на сайті Української правди] {{ref-uk}}</ref><br />
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His first attempt to become president in 2004 failed when the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Ukrainian Supreme Court]] nullified and ordered a re-run of the initial second-round ballot electing Yanukovych, which was fraught with allegations of fraud and voter intimidation amid widespread citizen protests and occupation of Kiev's Independence Square in what became known as the [[Orange Revolution]]. (See also [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004]].) Yanukovych lost the court-ordered second 2004 presidential run-off election to [[Viktor Yushchenko]]. However, Yanukovych continued to lead his party, the [[Party of Regions]]. <br />
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Yanukovych served as the Governor of [[Donetsk Oblast]] from 1997 to 2002. Subsequently he was [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] from 21 November 2002 to 31 December 2004 under President [[Leonid Kuchma]]. After the failed 2004 presidential election, Yanukovych served as Prime Minister for a second time from 4 August 2006 to 18 December 2007 under President Yushchenko. On 3 March 2010, Yanukovych transferred the leadership of the party to [[Mykola Azarov]].<ref>[http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-365756.html Янукович припинив членство у Партії регіонів : Новини УНIАН]. Unian.net.</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60929/ Kyiv Post. Independence. Community. Trust – Politics – Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership to Azarov]. Kyivpost.com.</ref><br />
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November 2013 saw the beginning of a series of events that led to President Yanukovych's fight for survival.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraine-yanukovych-finished-9775?page=2| title=Ukraine: Is Yanukovych Finished?|author=Rajan Menon |work= | page=3 | date=28 January 2014| publisher=The National Interest |accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref> What started as peaceful popular protests and the occupation of [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Kiev's Independence Square]] by young pro-[[European Union]] Ukrainians over Yanukovych's rejecting the pending [[Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement | EU association agreement]] in favor of a Russian loan bailout and closer ties with Russia and dubbed [[Euromaidan]], in January 2014 morphed into deadly clashes across Ukraine pitting ordinary Ukrainians against each other and against Yanukovych's<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40108 Berkut Riot Police Used to Falsify Ukrainian Parliamentary Elections], [[The Jamestown Foundation]] (14 November 2012)</ref> special police units. <br />
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Talks with Yanukovych had failed. Ukraine was on the brink of [[civil war]], as violent clashes led to the death of 28 protesters, 7 policemen and a civilian bystander along with 335 injured people on 18th February. Seventy more were killed and about 2,000 injured on 20 February in further bloody clashes in the capital [[Kiev]]. On 22 February 2014<ref name=autogenerated5>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26304842 BBC News - Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> MPs found the president unable to fulfill his duties and exercised constitutional powers to set an election for May 25 to select his replacement.<br />
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==Early life and career==<br />
Viktor F. Yanukovych was born in the village of Zhukovka near [[Yenakiieve]] in [[Donetsk Oblast]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]. He had a very hard childhood about which he has said: "My childhood was difficult and hungry. I grew up without my mother who died when I was two. I went around bare-footed on the streets. I had to fight for myself every day."<ref name=Tele>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6973451/Ukraines-Orange-villain-seeks-last-laugh.html "Ukraine's 'Orange villain' seeks last laugh"], ''U.K. Telegraph'' online (12 January 2010)</ref> Yanukovych is not [[Ukrainians|ethnically Ukrainian]], but rather of [[Russians|Russian]], [[Poles|Polish]],<ref>[http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,9037863,Janukowycz_zmienia_konstytucje_Ukrainy__przedluza.html Wojciechowski, M. ''Janukowycz zmienia konstytucję Ukrainy, przedłuża sobie kadencję i podkreśla polskie korzenie''.] "Gazeta Wyborcza". Kiev, 02/2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://polskinetwork.org/strona,duma,43,znani-polacy-wspolczesnie.html |title=Polski Network. '&#39;Znani Polacy współcześnie'&#39; |publisher=Polskinetwork.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref> and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] descent. Yanukovych is a surname of Belarusian origin;<ref name="birila">{{be icon}} Бiрыла, М. В. (1966). ''Беларуская антрапанiмiя. Уласныя iмёны, iмёны-мянушкi, iмёны па бацьку, прозвiшчы.'' Мiнск: Навука i тэхнiка. с. 85–86.</ref> ''Yanuk''<ref>Unbegaun, B. O. (1972). ''Russian Surnames.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press. 529 p.</ref><ref>{{be icon}} Усціновіч, Г. К. (1975). ''Антрапанімія Гродзеншчыны і Брэстчыны (ХІV—ХVІІІ стст.).'' Мiнск: Навука і тэхніка. с. 89–106.</ref> being a derivative of the Catholic name ''Yan'' (“John”).<ref name="birila"/><ref>{{be icon}} [[Vaclaw Lastowski|Ластоўскі, В.]] (1924). ''Падручны Расійска-Крыўскі (Беларускі) слоўнік.'' Коўна. c. 761–767.</ref><ref>{{be icon}} Шур, В. В. (2010). ''Уласнае імя ў мастацкім тэксце.'' с. 93.</ref> His mother was a [[Russians|Russian]] nurse who died when Yanukovych was two years old, and his father was a Polish-Belarusian [[locomotive]] driver, originally from Yanuki, [[Vitsebsk Voblast]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Politicians' roots: Ataman from Khoruzhivka and Kuzhel-Dolgorukaya|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14050686.html|publisher=[[Segodnya]]|date=1 May 2009|accessdate=2009-06-14|language=Russian}}</ref><ref name=kppolish>{{cite web|last=Interfax-Ukraine|title=Yanukovych announces Polish roots ahead of Warsaw trip on Feb. 3 |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/96150/20/page/1/#comment-104899|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> By the time he was a teenager, Yanukovych had lost both his parents and was brought up by his Polish paternal grandmother, originally from [[Warsaw]]. His grandfather and great-grandparents were [[Poles in Lithuania|Lithuanian-Poles]]. Yanukovych has [[half-sister]]s from his father's remarriage, but has no contact with them.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/4b1aaef844071/ "Прємьєр-міністр" Янукович, или неофициальная биография для тех, кто подзабыл], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (4 August 2006)</ref><br />
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In 1972, Yanukovych took a job as an electrician in a local bus company and later enrolled and completed a [[technicum]] course.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} In July 1974, he succeeded in enrolling into the [[Donetsk National Technical University|Donetsk Polytechnic Institute]] with his first application. In 1976, as a second-year student, he was promoted to director of a small trucking division within the ''Ordzhonikidzeugol'' coal mining company.<ref name=pravdapublicimage>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/05/13/2999853/ Public image of Yanukovych]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref> In 1980, he graduated (by correspondence) from the institute, with a major in [[mechanical engineering]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Immediately upon graduation, Yanukovych was appointed chief manager of a transportation company in Yenakiieve and admitted to the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14159876/full.htm |title=Yanokovich, Viktor |accessdate=2009-06-13 |work=Lentapedia |publisher=[[Lenta.ru]] |language=Russian}}</ref> His appointment as the chief manager marked the start of his managerial career as a regional transport executive, a position in which he served for two decades.<ref name=Tele/> Amongst the companies he has worked for have been: ''Donbasstransremont'', ''Ukrugolpromtrans'', and the complex ''Donetskavtotrans''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
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===Criminal convictions===<br />
On 15 December 1967, at the age of 17, Yanukovych was sentenced to three years incarceration for participating in a robbery<!--(Article 141, part 2 [[Criminal Code]] of [[Ukrainian SSR]]) --> and assault.<!-- (Article 102 [[Criminal Code]] of [[Ukrainian SSR]])--><ref name="Gorina">{{cite news|first=Ivanna|last=Gorina|title=Criminal record of Yanukovych not purged|url=http://www.rg.ru/2005/07/13/yanukovich.html|work=Rossiyskaya Gazeta|date=13 July 2005|language=Russian}}</ref> The sentence was later reduced to 18 months as part of the amnesty announced in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. The court did not show Yanukovych clemency, a practice common for young, first-time offenders. At the court trial Yanukovych pled guilty and did not appeal his sentence even though he had the chance to do so at the expense of the state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
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On 8 June 1970, he was convicted for a second time on charges of assault and was sentenced to two years of imprisonment. The verdict was not appealed. Decades later, Yanukovych characterized his arrests and incarceration as "mistakes of youth".<ref name="polit.ru">{{cite news|title=Yanukovych's criminal record re-instated|url=http://www.polit.ru/event/2005/07/12/sudimost.html|publisher=Polit.ru|date=12 July 2005|language=Russian}}</ref><br />
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On 11 July 2005, the office of the Donetsk Oblast Prosecutor charged Yanukovych with fraud<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/4b1a9b83803ef/ Expert report with official documents]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref> stemming from alleged irregularities in the way his convictions were expunged twenty years earlier.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/4b1a9b9a1415d/ Ukrainian Pravda], 4 August 2006 {{uk icon}}.</ref> In 2006, the [[General Prosecutor of Ukraine]] closed the case due to lack of evidence.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2006/07/20/3132750/ Ukrainian Pravda], 20 July 2006. Pravda.com.ua.</ref> In 2006, a criminal charge was filed for the falsification of documents regarding the alleged quashing of Yanukovych's prior convictions after it was discovered that two documents had been forged. The signature of the judge in Yanukovych's case had also been forged as <!--(Article 142 UK UkrSSR) --> [[Battery (crime)|a charge of battery]]<!-- (Article 102 UK UkrSSR)-->.<ref name="Gorina"/><ref name="polit.ru"/> <br />
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On 29 January 2010, the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine]] [[Oleksandr Medvedko]] claimed that Yanukovych was unlawfully jailed in his youth, which astonished the (then) [[Minister of Internal Affairs]] [[Yuriy Lutsenko]].<ref>{{en icon}}[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/02/02/214969 "Lutsenko cannot believe what Medvedko did"]</ref><ref>[http://blog.kievukraine.info/2010/02/from-prison-to-president.html Outside perspective of the Ukrainian leader] {{en icon}}</ref><br />
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==Political career: 1996–2010==<br />
Yanukovych's political career began when he was appointed as a Vice-Head of Donetsk Oblast Administration in August 1996. On 14 May 1997 he was appointed as the Head of the Administration (i.e. Governor).<ref name=BBCprofile>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4038803.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4038803.stm Profile: Viktor Yanukovych], [[BBC News]] (regularly updated)</ref> Between May 1999 and May 2001 he was also the Head of Donetsk Oblast Council.<br />
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===Academic career===<br />
In 1980, at the age of 30, Yanukovych completed tertiary studies in mechanical engineering as a correspondence student at the Donetsk Politechnical Institute. In 2001, at the age of 51, he received his Masters in [[International Law]] from the [[Ukrainian Academy of Foreign Trade]]. The President's site also states that he is an Academic of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Economic Sciences, and a Professor.<ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/content/president_biography.html The Presidents official site]. President.gov.ua (13 January 2012).</ref> In 1999, while in the position of vice head of the Donetsk Oblast Administration, not yet having completed his masters degree, received the honorary title of docent (lecturer) of the (nonexistent) Faculty of Automobile Transport at the [[Donetsk State Academy of Administration]]; a tertiary education establishment that specialised in Economics and Management.<ref name="The Path of the Professor">[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2010/06/11/5123787/ The Path of the Professor]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref> Students of the academy testify that such a faculty did not exist, nor do they remember Yanukovych reading any lectures.<ref name="The Path of the Professor"/><br />
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In 2000, it is reported that Yanukovych received the academic credential of [[Habilitation|Doctor Habilitatus]] of Science. In order to receive this academic credential, apart from his dissertation, Yanukovych needed to publish at least ten papers, to prepare five students for their doctoral defense and to be actively involved in academic work. No evidence that he fulfilled these requirements can be found.<ref name="The Path of the Professor"/><br />
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From December 2000 to February 2004, while in the position of Ukrainian Premier, it is stated that Yanukovych headed the faculty of Innovative management at the Donetsk State University of management.<ref>[http://www.ua.spinform.ru/president.html Президент Украины]. Ua.spinform.ru.</ref><br />
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In 2001, while in the position of Governor General of the Donetsk Oblast it is reported that Yanukovych graduated from the Ukrainian Academy of Foreign Trade as a Master of International Law. However, very few of the then-enrolled students remember him in classes, taking exams, or attending graduation.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/09/23/3002644/ When did Yanukovych take the tests?]. Pravda.com.ua (30 October 2009).</ref><br />
Yanukovych was further granted{{By whom|date=March 2012}} the titles of Professor in Economics.<ref>http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/cvyanukovy/cvyanukovych.pdf</ref><br />
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The [[Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine|Vernadsky National Library]] of Ukraine's electronic catalog has a list of 23 publications, text books, and monographs with Yanukovych listed as author. However, on further investigation{{By whom|date=March 2012}} the library does not have any copies of the above-mentioned works. The Academy where they were prepared and apparently printed also has no record of the said publications.<ref name="The Path of the Professor"/><br />
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In order to receive the academic title of professor, one needs to lecture for at least 10 years and to publish a number scientific articles in internationally accredited peer publications.<ref name="The Path of the Professor"/> It remains unknown{{Weasel-inline|date=March 2012}} how he could have allegedly fulfilled these duties in addition to serving as governor.<ref name="rtkorr.com">[http://www.rtkorr.com/news/2009/11/16/69373.new The unique biography of President Yanukovych]{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref><br />
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Yanukovych is also a "professor" of the [[International Academy of Sciences, Education, Industry and Arts]], registered to a P.O. Box in Mountain View, California.<ref>[http://www.akademy.com/Education/prof_grad.html International Academy]. Akademy.com.</ref><br />
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Apart from his academic credentials, Yanukovych has the military rank of major, however, there is no record of him serving in the military.<ref name="rtkorr.com"/><br />
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===Prime Minister (2002–2004)===<br />
President [[Leonid Kuchma]] appointed Yanukovych to the post of Prime Minister following [[Anatoliy Kinakh]]'s resignation.<ref>[http://books.google.nl/books?id=B3bwDpegCCYC&pg=PA549&lpg=PA549&dq=Litvin+Gongadze&source=bl&ots=Eht135E3Fh&sig=SfmvXw3idF2EqNAx5hiGlqga8tk&hl=nl&ei=9vs1SuyOOoXJ-AbBn-SgDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#PPA551,M1 The countries of the former Soviet Union at the turn of the twenty-first century: the Baltic and European states in transition (page 556)] by Ian Jeffries, ISBN 0-415-25230-X, 9780415252300 (published in 2004)</ref> Yanukovych began his term as Prime Minister on 21 November 2002 following a 234-vote confirmation in the Verkhovna Rada, only 8 more than needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.from-ua.com/politics/42a9194b28012|title=Political career of Viktor Y.|accessdate=2009-06-13|work=from-ua.com|language=Russian}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=C8C3xuqd6aMC&pg=PA152&dq=Kinakh+Government&hl=nl&ei=7-xVTbvfMs2cOuixyb8F&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kinakh&f=false How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy] by [[Anders Åslund]], [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]], 2009, ISBN 978-0-88132-427-3 (page 153)</ref> Under Yanukovych, the government began to pay more attention to reforming the [[coal industry]].<br />
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In foreign affairs, Yanukovych's cabinet was considered to be politically close to [[Russia]], although declaring support for Ukrainian membership in the [[European Union]]. Although Yanukovych's parliamentary coalition was not supporting Ukrainian membership in the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), his cabinet agreed the commission of Ukrainian troops to the [[Iraq War]] in support of the United States' [[War on Terrorism]].<br />
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===2004 presidential campaign===<br />
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[[File:Ukraine Presidential Oct 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|225px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (First round) – percentage of total national vote]]<br />
[[File:Ukraine Presidential Nov 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|225px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (Second round) – percentage of total national vote]]<br />
[[File:Ukraine Presidential Dec 2004 Vote (Yanukovych).png|225px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (Final round) – percentage of total national vote]]<br />
{{Further2|[[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004]], [[Orange Revolution]]}}<br />
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In 2004, as the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]], Yanukovych participated in the controversial [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|Ukrainian presidential election]] as the [[Party of Regions]] candidate. Yanukovych's main base of support emerged from the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, which favor close ties with neighbouring Russia. In the first round of voting held on 31 October 2004, Yanukovych took second place with 39.3 percent of the votes to [[Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc|opposition leader]] [[Viktor Yuschenko]] with 39.8 percent. Because no candidate passed the 50 percent threshold, a second round of voting was scheduled.<br />
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The third place candidate, with 5.82% of the vote, was the Socialist Party's [[Oleksandr Moroz]], a leader of the anti-Kuchma movement and opponent of the Ukraine's NATO-membership attempts. In fourth place was the Communist Party's [[Petro Simonenko]], with 4.97%. In fifth place was the Progressive Socialists' [[Natalia Vitrenko]] with 1.53%. Vitrenko endorsed Yanukovych and Moroz endorsed Yushchenko for the second round of elections; Simonenko did not endorse any of the candidates, however, and so Yushchenko became the favourite to win. In the second round of the election, Yanukovych was initially declared the winner. However, the legitimacy of the election was questioned by many Ukrainians, international organizations, and foreign governments following allegations of [[electoral fraud]]. The second round of the election was subsequently annulled by the [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]], and in the repeated run-off, Yanukovych lost to Yushchenko with 44.2 percent to Yushchenko's 51.9 percent.<ref>Paton Walsh, Nick. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/dec/29/ukraine.nickpatonwalsh "Pressure Mounts on Yanukovych to yield."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 29 December 2004.</ref><br />
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After the election, the Ukrainian parliament passed a non-binding [[motion of no confidence]] to his government, urging outgoing President [[Leonid Kuchma]] to dismiss Yanukovych and appoint a caretaker government. Five days after his electoral defeat, Yanukovych declared his resignation from the post of Prime Minister. In November 2009 Yanukovych stated that he conceded defeat only to avoid violence. "I didn't want mothers to lose their children and wives their husbands. I didn't want dead bodies from [[Kiev]] to flow down the [[Dnipro]]. I didn't want to assume power through bloodshed."<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/26340/ Yanukovych says presidential election scenario of 2004 won't be repeated in 2010], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 November 2009)</ref><br />
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===After the Orange Revolution===<br />
Following his electoral defeat in 2004, Yanukovych led the main opposition party against the Tymoshenko government made up of Yushchenko's Our Ukraine, the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]], and [[Oleksandr Moroz]]'s Socialist Party. This government was marred by growing conflict between Yushchenko and Tymoshenko. Yanukovych's Party of Regions support allowed for the establishment of [[Yuriy Yekhanurov]]'s government in late 2005. {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}<br />
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In October 2004, [[Ukrainian deputy]] Hryhory Omelchenko accused Yanukovych of having been a member of "a group of individuals who brutally beat and raped a woman, but bought off the victim and the criminal case was closed".<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=315486&lang=ru Мог ли Янукович сесть в третий раз], Газета.ua (12 November 2009)</ref> The press-service of the [[Ukrainian Cabinet]] asserted that Yanukovych suffered for the attempt to defend a girl from hooligans.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
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===2006 and 2007 parliamentary elections (second turn as Prime Minister)===<br />
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Viktor Yanukovych in 2006.jpg|225px|right|thumb|[[Russia]]n [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] meets [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] Yanukovych during a visit to [[Kiev]] (22 December 2006).]]<br />
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In January 2006, the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine]] started an official investigation of the allegedly false acquittal of the criminal convictions which Yanukovych received in his youth. [[Yuriy Lutsenko]], the head of the ministry, announced that [[forensic]] tests proved the forgery of the respective documents (issued in instead of 1978) and initially claimed that lack of the formal acquittal precluded Yanukovych from running for the seat in the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2006|2006 parliamentary election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korrespondent.net/display_print.php?arid=|title=Lutsenko accepts the fact of falsification with the clearing of charges on Yanukovych |work=[[Korrespondent]]|language=Russian}}</ref> However, the latter statement was corrected within days by Lutsenko himself who conceded that the outcome of the investigation into the legality of the Yanukovych's acquittal could not affect his eligibility to run for the parliament seat since the deprivation of his civil rights due to the past convictions would have expired anyway due to the [[statute of limitations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lenta.ru/news/2006/01/29/yanukovich/_Printed.htm|title=The head of MVD of Ukraine did not find a way to remove Yanukovych from the election ballot |publisher=[[Lenta.ru]]|language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korrespondent.net/main/|title=Yanukovych can go to the elections, even with falsifications |work=[[Korrespondent]]|language=Russian}}</ref> Viktor Yanukovych's Party of Regions won the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election. These elections determined the next government's makeup as, due to constitutional changes that came into force on 1 January 2006, the Prime Minister and his cabinet were now appointed by the parliament. {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} <br />
<br />
Having ruled out any post-election deals with the parties headed by either Yushchenko or former Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], Yanukovych was given an opportunity as squabbling between Yushchenko and Tymoshenko failed to produce a government for weeks, though deals restoring Tymoshenko to the premiership appeared at times to be completed. Yushchenko insisted that one of his allies become speaker of the Rada, even though [[Oleksandr Moroz]] coveted the post. Yanukovych offered Moroz the post of speaker, permitting Yanukovych to establish a new government with the Socialist Party and [[Petro Simonenko]]'s Communist Party. As the presidency maintained control of foreign affairs and defence despite the weakening of its powers under the amended constitution, Yanukovych had to assure that he would not interfere with the president's pro-Western international ambitions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Yushchenko commissioned Yanukovych to form a government in cooperation with his own [[Our Ukraine (political party)|Our Ukraine]] party on 3 August 2006 (several hours after the deadline for doing so expired). {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}<br />
<br />
In 2006 a criminal charge was made for the falsification of documents regarding the retraction of Yanukovych's prior conviction.{{Peacock term|date=February 2010}} According to [[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] two documents had been forged regarding Yanukovych's robbery in association with rape and assault and battery. The signature of the judge for these documents in Yanukovych's retraction was also forged.<!--(Article 142 UK UkrSSR) --><!-- (Article 102 UK UkrSSR)--><ref name="Gorina"/><ref name="polit.ru"/><br />
<br />
On 25 May 2007, Viktor Yanukovych was assigned the post of appointed chairman of the Government Chiefs Council of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.for-ua.com/news/2007/05/25/.html|title=Viktor Yanukovych was appointed chairman of the Government Chiefs Council of the CIS |work=for-ua}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|parliamentary elections]] on 30 September 2007, the Party of Regions won 175 out of 450 seats (34.37 percent of the votes) in the [[Verkhovna Rada]]. Despite increasing its overall percentage of support compared to the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2006|2006 election]] (when it was 32.14 percent), the party lost 130,000 votes and 11 parliamentary seats.<ref name=elec2007>[http://www2.pravda.com.ua/en/news/2007/10/9/9151.htm Yanukovych Loses 300,000 While Tymoshenko Receives Additional 1.5 Million], ''[[Ukrainska Pravda]](Ukrainian truth)''</ref> After the Our Ukraine and the [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]] formed a coalition government on 18 December 2007, the [[Party of Regions]] went into the opposition. {{Citation needed||date=January 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Presidental campaign==<br />
{{Main|Ukrainian presidential election, 2010}}<br />
[[File:Ukraine Presidential Jan 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|225px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (First round) – percentage of total national vote (35.33%)]]<br />
[[File:Ukraine Presidential Feb 2010 Vote (Yanukovych).png|225px|thumb|Viktor Yanukovych (Second round) – percentage of total national vote (48.95%)]]<br />
In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to run for President in the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|upcoming presidential election]].<ref name="unian.net">{{cite news|title=Yanukovych tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine – poll|url=http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-318868.html|publisher=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]]|date=2 June 2009|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> He was endorsed by the [[Party of Regions]].<ref name="Yanukovych_president">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/227204.html|title=Party Of Regions Nominates Yanukovych As Its Presidential Candidate|date=23 October 2009}}</ref> In December 2009 Yanukovych's candidacy was also endorsed by the [[Youth Party of Ukraine]].<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27070/ Ukraine's Youth Party to support Yanukovych at elections, party's congress decides], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (7 December 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
