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Gruinard Island

2024-08-18T18:32:50Z

Ravave: Undid revision 1240992889 by Dunirkibab (talk)

{{Short description|Island off the coast of Scotland}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Scottish island
|Image = Gruinard Island.jpg
|coordinates = {{Coord|57|53|24|N|05|28|12|W|display=inline,title|region:GB}}
|location_map = Scotland Ross and Cromarty
|caption = Gruinard Island shown within [[Ross and Cromarty]]
|GridReference = NG945945
|celtic name = Eilean Ghruinneart
|norse name = Grunnfjörðr
|meaning of name = "Shallow firth", from Norse
|area = {{cvt|196|ha|sqmi|frac=32}}
|area rank = 111
|highest elevation = An Eilid, {{convert|106|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|Population = 0<ref>{{NRS1C}}</ref>
|population rank =
|main settlement = None
|island group = [[Inner Hebrides]]/Islands of Ross and Cromarty
|local authority = [[Highland Council|Highland]]
|references = <ref name=Smith>Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 187</ref><ref>{{ Ordnance Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Gaelic Placenames}}</ref>
}}
'''Gruinard Island''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|ɪ|n|j|ər|d}} {{respell|GRIN|yərd}};<ref>G.M. Miller, ''BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names'' (London: Oxford UP, 1971), p. 65.</ref>
{{lang-gd|'''Eilean Ghruinneard'''}}) is a small, oval-shaped [[Scotland|Scottish]] island approximately {{convert|2|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=off}} long by {{convert|1|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} wide, located in [[Gruinard Bay]], about halfway between [[Gairloch]] and [[Ullapool]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack: A Decision-Making Framework|url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11324&page=196|page=196|year=2005|author=United States National Research Council|author-link=United States National Research Council|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|isbn=978-0-309-09661-4|doi=10.17226/11324}}</ref> At its closest point to the mainland, it is about {{convert|1|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} offshore. In 1942, the island became a [[sacrifice zone]],<ref name="newstatesman/ai-odh">{{cite news |last1=Scothorne |first1=Rory |title=The story of anthrax island and Operation Dark Harvest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/environment/climate/2022/03/the-story-of-anthrax-island-and-operation-dark-harvest |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=22 March 2022}}</ref> and was dangerous for all mammals after military experiments with the [[anthrax]] bacterium, until it was decontaminated in 1990.<ref name="bbc2024">{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Myles |title=Britain's mysterious WW2 'island of death' |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240419-britains-mysterious-ww2-island-of-death? |access-date=29 April 2024 |publisher=BBC Culture |date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

==Early history==
The island was mentioned by [[Donald Monro (priest)|Dean Munro]] who travelled the area in the mid-16th century. He wrote that it was [[Clan MacKenzie]] territory, "full of woods" (it is treeless today), and that it was "''guid for fostering of thieves and rebellis''" (good for fostering thieves and rebels).<ref>Monro (1549) "Gruynorde" no. 178</ref>

Historically, the counties of [[Ross-shire]] and [[Cromartyshire]] have both laid claim to Gruinard Island due to the position of the island in between [[Gairloch]] and [[Ullapool]]. In the late 1780s, the villages became substantial fishing and sheep farming communities leading Gruinard Island to be utilized as an area of land for grazing sheep or as a small dock for fishing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DODGSHON |first=ROBERT A. |title=No Stone Unturned: A History of Farming, Landscape and Environment in the Scottish Highlands and Island. |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4744-0075-6 |pages=206}}</ref> By 1881, the population on the island was 6, soon becoming uninhabited with no record detailing any established population.

In 1926, Rosalynd Maitland purchased the Eilean Darach estate which included Gruinard Island. Rosalynd Maitland bequeathed the island to her niece Molly Dunphie who was friends with [[Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Iain |title=Gruinard Island |url=https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/wester-ross-communities/aultbea/aultbea-places/features/gruinard-island/ |website=Ross and Cromarty Heritage |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102214735/https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/wester-ross-communities/aultbea/aultbea-places/features/gruinard-island/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biological warfare testing==
{{main|Operation Vegetarian}}

In 1942, during [[World War II]], a [[biological warfare]] test was carried out on Gruinard by scientists from the Biology Department of [[Porton Down]].<ref name="bbc2024"/><ref name="bbc4">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm Britain's 'Anthrax Island'], 25 July 2001 ''news.bbc.co.uk'', accessed 5 March 2020</ref> The test was conducted as part of [[Operation Vegetarian]], an ultimately unused plan which called for the dispersal of [[Flax|linseed]] cakes spiked with [[Anthrax disease|anthrax]] across the German countryside.<ref name="bbc2024"/><ref name="bbc2">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1643031.stm Living with anthrax island], BBC, "In 1942 it became the focus of the UK's secret effort to find a weapon capable of defeating the Nazis.", "'I understand Winston Churchill was very keen on using anthrax,' says local historian Donald McIntyre. 'He didn't see why the devil should have all the best weapons.'" 8 November 2001. BBC, accessed 5 March 2020</ref> It was recognised that tests would cause long-lasting contamination of the immediate area by anthrax spores, so a remote and uninhabited island was required. Gruinard was surveyed, deemed suitable, and requisitioned from its owners by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref name="asanltr19902">Pearson, Dr. Graham S. (October 1990) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401034422/http://www.asanltr.com/newsletter/01-5/articles/015c.htm "Gruinard Island Returns to Civil Use "] ''The ASA Newsletter''. Applied Science and Analysis. Inc. Retrieved 12 January 2008.</ref> Porton Down meteorologist [[Oliver Graham Sutton|Sir Oliver Graham Sutton]] was put in charge of a fifty-man team to conduct the trial, with [[David Willis Wilson Henderson]] in charge of the germ bomb. Biology Department head [[Paul Fildes]] made frequent visits.<ref>{{cite book | last=Guillemin | first=Jeanne | title=Biological weapons: from the invention of state-sponsored programs to contemporary bioterrorism | publisher=Columbia University Press | publication-place=New York | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-231-12943-5 | oclc=61113028 | page=54}}</ref>

The anthrax strain chosen was a highly [[virulent]] type called "[[Vollum strain|Vollum 14578]]", named after R. L. Vollum, Professor of Bacteriology at the [[University of Oxford]], who supplied it.<ref name="holl">{{Cite report|url=https://www.rrojasdatabank.info/pfpc/geoholland.doc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819090557/https://www.rrojasdatabank.info/pfpc/geoholland.doc|archive-date=19 August 2021|last=Holland|first=Geoffrey|title=United States exports of biological materials to Iraq: Compromising the credibility of international law|date=June 2005|quote=Anthrax was the weapon of choice and between 1942 and 1943 [Dr Paul Fildes'] team from Porton Down took over the remote Scottish island of Gruinard, where they detonated a series of anthrax-laden bombs, testing their killing efficiency using sheep ... Dr Fildes obtained this anthrax from Prof R L Vollum – Professor of Bacteriology at Oxford University}}</ref> Eighty sheep were taken to the island and bombs filled with [[anthrax]] spores were detonated close to where selected groups were tethered. The sheep became infected with anthrax and began to die within days of exposure.<ref name="bbc4"/>

Some of the experiments were recorded on [[16 mm]] colour movie film, which was [[Classified information|declassified]] in 1997.<ref name="bbc2024"/> One sequence shows the detonation of an anthrax bomb fixed at the end of a tall pole supported with [[guy rope]]s. After the bomb explodes, a brownish [[atmospheric particulate matter|aerosol]] cloud drifts away towards the target animals. A later sequence shows anthrax-infected sheep carcasses being burned in incinerators at the end of the experiment.<ref>"X" Base Gruinard Island Trials 1942-43. Imperial War Museum Film and Video Archive. Available at: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Mykjxkwwe0]</ref> After the tests were completed, scientists concluded that a large release of anthrax spores would thoroughly pollute German cities, rendering them uninhabitable for decades afterwards.<ref name="bbc4"/> Those conclusions were supported by the inability to decontaminate the island after the experiment—the spores were sufficiently durable to resist any efforts at decontamination.

In 1945, when the island's owner sought its return, the Ministry of Supply recognised that the island was contaminated, and so could not be de-requisitioned until it was deemed safe. In 1946, the government agreed to acquire the island and to take responsibility for it. The owner or their heirs would be able to repurchase the island for £500 when it was declared "fit for habitation by man and beast". For many years, it was judged too hazardous and expensive to decontaminate the island sufficiently to allow public access, and Gruinard Island was [[quarantine]]d indefinitely.<ref name="bbc2024"/> Visits to the island were prohibited, except for periodic checks by Porton Down personnel to determine the level of contamination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gruinard Island following contamination by anthrax: annual inspections; correspondence |website=The National Archives |author= |date=1956–1970|url= https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11446916}}</ref>

==Operation Dark Harvest==
In 1981 newspapers began receiving messages with the heading "[[Dark Harvest Commando|Operation Dark Harvest]]" which demanded that the government decontaminate the island, and reported that a "team of microbiologists from two universities" had landed on the island with the aid of local people and collected {{convert|300|lb|kg|abbr=off}} of soil.

The group threatened to leave samples of the soil "at appropriate points that will ensure the rapid loss of indifference of the government and the equally rapid education of the general public". The same day a sealed package of soil was left outside the military research facility at [[Porton Down]]; tests revealed that it contained anthrax bacilli.<ref name="bbc2024"/> A few days later another sealed package of soil was left in [[Blackpool]], where the governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] was holding its annual conference. The soil did not contain anthrax, but officials said that the soil was similar to that found on the island.<ref name=darkharvest>{{cite magazine|title=Dark Harvest|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922652,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126165123/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922652,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2010|date=9 November 1981|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=1 February 2008}}</ref>

==Decontamination==
Starting in 1986 a determined effort was made to decontaminate Gruinard Island, 280 tonnes of [[formaldehyde]] solution diluted in sea water was sprayed over all 485 acres (196 hectares) of the island and the worst-contaminated [[topsoil]] around the dispersal site was removed. Run-off from the formaldehyde seeped into the ocean and slowly led to the destruction of intertidal organisms such as barnacles, crustaceans, and seaweed. By 2000, research into intertidal organisms recovery launched and is still ongoing; however, researchers from that survey project in 2007 have said that “recolonization is ongoing, rather than complete.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Mark P. |last2=Pye |first2=Sankurie |last3=Allcock |first3=Louise |date=2007-12-20 |title=Dispersal mode and assessments of recovery on the shores of Gruinard, the 'anthrax island' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9307-y |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=721–732 |doi=10.1007/s10531-007-9307-y |issn=0960-3115|hdl=10379/310 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

A flock of sheep was placed on the island not long after the cleanup in 1987 and remained healthy.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 1987 |title=Sheep as Guinea Pigs on Gruinard : Contaminated Island to Get All-Clear? |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-11-22-mn-23825-story.html |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

On 24 April 1990, after 48 years of quarantine and four years after the solution was applied, junior defence minister [[Michael Neubert]] visited the island and announced its safety by removing the warning signs.<ref name="bbc/604838492">{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=The mystery of Anthrax Island and the seeds of death |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-60483849 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="bbc4"/> On 1 May 1990, the island was repurchased by the heirs of the original owner for the original sale price of £500.<ref name="asanltr19902"/> There was some confusion in which members of the public did not know it was being resold solely to its original owners and people from around the world sent letters to the British government asking to purchase the island for £500.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Tom |date=31 May 2021 |title=The Accidental Rush for Anthrax Island |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suAC_PDP3Sk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/suAC_PDP3Sk |archive-date=11 December 2021 |website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Wildfire ==

On 26 March 2022, the island was burned "from one end to the other" by a [[wildfire]].<ref name="BBC-60892350">{{cite web |title=Gruinard Island: Fire on island used for Anthrax experiments |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-60892350 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 March 2022 |date=27 March 2022}}</ref> Eyewitnesses described the scene as "apocalyptic".<ref name="BBC-60892350" /> The cause of the wildfire has not been confirmed but around 200 hectares have been destroyed by the fire. A spokeswoman on behalf of the Gruinard estate did not explicitly state the cause of the fire only that "It hasn't caused any damage. It has done good."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campsie |first=Alison |date=29 March 2022 |title="Estate owners say Gruinard fire 'good' for island once contaminated by anthrax" |work=The Scotsman |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/national/estate-owners-say-gruinard-fire-good-for-island-once-contaminated-by-anthrax-3630624 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102194146/https://www.scotsman.com/news/national/estate-owners-say-gruinard-fire-good-for-island-once-contaminated-by-anthrax-3630624 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Local speculation believes the fire was set as an act of muirburn, a Scottish term when native moorland is burned to provide fresh growth for game and livestock.

==Popular culture references==
Gruinard Island is mentioned in the novels ''The Anthrax Mutation'' by Alan Scott (1971), ''[[The Enemy (Desmond Bagley novel)|The Enemy]]'' by [[Desmond Bagley]] (1977), ''Isvik'' by [[Hammond Innes]] (1991), ''[[Sea of Death]]'' by [[Richard P. Henrick]] (1992), ''[[The Fist of God]]'' by [[Frederick Forsyth]] (1994), ''Quantico'' by [[Greg Bear]] (2005), ''[[The Big Over Easy]]'' by [[Jasper Fforde]] (2005), ''Forbidden Island'' by [[Malcolm Rose]] (2009), ''And then you die'' by [[Iris Johansen]] (1998), ''The Island'' by R. J. Price (better-known as the poet [[Richard Price (poet)|Richard Price]]) (2010), ''[[And the Land Lay Still]]'' by [[James Robertson (novelist)|James Robertson]], ''[[The Impossible Dead]]'' by [[Ian Rankin]] (2011), and ''White Pines'' by [[Gemma Amor]] (2020). It also features as the principal setting for the novel ''El año de gracia'' by [[Cristina Fernández Cubas]], in which the protagonist spends a winter shipwrecked on the island.<ref>Fernández Cubas, Cristina. ''El año de gracia''. Originally published in 1985. Tusquets Editores, {{ISBN|978-8-47223-750-6}}</ref> The island is the principal location in the novel ''Anthrax Island'' by D. L. Marshall (2021).{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In issues 187–188 of the comic book ''[[Hellblazer]]'', in a story titled "Bred in the Bone", the protagonist's niece finds herself on Gruinard surrounded by flesh-eating children. The issues were released in 2003 and were written by [[Mike Carey (British writer)|Mike Carey]] and illustrated by Doug Alexander Gregory.

An episode of the British wartime TV series ''[[Foyle's War]]'' entitled "Bad Blood" involved biological testing – a reference to the Gruinard testing.

The 1970 ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'' episode "Three Dead Cows at Makapu, Part 2" featured a scientist played by [[Ed Flanders]] who threatened to unleash a deadly virus on the island of [[Oahu]]. When being interrogated, the scientist briefly mentions Gruinard Island and how it will be uninhabitable for a century due to anthrax experiments.

''[[Outlying Islands (play)|Outlying Islands]]'', a Fringe First-winning play by Scottish dramatist [[David Greig (dramatist)|David Greig]], is a fictionalised account of two British scientists' visit to an island in Scotland where the government plans to test anthrax inspired by the story of Gruinard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theatreweekly.com/atticist-to-bring-outlying-islands-to-kings-head-theatre/|title=Atticist to Bring Outlying Islands to King's Head Theatre|website=theatreweekly.com|date=November 2018|language=en-GB|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>

"Smallpox Island", off the north-west coast of Scotland, appears in the ''[[2000 AD (comics)|2000 AD]]'' comic strip ''[[Caballistics, Inc.]]'', although the warnings of contamination from biological weapons are a cover for a top secret, high-security prison.

The 2006 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' audio drama ''[[Night Thoughts (audio drama)|Night Thoughts]]'' is set on the fictional Gravonax Island, the name and history of which are inspired by those of Gruinard.

The 2013 UK TV series ''[[Utopia (UK TV series)|Utopia]]'' describes the fictional outbreak of a new form of flu. During Episode 3, Dugdale visits the proposed origin of the virus at the, now quarantined, [[Fetlar|Island of Fetlar]]. On arrival, personnel at the island, wearing orange overalls, carry one of numerous covered bodies past on a stretcher in a scene that is nearly identical to that seen in the original test footage from Gruinard Island. In the dramatisation however, the personnel at Fetlar are seen wearing dust masks as opposed to the gas masks seen in the Gruinard footage; likely due to budget constraints (much of '''Utopia''' was not filmed where it claims to be).<ref name="sonicbomb.com">[http://www.sonicbomb.com/iv1.php?vid=anthrax_island&id=533&w=400&h=300&ttitle=Anthrax%20Island Anthrax Island (video)] ''www.sonicbomb.com'', accessed 5 March 2020 {{Dead link|date=December 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

The experiments are referred to in the storyline of "[[List of Silent Witness episodes#Series 16 (2013)|Trust]]", the third and fourth episodes of Series 16 of the BBC series ''[[Silent Witness]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01pzqcm/episodes/guide | title=BBC One - Silent Witness, Series 16, Trust - Episode guide | access-date=20 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927051016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01pzqcm/episodes/guide | archive-date=27 September 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Scottish islands}}
* [[List of islands of Scotland]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Haswell-Smith}}
* {{Monro}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Mykjxkwwe0 Archive colour 16 mm footage from 1942, showing the Bioweapons testing on Gruinard island]
* [http://www.julianlewis.net/essays-and-topics/3805:the-plan-that-never-was-churchill-the-anthrax-bomb-1982-02-01 The Plan that Never Was: Churchill and the 'Anthrax Bomb' by Julian Lewis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730154149/http://www.julianlewis.net/essays-and-topics/3805:the-plan-that-never-was-churchill-the-anthrax-bomb-1982-02-01 |date=30 July 2019 }}
*[http://www.hgstump.de/buch/128.jpg Gruinard Island photo]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ig1Cz2tdVjY More footage of the testing done on Gruinard Island]
*[http://www.locusplus.org.uk/projects/1448~n/information Art Project based on Gruinard weapons testing]

{{Hebrides (uninhabited)}}
{{Scottish provinces|minor}}

[[Category:Biological warfare facilities]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Scotland]]
[[Category:United Kingdom biological weapons program]]

Ceuta

2024-06-18T17:33:03Z

Ravave: Undid revision 1229775860 by 41.249.188.164 (talk)

{{Short description|Spanish autonomous city on the north-west coast of Africa}}
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| population_demonyms = Ceutan {{lang|es|ceutí}} ([[Spanish language|es]]) {{lang|es|caballa}} ("[[Atlantic mackerel]]", colloquial)<ref name="ElFaro">{{cite news |title=Caballas |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/caballas-4/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=El Faro de Ceuta |date=15 May 2011 |language=es-EA}}</ref><ref name="DRAE">{{cite book |title=caballa {{!}} Diccionario de la lengua española |date=2021 |publisher=RAE-ASALE |edition=23.5 |url=https://dle.rae.es/caballa#T3UPRUS |access-date=22 February 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 = 

| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ine.es/prensa/cre_2022.pdf | title=Contabilidad Regional de España|website=www.ine.es}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = €1.907 billion (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = €23,073 (2022)

| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +01:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +02:00
| timezone2 =
| utc_offset2 =
| timezone2_DST =
| utc_offset2_DST = 
| postal_code_type = [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]]
| postal_code = ES-CE
| postal2_code_type = Postal code
| postal2_code = 51001–51005
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = 
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| twin2 =
| twin2_country = 

| blank_name_sec1 = [[Official language]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Parliament
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Assembly of Ceuta]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1 deputy (out of 350)
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Spanish Senate|Senate]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 2 senators (out of 264)


| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 = 

| website = {{URL|https://www.ceuta.es/ceuta/|www.Ceuta.es}}
| module =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = Currency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])
}}

'''Ceuta''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|sj|uː|t|ə|}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|s|eɪ|uː|t|ə}},<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈsewta, θewta|lang}}; {{lang-ar|سَبْتَة|Sabtah}}) is an [[Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities|autonomous city]] of [[Spain]] on the [[North Africa]]n coast.

Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Ceuta is one of the [[special member state territories and the European Union|special member state territories of the European Union]], and it is one of several [[Plazas de soberanía|Spanish territories in Africa]], which include [[Melilla]] and the [[Canary Islands]]. It was a regular [[municipalities in Spain|municipality]] belonging to the [[province of Cádiz]] prior to the passing of its [[Statute of Autonomy]] in March 1995,<ref>{{Citation |last=Jefatura del Estado |title=Ley Orgánica 1/1995, de 13 de marzo, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Ceuta |date=1995-03-14 |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1995/03/13/1 |issue=Ley Orgánica 1/1995 |pages=8055–8061 |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> as provided by the Spanish Constitution, henceforth becoming an autonomous city.

Ceuta, like [[Melilla]] and the [[Canary Islands]], was classified as a [[free port]] before Spain joined the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferrer-Gallardo|first=Xavier|title=The Spanish–Moroccan border complex: Processes of geopolitical, functional and symbolic rebordering|journal=Political Geography|volume=27|issue=3|pages=301–321|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.12.004|year=2008}}</ref> Its population is predominantly [[Christian]] and [[Islam in Spain|Muslim]], with a small minority of [[Sephardic Jews]] and [[Sindhi Hindus]], from Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=La comunidad hindú ceutí y u integración en la cultura occidental|first1=María|last1=Gervilla Zapata|first2=Sony|last2=Vashdev Lalwani|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4050095.pdf|year=2011|title=Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre Migraciones en Andalucía|location=Granada|publisher=Instituto de Migraciones|isbn=978-84-921390-3-3|page=1865}}</ref>

[[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the official language. Spanish and [[Moroccan Darija|Darija Arabic]] are the two main spoken languages.

==Names==
The name '''Abyla''' has been said to have been a [[Punic language|Punic]] name ("Lofty Mountain"{{sfnp|Cauvin & al.|1843}} or "Mountain of [[El (deity)|God]]") for [[Jebel Musa (Morocco)|Jebel Musa]],{{sfnp|Bonney & al.|1907|p=26}} the southern [[Pillars of Hercules|Pillar of Hercules]].{{sfnp|Smith|1854}} The name of the mountain was in fact ''Habenna'' ({{lang-xpu|𐤀𐤁{{popdf}}𐤍{{popdf}}}}, {{lang|xpu-Latn|ʾbn}}, "Stone" or "[[Stele]]") or ''ʾAbin-ḥīq'' ({{lang|xpu|𐤀𐤁{{popdf}}𐤍𐤇{{popdf}}𐤒}}, {{lang|xpu-Latn|ʾbnḥq}}, "Rock of the Bay"), about the nearby [[Benzú|Bay of Benzú]].<ref name=lip>{{harvp|Lipiński|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA422 422–425]}}.</ref> The name was [[hellenization|hellenized]] variously as ''Ápini'' ({{lang-grc-gre|Ἄπινι}}),<ref name=lip/> ''Abýla'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀβύλα}}), ''Abýlē'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀβύλη}}), ''Ablýx'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀβλύξ}}), and ''Abilē Stḗlē'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀβίλη Στήλη}}, "Pillar of Abyla"){{sfnp|Smith|1854}} and in [[Latin]] as ''{{lang|la|Abyla Mons}}'' ("Mount Abyla") or ''{{lang|la|Abyla Columna}}'' ("the Pillar of Abyla").

The settlement below Jebel Musa was later renamed for the seven hills around the site, collectively referred to as the "Seven Brothers"{{sfnp|Smedley & al.|1845|p=49}} ({{lang-grc-gre|Ἑπτάδελφοι|Heptádelphoi}};<ref>[[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy]], ''[[Ptolemy's Geography|Geography]]'', IV.i.5.</ref> {{lang-la|Septem Fratres}}).<ref>In, e.g., [[Pomponius Mela]].</ref> In particular, the Roman stronghold at the site took the name "Fort at the Seven Brothers" ({{lang|la|Castellum ad Septem Fratres}}).{{sfnp|Smith|1854}} This was gradually shortened to Septem<ref name="Kaegi">{{Cite book |author=Walter E. Kaegi |title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa |date=4 November 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19677-2 |page=256}}</ref> ({{lang|grc|Σέπτον}} ''Sépton'') or, occasionally, '''Septum'''<ref name="Kitto">{{Cite book |editor1=John Kitto |editor2=William Lindsay Alexander |title=A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature |volume=2 |date=1864 |page=350}}</ref> or '''Septa'''.{{sfnp|Dyer|1873}} These clipped forms continued as [[Berber language|Berber]] ''Sebta'' and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Sabtan''{{sfnp|Smedley & al.|1845|p=49}} or ''Sabtah'' ({{lang|ar|سبتة{{lrm}}}}), which themselves became {{lang|pt|Ceuta}} in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ({{IPA-pt|ˈsewtɐ|pron}}) and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (locally {{IPA-es|ˈsewta|pron}}).

==History==
===Ancient===
[[File:Catedral de la Asunción de Ceuta (11).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Phoenician archeological site, dated to the 7th century{{nbsp}}BC, next to the [[Cathedral of Ceuta]]]]
Controlling access between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] is an important military and commercial [[chokepoint]]. The [[Phoenicians]] realized the extremely narrow isthmus joining the [[Peninsula of Almina]] to the African mainland made Ceuta eminently defensible and established an outpost there early in the 1st millennium{{nbsp}}BC. The [[ancient Greek geography|Greek geographers]] record it by variations of ''Abyla'', the ancient name of nearby [[Jebel Musa (Morocco)|Jebel Musa]]. Beside [[Calpe]], the other [[Pillars of Hercules|Pillar of Hercules]] now known as the [[Rock of Gibraltar]], the Phoenicians established [[Carteia|Kart]] at what is now [[San Roque, Cádiz|San Roque]], [[Spain]]. Other good anchorages nearby became [[Phoenician colonies|Phoenician]] and then [[Carthaginian Empire|Carthaginian]] ports at what are now [[Tangiers]] and [[Cádiz]].

After [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]]'s [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|destruction]] in the [[Punic Wars]], most of [[northwest Africa]] was left to the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] [[client state]]s of [[Numidia]] and{{mdash}}around Abyla{{mdash}}[[Mauretania]]. [[Punics|Punic culture]] continued to thrive in what the Romans knew as "Septem". After the [[Battle of Thapsus]] in 46 BC, [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his heirs began annexing North Africa directly as [[Roman province]]s but, as late as [[Augustus]], most of Septem's [[Berbers|Berber]] residents continued to speak and write in [[Punic language|Punic]].

[[Caligula]] assassinated the Mauretanian king [[Ptolemy of Mauretania|Ptolemy]] in AD{{nbsp}}40 and seized his kingdom, which [[Claudius]] organized in AD 42, placing Septem in the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Tingitana]] and raising it to the level of a [[Roman colonia|colony]]. It subsequently was [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanized]] and thrived into the late 3rd century, trading heavily with [[Hispania|Roman Spain]] and becoming well known for its [[salted fish]]. [[Roman road|Roads]] connected it overland with [[Tingis]] (Tangiers) and [[Volubilis]]. Under {{nowrap|[[Theodosius I]]}} in the late 4th century, Septem still had 10,000 inhabitants, nearly all [[Early Christianity|Christian]] [[Roman citizenship|citizens]] speaking [[African Romance]], a local dialect of Latin.<ref>{{citation |first=Theodore |last=Mommsen |title=The Provinces of the Roman Empire |at=s.v. "Africa" }}.</ref>

===Medieval===
[[File:Interior de los Baños Árabes de Ceuta.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Arab Baths (Ceuta)|Arab Baths of Ceuta]], built between the 11th and 13th centuries]]
[[File:Murallas_meriníes_de_Ceuta.jpg|thumb|The [[Marinid Walls of Ceuta|Marinid Walls]], built by [[Abu Sa'id Uthman II]] in 1328]]
[[Vandal Kingdom|Vandals]], probably invited by [[Bonifacius|Count Boniface]] as protection against the [[Galla Placidia|empress dowager]], crossed the strait near Tingis around 425 and swiftly overran [[Africa (Roman province)|Roman North Africa]]. Their king, [[Gaiseric]], focused his attention on the rich lands around [[Carthage]]; although the Romans eventually accepted his conquests and he continued to raid them anyway, he soon lost control of Tingis and Septem in a series of Berber revolts. When [[Justinian I|Justinian]] decided to [[Vandalic War|reconquer the Vandal lands]], his victorious general [[Belisarius]] continued along the coast, making Septem a westernmost outpost of the [[Byzantine Empire]] around 533. Unlike the former ancient Roman administration, however, Eastern Rome did not push far into the [[hinterland]] and made the more defensible Septem their regional capital in place of Tingis.

[[Plague of Justinian|Epidemics]], less capable successors and overstretched supply lines forced a retrenchment and left Septem isolated. It is likely that its [[comes|count]] (''{{lang|la|comes}}'') was obliged to pay homage to the [[Visigoth Kingdom]] in Spain in the early 7th century. There are no reliable contemporary accounts of the end of the [[Islamic conquest of the Maghreb]] around 710. Instead, the rapid [[Muslim conquest of Spain]] produced [[medieval romance|romances]] concerning [[Count Julian]] of Septem and his betrayal of Christendom in revenge for the dishonor that befell his daughter at [[Roderic|King Roderick]]'s court. Allegedly with Julian's encouragement and instructions, the Berber convert and freedman [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]] took his garrison from Tangiers across the strait and overran the Spanish so swiftly that both he and his master [[Musa bin Nusayr]] fell afoul of [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|a jealous caliph]], who stripped them of their wealth and titles.

After the death of Julian, sometimes also described as a king of the [[Ghomara people|Ghomara Berbers]], Berber converts to Islam took direct control of what they called Sebta. It was then destroyed during [[Berber Revolt|their great revolt]] against the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] around 740. Sebta subsequently remained a small village of Muslims and Christians surrounded by ruins until its resettlement in the 9th century by Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa Berber tribe, who started the short-lived [[Banu Isam]] dynasty.<ref name="GibbKramers1994">{{citation|first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |last=Gibb |author2=Johannes Hendrik Kramers |author3=Bernard Lewis |author4=Charles Pellat |author5=Joseph Schacht |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZXrAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=690 }}.</ref> His great-grandson briefly allied his tribe with the [[Idrisid]]s, but Banu Isam rule ended in 931<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition|volume=8|title=Sabta|page=690|last=Ferhat|first=Halima|authorlink=Halima Ferhat}}
</ref> when he abdicated in favor of [[Abd ar-Rahman III]], the Umayyad ruler of [[Córdoba, Spain]].

Chaos ensued with the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Following this, Ceuta and Muslim Iberia were controlled by successive North African dynasties. Starting in 1084, the [[Almoravid]] Berbers ruled the region until 1147, when the [[Almohad]]s conquered the land. Apart from [[Ibn Hud]]'s rebellion in 1232, they ruled until the Tunisian [[Hafsid]]s established control. The Hafsids' influence in the west rapidly waned, and Ceuta's inhabitants eventually expelled them in 1249. After this, a period of political instability persisted, under competing interests from the [[Marinids]] and [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]] as well as autonomous rule under the native [[Banu al-Azafi]]. The Fez finally conquered the region in 1387, with assistance from [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]].

===Portuguese===
[[File:Porto April 2019-7.jpg|thumb|right|Representation of [[Henry the Navigator|Prince Henry the Navigator]] during the [[Conquest of Ceuta]] in [[Azulejo|''azulejos'']] at the [[São Bento railway station]]]]
[[File:Septa (Ceuta) ca 1572.jpg|thumb|right|1572 depiction of Ceuta]]
[[File:Ceuta fortifications.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Royal Walls of Ceuta]], built from 962 to the 18th century, and navigable moats]]
[[File:Casa de los Dragones, Ceuta, España, 2015-12-10, DD 52.JPG|thumb|right|Eclectic [[Casa de los Dragones|House of the Dragons]], built in 1905]]
On the morning of 21 August 1415, King [[John I of Portugal]] led his sons and their assembled forces in a surprise assault that would come to be known as the [[Conquest of Ceuta]]. The battle was almost anticlimactic, because the 45,000 men who traveled on 200 Portuguese ships caught the defenders of Ceuta off guard and suffered only eight casualties. By nightfall the town was captured. On the morning of 22 August, Ceuta was in Portuguese hands. [[Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches]] was asked to hoist what was to become the [[flag of Ceuta]], which is identical to the [[flag of Lisbon]], but in which the coat of arms derived from that of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] was added to the center; the original Portuguese flag and [[coat of arms]] of Ceuta remained unchanged, and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the [[Flag of Portugal#Portuguese shield|Portuguese shield]].

John's son [[Henry the Navigator]] distinguished himself in the battle, being wounded during the conquest. The looting of the city proved to be less profitable than expected for John I, so he decided to keep the city to pursue further enterprises in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Granada y la expansión portuguesa en el Magreb extremo|first=José Enrique|last=López de Coca Castañer|journal=Historia. Instituciones. Documentos|issn=0210-7716|issue=25|year=1998|page=351|publisher=[[Universidad de Sevilla]]|location=Seville|doi=10.12795/hid.1998.i25.018 |s2cid=252936676 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

From 1415 to 1437, [[Pedro de Meneses, 1st Count of Vila Real|Pedro de Meneses]] became the first governor of Ceuta.

The [[Marinid Sultanate]] started the [[Siege of Ceuta (1419)|1419 siege]] but was defeated by the first governor of Ceuta before reinforcements arrived in the form of [[John, Constable of Portugal]] and his brother [[Henry the Navigator]], who were sent with troops to defend Ceuta.

Under [[John I of Portugal|King John I]]'s son, [[Edward, King of Portugal|Duarte]], the colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury. [[Trans-Saharan trade]] journeyed instead to [[Tangier]]. It was soon realized that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. In 1437, [[Illustrious Generation (Portugal)|Duarte's brothers]] [[Henry the Navigator]] and [[Fernando, the Saint Prince]] persuaded him to launch an attack on the [[Marinid]] sultanate. The resulting [[Battle of Tangier (1437)]], led by Henry, was a debacle. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested, which he reneged on.

Possession of Ceuta indirectly led to further [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portuguese expansion]]. The main area of Portuguese expansion, at this time, was the coast of the [[Maghreb]], where there was grain, cattle, sugar, and textiles, as well as fish, hides, wax, and honey.<ref name=Payne>{{cite web| url = http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne10.pdf| title = Payne, Stanley G., ''A History of Spain and Portugal'', Vol.1, Chap.10 "The Expansion"}}</ref>

Ceuta had to endure alone for 43 years, until the position of the city was consolidated with the taking of [[Ksar es-Seghir]] (1458), [[Arzila]] and Tangier (1471) by the Portuguese.

The city was recognized as a Portuguese possession by the [[Treaty of Alcáçovas]] (1479) and by the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] (1494).

In the 1540s the Portuguese began building the [[Royal Walls of Ceuta]] as they are today including [[bastion]]s, a navigable moat and a drawbridge. Some of these bastions are still standing, like the bastions of Coraza Alta, Bandera and Mallorquines.<ref name=fortified-places>{{cite web|title=Ceuta|url=http://www.fortified-places.com/ceuta/|website=fortified-places.com|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195340/http://www.fortified-places.com/ceuta/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Luís de Camões]] lived in Ceuta between 1549 and 1551, losing his right eye in battle, which influenced his work of poetry ''[[Os Lusíadas]]''.

===Iberian Union===
In 1578 King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] died at the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]] (known as the Battle of Three Kings) in what is today northern Morocco, without descendants, triggering the [[1580 Portuguese succession crisis]]. His granduncle, the elderly [[Henry I of Portugal|Cardinal Henry]], succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants, having taken holy orders. When the cardinal-king died two years after Sebastian's death, three grandchildren of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] claimed the throne:
*[[Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza]]
*[[António, Prior of Crato]]
*[[Philip II of Spain]], uncle of former King Sebastian of Portugal

Philip prevailed and was crowned King [[Philip I of Portugal]] in 1581, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires in what is historically referred to as the [[Iberian Union]].<ref name="Kamen177">{{Cite book|last=Kamen|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&pg=PA177|title=Philip of Spain|date=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07800-8|page=177}}</ref>

During the Iberian Union, 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many settlers of Spanish origin<ref name=Griffinh>{{cite book | author=Griffin, H | year=2010 | title=Ceuta Mini Guide | url=http://www.miragebooks.co.uk/ceuta | publisher=Mirage | isbn=978-0-9543335-3-9 | access-date=18 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305205916/http://www.miragebooks.co.uk/ceuta | archive-date=5 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and became the only city of the [[Portuguese Empire]] that sided with Spain when Portugal regained its independence in the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] of 1640.

===Spanish===
[[File:Fort of El Desnarigado.jpg|thumb|Fort of the Desnarigado, built in the 19th century, houses a museum.]]
[[File:Baluarte de la Coraza Alta y catedral de Ceuta, de noche.jpg|thumb|Bastion of la Coraza Alta on the shore of the Playa del Chorrillo]]
On 1 January 1668, King [[Afonso VI of Portugal]] recognised the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain and ceded Ceuta to King [[Carlos II of Spain]] by the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|Treaty of Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=((Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia)) |title=Ceuta |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ceuta |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>

The city was attacked by Moroccan forces under [[Moulay Ismail]] during the [[Siege of Ceuta (1694–1727)]]. During the longest siege in history, the city underwent changes leading to the loss of its Portuguese character.{{Clarification needed|reason=What?|date=June 2023}} While most of the military operations took place around the [[Royal Walls of Ceuta]], there were also small-scale penetrations by Spanish forces at various points on the Moroccan coast, and seizure of shipping in the Strait of Gibraltar.

During the [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)]], Spain allowed Britain to occupy Ceuta. Occupation began in 1810, with Ceuta being returned at the conclusion of the wars.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Ceuta | volume= 05 | page = 777; see last eight lines}}</ref>

Disagreements regarding the border of Ceuta resulted in the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)]], which ended at the [[Battle of Tétouan|Battle of Tetuán]].
[[File:Ceuta Turn of the century.jpg|thumb|A street in Ceuta, {{Circa|1905}}–1910]]

In July 1936, General [[Francisco Franco]] took command of the [[Spanish Army of Africa]] and rebelled against the Spanish republican government; his military uprising led to the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936–1939. Franco transported troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. Ceuta became one of the first battlegrounds of the uprising: General Franco's rebel nationalist forces seized Ceuta, while at the same time the city came under fire from the air and sea forces of the official republican government.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.miragebooks.co.uk/ceuta-guide/ceuta-history.html |title=History of Ceuta |access-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305205904/http://www.miragebooks.co.uk/ceuta-guide/ceuta-history.html |archive-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Monumento del Llano Amarillo|Llano Amarillo]] monument was erected to honor [[Francisco Franco]], it was inaugurated on 13 July 1940. The tall obelisk has since been abandoned, but the shield symbols of the [[Falangism|Falange]] and Imperial Eagle remain visible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_13051.shtml |title=Franco monument now part of a rubbish dump in Ceuta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207133923/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_13051.shtml |archive-date=7 December 2012 }}</ref>

Following the 1947 [[Partition of India]], a substantial number of [[Sindhi Hindus]] from current-day Pakistan settled in Ceuta, adding to a small Hindu community that had existed in Ceuta since 1893, connected to Gibraltar's.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.pluralismoyconvivencia.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Minor%C3%ADas-religiosas-en-Ceuta-y-en-Melilla.pdf|title=Encuentros. Diversidad religiosa en Ceuta y Melilla|first1=Rafael|last1=Briones|first2=Sol|last2=Tarrés|first3=Óscar|last3=Salguero|publisher=Editorial Pluralismo y Convivencia|isbn=978-84-9888-523-1|page=84|year=2013}}</ref>

When Spain recognized the independence of [[Spanish Morocco]] in 1956, Ceuta and the other {{lang|es|[[plazas de soberanía]]|italic=yes}} remained under Spanish rule. Spain considered them integral parts of the Spanish state, but Morocco has disputed this point.

Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of [[Andalusia]]. It was attached to the [[province of Cádiz]] until 1925, the Spanish coast being only 20 km (12.5 miles) away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic [[Arab-Berber]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Muslim minority as well as [[Sephardic]] Jewish and [[Hindu]] minorities.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Resistir/monte/Renegado/elpepuesp/20090322elpepinac_9/Tes |title=Resistir en el monte del Renegado |work=[[El País]] |date=22 March 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009|last1=Bárbulo |first1=Tomás }}</ref>

On 5 November 2007, King [[Juan Carlos I]] visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/infordeus.php/2007/11/06/p125486 |title=Ceuta y Melilla son España, dice Juan Carlos I; Sebta y Melilia son nuestras, responde Mohamed VI |publisher=Blogs.periodistadigital.com |date=22 February 1999 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140213/http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/infordeus.php/2007/11/06/p125486 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2007/12/moro-d06.html |title=Royal visit revives tensions between Spain and Morocco |work=[[World Socialist Web Site]] |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=6 January 2022 |last1=Morgan |first1=Marcus |last2=Bond |first2=Paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325014211/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2007/12/moro-d06.html |archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

Since 2010, Ceuta (and Melilla) have declared the [[Muslim holiday]] of [[Eid al-Adha]], or Feast of the Sacrifice, an official public holiday. It is the first time a non-Christian [[religious festival]] has been officially celebrated in Spanish ruled territory since the [[Reconquista]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spainforvisitors.com/module-News-display-sid-310.htm |title=Muslim Holiday in Ceuta and Melilla |publisher=Spainforvisitors.com |access-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929161344/http://spainforvisitors.com/module-News-display-sid-310.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>{{bsn|date=March 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qppstudio.net/bankholidays2010/spain.htm |title=Public Holidays and Bank Holidays for Spain |publisher=Qppstudio.net |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930174912/http://www.qppstudio.net/bankholidays2010/spain.htm |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Ceuta en.png
| width1 = 320
| caption1 = Map of Ceuta (the [[Perejil Island]], part of Ceuta, is just off the coast, in the upper left of this map)
| image2 = Strait of Gibraltar perspective.jpg
| width2 = 280
| caption2 = Perspective view of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] facing eastwards; Spain and [[Gibraltar]] on the left; Morocco and Ceuta on the right. The vertical dimension is exaggerated by a factor of 3.
| image3 = Ceuta2022OSM.png
| width3 = 355
| caption3 = A highly detailed map of Ceuta
}}

Ceuta is separated by {{convert|17|km|sp=us|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abcviajes.com/turismo/ceuta_cuatro_mundos_por_descubrir.php|title=Turismo. Ceuta, cuatro mundos por descubrir|website=abcViajes|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> from the [[province of Cádiz]] on the Spanish mainland by the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and it shares a {{convert|6.4|km|sp=us|abbr=on|0}} land [[Morocco–Spain border|border]] with [[M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture]] in the [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]]. It has an area of {{convert|18.5|km2|sqmi acre|sp=us|abbr=on|0}}. It is dominated by Monte Anyera, a hill along its western frontier with Morocco, which is guarded by a Spanish [[Spanish army|military]] fort. [[Monte Hacho]] on the [[Peninsula of Almina]] overlooking the [[Port of Ceuta|port]] is one of the possible locations of the southern pillar of the [[Pillars of Hercules]] of Greek legend (the other possibility being [[Jebel Musa (Morocco)|Jebel Musa]]).<ref name="TarverSlape2016">{{cite book |editor=H. Micheal Tarver |editor2=Emily Slape|title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA160|volume=I|date=25 July 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-422-3|page=160}}</ref>

===Important Bird Area===
The Ceuta Peninsula has been recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because the site is part of a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, at the western end of the Mediterranean for large numbers of [[bird of prey|raptors]], [[stork]]s and other birds flying between Europe and Africa. These include [[European honey buzzard]]s, [[black kite]]s, [[short-toed snake eagle]]s, [[Egyptian vulture]]s, [[griffon vulture]]s, [[black stork]]s, [[white stork]]s and [[Audouin's gull]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ceuta-iba-spain|title= Ceuta|author= |date=2021|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 13 February 2021}}</ref>

===Climate===
Ceuta has a maritime-influenced [[Mediterranean climate]], similar to nearby Spanish and Moroccan cities such as [[Tarifa]], [[Algeciras]] or [[Tangiers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=2306&cityname=Ceuta%2C+Ciudad+Aut%F3noma+de+Ceuta%2C+Spain&units= |title=Ceuta, Spain – Climate Summary |website=weatherbase |access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> The average [[diurnal temperature variation]] is relatively low; the average annual temperature is {{convert|18.8|C|F|sp=us|abbr=on}} with average yearly highs of {{convert|21.4|C|F|sp=us|abbr=on}} and lows of {{convert|15.7|C|F|sp=us|abbr=on}} though the Ceuta weather station has only been in operation since 2003.<ref name="Standard climate values for Ceuta">{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5000C&k=ceu |title=Valores climatológicos normales. Ceuta |language=es |trans-title=Normal climate values. Ceuta |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |website=AEMET |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> Ceuta has relatively mild winters for the latitude, while summers are warm yet milder than in the interior of Southern Spain, due to the moderating effect of the Straits of Gibraltar. Summers are very dry, but yearly precipitation is still at {{convert|849|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}},<ref name="Standard climate values for Ceuta"/> which could be considered a humid climate if the summers were not so arid.

{{Weather box
|location = Ceuta, 2003-2010
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 21.7
|Feb record high C = 25.5
|Mar record high C = 27.9
|Apr record high C = 28.4
|May record high C = 33.7
|Jun record high C = 35.3
|Jul record high C = 40.2
|Aug record high C = 38.9
|Sep record high C = 34.8
|Oct record high C = 33.1
|Nov record high C = 27.2
|Dec record high C = 25.6
|year record high C = 40.2
|Jan high C = 15.8
|Feb high C = 15.9
|Mar high C = 17.4
|Apr high C = 19.1
|May high C = 21.9
|Jun high C = 25.7
|Jul high C = 28.9
|Aug high C = 28.5
|Sep high C = 25.8
|Oct high C = 22.8
|Nov high C = 18.8
|Dec high C = 16.4
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 13.4
|Feb mean C = 13.7
|Mar mean C = 14.8
|Apr mean C = 16.4
|May mean C = 18.8
|Jun mean C = 22.3
|Jul mean C = 24.9
|Aug mean C = 25.0
|Sep mean C = 22.8
|Oct mean C = 20.2
|Nov mean C = 16.4
|Dec mean C = 14.3
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 11.0
|Feb low C = 11.4
|Mar low C = 12.2
|Apr low C = 13.6
|May low C = 15.7
|Jun low C = 18.8
|Jul low C = 20.9
|Aug low C = 21.5
|Sep low C = 19.8
|Oct low C = 17.5
|Nov low C = 14.0
|Dec low C = 12.1
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = 1.3
|Feb record low C = 4.4
|Mar record low C = 7.2
|Apr record low C = 9.0
|May record low C = 10.5
|Jun record low C = 7.2
|Jul record low C = 16.3
|Aug record low C = 18.0
|Sep record low C = 15.3
|Oct record low C = 12.2
|Nov record low C = 7.4
|Dec record low C = 6.3
|year record low C = 1.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 122
|Feb precipitation mm = 145
|Mar precipitation mm = 90
|Apr precipitation mm = 57
|May precipitation mm = 21
|Jun precipitation mm = 3
|Jul precipitation mm = 1
|Aug precipitation mm = 3
|Sep precipitation mm = 37
|Oct precipitation mm = 82
|Nov precipitation mm = 127
|Dec precipitation mm = 161
|year precipitation mm =
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 6
|Apr precipitation days = 6
|May precipitation days = 4
|Jun precipitation days = 1
|Jul precipitation days = 0
|Aug precipitation days = 0
|Sep precipitation days = 2
|Oct precipitation days = 7
|Nov precipitation days = 7
|Dec precipitation days = 10
|year precipitation days =
|Jan humidity =72
|Feb humidity =75
|Mar humidity =68
|Apr humidity =71
|May humidity =66
|Jun humidity =67
|Jul humidity =61
|Aug humidity =70
|Sep humidity =72
|Oct humidity =75
|Nov humidity =73
|Dec humidity =73
|year humidity =
|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=ceu&l=5000C&datos=det&x=5000C&m=13&v=todos |title=Valores extremos. Ceuta – Selector |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |website=AEMET |language=es |trans-title=Extreme values. Ceuta{{Snd}} Selector |access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>
}}

== Government and administration ==
[[File:Palacio de la Asamblea de Ceuta.jpg|thumb|The Palacio de la Asamblea de Ceuta is the seat of the [[Assembly of Ceuta]].]]

Since 1995, Ceuta is, along with [[Melilla]], one of the two [[Autonomous community#autonomous cities|autonomous cities]] of Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo1-1995.html|title=Ley Orgánica 1/1995, de 13 de marzo, Estatuto de Autonomía de Ceuta|publisher=Noticias.juridicas.com|language=es|access-date=17 June 2009}}</ref>

Ceuta is known officially in Spanish as {{lang|es|Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta}} (English: ''Autonomous City of Ceuta''), with a rank between a standard [[municipalities in Spain|municipality]] and an [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]]. Ceuta is part of the territory of the [[European Union]]. The city was a [[free port]] before Spain joined the European Union in 1986. Now it has a low-tax system within the [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union]].

Since 1979, Ceuta has held elections to its 25-seat assembly every four years. The leader of its government was the Mayor until the Autonomy Statute provided for the new title of [[Mayor-President]]. {{as of|2011}}, the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] (PP) won 18 seats, keeping [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] as Mayor-President, which he has been since 2001. The remaining seats are held by the regionalist [[Caballas Coalition]] (4) and the [[Socialist Workers' Party (Spain)|Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE, 3).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resultados.elpais.com/elecciones/2011/municipales/18/ |title=Resultados Electorales en Ceuta: Elecciones Municipales 2011 en EL PAÍS |publisher=EDICIONES EL PAÍS S.L. |date=2011 |language=es |access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>

Owing to its small population, Ceuta elects only one member of the [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]], the lower house of the ''[[Cortes Generales]]'' (the Spanish Parliament). {{As of|November 2019|pre=the}} election, this post is held by María Teresa López of [[Vox (political party)|Vox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286616/ceuta-far-right-vox-spanish-elections/|title=Ceuta Votes for Far-Right Vox Party in Spanish General Elections|website=Morocco World News|language=en|date=11 November 2019|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

Ceuta is subdivided into 63 {{lang|es|barriadas}} ("neighborhoods"), such as Barriada de Berizu, Barriada de P. Alfonso, Barriada del Sarchal, and El Hacho.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpueblodeceuta.es/200708/20070819/200708195101.html |title=El servicio de Policia de Barriadas podria funcionar a partir del 15 de septiembre |language=es |trans-title=The Police Service of Barriadas could work from September 15 |website=El Pueblo de Ceuta |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720140539/http://www.elpueblodeceuta.es/200708/20070819/200708195101.html |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetware.com/i/map/MAR/ceuta-map.jpg |title=Map of Ceuta |website=planetware}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://codigo-postal.info/ceuta/ceuta?page=7 |title=Códigos postales de Ceuta en Ceuta |publisher=Codigo-postal.info |access-date=17 June 2009}}</ref>

Ceuta maintains its own police force.

== Defence and Civil Guard ==

The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]]' General Command of Ceuta (COMGECEU).<ref name="Contenido - Army">{{Cite web|title=Comandancia General de Ceuta|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/comge_ceuta/Organizacion/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Spanish Ministry of Defence | language=es}}</ref> The [[Spanish Army]]'s combat components of the command include:

* [[Regulares|54th ''Regulares'' Infantry Regiment]] based in ''González Tablas'' barracks;
* [[Tercio "Duque de Alba" No. 2 of the Legion|2nd Tercio ''Duke of Alba'' Regiment]] of the [[Spanish Legion]] based in the Seraglio-Recarga cantonment;
* 3rd "Montesa" Cavalry Regiment (RC-3) located in the ''Colonel Galindo'' barracks and equipped with [[Leopard 2|Leopard 2 main battle tanks]] and [[ASCOD|Pizarro infantry fighting vehicles]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-19|title=Los ceutíes conocen las unidades acorazadas de 'Montesa nº3'|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/jornada-puertas-abiertas-ceuties-unidades-acorazadas-montesa/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}</ref>
* 30th Mixed Artillery Regiment, one group equipped with [[Santa Bárbara Sistemas 155/52|155/52mm towed howitzers]] and the other with [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral short-range SAMs]] and [[Oerlikon GDF|35/90 SKYDOR/35/90 GDF-007 anti-aircraft guns]] fulfilling an air defence role;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regimiento De Artilleria Mixto Nº30|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/ramix30/Historial/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Spanish Ministry of Defence | language=es}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|title=Contenido - Army|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/ramix30/Organizacion/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Spanish Ministry of Defence | language=es}}</ref> and
* 7th Engineer Regiment

The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.<ref name="Contenido - Army"/>

In 2023, the [[Spanish Navy]] replaced the ''Aresa''-class patrol boat ''P-114'' in the territory with the ''Rodman''-class patrol boat ''Isla de León''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El nuevo patrullero de la Armada Española que vigilará Ceuta y el Estrecho de Gibraltar|url=https://www.outono.net/elentir/2023/02/01/el-nuevo-patrullero-de-la-armada-espanola-que-vigilara-ceuta-y-el-estrecho-de-gibraltar/|website=Defensa Aviacion}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|title=Patrol Boat P-114|url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buquessuperficie/prefLang-en/08patrulleros--07patrulleros-vigilancia-costera--02patrullero-vigilancia-costera-p-114|date=2020|website=Armada Española|access-date=28 August 2023|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226071423/https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buquessuperficie/prefLang-en/08patrulleros--07patrulleros-vigilancia-costera--02patrullero-vigilancia-costera-p-114|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

Ceuta itself is only {{cvt|113|km}} distant from the main Spanish naval base at [[Naval Station Rota|Rota]] on the Spanish mainland. The [[Spanish Air Force]]'s [[Morón Air Base]] is also within {{cvt|135|km}} proximity.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's [[Ceuta border fence|fortified land border]] as well as its maritime approaches against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-18|title=Ceuta: Spain sends troops as 8,000 migrants enter enclave|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57156320|access-date=2023-01-14}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|last=Guerraoui|first=Saad|date=2021-06-12|title=Spanish report warns of Morocco's 'hybrid strategies' to annex Ceuta, Melilla|url=https://middle-east-online.com/en/spanish-report-warns-morocco%25E2%2580%2599s-%25E2%2580%2598hybrid-strategies%25E2%2580%2599-annex-ceuta-melilla|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Middle East Online|language=en}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Jebel musa from benzu.jpg|thumb|The Moroccan mountain of [[Jebel Musa, Morocco|Jebel Musa]], as viewed from [[Benzú]]. It is also known as the 'Dead Woman' because of its silhouette.]]

The official currency of Ceuta is the [[euro]]. It is part of a special low tax zone in Spain.<ref name="Ceuta.es">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceuta.es/servlet/ContentServer?idioma=es_es&mD=true&pagename=CeutaTur%2FInformacionViajero%2FInformacionViajeroDetalle&cid=1113994915129&mC=true&idP=1111055969345&idA=1113994915129 |title=Economic Data of Ceuta, de ceutna digital |publisher=Ceuta.es |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410134201/http://www.ceuta.es/servlet/ContentServer?idioma=es_es&mD=true&pagename=CeutaTur%2FInformacionViajero%2FInformacionViajeroDetalle&cid=1113994915129&mC=true&idP=1111055969345&idA=1113994915129 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ceuta is one of two Spanish port cities on the northern shore of Africa, along with [[Melilla]]. They are historically military strongholds, [[free port]]s, oil ports, and also fishing ports.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuBgaSzsYVgC&q=ceuta+economy |pages=6–7 |title=IBRU, Boundary and Territory Briefing. Ceuta and the Spanish Sovereign Territories: Spanish and Moroccan |access-date=17 June 2009 |isbn=9781897643068 |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Gerry |last2=O'Reilly |first2=J. G. |year=1994 }}</ref> Today the economy of the city depends heavily on its port (now in expansion) and its industrial and retail centres.<ref name="Ceuta.es"/> [[Ceuta Heliport]] is now used to connect the city to mainland Spain by air. [[Lidl]], [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]] and [[El Corte Inglés]] have branches in Ceuta. There is also a [[casino]].
Border trade between Ceuta and Morocco is active because of advantage of tax-free status. Thousands of Moroccan women are involved in the cross-border porter trade daily, as [[porteadoras]]. The [[Moroccan dirham]] is used in such trade, even though prices are marked in euros.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20171006/morocco-mule-women-in-back-breaking-trade-from-spain-enclave|title=Morocco 'mule women' in back-breaking trade from Spain enclave|date=6 October 2017|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/markets/separate-from-the-rest|title=The economics of exclaves|date=24 April 2018|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/moroccan-women-used-as-mules-to-avoid-tariffs/av-43736166|title=Moroccan women used as 'mules' to avoid tariffs {{!}} DW {{!}} 11 May 2018|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|website=DW.COM|language=en|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

===Transport===
The city's [[Port of Ceuta]] receives high numbers of ferries each day from [[Algeciras]] in [[Andalusia]] in the south of Spain. The closest airport is [[Sania Ramel Airport]] in Morocco.