During the campaign Yanukovych declared he didn't see any opportunity for Yulia Tymoshenko to be [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]] if he is elected the president.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54472/ Tymoshenko to go into opposition if not elected president], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (5 December 2009)</ref> On 9 December 2009 opposition leader Yanukovych stated that he would consider holding new parliamentary elections in March if a majority coalition cannot be quickly formed after his election as president<ref name=Yanuknew>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54603/ "Opposition leader promises new parliamentary election in March, if elected"], ''Kyiv Post'' (9 December 2009)</ref> because incumbent Prime Minister [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] "has her own program, and I do not think that she would agree to implement somebody else's. And what is even more important, even if she agrees, I won't believe her; President [Viktor] Yuschenko believed her twice, and she deceived him, I don't and can't have any confidence in Tymoshenko".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54629/ Yanukovych won't nominate Tymoshenko for prime minister if elected president], ''Kyiv Post'' (9 December 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine|Minister of Internal Affairs]] [[Yuriy Lutsenko]] accused him of financial fraud during the campaign.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27252/ Lutsenko accuses Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 December 2009)</ref> Yanukovych's campaign was expected to have cost $100 to $150 million.<ref name=LOmoney/><br />
<br />
In November 2009, [[Italia]]n singer and composer [[Toto Cutugno]] accused the writers of the pro-Yanukovych song "Leader" written for the 2010 campaign of plagiarism of his song "Ti amo". Yanukovych distanced himself from the song, saying "I have heard nothing and I have ordered nothing".<ref>[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-348289.html Cutugno is upset because of pre-election hymn of Yanukovych], [[UNIAN]] (23 November 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 December 2009, Yanukovych stated that his [[Party of Regions]] possesses information that "government representatives are currently "motivating" the chairmen of election commissions and seeking options for victory in every possible way" and called for his supporters go to the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] in case of [[election fraud]].<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/27579/ Yanukovych vows to gather people on Maidan if election results are rigged], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (11 December 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
Early vote returns from the first round of the election held on 17 January showed Yanukovych in first place with 35.8% of the vote.<ref name="wsj.com">{{cite news|title=Ukrainian Presidential Election Set for Runoff|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704541004575010390901914042.html?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=18 January 2010|accessdate=2010-01-18 | first=James | last=Marson}}</ref> He faced a 7 February 2010 runoff against Tymoshenko, who finished second (with 24.7% of the vote). Analysts predicted a slight advantage for Tymoshenko in the second (and final) round as she was more likely to attract voters from the other 16 candidates who did not proceed to the second round.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/57292/ Analysts say exit poll results favor Tymoshenko win on Feb. 7], ''Kyiv Post'' (18 January 2010)</ref> Viktor Yanukovych refused to hold debates with his opponent before the second round of voting, saying Yulia Tymoshenko should either take responsibility for every word as prime minister, or go to the kitchen.<ref>[http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/], [[The Financial]] (1 February 2010)</ref> After all ballots were counted the Ukrainian Central Election Commission declared that Yanukovych won the election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko.<ref name=2010results>{{uk icon}}[http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vp2010/wp300pt001f01=701.html Regular elections of the President of Ukraine 17/01/2010], [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]]</ref> [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]] members immediately claimed that there was systematic and large-scale vote rigging in this run-off.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59198/ Turchynov: vote rigging in favor of Yanukovych was systematic, large-scale], ''Kyiv Post'' (10 February 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/6za4s343 Nataliya Korolevska: victory will be ours], Yulia Tymoshenko official website (8 February 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/37u69796 Andriy Shevchenko: whole gamut of fraud in Donbas], Yulia Tymoshenko official website (8 February 2009)</ref><ref name=BBCprotest>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8508276.stm Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit], [[BBC News]] (10 February 2009)</ref> <br />
<br />
On 10 February 2009, Yanukovych called on Tymoshenko to abandon her protests and resign as Prime Minister.<ref name=BBCprotest/> On 9 February 2010, Yanukovych had stated that [[Borys Kolesnykov]] was his preferred next [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]. According to him [[Next Ukrainian parliamentary election|pre-term parliamentary elections]] will be imminent if the [[Ukrainian parliament]] would not work effectively. Yanukovych also stated that, as the largest faction in the parliament at the time, his party was entitled to nominate the premier.<ref>[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/02/09/216009 "Yanukovych opts for Borys Kolesnykov to become premier"], Z I K (9 February 2010)</ref> On 15 February, Yanukovych stated "I do not rule out the candidature of [[Tigipko]] (as next Prime Minister). Tigipko is on the list which, in my opinion, will be discussed next week in [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament]]".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59550/ Yanukovych does not rule out Tigipko as prime minister], ''Kyiv Post'' (15 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 February 2010, [[Ukraine's parliament]] had fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.<ref name="kyivpost.com">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59629/ Update: Ukraine's Yanukovych to be sworn in on Feb. 25], ''Kyiv Post'' (16 February 2010)</ref> On 17 February 2010, "the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine", suspended the results of the election on Yulia Tymoshenko's appeal.<ref name=appeal1>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hYHMIGxCNY8KpokmVs53ufhC8qIQD9DTT0H00 Ukrainian election results suspended on appeal], [[Associated Press]] (17 February 2010)</ref><ref name=appeal2>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8519922.stm Ukrainian election result suspended after PM's appeal], [[BBC News]] (17 February 2010)</ref> <br />
On 20 February 2010, Tymoshenko withdrew her appeal after "the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine" rejected her petition to scrutinize documents:<ref>[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/vu8az6s6 Yulia Tymoshenko will not challenge election results in Supreme Court], Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)</ref><br /><br />
— about 300,000 voters who voted but were not in the "Register of Voters of Ukraine";<br /><br />
— about 1.3 million voters who "without right" voted in their homes;<br /><br />
— about falsification in the election in the eastern regions (Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv region, Crimea, etc.) — fixed by law-enforcement officials.<ref name=NYTPMD>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/world/europe/21ukraine.html Ukraine Prime Minister Drops Election Challenge], [[NY Times]] (20 February 2010)</ref><br /><br />
Tymoshenko stated : "I and my political party will never recognize Yanukovych as the legitimately elected president of Ukraine"; "an honest court will assess that Yanukovych was not elected President of Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged".<ref name=dishonest>[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/uv4w2uwz Yulia Tymoshenko: sooner or later an honest court will assess the fraudulent 2010 elections], Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
===Public opinion===<br />
<br />
Public [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010#Opinion polls|Opinion Polls]] predicted the Party of Regions and Viktor Yanukovych's win in the 2010 Presidential election, which he won in the second round ballot against [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] in February 2010. According to an article in ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' in November 2009, Yanukovych's popularity in the [[Donbass]] was fading and Donbass voters voted mainly for Yanukovych to keep Tymoshenko from power.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53727/ "Voting for Yanukovych, but unenthusiastically"], ''Kyiv Post'' (26 November 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
==Presidency==<br />
===Inauguration===<br />
[[Ukraine's parliament]] had (on 16 February) fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.<ref name="kyivpost.com"/> [[Ukrainian President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] signed a decree endorsing a plan of events related to Yanukovych's inauguration on 20 February 2010.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60048/ Yushchenko endorses plan of presidential inauguration events], ''Kyiv Post'' (20 February 2010)</ref> Yushchenko also congratulated and wished Yanukovych "to defend Ukrainian interests and democratic traditions" at the presidential post.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60047/ Yushchenko congratulates Yanukovych on being legally elected Ukrainian president], ''Kyiv Post'' (20 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 February 2010 [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] (BYuT) announced that they would not attend the inauguration.<ref>[http://www.tymoshenko.ua/en/article/cv422o5x BYuT will not attend inauguration ceremony], Official website of [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] (20 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
[[Patriarch Kirill]] of [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|Moscow and All Rus]] at Yanukovych's invitation conducted a public prayer service at [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]] before Yanukovych's presidential inauguration.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/60051/ Patriarch Kirill to conduct prayer service in Kyiv before Yanukovych's inauguration], ''Kyiv Post'' (February 2010)</ref> Patriarch Kirill also attended the inauguration<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/world/20100219/157947511.html Russian patriarch to attend Yanukovych's inauguration in Kiev], [[RIA Novosti]] (19 February 2010)</ref> along with [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] [[Catherine Ashton]], [[United States National Security Advisor]] [[James L. Jones|James Jones]] and [[Chairman of the State Duma|speaker of the Russian parliament]] [[Boris Gryzlov]].<ref name=Ashton/><ref>[http://uk.news.yahoo.com/18/20100225/tpl-new-ukraine-president-pledges-neutra-ee974b3.html New Ukraine president pledges neutrality], [[Agence France-Presse]] (24 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
Yanukovych's immediate predecessor, Yushchenko, did not attend the ceremony, nor did the Prime Minister, [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], and her party, [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60438/ Half-empty chamber greets Ukraine's new president], ''Kyiv Post'' (25 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
The event was attended by many foreign dignitaries.<ref>[http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=43364 Armenian News - PanARMENIAN.Net | Armenian News Agency – Inauguration of Viktor Yanukovich held in Kiev:], [[PanARMENIAN.Net]] (26 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
===2015 presidential election===<br />
{{Main|Ukrainian presidential election, 2015}}<br />
On 19 December 2013 Yanukovych stated that he had not made the decision yet to participate in the 2015 presidential election and would do so after "some dialogue with our society and see that I have some prospects and I can have the chance to continue my work".<ref name="Yanu15peIU191213">[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182928.html Yanukovych vows not to run in 2015 presidential elections if his rating is low], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 December 2013)</ref> He added "If, theoretically speaking, my rating is low and has no prospects, I won't hinder the country's development and movement ahead".<ref name="Yanu15peIU191213"/><br />
<br />
===First days===<br />
Yanukovych wanted to remove the [[second Tymoshenko Government]].<ref name=gonow/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8514517.stm Ukraine: Tymoshenko vows to contest election result], [[BBC News]] (15 February 2010)</ref> On 21 February 2010 Yanukovych did offer three candidates for [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]: [[Sergiy Tigipko]], Our Ukraine faction member [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] and [[Party of Regions]] lawmaker [[Mykola Azarov]].<ref name=gonow>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/60468/ Yanukovych has yet to secure ruling majority in parliament], ''Kyiv Post'' (25 February 2010)</ref> [[Second Tymoshenko Government#Yanukovych presidency and fall|The second Tymoshenko Government fell on 3 March 2010]] after the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (Ukrainian Parliament) had passed a motion of no confidence in the Government.<ref name=endSTG>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/60896/ Ukraine parliament votes out Tymoshenko's government], ''Kyiv Post'' (3 March 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 March 2010 Yanukovych suspended his membership in the [[Party of Regions]]. Yanukovych was barred by the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Constitution]] from heading a political party,<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20100423/158710254.html Ukraine's Party of Regions to choose new leader], [[RIA Novosti]] (23 April 2010)</ref> and handed over leadership in the party and its parliamentary faction to [[Mykola Azarov]].<ref name=Azarovleader>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/60929/ Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership to Azarov], ''Kyiv Post'' (3 March 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote="The new modernization strategy sets a number of basic priorities, first of all, the creation of a modern competitive state, the substantial characteristics of which are the supremacy of law and a developed legal culture, a balanced representative democracy, strong self-government, and disciplined and mobile state management.<br />
<br />
;Infrastructure<br />
The second priority is the humanization of development, which means increasing social investments in human capital and the formation of a modern life sustenance infrastructure.<br />
<br />
;On new alliances<br />
The organization of the modernization of the education and healthcare systems, an increase of social standards, the creation of a culture of the creative use of spare time and the development of national cultural industries are defined as the top priorities of the reforms."<br />
|source=Yanukovych annual address to [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament]] (April 2011)<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/101801/ Yanukovych address:New modernization strategy of Ukraine based on four priorities], ''Kyiv Post'' (April 7, 2011)</ref>}}<br />
Yanukovych has said, "Ukraine's integration with the EU remains our strategic aim", with a "balanced policy, which will protect our national interests both on our eastern border – I mean with [[Russia]] – and of course with the European Union".<ref name=roadmap/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8391317.stm Ukraine's political cat-fight leaves voters cold], [[BBC News]] (2 December 2009)</ref> According to Yanukovych, Ukraine must be a "[[Neutral state]]" which should be part of a "collective defence system which the European Union, [[NATO]] and Russia will take part in." Yanukovych wants Ukraine to "neither join [[NATO]] nor the [[CSTO]]".<ref name=neutral>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56539/ "Yanukovych: Ukraine will remain a neutral state"], ''Kyiv Post'' (7 January 2010)</ref> He stated on 7 January 2010 that Ukraine is ready to consider an initiative by [[Dmitry Medvedev]] on the creation of a new Europe collective security system<ref name=neutral/> stating "And we're ready to back Russia's and France's initiatives".<ref name=France/> Yanukovych stated during the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010 presidential election]]-campaign that the current level of [[Ukraine–NATO relations|Ukraine's cooperation with NATO]] is sufficient and that the question of the country's accession to the alliance is therefore not urgent.<ref name=France>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/29568/ Yanukovych describes current level of Ukraine's cooperation with NATO as sufficient], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (12 January 2010)</ref> "The Ukrainian people don't currently support Ukraine's entry to NATO and this corresponds to the status that we currently have. We don't want to join any military bloc".<ref name=France/> On 27 May 2010 [[Ukrainian President|President]] Yanukovych stated he considered Ukraine's relations with NATO as a partnership, "And Ukraine can't live without this [partnership], because Ukraine is a large country".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/67830/ Yanukovych: Ukraine currently not ready to join NATO], ''Kyiv Post'' (27 May 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
In early November 2011, Yankukovych claimed that "arms are being bought in the country and armed attacks on government agencies are being prepared."<ref name="paranoid president"/> These claims were met with disbelief.<ref name="paranoid president"/><br />
<br />
For 2012 he predicted "social standards will continue to grow" and "improvement of administrative services system will continue".<ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/22988.html President:Social standards will continue to grow in 2012], [[President.gov.ua]] (16 February 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/22984.html President:Improvement of administrative services system will continue], [[President.gov.ua]] (16 February 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/22981.html President:We need to bring perinatal care in Ukraine to European standards], [[President.gov.ua]] (16 February 2012)</ref> Yanukovich announced $2 billion worth of pension and other welfare increases on 7 March 2012.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123811/ Yanukovych outlines four areas of social reforms in Ukraine], ''Kyiv Post'' (7 March 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123866/ Ukraine government earmarks $2 billion in pre-election spending], ''Kyiv Post'' (7 March 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123821/ Azarov:Government to cope with tasks set by Yanukovych], ''Kyiv Post'' (7 March 2012)</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2012 Yanukovych set up the [[Constitutional Assembly of Ukraine]]; a special auxiliary agency under the President for drawing up bills of amendments to the [[Constitution of Ukraine]]; the President then can table them in parliament.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/klitschko-udar-wont-join-work-of-constitutional-assembly-317307.html Klitschko:UDAR won't join work of Constitutional Assembly], [[Kyiv Post]] (7 December 2012)</ref><br />
<br />
====Misc.====<br />
<br />
Yanukovych has been a speaker at congresses of the [[Russia]]n political party [[United Russia]].<ref name=URussia/><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/31075/print/ Yanukovych to participate in congress of United Russia party in Moscow], ''Kyiv Post'' (20 November 2008)</ref> Party of Regions signed a collaboration agreement in 2005 with United Russia.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53358/ Party of Regions hopes for strengthening collaboration with 'United Russia' party], ''Kyiv Post'' (22 November 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
During the campaign Yanukovych stated that if elected president in 2010 he would not oblige government representatives to hang his portraits or other symbols portraying him.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/57478/ If president, Yanukovych not planning to insist that his portraits hang at institutions], ''Kyiv Post'' (19 January 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
====Presidential powers of appointment====<br />
<br />
On 25 June 2010 President Yanukovych criticised 2004 amendments in the [[Ukrainian Constitution]] which weakened presidential powers such as control over naming government ministers, passing those functions to parliament.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/71031/ Yanukovych criticises limits on his power], ''Kyiv Post'' (25 June 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
During the 2011 [[World Economic Forum]] Yanukovych called Ukraine "one of the leaders on democratic development in Eastern Europe".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/95846/ Yanukovych: Ukraine a leading country in Eastern Europe], ''Kyiv Post'' (28 January 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
===Domestic policy===<br />
[[Azarov Government#Controversy and criticism|Amid controversy]] Ukrainian lawmakers formed a new coalition on 11 March 2010 which included [[Bloc Lytvyn]], [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] and [[Party of regions]] that led to the [[Azarov Government]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/61450/ Ukrainian parliament creates new coalition], ''Kyiv Post'' (11 March 2010)</ref> 235 deputies from the 450-member parliament signed the coalition agreement.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/61441/ Update: Former finance minister nominated as Ukraine prime minister], ''Kyiv Post'' (11 March 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
====Financial policy====<br />
=====Fight against corruption=====<br />
Immediately after his election as [[President of Ukraine]] in February 2010 Yanukovych announced that "the new [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]] should start a war against corrupt practices".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59193/ Yanukovych appeals to the nation, asks Tymoshenko to step down], ''Kyiv Post'' (10 February 2010)</ref> During the festivities dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the State Tax Service of Ukraine on 1 July 2010 President Yanukovych announced a step up of efforts towards the eradication of [[corruption in Ukraine|corruption]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/71811/ Yanukovych promises to eliminate corruption among tax officials], ''Kyiv Post'' (2 July 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Tax code=====<br />
On 30 November 2010 Yanukovych vetoed a new tax code made by the Azarov Government and earlier approved by the Verkhovna Rada but protested against in rallies across Ukraine (one of the largest protests since the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]]).<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/91316/ Tax code protests intensify], ''Kyiv Post'' (26 November 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/91790/ Update: Yanukovych vetoes tax code after protests], ''Kyiv Post'' (30 November 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/91755/ Yanukovych vetoes the tax code], ''Kyiv Post'' (30 November 2010)</ref> Yanukovych signed an new Tax Code on 3 December 2010.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/92043/ Yanukovych signs new tax code], ''Kyiv Post'' (3 December 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Domestic spending vs. debt=====<br />
Yanukovych [[Party of Regions]] wants to increase social benefits, and raise salaries and pensions.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/20423/ Yanukovych: Tymoshenko to use issue of increasing social benefits in her presidential campaign], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (16 September 2009)</ref> In late 2009, a law that raised the minimum wage and pensions was passed in the Ukrainian Parliament. As a result of this, the [[International Monetary Fund]] suspended its [[2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis]] emergency lending programme: according to the IMF, the law breached promises to control spending. During the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010 presidential campaign]] Yanukovych had stated he would stand by this particular law.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59030/ "Analysis: West seeks clarity in Ukraine to boost economy"], ''Kyiv Post'' (8 February 2010)</ref> According to [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]] member of parliament Oleh Shevchuk, Yanukovych broke this election promise just three days after the 2010 presidential election when only two lawmakers of Yanukovych's Party of Regions supported a bill to raise pensions for low-incomes.<ref>[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/02/10/216142 Yanukovych back-tracks on his pre-election promises], Z I K (10 February 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
Yanukovych believed that the demographic situation in Ukraine "is unacceptable" and hopes to increase the birth rate in Ukraine by improving the economic situation. The Party of Regions is planning to create conditions for the return of Ukrainian migrant workers to Ukraine.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/23139/ Yanukovych sees demographic situation in Ukraine as unacceptable], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 October 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
====Energy policy====<br />
=====Russian gas=====<br />
According to Yanukovych, [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|relations between Ukraine and Russia in the gas sector]] must be built “according to the rules of the market”.<ref name="Euronews"/><ref name=URussia>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53329/ Yanukovych calls for new format of Ukraine-EU dialog on collective security], ''Kyiv Post'' (21 November 2009)</ref> He sees the gas agreement signed in 2009 after the [[2009 Russia-Ukraine gas dispute]] as very unprofitable for Ukraine he and wants to "initiate the discussion of the most urgent gas issues" after the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010 presidential election]].<ref name=neutral/> Yanukovych has promised before his election as Ukrainian President to "solve the issue" concerning the [[Russia]]n [[Black Sea Fleet]], currently stationed in the Ukrainian port [[Sevastopol]], "in a way so that the interests of Russia or Ukraine would not be harmed".<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303574,ukraine-presidential-candidates-trade-warnings-promises--summary.html "Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises"], ''Earth Times'' (13 January 2010)</ref> This led to the April [[2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty]]. Yanukovych had also promised to create a consortium that would allow Russia to jointly operate Ukraine's gas transportation network and he has pledged to help Russia build the [[South Stream]] natural gas pipeline.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59046/ What Yanukovych presidency would mean for Ukraine], ''Kyiv Post'' (8 February 2010)</ref> As of June 2010 both did not happen. Yanukovych rejected accusations that improvement of [[Ukrainian-Russian relations]] harms [[Ukrainian-EU relations|relations with the European Union]]. “Our policy is directed to protection of our national interests. We do not live in a fairy tale and understand that our partners also defend their interests”.<ref name=fairytale>[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-419230.html Yanukovych: we do not live in fairy tale], [[UNIAN]] (2 February 2011)</ref> In February 2012 Yanukovych stated, referring to [[Russia–Ukraine relations|relations with Russia]], "It is not wise to fall asleep next to a [[Russian Bear|big bear]]".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/123144/ Yanukovych gives rare and long television interview (VIDEO)], ''Kyiv Post'' (25 February 2012)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Downgrading uranium stock=====<br />
During the [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit]] Yanukovych announced that Ukraine would give up its 90-kilogram stock of [[Enriched uranium|highly enriched uranium]] and convert its [[research reactor]]s from highly enriched to low-enriched uranium. It intends to accomplish these goals by 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/12/AR2010041202752.html |last=Wilson |first=Scott |title=Ukraine to Give up Highly Enriched Uranium, Convert Nuclear Reactors |work=The Washington Post |date=12 April 2010 |accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=====Modernizing energy=====<br />
During the 2010 presidential campaign Yanukovych called for the modernization of Ukraine's energy sector (including technologies to save energy) increase of Ukraine's domestic natural gas production,<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/53603/ "Yanukovych: Ukraine should increase its gas production"], ''Kyiv Post'' (26 November 2009)</ref> tax reforms (cut the [[Value Added Tax]] (VAT) to 17 percent by 2011 from 20 percent and corporate tax to 19 percent from 25 percent, banks should not offer mortgages with more than 7 percent interest rates<ref name=YaTytax>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/57418/ Economic policies of Ukraine's election front-runners], ''Kyiv Post'' (18 January 2010)</ref>), and reforming the legal system in order to fight against corruption.<ref name="Euronews">[http://www.euronews.net/2009/10/12/it-is-necessary-to-restore-law-and-order-in-our-country/ “It is necessary to restore law and order in our country”], ''[[Euronews]]'' (12 October 2009)</ref> He also believed that by 2019 Ukraine should be one of the [[G-20 major economies]].<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/22985/ "Ukraine should join the G-20 in ten years, says Yanukovych"], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (26 October 2009)</ref> Yanukovych believes Ukraine could gain energy security through the development and construction of more [[nuclear power stations]] and he wants to modernise the [[Coal mining in Ukraine|Ukrainian coal industry]].<ref name=YaTytax/> Yanukovych favors [[import substitution industrialization]] and [[deregulation]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-said-previous-government-failed-to-introduce-reform-and-ensure-economic-growth-318408.html Yanukovych said previous government failed to introduce reform and ensure economic growth], [[Kyiv Post]] (3 January 2013)</ref><br />
<br />
====Cultural policy====<br />
=====Wish for 2022 Winter Olympics=====<br />
{{Main|Lviv bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics}}<br />