A single road border checkpoint to the south of Ceuta near Fnideq allows for cars and pedestrians to travel between Morocco and Ceuta. An additional border crossing for pedestrians exists between Benzú and [[Belyounech]] on the northern coast. The rest of the border is closed and inaccessible.

There is a bus service throughout the city, and while it does not pass into neighbouring Morocco, it services both frontier crossings.

===Hospitals===
The following hospitals are located within Ceuta:<ref>Google Maps</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hospitalsworldguide.com/hospitals-in-spain/s-hospitals-in-ceuta/|title=Hospitals in Ceuta|website=Hospitals Worldguide|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* University Hospital of Ceuta, established in 2010, 252 beds<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.areasanitariaceuta.es/atencion-especializada/hospital-universitario-de-ceuta/|title=Hospital Universitario de Ceuta|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* Primary Care Emergency Services Jose Lafont
* Ceuta Medical Centre
* Spanish Military Hospital (500 beds in 1929, 2020 listed as a clinic)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVXXAAAAMAAJ|title=Port Directory of Principal Foreign Ports|year=1929}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://military-medicine.com/almanac/115-spain-kingdom-of.html|title=Military Medicine in Spain|website=Military Medicine|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Ceuta population pyramid.svg|thumb|Ceuta population pyramid in 2022]]
As of 2018, its population was 85,144.<ref>{{cite web |title=La población de Ceuta aumenta en un 0,2% con respecto a 2017 |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/poblacion-ceuta-2018-cuantos-habitantes-tiene/ |website=El Faro de Ceuta |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
Due to its location, Ceuta is home to a mixed ethnic and religious population. The two main religious groups are Christians and Muslims. As of 2006 approximately 50% of the population was Christian and approximately 48% Muslim.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roa |first=J. M. | year=2006 | title=Scholastic achievement and the diglossic situation in a sample of primary-school students in Ceuta | journal=Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa |volume=8 |number=1 | url=http://redie.uabc.mx/index.php/redie/article/download/124/216}}</ref> As of a 2018 estimate, around 67.8% of the city's population were born in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Redacción|title=El 67,8% de los habitantes actuales de Ceuta han nacido en la ciudad según los datos del INE|url=https://ceutaahora.com//art/574/el-678-de-los-habitantes-actuales-de-ceuta-han-nacido-en-la-ciudad-segun-los-datos-del-ine|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Ceuta Ahora|date=20 December 2018 |language=es}}</ref>

[[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the primary and official language of the enclave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml|title=Languages Across Europe – Spanish|date=14 October 2014|website=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405160301/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml|archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> [[Moroccan Arabic]] (Darija) is widely spoken.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics|last=Sayahi|first=Lotfi|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9500-3|editor-last=Díaz-Campos|editor-first=Manuel|location=Chichester, UK|pages=476–477|chapter=Spanish in Contact with Arabic|doi=10.1002/9781444393446.ch22}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Council of Europe]] demanded that Spain formally recognize the language by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goff |first=Shaquile |title=Council of Europe Demands Ceuta, Melilla Recognize Arabic, Darija by 2023 |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/08/344129/council-of-europe-demands-ceuta-melilla-recognize-arabic-darija-by-2023 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Restos de la Basílica Tardorromana de Ceuta.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of the Late Roman Christian Basilica and Necropolis of Ceuta, dated to the mid-4th century AD or the beginning of the 5th century AD]]
[[File:Catedral de Ceuta, Ceuta, España, 2015-12-10, DD 04.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption (Ceuta)|Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption]], completed in 1726]]

[[Christianity]] has been present in Ceuta continuously from [[late antiquity]], as evidenced by the ruins of a basilica in downtown Ceuta<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/1378720 |title=Ceuta huellas del cristianismo en Ceuta |first=Fernando |last=Villada |website=academia.edu |access-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> and accounts of the [[Christian martyrdom|martyrdom]] of [[Daniel and companions|St. Daniel Fasanella]] and his [[Franciscan Order|Franciscans]] in 1227 during the [[Almohad Caliphate]].

The town's Grand Mosque had been built over a [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine-era]] church. In 1415, the year of the city's conquest, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] converted the Grand Mosque into [[Ceuta Cathedral]]. The present form of the cathedral dates to refurbishments undertaken in the late 17th century, combining [[baroque architecture|baroque]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] elements. It was [[Dedication (ritual)|dedicated]] to [[Saint Mary of the Assumption|St{{nbsp}}Mary of the Assumption]] in 1726.

The [[Roman Catholic]] [[Diocese of Ceuta]] was established in 1417. It incorporated the suppressed [[Diocese of Tanger]] in 1570.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14736a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Tingis |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 July 1912 |access-date=8 August 2010}}</ref> The Diocese of Ceuta was a [[suffragan]] of [[Patriarchate of Lisbon|Lisbon]] until 1675, when it became a suffragan of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville|Seville]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dc206|Diocese of Ceuta|21 January 2015}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref> In 1851, Ceuta's administration was notionally merged into the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta|Diocese of Cádiz and Ceuta]] as part of [[concordat of 1851|a concordat]] between Spain and the [[Holy See]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03131b.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Cadiz |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 November 1908 |access-date=8 August 2010}}</ref> the union was not actually accomplished, however, until 1879.

Small [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] minorities are also present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2014/10/ceuta-multicultural-city-201410149410385913.html|title=Ceuta: Multicultural city|website=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129174034/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2014/10/ceuta-multicultural-city-201410149410385913.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| {{table}}
|+ 2019 census<ref name=CIS2019Ceuta>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3260_3279/3263/Marginales/es3263mar_Ceuta.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204181940/http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3260_3279/3263/Marginales/es3263mar_Ceuta.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-04 |url-status=dead |author=''Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas'' (Centre for Sociological Research)|title=Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta |date=October 2019|page=20 |accessdate=4 February 2020 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
| [[Roman Catholicism]] || {{percentage bar|60.0}}
|-
| [[Islam]] || {{percentage bar|36.7}}
|-
| Non-religious || {{percentage bar|1.9}}
|-
| Atheist || {{percentage bar|1.5}}
|}

===Migration===
{{Main|Ceuta border fence}}
Like [[Melilla#Immigration|Melilla]], Ceuta attracts African migrants who try to use it as an entry to Europe. As a result, the enclave is surrounded by double fences that are {{convert|6|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} high, and hundreds of migrants congregate near the fences waiting for a chance to cross them. The fences are regularly stormed by migrants trying to claim asylum once they enter Ceuta.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hundreds of migrants storm fence to reach Spanish enclave of Ceuta|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39002111|publisher=BBC|date=17 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
The [[University of Granada#Campus located in Ceuta|University of Granada]] offers undergraduate programmes at their campus in Ceuta. Like all areas of Spain, Ceuta is also served by the [[National University of Distance Education|National University of Distance Education (UNED)]].

While primary and secondary education are generally offered in Spanish only, a growing number of schools are entering the Bilingual Education Programme.{{Clarify|reason=In what languages?|date=November 2022}}

==Notable people from Ceuta==
=== up to 1800 ===
* [[Qadi Ayyad]] (1083 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1149) born in Ceuta, then belonging to the [[Almoravids]] was the great imam of that city
* [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] (1100 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1165 in Ceuta) was a Muslim geographer, cartographer and Egyptologist. He lived in Palermo at the court of King [[Roger II of Sicily]], known for the {{Lang|la|[[Tabula Rogeriana]]}}.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Idrisi |volume= 14 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 289-290 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti]] (1129 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1204 in Marrakesh) the main [[Wali]] of [[Marrakesh]]
* [[Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta]] ({{Circa|1160}}{{Snd}} 1226) a Jewish physician and poet, and disciple of [[Moses Maimonides]]
* [[Abu al-Abbas al-Azafi]] (1162 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1236) a religious and legal scholar, member of the Banu al-Azafi who ruled Ceuta
* [[Mohammed ibn Rushayd]] (1259 in Sabta{{Snd}} 1321) a judge, writer and scholar of [[Hadith]]
* [[Álvaro of Braganza]] (1440–1504) a president of Council of Castile.
* [[George Camocke]] (1666–1732) a Royal Navy captain and former admiral for Spain who was exiled to Ceuta to live out the last years of his life.
* Don [[Fernando de Leyba]] (1734 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1780) a Spanish officer who served as the third governor of [[Upper Louisiana]] from 1778 until his death.
* Brigadier General [[Francisco Antonio García Carrasco]] Díaz (1742 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1813 in Lima, Peru) a Spanish soldier and [[Royal Governor of Chile]]
* [[Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan]] (1757 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1826 in Santiago de Cuba) a colonel in the Spanish Army who served as governor of East Florida 1812/1815, of Santo Domingo 1818/1821 and was provisional governor of Cuba 1822/1823
* [[Isidro de Alaix Fábregas]] Count of Vergara and Viscount of Villarrobledo, (1790 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1853 in Madrid) a Spanish general of the [[First Carlist War]] who backed [[Isabella II of Spain]]

=== since 1800 ===
* General [[Francisco Llano de la Encomienda]] (1879 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1963 in Mexico City), a Spanish soldier. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic
* General [[Antonio Escobar Huertas]] (1879 in Ceuta{{Snd}} executed 1940 in Barcelona), a Spanish military officer
* [[África de las Heras]] Gavilán (1909 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1988 in Moscow), a Spanish Communist, naturalized Soviet citizen, and [[KGB]] spy who went by the code name ''Patria''
* [[Eugenio Martín]] (born 1925 in Ceuta), a Spanish film director and screenwriter <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eugenio Martín|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0554632/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref>{{ugs|date=August 2023}}
* [[Jacob Hassan]], PhD (1936 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 2006 in Madrid), a Spanish [[philologist]] of Sephardic Jewish descent
* [[Manuel Chaves González]] (born 1945 in Ceuta), a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He served as the Third Vice President of the Spanish Government from 2009 to 2011
* [[Ramón Castellano de Torres]] (born 1947 in Ceuta), a Spanish artist, thought by some to be an expressionist painter
* [[Ignacio Velázquez Rivera]] (born 1953), first Mayor-President of [[Melilla]]
* [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] Lara (born 1953 in Ceuta), became the Mayor-President of Ceuta in Spain in 2001
* [[Pedro Aviles|Pedro Avilés Gutiérrez]] (born 1956 in Ceuta), a Spanish novelist from Madrid.
* [[Eva Isanta|Eva María Isanta Foncuberta]] (born 1971 in Ceuta), a Spanish actress <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eva Isanta|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0410706/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref>{{ugs|date=August 2023}}
* [[Mohamed Taieb Ahmed]] (born 1975 in Ceuta), a Spanish-Moroccan drug lord <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/vuelve-el-nene|title=Vuelve 'El Nene'|date=14 January 2008|website=Interviu|language=es|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911075451/http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/vuelve-el-nene|url-status=dead}}</ref> responsible for trafficking hashish across the Strait of Gibraltar and into Spain.
* [[Rakesh Narwani]] (born 1981 in Ceuta), a Spanish Filmmaker

===Sport ===
* [[Francisco Lesmes]] (1924–2005) and [[Rafael Lesmes]] (1926–2012), brothers and Spanish footballers.
* [[Pirri|José Martínez Sánchez]] (born 1945 in Ceuta), nicknamed ''Pirri'', a retired Spanish footballer, mainly played for Real Madrid, appearing in 561 competitive games and scoring 172 goals
* [[José Ramón López]] (born 1950), a sprint canoer, silver medallist at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Migueli|Miguel Bernardo Bianquetti]] (born 1951 in Ceuta), known as ''Migueli'', a Spanish retired footballer, 391 caps for [[FC Barcelona]] and 32 for [[Spain men's national football team|Spain]]
* [[Nayim]] (born 1966 in Ceuta), a retired Spanish footballer; he scored a last-minute goal for Real Zaragoza in the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.
* [[Lorena Miranda]] (born 1991 in Ceuta), a Spanish female water polo player, silver medallist at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Anuar Tuhami]] (born 1995 in Ceuta), a Spanish-Moroccan footballer, played one game for [[Morocco national football team|Morocco]]

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}
Ceuta is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Aci Catena]], Italy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://femp.femp.es/files/566-1113-archivo/LISTADO%20HERMANAMIENTOS%20CON%20EUROPA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124430/http://femp.femp.es/files/566-1113-archivo/LISTADO%20HERMANAMIENTOS%20CON%20EUROPA.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-03 |url-status=live|title=Listado de corporaciones locales españolas hermanadas con Europa|publisher=[[Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces]]}}</ref>
* [[Algeciras]], Spain (since 1997)<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.europasur.es/algeciras/Ceuta-Algeciras-lustros-ciudades-hermanadas_0_612838954.html|journal=Europa Sur|date=5 August 2012|first=Carlos|last=Corrales|title=Ceuta y Algeciras, tres lustros como ciudades hermanadas}}</ref>
* [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
* [[Cádiz]], Spain (since 2007)<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Diario de Cádiz|url=https://www.diariodecadiz.es/cadiz/Cadiz-familia-numerosa_0_297570545.html|date=19 September 2009|first=Pablo Manuel|last=Durio|title=Cádiz tiene ya una familia más que numerosa}}</ref>
* [[Melilla]], Spain<ref>{{cite news |title=Ceuta, Melilla profile |work=BBC News |date=14 December 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.elpueblodeceuta.com/200711/20071127/200711275107.html|title=Vivas visitará el jueves la Casa de Ceuta en Cádiz antes de regresar|first=Luis|last=Parodi|date=27 November 2007|journal=El Pueblo de Ceuta}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Dispute with Morocco==
{{See also|Greater Morocco}}

The [[Cabinet of Morocco|Moroccan government]] has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Ceuta and [[Melilla]], along with uninhabited islets such as the islands of [[Alhucemas Islands|Alhucemas]], [[Vélez de la Gomera|Vélez]] and [[Perejil Island|Perejil]] to Morocco, with the Spanish refusal to do so serving as a major source of tension in [[Morocco–Spain relations]]. In Morocco, Ceuta is frequently referred to as the "[[Military occupation|occupied]] Sebtah", and the Moroccan government has argued that Ceuta, along with other Spanish territories in the region, are [[Colonialism|colonies]].<ref> https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-57305882 </ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=0-85323-985-1|year=2000|pages=XII–XIII|first=Peter|last=Gold}}</ref> One of the major arguments used by Morocco in their attempts to acquire sovereignty over Ceuta refers to the geographical position of the city, as Ceuta is an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] which is surrounded by Moroccan territory and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spain.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Castan Pinos | first= J. |date=2014 | chapter=The Spanish-Moroccan relationship: combining bonne entente with territorial disputes | editor=K. Stoklosa |title= Living on the border. European Border Regions in Comparison |page= 103 | place=Abingdon | publisher= Routledge}}</ref> This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the Moroccan [[Istiqlal Party]], Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated for Morocco to invade and occupy Ceuta and other North African territories under Spanish rule.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Castan Pinos|first= J. |date=2014 | title= La Fortaleza Europea: Schengen, Ceuta y Melilla|place= Ceuta|publisher= Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes|page= 61 |isbn=978-84-92627-67-7}}</ref> Spain, in line with the majority of governments in the rest of the world, has never recognized Morocco's claim over Ceuta. The official position of the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] is that Ceuta is an integral part of Spain, and has been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jun/12/worlddispatch.gibraltar |title=A rocky relationship |work=The Guardian|date= 12 June 2003|access-date=17 June 2009 | location=London | first=Giles | last=Tremlett}}</ref> The majority of Ceuta's population support continued Spanish sovereignty and are opposed to Moroccan control over the territory.<ref>{{cite thesis| author= François Papet-Périn | title=La mer d'Alboran ou Le contentieux territorial hispano-marocain sur les deux bornes européennes de Ceuta et Melilla | id= 2 volumes | degree= doctorat d'histoire contemporaine soutenue | date= 2012 |institution= Paris 1-Sorbonne }}</ref>

In 1986, Spain joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO). However, Ceuta is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] limits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the [[Tropic of Cancer]]. However, [[French Algeria]] was explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.<ref name="Newtral">{{cite web |title=¿Están Ceuta y Melilla bajo el paraguas de la OTAN? |url=https://www.newtral.es/ceuta-melilla-otan-expertos/20211002/ |website=Newtral |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=es |date=2 October 2021 |author=Thess Móstoles}}</ref> During the [[2022 Madrid summit]], the issue of the protection of Ceuta was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Heads of State and Government (2022 NATO Summit)|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_197301.htm|access-date=2023-01-14|website=NATO|language=en | date= 30 June 2022 | author1= Jens Stoltenberg | author1-link=Jens Stoltenberg | type=transcript}}</ref> On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime Minister [[Saadeddine Othmani]] that Ceuta is "Moroccan as the [[Sahara]]", the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.<ref>{{Cite web|work=elDiario.es|date=21 December 2020|title=España convoca a la embajadora de Marruecos por unas declaraciones de su primer ministro sobre Ceuta y Melilla|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/espana-convoca-embajadora-marruecos-declaraciones-ceuta-melilla_1_6523031.html|access-date=22 December 2020|language=es}}{{pb}}{{cite web|date=22 December 2020|title=Moroccan Ambassador to Spain summoned over calls for territorial sovereignty talks|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/12/22/moroccan-ambassador-to-spain-summoned-over-calls-for-territorial-sovereignty-talks/|access-date=22 December 2020|website=AfricaNews|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[AD Ceuta FC]], football club
*[[Arab Baths (Ceuta)|Arab Baths in Ceuta]]
*[[Benzú]]
*[[Hotel Tryp Ceuta]]
*[[Ceuta border fence]]
*[[Ceuta and Melilla (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Plazas de soberanía]]'' – Spanish exclaves on the Moroccan coast
*[[Porteadoras]] – mule ladies, bale workers
*[[Royal Walls of Ceuta]]
*[[Spanish Morocco]]
*[[European enclaves in North Africa before 1830]]
{{portal|Spain}}
{{div col end}}

{{clear}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Bonney |first=Thomas George |author2=Eustace Alfred Reynolds-Ball |author3=Henry Duff Traill |author4=Grant Allen |author5=Arthur Griffiths |author6=Robert Brown |display-authors=1 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41263/41263-8.txt |title=The Mediterranean: Its Storied Cities and Venerable Ruins |location=New York |publisher=James Pott & Co |date=1907 |ref={{harvid|Bonney & al.|1907}} }}.
* {{citation |editor-last=Cauvin |editor-first=Joseph |title=Lempriere's Classical Dictionary, Abridged by E.h. Barker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvQDAAAAQAAJ |editor2=Edmund Henry Barker |display-editors=1 |date=1843 |location=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans |contribution=Abila |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvQDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3 |ref={{harvid|Cauvin & al.|1843}} }}.
* {{citation |last=Dyer |first=Thomas H. |editor=William Smith |display-editors=0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3gPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9 |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography |volume=II |location=London |publisher=John Murray |date=1873 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3gPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA965 |page=965 |contribution=Septem Fratres }}.
* {{citation |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Lipinski (orientalist) |title=Itineraria Phoenicia |series=''Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta'', No.{{nbsp}}127, ''Studia Phoenicia'', Vol.{{nbsp}}XVIII |publisher=Uitgeverij Peeters |location=Leuven |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC |isbn=9789042913448 }}.
* {{citation |editor-last=Smedley |editor-first=Edward |editor2=Hugh James Rose |editor3=Henry John Rose |display-editors=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1I_AQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Metropolitana |volume=XXII |location=London |publisher=B. Fellowes & al. |date=1845 |contribution=Mauritania |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1I_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA48 |pages=48–49 |ref={{harvid|Smedley & al.|1845}} }}.
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Philip |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography |editor=William Smith |display-editors=0 |location=London |publisher=Walton & Maberly |date=1854 |contribution=Abyla |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=abyla-geo&highlight=abyla }}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ceuta}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ceuta}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ceuta |short=x}}
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ceuta.es/ Official Ceuta government website]
*[https://turismodeceuta.com/ Ceuta tourism website]

{{Ceuta}}
{{Administrative divisions of Spain}}
{{Autonomous Community capitals of Spain}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries|state=collapsed}}
{{Countries and territories of North Africa}}
{{Phoenician cities and colonies navbox|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ceuta| ]]
[[Category:Autonomous cities of Spain]]
[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Kingdom of the Algarve]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Spain]]
[[Category:Morocco–Spain border crossings]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Port cities in Africa]]
[[Category:Special territories of the European Union]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1995]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Morocco]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Spain]]
[[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:5th-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 5th century BC]]
[[Category:1415 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1668 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1668 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:1995 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Phoenician colonies in Spain]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Spain]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Africa]]

Meg

2023-01-22T09:01:46Z

Ravave: Undid revision 1130156814 by 2600:1700:2243:CEB0:B4EA:8210:1B37:61F6 (talk)

{{Short description|Name list}}
{{About|a given name||Meg (disambiguation)|and|MEG (disambiguation)}}
'''Meg''' is a feminine given name, often a short form of [[Margaret]], [[Megan]], [[Megumi]] (Japanese), etc. It may refer to:

==People==
*[[Meg (singer)]], a Japanese singer
*[[Meg Cabot]] (born 1967), American author of romantic and paranormal fiction
*[[Meg Burton Cahill]] (born 1954), American politician and former Arizona state senator
*[[Meg Foster]] (born 1948), American actress
*[[Meg Greenfield]] (1930-1999), American Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial writer and columnist
*[[Meg Frampton]] (born 1985), guitarist and back-up singer for the band Meg & Dia
*[[Meg Hutchins]] (born 1982), Australian rules footballer
*[[Meg Kelly]], American television soap opera screenwriter
*[[Meg Lanning]] (born 1992), Australian cricketer
*[[Meg Lee Chin]], Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter, best known as a member of the group Pigface
*[[Meg LeFauve]], American screenwriter (co-nominated for the Academy Award for ''Inside Out'') and producer
*[[Meg Lees]] (born 1948), Australian politician
*[[Meg Mallon]] (born 1963), American LPGA golfer
*[[Meg Morris]] (born 1992), American National Women's Soccer League player
*[[Meg Ryan]] (born 1961), American actress
*[[Meg Tilly]], Canadian-American actress born Margaret Elizabeth Chan in 1960
*[[Meg Turney]], American YouTube personality
*[[Meg White]] (born 1974), American drummer, half of the rock duo The White Stripes (with former husband Jack White)
*[[Meg Whitman]] (born 1956), former CEO of eBay and California gubernatorial candidate
*[[Meg Wolitzer]] (born 1959), American author
*[[Meg Wyllie]] (1917–2002), American actress
*[[Long Meg of Westminster]] (16th-century) English tavern keeper
*[[Margarete Pioresan]], known as ''Meg'' (born 1956), Brazilian football goalkeeper
*[[Meg Donnelly]] (born 2000), American actress mostly known for her work with Disney Channel
*Meg (Maria Di Donna), an Italian singer and former member of band [[99 Posse]] and duo Nous

==Fictional characters==
*[[The Meg]], the titlular megalodon shark in the 2018 action movie ''The Meg''
*[[Meg Griffin]], one of the main characters on the animated television show ''Family Guy''
*Margaret March, in Louisa May Alcott's novels ''[[Little Women]]'', ''[[Little Men]]'' and ''[[Jo's Boys]]''
*[[Meg Masters]], on the television show ''Supernatural''
*[[Meg Murry]], in Madeleine L'Engle's Time Quintet novels
*[[Meg Snyder]], on the American soap opera ''As the World Turns''
*''[[Meg!]]'', a comic strip
*[[Megara (Disney)]] in Disney's 1997 film ''Hercules''
*Meg, a minor character in ''[[List of minor characters in Xena: Warrior Princess#Meg|Xena: Warrior Princess]]''
*Meg, a supporting character in [[Trials of Apollo|the Trials of Apollo]] by [[Rick Riordan]]
*{{nihongo|Meg Kataoka|片岡メグ}}, a character from the ''[[Assassination Classroom]] manga'' and anime series
{{given name}}

[[Category:Feminine given names]]
[[Category:Hypocorisms]]

Wikipedia:Help desk

2022-06-27T12:02:12Z

Ravave: /* Eunice Shade */

{{Short description|Community dynamic help}}{{/Header}}
[[Category:Wikipedia help pages with dated sections]]
<div style="width:51%;">__tOC__</div>




= June 24 =

== Source of information. ==

I read the wiki page on racism in Israel. How do you know that this is not just opinion? It is clearly bias, racist , anti Zionist article. What are your methods for clarification? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:1300:8B95:61E9:3E85:E243:BF2|2603:7000:1300:8B95:61E9:3E85:E243:BF2]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:1300:8B95:61E9:3E85:E243:BF2#top|talk]]) 01:58, 24 June 2022 (UTC) 
:The content on the article is based off of the citations that follow them. If you have concerns about the [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliability of the sources]], please discuss them at either [[WP:RSN]] or the article's talk page. —[[User:Tenryuu|Tenryuu 🐲]] ( [[User talk:Tenryuu|💬]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenryuu|📝]] ) 02:55, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

== Tang Xianhu ==
I created this page [[Tang Xianhu]] and it passes the review. But on Google, it still shows a draft and then redirects to the main page. Can you help to publish it as a main and not as a redirect? [[User:Oahid|Oahid]] ([[User talk:Oahid|talk]]) 02:42, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:@[[User:Oahid|Oahid]]: New articles aren't indexed by search engines until 90 days have passed or a new pages patroller approves it, whichever comes first. It's already in mainspace. —[[User:Tenryuu|Tenryuu 🐲]] ( [[User talk:Tenryuu|💬]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenryuu|📝]] ) 02:56, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
::okay got it, thanks! [[User:Oahid|Oahid]] ([[User talk:Oahid|talk]]) 03:04, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

== Is there a way to not mark rollbacks as minor ==

Somehow, when I rollback, it is marked as a minor edit. Is there a way to disable this (so that Huggle rollbacks won't be minor)? I can't find anything in the [[Special:preferences|preferences]] that enables this. [[User:weeklyd3|weeklyd3]] ([[User talk:weeklyd3|message me]] | [[Special:Contribs/weeklyd3|my contributions]]) 06:23, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

:I don't think so: see [[WP:MINOR]]. If you really don't think a rollback is minor just undo the last edit the old fashioned way and add an edit summary. [[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]]|[[User talk:Shantavira|feed me]] 08:21, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

== Logo picture sizes ==

Hello Dear Sir/Madam,

I hope you are having a great day/night, depending on your time zone.

Writting this letter in order to explain an issue i recognized earlier. I was reading through articles in wikipedia and i recognized that some logo pictures on numereous amount of pages are sized wrong: some of them are too big to fit in the frame, some of them are too small and lose quality.
My question is - what should be a perfect size for picture to be fully optimized in frame of wikipedia, so there wont be any size issues and lose of quality?