On 27 May 2010 Yanukovych announced during a visit to [[Lviv]] that Ukraine "will start working on the official nomination of our country as the holder of the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] in the [[Carpathians]]".<ref name=newgovneed>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/67850/ Yanukovych wants Ukraine to host 2022 Winter Games], ''Kyiv Post'' (27 May 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
=====East/West Ukraine unification=====<br />
Yanukovych has stated that his "aim and dream" is a unification of Ukraine, although in his opinion "there are already no borders between the East and West of the country today".<ref>[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-338335.html Yanukovych said about his big dream]. [[UNIAN]]. (28 September 2009).</ref> Yanukovych wants to create a [[free trade zone]] and [[visa regime]] with the EU as soon as possible. Prospects for Ukraine's joining the European Union first depend on a political decision of the European Union, according to Yanukovych.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/21007/ "Prospects for Ukraine's joining EU depend on EU's political decision, says Yanukovych"], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (28 September 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Holodomor=====<br />
Yanukovych's stance on the [[Holodomor]] is: "Holodomor took place, was denounced and the international society gave an evaluation of the [[famine]], but it was never labeled as a [[genocide]] of the Ukrainian people. Ukraine's attempts to do so by blaming one of our neighbors are unjust."<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/world/20100116/157568707.html Ukraine must not blame neighbors for famine – Yanukovych], ''[[RIA Novosti]]'' (16 January 2010)</ref> "The Holodomor was in Ukraine, [[Russia]], Belarus and [[Kazakhstan]]. It was the result of the policies of [[Joseph Stalin#Changes to Soviet society, 1927–1939|Stalin's totalitarian regime]]."<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/65137/ Yanukovych: Famine of 1930s was not genocide against Ukrainians], ''Kyiv Post'' (27 April 2010)</ref> In 2003 he supported then President [[Leonid Kuchma]]’s position that the Holodomor famine was [[genocide]] against Ukrainians.<ref name=changingpos/> Yanukovych's press service claims that he does not approve of crimes of the [[KGB]] and their predecessors in [[Soviet times]], however, in 2002 he wrote in a book endorsing the KGB and its predecessors, stating that the [[NKVD]] and [[Cheka]] "firmly stood on guard over the interests of our people and the state” and praised them for launching “a struggle against political extremism, sabotage and criminal activities.”).<ref name=changingpos>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/119065/ In 2002, Yanukovych as Donetsk Oblast governor endorsed book glorifying Stalin-era secret police], ''Kyiv Post'' (16 December 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Russian as an official language=====<br />
Yanukovych has stated in the past that he wants Russian to become the second [[state language]] in Ukraine<ref>[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-334266.html Yanukovych imagines how he signs law on Russian language], [[UNIAN]] (3 September 2009)</ref> (currently [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the only official language of Ukraine; Russian is more spoken in daily communications in Ukraine than Ukrainian<ref>In an October 2009 poll by [[FOM-Ukraine]] 52% of the respondents state they use Russian as their "Language of communication"; 41% of the respondents state they use Ukrainian and 8% stated they use a mixture of both. Source: [http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/ukrain/ukrain_eo/du091015 FOM-Ukraine (bottom of page)] {{ru icon}}</ref>). On the other hand, he stated at a meeting with [[Taras Shevchenko National Prize]] winners in Kiev on 9 March 2010 that "Ukraine will continue to promote the Ukrainian language as its only state language".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/61283/ Yanukovych: Ukraine will not have second state language], ''Kyiv Post'' (9 March 2010)</ref> In a newspaper interview during the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010 Ukrainian presidential election]]-campaign he stated that the status of Russian in Ukraine "is too politicized" and said that if elected President in 2010 he would "have a real opportunity to adopt a law on languages, which implements the requirements of the [[European Charter of regional languages]]". He said that this law would need 226 votes in the [[Ukrainian parliament]] (50% of the votes instead of the 75% of the votes needed to change the [[constitution of Ukraine]]) and that voters told him that the current status of [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian in Ukraine]] created "problems in the hospital, school, university, in the courts, in the office".<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.kommersant.ua/doc.html?docId=1289144 "Доверия к Тимошенко у меня нет и быть не может"], ''[[Kommersant]]'' (9 December 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Reconciliation between opposing World War II factions=====<br />
Yanukovych noted the importance of finding ways of reconciliation between [[Ukraine in World War II|Ukrainians fighting on opposite sides in World War II]] in his speech at the ceremony to mark [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] 2013.<ref name=Vday2013Ys/> In this speech he also expressed confidence that [[Nazi]] and [[Soviet]] [[totalitarianism]] of the past would never return.<ref name=Vday2013Ys>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/152272.html Yanukovych: We should find ways of reconciliation between all parties participating in World War II], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (9 May 2013)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Religion=====<br />
In a late July 2013 speech Yanukovych stated: "All [[Church of Ukraine#Main religious groups|churches and religious organizations]] are equal for the state. We respect the choice of our citizens and guarantee everyone’s Constitutional right to [[Human rights in Ukraine#Situation|freedom of religion]]. We will not allow the use of churches and religious organizations by some political forces for their narrow interests. This also refers to foreign centres through which religious organizations sometimes seek to affect the internal political situation in Ukraine. This is a matter of the state’s national security".<ref>[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/86131 Mission: Impossible], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (6 August 2013)</ref><br />
<br />
====Social policy====<br />
=====Chernobyl workers' benefits cut=====<br />
Social benefit cuts for [[Liquidator (Chernobyl)|Chernobyl rescue workers]], small business owners and veterans of the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] caused fierce protests in Kiev in October/November 2011 by several thousand protesters.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/gallery/album/1017/ Ukrainian protesters storm parliament], ''Kyiv Post'' (4 November 2011)</ref><ref name="paranoid president">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/116724/ Creeping Paranoia], ''Kyiv Post'' (10 November 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
=====Public sector reform=====<br />
Yanukovych set in motion a set of administrative reform with the aim to reduce the number of civil servants in Ukraine early December 2010.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/92471/ President initiates administrative reform in Ukraine]. Kyivpost.com (10 December 2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/92609/ Lavrynovych: Administrative reform aimed at ensuring a new quality of public administration]. Kyivpost.com (11 December 2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/93018/ Yanukovych to slim ranks of government], ''Kyiv Post'' (16 December 2010)</ref> According to Yanukovych this is part of a "course of reforms aimed at deep and comprehensive modernization of Ukraine".<ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/19240.html President's address at opening of VIII session of Verkhovna Rada], [[president.gov.ua]] (2 February 2011)</ref> One of the planned reforms is [[decentralization]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/111971/ Yanukovych promises to start local government reform soon], ''Kyiv Post'' (31 August 2011)</ref> The fight against [[Corruption in Ukraine|corruption]] is also a spearhead in his domestic policies.<ref name=misinform>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/96507/ Yanukovych: 'Some misinform international community about Ukraine'], ''Kyiv Post'' (7 February 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/112862/ Yanukovych vows to put an end to corruption], ''Kyiv Post'' (15 September 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/111586/ Yanukovych: Over 400 officials of current government stand trial], ''Kyiv Post'' (Augustus 25, 2011)</ref> He also promised reforms on 21 directions in 2011.<ref name=misinform/><br />
<br />
====National policy====<br />
=====Russian lease for Crimea naval base=====<br />
[[File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kharkov_-_21_April_2010-9.jpeg|225px|thumb|Signing documents with President [[Dmitry Medvedev]]]]<br />
On 21 April 2010 in [[Kharkiv]], Yanukovych and [[Dmitry Medvedev]], the [[Russian President]], signed the [[2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty]], whereby the Russian lease on naval facilities in Crimea would be extended beyond 2017 by 25 years with an additional 5-year renewal option (to 2042–47) in exchange for a multi-year discounted contract to provide Ukraine with Russian natural gas. This treaty was approved by both the [[Russian parliament|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian parliament]]s (Verkhovna Rada) on 27 April 2010.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/65128 Update: Ukraine, Russia ratify Black Sea naval lease], ''Kyiv Post'' (27 April 2010)</ref> <br />
<br />
On 22 April 2010, Yanukovych stated he did not rule out the possibility of holding a [[referendum]] on the stationing of the [[Russian Black Sea Fleet]] in Ukraine after the necessary legislative framework is adopted for this in future. Yanukovych did plan to hold plebiscites also on other subjects.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/64714/ Yanukovych: Referendum on Russian Black Sea Fleet's stationing in Ukraine may be held], ''Kyiv Post'' (22 April 2010)</ref> Opposition members accused Yanukovych of "selling out national interests".<ref name=defending/> According to Yanukovych the main priority of his foreign policy is to integrate Ukraine "into the European mainstream", while improving relations with Russia.<ref name=defending/> According to Yanukovych the only way out of holding the state budget deficit down, as requested by the [[International Monetary Fund]], while protecting pensioners and minimal wages was to extend the Russian Navy lease in Crimea in exchange for cheaper natural gas.<ref name=defending>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66624/ Yanukovych snipes at opponent, defends fleet move], ''Kyiv Post'' (13 May 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
===Foreign policy===<br />
[[File:President Barack Obama talks with President Viktor Yanukovych (cropped).jpg|225px|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] talks with President Viktor Yanukovych during a pull aside at the [[2012 Nuclear Security Summit]] at the Coex Center in [[Seoul]]]]<br />
Yanukovych's first foreign visit was to [[Brussels]] to visit the [[President of the European Council]], [[Herman Van Rompuy]], and the EU Foreign Affairs chief, [[Catherine Ashton]].<ref name=Ashton>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/60426/ Ukraine Yanukovych sets visits to Moscow, Brussels], ''Kyiv Post'' (25 February 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/yanukovych-will-visit-eu-before-russia/400253.html Yanukovych Will Visit EU Before Russia], [[Moscow Times]] (24 February 2010)</ref> During the visit Yanukovych stated that there would be no change to Ukraine's status as a member of the [[NATO outreach program]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/60720/ Ukraine's Yanukovych: EU ties a 'key priority'], ''Kyiv Post'' (1 March 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
During his second foreign visit to Moscow in March, Yanukovych vowed to end [[Russia–Ukraine relations|years of acrimony with Russia]], saying that ties between Russia and Ukraine "should never be the way they were for the past five years". He indicated that he was open to compromise with Russia on the [[Black Sea Fleet#Recent history|Black Sea Fleet's future]] (this led to the April [[2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty]]), and reiterated that Ukraine would remain a "European, non-aligned state", referring to NATO membership.<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=227513 Ukraine vows new page in ties with Russia], ''[[The News International]]'' (6 March 2010)</ref> Both [[Russian President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] (April 2010<ref name=HappyD>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100516/159038589.html Russia and Ukraine improve soured relations – Russian President], [[RIA Novosti]] (16 May 2010)</ref>) and [[Russian Prime Minister]] [[Vladimir Putin]] (June 2010<ref name=HappyP>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/71180/ Putin satisfied with state of Ukrainian-Russian relations], ''Kyiv Post'' (28 June 2010)</ref>) soon stated they noticed a big improvement in relations with Ukraine since Yanukovych's presidency.<br />
<br />
On 3 June 2010, the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] excluded, in a bill written by Yanukovych, with 226 votes, Ukrainian membership of any military bloc, but allowed for co-operation with military alliances such as [[NATO-Ukraine relations|NATO]].<ref name=radanonato>[http://euobserver.com/24/30212 Ukraine drops Nato membership bid], [[EUobserver]] (6 June 2010)</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/10229626.stm Ukraine's parliament votes to abandon Nato ambitions], [[BBC News]] (3 June 2010)</ref> A day later Yanukovych stated that the recognition of the independence of [[Abkhazia]], South Ossetia and [[Kosovo]] violates international law, "I have never recognized Abkhazia, South Ossetia or Kosovo's independence. This is a violation of international law".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/68638/ Yanukovych: Recognition of independence of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Kosovo violates international law], ''Kyiv Post'' (4 June 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
On 22 November 2010, the [[European Council]] and Ukraine announced "an action plan for Ukraine toward the establishment of a visa-free regime for short-stay travel".<ref name=roadmap>[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/2227271.html EU, Ukraine Agree On 'Road Map' For Visa-Free Travel ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (22 November 2010)</ref> In May 2011, Yanukovych stated that he will strive for Ukraine to join the EU.<ref name=ineu2011>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-25/yanukovych-drives-ukraine-toward-eu-as-russian-gas-deal-looms.html Yanukovych Drives Ukraine Toward EU as Russian Natural Gas Agreement Looms], [[Bloomberg L.P.]] (25 May 2011)</ref> Yanukovych's stance towards integration with the EU has, according to ''[[The Economist]]'', led him to be "seen in Moscow as a traitor", a reversal of the 2004 presidential election where Moscow openly supported Yanukovych.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stay informed today and every day |url=http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21590585-success-eastern-partnership-depends-ukraine-playing-east-against-west?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/pe/playingeastagainstwest |title=Charlemagne: Playing East against West |publisher=The Economist |date=23 November 2013 |accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Traynor in Brussels |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ukraine-suspends-preparations-eu-trade-pact |title=Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Tymoshenko v. Ukraine|The sentencing of Yulia Tymoshenko]] to seven years in prison on 11 October 2011 was met with national and international protest and threatens [[Ukraine–European Union relations]].<ref>[http://www.euronews.net/2011/10/11/putin-calls-tymoshenko-jail-term-unfair/ Euronews, ''Putin calls Tymoshenko jail term unfair'', 11 October 2011].</ref><ref>[http://www.english.rfi.fr/europe/20111012-yulia-tymoshenko-jail RFI English '&#39;Tymoshenko supporters protest at jail sentence'&#39;, by Jan van der Made, 12 October 2011]. English.rfi.fr.</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/114556/ Amnesty International: Jailed former Ukraine prime minister must be released], ''Kyiv Post'' (11 October 2011)<br>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/114564/ Putin: Tymoshenko verdict unfair], ''Kyiv Post'' (11 October 2011)<br>[http://www.euronews.net/2011/10/11/eu-feels-let-down-by-ukraine-over-tymoshenko/ EU feels let down by Ukraine over Tymoshenko], [[Euronews]] (11 October 2011)<br>[http://en.rian.ru/world/20111011/167575875.html Russia and West condemn Tymoshenko verdict], [[RIA Novosti]] (11 October 2011)<br>[http://en.rian.ru/world/20111012/167597889.html], [[RIA Novosti]] (12 October 2011)<br>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/114656/ Council of Europe concerned about Tymoshenko trial], ''Kyiv Post'' (12 October 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
===Controlled democracy===<br />
President Yanukovych and the [[Party of Regions]] have been accused of trying to create a "controlled democracy" in Ukraine and as a means to this are trying to "destroy" main opposition party [[BYuT]], but both have denied these charges.<ref name=Umland>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?], [[openDemocracy.net]] (3 January 2011)</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12171740 Ukraine viewpoint: Novelist Andrey Kurkov], [[BBC News]] (13 January 2011)</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk"/><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12042561 Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko charged with misusing funds], [[BBC News]] (20 December 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2010-09-29/party-regions-monopolises-power-ukraine#_ftn5 The Party of Regions monopolises power in Ukraine], [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (29 September 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12219712 Ukraine launches battle against corruption], [[BBC News]] (18 January 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11549381 Ukrainians' long wait for prosperity], [[BBC News]] (18 October 2010)</ref><ref>[http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/news-points/ukraine-press-censorship-journalists-uncertain-future Ukraine:Journalists Face Uncertain Future], [[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting]] (27 October 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/108194/yanukovych-tells-u-k-39-s-cameron-no-fears-for-ukraine-39-s-democracy.html Yanukovych Tells U.K's Cameron No Fears for Ukraine's Democracy], [[Turkish Weekly]] (6 October 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/pr-east-west/4d394880be20c/ Yulia Kovalevska:Only some bankrupt politicians try to use the Day of Unification with the aim of self-PR], [[Party of Regions]] official website (21 January 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/19116.html President: Ukraine must fulfill its commitments to Council of Europe], [[president.gov.ua]] (13 January 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/69573/ Our Ukraine comes to defense of Tymoshenko, Lutsenko, Didenko, Makarenko in statement], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 May 2011)</ref> One frequently cited example of Yankukovych's attempts to centralize power is [[Tymoshenko v. Ukraine|the 2011 sentencing of Yulia Tymoshenko]], which has been condemned by Western governments as potentially being politically motivated.<ref>http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/government-statement-tymoshenko.html [[Embassy of the United States, Kiev|US Embassy, Kiev]], (24 September 2011)</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14459446 [[BBC News]], (24 September 2011)</ref> Other [[Second Tymoshenko Government#Criminal cases against former ministers|high-profile political opponents currently under criminal investigation include]] [[Leonid Kuchma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/112105/ |title='&#39;Kyiv Post'&#39; (24 September 2011) |publisher=Kyivpost.com |date=2011-09-02 |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref> Bogdan Danilishin, Igor Didenko,<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,736745,00.html, [[Der Spiegel]] (24 September 2011)</ref> Anatoliy Makarenko,<ref>http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/79199/ [[Kyiv Post]] (24 September 2011)</ref> and Valeriy Ivaschenko.<ref>http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/112081/ [[Kyiv Post]] (24 September 2011)</ref> According to Yanukovych (on 4 February 2011), "[M]any lies [have been] told and attempts made to misinform the international community and ordinary people in Ukraine about the true state of affairs in the country." He also stated, "[A] crushing blow delivered under [my] rule to corruption and bureaucracy has been met with resistance".<ref name=misinform/> He stated in February 2012 that the trial of Tymoshenko and other former officials "didn't meet European standards and principles".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/123159/ Trials of Tymoshenko, other officials fall short of European standards, Yanukovych admits], ''Kyiv Post'' (25 February 2012)</ref><br />
<br />
===Press censorship allegation===<br />
{{Main|Freedom of the press in Ukraine}}<br />
<br />
[[File:RWB-PressFreedomIndex2013-WorldMap.svg|400px|thumb|right|<br />
<center><br />
'''2013 [[Press Freedom Index]]'''<ref name=RWBPFIndex>[http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html "Press Freedom Index 2013"], [[Reporters Without Borders]], 30 January 2013</ref><br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
{{legend|#F9D|Very serious situation}}<br />
{{legend|#FDD|Difficult situation}}<br />
{{legend|#FFD|Noticeable problems}}<br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
{{legend|#ccffcc|Satisfactory situation}}<br />
{{legend|#98FB98|Good situation}}<br />
{{legend|#e0e0e0|Not classified / No data}}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</center><br />
<br><br />
Ukraine moved from "noticing problems" 89th place in 2009, now ranking 126th<br />
]]<br />
As president, Yanukovych stated in early February 2010 that he would support the [[Freedom of the press in Ukraine|freedom of speech of journalists]] and protect their interests.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/64491/ Yanukovych says he will protect freedom of speech and interests of journalists], ''Kyiv Post'' (10 February 2010)</ref> In general he wants the [[civil society]] to be involved in government policy making.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/113427/ Yanukovych says good governance depends on involvement of civil society], ''Kyiv Post'' (23 September 2011)</ref> During spring 2010 Ukrainian journalists and [[Reporters Without Borders]] complained of [[Freedom of the press in Ukraine|censorship]] by Yanukovych's [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Presidential Administration]]; despite statements by Yanukovych how deeply he values press freedom and that ‘free, independent media that must ensure society’s unimpeded access to information.’<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66011/ 1+1 TV journalists claim censorship of news reports], ''Kyiv Post'' (6 May 2009)</ref> Anonymous journalists stated early May 2010 that they were voluntarily tailoring their coverage so as not to offend the Yanukovych administration and the [[Azarov Government]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66009/ Journalists, in defensive crouch, swing news coverage to Yanukovych’s favor], ''Kyiv Post'' (6 May 2009)</ref> The Azarov Government,<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66616/ Semynozhenko: No examples of censorship on Ukrainian TV channels], ''Kyiv Post'' (13 May 2009)</ref> the [[Presidential Administration of Ukraine|Presidential Administration]] and Yanukovych himself denied being involved with censorship.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/66596/ Opposition benefiting from topic of censorship at mass media, says Hanna Herman], ''Kyiv Post'' (13 May 2009)</ref><ref>{{uk icon}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/ukraine/2010/05/100513_yanukovych_marta_oh.shtml Янукович: Україна готова, якщо Європа готова], [[BBC Ukrainian]] (10 May 2010)</ref> In a press conference 12 May 2010 President Yanukovych’s representative in the [[Verkhovna Rada]] Yury Miroshnychenko stated that Yanukovych is against political repression for criticism of the regime.<ref>[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2010/05/12/228377 Yanukovych bears no grudges against Tymoshenko], Z I K (12 May 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
==End of presidency==<br />
On 22 February 2014<ref name=autogenerated5 /> members of the Ukrainian parliament (MPs) voted to "remove Viktor Yanukovych from the post of president of Ukraine" and hold early presidential elections on 25 May. The vote was passed 328-0<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-feb-21-live-updates-337287.html Parliament votes 328-0 to impeach Yanukovych on Feb. 22; sets May 25 for new election; Tymoshenko free (LIVE UPDATES, VIDEO)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> MPs. The vote came an hour after Mr Yanukovych said in a televised address that he would not resign. Protesters walked unchallenged into the president's office and residential compounds. The opposition effectively took control of the capital Kiev, Yanukovych having departed the previous day to the eastern city of Kharkiv, near the Russian border.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/22/us-ukraine-idUSBREA1G0OU20140222 Ukraine parliament ousts Yanukovich, Tymoshenko freed | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
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On the same day parliament removed Yanukovych from office, it released his main rival [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] from prison. She had been confined there since 2011, in what many saw as political payback by Yanukovych. Her release had been an unmet condition for Ukraine's signing a European Union trade pact.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26306511 |title=Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko freed |accessdate=2014-02-22 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
====Euromaidan protests====<br />
{{Main|Euromaidan|Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement}}<br />
{{see also|Timeline of the Euromaidan|February 2014 Euromaidan riots}}<br />
''For ongoing protests, see [[2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots]] and [[2014 Ukrainian Regional State Administration occupations]].''<br />
<br />
The [[Euromaidan]] protests started in November 2013 where Ukrainian citizens demanded stronger integration with the European Union. <br />
The origins of EuroMaidan began as a smaller protest that had started in [[Independence Square]] in the center of [[Kiev]] on 21 November, the day President Viktor Yanukovych had abruptly changed his mind on an Association Agreement with the [[European Union]], deciding to strengthen economic ties with Russia instead. But it was not until 30 November, when a group of student protesters were attacked by police leading to several injuries and hospitalizations, that the protest became a national movement. Masses swarmed to join in Independence Square, swelling up to nearly 1 million on 8 December.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}<br />
[[File:Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_005.jpg|225px|thumb|Mass protests in [[Kiev]]]]<br />
[[File:Anti-riot police forces consisting of Internal Troops holding protective position and Berkut special policemen shooting. Kyiv, Ukraine. Jan 22, 2014.jpg|225px|thumb|Anti-riot police forces consisting of Internal Troops holding protective position and Berkut special policemen shooting in Kiev riots, Jan. 22]]<br />
{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote=<br />
;President Yanukovych in [[Warsaw]] 4 February 2011, speaking about Ukrainian corruption and cronyism:<br />
"Bureaucracy and [[Corruption in Ukraine|corruption]] are today hiding behind democratic slogans in Ukraine. The Ukrainian nation is wise and it will understand. Because a small handful of people, who have been plundering the country for 20 years is only a handful, from which the whole society, the whole state and our image in the world have been suffering. The interest of the Ukrainian nation is that the practice was put an end to... The country has to change. We need to reverse our approaches 180 degrees, and we will do it. The Ukrainian nation stimulates us to.<ref name=misinform/>}}<br />
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The protesters have refused to leave the square until their demands are met: for the government to release jailed protesters, sign the EU agreement, and change the [[Constitution of Ukraine]], and for Yanukovych to resign.<br />
<br />
Public protests, attacked by police, thundered into a full-throttle civil uprising. Yanukovych appeared to hope that the protests would fizzle if he dismissed them as the work of his political opponents; instead, protesters have called all the louder for his resignation, saying he is aloof and unresponsive.<br />
<br />
Violence escalated after 16 January 2014 when Yanukovych signed Bondarenko-Oliynyk laws, also known as Anti-Protest Laws. Demonstrators occupied provincial administration buildings in at least 10 regions, sending the police fleeing through rear exits in some instances. [[Verkhovna Rada]] lawmakers repealed nine of the 12 restrictive laws that had been passed on 16 January by a show of hands, without debate. Outrage ensued at the limits the laws imposed on free speech and assembly in the country. In a striking concession aimed at defusing Ukraine's civil [[uprising]] and preserving his own grip on power, President Yanukovych offered to install opposition leaders in top posts in a reshaped government, but they swiftly rebuffed the offer to the delight of thousands of protesters on the street craving a fuller victory in the days ahead.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}<br />
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[[Mykola Azarov]], the [[prime minister of Ukraine]], resigned on 28 January. In a statement he wrote that he was resigning "for the sake of a peaceful resolution" to the civil unrest.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}<br />
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Writing the third week of February 2014 on the eve of violence unprecedented in post-Soviet Ukraine triggered when Yanukovych ordered a massive police operation to clear Independence Square, ''[[Newsweek]]'' journalist Lecia Bushak noted, "EuroMaidan has grown into something far bigger than just an angry response to the fallen-through EU deal. It's now about ousting Yanukovych and his corrupt government; guiding Ukraine away from its 200-year-long, deeply intertwined and painful relationship with Russia; and standing up for basic human rights to protest, speak and think freely and to act peacefully without the threat of punishment."<ref>{{cite news|title=Kiev’s Minstrel of the Street Revolution|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/lifestyle/newsweek-kyivs-minstrel-of-the-street-revolution-337077.html|magazine=Newsweek|date=18 February 2014}}</ref><br />
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Talks with Yanukovych failed, and Ukraine was on the brink of [[civil war]] since 28 protesters were killed including seven policemen and a civilian bystander and 335 injured on 18 February and dozens of others on 20 February in bloody clashes in the capital [[Kyiv]].<ref>[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/ukraine-protests-28-killed-more-3160651 Ukraine protests: 28 killed and more than 300 injured in bloody clashes in Kiev - Mirror Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
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====Allegations of corruption====<br />
Yanukovych has been widely criticized for "massive" corruption and cronyism.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25323964 | title= Ukraine crisis: Yanukovych and the tycoons | date=11 December 2013| publisher=BBC News Europe online| accessdate= 11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140491/alexander-j-motyl/yanukovych-must-go | title= Yanukovych Must Go Ukrainians Will Protest as Long as His Corrupt Regime Exists |author=Alexander J. Motyl |work=Foreign Affairs | date=11 December 2013| publisher=The Council on Foreign Relations | accessdate= 29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/anti-corruption-action-center-calls-for-freeze-of-yanukovych-other-assets-abroad-335609.html | title= Anti-Corruption Action Center calls for freeze of Yanukovych, other assets abroad | date=27 January 2014| publisher=Kyiv Post online | accessdate= 30 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web| url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/serhij-leschenko/yanukovych-luxury-residence-and-money-trail-that-leads-to-london | title=Yanukovych, the luxury residence and the money trail that leads to London |author=Sergii Leshchenko |work= | date=8 June 2012| publisher=Open Democracy free thinking for the world | accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-dubious-businees-of-ukraine-president-yanukovych-and-his-clan-a-833127.html| title= Profiting from Power? The Dubious Business of the Yanukovych Clan|author=Benjamin Bidder |work=Spiegel Online International | date=16 May 2012| publisher=Spiegel | accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref> In a feature describing and depicting in photographs Yanukovych's new mansion costing more than 75 million US dollars, Sergii Leshchenko notes, "For most of [Yanukovych's] career he was a public servant or parliament deputy, where his salary never exceeded 2000 US dollars per month." Under a photo showing the new home's ornate ceiling, Leschenko remarks, "In a country where 35% of the population live under poverty line, spending 100 000 dollars on each individual chandelier seems excessive, to say the least.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> <br />
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By January 2013, more than half of the ministers appointed by Yanukovych were either born in the [[Donbas]] region or made some crucial part of their careers there, and Yanukovych has been criticized for "regional cronyism" for his staffing of police, judiciary, and tax services "all over Ukraine" with "Donbas people".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expres.ua/main/2012/01/31/59312 |title=Спецтеми &#124; Експрес - онлайн |publisher=Expres.ua |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref> Over 46% of the budget subventions for social and economic development was allotted to the Donbas region's [[Donetsk Oblast]] and [[Luhansk Oblast]] administrations – 0.62 billion UAH ($76.2 million) versus 0.71 billion UAH ($87.5 million) for the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2012/12/24/352306/ |title=Бюджет-2013: золоті гори для сходу, заходу - мізер &#124; Економічна правда |publisher=Epravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref><br />
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Yanukovych has been accused of using the [[Berkut (Ukraine)|Berkut]], a ubiquitous national special police force under his personal command, to threaten, terrorize, and attack at election time voters across the country who dare vote for non-[[Victor Yanukovych|Yanukovych]] candidates to local governments. Individual cases have been reported of citizens grouping together and fighting back against the Berkut in order to practice their right to vote.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Upon coming to power Yanukovych had reversed oversight measures established during the Yushcenko administration to curb Berkut abuse of citizens whereupon the special force "upped its brutality."<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/meet-the-ukraines-brutal-berkut-police-force-2014-1 | title=Why Ukraine's Berkut Special Police Force Is So Scary |author=Harrison Jacobs| publisher= |date=27 January 2014 | accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref><br />
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[[Anders Åslund]], a Swedish economist and Ukraine analyst, has described the consolidation of Ukrainian economic power in the hands of a few elite industrial tycoons, the richest and most influential of whom has become President Yanukovych's own son [[Oleksandr Yanukovych]]. While the exact distribution of wealth and precise weight of influence are difficult to gauge, two things are evident: No one has been enriched more than the younger Yanukovych, and most of the country's richest men are afraid to cross the Yanukovich family, even in cases where their own economic interests favor an economically pro-EU Ukraine and even when forced to sell their companies to the Yanukovych family at heavy discounts. One notable exception to the Yanukovych family's grip on the country's oligarchs is [[Petro Poroshenko]], who is described as "uncommonly courageous" and whose confectionery empire is less susceptible to ruin by the tremendous power the Yanukovych family wields, strongest in the heavy industry sectors located in Yanukovych's geographic power base, the traditionally pro-Russian eastern part of Ukraine.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><br />
<br />
In an overview [[The Ukrainian Week]] claimed in March 2013 that by then Yanukovych had failed to meet his 2010 election promises.<ref>[http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/74760 Three Years of Promises], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (15 March 2013)</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
Yanukovych is married to Lyudmyla Oleksandrivna. They have two sons, [[Oleksandr Yanukovych|Oleksandr]] and [[Viktor Viktorovych Yanukovych|Viktor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/meet/leader|title=About us: The Leader |work=for-www.partyofregions.org.ua }}</ref> Viktor is a member of the [[Parliament of Ukraine]].<ref name=Yanufewfriends/> Yanukovych is a member of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]].<br />
<br />
In March 2012 Yanukovych stated it was a problem for him in 2002 to speak Ukrainian but that "once I had the opportunity to speak Ukrainian, I started to do it with pleasure".<ref name=ITARTASSYanu19312>{{ru icon}} [http://www.itar-tass.com/c193/368996.html Украина надеется на урегулирование газового вопроса с Россией – президент Украины Виктор ЯНУКОВИЧ], [[Information Telegraph Agency of Russia]] (19 March 2012)</ref><br />
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Until 2004, Yanukovych was known as ''batia'' ("Dad") among his family members, but since that time he became ''leader''.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/4b1a9b9a1415d/ The biography of Yanukovych for who has forgotten it]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref><ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/4b1a9b6fce388/ Interview of Viktor Viktorovich]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref> As Yanukovych himself stated, his wife does not wish for her grandson to pick up the bad habits of his grandfather, albeit Yanukovych did not specify what kind of habits those were.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2006/02/19/3066531/ Ukrainian pravda February 19, 2006]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref><br />
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Yanukovych acquired the [[Mezhyhirya (residence)|Mezhyhirya]] estate in a former forest preserve near [[Kiev]] in 2007, according to critics through a murky series of companies and transactions. Yanukovych did not reveal the price he paid, although he called it a "very serious price".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66006/ Ukrayinska Pravda exposes president’s Mezhygirya deal], ''Kyiv Post'' (6 May 2009)</ref><br />
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Yanukovych has been accused of plagiarism regarding a book by him published in August 2011.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/114018/ Mystery surrounds Yanukovych’s book], ''Kyiv Post'' (3 October 2011)</ref><br />
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==Cultural and political image==<br />
[[File:7 Line in Luhansk.jpg|thumb|300px|Anti-presidential inscriptions concerning Yanukovych's criminal background ([[Luhansk]], [[2011]])]]<br />
Yanukovych is seen by opponents as representing the interests of Ukraine big business; they point out that his campaigns have benefited from backing by Ukrainian billionaire [[Rinat Akhmetov]].<ref name=image/> Supporters of Yanukovych point out Donetsk Oblast (province) secured unprecedented levels of investment during his governorship.<ref name=BBCprofile/><br />
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Yanukovych draws strong support from [[Russian-speaking Ukrainians]] in the east of the country.<ref name=BBCprofile/> Yanukovych is disliked and distrusted in western Ukraine.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59923/ Yanukovych faces uphill battle in getting Lviv to accept him], ''Kyiv Post'' (18 February 2009)</ref> The [[People's Movement of Ukraine]] labeled his election on 10 February 2010 as "an attack by anti-Ukrainian forces in our state" and stated that "all possible legal means should be used to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of anti-state politician Yanukovych and his pro-Moscow retinue".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/59199/ Popular Rukh of Ukraine calling on political forces to prevent concentration of power in hands of Yanukovych's team], ''Kyiv Post'' (10 February 2009)</ref> On 16 February 2010, Yanukovych issued a statement that read: "I can say only one thing to those who anticipate that my presidency will weaken Ukraine – that will never happen."<ref>[http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/pr-east-west/4b7a7a0da3878/ Viktor Yanukovych: My aim is to build a strong and independent Ukraine. For this purpose I will use all tools], Party of Regions Official Information Server (16 February 2010)</ref> Yanukovych refers to himself as [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]].<ref name=LGAWYu>[http://yanukovych.com.ua/meet.html Let's Get Acquainted], Viktor Yanukovych Personal Information Server</ref> Voters for Yanukovych in 2010 believed he would bring "stability and order". They blamed the [[Orange Revolution]] for creating broken promises, a dysfunctional economy and political chaos.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/58926/ Exit polls favor Yanukovych in Ukraine race], ''Kyiv Post'' (7 February 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/07/yanukovych-ahead-ukraine-elections Ukraine set for tilt to east as Russia's ally holds poll lead], [[The Guardian]] (7 February 2010)</ref> During the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|2010 presidential election]] campaign Yuriy Yakymenko, director of political research at the [[Razumkov Centre]], stated: ''"I think he has not just changed on the surface but also in his ideas."''<ref name=Tele/><br />
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In 2004, Yanukovych was seen as outgoing President [[Leonid Kuchma]] and [[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]]'s [[protégé]].<ref name=BBCprofile/> Although Kuchma in conversation with [[United States Ambassador to Ukraine]] [[John F. Tefft]], in a document dated 2 February 2010 uncovered during the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]], called the voters choice between Yanukovych and [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] during the second round of the 2010 presidential election as a choice between "bad and very bad" and praised (the candidate eliminated in the first round of the election) [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] instead.<ref name="WLKuchmalovesYatsenyuk">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/92047/ Kuchma: Yanukovych-Tymoshenko contest a choice between 'bad and very bad'], ''Kyiv Post'' (3 December 2010)</ref> In another January 2009 cable (then) [[Ambassador of Ukraine to Russia]] [[Kostyantyn Gryshchenko]] stated that Putin had a low personal regard for Yanukovych.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/99517/ Putin shows no respect for Yanukovych, U.S. cable says], ''Kyiv Post'' (11 April. 2011)</ref> In another Wikileaks diplomatic cable, [[Volodymyr Horbulin]], one of Ukraine's most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor to then-[[President of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]], told the [[United States Ambassador to Ukraine]] [[John E. Herbst]] in 2006 that Yanukovych’s [[Party of Regions]] was partly composed of “pure criminals" and "criminal and anti-democracy figures."<ref name=wikileakgryt>{{cite news|last=Grytsenko|first=Oksana|title=WikiLeaks: Regions Party partly composed of ‘criminals’|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/121085/|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=23 January 2012|work=[[Kyiv Post]]}}</ref><br />
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Yanukovych is not known as a great speaker.<ref>[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2009/12/21/209492 Tymoshenko challenges Yanukovych to televised debates], Z I K (21 December 2009)</ref> His native language is Russian,<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/05/ukraine-russia-relations-viktor-yanukovych Viktor Yanukovych promises Ukraine will embrace Russia], [[guardian.co.uk]] (5 March 2010)</ref> similar to a majority of the population of his power-base and native [[Eastern Ukraine]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8685899.stm Russia's Medvedev in Ukraine visit to boost ties], [[BBC News]] (17 May 2010)</ref> He was however making efforts to speak better [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref name=image>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56302/ Ukraine's election: portraits of main players], ''Kyiv Post'' (1 January 2010)</ref> He did admit in March 2012 that it was a problem for him in 2002 to speak Ukrainian.<ref name=ITARTASSYanu19312/> He has made some blunders in Ukrainian however since then.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/58722/ Yanukovych bullish ahead of runoff], ''Kyiv Post'' (4 February 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/56079/ Tymoshenko slams Yanukovych's gift for gaffe], ''Kyiv Post'' (29 December 2009)</ref> For the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|2004 Ukrainian presidential election]] Yanukovych wrote an autobiography for the [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine|Central Election Commission]], in which he misspelled his academic degree.<ref name=RIO/> Thereafter, he came to be widely referred to under this nickname in oppositional media and opponents' speeches.<ref name=RIO/> His autobiographic resume of 90 words contains 12 major spelling and grammatical errors.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/9/21/12046.htm Тому що "проффесор"]. Pravda.com.ua.</ref> Opponents of Yanukovych made fun of this misspelling and his past (criminal) convictions during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election campaign and the incident during the campaign (September 2004) in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] when Yanukovych was rushed to hospital after he had been hit with an egg (while government officials claimed he was hit by a brick) was a source of ridicule.<ref name=RIO>Revolution in Orange, [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], ISBN 0-87003-221-6 (page 58 + 59 written by [[Taras Kuzio]])</ref> <br />
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Other famous blunders by Yanukovych are his claim that [[Anton Chekhov]] was "the Ukrainian poet" in January 2010,<ref>{{en icon}}[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-359810.html "Chekhov is a Ukrainian poet"]</ref><ref>{{en icon}}[http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.baltics/browse_thread/thread/1acc7c96a9de0a84/71c231bd7843240c?lnk=raot discussion board about Yanukovych literally claims]</ref><ref>{{en icon}}[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/58722/ ''Kyiv Post'' on Yanukovych Presidential program]</ref> forgetting on 6 January 2011 to congratulate the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek-Catholic Ukrainian community]] that by following the [[Julian calendar]] also as the rest of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian people]] celebrates Christmas that day<ref>[http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2011/01/10/265909 Yatseniuk lashes at Yanukovych for ignoring Greek Catholics]. Zik.com.ua.</ref> and confusing [[Kosovo]] with [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]], and [[North Ossetia]] with [[South Ossetia]] in March 2010.<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/03-03-2010/112454-ukraine_yanukovych-0 Ukraine's New President Shows Poor Knowledge of Geography], [[Pravda.ru]] (3 March 2010)</ref> Over the years, Yanukovych's proficiency in the [[Ukrainian language]] has noticeably improved.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}<br />
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Yanukovych stated in November 2009 that he respects all Ukrainian politicians. "I have never offended anyone. This is my rule of politics."<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53614/ "Yanukovych: Tigipko, Yatseniuk will take top posts after presidential elections"], ''Kyiv Post'' (26 November 2009)</ref> Despite of his claim, on 22 September 2007, during [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007|2007 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election]] campaign, while delivering a speech in [[Vinnytsia]], he compared [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]'s performance as Prime Minister to "a cow on the ice"<ref>{{YouTube|TxPpH8LJfdg|"5.ua :: Янукович назвав Тимошенко "коровою на льду"}} (22 September 2009)</ref> (" Вона прем'єр-міністр, як корова на льду....", "She is as prime minister as a cow on the ice") most likely referring to her skills and professionalism as a prime minister. <br />
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Other cases of strong colloquialisms used by Viktor Yanukovych include the incident when he called former president [[Viktor Yushchenko]] "a coward and a babbler",{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} as well as the speech in [[Donetsk]] during [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election]], when he referred to the electorate of his opponent [[Viktor Yushchenko]] as "goats that make our lives difficult" ("эти козлы, которые нам мешают жить"). Later, during the TV debates with Yushchenko he explained, "I called goats the traitors. According to the Bible, the goat is a traitor, and there are also rams, sheep."<ref>[http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Ukraineomni/ukrdebate.htm Orange Revolution Democracy Emerging in Ukraine]. Archives.gov.ua (21 December 2004).</ref><br />
<br />
Opinion polls have shown Yanukovych's popularity has sunk since his election as President in 2010, with polls giving him from 13% to 20% of the votes if a presidential election was to be held in 2012 (in 2010 he received 35.8% of the vote in the first round of [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010|that election]]<ref name="wsj.com"/>).<ref name=Yanufewfriends>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123517/ All In The Family], ''Kyiv Post'' (2 March 2012)</ref><ref>[http://razumkov.org.ua/eng/poll.php?poll_id=589 If presidential elections were held next Sunday how would you vote?], [[Razumkov Centre]]<br>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/124236/ Poll: Yanukovych's electoral rating is four percentage points higher than Tymoshenko's], ''Kyiv Post'' (14 March 2012)</ref><ref name="Ratings of politicians">[http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/cardiogram/politicians/ Ratings of politicians], [[Sociological group "RATING"]]<br>[http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/13990/ Electoral moods of the Ukrainian population: February 2012], [[Sociological group "RATING"]] (5 March 2012)</ref> A public opinion poll taken by [[Sociological group "RATING"]] gave him 25.1% of the votes in an imaginary February 2013 presidential election.<ref>[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/every-fourth-ukrainian-ready-to-vote-for-yanukovych-in-presidential-election-poll-2/ Every fourth Ukrainian ready to vote for Yanukovych in presidential election – poll], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (6 March 2013)</ref>{{#tag:ref|According to polling organization [[Sociological group "RATING"]] in February 2013 Yanukovych would have lost the second round of the presidential election against [[Vitali Klitschko]] and/or [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]] and/or [[Yulia Tymoshenko]]; and he would have defeat in a close race [[Oleh Tyahnybok]] (with 33.5% of the votes).<ref>[http://www.ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/14049/ Ratings of politicians in presidential elections: February 2013], [[Sociological group "RATING"]] (6 March 2013)</ref>|group=nb}}<br />
<br />
American consultant [[Paul J. Manafort]] has advised Yanukovych since 2005.<ref name=LOmoney>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/53251 "Paid advisers descend on candidates, nation"], ''Kyiv Post'' (19 November 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Ambassadors of the European Union to Ukraine]], [[Jose Manuel Pinto Teixeira]], stated at an April 2012 interview with [[Korrespondent]] that Yanukovych's presidency "fell short of expectations".<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/125990/ EU ambassador to Ukraine:Yanukovych comes short of expectations], ''Kyiv Post'' (12 April 2012)</ref><br />
<br />
===Awards===<br />
{{iw-ref|it|Viktor Janukovyč}}<br />
* [[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Order of Merit]], 3rd class (13 November 1998), 2nd class (3 July 2000), 1st class (3 July 2002)<br />
* Order "Miner's award" 3, 2, 1 class<br />
* Order "Miner's glory" 3, 2, 1 class<br />
* Certificate from the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2000)<br />
* Order of Saint Nestor (1998)<br />
* [[Order of St. Vladimir]] (Patriarchate of Russia), 3rd class (1998), 2nd class (2004), 1st class (2010)<br />
* [[Order of the Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow]], 1st class (Patriarchate of Russia, 2004)<br />
* [[Order of St. Sergius]], 1st class (Patriarchate of Russia, 2004)<br />
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France, 2010)<br />
* Order of the Precious Wand (Mongolia, June 2011)<br />
* [[Order of St. Mashtots]] (Armenia, 30 June 2011)<br />
* [[Order of José Martí]] (Cuba, 22 October 2011<br />
* Order Ismoili Samoni (Tajikistan, 15 December 2011<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2006 Ukrainian political crisis]]<br />
* [[2007 Ukrainian political crisis]]<br />
* [[2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots]]<br />
* [[Alliance of National Unity]]<br />
* [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2010]]<br />
* [[Party of Regions]]<br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=nb}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Yanukovych, Viktor F.: ''Opportunity Ukraine.'' Vienna 2011. (Mandelbaum Publishing; ISBN 978-3-85476-379-6).<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons|Viktor Yanukovych}}<br />
* [http://www.president.gov.ua/ President of Ukraine] — Official website {{uk icon}} {{ru icon}} {{en icon}}<br />
* [http://www.ditext.com/chrucky/council.html "All power to councils – not to a President Czar"]<br />
* [http://www.ya2008.com.ua/eng/Viktor Yanukovych Personal Information Service]<br />
* [https://www.twitter.com/Yanukovych_VF Viktor Yanukovych on Twitter]<br />
* [http://www.partyofregions.org.ua/eng/ Party of Regions Official Information Server]<br />
* [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/57719/ Yanukovych’s inner circle] – ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (21 January 2010)<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Anatoliy Kinakh]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]|years=2002–2004}}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Mykola Azarov]]<br>{{small|Acting}}}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Mykola Azarov]]<br>{{small|(acting)}}}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]|years=2004–2005}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Yuriy Yekhanurov]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]|years=2006–2007}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Yulia Tymoshenko]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Viktor Yushchenko]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Ukraine]]|years=2010–2014}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Oleksandr Turchynov]]<br><small>(acting)</small>}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-sports}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Ivan Fedorenko]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[National Olympic Committee of Ukraine|National Olympic Committee]]|years=2002–2005}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Sergey Bubka]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-ppo}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Volodymyr Semynozhenko]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Party of Regions]]|years=2003–2010}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Mykola Azarov]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Current CIS Leaders}}<br />
{{Presidency of Ukraine}}<br />
{{UkrainePresidents}}<br />
{{Prime Ministers of Ukraine}}<br />
{{2004 presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}<br />
{{2010 presidential election candidates, Ukraine}}<br />
{{Euromaidan}}<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=209225203}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --><br />
|NAME= Yanukovych, Viktor<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Янукович, Віктор (Ukrainian)<br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= President of Ukraine<br />
|DATE OF BIRTH= 9 July 1950<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Yenakiieve]], [[Ukrainian SSR]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH=<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH=<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yanukovych, Viktor Fedorovych}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:Candidates for President of Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]]<br />
[[Category:Independent politicians in Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Verkhovna Rada]]<br />
[[Category:Party of Regions politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Yenakiieve]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Orange Revolution]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Prime ministers of Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Pro-government people of the Euromaidan]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of José Marti]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 1st class]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Sergius]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Heydar Aliyev Order]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian engineers]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox Christians]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian people of Belarusian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian people of Russian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian politicians]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Vilukhina&diff=594982838Olga Vilukhina2014-02-11T14:38:42Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox alpine ski racer<br />
|name=Olga Vilukhina<br />
|image= Olga Vilukhina (cropped).jpg<br />
|country={{RUS}}<br />
|disciplines=[[Biathlon]]<br />
|club=<br />
|skis=<br />
|boots=<br />
|bindings=<br />
|sponsor=<br />
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1988|3|22|df=yes}}<br />
|birth_place=[[Mezhgorye, Republic of Bashkortostan|Mezhgorye]], [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Bashkir ASSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />
|height={{convert|1.72|m|0|abbr=on}}<br />
|wcdebut=<br />
|retired=<br />
|website=<br />
|olympicteams=1<br />
|olympicmedals=1<br />
|olympicgolds=1<br />
|worldsteams=1<br />
|worldsmedals=1<br />
|worldsgolds=0<br />
|wcseasons=<br />
|wcwins=<br />
|wcpodiums=3<br />
|wcoveralls=0<br />
|wctitles=0<br />
| show-medals = yes<br />
| medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Women's [[biathlon]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry| {{flag|Russia}} }}<br />
{{MedalOlympic}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014 Sochi]] | [[Biathlon at the 2014 Winter Olympics&nbsp;– Women's sprint|Sprint]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | World Championships }}<br />