Looking forward to your reply,

Best Regards — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Denzo9909|Denzo9909]] ([[User talk:Denzo9909#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Denzo9909|contribs]]) 07:19, 24 June 2022 (UTC) 

:It would help if you could give some examples. The [[aspect ratio]] can affect how an image appears in the infobox. It is possible to adjust the size manually.--'''''[[User:ianmacm|♦IanMacM♦]] [[User_talk:ianmacm|(talk to me)]]''''' 07:32, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

::Hi [[User:Denzo9909|Denzo9909]] - Logos are, almost always, copyright, so can only be used under a claim of fair use. As stated at [[WP:FILESIZE]] "If the image is copyrighted and used under fair use, the uploaded image must be as low-resolution as possible consistent with its fair-use rationale". I can't find the guideline at the moment, but somewhere it states that, for free use, it should be not more than 300 px on one side. This means that very detailed logos will lose some of their detail. Conversely, if uploaded less than 200 px wide, it will not display in the infobox correctly, without using an image size parameter. This then magnifies a less detailed image, giving poor quality. - hope that helps - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 14:17, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:::However, these days fair-use files are automatically shrunken by a bot after awhile, so uploading a whetever res logo works too. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 07:43, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

== When will be my page publish? ==

{{courtesy link|Draft:Zorawar Singh}} 
I have created an account with the name of '''Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)'''. Cab you please help me out to resolve the issue if there is an issue. PLease review the page and try to update it soon either provide the sufficient information how many time it takes to update. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)|Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)]] ([[User talk:Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)|contribs]]) 07:34, 24 June 2022 (UTC) 
:@[[User:Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)|Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)]]: You are ''strongly discouraged'' from [[WP:AUTO|writing about yourself]] and many of the sources you have used aren't appropriate as [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. I suggest you use another website, as Wikipedia is [[Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION|not something to promote yourself]]. It is virtually guaranteed to be declined or rejected. —[[User:Tenryuu|Tenryuu 🐲]] ( [[User talk:Tenryuu|💬]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenryuu|📝]] ) 13:55, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{ec}} {{re|Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)}} You created a draft article on your userpage. That is not allowed and the draft was liable for speedy deletion (under [[WP:U5]], "blatant misuse of Wikipedia as a web host"). To avoid this, I moved it to [[Draft:Zorawar Singh]].
:If you are ''not'' Zorawar Singh, you will need to change your username (see [[WP:REALNAME]] for why, and go to [[WP:CHUS]] to request the change).
:You will need to provide suitable references that show this person is "[[WP:N|notable]]". See [[WP:GNG]] for the details, but 99% of the time (for living people), that means newspaper articles that were written without relying solely on what the subject says. Online newspapers that just link to or reproduce an Instagram video do not count. If you cannot find such sources, you should not spend any more time working on the draft, [[WP:AMOUNT|it will not be accepted no matter how polished it is]].
:If you ''are'' Zorawar Singh, you should avoid editing the draft yourself (see [[WP:AUTOBIO|our advice about autobiographies]]). Similar advice applies if you are related to them (family member, friend, colleague...) - see [[WP:COI]]. [[User:Tigraan|Tigraan]][[User talk:Tigraan|Click here for my talk page ("private" contact)]] 13:56, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:@[[User:Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)|Zorawar Singh (Jump Rope Expert)]] - Please see [[Help:Your first article]] for lots of helpful information, and instructions on submitting your draft for review. Happy editing! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 20:09, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
== MfD question ==

I noticed that an MfD showed up in the Article Alerts at [[WP:POD]]. So I commented at the discussion [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Podcasting/Assessment|here]], but as far as I can tell no one opened it and there was no rationale for deletion. Since I commented the Article Alert now says "MfDed was closed by TipsyElephant", however, I've never closed a deletion discussion before and don't even know how. What happened and why? [[User:TipsyElephant|TipsyElephant]] ([[User talk:TipsyElephant|talk]]) 13:18, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{ping|TipsyElephant}} [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Podcasting/Assessment]] transcludes [[Wikipedia:Content assessment/A-Class criteria]] which was MfD'ed in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Content_assessment/A-Class_criteria&diff=1093635304&oldid=1020003370]. The next edit added noinclude tags to avoid side effects on other pages. Is it OK if I delete [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Podcasting/Assessment]]? [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 14:01, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
::{{re|PrimeHunter}} yeah, go for it. Will it continue to show up in the Article Alerts? [[User:TipsyElephant|TipsyElephant]] ([[User talk:TipsyElephant|talk]]) 15:15, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:::{{ping|TipsyElephant}} I have deleted it and removed it from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Podcasting/Article alerts]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Podcasting/Article_alerts&diff=1094799583&oldid=1094736479] [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 15:26, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
::::The bot has readded it to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Podcasting/Article alerts]]. I don't know where the bot gets the data from now. Maybe it was saved offline earlier. [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 14:18, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

== Saint-Antoine-l'Abbaye ==

Hi, I need help for [[Abbey of Saint-Antoine-l'Abbaye]] and [[Abbey church of Saint-Antoine-l'Abbaye]], specially about style, spelling and grammar. Both articles are translated from the French. We had a workshop last week-end, where we took more than 1000 pictures of the church and the village, so pictures will be added soon. I will add references when I find them (not easy). Thanks, [[User:Yann|Yann]] ([[User talk:Yann|talk]]) 16:15, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{re|Yann}} The church article is almost entirely unreferenced. Have you considered slimming it down somewhat and merging it into the Abbey's article, in a section entitled Church? [[User:Timtempleton|TimTempleton]] [[User talk:Timtempleton|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Timtempleton|(cont)]] 22:51, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

== Jackie DeAngelis ==

In her Wikipedia Biography - you have two (2) mistakes:

1). On one (1) it is stated that Jackie is of SPANISH origin.

2). On another page it is stated in a
that Jackie is Black.

Both wrongful mistakes are egregiously inaccurate. The SUR NAME “DEANGELIS” is of Italian Origin - not Spanish or Black. Please correct her Bio.

Thank You
Jerry Coccoli
Hudson Yards, NYC — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:4B3E:318E:CCB1:50D8:FD80:3666|2603:7000:4B3E:318E:CCB1:50D8:FD80:3666]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:4B3E:318E:CCB1:50D8:FD80:3666#top|talk]]) 17:32, 24 June 2022 (UTC) 
:Please direct these comments to the article talk page. Note that a black Spanish person with an Italian name is not an impossibility, especially for a woman. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 18:12, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
::I'm not sure what content the IP editor is referring to. Do we have an biography on [[Jackie DeAngelis]]? That article was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_DeAngelis&action=history deleted in 2012] as copyright infringement. [[User:RoxySaunders|RoxySaunders]] [[She/her|🏳️‍⚧️]] ([[User talk:RoxySaunders|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/RoxySaunders|contribs]]) 18:53, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

:[Edit conflict] Hello, Jerry. English-language Wikipedia does not have an article titled [[Jackie DeAngelis]] (which is why that 'wikilink' is red). Can you clarify who you mean (for me, online search results for the name are dominated by a US journalist) and where you have seen this 'Wikipedia biography'? (A link would be helpful.) {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} [[Special:Contributions/90.201.73.76|90.201.73.76]] ([[User talk:90.201.73.76|talk]]) 18:56, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:No trace of her, after a sock-related deletion in January 2021. And the "another page" comment makes me think this isn't a Wikipedia issue. [[User:Timtempleton|TimTempleton]] [[User talk:Timtempleton|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Timtempleton|(cont)]] 22:58, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

== C-Class Articles ==

Hello! I have an article that I have created titled [[Igoeti]] that is currently graded as Start-Class. Recently, I have been editing this article thoroughly and feel that it may qualify as a C-Class article. Is there any way to have this checked? Thanks! [[User:Helloheart|𝙷𝚎𝚕𝚕𝚘𝚑𝚎𝚊𝚛𝚝]] ([[User talk:Helloheart|𝚃𝚊𝚕𝚔]]) 22:07, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{re|Helloheart}} Perhaps ask at [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Georgia_(country)]]. -[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 22:13, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

== Adding Vega chart to article ==

Hi, I've made a stacked bar chart of electricity usage in Victoria using the Vega graphing tool to add to [[Energy in Victoria]] here [[User:Robert Merkel/GraphTest]]. Obviously, I could just cut and paste the markup into the article, but it might be nice to able to reuse the chart elsewhere, and I'd also like to add captions and sourcing. Can I add the chart to Wikimedia Commons, and then use it in the article, and if so how? --[[User:Robert Merkel|Robert Merkel]] ([[User talk:Robert Merkel|talk]]) 23:15, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{re|Robert Merkel}} What is the "Vega graphing tool"? if you are trying to replicate your work at [[User:Robert Merkel/GraphTest]], then I do not think you can directly use the syntax of a English Wikipedia template in a Commons file. If I were trying to do this, I would use gnuplot on my home computer, emit an SVG file, and upload the SVG file to Commons. Converting your template into a gnuplot input file should be straightforward, gnuplot should allow you to create an output that is visually very similar to your template. You can document your work by adding the gnuplot input as part of the file description at Commons. -[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 15:16, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
::{{re|Robert Merkel}} Here is an example of documenting a file on Commons generated using Gnuplot: [[:c:2012_meningitis_cases.svg]]. There are probably better ways to do it.-[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 15:24, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

= June 25 =

== Paolo Banchero Wikipedia page ==

Someone keeps removing Paolo's nationality on the info box. Before it had: Nationality: American / Italian. Listing him as only 'American' is not right. Paolo is a dual American & Italian citizen and on NBA draft night he said he'll be representing Italy. Hence, he's an Italian basketball player. It's a tricky one because he's born in the U.S., holds dual American & Italian citizenship, and will represent Italy at international tournaments. Just having Paolo as an American basketball player is not right, especially when he's registered for Italy. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Allan.waterhouse|Allan.waterhouse]] ([[User talk:Allan.waterhouse#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Allan.waterhouse|contribs]]) 05:54, 25 June 2022 (UTC) 

:{{ping|Allan.waterhouse}} [[MOS:ETHNICITY|''"Ethnicity, religion, or sexuality should generally not be in the lead unless it is relevant to the subject's notability. Similarly, previous nationalities or the place of birth should not be mentioned in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability."'']] It's getting removed because until he ''actually plays'' for an international squad his nationality isn't particularly relevant to his career as far as Wikipedia is concerned. It's mentioned further down the page, and for now that is all that is necessary. —[[User:Jéské Couriano|Jéské Couriano]] [[User talk:Jéské Couriano|v^&lowbar;^v]] [[Special:Contributions/Jéské Couriano|a little blue Bori]] 06:00, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
::But FIBA have him registered for Italy. He's switched allegiance and he will be representing Italy at international tournaments and at the Olympics. I don't know what the correct term is, but being referred to as an American basketball player when he's registered to play for Italy is wrong. How can he be called an American basketball player when he plays for Italy? [[User:Allan.waterhouse|Allan.waterhouse]] ([[User talk:Allan.waterhouse|talk]]) 06:09, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Again, unless and until he actually ''plays'' for Italy it doesn't matter, as his entire career up to this point has been in America. Once he plays for the Italian squad, ''then'' it'll change. Not before. —[[User:Jéské Couriano|Jéské Couriano]] [[User talk:Jéské Couriano|v^&lowbar;^v]] [[Special:Contributions/Jéské Couriano|a little blue Bori]] 06:12, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
::::I agree with that. But why was his Nationality removed in the info box? Other athletes who hold dual citizenship have it listed, why was Paolo's removed? [[User:Allan.waterhouse|Allan.waterhouse]] ([[User talk:Allan.waterhouse|talk]]) 06:16, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
::::Why is Hanley Ramírez referred to as: Dominican and American former professional baseball shortstop? in the first paragraph? He was born in the Dominican Rep., he has never represented the U.S., and received American citizenship 3 years ago. Why is he referred to in the first sentence as 'Dominican and American' when you can't do the same for Paolo Banchero? [[User:Allan.waterhouse|Allan.waterhouse]] ([[User talk:Allan.waterhouse|talk]]) 06:27, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

== Visualization issues ==
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| background color =
| total_width = 300
| caption_align =

| header_background =
| header_align =
| header =

| image1 = BucketheadWikipediaPage.jpg
| alt1 =
| thumbtime1 =
| caption1 =

| image2 = TopGunWikipediaPage.jpg
| alt2 =
| thumbtime2 =
| caption2 =

| footer_background =
| footer_align =
| footer = Buckethead and Top Gun: Maverick
}}
Hello
I recently came across a problem while viewing wikipedia pages on my ipad.
Some are fine (e.g. the Buckethead page I am attaching here) while others are much
larger than they used to be (e.g. the Top Gun: Maverick I am attaching also).
Any advice as to how to make everything look like the Buckethead page?
That’s how it used to be and it makes everything much easier to read.
Thank you!— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Roberto.bentivegna|Roberto.bentivegna]] ([[User talk:Roberto.bentivegna#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Roberto.bentivegna|contribs]]) 13:54, 25 June 2022 (UTC) 

:I'm not an expert on iPads but this may be caused by the zoom settings in the browser. See [https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-unzoom-iphone?op=1&r=US&IR=T here] for details.--'''''[[User:ianmacm|♦IanMacM♦]] [[User_talk:ianmacm|(talk to me)]]''''' 14:10, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

== Maxwell Dane ==

Mr. Dane’s first wife, Belle Dane, was the mother of his only son and grandmother of his grandchildren. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2601:184:4980:DA6D:5D08:E6C0:823:517|2601:184:4980:DA6D:5D08:E6C0:823:517]] ([[User talk:2601:184:4980:DA6D:5D08:E6C0:823:517#top|talk]]) 14:46, 25 June 2022 (UTC) 
:If you have concerns about an article, please direct them to the associated talk page (e.g., [[Talk:Maxwell Dane]]). —[[User:Tenryuu|Tenryuu 🐲]] ( [[User talk:Tenryuu|💬]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenryuu|📝]] ) 14:52, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

== Can a person edit a other person’s sandbox? ==

Can a person edit a other person’s sandbox? [[Special:Contributions/2604:B000:C218:128F:F9C3:66B:FF8:D35D|2604:B000:C218:128F:F9C3:66B:FF8:D35D]] ([[User talk:2604:B000:C218:128F:F9C3:66B:FF8:D35D|talk]]) 17:23, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

:It is not forbidden (no page is owned by anybody); but it is not customary to edit non-talk pages in a user's space without being invited to. [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 17:36, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

== about the covid new york deaths ==

Hi wikipedia, What are u guys doing with the New york Deaths for covid-19? u guys have the SAME EXACT numbers for 22 days in a row :( (71,670) someone Messed Up there :( — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/108.20.39.215|108.20.39.215]] ([[User talk:108.20.39.215#top|talk]]) 19:40, 25 June 2022 (UTC) 
:This is a volunteer project. Maybe the volunteer who has been updating those numbers is on vacation. You can just fix it yourself. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 19:50, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
::Or you could try reading what it says and compare to sources. [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)#Timeline]] says 71,670 deaths and "CDC cumulative death data paused from June 6, 2022 to June 21, 2022 due to CDC system upgrades." https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/fatalities-0 currently says "Total Fatalities reported to and compiled by CDC: 71,670". [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 23:34, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

= June 26 =

== COP ==

I want to donate but you are asking me to pay in Colombia pesos. I can only donate in USA dollars. So how do I do that? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/181.133.130.47|181.133.130.47]] ([[User talk:181.133.130.47#top|talk]]) 00:50, 26 June 2022 (UTC) 
:Wikipedia doesn't ask for donations; the Wikimedia Foundation does. It might be where you're located, but [https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ways_to_Give this page] has more information. —[[User:Tenryuu|Tenryuu 🐲]] ( [[User talk:Tenryuu|💬]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenryuu|📝]] ) 14:33, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

== My content is being removed i need reason ==

I have been adding content and linking it to the proper source but still, my content is removed every time I need to know the reason — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Raghav247|Raghav247]] ([[User talk:Raghav247#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raghav247|contribs]]) 05:27, 26 June 2022 (UTC) 

:Website homepages are absolutely worthless as sources. You need to link to specific pages on that domain if they're to be considered as sources, otherwise you're only making more work for us. —[[User:Jéské Couriano|Jéské Couriano]] [[User talk:Jéské Couriano|v^&lowbar;^v]] [[Special:Contributions/Jéské Couriano|a little blue Bori]] 05:58, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

== [[Oliver Onions]] ==

Hi,
This edit is technically beyond me, so I'd like to ask someone else to do it.

In the first introductory paragraph of the entry for writer Oliver Onions, the first sentence ends with "over 40 novels" and cites Kunitz and Haycraft. Two things:
1. I have this book, and this quantity of works is not mentioned there, so the reference is incorrect.
2. All the research I've done suggests that Onions did not write this number of novels, so it's also incorrect factually.

I could edit out the sentence to simply read "and novels" and remove the reference at that point. But that would mess up the numbering of the references, which I don't know how to fix.

Hoping someone who has better skills can sort this one out.

Look forward to hearing from you.

Best regards,

Mike Walmer
[[User:Spikenard65|Spikenard65]] ([[User talk:Spikenard65|talk]]) 07:56, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

:[[User:Spikenard65|Spikenard65]], I have changed "over 40 novels" to "novels" and moved the reference as it is used later in the article. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 09:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
::Thanks. [[User:Spikenard65|Spikenard65]] ([[User talk:Spikenard65|talk]]) 05:45, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== TRAPPIST-1 citation error ==

[[TRAPPIST-1]] insists that the Vallenari 2022 ref has no target, even though it has. And the reference even links to it. [[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] ([[User talk:Jo-Jo Eumerus|talk]]) 08:30, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

:@[[User:Jo-Jo Eumerus|Jo-Jo Eumerus]] I don't see an error in the article. Did you fix it? [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 04:32, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
::{{Re|Jo-Jo Eumerus|GoingBatty}} After poking around a bit with [[Special:ExpandTemplates]], I saw how the error category was being added and looked up the way to suppress it: [[Template:Sfn#Link works but displays a no target error]]. -- [[User:John of Reading|John of Reading]] ([[User talk:John of Reading|talk]]) 07:18, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== Copying and translating content of another page in a different language ==

I would like to copy this page from German Wikipedia to the English Wikipedia: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Graffen

At one point it existed in english but someone deleted all the information. I would like to reinstate it - with all the links. I am completely new to editing Wiki pages so I have no idea how to do this.
Many thanks
[[User:AngieLCL|AngieLCL]] ([[User talk:AngieLCL|talk]]) 11:03, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

:We already have an article: [[Karl von Graffen]]. As for translating from the German Wikipedia article, this might be problematic, as their article doesn't seem to cite much in the way of sources (or at least, to make clear where the content is sourced to), which we would require. Any translated content would have to be attributed: see [[Help:Translation]]. [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|talk]]) 11:54, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

== Claim of Conflict of Interest & Copyright ==

Hi,
I am the Website Officer for Phoenix Reading Hockey Club and have full control of the content on prhockeyclub.co.uk. I have recently began to create a Wiki page for our club - this information is unbias, strictly factual, and as per everything I write from a neutral perspective.

The information I supplied was initially claimed to be Copyrighted material. As the Website Officer for the club, I give assurances that it is not Copyright material, and is simply a background on how the club was formed.

The second dispute was a Conflict of Interest. I am an un-paid employee for the club. The only paid employees are external coaches or specialists.

My question: how do I upload any neutral and unbias information about our club without the constant disputes? As the Website Officer, I am one of the most qualified people to supply history and information on the club.

Many thanks — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:GeJones1993|GeJones1993]] ([[User talk:GeJones1993#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/GeJones1993|contribs]]) 16:53, 26 June 2022 (UTC) 
:{{u|GeJones1993}} Please read about [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]]. <s>If you are compensated for your position and/or work, the Terms of Use require you to make a formal disclosure, please see [[WP:PAID]] for instructions.</s> Please understand Wikipedia has '''articles''', not "wiki pages". Articles are typically written by independent editors wholly unconnected with the topic. Wikipedia is not interested in what an organization says about itself or what it considers to be its own history; a Wikipedia article about an organization must summarize what independent [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] with significant coverage have chosen on their own to say about the organization, showing how it meets Wikipedia's special definition of [[WP:ORG|a notable organization]]. In short, Wikipedia is interested in what others say the history of your club is, not what it says it is. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 17:10, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{re|GeJones1993}} By law, Any material that is published anywhere is copyrighted automatically. This includes the material you your web site. Unless the copyright holder explicitly, in writing, licenses the material or releases to the public domain, we cannot allow it on Wikipedia. Your best move here is to add a copyright notice on your web site that explicitly licenses the material under a license that is acceptable to Wikipedia. [[CC-BY-SA]] is the usual license. -[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 17:12, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:But while Arch dude's suggestion would deal with the copyright issue, it would not address the (ir)relevance of the content of your club's website to a Wikipedia article about the club. While an article may source a small amount of uncontroversial factual information from [[WP:SPS|non-independent sources]], it is unlikely that material published by the club will be suitable in tone or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]]. [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 23:08, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:@[[User:GeJones1993|GeJones1993]]: When I look at prhockeyclub.co.uk I see that the bottom of the page states "©Pitch Hero Ltd 2008-2022". The [https://www.pitchero.com/terms-of-service Terms of Service] also state in two places that the material is protected by copyright. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 04:30, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== Eunice Shade ==
Hi. I am Eunice Shade. This page in wikipedia is about me: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Shade I would like to erase the page but I do not know why some users of wikipedia do not allow me. Please help me to erase the page, the page is about my life and I do not want my life there, thank you. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Eunicelopezsanchez|Eunicelopezsanchez]] ([[User talk:Eunicelopezsanchez#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eunicelopezsanchez|contribs]]) 18:49, 26 June 2022 (UTC) 

:Sorry, but this is the help page for the English-language Wikipedia. We have no control over content on the Spanish-language Wikipedia and you will have to resolve the matter there. [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|talk]]) 19:04, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:@[[User:Eunicelopezsanchez|Eunicelopezsanchez]] Try asking here: [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Caf%C3%A9/Archivo/Ayuda/Actual] [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 19:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:: She has been blocked by [[WP:COI|Conflict of Interest]] in Spanish language Wikipedia. She was trying to delete [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Shade this article] (her biography). --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 12:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== Vandalism help request from {{subst:Flyabynyt}} ==

I have noticed some vandalism at [[Stavros Halkias]]. Namely, Stavros recently left his position as one of the hosts of the podcast Cum Town. A Wikipedia user added a "controversies" section to his Wikipedia page which contains poorly sourced information which is not notable or relevant. I believe this was motivated by a personal dislike of the subject, and don't believe the section belongs on the article. Other users have attempted to remove the most egregious parts of this section, but users keep reverting the changes. Would an editor please assist me with fixing it? Thank you, [[User:Flyabynyt|Flyabynyt]] ([[User talk:Flyabynyt|talk]]) 19:50, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:Addition of content that you disagree with is not [[WP:Vandalism]], which specifically means edits designed to harm the article/Wikipedia. it is merely [[WP:Content dispute]] which you and the other editor(s) involved should civilly discuss and reach a compromise on.
:I notice that the content in question has 7 references. Whether or not the cited sources are reliable or not can be investigated and discussed, but Wikipedia takes a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral Point of View]], which requires a balance of "good" and "bad" information about the subject in proportion to what is reliably published about them. It should not be used to present a "sanitised" image of a subject, which would border on [[Wikipedia:PROMOTION|Promotion]].
:Speculating on another editor's motives for adding information is bordering on failing to [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|Assume Good Faith]]. Since you seem to have such a concern for this subject (and aside from this post have ''only'' edited the article about him), can you assure us that you have no [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of Interest]] to declare?
:Disclaimer: I have never previously heard of this subject, live on a different continent, and have no personal stake in this matter, beyond seeing Wikipedia be properly used. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} [[Special:Contributions/90.201.73.76|90.201.73.76]] ([[User talk:90.201.73.76|talk]]) 11:52, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== Please help with AfD listing Secular clergy page ==
— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Bodding|Bodding]] ([[User talk:Bodding#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bodding|contribs]]) 

Courtesy link [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Secular clergy]]

:See also [[Lay ministry]].   [[User:Maproom|Maproom]] ([[User talk:Maproom|talk]]) 22:31, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
::Yes, exactly my point. Well said. see [[Lay ecclesial ministry]]. But they are not clergy. The title does not confer membership into the clergy. Only Ordination can do that, and that includes the Greek Orthodox and Anglican churches. Lay and secular do not equal clergy. But I can understand it seeming so. Altar servers are not clergy, yet they serve right along side priests at the altar. [[User:Bodding|Bodding]] ([[User talk:Bodding|talk]]) 23:03, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
:::The current discussion at AfD is lengthy and lively. Please do not [[Wikipedia:Forum shopping|Forum shop]]. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} [[Special:Contributions/90.201.73.76|90.201.73.76]] ([[User talk:90.201.73.76|talk]]) 12:01, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== How to cite the same book (Google Print vs Google Ebook) ==

I'm working on [[Draft:Artie Belle McGinty|a draft]] with a friend and I've come across an issue where I have a book that has two different Google Books pages and also two different ISBN numbers, despite being the same book. The only difference between them I can discern is that one is [https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rc-BKNCyoC a print edition] and the other is an [https://books.google.com/books?id=KwSiDwAAQBAJ Ebook edition], despite both being accessible and viewable in Google Books now. You can even see a link in the upper left of the former stating "View Ebook" that links to the latter page. What's the best way to cite these in a reference list? Should they be separate references entirely? [[User:Silver seren|Silver]][[User talk:Silver seren|seren]][[Special:Contributions/Silver seren|C]] 22:37, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

:Hello, Sivlerseren. A citation of a book is to the book - possibly to a particular edition of the book, but not to any particular format. The citation should contain useful bibliographic information such as title, author, publisher, date, page number (in the edition of that date). For convenience of the reader it is helpful to include things like ISBN, and link to Google Books, but these are not an essential part of the citation. If you find two different formats have different ISBNs you should ideally give the ISBN of the copy you consulted (it sometimes used to be the case that hardback and paperback versions of a book had different ISBNs - I don't know whether this still happens). Some Ebook formats do not have fixed pagination (it depends on the user's formatting choices), so it seems undesirable to cite that format if it can be avoided. I guess that if you find the passage in a Google Books snippet and can verify it has the same information, you can then cite that edition, as you have consulted it.
:This is a bit of a rambling answer: does it help? [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 23:21, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
::A bit, {{ping|ColinFine}}. The main issue here is that when searching the draft subject's name in the preview options for both Google Books pages, you actually get different results. One shows two pages discussing the subject and the other shows 5 different pages, including the Appendix, discussing the person. Herein lies the dilemma and is probably why my fellow editor included them as separate references. [[User:Silver seren|Silver]][[User talk:Silver seren|seren]][[Special:Contributions/Silver seren|C]] 23:24, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

= June 27 =

== Determining Consensus ==

Hello,

I am interested in helping out with moving pages, but I am worried that I will misjudge consensus at [[WP:RM]]. Is there anything that I should look out for when determining consensus at that page? And another question : Would one editor supporting a move until the time elapses be considered a consensus? I am trying to learn how to properly determine the conditions for this policy. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 03:25, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

==One Mega Group==

Why was my edit of an article removed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mega_Group — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Themissmargaux|Themissmargaux]] ([[User talk:Themissmargaux#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Themissmargaux|contribs]]) 07:30, 27 June 2022 (UTC) 

:[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Mega_Group&diff=1094765989&oldid=1094374599 This edit] had a promotional tone and used very unencyclopedic language. There may also be a [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]] if you are linked to this company.--'''''[[User:ianmacm|♦IanMacM♦]] [[User_talk:ianmacm|(talk to me)]]''''' 07:36, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
::In addition, a great deal of unsourced content was added, the sources that ''were'' used were mostly [[WP:primary|primary]], and a bunch of inappropriate inline external links were inserted in the lede. @[[User:Themissmargaux|Themissmargaux]], there are a great many policies you should spend some time getting up to speed on before making such huge changes (especially [[WP:COI]], as mentioned above). [[Special:Contributions/174.21.23.32|174.21.23.32]] ([[User talk:174.21.23.32|talk]]) 07:52, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
:::FYI, the draft you just submitted will not be accepted, for all of the same reasons. [[Special:Contributions/174.21.23.32|174.21.23.32]] ([[User talk:174.21.23.32|talk]]) 07:54, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

== Why this doesn't change to collapsible? ==

I tried to copy [[Template:Montgomery County, Maryland]] to my user subpage as [[User:40bus/County templates]] with minor changes. But it doesn't change to collapsible. Which is wrong? --[[User:40bus|40bus]] ([[User talk:40bus|talk]]) 07:47, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{ping|40bus}} If you mean why it didn't render at the time of your post then you fixed it with a missing bracket in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:40bus/County_templates&diff=prev&oldid=1095245821]. If you wonder why it's currently collapsed by default then it's because there are other navboxes on the page. See <code>collapse_state</code> at [[Template:US county navigation box]]. [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 11:22, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

UEFA Euro 2020

2021-04-18T09:11:38Z

Ravave: Then, we will wait at tomorrow

{{Redirect|UEFA Euro 2021|the women's tournament originally scheduled for 2021|UEFA Women's Euro 2022}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Short description|16th edition of the UEFA European Championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = UEFA Euro 2020
| other_titles =
| image = UEFA Euro 2020 Logo.svg
| size =
| caption = UEFA Euro 2020 official logo ''Live It. For Real.''
| country = {{hidden begin |title=12 |titlestyle=font-weight:normal |border=none;padding:0}} Azerbaijan
| country2 = Denmark
| country3 = England
| country4 = Germany
| country5 = Hungary
| country6 = Italy
| country7 = Netherlands
| country8 = Republic of Ireland
| country9 = Romania
| country10 = Russia
| country11 = Scotland
| country12 = Spain
{{endplainlist}}
{{hidden end}}
| dates = 11 June – 11 July 2021
| num_teams = 24
| venues = 12
| cities = 12
| champion =
| count =
| second =
| attendance = {{^|{{#expr:  0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0}}}}
| matches =
| goals =
| top_scorer =
| player =
| young_player =
| prevseason = [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]]
| nextseason = ''[[UEFA Euro 2024|2024]]''
}}
The '''2020 UEFA European Football Championship''', commonly referred to as '''UEFA Euro 2020''' or simply '''Euro 2020''', is scheduled to be the 16th [[UEFA European Championship]], the [[Anniversary#Latin-derived numerical names|quadrennial]] international men's [[association football|football]] championship of Europe organised by the [[Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA).<ref name="regulations">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/54/36/05/2543605_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2018–20 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

The tournament, to be held in 12 cities in 12 UEFA countries, was originally scheduled to take place from 12 June to 12 July 2020. On 17 March 2020, UEFA announced that the tournament would be postponed by a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe]], and proposed it take place from 11 June to 11 July 2021, which was confirmed on 17 June 2020. The competition was postponed in order to reduce pressure on the public services in affected countries and to allow time for the completion of domestic leagues that had been suspended.<ref name="postponed">{{cite news |date=17 March 2020 |title=UEFA postpones EURO 2020 by 12 months |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/025b-0f8e76aef315-8506a9de10aa-1000/|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> The tournament will still retain the name "UEFA Euro 2020".<ref name="guidelines">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2641715.html |title=Executive Committee approves guidelines on eligibility for participation in UEFA competitions |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>

UEFA President [[Michel Platini]] said the tournament is being hosted in several nations as a "romantic" one-off event to celebrate the 60th "birthday" of the European Championship competition.<ref>{{cite news |last=Croke |first=Ruaidhrí |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/dublin-to-baku-what-s-the-cost-of-euro-2020-for-the-planet-1.4138492 |title=Dublin to Baku: What's the cost of Euro 2020 for the planet? |work=[[The Irish Times]] |date=14 January 2020 |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> Having the largest capacity of any of the stadiums entered for the competition, [[Wembley Stadium]] in [[London]] is scheduled to host the semi-finals and final for the second time, having done so before at the [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]] tournament in the stadium's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|former incarnation]]. The [[Stadio Olimpico]] in Rome was chosen to host the opening game, involving [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]] and hosts [[Italy national football team|Italy]].