{{MedalBronze| [[Biathlon World Championships 2012|2012 Rupolding]] | [[Biathlon World Championships 2012&nbsp;– Women's pursuit|Pursuit]]}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Olga Gennadyevna Vilukhina''' ({{lang-ru|Ольга Геннадьевна Вилухина}}; born 22 March 1988) is an Russian [[biathlon|biathlete]], who has been competing on the World Cup circuit since the [[2008–09 Biathlon World Cup|2008–09 season]]. She has had four Top 10 finishes in World Cup races in individual races. Vilukhina was born in [[Mezhgorye, Republic of Bashkortostan|Mezhgorye]], [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Bashkir ASSR]], [[Soviet Union]]. She has won gold at 2006 Junior World Championships in Sprint.<ref>[http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTRUS22203198801 Olga Vilukhina] IBU Datacenter</ref> In the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], she finished second in the sprint.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTRUS22203198801 Olga Vilukhina] IBU Datacenter<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Vilukhina, Olga<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian biathlete<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 22 March 1988<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Mezhgorye, Soviet Union<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vilukhina, Olga}}<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Russian biathletes]]<br />
[[Category:Biathlon World Championships medalists]]<br />
[[Category:Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic biathletes of Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic medalists in biathlon]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]<br />
<br />
{{Russia-biathlon-bio-stub}}</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_Nuclear_Security_Summit&diff=5939117582012 Nuclear Security Summit2014-02-04T17:17:37Z<p>RLuts: /* Participants */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox summit<br />
| summit_name = 2012 Nuclear Security Summit<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = {{flag|South Korea}}<br />
| venues = [[COEX Convention & Exhibition Center]]<br />
| cities = [[Seoul]]<br />
| date = March 26–27, 2012<br />
| participants = 58 representatives<br />
| follows = [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit]]<br />
| precedes = [[2014 Nuclear Security Summit]]<br />
| website = {{URL|thenuclearsecuritysummit.org}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Chair's Press Conference.jpg|thumb|right|400px|South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]] speaks to the media during a press conference after the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit at the Convention and Exhibition Center (COEX) in Seoul, South Korea, 27 March 2012.]]<br />
[[File:2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit Plenary.jpg|thumb|right|400px|2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit Plenary]]<br />
The '''2012 [[Nuclear Security Summit]]''' was a [[Summit (meeting)|summit]] held at the [[COEX Convention & Exhibition Center]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]],<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/03/26/2012032601079.html "Seoul Nuclear Security Summit Gets Underway Monday"] ''Chosun Ilbo''. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-26</ref> on March 26 and 27, 2012.<ref name="nyt13apr2010">[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/world/14summit-text.html "Obama's Opening Remarks,"] ''New York Times.'' April 13, 2010.</ref> It was the second edition of the conference after the [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit]].<br />
<br />
The importance of planning for the conference was clarified when American President [[Barack Obama]] explained his view that "we have the opportunity, as partners, to ensure that our progress is not a fleeting moment, but part of a serious and sustained effort.<ref name="nyt13apr2010"/><br />
<br />
The "2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit", is the largest summit in the security field that discusses international cooperative measures to protect nuclear materials and facilities from terrorist groups, with participation from more than 53 heads of state and international organizations. The main issues to be discussed at the Summit were as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of 2012 summit|url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_info/overview.jsp|publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=4 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Cooperative measures to combat the threat of nuclear terrorism<br />
*Protection of nuclear materials and related facilities<br />
*Prevention of illicit trafficking of nuclear materials<br />
<br />
Fifty-eight world leaders from 53 states and four international organizations, including the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, the European Union and INTERPOL, have participated in the Summit. <br />
<br />
At the summit, the leaders discussed about the nuclear terrorism threats and nuclear security preparedness. They also reviewed the implementation of agreements and voluntary commitments. Then the leaders focused on major nuclear security issues, mostly brought up at the Washington summit, such as the minimization and management of highly enriched uranium, ratification of nuclear security conventions, strengthening information and transportation security, IAEA’s role, preventing illicit nuclear trafficking, nuclear security culture, and international cooperation and assistance.<br />
<br />
In the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011, Korea took the initiative of adding two new issues of radiological security and nuclear security-safety interface to the agenda. The Washington summit had focused on nuclear terrorism with explosive nuclear devices, perceiving that as the biggest threat to international security. <br />
<br />
The 2012 Seoul summit discussed protection against dirty bombs or the sabotage of nuclear facilities. The Seoul summit also discussed the integration of nuclear security and safety.<br />
<br />
Some states initially opposed these two items, claiming that they would “dilute” the focus of the summit. To the contrary: Their inclusion helps make more countries willing participants in the summit since radiological terrorism or nuclear safety are more palpable threats than nuclear bomb terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Korea’s contribution to the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit|url=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20120326001124&cpv=0|accessdate=4 June 2012|newspaper=''The Korea Herald|date=28 March 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The first Nuclear Security Summit was held in Washington D.C. on April 12 and 13, 2010. U.S. President Obama, who proposed the Nuclear Security Summit in his April 2009 Prague speech, invited 47 heads of states and three representatives of international organizations. In the Prague speech, President Obama announced his vision for a ‘world without nuclear weapons’ and proposed nuclear security as one of three strategic goals for this vision together with nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation. President Obama also announced a nuclear security goal to secure all vulnerable nuclear materials around the world in four years.<br />
<br />
During the Washington summit, Korea was designated as the second summit host by Present Obama and this proposal was greeted by all participants. This decision reflects the recognition of Korea’s increasing global presence by international society.<ref>[http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20120326001124&cpv=0 "Korea’s contribution to the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit"] ''The Korea Herald''. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012</ref><br />
<br />
The selection of Korea as host of the 2012 Summit reflects the international community's recognition of its world-class nuclear technology, its compliance with NPT obligations and its exemplary use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The hosting of the Nuclear Security Summit on the Korean peninsula will be highly significant given its implications within the context of denuclearization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Background of 2012 summit|url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_info/overview.jsp|publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=4 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Participants==<br />
[[File:2012 Nuclear Summit.PNG|thumb|right|400px|<br />
{{legend|#008000|Participating nations}}<br />
{{legend|#ffc90e|{{collapsible list|framestyle=width:100%;border:none;margin-left:1.6em;margin-top:-2.1em;text-align:left;|titlestyle=background:transparent;font-weight:normal;display:inline;width:100%;padding-right:3.5em;|title=First-time participating nations|Azerbaijan|Denmark|Gabon|Hungary|Lithuania|Romania}}}}<br />
{{legend|#00ca00|European Union members represented by the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission only}}]]<br />
[[File:President Barack Obama talks with President Viktor Yanukovych (cropped).jpg|400px|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] talks with President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] of [[Ukraine]]]]<br />
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in South Korea, March 2012-15.jpeg|400px|thumb|[[Barack Obama]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]], 2012.]]<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Country/Organization<br />
!Representative(s)<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Algeria}}<br />
|{{sortname|Abdelaziz|Bouteflika}} ([[President of Algeria|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Argentina}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hector|Timerman}} ([[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship|Minister of Foreign Affairs]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Armenia}}<br />
|{{sortname|Serzh|Sargsyan}} ([[President of Armenia|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Australia}}<br />
|{{sortname|Julia|Gillard}} ([[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="new-participants">{{cite web |title=Key Facts on the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit |url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_media/press/press_view.jsp?oCmd=6&b_code=1&f_gubun=0&idx=304&rnum=1 |publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=28 March 2012 |accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref><br />
|{{sortname|Ilham|Aliyev}} ([[President of Azerbaijan|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Belgium}}<br />
|{{sortname|Joëlle|Milquet}} (Deputy Prime Minister)<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Brazil}}<br />
|{{sortname|Michel|Temer}} ([[Vice-President of Brazil|Vice President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Canada}}<br />
|{{sortname|Stephen|Harper}} ([[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Chile}}<br />
|{{sortname|Sebastián|Piñera}} ([[President of Chile|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|China}}<br />
|{{sortname||Hu Jintao}} ([[President of the People's Republic of China|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br />
|{{sortname|Václav|Klaus}} ([[President of the Czech Republic|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Denmark}}<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Helle|Thorning-Schmidt}} ([[Prime Minister of Denmark|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Egypt}}<br />
|{{sortname|Mohamed Hussein|Tantawi}} (Chairman of the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt]])<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|{{flag|European Union}}<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Herman|Van Rompuy}} ([[President of the European Council]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{sortname|José Manuel|Barroso}} ([[President of the European Commission]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Finland}}<br />
|{{sortname|Sauli|Niinistö}} ([[President of Finland|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|France}}<br />
|{{sortname|Francois|Fillon}} ([[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Gabon}}<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Ali Bongo|Ondimba}} ([[President of Gabon|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Georgia}}<br />
|{{sortname|Mikheil|Saakashvili}} ([[President of Georgia|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Germany}}<br />
|{{sortname|Guido|Westerwelle}} ([[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Hungary}}<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Pál|Schmitt}} ([[President of Hungary|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|India}}<br />
|{{sortname|Manmohan|Singh}} ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Indonesia}}<br />
|{{sortname||Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono}} ([[President of Indonesia|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|International Atomic Energy Agency}}<br />
|{{sortname|Yukiya|Amano}} (Director-General)<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|size=24px}} [[Interpol]]<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Ronald|Noble}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks by Interpol Secretary General at 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit |url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_media/press/press_view.jsp?oCmd=6&b_code=1&idx=300&rnum=3&f_gubun=0 |publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> (Secretary General)<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]<br />
|{{sortname|Dan|Meridor}} ([[Deputy_leaders_of_Israel#Deputy_Prime_Minister|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Intelligence Minister of Israel|Intelligence Services Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Italy}}<br />
|{{sortname|Mario|Monti}} ([[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Japan}}<br />
|{{sortname|Yoshihiko|Noda}} ([[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]<br />
|[[Abdullah II]] ([[King of Jordan|King]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|{{sortname|Nursultan|Nazarbayev}} ([[President of Kazakhstan|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Lithuania}}<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Dalia|Grybauskaitė}} ([[President of Lithuania|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Malaysia}}<br />
|{{sortname|Najib Tun|Razak}} ([[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Mexico}}<br />
|{{sortname|Felipe|Calderón}} ([[President of Mexico|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Morocco}}<br />
|{{sortname|Saâdeddine|El Othmani}} (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation)<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />
|{{sortname|Uri|Rosenthal}}<ref name="netherlands-poland">{{cite news |title=The Head of Delegations from the Netherlands and Poland to the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit Changed |url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_media/press/press_view.jsp?oCmd=6&b_code=1&idx=273&rnum=1&f_gubun=0 |publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=24 March 2012 |accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> ([[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />
|{{sortname|John|Key}} ([[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<br />
|{{sortname|Goodluck|Jonathan}} ([[President of Nigeria|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Norway}}<br />
|{{sortname|Jens|Stoltenberg}} ([[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|{{sortname|Raja Pervaiz|Ashraf}} ([[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Philippines}}<br />
|{{sortname|Jejomar|Binay}} ([[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Poland}}<br />
|{{sortname|Marcin|Korolec}}<ref name="netherlands-poland"/> ([[Ministry of Environment (Poland)|Minister of Environment]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Romania}}<ref name="new-participants"/><br />
|{{sortname|Traian|Băsescu||Basescu}} ([[President of Romania|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Russia}}<br />
|{{sortname|Dmitry|Medvedev}} ([[President of Russia|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|{{sortname|Hashim bin Abdullah|Yamani|nolink=1}} (President of [[King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy|KACARE]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Singapore}}<br />
|{{sortname||Lee Hsien Loong}} ([[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|South Africa}}<br />
|{{sortname|Jacob|Zuma}} ([[President of South Africa|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|'''{{flag|South Korea}} (host)'''<br />
|'''{{sortname||Lee Myung-bak}} ([[President of South Korea|President]])'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Spain}}<br />
|{{sortname|Mariano|Rajoy}} ([[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Sweden}}<br />
|{{sortname|Fredrik|Reinfeldt}} ([[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Switzerland}}<br />
|{{sortname|Didier|Burkhalter}} ([[Federal Councillor|Head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Thailand}}<br />
|{{sortname|Yingluck|Shinawatra}} ([[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Turkey}}<br />
|{{sortname|Recep Tayyip|Erdoğan}} ([[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Ukraine}}<br />
|{{sortname|Viktor|Yanukovych}} ([[President of Ukraine|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates]]<br />
|{{sortname|Mohammed bin|Zayed Al Nahyan}} ([[Crown Prince]] of [[Abu Dhabi]] and Deputy Supreme Commander of the [[Union Defence Force (UAE)|Union Defence Force]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
|{{sortname|Nick|Clegg}} ([[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|United Nations}}<br />
|{{sortname||Ban Ki-moon}} ([[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|United States}}<br />
|{{sortname|Barack|Obama}} ([[President of the United States|President]])<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Vietnam}}<br />
|{{sortname||Nguyễn Tấn Dũng}} ([[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Schedule and agenda==<br />
{{nuclear weapons}}<br />
The host country of the summit plays an important role in setting the agenda. <br />
The North Korean nuclear issue is expected to top the agenda of the 2012 summit; and the summit may attempt to deal with a broader spectrum of non-proliferation issues than in Washington.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seoul’s Hosting of Nuclear Summit to Corner Pyongyang|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/04/113_65046.html|accessdate=14 April 2012|newspaper=The Korea Times|date=28 April 2010|author=Na Jeong-ju}}</ref><br />
<br />
In advance of the meeting date, negotiations will take place primarily amongst multi-national [[civil servants]]. It is open to question that for [[Germany]], the table lists the leader of their delegation to be their [[president of Germany|President]], but not the normally more authoritative office of [[chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]; one can interpret this as the nation-state Germany contracting out its global security concerns and responsibilities to the [[European Union]], an [[confederation|improvised aggregate state]] with features of a continuing experimental nature. In terms of other listed national leaders, the same matter concerning the [[de facto]] versus [[de jure]] authority is most relevant for [[Russia]], a Permanent Member of the [[UN Security Council]] and the second [[nuclear weapons states|Nuclear Weapon State]]. As [[Brazil]] and [[Vietnam]] are planning to increase their nuclear power plants significantly,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nuclear Pushes On Despite Fukushima|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204276304577265240284295880.html?mod=ITP_pageone_0#articleTabs%3Dinteractive|accessdate=14 April 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=11 March 2011|author=Chester Dawson|author2=Brian Spegele|author3=Selina Williams}}</ref> questions can also be raised as to who is included in their delegations to the summit. Although Brazil is on a good overall economic trajectory, its culture has a history of [[coup d'état|coups]], and securing enriched nuclear fuel and [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|enrichment equipment practical knowledge]] can be a difficult task. It is open to question whether or not any Brazilian legislative<ref>[[:pt:Congresso Nacional do Brasil|"Congresso Nacional do Brasil (National Congress of Brazil); Portuguese Wikipedia.]]</ref> leaders, not of Her Excellency President [[Rousseff]]'s political party, will be at the Summit.<br />
<br />
The Summit officially began with a Welcome Reception and a Working Dinner on the night of the 26th, and on the 27th there was a Morning Session, a Working Luncheon and an Afternoon Session.<br />
<br />
The agenda for each session was as follows: <br />
<br />
1. March 26 (Monday)<br />
-Working Dinner : Review of the Progress Made Since the 2010 Washington Summit<br />
2. March 27 (Tuesday) <br />
-Plenary Session I : National Measures and International Cooperation to Enhance Nuclear Security, including Future Commitments<br />
-Working Lunch : Nuclear Security-Safety Interface<br />
-Plenary Session II : National Measures and International Cooperation to Enhance Nuclear Security, including Future <br />
Commitments (cont.).<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule of 2012 summit|url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_media/press/press_view.jsp?oCmd=6&b_code=1&idx=304&rnum=1&f_gubun=0 |publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=4 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Seoul Communiqué==<br />
<br />
The Seoul Communiqué builds on the objectives and measures set out in the 2010 Washington Communiqué to identify 11 areas of priority and importance in nuclear security and presents specific actions in each area. <br />
<br />
The 11 areas are as follows: the global nuclear security architecture; the role of the IAEA; nuclear materials; radioactive sources; nuclear security and safety; transportation security; combating illicit trafficking; nuclear forensics; nuclear security culture; information security; and international cooperation. <br />
<br />
The Seoul Communiqué sets out the following specific actions in the above 11 areas:<ref>{{cite web |title=Seoul Communiqué|url=http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org/eng_media/press/press_view.jsp?oCmd=6&b_code=1&idx=304&rnum=1&f_gubun=0 |publisher=Nuclear Security Summit |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=4 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Eliminating and disposing of highly enriched uranium (HEU) no longer in use<br />
*Minimizing the use of HEU<br />
**Encouraging voluntary announcements by the end of 2013 of specific actions to minimize the use of HEU<br />
*Welcoming international efforts to develop high-density low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel for the purpose of replacing HEU fuels in research reactors and medical isotope production facilities<br />
*Seeking to bring the 2005 amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (CPPNM) into effect by 2014<br />
*Welcoming an international conference in 2013 organized by the IAEA to coordinate nuclear security activities<br />
*Encouraging voluntary contributions to the IAEA Nuclear Security Fund<br />
*Developing options for national policies on HEU management within the framework of the IAEA<br />
*Encouraging national measures and international cooperation to prevent radiological terrorism<br />
*Strengthening the physical protection of nuclear facilities and enhancing emergency response capabilities in the case of radiological accidents while comprehensively addressing nuclear security and nuclear safety concerns<br />
*Strengthening the management of spent nuclear fuels and radioactive wastes<br />
*Strengthening the protection of nuclear materials and radioactive sources in transport<br />
**Encouraging the establishment of a system to effectively manage and track such materials on a national level<br />
*Preventing the illicit trafficking of nuclear materials <br />
**Strengthening technical capabilities to search for and detect illicitly trafficked nuclear materials and encouraging the sharing of information on persons involved in such activities by cooperating with the INTERPOL<br />
*Building nuclear forensics capacity to identify the source of illicitly trafficked nuclear materials<br />
*Welcoming the establishment of Centers of Excellence for training and education in nuclear security, and supporting networking activities between each Center<br />
*Strengthening the nuclear security culture<br />
**Encouraging the participation of industry, academia, the media, NGOs and other civil actors in the discussions on nuclear security<br />
*Strengthening the protection of sensitive nuclear security-related information and enhancing cyber security at nuclear facilities <br />
*Promoting international cooperation, such as the provision of assistance to countries for the enhancement of national nuclear security capabilities upon request<br />
*The hosting of the next Nuclear Security Summit in the Netherlands — see [[2014 Nuclear Security Summit]]<br />
<br />
<br />
There are a number of points particularly worthy of note in the Seoul Communiqué. Firstly, it provides important timelines for advancing nuclear security objectives, such as the target year (end of 2013) for states to announce voluntary actions on minimizing the use of HEU and the goal year (2014) for bringing the amended CPPNM into effect. Secondly, it reflects the need to address both the issues of nuclear security and nuclear safety in a coherent manner for the sustainable peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It also emphasizes the need to better secure spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. Thirdly, it sets out specific measures to prevent radiological terrorism, an issue which was only briefly touched upon at the Washington Summit.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Barack Obama speech in Prague, 2009]]<br />
* [[Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism]]<br />
* [[Nuclear disarmament]]<br />
** [[New START]]<br />
* [[Nuclear proliferation]]<br />
* [[Proliferation Security Initiative]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://www.thenuclearsecuritysummit.org}}<br />
*[http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=593 After the Summit: Investing in Nuclear Materials Security] by Christopher P. Twomey (April 2012)<br />
*[http://www.keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/2012_nuclear_sec_summit_aps.pdf 2012 Nuclear Security Summit: The Korean Twist] by Duyeon Kim (September 2011)<br />
*[http://www.cfr.org/south-korea/2012-nuclear-security-summit-south-korean-nuclear-interests/p27660 2012 Nuclear Security Summit and South Korean Nuclear Interests] by Fred McGoldrick (March 2012)<br />
*[http://www.diplomaticourier.com/news/diplomacy/987-from-washington-to-seoul-advancing-nuclear-security-objectives From Washington to Seoul: Advancing Nuclear Security Objectives] by Olexander Motsyk(May 2012)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nuclear proliferation]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]]<br />
[[Category:2012 in international relations|Nuclear Security Summit, 2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 in South Korea|Nuclear Security Summit, 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in South Korea|Nuclear Security Summit, 2012]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences|Nuclear Security Summit, 2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 conferences|Nuclear Security Summit, 2012]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kostyantyn_Gryshchenko&diff=587729299Kostyantyn Gryshchenko2013-12-26T11:09:33Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox Politician<br />
| name = Kostyantyn Gryshchenko <br> Костянтин Грищенко<br />
| image = Kostyantyn Hryshchenko Agência Brasil.JPG<br />
| imagesize = 200px<br />
| caption = Kostyantyn Gryshchenko<br />
| office = [[Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine]]<br />
| term_start = 24 December 2012<ref name=MAG2KP241212/><br />
| term_end = <br />
| primeminister = [[Mykola Azarov]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor =<br />
| office2 = 11th [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]]<br />
| term_start2 = 11 March 2010<br />
| term_end2 = 24 December 2012<ref name=MAG2KP241212>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-is-appointing-new-cabinet-of-ministers-318086.html Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers], [[Kyiv Post]] (24 December 2012)</ref><br />
| primeminister2 = [[Mykola Azarov]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Petro Poroshenko]]<br />
| successor2 =[[Leonid Kozhara]]<br />
| office3 = 5th [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]]<br />
| term_start3 = 2 September 2003<br />
| term_end3 = 3 February 2005<br />
| primeminister3= [[Viktor Yanukovych]]<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Anatoliy Zlenko]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Borys Tarasiuk]]<br />
| order4 = 6th<br />
| ambassador_from4= Ukraine<br />
| country4 = the United States<br />
| term_start4 = January 2000<br />
| term_end4 = September 2003<br />
| president4 = [[Leonid Kuchma]]<br />
| predecessor4 = Anton Buteiko<br />
| successor4 = Mykhailo Reznik<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|10|28}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kiev]]<br />
| party = <br />
| spouse = Natalia Ihorivna<ref>Ukrainian Weekly Vol. LXII, no. 8, 23 February 2003, quote: “Ambassador Gryshchenko and his wife, Natalia, arrived in the afternoon of January 18 and first met privately with Archbishop Antony in his Consistory office.” http://www.scribd.com/doc/12836296/The-Ukrainian-Weekly-200308</ref><br />
| children = Oksana<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kostyantyn Ivanovich Gryshchenko''' ({{lang-uk|Костянтин Іванович Грищенко}}), born 28 October 1953 in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], is one of the [[Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine|Vice Prime Ministers of Ukraine]].<br />
<br />
Gryshchenko served as the Ukrainian ambassador to the United States between 2000 and 2003 and as the ambassador to Russia between 2008 and 2008. He was also Minister for Foreign Affairs between 2003 and 2005 and from 2010,<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs">{{cite web|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/page/open/id/614|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}</ref> also becoming a Vice Prime Minister at the end of 2012.<ref>Kyiv Post, Dec. 24, 2012 “Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers” http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-is-appointing-new-cabinet-of-ministers-318086.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Gryshchenko graduated from [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]] in [[International Law]] in 1975.<ref name=Liga>{{ru icon}} [http://file.liga.net/person/527-konstantin-grishenko.html Грищенко Константин Иванович ''Kostyantyn Gryshchenko''], ЛІГА</ref> In 1976, he attended a [[United Nations]] translators course in Moscow.<ref name=Liga/><br />