[[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] are the defending champions, having won the [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] competition. For the first time, the [[video assistant referee]] (VAR) system will be used at the UEFA European Championship.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2018 |title=VAR to be introduced in 2019/20 UEFA Champions League |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0250-0c5119ff28b2-feda7fc5c929-1000--var-to-be-introduced-in-2019-20-uefa-champions-league/ |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

==Bid process==
{{main|UEFA Euro 2020 bids}}

While some countries had already expressed an interest in bidding to host the tournament,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=285&ftxtID=14970 |title=TFF Başkanı'ndan Açıklama |trans-title=TFF President Announcement |date=17 April 2012 |language=Turkish |publisher=[[Turkish Football Federation]]}}</ref><ref name="Irish/Scottish/Welsh bid report">{{cite web |title=Scotland and Wales FAs may look to Ireland to aid Euro 2020 bid |url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2012/0515/320958-ireland-may-become-part-of-three-way-bid/ |work=[[Raidio Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] Sport |publisher=RTÉ |date=15 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haalt België Euro 2020 of WK −20 binnen? |trans-title=Can Belgium host Euro 2020 or the U-20 World Cup |url=http://www.belgiumsoccer.be/nieuws/lees/2010-12-04/haalt-belgie-euro-2020-of-wk--20-binnen |work=belgiumsoccer.be |access-date=5 January 2012 |language=Dutch |date=12 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040628/http://www.belgiumsoccer.be/nieuws/lees/2010-12-04/haalt-belgie-euro-2020-of-wk--20-binnen |archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5770314,00.html |title=Drei Länder für eine Fußball-EM |trans-title=Three countries for one European Championship |language=German |date=8 July 2010 |work=dw.de |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://sport.hotnews.ro/stiri-fotbal-2004313-bulgaria-confirma-vrea-organizeze-euro-2020-impreuna-romania.htm |title=Bulgaria confirma: vrea sa organizeze EURO 2020 impreuna cu Romania|trans-title=Bulgaria confirms: it wants to host Euro 2020 with Romania |work=HotNews.ro |language=Romanian |date=19 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://de.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1594176.html |title=Niersbach: EM-Bewerbung wäre "reizvoll" |trans-title=Niersbach: Euro hosting would be "attractive" |language=German |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=4 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/sport/romania-si-ungaria-vor-sa-organizeze-euro-2020-sau-2024-200996.html |title=România şi Ungaria vor să organizeze Euro 2020 sau 2024 |trans-title=Romania and Hungary will host Euro 2020 or 2024 |work=[[România Liberă]] |language=Romanian |date=28 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nu.nl/sport/2464088/knvb-richt-zich-binnenhalen-ek-2020.html |title=KNVB richt zich nu op binnenhalen EK 2020 |language=Dutch |date=10 March 2011 |trans-title=KNVB now focusing on winning Euro 2020 |website=[[NU.nl]]}}</ref> then-UEFA President [[Michel Platini]] suggested at a press conference on 30 June 2012, a day before the [[UEFA Euro 2012 Final]], that instead of having one host country (or joint hosting by multiple countries), the tournament could be spread over "12 or 13 cities" across the continent.<ref name="Euro across continent">{{cite news |title=Michel Platini says Euro 2020 could be spread across continent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18657633 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> At the time, UEFA already used a similar system for the [[UEFA European Under-17 Championship]]'s [[2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship elite round|Elite Round]], where each of the seven groups is hosted by a different country.

===European format decision===
On 6 December 2012, UEFA announced the tournament would be held in multiple cities across Europe to mark the 60th anniversary of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2012 |title=UEFA EURO 2020 to be held across continent |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0252-0ce05d361003-69d37557d56a-1000--uefa-euro-2020-to-be-held-across-continent/ |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}</ref><ref name="bbc sport pan-europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20631963 |title=European Championship: Uefa to hold 2020 finals across continent |date=6 December 2012 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> The selection of the host cities did not guarantee an automatic qualifying berth to the national team of that country.

UEFA reasoned that the pan-European staging of the tournament was the logical decision at [[European debt crisis|a time of financial difficulty across Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/executive-committee/news/newsid=1904146.html |title='EURO for Europe' means shared opportunity |publisher=UEFA |date=6 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="guardian pan-europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/dec/06/euro-2020-across-europe-uefa |title=Euro 2020 to be hosted across Europe, Uefa announces |date=6 December 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> Reaction to UEFA's plan was mixed across Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20639814 |title=Euro 2020: Michel Platini's plan polarises opinion |date=7 December 2012 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> Critics have cited the expanded format (from 31 matches featuring 16 nations to 51 featuring 24) and its associated additional costs as the decisive factor for only one nation (Turkey) having put forward a serious bid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/dec/06/euro-2020-michel-platini-roadshow |title=Michel Platini's Euro 2020 roadshow may be coming to a city near you |date=6 December 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref>

===Bidding venues===
The final list of bids was published by UEFA on 26 April 2014, with a decision on the hosts being made by the UEFA Executive Committee on 19 September 2014. There were two bids for the Finals Package (of which one was successful, marked with blue for semi-finals and final) and 19 bids for the Standard Package (of which 12 were initially successful, marked with green for quarter-finals and group stage, and yellow for round of 16 and group stage); Brussels, marked with red, were initially selected but removed from the list of venues by UEFA on 7 December 2017 and the planned games there were moved to London.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 2014 |title=19 bids received for UEFA EURO 2020 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0253-0d7f562ed27a-ce2079184777-1000--nineteen-bids-for-uefa-euro-2020/ |publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42270759 |title=Euro 2020: Wembley to host seven matches after Brussels loses right to host games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title=Wembley to stage UEFA EURO 2020 final |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0253-0d7f8240ecb7-b63cbbe97026-1000--wembley-to-stage-uefa-euro-2020-final/ |publisher=UEFA.org}}</ref>

{{legend|#ffffcc|Successful bid for group stage and round of 16}}
{{legend|#ccffcc|Successful bid for group stage and quarter-finals}}
{{legend|#ccccff|Successful bid for semi-finals and final. Later added: Group stage and round of 16}}
{{legend|#ffbbbb|Successful bid for group stage and round of 16 at first but later removed from list}}
{{legend|#f9f9f9|Unsuccessful bid (either rejected as judged by UEFA to not fulfill the bid requirements, or eliminated by vote)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country !! City !! Venue !! Capacity !! Package !! Result
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || [[Baku]] || [[Baku Olympic Stadium|Olympic Stadium]] || 68,700 || Standard Package || Group stage and quarter-finals
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}} || [[Minsk]] || [[Dinamo Stadium (Minsk)|Dinamo Stadium]] || 34,000 (to be expanded to 39,000) || Standard Package || Rejected
|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb
| {{flag|Belgium}} || [[Brussels]] || [[Eurostadium]] (proposed new national stadium) || 50,000 (62,613 potentially) || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16 (later cancelled)
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} || [[Sofia]] || [[Vasil Levski National Stadium]] || 43,000 (to be expanded to 50,000) || Standard Package || Rejected
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Denmark}} || [[Copenhagen]] || [[Parken Stadium]] || 38,065 || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|- bgcolor=#ccccff
| {{flag|England}} || [[London]] || [[Wembley Stadium]] || 90,000 || Finals Package (withdrawn Standard Package) || Semi-finals and final Group stage and round of 16 (later added)
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| {{flag|Germany}} || [[Munich]] || [[Allianz Arena]] || 70,000 || Standard Package, Finals Package || Group stage and quarter-finals
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Hungary}} || [[Budapest]] || [[Puskás Aréna]] || 56,000 (proposed new 67,215 stadium) || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|-
| {{flag|Israel}} || [[Jerusalem]] || [[Teddy Stadium]] || 34,000 (to be expanded to 53,000) || Standard Package || Rejected
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| {{flag|Italy}} || [[Rome]] || [[Stadio Olimpico]] || 70,634 || Standard Package || Group stage and quarter-finals
|-
| {{flag|Macedonia}} || [[Skopje]] || [[Toše Proeski Arena|Philip II Arena]] || 33,460 || Standard Package || Rejected
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[Amsterdam]] || [[Johan Cruyff Arena]] || 54,990 (to be expanded to around 56,000) || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Republic of Ireland}} || [[Dublin]] || [[Aviva Stadium]] || 51,700 || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Romania}} || [[Bucharest]] || [[Arena Națională]] || 55,600 || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| {{flag|Russia}} || [[Saint Petersburg]] || [[Krestovsky Stadium]] || 68,134 || Standard Package || Group stage and quarter-finals
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Scotland}} || [[Glasgow]] || [[Hampden Park]] || 51,866 || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| {{flag|Spain}} || [[Bilbao]] || [[San Mamés Stadium (2013)|San Mamés]] || 53,289 || Standard Package || Group stage and round of 16
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}} || [[Solna Municipality|Solna]], [[Stockholm]] || [[Friends Arena]] || 54,329 || Standard Package || Eliminated
|-
| {{flag|Wales}} || [[Cardiff]] || [[Millennium Stadium]] || 74,500 || Standard Package || Eliminated
|}

==Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic==

===Start of the pandemic and postponement===
In early 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|pandemic in Europe]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] raised concerns regarding its potential impact on players, staff and visitors to the twelve host cities of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last=Homewood |first=Brian |location=Rome |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-italy-soccer/uefa-says-monitoring-coronavirus-not-yet-clear-if-any-impact-on-euro-2020-idUSKBN20J1XS |title=UEFA says monitoring coronavirus, not yet clear if any impact on Euro 2020 |work=Associated Press |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> At the [[UEFA Congress]] in early March, [[List of presidents of UEFA|UEFA president]] [[Aleksander Čeferin]] said the organisation was confident that the situation could be dealt with, while general secretary [[Theodore Theodoridis]] stated that UEFA was maintaining contact with the [[World Health Organization]] and national governments regarding the coronavirus.<ref>{{cite news |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |location=Amsterdam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/mar/03/uefa-congress-ceferin-coronavirus-dark-scenarios |title=Uefa's Ceferin warns against fixating on 'dark scenarios' over coronavirus threat |work=The Guardian |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> The [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football|impact on football]] grew later that month, as numerous domestic and UEFA competition matches began taking place [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]]. By 13 March 2020, upcoming UEFA competition fixtures were postponed, while major European leagues were suspended, including the [[Bundesliga]], [[La Liga]], [[Ligue 1]], [[Premier League]] and [[Serie A]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/51605235 |title=Coronavirus: How the virus has impacted sporting events around the world |work=BBC |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

UEFA held a [[videoconference]] on 17 March 2020 with representatives of its 55 member associations, along with a [[FIFPro]] representative and the boards of the [[European Club Association]] and [[European Leagues]], to discuss the response to the outbreak for domestic and European competitions, including Euro 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/newsid=2640887.html |title=UEFA calls meeting of European Football Stakeholders |work=UEFA |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> At the meeting, UEFA announced that the tournament would be postponed to the following year, proposing that it take place from 11 June to 11 July 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2641077.html |title=Resolution of the European football family on a coordinated response to the impact of the COVID-19 on competitions |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> The postponement allowed for pressure to be reduced on the public services in affected countries, while also providing space in the calendar for domestic European leagues that had been suspended to complete their seasons.<ref name="postponed"/> On the following day, the Bureau of the [[FIFA Council]] approved the date change in the [[FIFA International Match Calendar]]. As a result, the [[Future FIFA Club World Cup (China)|expanded FIFA Club World Cup]], due to take place in June and July 2021, was postponed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/bureau-of-the-fifa-council-decisions-concerning-impact-of-covid-19 |title=Bureau of the FIFA Council decisions concerning impact of COVID-19 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> On 23 April 2020, UEFA confirmed that the tournament would still be known as UEFA Euro 2020.<ref name="guidelines"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025c-0f3dbcbd50d8-e5b818335722-1000/ |title=UEFA EURO 2020 to keep its name |work=UEFA |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>

===Rescheduled tournament in 2021 and spectator plans===
In May 2020, Čeferin stated that in principle the tournament would take place in the twelve selected host cities. However, he did not rule out the possibility of reducing the number of cities, as three hosts were unsure if matches could be held under the new schedule.<ref>{{cite news |last=McKay |first=Gabriel |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/alexander-ceferin-makes-euro-2020-22035666 |title=Alexander Ceferin makes Euro 2020 admission as Hampden put on red alert over hosting duties |work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=15 May 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The tournament venues and match schedule was reviewed by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting on 17 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2642106.html |title=UEFA Executive Committee agenda for June meeting |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> At the meeting, UEFA confirmed that all twelve original host venues would remain as hosts for the tournament in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2642232.html |title=UEFA competitions to resume in August |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025e-0fac6d3ee9e4-85b1a76389ea-1000/ |title=Venues confirmed for EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> However, Čeferin stated in October 2020 that it was still possible that the tournament could be played in fewer than the planned twelve host countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-uefa/fewer-hosts-for-euro-2020-an-option-uefa-president-idINKBN27115W |title=Fewer hosts for Euro 2020 an option: UEFA president |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> The following month, UEFA stated that it "intends to hold Euro 2020 in the format and the venues confirmed earlier this year and we are working closely with all host cities on preparations".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/uefa-says-it-has-no-plans-to-change-format-of-euro-2020-1.4399958 |title=Uefa says it has no plans to change format of Euro 2020 |work=[[The Irish Times]] |date=4 November 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> It was also announced that each host was discussing with UEFA and local health authorities on whether the venue could host matches at full capacity, between 100% and 50% capacity, at 33% capacity or behind closed doors. Each host city was asked to draw up two or three plans from the four options. The restrictions could also involve only local spectators to be permitted at matches. A final decision on which scenario will be applied individually at each venue was originally to be made on 5 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportschau.de/fussball/uefaeuro2020/uefa-entscheidet-anfang-maerz-100.html |title=UEFA legt Zuschauerzahlen für EURO 2021 früh fest |trans-title=UEFA sets early crowd figures for Euro 2021 |website=[[Sportschau]] |publisher=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cooney |first=Gavin |url=https://www.the42.ie/dublin-euro-2020-5310926-Dec2020/ |title=FAI to present Uefa with range of Aviva capacity scenarios in hope to hold on to Dublin's Euro 2020 games |website=[[The42.ie]] |date=26 December 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

In a New Year's interview, Čeferin said, "[[COVID-19 vaccine|Vaccination]] has started and I think we will be able to have full stands in the summer. For now, the plan is to play in all twelve countries. Of course, there are backup options in case a country has a problem. We are ready to organise competitions in eleven, ten or nine cities... and even only in one country, if necessary. However, I am 99.9 percent sure that we will have the European Championship in all twelve cities, as planned."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://24sedam.rs/sport/predsednik-uefa-zali-sto-srbije-nema-na-ep-ceferin-otkrio-zbog-cega-se-pribojavao-baraza-sa-skotskom-i-zasto-regionalna-ex-yu-liga-nije-realna/ |title=Predsednik UEFA žali što Srbije nema na EP: Čeferin otkrio zbog čega se pribojavao baraža sa Škotskom i zašto regionalna ex Yu liga nije realna |trans-title=UEFA president regrets that Serbia is not at the European Championship: Čeferin revealed why he was afraid of the play-off with Scotland and why the regional ex-Yugoslav league is not realistic |website=24sedam.rs |publisher=[[Informer (newspaper)|Informer]] |date=31 December 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021 |language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Simon |location=Manchester |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-uefa-euros/fate-of-euro-2020-tournament-hangs-on-vaccine-efforts-idUKKBN29G280 |title=Fate of Euro 2020 tournament hangs on vaccine efforts |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> On 27 January 2021, UEFA met with the host associations to discuss operational matters, and reaffirmed the tournament would be held across twelve cities. The deadline for hosts to submit their venue capacity plans was moved to 7 April 2021,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0265-116f42eb4c69-6bafcc7bae90-1000/ |title=UEFA meets EURO 2020 hosts |work=UEFA |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cooney |first=Gavin |url=https://www.the42.ie/dublin-euro-2020-games-5371401-Mar2021/ |title=Uefa set 7 April deadline as doubts grow over Dublin's ability to host Euro 2020 games |website=[[The42.ie]] |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> with a final decision on host cities and spectators to be made by the UEFA Executive Committee on 19 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56667738 |title=Euro 2020: Host nations announce positions on fans |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=8 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> UEFA announced on the following day that [[Daniel Koch (Swiss physician)|Daniel Koch]], the former head of communicable diseases at Switzerland's [[Federal Office of Public Health]], would serve as the tournament's medical advisor on matters related to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0265-117149c1460d-36a763f715e6-1000/ |title=Top Swiss expert on global pandemic appointed as UEFA EURO 2020 medical advisor |work=UEFA |date=28 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> In February 2021, the [[Israel Football Association]] offered to stage some tournament matches in the country, which had a [[COVID-19 vaccination in Israel|high rate of vaccination]]. However, this was turned down by UEFA, who reiterated their commitment to the twelve host cities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dalleres |first=Frank |url=https://www.cityam.com/uefa-snubs-israeli-offer-to-stage-euro-2020-matches-and-reaffirms-commitment-to-12-host-nations/ |title=Uefa snubs Israeli offer to stage Euro 2020 matches and reaffirms commitment to 12 host nations |work=[[City A.M.]] |date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> In a March 2021 interview, Čeferin said, "We have several scenarios, but the one guarantee we can make is that the option of playing any Euro 2020 match in an empty stadium is off the table. Every host must guarantee there will be fans at their games." UEFA subsequently stated that no host city would be automatically dropped should they decide to play matches behind closed doors. However, UEFA would need to consider whether it would make sense to play matches without spectators, or if these matches should be reallocated to other venues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Matt |last2=Crane |first2=Jonathan |url=https://www.dw.com/en/euro-2020-will-there-be-fans-in-stadiums/a-56898603 |title=Euro 2020: Will there be fans in stadiums? |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=17 March 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> That same month, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] offered UEFA to host additional tournament matches in England should any venues need to be reassigned.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theathletic.com/news/england-euro-2020-world-cup/SElDDOuqe81l |title=England ready for more Euro games and we want 2030 World Cup — Boris Johnson |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

On 9 April 2021, UEFA announced that eight of the twelve tournament hosts confirmed their spectator plans, with stadium capacities ranging from 25% to 100%. Only [[Bilbao]], [[Dublin]], [[Munich]] and [[Rome]] had yet to submit their plans, with each host given an extension until 19 April 2021 to submit their venue capacities. On 14 April, UEFA announced that Rome had guaranteed spectators for the tournament, and was therefore confirmed as a venue.<ref name="Rome">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0268-1209ed064893-4fc79c333ab4-1000/ |title=Rome confirms fans for UEFA EURO 2020 |work=UEFA |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> Based on the information given, the UEFA Executive Committee will make a final decision on 19 April regarding the staging of matches in the remaining three venues.<ref name="eight hosts">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0268-11fff5dff16f-4cf8e9e33935-1000/ |title=Eight UEFA EURO 2020 hosts confirm matches with spectators |work=UEFA |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> Due to the need to finalise ticketing details, host cities will have until 28 April to decide on whether to leave their spectator limits unchanged, or to upscale their allowed capacities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilpatrick |first=Dan |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/euro-2020-host-nations-set-to-submit-their-plans-for-fans-b928258.html |title=Euro 2020 host nations set to submit their plans for fans |work=[[Evening Standard]] |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

===Rule changes===
On 31 March 2021, the UEFA Executive Committee approved the use of a maximum of five substitutions in matches at the tournament (with a sixth allowed in extra time).<ref name="substitutions">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0267-11edb1571770-3578252ba32d-1000/ |title=Five substitutions allowed at UEFA EURO 2020 and 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals |work=UEFA |date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> However, each team are only given three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity allowed in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time.<ref>{{cite web |location=Zürich |url=https://static-3eb8.kxcdn.com/documents/843/113921_080520_IFAB_Circular_19_2020_EN.pdf |title=Temporary amendment to Law 3 |work=[[International Football Association Board]] |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=31 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130203121/https://static-3eb8.kxcdn.com/documents/843/113921_080520_IFAB_Circular_19_2020_EN.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> The use of five substitutes has been permitted by [[International Football Association Board|IFAB]] during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the resulting fixture congestion, which has created a greater burden on players.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theifab.com/news/five-substitute-option-extended-into-2021-in-response-to-covid-19-pandemic |title=Five-substitute option extended into 2021 in response to COVID-19 pandemic |work=[[International Football Association Board]] |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

UEFA also said they were considering allowing tournament squads to be expanded from the usual 23 players, following calls from national team managers in case of a possible COVID outbreak in a team, as well as to reduce player fatigue caused by the fixture congestion of the prior season.<ref>{{cite news |location=Lausanne |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210401-uefa-considering-allowing-expanded-squads-for-euro-2020 |title=UEFA 'considering' allowing expanded squads for Euro 2020 |website=[[France 24]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=1 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

==Qualification==
{{main|UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying}}
[[File:UEFA Euro 2020 Qualifiers Map.png|thumb|{{Legend|#0000FF|Team qualified for UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Legend|#FF0000|Team failed to qualify}}|292px]]

There was no automatic qualifying berth, and all 55 UEFA national teams, including the 12 national teams whose countries are scheduled to stage matches, had to compete in the qualifiers for the 24 places at the finals tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/General/01/95/21/41/1952141_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Euro 2020 Tournament Requirements |publisher=UEFA.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2013/09/12/bids-for-euro-2020-due-today-tournament-to-be-held-all-across-europe/ |title=Bids for Euro 2020 due today; tournament to be held all across Europe |publisher=NBC Sports |date=12 September 2013}}</ref> As the host cities were appointed by UEFA in September 2014, before the qualifiers, it was possible for the national teams from the host cities to fail to qualify for the finals tournament.

The qualifying draw was held on 2 December 2018 at the [[Convention Centre Dublin]] in [[Dublin]], Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2503882.html |title=Dublin to stage European Qualifiers draw on 2 December 2018 |publisher=UEFA.com |date=28 September 2017}}</ref>

The main qualifying process started in March 2019, instead of immediately in September 2018 following the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], and ended in November 2019. The format remained largely the same, although only 20 of the 24 spots for the finals tournament were decided from the main qualifying process, leaving four spots still to be decided. Following the admission of [[Kosovo national football team|Kosovo]] to UEFA in May 2016, it was announced that the 55 members at the time would be drawn into ten groups after the completion of the UEFA Nations League (five groups of five teams and five groups of six teams, with the four participants of the UEFA Nations League Finals guaranteed to be drawn into groups of five teams), with the top two teams in each group qualifying. The qualifiers were played on double matchdays in March, June, September, October and November 2019.<ref name="guide"/>

With the creation of the [[UEFA Nations League]] starting in 2018,<ref name="astana">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/organisation/congress/news/newsid=2079556.html |title=UEFA Nations League receives associations' green light |publisher=UEFA |date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="guide">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/newsid=2079553.html |title=UEFA Nations League: all you need to know |publisher=UEFA.com |date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="graphic">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/General/02/08/20/36/2082036_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Nations League/UEFA EURO 2020 qualifying |publisher=UEFA.com}}</ref><ref name="format">{{cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=UEFA Nations League format and schedule confirmed |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0253-0d7fc7c2817e-5938d745b7d6-1000--uefa-nations-league-format-and-schedule-confirmed/ |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> the [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League]] was linked with Euro qualifying, providing teams another chance to qualify for the tournament. Four teams from each division that had not already qualified for the European Championship competed in the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs|play-offs]] for each division. The winners of the play-offs for each division, which were decided by two one-off semi-finals (the best-ranked team vs. the lowest-ranked team, and the second-best-ranked team vs. the third-best-ranked team, played at home of higher-ranked teams) and a one-off final (with the venue drawn in advance between the two semi-finals winners), joined the twenty teams that had already qualified for the tournament.<ref name="format"/>

===Qualified teams===
Of the 24 teams that qualified for the tournament, 19 are returning from the [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016 edition]]. Among them are [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]] and [[Italy national football team|Italy]], who both recorded flawless qualifying campaigns (10 wins in 10 matches),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50467105 |title=Italy 9–1 Armenia: Roberto Mancini's side end qualifying on a high |publisher=BBC Sport |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50479729 |title=Belgium 6–1 Cyprus: Roberto Martinez's side end qualifying with perfect record |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> defending European champions [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] and world champions [[France national football team|France]], with [[Germany national football team|Germany]] also qualifying for a record 13th straight European Championship.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0256-0db422ecc788-fc419fd78f92-1000/ |title=UEFA EURO 2020: who has qualified for the final tournament? |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> [[Finland national football team|Finland]] and [[North Macedonia national football team|North Macedonia]] will make their European Championship debut, having never previously qualified for a major tournament.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50440458 |title=Finland qualify for Euro 2020 and first major tournament |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54923164 |title=Georgia 0–1 North Macedonia: Visitors qualify for first major tournament |work=BBC Sport |date=12 November 2020 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], a co-host of the tournament, qualified for their first major international tournament since the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], and their first European Championship since [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Watt |first=Martin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54819938 |title=Serbia 1–1 Scotland: Visitors win 5–4 on penalties to end 23-year finals wait |work=BBC Sport |date=12 November 2020 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> The [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] and [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] returned after missing out in 2016, with the Dutch featuring in a major tournament for the first time since the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50356229 |title=Euro 2020 qualifier: Davis misses penalty as NI draw with Netherlands in Belfast |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 November 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50408558 |title=Republic of Ireland 1–1 Denmark: Irish fall short despite late equaliser |publisher=BBC Sport |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> For the first time, [[Austria national football team|Austria]], [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]], [[Slovakia national football team|Slovakia]] and [[Wales national football team|Wales]] reached successive European Championship tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kurier.at/sport/fussball/fussball-liveblog-zum-em-quali-match-oesterreich-nordmazedonien/400677368 |title=Große Europa-Party im Prater: Österreich bucht das EM-Ticket |trans-title=Big European party in the Prater: Austria books the European Championship ticket |website=[[Kurier]] |date=16 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/11/19/aaron-ramsey-inspired-wales-secure-euro-2020-qualification-victory/ |title=Aaron Ramsey-inspired Wales secure Euro 2020 qualification with victory over Hungary |first=Sam |last=Dean |date=19 November 2019 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> [[Greece national football team|Greece]], winners in [[UEFA Euro 2004|2004]], were the only former champions that failed to qualify, missing their second straight European Championship and third consecutive major tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaperonis |first=Sarantos |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/how-close-were-greece-to-euro-2020 |title=How close were Greece to Euro 2020? |website=AGONAsport |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> [[Albania national football team|Albania]], [[Iceland national football team|Iceland]], [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]], the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]] and [[Romania national football team|Romania]] failed to qualify after appearing in the 2016 finals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tables/2016e.html |title=European Championship 2016 |work=[[RSSSF]] |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>

Of the twelve host countries, seven managed to qualify directly for the tournament, while Hungary and Scotland qualified via the play-offs. The Republic of Ireland and Romania were eliminated in the semi-finals of the play-offs,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/news/0262-1090681cd9f4-a671a42080bd-1000/ |title=EURO 2020 play-offs: semi-final round-up |work=UEFA |date=8 October 2020 |access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref> and [[Azerbaijan national football team|Azerbaijan]] were eliminated following the qualifying group stage.<ref name="draw"/>

{{:UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying}}

==Venues==
The venues were selected and announced by UEFA on 19 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2151146.html |title=Wembley to stage UEFA EURO 2020 final |publisher=UEFA.com |date=19 September 2014}}</ref> However, the UEFA Executive Committee removed [[Brussels]] as a host city on 7 December 2017 due to delays with the building of the [[Eurostadium]]. The four matches (three group stage, one round of 16) initially scheduled to be held in Brussels were reallocated to [[London]]. Therefore, [[Wembley Stadium]] will host a total of seven matches, as London was already chosen to host the semi-finals and final of the tournament.<ref name="opening match">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2525102.html |title=EURO 2020 to open in Rome, more London games, venues paired |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=7 December 2017 |access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> On 7 December 2017, it was also announced that the opening match would take place at the [[Stadio Olimpico]] in [[Rome]], chosen ahead of [[Amsterdam]], [[Glasgow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]]. UEFA decided that, should they qualify, the opening match would feature [[Italy national football team|Italy]].<ref name="opening match"/><ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2017 |title=UEFA Executive Committee agenda for Nyon meeting |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/news/023f-0f8e599edb3b-5c2ebe82541e-1000--uefa-executive-committee-agenda-for-nyon-meeting/|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref>

Of the 12 selected cities and countries, 8 cities and 7 countries have never hosted a European Championship finals match before. Bilbao was not a venue when Spain hosted the [[1964 European Nations' Cup]], and none of Azerbaijan, Denmark, Hungary, Romania, Republic of Ireland, Russia, or Scotland has hosted the tournament previously. Of the 12 selected stadia, only 2 have hosted a European Championship match before: the [[Stadio Olimpico]] ([[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] and [[UEFA Euro 1980|1980]]) and the [[Johan Cruyff Arena]] ([[UEFA Euro 2000|2000]]). The [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|original Wembley stadium]] hosted games and the final in [[UEFA Euro 1996]], but although it stands on the same site, this is classified as a different stadium to the current [[Wembley Stadium]].

In October 2020, it was announced that UEFA matches would be suspended from taking place in Armenia and Azerbaijan until further notice due to the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0262-10a834b7b97d-6b083c552d9e-1000/ |title=Temporary suspension of UEFA matches in Armenia and Azerbaijan |work=UEFA |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> However, this will not affect the planning of Euro 2020 matches to be held in [[Baku]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunbar |first=Graham |location=Geneva |url=https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-turkey-international-soccer-brussels-baku-929f9f53d4ad8892cf35dcbbc9f359b4 |title=Euro 2020 not at risk from UEFA block on Azerbaijan hosting |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London]]
! {{flagicon|GER}} [[Munich]]
! {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]]
! {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku]]
|-
| [[Wembley Stadium]]
| [[Allianz Arena]]
| [[Stadio Olimpico]]
| [[Baku Olympic Stadium|Olympic Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: '''90,000'''
| Capacity: '''75,000'''
| Capacity: '''70,634'''
| Capacity: '''68,700'''
|-
| [[File:Wembley-Stadion 2013 16x10.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:München - Allianz-Arena (Luftbild).jpg|200px]]
|[[File:AS_Roma_fans_at_Stadio_Olimpico_during_Roma-Inter.jpg|alt=|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[File:Baku Olympic Stadium panorama 1.JPG|alt=|frameless|200x200px]]
|-
! {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]]
! rowspan="8" colspan="2" | {{Location map+|Greater Europe|AlternativeMap=Blank map of Europe - Atelier graphique colors with Kosovo.svg|float=center|width=410|caption=|places=
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=51.555833|long=-0.279722|label=[[London]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=48.218775|long=11.624753|label=[[Munich]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=41.933886|long=12.454786|label=[[Rome]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=40.429914|long=49.919518|label=[[Baku]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=59.972953|long=30.220533|label=[[Saint Petersburg]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=44.437208|long=26.152508|label=[[Bucharest]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=52.314167|long= 4.941944|label=[[Amsterdam]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=53.335139|long=-6.228333|label=[[Dublin]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=43.264284|long=-2.950366|label=[[Bilbao]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=47.503074|long=19.098099|label=[[Budapest]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=55.825864|long=-4.252003|label=[[Glasgow]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Greater Europe|lat=55.702469|long=12.572203|label=[[Copenhagen]]|position=right}}}}
! {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]]
|-
| [[Krestovsky Stadium]]
| [[Puskás Aréna]]
|-
| Capacity: '''68,134'''
| Capacity: '''67,215'''
|-
| [[File:Spb_06-2017_img40_Krestovsky_Stadium_(cropped).jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Puskás Aréna 05.jpg|200px]]
|-
! {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bucharest]]
! {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]]
|-
| [[Arena Națională]]
| [[Johan Cruyff Arena]]
|-
| Capacity: '''55,600'''
| Capacity: '''54,990'''
|-
|[[File:Bucharest_(8272279241).jpg|alt=|frameless|200x200px]]
| [[File:Amsterdam Arena Roof Open.jpg|200px]]
|-
! {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Bilbao]]
! {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]]
! {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Dublin]]
! {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Copenhagen]]
|-
| [[San Mamés Stadium (2013)|San Mamés]]
| [[Hampden Park]]
| [[Aviva Stadium]]
| [[Parken Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: '''53,332'''
| Capacity: '''51,866'''
| Capacity: '''51,700'''
| Capacity: '''38,065'''
|-
|[[File:Panorama_im_San_Mamés_Stadion.jpg|alt=|frameless|200x200px]]
| [[File:Hampden Park (Glasgow) aerial view cropped.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Aviva Stadium(Dublin Arena).JPG|200px]]
|[[File:Parken_from_the_air_2.JPG|alt=|frameless|200x200px]]
|}

Each city will host three group stage matches and one match in the round of 16 or quarter-finals. The match allocation for the 12 stadiums is as follows:
*'''Group stage, round of 16, semi-finals, and final:''' [[London]] (England)
*'''Group stage and quarter-finals:''' [[Munich]] (Germany), [[Baku]] (Azerbaijan), [[Saint Petersburg]] (Russia), [[Rome]] (Italy)
*'''Group stage and round of 16:''' [[Copenhagen]] (Denmark), [[Bucharest]] (Romania), [[Amsterdam]] (Netherlands), [[Dublin]] (Republic of Ireland), [[Bilbao]] (Spain), [[Budapest]] (Hungary), [[Glasgow]] (Scotland)

===Group stage hosts===
The host cities were divided into six pairings, established on the basis of sporting strength (assuming all host teams qualify), geographical considerations, and security/political constraints. The pairings were allocated to groups by means of a random draw on 7 December 2017. Each qualified host country will play a minimum of two matches at home. The group venue pairings is as follows:<ref name="opening match"/>
*'''Group A:''' [[Rome]] (Italy) and [[Baku]] (Azerbaijan)
*'''Group B:''' [[Saint Petersburg]] (Russia) and [[Copenhagen]] (Denmark)
*'''Group C:''' [[Amsterdam]] (Netherlands) and [[Bucharest]] (Romania)
*'''Group D:''' [[London]] (England) and [[Glasgow]] (Scotland)
*'''Group E:''' [[Bilbao]] (Spain) and [[Dublin]] (Republic of Ireland)
*'''Group F:''' [[Munich]] (Germany) and [[Budapest]] (Hungary)

The following criteria apply to define the home matches of host teams within the same group:<ref name="ECQ PO draw">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/EURO/02/62/53/04/2625304_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=European Qualifiers 2018–20 – Play-off Draw Procedure |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>
* If both host teams qualified directly or both advanced to the play-offs, a draw would determine which team would play all three group stage matches at home (i.e. which would host the head-to-head match), and which one would play only two matches at home.
* If one host team qualified directly, and the other failed to also directly qualify, the directly qualified host team would play all three group stage matches at home, and the other host, if qualified, would play only two.
* If one host team advances to the play-offs, and the other is eliminated entirely, the host team in the play-offs, if qualified, will play all three group stage matches at home.
* No action was necessary should both host teams fail to qualify.

If a host team in the play-offs failed to qualify, the path winner will take the spot of the host in the match schedule and therefore would play the two or three matches based on the above criteria in the host city of the respective host that failed to qualify. The draw took place on 22 November 2019, 12:00 [[Central European Time|CET]], at the UEFA headquarters in [[Nyon]], Switzerland (along with the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Draw|draw for the play-offs]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2406536.html |title=UEFA EURO 2020: all you need to know |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=5 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> In the draw, which was only necessary for Group B (Denmark and Russia), two balls were prepared, with the first drawn hosting the three matches.<ref name="playoff draw">{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0257-0e07a5f6115c-76a3f95edbc5-1000/euro_play-off_draw_procedure.pdf |title=European Qualifiers 2018–20 – Play-off Draw Procedure |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Allocation of group stage home matches to host countries
|-
! Group
! Host
! Status following the completion of the qualifying group stage
! Draw?
! Host with three home matches
! Host with two home matches
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[#Group A|A]]
| {{fb|AZE}}
| style="background:#FFBBBB; text-align:center;" | Eliminated in qualifying group stage
| rowspan="2" {{No}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|ITA}}
| rowspan="2" {{N/a|None}}
|-
| {{fb|ITA}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[#Group B|B]]
| {{fb|DEN}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
| rowspan="2" {{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|DEN}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|RUS}}
|-
| {{fb|RUS}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[#Group C|C]]
| {{fb|NED}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
| rowspan="2" {{No}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|NED}}
| rowspan="2" {{N/a|None}}
|-
| {{fb|ROU}}
| style="background:#FFFFBB; text-align:center;" | Advanced to play-offs (later eliminated)
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[#Group D|D]]
| {{fb|ENG}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
| rowspan="2" {{No}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|ENG}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|SCO}}
|-
| {{fb|SCO}}
| style="background:#BBF3FF; text-align:center;" | Advanced to play-offs (later qualified)
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[#Group E|E]]
| {{fb|IRL}}
| style="background:#FFFFBB; text-align:center;" | Advanced to play-offs (later eliminated)
| rowspan="2" {{No}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|ESP}}
| rowspan="2" {{N/a|None}}
|-
| {{fb|ESP}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[#Group F|F]]
| {{fb|GER}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB; text-align:center;" | Qualified directly to finals
| rowspan="2" {{No}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|GER}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fb|HUN}}
|-
| {{fb|HUN}}
| style="background:#BBF3FF; text-align:center;" | Advanced to play-offs (later qualified)
|}

===Spectator limits===
Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the resulting restrictions on public gatherings, many of the venues at the tournament are unable to operate at full capacity. UEFA asked each host to devise a spectator plan in conjunction with their local/national government and health authorities. The hosts were given a deadline of 7 April 2021 to communicate their plans with UEFA. On 9 April, UEFA announced that eight of the twelve tournament had confirmed their stadium capacities, ranging from 25% to 100%. The remaining four hosts ([[Bilbao]], [[Dublin]], [[Munich]] and [[Rome]]) were given an extension until 19 April to submit their venue capacities.<ref name="eight hosts"/> On 14 April, UEFA announced that Rome had also confirmed their venue capacity.<ref name="Rome"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Allowed capacities of UEFA Euro 2020 venues
|-
! City
! Venue
! Standard capacity
! Allowed capacity
|-
| [[Amsterdam]]
| [[Johan Cruyff Arena]]
| 54,990
| At least 25% (approximately 12,000), subject to possible increase<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.knvb.nl/nieuws/oranje/nederlands-elftal/63210/tenminste-12000-fans-stadion-bij-euro-2020-amsterdam |title=Tenminste 12.000 fans in stadion bij EURO 2020 in Amsterdam |trans-title=At least 12,000 fans in the stadium at Euro 2020 in Amsterdam |work=[[Royal Dutch Football Association]] |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |language=nl}}</ref>
|-
| [[Baku]]
| [[Baku Olympic Stadium|Olympic Stadium]]
| 68,700
| 50% (approximately 34,350), with no foreign spectators permitted other than citizens of participating teams<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.affa.az/index.php/news/avro-2020-bakda-keirilck-oyunlarla-bal-mlumat/67930 |title=AVRO-2020: Bakıda keçiriləcək oyunlarla bağlı məlumat |trans-title=Euro 2020: Information on the matches to be held in Baku |work=[[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan]] |date=8 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |language=az}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bucharest]]
| [[Arena Națională]]
| 55,600
| At least 25% (approximately 13,000), subject to possible increase<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mts.ro/noutati/comunicat-de-presa-meciurile-organizate-pe-teritoriul-romaniei-in-cadrul-turneului-final-al-campionatului-european-de-fotbal-euro-2020-se-vor-defasura-cu-spectatori-in-tribune/ |title=Comunicat de Presă: Meciurile organizate pe teritoriul României în cadrul Turneului Final al Campionatului European de Fotbal EURO 2020 se vor defășura cu spectatori în tribune |trans-title=Press Release: The matches organized on the Romanian territory within the final tournament of the 2020 UEFA European Football Championship will take place with spectators in the stands |work=[[Ministry of Youth and Sport (Romania)|Ministry of Youth and Sport]] |date=6 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |language=ro}}</ref>
|-
| [[Budapest]]
| [[Puskás Aréna]]
| 67,215
| Full capacity, subject to spectators fulfilling strict stadium entry requirements
|-
| [[Copenhagen]]
| [[Parken Stadium]]
| 38,065
| 25%–33% (at least 11,236), subject to possible increase<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dbu.dk/nyheder/2021/april/uefa-bekraefter-em-i-parken-til-sommer/ |title=UEFA bekræfter: EM i Parken til sommer |trans-title=UEFA confirms: European Championships in the Parken this summer |work=[[Danish Football Association]] |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Glasgow]]
| [[Hampden Park]]
| 51,866
| 25% (approximately 12,000)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news/scottish-fa-submit-spectator-options-to-uefa/ |title=Scottish FA submit spectator options to UEFA |work=[[Scottish Football Association]] |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[London]]
| [[Wembley Stadium]]
| 90,000
| At least 25% (approximately 22,500) for group stage and round of 16, with possible increase for semi-finals and final
|-
| [[Rome]]
| [[Stadio Olimpico]]
| 70,634
| At least 25% (approximately 17,659), subject to possible increase<ref>{{cite news |url=https://figc.it/it/federazione/news/via-libera-del-governo-alla-presenza-di-pubblico-gravina-esulta-dall-esecutivo-un-messaggio-di-grande-fiducia/ |title=Via libera del Governo alla presenza di pubblico. Gravina esulta: "Dall'Esecutivo un messaggio di grande fiducia" |trans-title=Government's go-ahead for public attendance. Gravina rejoices: "A message of great confidence from the authorities" |work=[[Italian Football Federation]] |date=13 April 2021 |access-date=14 April 2021 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saint Petersburg]]
| [[Krestovsky Stadium]]
| 68,134
| At least 50% (approximately 34,067), subject to possible increase
|}

===Team base camps===
Each team chooses a "team base camp" for its stay between the matches. The teams will train and reside in these locations throughout the tournament, travelling to games staged away from their bases. Unlike previous tournaments, each team can set up their base camp anywhere due to the pan-European format, without any obligation of staying in any of the host countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1913839.html |title=Thirteen cities to host UEFA EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=[[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>

The base camps selected by the twenty directly qualified teams were announced by UEFA on 27 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2020 |title=EURO 2020: where will the teams be based? |website=UEFA.com |publisher=[[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0259-0e8ea1e12265-1c20a6816e6c-1000/|url-status=dead|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516111149/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0259-0e8ea1e12265-1c20a6816e6c-1000/|archive-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Base camp
|-
| {{fb|AUT}}
| [[Seefeld in Tirol]], Austria
|-
| {{fb|BEL}}
| [[Tubize]], Belgium
|-
| {{fb|CRO}}
| [[St Andrews]], Scotland
|-
| {{fb|CZE}}
| [[Currie]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
|-
| {{fb|DEN}}
| [[Helsingør]], Denmark
|-
| {{fb|ENG}}
| [[Burton upon Trent]], England
|-
| {{fb|FIN}}
| [[Repino, Saint Petersburg|Repino]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
|-
| {{fb|FRA}}
| [[Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines]], France
|-
| {{fb|GER}}
| [[Herzogenaurach]], Germany
|-
| {{fb|HUN}}
| TBC
|-
| {{fb|ITA}}
| [[Coverciano, Florence|Coverciano]], [[Florence]], Italy
|-
| {{fb|NED}}
| [[Zeist]], Netherlands
|-
| {{fb|MKD}}
| TBC
|-
| {{fb|POL}}
| [[Portmarnock]], Republic of Ireland
|-
| {{fb|POR}}
| [[Budapest]], Hungary
|-
| {{fb|RUS}}
| [[Khimki]], Russia
|-
| {{fb|SCO}}
| TBC
|-
| {{fb|SVK}}
| TBC
|-
| {{fb|ESP}}
| [[Las Rozas de Madrid]], Spain
|-
| {{fb|SWE}}
| [[Maynooth]], Republic of Ireland
|-
| {{fb|SUI}}
| [[Rome]], Italy
|-
| {{fb|TUR}}
| [[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|-
| {{fb|UKR}}
| [[Bucharest]], Romania
|-
| {{fb|WAL}}
| [[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|}

==Final draw==
The draw for the final tournament was held on 30 November 2019, 18:00 [[Central European Time|CET]] (19:00 local time, [[Eastern European Time|EET]]) at [[Romexpo]] in [[Bucharest]], Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2502936.html |title=European Qualifiers for UEFA EURO 2020: how it works |publisher=UEFA.com |date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/draws/2020/2001024/ |title=UEFA EURO 2020 final tournament draw: how it will work |publisher=UEFA.com |access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2595870.html |title=Bucharest to stage UEFA EURO 2020 finals draw |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="draw">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2622700.html |title=UEFA EURO 2020 final tournament draw: All you need to know |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=27 September 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four. The identity of the four play-off teams were not known at the time of the draw and were identified as play-off winners A to D.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/Download/competitions/General/02/63/51/33/2635133_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Euro 2020 Final Tournament Draw Press Kit |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> Should there have been groups that could not be finalised at the time of the final tournament draw, another draw would have been held after the play-offs on 1 April 2020,<ref name="regulations"/> but UEFA confirmed the additional draw was not necessary after the identity of the 20 directly qualified teams and the 16 play-offs teams was known.<ref name="playoff draw"/>

The teams were seeded in accordance with the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying#Overall ranking|European Qualifiers overall ranking]] based on their results in [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]]. The following was the standard composition of the draw pots:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/EURO/02/62/53/02/2625302_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Euro 2020 Final Draw Procedure |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>
* Pot 1: Group winners ranked 1–6
* Pot 2: Group winners ranked 7–10, group runners-up ranked 1–2 (11–12 overall)
* Pot 3: Group runners-up ranked 3–8 (13–18 overall)
* Pot 4: Group runners-up ranked 9–10 (19–20 overall), play-off winners A–D (identity unknown at the time of the draw)

As two host teams from the same group could not be in the same seeding pot, the UEFA Emergency Panel would have either switched one host team with the lowest-ranked team of the higher pot, or switched one host team with the highest-ranked team of the lower pot (based on the principle that the move would have minimal impact on the original seeding). However, no seeding adjustments were necessary.

The draw started with Pot 1 and completed with Pot 4, from where a team was drawn and assigned to the first available group. The position in the group (for the determination of the match schedule) was then drawn. In the draw, the following conditions applied (including for teams that could still qualify via the play-offs):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/Download/competitions/General/02/63/38/43/2633843_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Euro 2020 Final Draw Procedure |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref>
* '''Automatic group assignments''': Host teams were automatically assigned to their group based on the host city pairings.
* '''Prohibited clashes''': For political reasons, UEFA set pairs of teams that were considered prohibited clashes. In addition to being unable to be drawn into the same group, non-host teams were prevented from being drawn into a group hosted by a country they clash with, even should the host not qualify. Only one prohibited clash, [[Ukrainian crisis#Post-revolution events|Russia / Ukraine]], applied during the group stage draw. Other prohibited clashes among qualified and play-off teams were [[Bosnia and Herzegovina–Kosovo relations|Kosovo / Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Kosovo–Serbia relations|Kosovo / Serbia]], but the teams in these pairs were all in the play-offs and in Pot 4 for the draw, and would not be in the same group; [[Russia–Serbia relations#Kosovo issue|Kosovo / Russia]] was also prohibited,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2628480.html |title=UEFA Emergency Panel decision on Kosovo/Russia |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> but they also would not be in the same group due to play-off path pairings necessary for host allocation. However, these prohibited clashes are not excluded for the knockout phase.

===Play-off path group allocation===
Due to the format of the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs|play-offs]], which made anticipating all possible scenarios impossible, the UEFA administration had to wait to solve issues relating to the final tournament draw until the completion of the qualifying group stage.<ref name="ECQ PO draw"/> It was not possible for UEFA to prevent one of the play-off paths from containing two host teams, resulting in [[Romania national football team|Romania]] (Group C hosts) and [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] (Group F hosts) being drawn together in [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path A|Path A]]. Therefore, the winner of this play-off path needed to be assigned two groups in the final tournament draw. To allow for this, Path A was paired with [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path D|Path D]] (which does not contain a host), therefore providing a clear scenario for each possible qualified team. A draw took place on 22 November 2019, 12:00 [[Central European Time|CET]], at the UEFA headquarters in [[Nyon]], Switzerland (along with the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Draw|draw for the play-offs]]), which decided on the order of priority for the allocation of Path A to the final tournament groups.<ref name="playoff draw"/>

Two balls were prepared containing the names of the two groups hosted by the teams in question (Group C and Group F for Romania and Hungary, respectively). The first ball drawn determined the group ("priority group") that was allocated to Path A, with the exception of the host team of the second ball drawn ("non-priority group") winning Path A. In the draw, Group F was selected as the priority group, resulting in the following possible outcomes:
* '''Path A is won by Bulgaria, Hungary or Iceland''': The winner of Path A will enter Group F, and the winner of Path D will enter Group C. (As [[Romania national football team|Romania]] lost in the semi-finals of the play-offs, this was the resulting group assignment.)
* Path A is won by Romania: Romania will enter Group C, and the winner of Path D will enter Group F.

===Seeding===
The following was the composition of the pots:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0257-0e05cf76aaec-6602964740ad-1000/ |title=UEFA EURO 2020 final tournament draw pots confirmed |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

{|
|- valign=top
|
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap"
|+Pot 1
|-
! style="width:150px" | Team
! {{Abbr|Host|Host of group}}
! {{Abbr|Rank|European Qualifiers overall ranking}}
|-
| {{fb|BEL}}{{efn|name=Ukraine}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|-
| {{fb|ITA}}
| {{small|[[#Group A|Group A]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|-
| {{fb|ENG}}
| {{small|[[#Group D|Group D]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
| {{fb|GER}}
| {{small|[[#Group F|Group F]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|-
| {{fb|ESP}}
| {{small|[[#Group E|Group E]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|-
| {{fb|UKR}}{{efn|name=Ukraine|Ukraine could not be drawn into the same group as Russia (Group B host). Since they also could not be drawn into any of the other four groups with Pot 1 hosts, Ukraine were assigned to Group C. Consequently, Belgium were assigned to Group B.}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap"
|+Pot 2
|-
! style="width:150px" | Team
! {{Abbr|Host|Host of group}}
! {{Abbr|Rank|European Qualifiers overall ranking}}
|-
| {{fb|FRA}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 7
|-
| {{fb|POL}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 8
|-
| {{fb|SUI}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|-
| {{fb|CRO}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 10
|-
| {{fb|NED}}
| {{small|[[#Group C|Group C]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 11
|-
| {{fb|RUS}}
| {{small|[[#Group B|Group B]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 12
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap"
|+Pot 3
|-
! style="width:150px" | Team
! {{Abbr|Host|Host of group}}
! {{Abbr|Rank|European Qualifiers overall ranking}}
|-
| {{fb|POR}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|-
| {{fb|TUR}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|-
| {{fb|DEN}}
| {{small|[[#Group B|Group B]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|-
| {{fb|AUT}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 16
|-
| {{fb|SWE}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 17
|-
| {{fb|CZE}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 18
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap"
|+Pot 4{{efn|name=Identity|Identity of the four play-off winners was unknown at the time of the draw.}}
|-
! style="width:150px" | Team
! {{Abbr|Host|Host of group}}
! {{Abbr|Rank|European Qualifiers overall ranking}}
|-
| {{fb|WAL}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 19
|-
| {{fb|FIN}}
| {{N/a|}}
| style="text-align:center" | 20
|-
| [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path A|Play-off winner A]]
| {{small|Group [[#Group C|C]] & [[#Group F|F]]}}{{efn|name=Path A|Romania (Group C host) and Hungary (Group F host) competed in play-off Path A, and thus the winner of Path A was [[#Play-off path group allocation|assigned to two groups]] (Group C and Group F), with the final assignment depending on the identity of the Path A winner.}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="4" {{N/a}}
|-
| [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path B|Play-off winner B]]
| {{small|[[#Group E|Group E]]}}{{efn|name=Path B|Republic of Ireland (Group E host) competed in play-off Path B, and thus the winner of Path B was assigned to Group E.}}
|-
| [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path C|Play-off winner C]]
| {{small|[[#Group D|Group D]]}}{{efn|name=Path C|Scotland (Group D host) competed in play-off Path C, and thus the winner of Path C was assigned to Group D.}}
|-
| [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path D|Play-off winner D]]{{efn|name=Kosovo|Play-off Path D was paired with Path A (which contained two hosts), and thus the winner of Path D was [[#Play-off path group allocation|assigned to two groups]] (Group C and Group F), with the final assignment depending on the identity of the Path A winner.}}
| {{N/a|}}
|}
|}

{{notelist}}

===Draw results and group fixtures===
The draw resulted in the following groups (teams in ''italics'' are [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs|play-off]] winners whose identity was not known at the time of the draw):

{|
|- valign=top
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[#Group A|Group A]]
|-
! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ||width=120|Team
|-
| align=center| A1 || {{fb|TUR}}
|-
| align=center| A2 || {{fb|ITA}}{{efn|name=Host3|Tournament host that will play all three group stage matches at home.}}
|-
| align=center| A3 || {{fb|WAL}}
|-
| align=center| A4 || {{fb|SUI}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[#Group B|Group B]]
|-
! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ||width=120|Team
|-
| align=center| B1 || {{fb|DEN}}{{efn|name=Host3}}
|-
| align=center| B2 || {{fb|FIN}}
|-
| align=center| B3 || {{fb|BEL}}
|-
| align=center| B4 || {{fb|RUS}}{{efn|name=Host2|Tournament host that will play two group stage matches at home.}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[#Group C|Group C]]
|-
! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ||width=120|Team
|-
| align=center| C1 || {{fb|NED}}{{efn|name=Host3}}
|-
| align=center| C2 || {{fb|UKR}}
|-
| align=center| C3 || {{fb|AUT}}
|-
| align=center| C4 || ''{{fb|MKD}}''
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[#Group D|Group D]]
|-
! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ||width=120|Team
|-
| align=center| D1 || {{fb|ENG}}{{efn|name=Host3}}
|-
| align=center| D2 || {{fb|CRO}}
|-
| align=center| D3 || ''{{fb|SCO}}''{{efn|name=Host2}}
|-
| align=center| D4 || {{fb|CZE}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[#Group E|Group E]]
|-
! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ||width=120|Team
|-
| align=center| E1 || {{fb|ESP}}{{efn|name=Host3}}
|-
| align=center| E2 || {{fb|SWE}}
|-
| align=center| E3 || {{fb|POL}}
|-
| align=center| E4 || ''{{fb|SVK}}''
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[#Group F|Group F]]
|-
! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ||width=120|Team
|-
| align=center| F1 || ''{{fb|HUN}}''{{efn|name=Host2}}
|-
| align=center| F2 || {{fb|POR}}
|-
| align=center| F3 || {{fb|FRA}}
|-
| align=center| F4 || {{fb|GER}}{{efn|name=Host3}}
|}
|}

{{notelist}}

The fixtures for the group stage were decided based on the draw results, as follows:

''Note: Positions for scheduling did not use the seeding pots, and instead used the draw positions, e.g. Team 1 was not necessarily the team from Pot 1 in the draw.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group stage schedule
|-
!Matchday
!Dates
!Matches
|-
|Matchday 1
|11–15 June 2021
|1 v 2, 3 v 4
|-
|Matchday 2
|16–19 June 2021
|1 v 3, 2 v 4
|-
|Matchday 3
|20–23 June 2021
|4 v 1, 2 v 3
|}

==Squads==

Each national team has to submit a squad of 23 players, three of whom must be goalkeepers, at least ten days before the opening match of the tournament. If a player becomes injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he can be replaced by another player.<ref name="regulations"/>

==Match officials==
On 12 February 2020, UEFA and [[CONMEBOL]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] to enhance collaboration, including the possibility of a team of South American match officials appointed for the group stage of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2638592.html |title=UEFA and CONMEBOL renew Memorandum of Understanding to enhance cooperation |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=12 February 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Group stage==

UEFA announced the original tournament schedule on 24 May 2018, which only included kick-off times for the opening match and quarter-finals onward.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2560574.html |title=UEFA EURO 2020 match schedule confirmed |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="schedule">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/General/02/59/00/08/2590008_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Euro 2020 match schedule |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> The kick-off times of the remaining group stage and round of 16 matches were announced on 30 November 2019 following the final draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/General/02/63/56/69/2635669_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Euro 2020 match schedule |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> On 17 June 2020, UEFA announced the revised match schedule for the tournament in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0254-0d41684d1216-06773df7faed-1000/ |title=UEFA EURO 2020 match schedule |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/EURO/02/64/21/93/2642193_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=2021 match schedule |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> All match dates, kick-off times and venues remained identical, but shifted one day earlier so matches would remain on the same day of the week (i.e. from 12 to 11 June for the opening match to remain on a Friday).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0263-10d7d3afd2b6-8955f879209c-1000/uefa_euro_2020_match_schedule.pdf |title=2021 match schedule |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=13 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>

Group winners, runners-up, and the [[#Ranking of third-placed teams|best four third-placed teams]] advance to the round of 16.