<br />
== Diplomatic and Political Career ==<br />
<br />
===Career in USSR and post-independence Ukraine===<br />
From 1981-1991, Hryschenko held a number of diplomatic posts in the USSR [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], including attaché and first secretary. From 1976 till 1981, he was a member of the [[UN Secretariat]] in [[New York]].<ref name=Liga/> He was based at the Consulate General of the [[USSR]] in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] between 1985 and 1990.<ref name=Liga/><br />
<br />
When the USSR [[break up of the USSR|broke up]] in 1991, [[Ukraine]] [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|declared its independence]] and Hryschenko became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, representing Ukraine on the Inspection and Control Commissions monitoring the implementation of the [[START I]] and [[ABM Treaty|ABM]] nuclear warhead reduction treaties between the USSR and USA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/page/open/id/614|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1991, Gryshchenko was a Deputy Chief Inspector with the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)which inspected Iraq’s weapons facilities. Between 1999 and 2003, he served with the UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters and the College of Commissioners for the United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC).<ref>{{cite web|title= EuroParl|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/afet/dv/201/201010/20101026cvgruyshchenko_en.pdf|publisher=Euro Parl}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ambassador and Foreign Minister===<br />
Gryshchenko served as the Ukrainian Ambassador to [[Belgium]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Luxembourg]] and [[NATO]] between 1998 and 2000. From 2000 to 2003, he served as [[Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States]],<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs"/><ref name=Liga/> dealing with allegations arising out of the so-called [[Cassette Scandal]] that Ukraine had supplied “[[Kolchuga passive sensor|Kolchuga]]” radars to Iraq in 2002.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/kolchuga.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Gryshchenko was appointed [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] in the [[First Yanukovych Government]]. He retained the post of First Deputy Secretary of the National Security and Defence Council.<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs"/><br />
<br />
Gryshchenko became deputy head of the [[Republican Party of Ukraine]]; at the [[Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2006|2006 parliamentary election]] the party was part of the [[Opposition Bloc "Ne Tak"]] with Gryshchenko on the 18th spot on the party list of this political alliance.<ref name=Liga/> The alliance scored 1,01% of the national votes and no seats in the [[Ukrainian parliament]].<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://sd.net.ua/2009/08/30/respublkanska_partja_ukrani.html Databases ASD: Political parties in Ukraine]</ref> On 15 April 2008 a decree of President [[Viktor Yushchenko]] appointed him First Deputy Secretary of the [[National Security and Defense Council]].<ref name=Liga/> After becoming [[Ambassador of Ukraine to Russia]] in 2008 he retained the post of First Deputy Secretary of the National Security and Defence Council.<ref name=Liga/><br />
<br />
In 2010 Gryshchenko was again appointed as Ukraine's Minister of Foreign Affairs, chairing the Committee of the Ministers of the [[Council of Europe]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=USUBC meeting with Ukrainian foreign minister Kostyantyn Gryshchenko|url=http://www.usubc.org/site/past-usubc-events/invite-usubc-meeting-with-ukrainian-foreign-minister-kostyantyn-gryshchenko|publisher=U.S.-Ukraine Business Council}}</ref> He was also involved in negotiations with [[Russia]] over extending the lease on its Sevastapol naval base in the Crimea in exchange for a reduction in the price of natural gas supplies.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/04/21/russia.ukraine/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2012, Kostyantyn Hryschenko was appointed as one of the [[Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-is-appointing-new-cabinet-of-ministers-318086.html|publisher=Kyiv Post}}</ref> He is expected to make [[Ukraine–European Union relations|full membership of the EU]] one of the country’s key foreign policy objectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukraine cabinet focuses on economy, foreign policy|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2012-12/27/content_27532770.htm|publisher=China.org.cn}}, quote: "Gryschenko, who was in charge of EU integration while foreign minister, will continue that work in his new post as deputy prime minister. Gryschenko also is expected to lobby more for Ukraine's EU aspirations as a priority of Kiev's foreign policy."</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and Honours ==<br />
The President of Ukraine awarded Gryshchenko the Order of Merit third grade in 1998 and the Order of Merit second grade in 2003 for contributions to diplomacy and foreign affairs. He has also received a number of decorations from foreign states.<ref>{{cite web|title= EuroParl|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/afet/dv/201/201010/20101026cvgruyshchenko_en.pdf|publisher=EuroParl}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
Gryshchenko's daughter Oksana was an adviser to [[Ukrainian Energy Minister]] [[Yuriy Boyko]].<ref>Kyiv Post, Dec. 6, 2012, quote: “Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kostyantyn Gryshchenko dropped by for a brief formal talk since he was in town anyway for bilateral meetings. His daughter, Oksana Gryshchenko, an adviser to Ukrainian Energy Minister Yuriy Boyko, unexpectedly appeared as a panelist on the energy topic.” http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/passion-has-disappeared-in-us-ukraine-relationship-317270.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Chronological Biography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Date !! Position <br />
|-<br />
| 1976-1991 || Diplomat at the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1992-1995 || Counsellor to Director of the Department of Arms Control and Disarmament at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine<br />
|-<br />
| 1995-1998 || Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine<br />
|-<br />
| 1998-2000 || Ambassador of Ukraine to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg<br />
|-<br />
| 2000-2003 || Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States of America<br />
|-<br />
| 2003-2005 || Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine<br />
|-<br />
| 2006-2007 || Foreign Policy Adviser to the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2008-2010 || Ambassador of Ukraine to the Russian Federation<br />
|-<br />
| 2010-2012 || Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine<br />
|-<br />
| 2012- || Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Embassy of Ukraine in Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Commons category|Kostyantyn Hryshchenko}}<br />
{{Foreign Ministers of Ukraine}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Gryshchenko, Kostyantyn Ivanovich<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH =28 October 1953<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Kiev]]<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gryshchenko, Kostyantyn Ivanovich}}<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian diplomats]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Government ministers of Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Ukraine to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kiev]]<br />
[[Category:Republican Party of Ukraine politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Ukraine to Belgium]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Ukraine to the Netherlands]]<br />
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of Ukraine to NATO]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet diplomats]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titushky&diff=585106816Titushky2013-12-08T10:12:30Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{multiple issues|<br />
{{cleanup|reason=looks like a copy-paste from Google Translate, please fix neutrality and style issues and references metadata; also, try to find English-language references |date=December 2013}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Thugs by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.jpg|thumb | ''Titushky'' at the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine November 24, 2013]]<br />
'''Titushky''' (sometimes ''titushkos'' or ''titushkas'') ({{lang-uk|тітушки}}) is a widely used term in Ukrainian mass media for street hooligans who are suspected to be sponsored by government. An illegal formation of combat troops and semi-criminal athletes who assault and disperse peaceful demonstrations and attack the [[media]] by blending in with a crowd or mob and provoking or instigating a fight.<br />
<br />
During the [[Euromaidan]], it became a collective identification for provocateurs who were hired by [[Party of Regions]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://lb.ua/news/2013/11/24/242552_berkut_titushki_puskayut.html | title = "Беркут" и "титушки" дерутся с митингующими у здания Кабмина | language=ru | accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> and law enforcement agents in civilian uniform.<ref name = "mukachevo">{{cite web | url= http://www.mukachevo.net/ua/News/view/84093-Як-на-Банкову-звозили-тітушок-автобусами-та-під-наглядом-силовиків-ВІДЕО | title= Як на Банкову звозили "тітушок" автобусами та під наглядом силовиків (ВІДЕО) | publisher = Mukachevo.net | deadurl = no | language=uk }}</ref><ref name="liga">{{cite web | url = http://news.liga.net/video/politics/934665-administratsiyu_prezidenta_shturmovali_na_zakaz_smi.htm | title = Администрацию президента штурмовали на заказ, - СМИ | publisher = news.liga.net | language = ru | deadurl = no}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Name origin ==<br />
The term comes from sportsman from [[Bila Tserkva]], Vadym Titusko ''({{lang-uk|Вадим Тітушко}})'' (also known as Vadik Rumyn ''({{lang-ru|Вадик Румын}})'') who attacked journalists of the [[5th Channel (Ukraine)|5th Channel]] on May 18, 2013.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://myslovo.com/?dictionary=%D1%82%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8 Titushky] at Ukrainian slang dictionary Myslovo<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian culture]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian society]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian slang]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups]]<br />
[[Category:Stereotypes]]<br />
[[Category:Social class subcultures]]<br />
[[Category:Criminal subcultures]]<br />
[[Category:Political scandals in Ukraine]]<br />
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{{Ukraine-stub}}</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serhiy_Zhadan&diff=582751918Serhiy Zhadan2013-11-22T00:41:16Z<p>RLuts: /* Prose */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Serhiy-Zhadan.JPG|thumb|right|Serhiy Zhadan presenting his book in [[Poznań]]]]<br />
'''Serhiy Viktorovych Zhadan''' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Сергі́й Ві́кторович Жада́н; born 23 August 1974) is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] poet, novelist, essayist, and translator. Born in [[Starobilsk]], [[Luhansk Oblast]], he graduated from [[Kharkiv University]] in 1996, then spent three years as a graduate student of [[philology]]. He taught [[Ukrainian literature|Ukrainian]] and world literature from 2000 to 2004, and thereafter retired from teaching. He lives and works in [[Kharkiv]]. <br />
<br />
Zhadan has translated poetry from [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], and [[Russian language|Russian]], from such poets as [[Paul Celan]] and [[Charles Bukowski]]. His own works have been translated into German, English, [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], Belarusian, Russian, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Czech language|Czech]]. <br />
<br />
In March 2008, the Russian translation of his novel ''Anarchy in the UKR'' made the short list of the [http://www.natsbest.ru/ National Bestseller] Prize. It was also a contender for "Book of the Year" at the 2008 Moscow International Book Exhibition.<br />
<br />
His novel ''Anthem of Democratic Youth'' has been adapted for the stage and is being performed at the Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater in Kyiv.<br />
<br />
== Critical estimation ==<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
Zhadan's prose is so poetic, his free verse so prosaic. It is difficult to assign a genre to his work: memoir, travelogue, timely or untimely meditation - or a mixture of all these, centered on the themes ''my generation'' and ''our epoch''.<ref>[http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/85/me20.html Rostislav Mel'nikov, Yuriy Tsaplin. Ростислав Мельников, Юрий Цаплин. ''Northeast of the Southwest: The Contemporary Literature of Kharkiv''], The New Literary Review, 2007, #85.</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
There is no summarizing the spicy, hot, sweet, vicious improvisations of Sergei Zhadan - this is verbal jazz. When you read him, you fear for contemporary Russian literature: of those now writing in the Russian language, there is none among them who is so infernally free (and above all, free from "writerly" prose, from the tendency to "produce an impression").<ref>[http://www.vz.ru/culture/2008/6/5/174476.html Kirill Ankudinov, ''Adventures in April''], [http://www.vz.ru/ VZGLYAD.RU], 5.06.2008.</ref> <br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
=== Poetry ===<br />
* ''General Yuda'' (Генерал Юда), 1995.<br />
* ''Pepsi'' (Пепсі), (1998).<br />
* ''The very best poems, psychedelic stories of fighting and other bullshit: Selected Poems, 1992-2000'' (Вибрані поезії), 2000.<br />
* ''Ballads of the War and Reconstruction'' (Балади про війну і відбудову), 2000.<br />
* ''The History of Culture at the Beginning of the Century'' (Історія культури початку століття), (2003)<br />
* ''Maradona'' (Марадона), 2007.<br />
* ''Ethiopia'' (Ефіопія), 2009.<br />
* ''Lili Marlene'' (Лілі Марлен), 2009.<br />
<br />
=== Prose ===<br />
* ''Big Mac'' (Біґ Мак; short story collection), 2003.<br />
* ''Depeche Mode'' (Депеш Мод), 2004.<br />
* ''Anarchy in the UKR'', 2005.<br />
* ''Anthem of Democratic Youth'' (Гімн демократичної молоді), 2006.<br />
* ''Big Mac²'' (Біґ Мак²; short story collection), 2007.<br />
* ''Voroshylovhrad'' (Ворошиловград), 2010.<br />
* ''Big Mac and Other Stories'' (Біґ Мак та інші історії), 2011.<br />
<br />
=== Compilations ===<br />
* ''Capital'' (Капітал), 2006 - includes everything but ''The History of Culture at the Beginning of the Century'', ''Big Mac'', and ''Maradona''.<br />
<br />
=== Anthologized poetry ===<br />
* ''Stanislav+2'' (Станислав+2), 2001.<br />
* ''"Ch" Time - Verses on Chechnya and Not Only'' (Время `Ч`. Стихи о Чечне и не только), 2001.<br />
* ''We Will Not Die in Paris'' (Мы умрем не в Париже), 2002.<br />
* ''The History of Culture'' (История культуры), 2004.<br />
* ''The Unknown Ukraine'' (НеИзвестная Украина), 2005.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{uk icon}} [http://poetry.uazone.net/zhadan/ The poetry of Serhiy Zhadan]<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://www.vavilon.ru/textonly/issue4/zhadan.htm Profile at Vavilon.ru]<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://spintongues.msk.ru/Zhadan.htm Entry at ''Speaking in Tongues'']<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://www.netslova.ru/zhadan/ Entry at ''Net Literature'']<br />
* {{uk icon}} [http://blogs.korrespondent.net/celebrities/sirozha Zhadan's blog]<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://stihi.ru/author.html?zadan Verses translated by A. Pustogarova]<br />
* {{uk icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9F1FIIhAiE Zhadan reading "Fungi of the Donbass" in Donetsk]<br />
* {{uk icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVhOuSGSReI Zhadan reading "Lukoil" in Poland]<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://www.czelit.ru/bibua/20/zhadan/index.shtml Large collection of materials about Zhadan]<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2008/9/fa5-pr.html Translations] by [[Elena Fanailova]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=20766407}}<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Zhadan, Serhiy<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ukrainian poet<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 August 1974<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhadan, Serhiy}}<br />
[[Category:1974 births]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian translators]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from Russian]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from German]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from English]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from Belarusian]]<br />
[[Category:Translators to Ukrainian]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RLuts/common.js&diff=579448417User:RLuts/common.js2013-10-30T11:39:09Z<p>RLuts: </p>
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addOnloadHook(start_mtc);</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serhiy_Tkach&diff=575844851Serhiy Tkach2013-10-05T10:41:01Z<p>RLuts: see <ref name=teleg/></p>
<hr />
<div>{{expand Russian|Ткач, Сергей Фёдорович|date=March 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox serial killer<br />
|name=Serhiy Tkach<br />
|image=<br />
|image_size=<br />
|caption=<br />
|birthname=<br />
|alias= "Pologovsky Maniac"<ref name=teleg/><br />
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1952|9|15}}<ref name="sledveli">''Превзойти Чикатило''. А film from Russian criminal documentary TV series ''Следствие вели...''</ref><br />
|birth_place=[[Kiselyovsk]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="kp">{{Cite web|url=http://kp.ua/daily/171007/12201/|title=Я зверь, а не человек!|date=2007-10-17|publisher=kp.ua|language=Russian|accessdate=2010-10-01}}</ref><br />
|death_date=<br />
|death_place=<br />
|cause=<br />
|victims=36 confirmed, 70-130 + claimed<ref name=teleg/><br />
|country=[[Soviet Union]]<br>[[Ukraine]]<br />
|states=<br />
|beginyear=1984 (possibly 1980)<ref name=teleg/><br />
|endyear=2005<ref name=teleg/><br />
|apprehended=August 2005<ref name=teleg/><br />
|sentence=Life imprisonment<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Serhiy Fedorovich Tkach''' ({{lang-uk|Сергій Федорович Ткач}}, {{lang-ru|Серге́й Фёдорович Ткач}}; born 15 September 1952) is a former [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] police criminal investigator, originally from Russia, and a convicted [[serial killer]] who claimed to have killed 100 people.<ref name=teleg>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/3933579/Man-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-for-murdering-36-women.html|first=Miriam|last=Elder|date=24 Dec 2008|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|title=Man sentenced to life in prison for murdering 36 women|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7798753.stm |title=BBC News: Serial killer jailed in Ukraine |accessdate=2008-12-24|work=bbc.co.uk | date=2008-12-24}}</ref> He suffocated girls aged between eight and 18 and performed sexual acts on their bodies after they were dead.<ref name=teleg/> Although Tkach admitted his crimes and demanded the [[death penalty]], after a one-year trial, a tribunal in [[Dnipropetrovsk]] sentenced him to [[life imprisonment]] for the [[rape]] and murder of 36 women over more than two decades.<ref name=teleg/> Over the years, nine people had been wrongly jailed for some of the murders of which Tkach was found guilty. One of the men wrongly accused killed himself.<ref name=teleg/> Another was not released until March 2012.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/125954/ Innocent Man Spends 7 Years In Prison], [[Kyiv Post]] (12 April 2012)</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Anatoly Onoprienko]]<ref name=teleg/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Tkach, Serhiy<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ukrainian serial killer<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 12 September 1952<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kiselyovsk]] [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tkach, Serhiy}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian serial killers]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian people convicted of murder]]<br />
[[Category:Necrophiles]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian police officers convicted of murder]]<br />
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet serial killers]]<br />
[[Category:Rape in Ukraine]]<br />
<br />
{{criminal-stub}}</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras_Voznyak&diff=564628691Taras Voznyak2013-07-17T09:06:00Z<p>RLuts: Undid revision 564628573 by ClueBot NG (talk)</p>
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<div>{{redirect-distinguish|Voznyak|Wozniak|Wozniacki}}<br />
{{Infobox governor<br />
| name = Taras Voznyak<br />
| nick =<br />
| image = Taras Voznyak 1.JPG<br />
| term_start =<br />
| term_end =<br />
| birth_date = May 11, 1957 <br />
| birth_place =<br />
| nationality = Ukrainian<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| spouse =<br />
| children =<br />
| alma_mater = [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lviv Polytechnic National University]]<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Taras Voznyak''' (born May 11, 1957 in the village of Svarychiv, Rozhnyativ rayon, Stanislav (currently [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]) oblast) – Ukrainian [[Culturology|culture expert]], [[Political science|political scientist]], editor-in-chief and founder of [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/ Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Taras Voznyak was born after his father returned from [[exile]] in [[Magadan]] (exile lasted from 1945 to 1956). The family settled in the town of Broshniv-Osada.<br />
* 1974-1979 – Taras Voznyak studies at [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lviv Polytechnic Institute]] (currently [http://lp.edu.ua/ Lviv Polytechnic National University])<br />
* 1980-1984 – Taras Voznyak serves as an officer in the armed forces in the town of [[Iziaslav, Ukraine|Iziaslav]] of [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]]. During army service he translates philosophy works by [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Roman Ingarden]], [[Gabriel Marcel]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]], and [[Max Scheler]].<br />
* After [[Demobilization|demobilisation]] in 1984, Taras Voznyak starts working as a [[programmer]] at [http://www.stanok.lviv.ua/ Lviv Factory of Milling Machines]. After Gorbachev’s thaw he becomes an activist of democratic movement and co-organises the first general strike in [[Ukraine]] (at Lviv Factory of Milling Machines).<br />
<br />
Taras Voznyak was close to an informal group of intellectuals united under the name “Lvivska Shkola” (Lviv School). Ihor Klekh, Hryhoriy Komskyi, Mykola Yakovyna and others were part of this group, which was operating in [[Lviv]] in the 1980s. He organised the printing of [[samizdat]] culturology literature. He translated a large number of texts and also published within samizdat, in particularly the books of Polish-Jewish writer [[Bruno Schulz]].<br />
<br />
===Editor - Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"===<br />
<br />
In 1987 Taras Voznyak together with Mykola Yakovyna initiated the creation of the Independent Cultural Journal. The name of the Journal – "Ї" – was thought up by Ukrainian translator Hryhoriy Kochur and linguist [[George Shevelov|Yuriy Shevelyov]] during the meeting in Lviv.<br />
<br />
The [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n1texts/n1.htm first issue of the Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"] was published in 1989. Since then Taras Voznyak remains the Journal’s editor-in-chief and publisher. With the support from [[Sąjūdis|Reform Movement of Lithuania "Sajudis"]], the first five Journal issues were manufactured as [[Photocopier|photocopies]] in [[Vilnius]]. The photocopies would be brought to Lviv, and then they were stitched and distributed nationally in Ukraine. This is when Oleksandr Kryvenko, the editor of samvydav Lviv newspaper "Postup", joined the Journal team. In 1995 the Journal was officially registered – Taras Voznyak, Mykhaylo Moskal and Oleksandr Pohranychnyi became the Journal founders.<br />
<br />
Independent Cultural Journal "Ї" is published in paper and electronic form. The Journal has long ago transformed into an influential NGO and a [[think tank]]. The main issues, which the NGO Independent Cultural Journal "Ї" is working upon, are the issues of civil society, human rights, interethnic relations, cross-border cooperation, multiculturalism, European integration, regionalism, globalisation and anti-globalist movements, ecumenical dialogue, political changes in the region.<br />
<br />
As a leader of NGO Independent Cultural Journal "Ї" Taras Voznyak organises and holds numerous international, national and local conferences, meetings, round table discussion, and [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/seminary/seminary.htm other events]. He is the initiator and organiser of community campaigns on the promotion of cultural heritage of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Halychyna]] – in particular the sculptor of 18th century Johann-Georg Pinzel, writer and painter [[Bruno Schulz]], writer [[Zygmunt Haupt]].<br />
<br />
Journal "Ї" has become a cult publication in Lviv. Journal’s series have been reconstructing local identities of [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n36texts/N36-mista.htm Halychyna], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n49texts/N49-volyn.htm Volyn], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n44texts/N44-zakarp.htm Zakarpattya], Bukovyna for many years. Several Journal issues have been promoting the almost non-existent Polish, [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n51texts/N51-hebr.htm Jewish] and Armenian cultural landscapes of the region – [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n52texts/N52-pol.htm Polish], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n48texts/N48-hebr.htm Jewish] and Armenian "uni-verse" of Halychyna. A range of Journal issues is dedicated to phenomena of the cities – [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n29texts/N29-lviv.htm Lviv], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n56texts/N56-czerniwci.htm Chernivtsi], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n55texts/N55-stanyslaviv.htm Ivano-Frankivsk], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n63texts/N63-ternopil.htm Ternopil], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n62texts/N62-kolomyja.htm Kolomyja], Zhovkva.<br />
<br />
In 2001, an honorary distinction "Order for Intellectual Bravery" was established (initiated by Taras Voznyak and Oleksandr Pohranychnyi), which since then has been accepted by [[Borys Tarasyuk]], Nataliya Yakovenko, [[Myroslav Popovych]], [[Emma Andijewska|Emma Andijevska]], Roman Viktyuk, Vyacheslav Bryukhovetskyi, [[Valentin Silvestrov|Valentyn Sylvestrov]], [[Myroslav Marynovych]], Hryhoriy Hrabovych, [[:pl:Andrzej Nikodemowicz|Andrzej Nikodemowicz]], Borys Hudzyak, Pavlo Chuchka, Yevhen Zakharov, Roman Petruk, [[Bohdan Osadchuk]], Leonid Finberg, [[Mustafa Abdülcemil Qırımoğlu|Mustafa Jemilev]], [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]], Ihor Isichenko, Oksana Pakhlyovska, Andriy Sodomora, [[Ihor Ševčenko|Igor Shevchenko]], Yaroslav Grytsak, Aleksandra Gnatyuk, [[Moysey Fishbein|Moses Fishbein]].<br />
<br />
===Public Life and Opinion Journalism===<br />
<br />
During the 1990s Taras Voznyak has started to actively publish his culturology essays in Ukraine as well as abroad. He is the author of more than 400 publications in Ukrainian and foreign media; he also writes for the following magazines: [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/ "Ї"], "Suchasnist" (''Contemporary Times''), "Kyiv", "Philosophical and Sociological Thought", "[http://krytyka.com/cms/front_content.php?idcat=35&lang=1 Krytyka]" (''Criticism''), "[http://www.geneza.ua/ Geneza]" (''Genesis''), "Universum" (''Universe''), "[http://ua.glavred.info/ Glavred]" (''Chief Editor''); newspapers: "[http://www.day.kiev.ua/en Den]" (''Day''), "[http://dt.ua/ Dzerkalo Tyzhnya]" (''Mirror Weekly''), "[http://gazeta.ua/ Gazeta Po-Ukrainsky]", "[http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/ Ukraina Moloda]" (''Young Ukraine''), "[http://ukrainianweek.com/ Ukrainskyi Tyzhden]" (''Ukrainian Week''); blogs.<ref>[http://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/voznyak/ http://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/voznyak/]</ref><ref>[http://www.zaxid.net/blogauthor http://www.zaxid.net/blogauthor]</ref><br />
<br />
From the time Ukraine won its independence, Taras Voznyak has continuously been involved in establishing cross-border cooperation and maintaining international relations, while holding various official posts.<br />
<br />
Taras Voznyak was awarded with an honorary distinction "''Knight of Halychyna''" in the nomination "Public Figure" (2001), a distinction “''20 Years of the First Democratic Convocation of Lviv Regional Council''” (2010), a distinction by Lviv Mayor “''Saint George Distinction of Honour''” (2011).<br />
<br />
* 1989–present – Head of the Board of Directors of NGO International Centre for Cultural Initiatives, [[Lviv]]<br />
* 1996-1999 – Head of the Publishing Council of International Renaissance Foundation, [[Kiev|Kyiv]]<br />
* 1998–present – Member of “[http://www.rc-leopolis.lviv.ua/ Lviv-Leopolis]” Rotary Club, Lviv<br />
* 2002-2004 – Head of the Steering Council of the "East-East Programme: Partnership Beyond Borders" of International Renaissance Foundation, Kyiv<br />
* 2000-2004 – Committee Member of Taras Shevchenko National Award of Ukraine, Kyiv<br />
* 2005–present – Co-founder and Head of the Board of Directors of [http://www.pauci.org/en/ Polish-Ukrainian Cooperation Foundation (PAUCI)], Warsaw-Kyiv<br />
* 2009–present – Member of the Board of Directors of [[International Renaissance Foundation]], Kyiv<br />
* 2012–present – Executive Director of the Ukrainian Center of International PEN-Club, Kyiv<br />
<br />
==Published works==<br />
<br />
* Voznyak Т. Texts and translations, Kharkiv, “Folio”, 1998, 667 p., ISBN 966-03-0382-3<br />
* Voznyak Т. Philosophy of Language, Lviv, "Ї", 2009, 180 p., ISBN 978-966-7007-76-8<br />
* Voznyak Т. Phenomenon of the City, Lviv, "Ї", 2009, 290 p., ISBN 978-966-7007-77-5<br />
* Voznyak Т. Philosophical Essays, Lviv, "Ї", 2009, 300 p., ISBN 978-966-7007-78-2<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Kuchma’s Era: “Ї”, 2010, 180 p., ISBN 978-966-378-182-2<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Yushchenko’s Era. Long Prelude, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 264 p., ISBN 978-966-378-183-9<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Yushchenko’s Era. Lost Expectations, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 202 p., ISBN 978-966-378-184-6<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Yanukovych’s Era, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 122 p., ISBN 978-966-378-185-3<br />
* Voznyak Т. Galician Stetles, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 444 c., ISBN 978-966-7007-96-6<br />
* Voznyak Т. Tα μετα τα φυσικά of Carpathians. Selected Epiphanies, Lviv: “Ї”, 2011, 200 p., ISBN 978-966-24-0577-4<br />
* Voznyak Т. Bruno Schulz. The Return, Lviv: “Ї”, 2012, 218 p., ISBN 978-966-7022-96-9 <br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Additional sources of information==<br />
<br />
* Алла Татаренко. Српска књижевност као огледало балканске драме — [[Белград]], [http://www.borbabg.com/ Борба] — 31 березня 2000 року<br />
* Ukraina: brak pomysłu na państwo — [[Kraków|Краків]], [http://tygodnik.onet.pl/ Tygodnik Powszechny] — №26 (2712), 30 червня 2001 року<br />
* Уляна Івашків. [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/vidhuky/pro-nas/postup_2412.htm Ушанування інтелектуально відважних] — Львів, Поступ — 24 грудня 2002 року<br />
* Ігор Мельник. [http://postup.brama.com/usual.php?what=24104 Діалог між народами] — Львів, Поступ — 14 травня 2004<br />
* Яна Кутько. [http://www.day.kiev.ua/125259/ Про що говорить тринадцята літера алфавіту?] — Київ, День — №182, 9 жовтня 2004 року<br />
* Михаил Гольд. [http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/202/periodik.html Евреи в Галиции. Оконченный роман?] — [http://www.lechaim.ru/ Ежемесячный литературно-публицистический журнал и издательство Лехаим] — лютий 2009 року<br />
* Валерий Сердюченко. [http://www.lebed.com/2002/art3158.htm Клубы львовских интеллектуалов] — [[New York City|Нью-Йорк]], [http://www.lebed.com/ Лебедь] — № 299, 24 листопада 2002 року<br />
* Ірина Сиривко. [http://postup.brama.com/usual.php?what=19046 Тарас Возняк: Нагорода стимулює працювати краще] — Львів, Поступ — 22 січня 2004 року<br />
* [[Volodymyr Tsybulko|Володимир Цибулько]]. [http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/912/219/33214/ Філософ західної брами раю] — Київ, [http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/ Україна молода] — №82, 11 травня 2007 року<br />
* http://broshniv-osada.at.ua/<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/ Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"]<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Voznyak, Taras<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ukrainian writer<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1957<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Voznyak, Taras}}<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Lviv]]<br />
[[Category:Translators to Ukrainian]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian democracy activists]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian writers]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras_Voznyak&diff=564628564Taras Voznyak2013-07-17T09:04:08Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect-distinguish|Voznyak|Wozniak|Wozniacki}}<br />
{{Infobox governor<br />
| name = Taras Voznyak<br />
| nick =<br />
| image = Taras Voznyak 1.JPG<br />
| term_start =<br />
| term_end =<br />
| birth_date = May 11, 1957 <br />
| birth_place =<br />
| nationality = Ukrainian<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| spouse =<br />
| children =<br />
| alma_mater = [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lviv Polytechnic National University]]<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Taras Voznyak''' (born May 11, 1957 in the village of Svarychiv, Rozhnyativ rayon, Stanislav (currently [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]]) oblast) – Ukrainian [[Culturology|culture expert]], [[Political science|political scientist]], editor-in-chief and founder of [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/ Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Taras Voznyak was born after his father returned from [[exile]] in [[Magadan]] (exile lasted from 1945 to 1956). The family settled in the town of Broshniv-Osada.<br />
* 1974-1979 – Taras Voznyak studies at [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lviv Polytechnic Institute]] (currently [http://lp.edu.ua/ Lviv Polytechnic National University])<br />
* 1980-1984 – Taras Voznyak serves as an officer in the armed forces in the town of [[Iziaslav, Ukraine|Iziaslav]] of [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]]. During army service he translates philosophy works by [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Roman Ingarden]], [[Gabriel Marcel]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]], and [[Max Scheler]].<br />
* After [[Demobilization|demobilisation]] in 1984, Taras Voznyak starts working as a [[programmer]] at [http://www.stanok.lviv.ua/ Lviv Factory of Milling Machines]. After Gorbachev’s thaw he becomes an activist of democratic movement and co-organises the first general strike in [[Ukraine]] (at Lviv Factory of Milling Machines).<br />
<br />
Taras Voznyak was close to an informal group of intellectuals united under the name “Lvivska Shkola” (Lviv School). Ihor Klekh, Hryhoriy Komskyi, Mykola Yakovyna and others were part of this group, which was operating in [[Lviv]] in the 1980s. He organised the printing of [[samizdat]] culturology literature. He translated a large number of texts and also published within samizdat, in particularly the books of Polish-Jewish writer [[Bruno Schulz]].<br />
<br />
===Editor - Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"===<br />
<br />
In 1987 Taras Voznyak together with Mykola Yakovyna initiated the creation of the Independent Cultural Journal. The name of the Journal – "Ї" – was thought up by Ukrainian translator Hryhoriy Kochur and linguist [[George Shevelov|Yuriy Shevelyov]] during the meeting in Lviv.<br />
<br />
The [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n1texts/n1.htm first issue of the Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"] was published in 1989. Since then Taras Voznyak remains the Journal’s editor-in-chief and publisher. With the support from [[Sąjūdis|Reform Movement of Lithuania "Sajudis"]], the first five Journal issues were manufactured as [[Photocopier|photocopies]] in [[Vilnius]]. The photocopies would be brought to Lviv, and then they were stitched and distributed nationally in Ukraine. This is when Oleksandr Kryvenko, the editor of samvydav Lviv newspaper "Postup", joined the Journal team. In 1995 the Journal was officially registered – Taras Voznyak, Mykhaylo Moskal and Oleksandr Pohranychnyi became the Journal founders.<br />
<br />
Independent Cultural Journal "Ї" is published in paper and electronic form. The Journal has long ago transformed into an influential NGO and a [[think tank]]. The main issues, which the NGO Independent Cultural Journal "Ї" is working upon, are the issues of civil society, human rights, interethnic relations, cross-border cooperation, multiculturalism, European integration, regionalism, globalisation and anti-globalist movements, ecumenical dialogue, political changes in the region.<br />
<br />
As a leader of NGO Independent Cultural Journal "Ї" Taras Voznyak organises and holds numerous international, national and local conferences, meetings, round table discussion, and [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/seminary/seminary.htm other events]. He is the initiator and organiser of community campaigns on the promotion of cultural heritage of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Halychyna]] – in particular the sculptor of 18th century Johann-Georg Pinzel, writer and painter [[Bruno Schulz]], writer [[Zygmunt Haupt]].<br />
<br />
Journal "Ї" has become a cult publication in Lviv. Journal’s series have been reconstructing local identities of [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n36texts/N36-mista.htm Halychyna], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n49texts/N49-volyn.htm Volyn], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n44texts/N44-zakarp.htm Zakarpattya], Bukovyna for many years. Several Journal issues have been promoting the almost non-existent Polish, [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n51texts/N51-hebr.htm Jewish] and Armenian cultural landscapes of the region – [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n52texts/N52-pol.htm Polish], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n48texts/N48-hebr.htm Jewish] and Armenian "uni-verse" of Halychyna. A range of Journal issues is dedicated to phenomena of the cities – [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n29texts/N29-lviv.htm Lviv], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n56texts/N56-czerniwci.htm Chernivtsi], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n55texts/N55-stanyslaviv.htm Ivano-Frankivsk], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n63texts/N63-ternopil.htm Ternopil], [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n62texts/N62-kolomyja.htm Kolomyja], Zhovkva.<br />
<br />
In 2001, an honorary distinction "Order for Intellectual Bravery" was established (initiated by Taras Voznyak and Oleksandr Pohranychnyi), which since then has been accepted by [[Borys Tarasyuk]], Nataliya Yakovenko, [[Myroslav Popovych]], [[Emma Andijewska|Emma Andijevska]], Roman Viktyuk, Vyacheslav Bryukhovetskyi, [[Valentin Silvestrov|Valentyn Sylvestrov]], [[Myroslav Marynovych]], Hryhoriy Hrabovych, [[:pl:Andrzej Nikodemowicz|Andrzej Nikodemowicz]], Borys Hudzyak, Pavlo Chuchka, Yevhen Zakharov, Roman Petruk, [[Bohdan Osadchuk]], Leonid Finberg, [[Mustafa Abdülcemil Qırımoğlu|Mustafa Jemilev]], [[Anatoliy Hrytsenko]], Ihor Isichenko, Oksana Pakhlyovska, Andriy Sodomora, [[Ihor Ševčenko|Igor Shevchenko]], Yaroslav Grytsak, Aleksandra Gnatyuk, [[Moysey Fishbein|Moses Fishbein]].<br />
<br />
===Public Life and Opinion Journalism===<br />
<br />
During the 1990s Taras Voznyak has started to actively publish his culturology essays in Ukraine as well as abroad. He is the author of more than 400 publications in Ukrainian and foreign media; he also writes for the following magazines: [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/ "Ї"], "Suchasnist" (''Contemporary Times''), "Kyiv", "Philosophical and Sociological Thought", "[http://krytyka.com/cms/front_content.php?idcat=35&lang=1 Krytyka]" (''Criticism''), "[http://www.geneza.ua/ Geneza]" (''Genesis''), "Universum" (''Universe''), "[http://ua.glavred.info/ Glavred]" (''Chief Editor''); newspapers: "[http://www.day.kiev.ua/en Den]" (''Day''), "[http://dt.ua/ Dzerkalo Tyzhnya]" (''Mirror Weekly''), "[http://gazeta.ua/ Gazeta Po-Ukrainsky]", "[http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/ Ukraina Moloda]" (''Young Ukraine''), "[http://ukrainianweek.com/ Ukrainskyi Tyzhden]" (''Ukrainian Week''); blogs.<ref>[http://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/voznyak/ http://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/voznyak/]</ref><ref>[http://www.zaxid.net/blogauthor http://www.zaxid.net/blogauthor]</ref><br />
<br />
From the time Ukraine won its independence, Taras Voznyak has continuously been involved in establishing cross-border cooperation and maintaining international relations, while holding various official posts.<br />
<br />
Taras Voznyak was awarded with an honorary distinction "''Knight of Halychyna''" in the nomination "Public Figure" (2001), a distinction “''20 Years of the First Democratic Convocation of Lviv Regional Council''” (2010), a distinction by Lviv Mayor “''Saint George Distinction of Honour''” (2011).<br />
<br />
* 1989–present – Head of the Board of Directors of NGO International Centre for Cultural Initiatives, [[Lviv]]<br />
* 1996-1999 – Head of the Publishing Council of International Renaissance Foundation, [[Kiev|Kyiv]]<br />
* 1998–present – Member of “[http://www.rc-leopolis.lviv.ua/ Lviv-Leopolis]” Rotary Club, Lviv<br />
* 2002-2004 – Head of the Steering Council of the "East-East Programme: Partnership Beyond Borders" of International Renaissance Foundation, Kyiv<br />
* 2000-2004 – Committee Member of Taras Shevchenko National Award of Ukraine, Kyiv<br />
* 2005–present – Co-founder and Head of the Board of Directors of [http://www.pauci.org/en/ Polish-Ukrainian Cooperation Foundation (PAUCI)], Warsaw-Kyiv<br />
* 2009–present – Member of the Board of Directors of [[International Renaissance Foundation]], Kyiv<br />
* 2012–present – Executive Director of the Ukrainian Center of International PEN-Club, Kyiv<br />
<br />
==Published works==<br />
<br />
* Voznyak Т. Texts and translations, Kharkiv, “Folio”, 1998, 667 p., ISBN 966-03-0382-3<br />
* Voznyak Т. Philosophy of Language, Lviv, "Ї", 2009, 180 p., ISBN 978-966-7007-76-8<br />
* Voznyak Т. Phenomenon of the City, Lviv, "Ї", 2009, 290 p., ISBN 978-966-7007-77-5<br />
* Voznyak Т. Philosophical Essays, Lviv, "Ї", 2009, 300 p., ISBN 978-966-7007-78-2<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Kuchma’s Era: “Ї”, 2010, 180 p., ISBN 978-966-378-182-2<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Yushchenko’s Era. Long Prelude, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 264 p., ISBN 978-966-378-183-9<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Yushchenko’s Era. Lost Expectations, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 202 p., ISBN 978-966-378-184-6<br />
* Voznyak Т. Retrospective political science. Yanukovych’s Era, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 122 p., ISBN 978-966-378-185-3<br />
* Voznyak Т. Galician Stetles, Lviv: “Ї”, 2010, 444 c., ISBN 978-966-7007-96-6<br />
* Voznyak Т. Tα μετα τα φυσικά of Carpathians. Selected Epiphanies, Lviv: “Ї”, 2011, 200 p., ISBN 978-966-24-0577-4<br />
* Voznyak Т. Bruno Schulz. The Return, Lviv: “Ї”, 2012, 218 p., ISBN 978-966-7022-96-9 <br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Additional sources of information==<br />
<br />
* Алла Татаренко. Српска књижевност као огледало балканске драме — [[Белград]], [http://www.borbabg.com/ Борба] — 31 березня 2000 року<br />
* Ukraina: brak pomysłu na państwo — [[Kraków|Краків]], [http://tygodnik.onet.pl/ Tygodnik Powszechny] — №26 (2712), 30 червня 2001 року<br />
* Уляна Івашків. [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/vidhuky/pro-nas/postup_2412.htm Ушанування інтелектуально відважних] — Львів, Поступ — 24 грудня 2002 року<br />
* Ігор Мельник. [http://postup.brama.com/usual.php?what=24104 Діалог між народами] — Львів, Поступ — 14 травня 2004<br />
* Яна Кутько. [http://www.day.kiev.ua/125259/ Про що говорить тринадцята літера алфавіту?] — Київ, День — №182, 9 жовтня 2004 року<br />
* Михаил Гольд. [http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/202/periodik.html Евреи в Галиции. Оконченный роман?] — [http://www.lechaim.ru/ Ежемесячный литературно-публицистический журнал и издательство Лехаим] — лютий 2009 року<br />
* Валерий Сердюченко. [http://www.lebed.com/2002/art3158.htm Клубы львовских интеллектуалов] — [[New York City|Нью-Йорк]], [http://www.lebed.com/ Лебедь] — № 299, 24 листопада 2002 року<br />
* Ірина Сиривко. [http://postup.brama.com/usual.php?what=19046 Тарас Возняк: Нагорода стимулює працювати краще] — Львів, Поступ — 22 січня 2004 року<br />
* [[Volodymyr Tsybulko|Володимир Цибулько]]. [http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/912/219/33214/ Філософ західної брами раю] — Київ, [http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/ Україна молода] — №82, 11 травня 2007 року<br />
* http://broshniv-osada.at.ua/<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* [http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/ Independent Cultural Journal "Ї"]<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Voznyak, Taras<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ukrainian writer<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1957<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Voznyak, Taras}}<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Lviv]]<br />
[[Category:Translators to Ukrainian]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian democracy activists]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian writers]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_PSoC&diff=556171257Cypress PSoC2013-05-21T22:02:47Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{advert|date= June 2009}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Some PSoC nr.jpg|thumb|right|200px|PSoC]]<br />
[[Image:CY3212-CapSense.jpg|thumb|right|200px|PSoC capacitive sensing development board]]<br />
<br />
'''PSoC''' ([[Computer program|Programmable]] [[System-on-Chip]]) is a family of [[integrated circuit]]s made by [[Cypress Semiconductor]]. These chips include a [[CPU]] and [[mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Commercial PSoC shipments began in 2002.<ref><br />
Reuters:<br />
[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS116335+10-Mar-2009+BW20090310 "Cypress Hits Half-Billion Mark in Shipments of PSoC Programmable System-on-Chip Devices"] 2009<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Cypress released the fourth generation, PSoC 4, in April 2013. The PSoC 4 features a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0 CPU, with programmable analog blocks (OpAmps, Comparators), programmable digital blocks (PLD-based UDBs), programmable routing and flexible GPIO (route any function to any pin), a Serial Communication Block (for SPI, UART, I2C), a Timer/Counter/PWM block and more.<br />
<ref><br />
[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/fully-qualified-production-silicon-cypress-120000787.html "<br />
Fully Qualified Production Silicon for Cypress’s First Two PSoC® 4 Product Families Is Now Available"] </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To promote the PSoC, Cypress sponsored a "PSoC Design Challenge" in ''[[Steve Ciarcia|Circuit Cellar]]'' magazine in 2002 and 2004.<ref><br />
Circuit Cellar:<br />
[http://www.circuitcellar.com/psoc2002/ "PSoC Design Challenge 2002"]<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
PSoC is used in devices as simple as Sonicare toothbrushes and Adidas sneakers, and as complex as the [[TiVo]] set-top box. One PSoC, using [[CapSense]], controls the [[Touch panel|touch-sensitive]] [[scroll wheel]] on the Apple [[iPod click wheel]].<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
=== PSoC devices ===<br />
PSoC is a software configured, mixed-signal array with a built-in MCU core.<br />
There are three different families of devices (2012):<br />
<br />
* CY8C2xxxx series - Named 'PSoC 1' with CPU M8C<br />
* CY8C3xxxx series - Named 'PSoC 3' with CPU [[Intel 8051|8051]]<br />
* CY8C5xxxx series - Named 'PSoC 5' with CPU [[ARM architecture|ARM Cortex M3]]<br />
<br />
PSoC has three separate memory spaces: paged SRAM for data, [[Flash memory]] for instructions and fixed data, and I/O Registers for controlling and accessing the configurable logic blocks and functions. The device is created using [[SONOS]] technology.<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]: blocks can be assigned a wide range of functions and interconnected on-chip. Unlike an ASIC, there is no special manufacturing process required to create the custom configuration - only startup code that is created by Cypress' PSoC Designer for PSoC 1 or PSoC Creator for PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<br />
<br />
PSoC resembles an [[FPGA]] in that at power up it must be configured, but this configuration occurs by loading instructions from the built-in Flash memory.<br />
<br />
PSoC most closely resembles a [[microcontroller]] combined with a PLD and programmable analog. Code is executed to interact with the user-specified peripheral functions (called "Components"), using automatically generated APIs and interrupt routines. PSoC Designer for PSoC 1 and PSoC Creator for PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 generate the startup configuration code. Both integrate APIs that initialize the user selected components upon the users needs in a [[Visual studio|Visual-Studio]]-like GUI.<br />
<br />
=== PSoC software ===<br />
==== PSoC Designer ====<br />
This is the first generation software IDE to design and debug and program the PSoC 1 devices. It introduced unique features including a library of pre-characterized analog and digital peripherals in a drag-and-drop design environment which could then be customized to specific design needs by leveraging the dynamically generated API libraries of code.<br />
<br />
==== PSoC Creator ====<br />
PSoC Creator is the second generation software IDE to design debug and program the PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 devices. The development IDE is combined with an easy to use graphical design editor to form a powerful hardware/software co-design environment. PSoC Creator consists of two basic building blocks. The program that allows the user to select, configure and connect existing circuits on the chip and the components which are the equivalent of peripherals on MCUs. What makes PSoC intriguing is the possibility to create own application specific peripherals in hardware. On top of that, Cypress publishes component packs several times a year. Basically PSoC users get new peripherals for their existing hardware without being charged or having to buy new hardware. PSoC Creator also lets users connect any peripheral to any pin (except supply pins).<br />
<br />
=== Overview ===<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 1<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 3<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC 5<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;" | PSoC Tools<br />
|-<br />
| Performance optimized 8-bit M8U<br />
| Performance optimized single cycle 8-bit 8051 core<br />
| High-performance 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3<br />
| PSoC Creator<br />
Drag-n-drop based free IDE for PSoC 3 and PSoC 5<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Up to 24&nbsp;MHz, 4&nbsp;MIPS<br />
Flash 4&nbsp;KB to 32&nbsp;KB<br />
<br />
SRAM 256&nbsp;bytes to 2&nbsp;KB<br />
<br />
Operation 1.7&nbsp;V to 5.25&nbsp;V<br />
| Up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 33&nbsp;MIPS<br />
Flash 8&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br />
<br />
SRAM 2&nbsp;KB to 8&nbsp;KB<br />
<br />
Operation 0.5&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br />
| Up to 67&nbsp;MHz, 84&nbsp;MIPS<br />
Flash 32&nbsp;KB to 256&nbsp;KB<br />
<br />
SRAM 16&nbsp;KB to 64&nbsp;KB<br />
<br />
Operation 2.7&nbsp;V to 5.5&nbsp;V<br />
| PSoC Designer<br />
Drag-n-drop based free IDE for PSoC 1<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (6 to 14-bit)<br />
131&nbsp;ksps @ 8-bit<br />
<br />
Voltage Precision ±1.53%<br />
<br />
Up to two DACs (6 to 8-bit)<br />
<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit)<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @ 12-bit<br />
<br />
Voltage Precision ±0.1%<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
<br />
|1 Delta-Sigma ADC (8 to 20-bit); 2 SAR ADCs (12-bit)<br />
192&nbsp;ksps @12-bit;1&nbsp;Msps @ 12-bit<br />
<br />
Voltage Precision ±1.0%<br />
<br />
Up to four DACs (8-bit)<br />
<br />
|PSoC 3 Featured Kits<br />
CY8CKIT-001 Kit<br />
<br />
CY8CKIT-030 Analog Kit<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Active: 2&nbsp;mA, Sleep: 3&nbsp;μA<br />
FS USB 2.0, I²C, SPI, UART<br />
| Active: 1.2&nbsp;mA, Sleep: 1&nbsp;μA, Hibernate: 200&nbsp;nA<br />
FS USB 2.0, I²C, SPI, UART, CAN, LIN, I²S<br />
| Active: 2&nbsp;mA, Sleep: 2&nbsp;μA, Hibernate: 300&nbsp;nA<br />
FS USB 2.0, I²C, SPI, UART, LIN, I²S<br />
| PSoC 5 Featured Kits<br />
CY8CKIT-001 Kit<br />
<br />
CY8CKIT-050 Analog Kit<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Requires ICE Cube and FlexPods<br />
| On-chip JTAG, Debug and Trace; SWD, SWV<br />
| On-chip JTAG, Debug and Trace; SWD, SWV<br />
| PSoC 1 Featured Kits<br />
CY8CKIT-001 Kit<br />
|-<br />
| Up to 64 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
| Up to 72 I/O<br />
|<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== PSoC technology ==<br />
A PSoC integrated circuit is composed of a core, configurable analog and digital blocks, and programmable routing and interconnect. The configurable blocks in a PSoC are the biggest difference from other microcontrollers. PSoC devices include up to 16 digital and 12 analog blocks, depending on the device.<br />
<br />
=== The core ===<br />
The PSoC 1 core includes:<br />
* The M8C MCU<br />
* Flash memory<br />
* SRAM<br />
* Sleep and watchdog timers<br />
* Multiple clock sources that include a PLL<br />
* Internal main and low-speed oscillator<br />
* External crystal oscillator for precision, programmable clocking<br />
<br />
PSoC 1 devices can have up to two [[multiply–accumulate]] modules (MACs), which provide fast 8-bit multipliers or fast 8-bit multipliers with [[32-bit]] accumulate, up to two decimators for [[digital signal processing]] applications, I²C functionality for implementing either I²C slave or master, and availability of a full-speed USB interface.<br />
<br />
=== Configurable analog and digital blocks ===<br />
[[Image:Psoc blocks.PNG|right|thumb | 200px |PsoC Block Example]]<br />
<br />
Using configurable analog and digital blocks, designers can create and change mixed-signal embedded applications. The digital blocks are state machines that are configured using the blocks registers. There are two types of digital blocks, Digital Building Blocks (DBBxx) and Digital Communication Blocks (DCBxx). Only the communication blocks can contain serial I/O user modules, such as SPI, UART, etc.<br />
<br />
Each digital block is considered an 8-bit resources that designers can configure using pre-built digital functions or user modules (UM), or, by combining blocks, turn them into 16-, 24-, or 32-bit resources. Concatenating UMs together is how 16-bit PWMs and timers are created.<br />
<br />
There are two types of analog blocks. The continuous time (CT) blocks are composed of an op-amp circuit and designated as ACBxx where xx is 00-03. The other type is the switch cap (SC) blocks, which allow complex analog signal flows and are designated by ASCxy where x is the row and y is the column of the analog block. Designers can modify and personalize each module to any design.<br />
<br />
=== Programmable routing and interconnect ===<br />
PSoC mixed-signal arrays' flexible routing allows designers to route signals to and from I/O pins more freely than with many competing microcontrollers. Global buses allow for signal multiplexing and for performing logic operations. Cypress suggests that this allows designers to configure a design and make improvements more easily and faster and with fewer PCB redesigns than a digital logic gate approach or competing microcontrollers with more fixed function pins.<br />
<br />
== PSoC kit ==<br />
=== Key features ===<br />
* FPGA Configuration via the PSoC(R) Programmable System-on-Chip<br />
* (4) CapSense buttons<br />
* I²C temperature sensor<br />
* (2) 6-pin expansion header<br />
* USB-to-UART bridge interface<br />
* I²C port<br />
* SPI and BPI configuration<br />
* Xilinx JTAG interface<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Computer science|Electronics}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Embedded Systems/Cypress PSoC Microcontroller}}<br />
* [[ARM architecture]], [[List of ARM microprocessor cores]], [[ARM Cortex-M]]<br />
* [[Microcontroller]], [[List of common microcontrollers]]<br />
* [[Embedded system]], [[Single-board microcontroller]]<br />
* [[Interrupt]], [[Interrupt handler]], [[List of real-time operating systems]]<br />
* [[Joint Test Action Group|JTAG]], [[Joint Test Action Group#Serial Wire Debug|SWD]]<br />
* [[Field-programmable analog array]], [[Reconfigurable computing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* ''The Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3''; 2nd Edition; Joseph Yiu; Newnes; 480 pages; 2009; ISBN 978-1-85617-963-8. [http://books.google.com/books?id=mb5d_xeINZEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9781856179638 (Online Sample)]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official|http://www.cypress.com/psoc}}<br />
* [http://www.psocdeveloper.com PSoC Developer]<br />
* [http://www.psoczone.com PSoC Zone] (the French PSoC Community by [[:fr:Institut supérieur des techniques avancées de Saint-Étienne|ISTASE]])<br />
* [http://www.psoc-chile.es.tl Psoc-chile] El primer web site en Español sobre Microcontroladore Psoc<br />
* [http://www.cypress.com/?rID=42737 Technology solutions]<br />
<br />
{{ARM-based chips}}<br />
{{Microcontrollers}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psoc}}<br />
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TParis&diff=551262833User talk:TParis2013-04-20T10:08:24Z<p>RLuts: /* X!'s Edit Counter */ new section</p>
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{{tmbox<br />
|small = {{{small|}}}<br />
|image = none<br />
|style = text-align: center;<br />
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<br />
== Men's rights ==<br />
<br />
Please reserve your "probation warnings" to those who have demonstrated more than a passing interest in the article, and preferably within the last couple of days.[[User:Maunus|·ʍaunus]]·[[User talk:Maunus|snunɐw·]] 01:33, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
:Sorry.--v/r - [[User:TParis|T]][[User_talk:TParis|P]] 01:54, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
::Its okay to be dickish, as long as you do it with conviction. :). No harm done really, I was just pissed off by other stuff when I logged on to that notification on an article I made on edit to 4 days ago.[[User:Maunus|·ʍaunus]]·[[User talk:Maunus|snunɐw·]] 02:11, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== I have waited SO long to do this ... ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Ouch! You've used a template to send a {{#if:|[ message]|{{#if:|[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= message]|message}}}} to an experienced editor. Please review [[Wikipedia:Don't template the regulars]] or maybe [[User:Durova/Reality check|listen to a little advice]]. <small>Doesn't this feel cold, impersonal, and canned? It's meant in good humor. Best wishes.</small><!-- template:dttr --> — [[User:Chedzilla|<small><font style="color:#000080;"><b>Ched</b></font></small>]][[User_talk:Chedzilla|<font style="color:#FF0000;"><b><i>ZILLA</i></b></font>]] 10:10, 13 April 2013 (UTC)</p><br />