''Times are [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]), as listed by UEFA. If the venue is located in a different time zone, the local time is also given.''

===Tiebreakers===
If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following tie-breaking criteria are applied:<ref name="regulations"/>
# Higher number of points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question;
# Superior goal difference resulting from the matches played between the teams in question;
# Higher number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question;
# If, after having applied criteria 1 to 3, teams still have an equal ranking, criteria 1 to 3 are reapplied exclusively to the matches between the teams who are still level to determine their final rankings.{{efn|If there is a three-way tie on points, the application of the first three criteria may only break the tie for one of the teams, leaving the other two teams still tied. In this case, the tiebreaking procedure is resumed, from the beginning, for the two teams that are still tied.}} If this procedure does not lead to a decision, criteria 5 to 10 apply;
# Superior goal difference in all group matches;
# Higher number of goals scored in all group matches;
# Higher number of wins in all group matches;{{efn|This criterion could only break a tie if a point deduction were to occur, as multiple teams in the same group cannot otherwise be tied on points but have a different number of wins.}}
# If on the last round of the group stage, two teams are facing each other and each has the same number of points, as well as the same number of goals scored and conceded, and the score finishes level in their match, their ranking is determined by a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]]. (This criterion is not used if more than two teams have the same number of points.);
# Lower disciplinary points total in all group matches (1 point for a single yellow card, 3 points for a red card as a consequence of two yellow cards, 3 points for a direct red card, 4 points for a yellow card followed by a direct red card);
# Higher position in the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying#Overall ranking|European Qualifiers overall ranking]].
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

===Group A===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Group A}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|Group A|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}}

{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group A|A1}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group A|A2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group A|A3}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group A|A4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group A|A5}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group A|A6}}

===Group B===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Group B}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|Group B|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}}

{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group B|B1}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group B|B2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group B|B3}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group B|B4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group B|B5}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group B|B6}}

===Group C===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Group C}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|Group C|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}}

{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group C|C1}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group C|C2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group C|C3}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group C|C4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group C|C5}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group C|C6}}

===Group D===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Group D}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|Group D|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}}

{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group D|D1}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group D|D2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group D|D3}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group D|D4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group D|D5}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group D|D6}}

===Group E===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Group E}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|Group E|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}}

{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group E|E1}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group E|E2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group E|E3}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group E|E4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group E|E5}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group E|E6}}

===Group F===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Group F}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|Group F|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}}

{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group F|F1}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group F|F2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group F|F3}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group F|F4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group F|F5}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Group F|F6}}

===Ranking of third-placed teams===
{{UEFA Euro 2020 group tables|3rd place}}

==Knockout phase==
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase}}

In the knockout phase, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] is played (two periods of 15 minutes each), with each team being allowed to make a sixth [[Substitute (association football)|substitution]].<ref name="substitutions"/> If still tied after extra time, the match is decided by a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]].<ref name="regulations"/>

As with every tournament since [[UEFA Euro 1984]], there is no [[third place play-off]].
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|Combinations}}

''Times are [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]), as listed by UEFA. If the venue is located in a different time zone, the local time is also given.''

===Bracket===
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|Bracket}}

===Round of 16===
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-1}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-3}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-4}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-5}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-6}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-7}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|R16-8}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|QF1}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|QF2}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|QF3}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|QF4}}

===Semi-finals===
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|SF1}}
----
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase|SF2}}

===Final===
{{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Final}}
{{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Final|Final}}

==Prize money==
The prize money was finalised in February 2018. Each team receives a participation fee of €9.25 million, with the winner able to earn a maximum of €34 million.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2018 |title=Record €775.5m for UEFA member associations via HatTrick V |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/news/0242-0f8e5ddc5f35-3e31a33b54df-1000/ |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Round achieved
!Amount
!Number of teams
|-
|Final tournament||€9.25m||24
|-
|Group stage||€1.5m for a win €750,000 for a draw||24
|-
|Round of 16||€2m||16
|-
|Quarter-finals||€3.25m||8
|-
|Semi-finals||€5m||4
|-
|Runner-up||€7m||1
|-
|Winner||€10m||1
|}

==Marketing==

===Video game===
{{see also|UEFA European Championship video games}}

The game was released by Konami as a free [[Downloadable content|DLC]] on ''[[eFootball PES 2020]]'' in June 2020. It includes the official kits and player likenesses for all 55 officially licensed UEFA teams. The update also includes five out of 12 venues of the 2020 tournament, as well as the official match ball.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.konami.com/wepes/2020/eu/en/ps4/topic/game-wepes2020-19790 |title=New Data Pack (7.00)/Patch (1.07.00) Available! |website=Konami |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://realsport101.com/pes/pes-2020-euro-2020-dlc-arriving-in-game-release-date-data-pack-7-0-patch-update-teams-stadiums-kits-player-faces-wembley/ |title=PES 2020 Euro 2020 DLC: Release Date, Content, Trailer, Data Pack 7.0, Patch Notes, Stadiums & more |work=RealSport101 |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref>

===Logo and slogan===
The official logo was unveiled on 21 September 2016, during a ceremony at the [[City Hall, London|City Hall]] in [[London]]. The logo depicts the [[Henri Delaunay Trophy]] surrounded by celebrating fans on a bridge, which, according to UEFA, represents how football connects and unifies people.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2016 |title=UEFA EURO 2020 logo unveiled |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/news/0253-0d81b6ea20f8-672f1f20c3e2-1000--uefa-euro-2020-logo-unveiled/|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="london">{{cite news |last=Tarn |first=Sam |location=London |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2406718.html |title=UEFA EURO 2020 identity revealed in London |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

Each individual host city also has their own unique logo. The rectangular logos feature the text "UEFA EURO 2020" on the top, the city name above the text "host city" on the bottom (all in uppercase), the main tournament logo on the left, and a local bridge on the right. Each logo exists in English, along with variations in the local language when applicable. The logos were unveiled from September 2016 to January 2017.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Host city
! Date announced
! Bridge
! Other language(s)
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[London]]
| 21 September 2016{{efn|As part of the main logo launch event}}
| [[Tower Bridge]]
| {{N/a}}
| <ref name="london"/>
|-
| [[Rome]]
| 22 September 2016
| [[Ponte Sant'Angelo]]
| Italian
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Corda |first=Francesco |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2407265.html |title=Rome unveils UEFA EURO 2020 host city logo |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Baku]]
| 30 September 2016
| [[List of bridges in Azerbaijan#Major road and railway bridges|Baku cable-stayed bridge]]
| Azerbaijani
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2409898.html |title=Baku reveals UEFA EURO 2020 host city logo |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=30 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bucharest]]
| 15 October 2016
| [[Basarab Overpass]]
| Romanian
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Zaharia |first=Paul-Daniel |location=Bucharest |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2412927.html |title=Bucharest reveals UEFA EURO 2020 host city logo |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=15 October 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Glasgow]]
| 25 October 2016
| [[Clyde Arc]]
| {{N/a}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last=O'Henley |first=Alex |location=Glasgow |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2416700.html |title=Glasgow unveils EURO 2020 host city logo |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=25 October 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Munich]]
| 27 October 2016
| [[Wittelsbacherbrücke]]
| German
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Röber |first=Philip |location=Munich |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2417142.html |title=Bavarian pride at Munich's EURO 2020 logo launch |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=27 October 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Copenhagen]]
| 1 November 2016
| [[Circle Bridge]]
| Danish
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Vinde |first=Nicklas |location=Copenhagen |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2416702.html |title=Host city Copenhagen reveals 2020 logo |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Budapest]]
| 16 November 2016
| [[Széchenyi Chain Bridge]]
| Hungarian
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Hegedűs |first=Henrik |location=Budapest |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2421429.html |title=Budapest relishing EURO 2020 stage |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dublin]]
| 24 November 2016
| [[Samuel Beckett Bridge]]
| Irish
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Crowe |first=Marie |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2425237.html |title=Dublin excited to share in 2020 experience |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FFBBBB"
| [[Brussels]]{{efn|Later removed as a tournament host}}
| 14 December 2016
| {{ill|Pont Sobieski|fr}}
| Dutch, French
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Scholten |first=Berend |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2431483.html |title=Brussels excited at EURO 2020 role |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724053139/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2431483.html |archive-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bilbao]]
| 15 December 2016
| [[San Antón Bridge]]
| Spanish
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Huerta |first=Daniel |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2431485.html |title=Bilbao counting down to EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amsterdam]]
| 16 December 2016
| [[Magere Brug]]
| Dutch
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Holyman |first=Ian |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2431486.html |title=Amsterdam completes 2020 logo hat-trick |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saint Petersburg]]
| 19 January 2017
| [[Palace Bridge]]
| Russian
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Rogovitski |first=Dmitri |location=Saint Petersburg |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2436383.html |title=St Petersburg proudly prepares for UEFA EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

The official slogan of the tournament is "Live It. For Real." The slogan is meant to encourage fans to see the matches live in the stadiums across Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/newsid=2605409.html |title=LIVE IT. FOR REAL: Attractive ticket offer for UEFA EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=19 May 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

===Match ball===
On 6 November 2019, UEFA announced that the Uniforia by [[Adidas]] would be the tournament's official match ball. Predominantly white, the ball features black strokes with blue, neon, and pink stripes. The name is derived from a [[portmanteau]] of "unity" and "euphoria".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2630585.html |title=adidas unveils Uniforia official match ball for UEFA EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

===Mascot===
The official mascot of the tournament, ''Skillzy'', was unveiled on 24 March 2019. The character is inspired by [[freestyle football]], [[street football]] and [[Panna (football)|panna]] culture.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2596712.html |title=EURO 2020 mascot revealed... now it's your move |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=24 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>

===Official song===
On 19 October 2019, Dutch DJ and record producer [[Martin Garrix]] was announced as the official music artist of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2628499.html |title=Martin Garrix to provide sound of UEFA EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=19 October 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> He will produce the official song of the tournament, as well as the walkout music preceding matches and the television broadcast music. The tournament song will be first performed in full at the opening ceremony at the [[Stadio Olimpico]] in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2628414.html |title=Global superstar DJ and producer Martin Garrix to provide sound of UEFA EURO 2020 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=20 October 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

===Sponsorship===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Global sponsors
|-
|
{{col-start|width=100%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Alipay]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alipay signs long-term deal to become UEFA national team football sponsor |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/administration/marketing/news/newsid=2581117.html |website=UEFA.com |publisher=UEFA |access-date=5 December 2018 |date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[Booking Holdings]]<ref>{{cite web |title=UEFA announces global deal with Booking.com |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=2511295.html |website=UEFA.com |publisher=UEFA |access-date=5 December 2018 |date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Coca-Cola signs on as UEFA EURO 2020 sponsor |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/administration/marketing/news/newsid=2620006.html |website=UEFA.com |publisher=UEFA |access-date=5 September 2019 |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[FedEx]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Euro 2020 nets logistics partner as FedEx signs Uefa deal |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/euro-2020-fedex-uefa-sponsorship |website=Sportspromedia.com |publisher=SportsPro |access-date=23 April 2019 |date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805194513/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/euro-2020-fedex-uefa-sponsorship |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Heineken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Heineken partners with UEFA EURO 2020 and renews UEFA Champions League sponsorship |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/administration/marketing/news/newsid=2632185.html |publisher=UEFA |access-date=16 November 2019 |date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Hisense]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hisense® aims higher with Global Sponsorship of UEFA EURO 2020™ |url=http://www.techplugged.com/hisense-aims-higher-with-global-sponsorship-of-uefa-euro-2020/ |website=Techplugged.com |publisher=TechPlugged |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423184321/http://www.techplugged.com/hisense-aims-higher-with-global-sponsorship-of-uefa-euro-2020/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Qatar Airways]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0266-11a31461980c-9a29aa01290e-1000/ |title=Qatar Airways becomes official airline of UEFA Euro 2020 |publisher=UEFA |date=22 February 2021 |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[SOCAR]]<ref>{{cite web |title=UEFA Opens Sponsor Bidding for Euro 2020 |url=http://sportforbusiness.com/uefa-opens-sponsor-bidding-for-euro-2020/ |website=Sportforbusiness.com |publisher=Sport for Business |access-date=23 April 2019 |date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423184324/http://sportforbusiness.com/uefa-opens-sponsor-bidding-for-euro-2020/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[TikTok]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0266-118d1c6ac1b5-4ffce41d08de-1000/ |title=TikTok becomes official UEFA EURO 2020 sponsor |publisher=UEFA |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Volkswagen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Volkswagen becomes new UEFA national team football competitions partner |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/administration/marketing/news/newsid=2489300.html |website=UEFA.com |publisher=UEFA |access-date=5 December 2018 |date=9 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Takeaway.com]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Takeaway.com and UEFA announce global UEFA EURO 2020 partnership |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/administration/marketing/news/newsid=2632124.html |publisher=UEFA |access-date=16 November 2019 |date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Vivo Mobile]]<ref>{{cite web |title=vivo becomes official partner of UEFA EURO 2020 and 2024 |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0262-10a7e6283cfe-39c5c148caf4-1000/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=12 November 2020 |date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
{{col-end}}
|}

==Broadcasting==
{{main|UEFA Euro 2020 broadcasting rights}}

The International Broadcast Centre (IBC) will be located at the Expo Haarlemmermeer in [[Vijfhuizen]], Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/newsid=2585830.html |title=UEFA to host the UEFA EURO 2020 international broadcast centre in the Netherlands |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/}}
*[https://hospitality.euro2020.co.uk/ Official Hospitality]

{{UEFA Euro 2020}}
{{UEFA Euro 2020 stadiums}}
{{UEFA European Championship}}
{{2020–21 in European football (UEFA)}}
{{European championships in 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uefa Euro 2020}}
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2020| ]]
[[Category:UEFA European Championship tournaments|2020]]
[[Category:2020–21 in UEFA football|Euro 2020]]
[[Category:June 2021 sports events in Europe]]
[[Category:July 2021 sports events in Europe]]
[[Category:Scheduled association football competitions]]
[[Category:Association football events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Racing Murcia FC

2020-12-16T15:25:30Z

Ravave: Actually... https://twitter.com/JoleonLescott/status/1338920710903836673

{{short description|Association football club in Spain}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Racing Murcia
| image = Racing Murcia logo.png
| image_size = 175
| fullname = Racing Murcia City 1913 Fútbol Club
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|2013|9|1}}, as DiTT Redmóvil AD
| ground = Polideportivo Municipal de Dolores de Pacheco
| capacity = 3,200
| chairman = Morris Pagniello
| mgrtitle = Manager
| manager = Antonio Pedreño
| league = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 13]]
| season = 2019–20
| position = Preferente Autonómica, 1st
| website = https://www.racingmurciacf.com/
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =_white_hoops
| leftarm1 = FF0000
| body1 = FF0000
| rightarm1 = FF0000
| shorts1 = FF0000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| current =
}}
'''Racing Murcia City 1913 Fútbol Club''' is a [[Association football|football]] club based in Dolores de Pacheco, a district in [[Torre Pacheco]], [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], Spain. Founded on 1 September 2013, it plays in [[Tercera División|Tercera División – Group 13]], holding home games at the Polideportivo Municipal de Dolores de Pacheco, with a capacity of 3,200.

==History==
The club was founded on 1 September 2013 under the name of ''DiTT Redmóvil Asociación Deportiva'', being registered in the [[Football Federation of the Region of Murcia]] for the 2014–15 season. In 2016, the club was renamed into ''Racing Murcia FC'', after being in the ''Preferente Autonómica''.

In 2020, Racing Murcia achieved promotion to [[Tercera División]], while also qualifying for the [[Copa del Rey]] for the first time in their history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racingcitygroup.com/page/273108291687/racing-murcia|title=Racing Murcia|publisher=Racing City Group|accessdate=1 December 2020}}</ref> Funded by the Racing City Group, the club signed several former footballers to their organizational chart, such as [[Edwin Congo]], and [[Paul Pogba]]'s brother [[Mathias Pogba]] as a player.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://as.com/futbol/2020/08/07/mas_futbol/1596815382_846537.html|title=El Racing Murcia ficha a Edwin Congo y al hermano de Pogba|trans-title=Racing Murcia sign Edwin Congo and the brother of Pogba|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|language=es|date=7 August 2020|accessdate=1 December 2020}}</ref>

==Season to season==
{|
|valign="top" width=0%|
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#77DD77;"|2014–15
!style="background:#77DD77;"|7
|style="background:#77DD77;"|{{Abbr|2ª Aut.|Segunda Autonómica}}
|style="background:#77DD77;"|1st
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2015–16
!style="background:#25A8F9;"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{Abbr|1ª Aut.|Primera Autonómica}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|7th
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2016–17
!style="background:#CECE1B;"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{Abbr|Pref. Aut.|Preferente Autonómica}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|13th
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2017–18
!style="background:#CECE1B;"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{Abbr|Pref. Aut.|Preferente Autonómica}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|15th
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2018–19
!style="background:#CECE1B;"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{Abbr|Pref. Aut.|Preferente Autonómica}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|4th
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2019–20
!style="background:#CECE1B;"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{Abbr|Pref. Aut.|Preferente Autonómica}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2020–21 Tercera División|2020–21]]
!style="background:#FF7F00;"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|
!style="background:#EFEFEF;"|
|}
|}
----
*'''1''' season in [[Tercera División]]

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{Updated|2 December 2020|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racingmurciacf.com/groups/333621329554/equipo|title=Equipo|trans-title=Team|publisher=Racing Murcia FC|language=es|accessdate=2 December 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= 1|nat=ESP|name=[[Simón Ballester Fernández|Ximo Ballester]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no= 2|nat=MEX|name=[[Bryan Salazar Haro|Bryan Salazar]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= 3|nat=ESP|name=[[Mario Martínez Vigueras|Mario Martínez]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=ESP|name=[[Ismael Marín Marín|Urzaiz]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= 5|nat=ESP|name=[[José Manuel Montesinos Romero|Monty]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 7|nat=ESP|name=[[Joaquín Parra Sánchez|Joaquín Parra]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=ESP|name=[[Manuel López Escámez|Manolo]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 9|nat=ESP|name=[[Carlos Álvarez (footballer, born 1986)|Carlos Álvarez]]|pos=FW|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ESP|name=[[Francisco Javier Moreno Jiménez|Fran Moreno]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=ESP|name=[[José Luis Sotos Martínez|Chupi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=ARG|name=[[Juan Prefacio]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=ITA|name=[[Lorenzo Leone]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=ESP|name=[[José María Díaz Castañer|Chema]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=JPN|name=[[Yuya Kamon]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=ESP|name=[[Miguel Ángel Cano Ruiz|Pekes]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=GUI|name=[[Mathias Pogba]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=ESP|name=[[Francisco José Nicolás González|Nico González]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=ESP|name=[[Sergi Valls]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=ESP|name=[[Juan José García Martínez|Juanjo García]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=COL|name=[[Juan Sebastián Marín]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=ALB|name=[[Jurgen Nikolli]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=LBN|name=[[Joseph Khalife]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|name=[[Joleon Lescott]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ESP|name=[[Cristo Martín]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ESP|name=[[Nicolás Damián Carrasco Gómez|Nico Carrasco]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.racingmurciacf.com/ Official website] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://www.futbol-regional.es/equipo.php?Racing_Murcia_Futbol_Club/14031 Fútbol Regional team profile] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/spain/murcia-city/46793/ Soccerway team profile]

{{Tercera División Group 13}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Racing Murcia}}
[[Category:Football clubs in the Region of Murcia]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]

{{Spain-footyclub-stub}}

Guillermo Ochoa

2019-10-07T15:56:10Z

Ravave: Undoing vandalism

{{Spanish name|Ochoa|Magaña}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Guillermo Ochoa
| image = Mex-Kor (1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ochoa at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]
| fullname = Francisco Guillermo Ochoa Magaña<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of Players: Mexico |publisher=FIFA |format=PDF |page=17 |date=15 July 2018 |accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|7|13|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player/215285/ |title=Guillermo Ochoa |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=25 September 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Guadalajara, Jalisco]], Mexico
| height = 1.83 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://standard.be/en/players/guillermo-ochoa |title=Guillermo Ochoa |publisher=Standard Liège |accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref>
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[Club América|América]]
| clubnumber = 6
| years1 = 2004–2011
| clubs1 = [[Club América|América]]
| caps1 = 239
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2004
| clubs2 = → [[San Luis F.C.|San Luis]] (loan)
| caps2 = 1
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2011–2014
| clubs3 = [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]]
| caps3 = 112
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2014–2017
| clubs4 = [[Málaga CF|Málaga]]
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2016–2017
| clubs5 = → [[Granada CF|Granada]] (loan)
| caps5 = 38
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2017–2019
| clubs6 = [[Standard Liège]]
| caps6 = 78
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2019–
| clubs7 = [[Club América|América]]
| caps7 = 7
| goals7 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2004–2008
| nationalteam1 = [[Mexico national under-23 football team|Mexico U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2005–
| nationalteam2 = [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]]
| nationalcaps2 = 106
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 28 September 2019
| nationalteam-update = 23:15, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{fb|MEX}}}}
{{Medal|W|[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]|[[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2009]]}}
{{medal|W|[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]|[[2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2015]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]|[[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2019]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]|[[2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2007]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[Copa América]]|[[2007 Copa América|2007]]}}
}}
'''Francisco Guillermo Ochoa Magaña''' ({{IPA-es|ɡiˈʝeɾmo oˈtʃo.a}}; born 13 July 1985), commonly referred to as '''Memo''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Memo Ochoa, Mexico's No1|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/675/512/index.html|website=FIFA.com|accessdate=21 January 2008}}</ref> is a Mexican professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Liga MX]] club [[Club América|América]] and the [[Mexico national football team|Mexico national team]].

Ochoa made his senior-level professional debut for Club América in 2004 in a Mexican league match against [[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]]. He won his first league title in 2005 and was the club's first-choice goalkeeper up until 2011, making over 200 appearances for América. That summer Ochoa was transferred to [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]] in France.<ref name="Rivas">{{cite web|last=Rivas|first=Cristian|date=13 July 2013|title=Guillermo Ochoa, veintiocho veranos de vida y éxitos|url=http://www.goal.com/es-mx/news/4783/mexicanos-por-el-mundo/2013/07/13/4115584/guillermo-ochoa-veintiocho-veranos-de-vida-y-éxitos|publisher=Goal (in Spanish)|accessdate=20 July 2013}}</ref> He spent three seasons with the club until their relegation from [[Ligue 1]]. In 2014, Ochoa joined [[Málaga CF|Málaga]] but failed to establish himself in the team. In July 2016, he joined [[Granada CF|Granada]] on a season-long loan. In July 2017, he joined [[Standard Liège]].

A Mexican international since 2005, Ochoa received his first cap at age 20 in a friendly match against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]]. He has been included in the squads for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], and [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]s, the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] and [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]], the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], the [[2007 Copa América]], the [[Copa América Centenario]], the [[2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2007]], [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2009]], [[2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2015]], and [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup]], and was originally in the [[2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup]] before being suspended from the competition due to false doping allegations.<ref name="Rivas" />

==Club career==
===América===
[[File:MemoOchoa1.jpg|180px|thumbnail|left|Ochoa with [[Club América|América]] in 2006]]
Guillermo Ochoa made his debut with [[Club América|América]] during the [[Primera División de México Clausura 2004|Clausura 2004]] tournament against [[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]], being only 18 years old when called up by head coach [[Leo Beenhakker]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Memo Ochoa es un orgullo de Leo Beenhakker, el DT que lo debutó|url=http://espndeportes.espn.com/news/nota/_/id/2146600/memo-ochoa-es-un-orgullo-de-leo-beenhakker-el-dt-que-lo-debuto|work=ESPN|language=Spanish|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> Ochoa quickly demonstrated his skill and talent in goal, and the young goalkeeper was thrust into the spotlight to replace injured veteran [[Adolfo Ríos]]. He would then share the starting job with Ríos after he recovered from his aforementioned injury.