<br />
But I had to wait until I ran into someone I knew well enough that they would chuckle at the ironic humor rather than get mad. Being able to do this has made my day TP. — [[User:Chedzilla|<small><font style="color:#000080;"><b>Ched</b></font></small>]][[User_talk:Chedzilla|<font style="color:#FF0000;"><b><i>ZILLA</i></b></font>]] 10:10, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
:haha, well mission accomplished :) --v/r - [[User:TParis|T]][[User_talk:TParis|P]] 12:50, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
::OH .. I meant to ask you a question. I think it was at that audit sub-committee thing where I wondered. Is it improper or insulting to refer to someone in the military as "Mr."? — [[User:Chedzilla|<small><font style="color:#000080;"><b>Ched</b></font></small>]][[User_talk:Chedzilla|<font style="color:#FF0000;"><b><i>ZILLA</i></b></font>]] 14:41, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
:::Only if your in the military and their subordinate ;) --v/r - [[User:TParis|T]][[User_talk:TParis|P]] 15:59, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
::::The real faux pas would apparently be calling him "sir", since he's not a commissioned officer. Or at least that's what people have yelled at me for in the past. I was just trying to be polite. [[User:Writ Keeper|Writ&nbsp;Keeper]]&nbsp;[[User Talk: Writ Keeper|&#9863;]][[Special:Contributions/Writ_Keeper|&#9812;]] 17:59, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
:::::{{ec}}That's more of the Army and Navy. The Air Force is pretty lazy with titles, so we tend to call everyone sir or ma'am.--v/r - [[User:TParis|T]][[User_talk:TParis|P]] 18:09, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
::::: AHHHHH HAAAAA ... Now I got it. At first I figured it was a John Wayne movie of some sort where I had that stuck in my head, here it was a Happy Days episode where the boys are drafted. Fonzie called a guy "Sir" .. and a humorous "I coulda been a sir, shoulda been a sir" scene is what was sticking in my head. The "not a commissioned officer" was the trigger to the memory ... — [[User:Chedzilla|<small><font style="color:#000080;"><b>Ched</b></font></small>]][[User_talk:Chedzilla|<font style="color:#FF0000;"><b><i>ZILLA</i></b></font>]] 18:08, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Thanks! ==<br />
<br />
Thank you for welcoming me. [[User:Latin_Wolf|<font color="#91A3B0">Latin</font><font color="#838996">Wolf</font>]] [[User talk:Latin_Wolf|<font color="silver">(talk)</font>]] 23:19, 13 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<!-- Delete this if you want. I just wanted to make sure you receive my thanks. --><br />
<br />
== A peace offering ==<br />
<br />
{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"<br />
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Export hell seidel steiner.png|70px]]<br />
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I still don't know why else you would say that, but I guess it's not that big a deal if you didn't mean it that way. I'll give you this virtual cold one, and if we ever come across each other at a meetup, maybe we can get a real cold one. :) [[User:Writ Keeper|Writ&nbsp;Keeper]]&nbsp;[[User Talk: Writ Keeper|&#9863;]][[Special:Contributions/Writ_Keeper|&#9812;]] 20:24, 15 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
|}<br />
:No worries. I'd hate for you to think I had that opinion of you.--v/r - [[User:TParis|T]][[User_talk:TParis|P]] 20:29, 15 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
::Oh, yeah, ASO wants to spread the cookies, so you can have them too:<br />
{| style="background-color: #white; border: 3px solid blue"<br />
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Christmas Cookies Plateful.JPG|100px]]<br />
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Here's a plate full of cookies to share!'''<br />
|-<br />
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hi {{PAGENAME}}, here are some delicious cookies to help brighten your day! However, there are too many cookies here for one person to eat all at once, so please share these cookies with at least two other editors by copying {{tls|Sharethecookies}} to their talk pages. Enjoy! [[User:Writ Keeper|Writ&nbsp;Keeper]]&nbsp;[[User Talk: Writ Keeper|&#9863;]][[Special:Contributions/Writ_Keeper|&#9812;]] 20:33, 15 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== UTRS oddness ==<br />
<br />
Hi TP. I noticed a bit of an odd UTRS issue today (which I've just raised at the Village Pump [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#UTRS_oddness|here]]). As a tool admin there, I'm assuming you can see a little bit more than me; are you able to shed any light on the problem? [[User:Yunshui|Yunshui]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Yunshui|<span style="font-size:110%">雲</span>]]&zwj;[[Special:Contributions/Yunshui|<span style="font-size:110%">水</span>]] 09:46, 17 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Toolserver ==<br />
<br />
What language are you using for your toolserver apps? I'm still waiting for my account to get approved (come on DaB!) but in the meantime have built a few python interfaces. I thought it might be interesting to create a git or hg repository and start sharing a collaborative toolset.&nbsp;&nbsp;[[User:Little_green_rosetta|<font color="blue">little</font> <font color="green">green rosetta</font>]]{{SubSup||[[Special:Contributions/Little_green_rosetta|central scrutinizer]]|[[User talk:Little green rosetta|(talk)]]}} 17:31, 18 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
:Most of the tools are written in PHP but a couple I haven't touched are in perl. Thehelpfulone might be able to help you get your account approved.--v/r - [[User:TParis|T]][[User_talk:TParis|P]] 18:08, 18 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
::Perl? I haven't seen a tool that was written in Perl. Which tool? Is it X!'s?—[[User:C678|<span style="color:green;font-family:Neuropol">cyberpower]] [[User talk:C678|<sup style="color:olive;font-family:arnprior">Chat]]<sub style="margin-left:-4.4ex;color:olive;font-family:arnprior">Online</sub> 02:43, 19 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
:To add on, toolserver has been going through...ummm...uh...problems to be put best that needed everyone's attention.—[[User:C678|<span style="color:green;font-family:Neuropol">cyberpower]] [[User talk:C678|<sup style="color:olive;font-family:arnprior">Chat]]<sub style="margin-left:-4.4ex;color:olive;font-family:arnprior">Online</sub> 02:43, 19 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== X!'s Edit Counter ==<br />
<br />
Add new wiki please: uk.wikivoyage, he.wikivoyage --[[User:RLuts|'''<span style="color: green;">RLuts</span>''']] [[User talk:RLuts|<span style="font-size:10px; color:green;">(talk)</span>]] 10:08, 20 April 2013 (UTC)</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Enterprise&diff=547067559USS Enterprise2013-03-26T14:06:03Z<p>RLuts: added to wikidata</p>
<hr />
<div>'''USS ''Enterprise''''' may refer to the following vessels:<br />
<br />
==United States of America==<br />
In watercraft, the prefix "USS" or "U.S.S." ("United States Ship") is applied to ships commissioned by and for the United States Navy. Private citizens also use the name unofficially.<!-- There is no source for S.S. meaning "State Ship", and S.S. is not restricted to use by the United States. Please do not add said details to the article. --><br />
<br />
===Continental Navy===<br />
Two ships of the [[Continental Navy]] were named ''Enterprise'':<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Class<br />
! Commissioned<br />
! Decommissioned<br />
! Fate<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|1775|}}<br />
|| ''[[Sloop-of-war|Sloop-of-war class]]'' sailing vessel<br />
|| 18 May 1775<br />
|| 7 July 1777<br />
|| Burned to prevent capture<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|1776|3}}<br />
|| ''[[Schooner|Schooner-class]]'' sailing vessel<br />
|| 20 December 1776<br />
|| February 1777<br />
|| Returned to ''Maryland Council of Safety''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===United States Navy===<br />
Six ships of the [[United States Navy]] have been named ''Enterprise'' with a seventh announced:<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Class<br />
! Commissioned<br />
! Decommissioned<br />
! Fate<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|1799}}<br />
|| ''[[Schooner|Schooner-class]]'' sailing vessel <br/> ''[[Brig|Brig-class]]'' sailing vessel<br />
|| 17 December 1799<br/>April 1811<br />
|| June 1809<br/>8 July 1823<br />
|| Fired the first shots in the [[First Barbary War]] against the Tripolitanian ship ''Tripoli''<br/>Stranded. Broke up on [[Little Curacao Island]] in the [[West Indies]].<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|1831}}<br />
|| ''[[Schooner|Schooner-class]]'' sailing vessel<br />
|| 15 December 1831<br/>29 November 1839<br />
|| 12 July 1839<br/>24 June 1844<br />
|| Sold, 28 October 1844<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|1874}}<br />
|| ''[[barque|Barque-rigged]] [[screw sloop|Screw Sloop-class]]'' sailing vessel<br />
|| 16 March 1877<br/>12 January 1882<br/>4 October 1887<br/>8 July 1890<br />
|| 9 May 1880<br/>21 March 1886<br/>20 May 1890<br/>1 October 1909<br />
|| Lent to [[Massachusetts Maritime Academy]], 17 October 1892 - 4 May 1909<br/>Sold, 1 October 1909<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|SP-790|3}}<br />
|| ''[[Motorboat]] [[Patrol boat|Patrol boat-class]]'' vessel<br />
|| 1917<br />
|| 1919<br />
||<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Yorktown|aircraft carrier}}<br />
|| 12 May 1938<br />
|| 17 February 1947<br />
|| Served with unparalleled distinction in [[World War II]], becoming the most-decorated vessel in the history of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].<br/>Scrapped, 1 July 1958 - May 1960<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Enterprise|aircraft carrier}}<br />
|| 25 November 1961<br />
|| 1 December 2012<br/>''(Inactivated)''<br />
|| The world's first [[nuclear power]]ed aircraft carrier.<br/>As of 2012, longest serving combat vessel within the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].<br/>In late 2012, was the second-oldest commissioned vessel in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] after {{USS|Constitution}}.<br/>Decommissioning scheduled, 15 March 2013. Scrapping scheduled, 2013–2015<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-80}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier}}<br />
|| 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wavy.com/dpp/news/local_news/navy-to-name-next-ford-class-carrier-enterprise|title=Navy To Name Next Ford Class Carrier Enterprise|accessdate=1 December 2012|date=1 December 2012}}.</ref><br/>''(Scheduled)''<br />
||<br />
|| Announced during {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|3}} inactivation ceremony on 1 December 2012 by [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15708|publisher=U.S. Navy|title=News Release - Navy’s Next Ford-Class Aircraft Carrier to be Named Enterprise|accessdate=1 December 2012|date=1 December 2012}}.</ref><br />
|}<br />
;U.S. Navy building<br />
*{{USS|Enterprise|BLDG 7115}}, commissioned building (27 May 2005 – June 2011), this building is the orientation "ship" for students at Great Lakes.<br />
<br />
===Other American vessels===<br />
* [[Enterprise (1814)|''Enterprise'']], a steamboat that participated in the Battle of New Orleans and then demonstrated for the first time by her epic 2,200-mile voyage from New Orleans to Brownsville, Pennsylvania that steamboat commerce was practical on America's western rivers.<br />
* [[Enterprise (balloon)|''Enterprise'' (balloon)]], a balloon used by the Union Army during the American Civil War.<br />
* [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']] (OV-101), the first Space Shuttle Orbiter, used for test flights in earth atmosphere, landing procedures, and ground tests between 1975 and 1985. It was named after the fictional vessel from the Star Trek franchise, and later appeared in the opening sequence to ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''.<br />
* [[TS Kennedy|USTS ''Kennedy'' (T-AK-5059)]], former '''USTS ''Enterprise''''' (2003–2008), SS ''Cape Bon'' (1985–2003), and SS ''Velma Lykes'' (1967–1985). Currently a training ship at the [[Massachusetts Maritime Academy]], which renamed it after the 1874 ''Enterprise'' (the Academy’s first training ship) before renaming it after the [[Kennedy Family]].<br />
<br />
==''Star Trek''==<br />
In the fictional ''Star Trek'' universe, there have been a number of [[Starship Enterprise|starships named ''Enterprise'']] (where the designation refers to '''U'''nited Federation of Planets '''S'''tar '''S'''hip rather than United States Ship):<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Class<br />
! Commissioned<br />
! Decommissioned<br />
! Fate<br />
! Appearances<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|XCV 330|3}}<br />
|| ''Declaration-''class [[starship]]<br />
|| 2120<br/>''(Estimated)''<br />
|| 2130s<br/>''(Estimated)''<br />
||<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Enterprise (NX-01)|''Enterprise'' (NX-01)]]<br />
|| {{sclass|NX|starship}}<br />
|| 16 April 2151<br />
|| 2161<br />
|| Retired, Preserved<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Constitution|starship}}<br />
|| 2245<br />
|| 2285<br />
|| Lost<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek: The Animated Series]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]''</br>''[[Star Trek III: The Search For Spock]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701}} (Alternate Timeline)<br />
|| {{sclass|Constitution|starship}}<br />
|| 2258<br />
||<br />
||<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek Into Darkness]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-A}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Constitution|starship}}<br/>''Enterprise-''subclass<br />
|| 2286<br />
|| 2293<br />
|| Retired<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-B}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Excelsior|starship}}<br />
|| 2293<br />
|| 2320s<br/>''(Estimated)''<br />
||<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek Generations]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-C}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Ambassador|starship}}<br />
|| 2332<br />
|| 2344<br />
|| Lost<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', Episode ''[[Yesterday's Enterprise]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-D}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Galaxy|starship}}<br />
|| 2363<br />
|| 2371<br />
|| Seriously damaged<br/>Scrapped<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek Generations]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-E}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Sovereign|starship}}<br />
|| 2372<br />
||<br />
||<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek: Insurrection]]''<br/>''[[Star Trek Nemesis|Star Trek: Nemesis]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-J}}<br />
|| ''Universe-''class [[starship]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Drex Files Enterprise J Search|url=http://drexfiles.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/enterprise-j-search/#comment-1474|accessdate=2 December 2012|date=16 February 2009}}</ref><br />
|| 2550s<br/>''(Estimated)''<br />
||<br />
||<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', Episode "[[Azati Prime]]"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===From licensed ''Star Trek'' fiction and notable unlicensed films===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Class<br />
! Commissioned<br />
! Appearances<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-F}}<br />
|| ''Odyssey-''class [[starship]]<br />
|| 2409<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek Online]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-F}}<br />
|| [[Starship]]<br />
|| 2390s<br/>''(Estimated)''<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' novels ''[[Imzadi]]'' and ''[[Millennium (Star Trek)|Millennium]]''<br />
|-<br />
| {{USS|Enterprise|NCC-1701-M}}<br />
|| {{sclass|Constitution|starship}}<br/>''Museum-''subclass<br />
|| 2306<br />
|| ''[[Star Trek: Of Gods and Men]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[VSS Enterprise|VSS ''Enterprise'']], the first commercial spaceship being constructed by Virgin Galactic.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}<br />
<br />
{{Shipindex}}<br />
{{Italic title prefixed|3}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Enterprise, Uss}}<br />
[[Category:United States Navy ship names]]<br />
[[Category:Star Trek ships]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(band)&diff=546845587Anna (band)2013-03-25T03:01:37Z<p>RLuts: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia: WikiProject Musicians --><br />
| name = ANNA<br />
| image = Віктор Новосьолов (Fort.Missia 2011).jpg<br />
| caption = Viktor Novosjolov in Fort.Missia 2011<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| landscape = yes<br />
| background = group_or_band<br />
| genre = [[nu metal]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]]<br />
| origin = [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]<br />
| years_active = 2002–2013<br />
| label = [[Inšamuzyka]]<br />
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA]<br />
| associated_acts = <br />
| current_members = Viktor Novosjolov<br /> Serhij Nesterenko<br /> Jurij Pidcerkovnyj<br /> Myxajlo Salo<br /> Vadym Bajuk<br /> Viktor Žyrkov<br />
| past_members = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''ANNA''' ({{lang-uk|АННА}}) is a [[nu metal]]/[[Hardcore punk|hardcore]] band from [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]]. <br />
<br />
Since its inception, ANNA has three times toured in Ukraine supporting both of its albums and the 10th anniversary of the band. Also ANNA has took a part in many Ukrainian festivals (e.g. Rujnacija, Rock-Vybux, Taras Buljba, Metal Heads Mission, Big Alternative Gig, Fort.Missia).<br />
<br />
==Members==<br />
* Viktor Novosjolov ''(Віктор Новосьолов)'' — [[vocal]]<br />
* Serhij Nesterenko ''(Сергій Нестеренко)'' — [[guitar]], vocal<br />
* Jurij Pidcerkovnyj ''(Юрій Підцерковний)'' — guitar<br />
* Myxajlo Salo ''(Михайло Сало)'' — [[bass guitar]]<br />
* Vadym Bajuk ''(Вадим Баюк)'' — [[drums]]<br />
* Viktor Žyrkov ''(Віктор Жирков)'' — [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Sampling (music)|samples]]<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
* ''Проба'' (Proba, 2003; was not published)<br />
* ''Сприймай мене'' (Spryjmaj mene, 2006; EP)<br />
* ''Карматреш'' (Karmatrash, 2008)<br />
* ''Карматреш'' (Karmatrash, 2008; single)<br />
* ''Срібна Змія'' (Sribna Zmija, 2010)<br />
* ''Гімн замурованих'' (Himn zamurovanyx, 2012; single)<br />
<br />
==Videography==<br />
* "Glamour" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USnxCAaoMzM]<br />
* "Karmatrash" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iY-WBK6Tw]<br />
* "Hra z Bohom" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78hZVG7Y7JQ]<br />
* "Čornyj Znak" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfS6ZaIktig]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.myspace.com/annalviv ANNA (''myspace.com'')]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Twelfth_Fleet&diff=545666934United States Twelfth Fleet2013-03-20T12:09:11Z<p>RLuts: added to wikidata :d:Q7778500</p>
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<div>The '''Twelfth Fleet''' was a unit of the [[United States Navy]] and was operational from October 1st, 1943. The fleet began demoblization in late 1945 was disestablished in 1946.<br />
<br />
Twelfth Fleet was established from the U.S. naval forces under Commander Naval Forces Europe, Admiral [[Harold Rainsford Stark|Harold Stark]] when on September 9th, 1943 Admiral [[Ernest King]] ordered the consolidation of all U.S. naval forces in Europe under a new Twelfth Fleet.<ref name="Harold Stark" /> The fleet was actually organized earlier under [[Rear Admiral]] [[Alan G. Kirk]] before all naval forces in Europe were combined.<ref name="Numbered Fleets" /> As a command under the United States Naval Forces Europe, the commanders were based from [[London, England]].<br />
<br />
Kirk was replaced by [[Admiral]] [[H. Kent Hewitt]] in August 1945.<ref name="ChronNavWWII" /> The fleet had the following commands:<br />
<br />
* Task Force 122 under command of Rear Adm. Alan G. Kirk to control operations and training for the cross-Channel assault.<ref name="HyperWar" /><br />
* Eleventh Amphibious Force<ref name="HyperWar" /><br />
* Landing Craft and Bases, Europe, to receive and control the buildup of landing craft for the invasion.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[United States Sixth Fleet]]&nbsp;— responsible for USN operations in Europe since 1946<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist<br />
| refs =<br />
<br />
<ref name="Harold Stark"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title = Harold Stark<br />
| publisher = Pabook.libraries.psu.edu<br />
| date =<br />
| url = http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Stark__Harold.html<br />
| accessdate = 2011-10-01<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Numbered Fleets"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title = Numbered Fleets<br />
| publisher = Fas.org<br />
| date =<br />
| url = http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/unit/fleet_n.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2011-10-01<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="ChronNavWWII"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II-Appendix I<br />
| publisher = Ibiblio.org<br />
| date =<br />
| url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-I.html<br />
| accessdate = 2011-10-01<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="HyperWar"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title = HyperWar: Administrative History of U.S. Naval Forces in Europe, 1940-1946 [Chapter V, Part I&#93;<br />
| publisher = Ibiblio.org<br />
| date =<br />
| url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/147.5-ComNavEu/ComNavEu-5.html<br />
| accessdate = 2011-10-01<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{US Fleets}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fleets of the United States Navy in World War II| 12]]<br />
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{{USN-stub}}</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RLuts/common.css&diff=545438052User:RLuts/common.css2013-03-19T14:33:23Z<p>RLuts: </p>
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<div></div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RLuts/common.css&diff=545300938User:RLuts/common.css2013-03-18T23:30:22Z<p>RLuts: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox Ukrainian raion<br />
| name=Demydivka Raion<br />
| Ukrainian_name=Демидівський район<br />
| location_map=Demydivskyi-Raion.png<br />
|image_flag = Flag of Demydivskyj.svg<br />
|image_shield = Demydivskuj.jpg<br />
| country=[[Ukraine]]<br />
| region=[[Rivne Oblast]]<br />
| date_created=1995<br />
| population=14768<br />
| area=377<br />
| density=43,44<br />
| phone_code=<br />
| postal_index=<br />
| administrative_center=[[Demydivka]]<br />
| cities=<br />
| urban-type_settlements=1<br />
| villages=30<br />
| website=[http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/demydivsk/ua http://www.rv.gov.ua]<br />
| governor=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Demydivka Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Демидівський район}}) is a [[raion]] in [[Rivne Oblast]] in western [[Ukraine]]. Its [[capital (political)|administrative center]] is [[Demydivka]]. It has a population of 18 375.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Subdivisions of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Rivne Oblast]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/demydivsk/ua rv.gov.ua] {{uk icon}}<br />
<br />
{{Rivne Oblast}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Ukraine}}<br />
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[[Category:Raions of Rivne Oblast]]<br />
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{{Rivne-geo-stub}}<br />
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[[be-x-old:Дзямідаўскі раён (Украіна)]]<br />
[[es:Raión de Demydivka]]<br />
[[pl:Rejon demidowski]]<br />
[[ru:Демидовский район (Ровненская область)]]<br />
[[uk:Демидівський район]]<br />
[[vi:Demydivka (huyện)]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berezne_Raion&diff=531061104Berezne Raion2013-01-03T09:31:01Z<p>RLuts: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox Ukrainian raion<br />
| name=Berezne Raion<br />
| Ukrainian_name=Березнівський район<br />
| location_map=Bereznyatskyi-Raion.png<br />
|image_flag = Berezner.gif<br />
|image_shield = Березнівський район герб.jpg<br />
| country=[[Ukraine]]<br />
| region=[[Rivne Oblast]]<br />
| date_created=1957<br />
| population=63326<br />
| area=1710<br />
| density=32,42<br />
| phone_code=<br />
| postal_index=<br />
| administrative_center=[[Berezne]]<br />
| cities=1<br />
| urban-type_settlements=1<br />
| villages=53<br />
| website=http://www.berezne.rv.ua/ Berezne Raion<br />
| governor=<br />
}}<br />
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'''Berezne Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Березнівський район}}) is a [[raion]] in [[Rivne Oblast]] in western [[Ukraine]]. Its [[capital (political)|administrative center]] is [[Berezne]]. It has a population of 63 326.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Subdivisions of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Rivne Oblast]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.berezne.rv.ua/ berezne.rv.ua] {{uk icon}}<br />
<br />
{{Rivne Oblast}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Ukraine}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Raions of Rivne Oblast]]<br />
<br />
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{{Rivne-geo-stub}}<br />
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[[be-x-old:Бярэзнаўскі раён]]<br />
[[es:Raión de Berezne]]<br />
[[pl:Rejon bereźneński]]<br />
[[ru:Березновский район]]<br />
[[uk:Березнівський район]]<br />
[[vi:Berezne (huyện)]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostroh_Raion&diff=531060977Ostroh Raion2013-01-03T09:29:20Z<p>RLuts: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox Ukrainian raion<br />
| name=Ostroh Raion<br />
| Ukrainian_name=Острозький район<br />
| location_map=Ostrozkyi-Riv-Raion.png<br />
|image_flag = Ostrozkyi rh prapor.gif<br />
|image_shield = Coat of Arms of Ostroh raion.png<br />
| country=[[Ukraine]]<br />
| region=[[Rivne Oblast]]<br />
| date_created=1940<br />
| population=29 010 (November 2012)<br />
| area=693<br />
| density=44<br />
| phone_code=<br />
| postal_index=<br />
| administrative_center=[[Ostroh]]<br />
| cities=<br />
| urban-type_settlements=<br />
| villages=55<br />
| website=http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/ostrozk Ostroh Raion<br />
| governor=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ostroh Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Острозький район}}) is a [[raion]] in [[Rivne Oblast]] in western [[Ukraine]]. Its [[capital (political)|administrative center]] is [[Ostroh]]. It has a population of 29 010 (November 2012).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Subdivisions of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Rivne Oblast]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/ostrozk rv.gov.ua] {{uk icon}}<br />
<br />
{{Rivne Oblast}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Ukraine}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Raions of Rivne Oblast]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Rivne-geo-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[be-x-old:Астроскі раён]]<br />
[[es:Raión de Ostroh]]<br />
[[pl:Rejon ostrogski]]<br />
[[ru:Острожский район]]<br />
[[uk:Острозький район]]<br />
[[vi:Ostroh (huyện)]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wimple&diff=524356555Wimple2012-11-22T14:18:53Z<p>RLuts: added Category:Ukrainian clothing using HotCat</p>
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<div>[[File:Martin Kober 002.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Jagiellon, Queen regnant of Poland, wearing a wimple]]<br />
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A '''wimple''' is a [[garment]] worn around the [[neck]] and [[chin]], and which usually covers the [[Human head|head]]. Its use developed among [[woman|women]] in early [[medieval Europe]]. At many stages of medieval culture it was unseemly for a married woman to show her hair. A wimple might be elaborately starched, and creased and folded in prescribed ways, even supported on wire or wicker framing ([[cornette]]).<br />
<br />
Italian women abandoned their headcloths in the 15th century, or replaced them with transparent gauze, and showed their elaborate braids. Both elaborate laundry and elaborate braiding demonstrated status, in that such grooming was being performed by others. Today the wimple is worn by some [[nun]]s who still don the traditional [[Religious habit|habit]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.centurionministry.org/body/head-covering.asp | title=Woman, Prayer & Head Covering | publisher=Centurion Press | date=January 18, 2003 | author=Heron, Lynford | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100318021738/http://www.centurionministry.org/body/head-covering.asp | archivedate=2010-03-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In literature==<br />
[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] in his [[Canterbury Tales]] has the [[Wife of Bath]] and also the [[Priory|Prioress]] depicted wearing them. The [[King James Version]] explicitly lists wimples in Isaiah 3:22 as one of a list of female fineries, however the Hebrew word "miṭpaḥoth" (וְהַמִּטְפָּחוֹת) means [[kerchief]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Headscarf]] <br />
*[[Christian headcovering]]<br />
*[[Headpiece]]<br />
*[[Hijab]], the Islamic head covering worn by Muslim women.<br />
*[[Veil]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:History of clothing (Europe)]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic religious clothing]]<br />
[[Category:Headgear]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval costume]]<br />
[[Category:Belarusian clothing]]<br />
[[Category:Religious headwear]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian clothing]]<br />
{{Link GA|uk}}<br />
<br />
[[be:Намітка]]<br />
[[be-x-old:Намітка]]<br />
[[de:Guimpe]]<br />
[[io:Vimplo]]<br />
[[it:Soggolo]]<br />
[[lt:Nuometas]]<br />
[[ms:Wimple]]<br />
[[ja:ウィンプル]]<br />
[[no:Hakelin]]<br />
[[pl:Podwika]]<br />
[[ru:Намитка]]<br />
[[sv:Haklin]]<br />
[[uk:Намітка]]</div>RLutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RLuts/common.css&diff=522876522User:RLuts/common.css2012-11-13T20:14:44Z<p>RLuts: </p>
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