When the [[Primera División de México Apertura 2004|Apertura 2004]] tournament began, Ochoa was thought to be the heir apparent to Ríos, who had retired. However, new head coach [[Oscar Ruggeri]] brought new goalkeepers with him, among them Argentine [[Sebastián Saja]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guillermo Ochoa buscará jugar cinco mundiales|url=http://espndeportes.espn.com/noticias/nota?s=mex&id=543607&type=story|work=ESPN|first=Héctor|last=Huerta|language=Spanish|date=4 April 2007|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> Ruggeri's stay at the club was marred by controversy and unpopular decisions. He was fired after only six games into the season and Ochoa was soon reinstated by new coach [[Mario Carrillo]]. Thereafter, he started every game for Club América save for incidents involving injuries or national team duty. Under Carrillo, Ochoa won his first championship with América following the [[Primera División de México Clausura 2005|Clausura 2005]] season.<ref name="MedioTiempo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/cronicas/2005/05/29/cronica-america-6-3-tecos_7478|title=¡AMÉRICA, ARROLLADOR CAMPEÓN! EL ÁGUILA MANDA EN MÉXICO|work=MedioTiempo.com|language=Spanish|date=29 May 2005|accessdate=23 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521095328/http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/cronicas/2005/05/29/cronica-america-6-3-tecos_7478|archivedate=21 May 2009}}</ref> He also won the 2005 [[Campeón de Campeones]] cup<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/noticias/2005/07/27/america-2-1-pumas-aguilas-mas-campeonas-que-nunca|title=América 2-1 Pumas… Águilas, más Campeonas que nunca|work=MedioTiempo.com|language=Spanish|date=27 July 2005|accessdate=23 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref> and the [[2006 CONCACAF Champions' Cup]] with América.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clubamerica.com.mx/america-campeon-de-concacaf-2006|title= América Campeón de CONCACAF 2006|work=ClubAmerica.com|language=Spanish|date=19 April 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

In October 2007, Ochoa was named in ''[[France Football]]'''s list of candidates for the [[Ballon d'Or]], being one of only three players named to not play in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guillermo Ochoa es candidato para el Balón de Oro 2007 |url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/noticias/2007/10/21/memo-ochoa-candidato-al-balon-de-oro |work=MedioTiempo.com |accessdate=21 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/europa-poy07.html |title= European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or") 2007 |publisher= [[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] |date= 9 October 2008}}</ref>

Ochoa would start 2008 in impressive form, helping América win the [[2008 InterLiga|InterLiga]] tournament with excellent performances, most notably in the group match against [[Monarcas Morelia]], where he saved a late penalty kick, and América's 1–0 lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/santander-libertadores/reacciones/2008/01/13/nunca-pense-que-podriamos-perder-brailovsky_14900|title=Nunca pensé que podríamos perder: Brailovsky|work=MedioTiempo.com|language=Spanish|date=13 January 2008|accessdate=23 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212052405/http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/santander-libertadores/reacciones/2008/01/13/nunca-pense-que-podriamos-perder-brailovsky_14900|archivedate=12 December 2015}}</ref>

In the winter of 2010, there was much speculation by various sources in England as to where Ochoa would move to for the 2011–12 season. English newspaper [[Metro (British newspaper)|''Metro'']] reported [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] were keen on signing Ochoa.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/849272-guillermo-ochoa-faces-manchester-united-transfer-choice: "Guillermo Ochoa faces Manchester United transfer choice"]. Metro.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref> It was also reported by ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' Ochoa was handed a trial with [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1337185/Fulham-hand-trial-Guillermo-Ochoa-Manchester-United-circle.html |title=Fulham hand trial to Guillermo Ochoa as Manchester United are linked with £10 million-rated goalkeeper |work=Daily Mail |accessdate=10 December 2010}}</ref> This was later denied by Fulham manager [[Mark Hughes]], and Club América later issued a statement saying the deal collapsed because of conditions set by Fulham.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premier League dream still alive for keeper Ochoa despite Fulham snub |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1338482/Premier-League-dream-Mexican-Guillermo-Ochoa-despite-Fulham-snub.html |work=Daily Mail |accessdate=14 December 2010}}</ref>

Ochoa's last season with América was the [[2010–11 Primera División de México season#Clausura|Clausura 2011]],<ref>{{MedioTiempo|id=guillermo-ochoa}}</ref> which ended with a quarter-final defeat to Monarcas Morelia.<ref>[http://deportes.aollatino.com/2011/05/08/america-eliminado-de-liguilla/: "Morelia elimina al América de la Liguilla"]. Aol Latino (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2011</ref>

===Ajaccio===
====2011–12 season====
[[File:Macedo Novaes 7222.JPG|thumb|upright|Ochoa with Ajaccio in 2011]]
On 4 July 2011, Ochoa signed a three-year contract, with an additional one-year option,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frenchfootballweekly.com/2011/07/08/ajaccio%e2%80%99s-summer-transfer-coup-%e2%80%93-guillermo-ochoa/ |title=Ajaccio's Summer Transfer Coup – Guillermo Ochoa |date=8 July 2011 |publisher=Frenchfootballweekly |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328095534/http://frenchfootballweekly.com/2011/07/08/ajaccio%e2%80%99s-summer-transfer-coup-%e2%80%93-guillermo-ochoa/ |archivedate=28 March 2012 }}</ref> with French club [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]], recently promoted to [[Ligue 1]].<ref name="acj">{{cite web|url=http://www.ac-ajaccio.com/l'actu-toutes-les-actus-guillermo-ochoa-sera-demain-a-l'entrainement-!_3611.html |title=Ochoa to Ajaccio |publisher=AC Ajaccio |language=French |date=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041445/http://www.ac-ajaccio.com/l'actu-toutes-les-actus-guillermo-ochoa-sera-demain-a-l'entrainement-!_3611.html |archivedate=7 July 2011 }}</ref> He played in his first two friendlies with Ajaccio against [[FC Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] and [[Real Sociedad]], losing 1–2 and 0–4 respectively.

Ochoa made his official club debut on 5 August 2011 against [[Toulouse FC|Toulouse]], losing 0–2.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1351126&s=fra&type=story: "Ochoa debuta en la liga francesa con Ajaccio"] ''ESPNDeportes''. Retrieved 5 August 2011.</ref> On 18 and 21 December, Ajaccio won two games in a row, with Ochoa keeping two consecutive clean-sheets, his third clean-sheet in total of the season. Ochoa also contributed in 3–0 victory against [[Étoile Fréjus Saint-Raphaël]] in the [[Coupe de France]]. On 14 January 2012, he helped Ajaccio with a 2–1 victory over [[AJ Auxerre|Auxerre]], and on 21 January, he played against [[Valenciennes FC|Valenciennes]] in a 2–1 victory which put Ajaccio out of the relegation zone since the start of the season. Ajaccio won its sixth game with Ochoa in a 2–1 home win against [[Dijon FCO|Dijon]]. For the last game of the season, Ajaccio needed a win against Toulouse to escape the relegation zone. Ochoa started and played 90 minutes against Toulouse and helped Ajaccio win 2–0 to stay in Ligue 1. Ochoa finished his first season with 8 cleansheets, 43 saves and 151 blocks.<ref>[http://www.ligue1.com/joueur/ochoa-magana-francisco-guillermo: "Player profile Guillermo Ochoa (AC Ajaccio)"]. Ligue 1. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031650/http://www.ligue1.com/joueur/ochoa-magana-francisco-guillermo |date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Unfortunately he also finished the Ligue 1 season with 59 goals conceded, making him—along with [[Stade Malherbe Caen|Caen]] goalkeeper [[Alexis Thébaux]]—the most scored-on keeper of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/team/squad/_/id/2503/season/2011/league/fra.1/ac-ajaccio?cc=5901 |title=AC Ajaccio Squad Stats (French Ligue 1) – 2011–12 |publisher=Espnfc.com |date= |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref>

====2012–13 season====
On 1 July, Ajaccio club president Alain Orsoni announced Ochoa would stay for the [[2012–13 in French football|2012–13 season]] amidst rumoured interest from clubs such as [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe]] and [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]], but neither the clubs nor Ochoa's manager could come to a solid agreement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guillermo Ochoa se queda en el Ajaccio|url=http://www.sexenio.com.mx/articulo.php?id=17089|publisher=Sexenio|language=Spanish|accessdate=11 July 2012}}</ref>

On 11 August, Ochoa started and played against [[OGC Nice|Nice]] in a 1–0 away win for their first game and win for the season. On 19 August, Ochoa played in Ajaccio's 0–0 draw at home against [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]], in which he played a big part by keeping a clean sheet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ajaccio-PSG (0-0) : un point, c'est tout|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/psg-foot-paris-saint-germain/ajaccio-psg-0-0-un-point-c-est-tout-19-08-2012-2130196.php|newspaper=Le Parisien|language=French|accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref> In the third match of the season, Ochoa played 60 minutes against Valenciennes in which he had to be substituted out due to a collision with a teammate. Ajaccio lost the match 0–3.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ochoa injured in Ajaccios's loss to Valenciennes|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/ochoa-injured-ajaccios-loss-valenciennes-013900906--sow.html|work=Yahoo! Sports|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref> Ochoa finished the season with 12 clean sheets.

====2013–14 season====
Ochoa started in Ajaccio's first game of the season on 11 August 2013 against [[AS Saint-Étienne|Saint-Étienne]]. Ajaccio lost 0–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=AC Ajaccio 0-1 Saint-Etienne|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/292562|publisher=L' Equipe}}</ref> On 18 August, Ochoa played all 90 minutes against Paris Saint-Germain at the [[Parc des Princes]], with Ajaccio taking an early 1–0 advantage, though an [[Edinson Cavani]] goal in the 86th minute cost Ajaccio a famous victory, instead having to settle for a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ligue 1 - Cavani nets on debut as PSG held by Ajaccio|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/ligue-1-cavani-nets-debut-psg-held-ajaccio-183648371.html|publisher=Eurosport|accessdate=18 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821132131/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/ligue-1-cavani-nets-debut-psg-held-ajaccio-183648371.html|archivedate=21 August 2013}}</ref> Ochoa's performance was praised, with many noting the Mexican had saved 12 of PSG's 39 total shots.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Jonathan|date=12 September 2013|title=Guillermo Ochoa: An outcast on the island of Corsica|url=http://frenchfootballweekly.com/2013/09/12/guillermo-ochoa-an-outcast-on-the-island-of-corsica/|publisher=French Football Weekly|accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref>

On 18 January 2014, Ochoa played his 100th match in Europe in Ajaccio's 0–2 away loss to Nice.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marshall|first=Tom|date=19 January 2014|title=Ochoa reaches 100 games in Europe as El Tri's GK battle heats up|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ca/news/4209/mexico/2014/01/19/4556361/tom-marshall-ochoa-reaches-100-games-in-europe-as-el-tris-gk|publisher=Goal|accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref> Following a 1–2 defeat to [[SC Bastia|Bastia]] on 20 April, Ajaccio were officially relegated to [[Ligue 2]] after spending three years in the top flight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berbatov leads Monaco, Ajaccio relegated|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=france-ligue-1-2000000018/news/newsid/232/159/3/index.html|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref> Ochoa played his final match with the club on 17 May in a 1–3 defeat to Saint-Étienne. After officially announcing his departure, the club bid farewell to Ochoa in an open letter on social media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint-Etienne miss out on Champions League despite final-day win|url=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/saint-etienne/result/result-saint-etienne-miss-out-on-cl-despite-win_155592.html|publisher=Sports Mole|accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 May 2014|title=A Guillermo Ochoa: "Adios Amigo"|url=http://www.foxsportsla.com/noticias/155386|publisher=Fox Sports (in Spanish)|accessdate=20 May 2014}}</ref>

===Málaga===
====2014–15 season====
Ochoa signed a three-year contract with Spanish [[La Liga]] club [[Málaga CF|Málaga]] on 1 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malagacf.com/es/noticia/guardameta-internacional-mexicano-guillermo-ochoa-convierte-nuevo-jugador-malaga-cf/71649 |title=El guardameta internacional mexicano Guillermo Ochoa se convierte en nuevo jugador del Málaga CF |language=Spanish |trans-title=Mexican international goalkeeper Guillermo Ochoa becomes a new Málaga player |publisher=Málaga CF |date=1 August 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> Despite having participation with the club during the pre-season, Ochoa had not made any league appearances, with [[Carlos Kameni]] being manager [[Javi Gracia]]'s first-choice goalkeeper.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Marshall|first1=Tom|title=Transfer rumors: Mexico's Guillermo Ochoa looking for way out of Malaga?|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/soccer/story/2014-10-29/transfer-rumors-news-guillermo-ochoa-malaga-mexico-soccer|magazine=Sporting News|accessdate=6 November 2014}}</ref> On 3 December, Ochoa played his first competitive game for Málaga, in a 1–1 [[Copa del Rey]] draw against [[Deportivo de La Coruña]]. In the following league match against the same team, three days later, he was again back on the substitutes' bench.<ref>{{cite web|title=Memo Ochoa regresó a la banca del Málaga|url=http://www.futboltotal.com.mx/2014/12/memo-ochoa-vuelve-a-la-banca-del-malaga/|website=Futbol Total|accessdate=8 December 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115701/http://www.futboltotal.com.mx/2014/12/memo-ochoa-vuelve-a-la-banca-del-malaga/|archivedate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

By early November, media speculation linked Ochoa with a possible January transfer to [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in a £4 million deal.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Anthony|title=Liverpool ready to pay £4m asking-price for Mexico hotshot Guillermo Ochoa|url=http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/531437/Liverpool-Guillermo-Ochoa-Mexico|newspaper=[[Daily Express|Express]]|accessdate=6 November 2014}}</ref> While rumours continued to flourish, and [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] manager [[Miguel Herrera]] expressed displeasure with his first-choice goalkeeper receiving limited playing time, no move had materialized by the end of the January transfer window, with Málaga expressing they were pleased to retain Ochoa, adding the player had been "a professional".<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaga sporting director says Guillermo Ochoa staying put|url=http://www.espnfc.com/malaga/story/2257002/malaga-sporting-director-says-guillermo-ochoa-staying-put|website=ESPN FC|accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

Ochoa was ranked seventh in the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]' list of the world's best goalkeepers for 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS's World's Best Goalkeepers of the Year 2014 |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-gkoy2014.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

====2015–16 season====
On 5 March 2016, Ochoa made his debut in La Liga in Málaga's 3–3 draw with Deportivo La Coruña, replacing Carlos Kameni due to injury in the 36th minute. It was Ochoa's first league appearance in over a year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Memo Ochoa juega en liga tras un año, 9 meses, y 17 días|url=http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/futbol/espana/nota/_/id/2613072/memo-ochoa-juega-en-liga-tras-un-ano-9-meses-17-dias|website=ESPN Deportes|language=Spanish|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

====Granada (loan)====
On 22 July 2016, [[Granada CF|Granada]] announced they had acquired Ochoa on a season-long loan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ochoa, nuevo jugador del Granada CF |url=http://www.granadacf.es/noticia/ochoa-nuevo-jugador-del-granada-cf |publisher=[[Granada CF]] |language=Spanish |accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref> He made his league debut on 20 August in a 1–1 draw against [[Villareal CF|Villarreal]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Granada 1-1 Villarreal |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/granada-vs-villarreal/362695 |publisher=Sky Sports |accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref> It was reported in April 2017 that Ochoa was set to be a free agent at the end of the [[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17 season]] due to the expiry of his contract with Málaga.<ref>{{cite web|title=En Europa especulan que Ochoa volvería a Francia |url=http://www.radioformula.com.mx/notas.asp?Idn=676934&idFC=2017 |language=Spanish |work=Radio Fórmula |publisher=Grupo Fórmula |accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref>

On 13 May, Ochoa broke the record for the most goals conceded in a single La Liga season when he conceded his 79th and 80th goals in a loss to [[CA Osasuna|Osasuna]]. The record, set by [[UD Salamanca|Salamanca]] goalkeeper [[José Ignacio Aizpurúa|Ignacio Aizpurúa]] in [[1995–96 La Liga|1995–96]], had previously stood at 78 goals for a single campaign. However, Ochoa was also the goalkeeper with the most saves across the top five leagues in Europe with 162.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.as.com/en/2017/05/14/football/1494755444_563949.html|title=Granada's Ochoa breaks single season goals conceded record|website=AS|last=Miranda|first=Daniel|date=14 May 2017|accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref> He ultimately conceded 82 goals as Granada were relegated to the [[Segunda División]], having only won four matches in the season.

Ochoa played every minute of Granada's season and was voted ''Player of the Season'' by the club's fans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kwese.espn.com/football/soccer-transfers/story/3146419/mexico-goalkeeper-guillermo-ochoa-hopes-to-stay-in-la-liga|title=Mexico's Ochoa hopes to stay in La Liga|work=ESPN.com|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kwese.espn.com/football/soccer-transfers/story/3131697/mexico-goalkeeper-guillermo-ochoa-thanks-granada-fans|title=Mexico's Ochoa thanks Granada fans|work=ESPN.com|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>

===Standard Liège===
On 9 July 2017, it was announced Belgian club [[Standard Liège]] had signed Ochoa from Malága on a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oficial: Guillermo Ochoa es nuevo jugador del Standard de Lieja |url=http://www.marca.com/claro-mx/futbol/mercado-de-fichajes/2017/07/09/5962776422601d785d8b459d.html |newspaper=Marca |language=Spanish |accessdate=9 July 2017}}</ref> He became the club's first choice for the goalkeeper position and in his first season played 38 out of 40 league games including playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=43833&season_id=150|title=Guillermo Francisco Ochoa {{!}} Football Stats {{!}} Standard Liege {{!}} Season 2017/2018 {{!}} Soccer Base|website=www.soccerbase.com|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref>

The following [[2018–19 Belgian First Division A|season]], Ochoa played in every league match with Standard, including eight matches in the [[2018–19 UEFA Europa League|Europa League]], and he was named the club's Player of the Season. In May 2019, Ochoa suggested that he would leave Standard Liège.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico's Ochoa: 'Time to leave' Standard Liege |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/mexico/story/3855961/mexicos-ochoa-time-to-leave-standard-liege |publisher=ESPN FC |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Return to América===
On 5 August 2019, Club América announced the signing of Ochoa from Standard Liège. Though details of the transfer were undisclosed, it was reported that Ochoa will be the highest-paid Mexican player in the [[Liga MX]], earning US$4.4 million annually.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bourgeois |first1=Blaise |title=Guillermo Ochoa Officially Returns to America |url=https://en.onefootball.com/%F0%9F%9A%A8-guillermo-ochoa-officially-returns-to-america/ |website=Onefootball.com}}</ref>

==International career==
===2005–2010: Debut, 2006 and 2010 World Cup===
On 14 December 2005, at age 20, Ochoa made his debut for the [[Mexico national football team|Mexico national team]] in a friendly match against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]], which Mexico won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico hot on ice-cool Ochoa |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2005/m=12/news=mexico-hot-ice-cool-ochoa-12180.html |publisher=FIFA.com |accessdate=21 December 2005}}</ref> Ochoa was called-up by coach [[Ricardo La Volpe]] for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] as the third-choice goalkeeper.

After the World Cup, newly appointed manager [[Hugo Sánchez]] called Ochoa into the national side as a deputy to Mexico's then-number one, [[Oswaldo Sánchez]]. Ochoa was a part of the squad which finished runner-up at the [[2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup]]. He also played for Mexico at the [[2007 Copa América|Copa América]] that same summer, being praised for his performance in the 2–0 victory over [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]].<ref name="Doyle">{{cite news|last=Doyle |first=Paul |date=18 June 2014 |title=Mexico goalkeeper Guillermo Ochoa is a player of substance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/jun/18/world-cup-2014-mexico-hero-guillermo-ochoa |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>

Ochoa won the [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup]] with Mexico. He started in every match, including the [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final|final]] against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]].<ref name="El Paso Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_12927460|work=[[El Paso Times]]|title=Gold Cup: Mexico basks in its victory over U.S.|date=27 July 2009|accessdate=23 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150124175424/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_12927460|archivedate=24 January 2015}}</ref> He made his [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification|2010 World Cup qualification]] debut on 28 March 2009 against [[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]]. Ochoa made the final 23-man cut for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup]], but was controversially named back-up goalkeeper to veteran [[Óscar Pérez Rojas|Óscar Pérez]] by coach [[Javier Aguirre]].<ref name="Doyle" />

===2011: Gold Cup, Doping allegations===
During the [[2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup]], Ochoa—along with four other members of the Mexico national team—tested positive for the banned substance [[Clenbuterol]] and were withdrawn from the team's tournament squad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/927130/five-mexico-gold-cup-players-test-positive?cc=5901 | work=[[ESPN Soccernet]] | title=Five Mexico Players Test Positive | date=9 June 2011}}</ref> All players were later acquitted by the [[Mexican Football Federation]] and the results were blamed on contamination of meat, with the ingestion of clenbuterol considered non-intentional.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1332588&s=mex&type=story | work=[[ESPN Deportes]] Mexico | title=FMF absolvió a acusados de dopaje | date=10 July 2011}}</ref> However, the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) appealed to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] to request a ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/en/infogenerales.asp/4-3-5134-1092-4-1-1/5-0-1092-15-1-1/|title=FOOTBALL – THE CAS DISMISSES URGENT REQUEST FOR A STAY FILED BY OLYMPIAKOS VOLOU|date=17 August 2011|accessdate=18 August 2011|work=The Court of Arbitration for Sport|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927061402/http://www.tas-cas.org/en/infogenerales.asp/4-3-5134-1092-4-1-1/5-0-1092-15-1-1/|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> On 12 October 2011, WADA withdrew the request after the full file was available for them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/News-Center/Articles/WADA-withdraws-CAS-appeal-in-case-of-Mexican-footballers/|title=WADA withdraws CAS appeal in case of Mexican footballers|date=12 October 2011|accessdate=23 October 2011|work=World Anti-Doping Agency|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023121157/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/News-Center/Articles/WADA-withdraws-CAS-appeal-in-case-of-Mexican-footballers/|archivedate=23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/story/2011-10-12/mexico-soccer-doping-case-dropped/50747432/1|work=[[USA Today]]|title=Doping case dropped against Mexico soccer players|date=12 October 2011|accessdate=23 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

===2014 World Cup===
[[File:On the day of the keeper Ochoa 03.jpg|thumb|right|Ochoa in action against [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] during their [[2014 FIFA World Cup Group A#Brazil vs Mexico|group stage match]] at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.]]
On 9 May 2014, Ochoa was named in Mexico's 23-man squad for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico announce World Cup squad|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=5/news=mexico-announces-world-cup-squad-2336559.html#|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 May 2014}}</ref> He started in Mexico's opening match against [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] on 13 June, which ended in a 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite news|last=Keh|first=Andrew|title=Mexico 1, Cameroon 0: In a Downpour, Mexico Keeps Calm to Edge Cameroon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/14/sports/worldcup/world-cup-2014-mexico-secures-win-against-cameroon.html|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref> The match was Ochoa's debut in a World Cup, having been called-up for the previous two tournaments but failing to appear in a match.<ref name=not>{{cite web|title=Ochoa: We're not nervous about facing Brazil|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=ochoa-we-re-not-nervous-about-facing-brazil-2370290.html|quote=Thirteen is anything but unlucky for Guillermo Ochoa. Born on the 13th of July and the wearer of the No13 jersey, the Mexico goalkeeper now has another reason to regard the number with affection. Today, on Friday 13 June, he finally made his FIFA World Cup debut.|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref>

On 17 June, in the second group stage match against hosts [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], Ochoa made four notable saves,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/brazil-vs-mexico/1220072/report|title=Brazil 0-0 Mexico: Seleccao held in stalemate|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25285134|title=Brazil 0–0 Mexico|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=BBC Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=ochoa-excels-as-mexico-hold-brazil-2374543.html|title=Ochoa excels as Mexico hold Brazil|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref> including one following a powerful header from [[Neymar]] that helped secure a 0–0 draw,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=255931/match=300186509/index.html#nosticky|title=Brazil 0–0 Mexico|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref> immediately drawing comparisons to [[Gordon Banks#1970 World Cup|Gordon Banks' famed 1970 World Cup save against Pelé]].<ref name="Unconvincing">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25285134|title=Brazil produced an unconvincing display as Mexico held them to a goalless draw with an outstanding performance by goalkeeper Guillermo Ochoa|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=BBC Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/worldcup2014/article-2660684/Guillermo-Ochoa-does-Gordon-Banks-deny-Neymar-Co-Mexico-battle-0-0-draw-Brazil-World-Cup.html#ixzz34zLnsbnR|title=Guillermo Ochoa does a Gordon Banks to deny Neymar and Co as Mexico battle to a goalless draw with Brazil at the World Cup |date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]}}</ref> Ochoa was named [[man of the match]],<ref name="Unconvincing" /> earning praise from many, including Brazilian head coach [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espnfc.com/fifa-world-cup/story/1889611/brazil-boss-luiz-felipe-scolari-full-of-praise-for-guillermo-ochoa-display|title=Scolari full of praise for Ochoa display|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ochoa himself commented on his performance, saying, "It was the match of my life. To do it in a World Cup, in front of all the fans, it's incredible."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/acrobatic-ochoa-heart-fortress-mexico-24184985|title=Acrobatic Ochoa at the Heart of Fortress Mexico|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014|publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

Ochoa conceded one goal in the group stage, in the 3–1 victory against [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]] that qualified Mexico for the round-of-16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/06/24/even-ruining-mexico-star-guillermo-ochoas-world-cup-clean-sheet-record-failed-to-save-croatia-4774021/|title=Even ruining Mexico star Guillermo Ochoa's World Cup clean sheet record failed to save Croatia|author=Coles, Rebecca|work=Metro|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=25 June 2014}}</ref> Ochoa started in Mexico's [[2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Netherlands vs Mexico|knock-out match]] against the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]], in which he made several crucial saves to hold on to Mexico's 1–0 advantage. However, the Dutch ultimately won 2–1 through a penalty scored in the 91st minute.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27961190|title= Netherlands 2-1 Mexico|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|publisher=BBC Sports}}</ref> Ochoa's performance was praised, and he was named man of the match for a [[List of 2014 FIFA World Cup Man of the match|second time]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/316178/report|title= World Cup: Holland defeat Mexico with two late goals to reach quarter-finals|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/29/holland-mexico-world-cup-2014-last-16-match-report|title=Holland come from behind to snatch last-gasp victory against Mexico|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

===2018 World Cup===
[[File:Ger-Mex (12).jpg|thumb|upright|Ochoa celebrating against [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].]]
In May 2018, Ochoa was named in the squad for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]].<ref>http://www.goal.com/en-gb/amp/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb</ref> In Mexico's opener against [[Germany national football team|Germany]], Ochoa made a total of nine saves, notably pushing a goal-bound [[Toni Kroos]] free-kick onto the crossbar, and ultimately securing a cleansheet in the 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mexico takes over World Cup with 1-0 victory over reigning champion Germany |url= http://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-world-cup-mexico-germany-20180617-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref> He went on to play in all four of Mexico's games, making a total of 25 saves, more than any other goalkeeper in the tournament with the exception of [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]'s [[Thibaut Courtois]], who managed 27 saves in seven games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/statistics/players/saves|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ - FIFA.com|last=FIFA.com|website=www.fifa.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>

===2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup===
Ochoa was included in [[Tata Martino]]'s preliminary roster for the [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Martino Announces Mexico Preliminary Gold Cup Squad; Vela, Chicharito, Herrera, Corona left out|url=https://www.fmfstateofmind.com/2019/5/14/18534851/mexico-el-tri-concacaf-gold-cup-copa-oro-squad-final-list-preliminary-corona-vela-chicharito-herrera|work=Fmfstateofmind.com|first=Antonio|last=Tinajero|date=14 May 2019}}</ref> and was subsequently included in the final list.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico unveil final Gold Cup roster; Edson Alvarez doubtful|url=https://www.fmfstateofmind.com/2019/6/5/18654884/mexico-unveil-final-gold-cup-roster-edson-alvarez-doubtful|publisher=Fmfstateofmind.com|date=5 June 2019|first=Rafael|last=Diaz}}</ref> In the quarterfinal match against [[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]], Ochoa proved to be decisive as he contributed to various saves to send the game tied 1–1 game to a [[Penalty shoot-out (association_football)|penalty shoot-out]], where he also made the critical stop in the shooutout to send Mexico to the semifinal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico GK Ochoa details shootout heroics: “The adrenalin is at a maximum”|url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/mexico-gk-ochoa-details-shootout-heroics-the-adrenalin-is-at-a-maximum|work=Goldcup.org|date=30 June 2019|}}</ref> His contributions won him the ''Man of the Match'' award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guillermo Ochoa, nombrado el Mejor Jugador del Partido|url=https://www.marca.com/claro-mx/futbol/seleccion-mx/2019/06/30/5d184a4746163fc12a8b456d.html|work=Marca|date=30 June 2019}}</ref> As Mexico defeated the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] in the [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final|final]], he was included in the tournament's Best XI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/awards/2019-concacaf-gold-cup-best-xi|title=2019 Concacaf Gold Cup - Best XI|website=goldcup.org|date=7 July 2019|accessdate=8 July 2019}}</ref> along with winning the Golden Glove Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/allstate/2019-concacaf-gold-cup-golden-glove|title=2019 Concacaf Gold Cup Golden Glove|website=goldcup.org|date=7 July 2019|accessdate=8 July 2019}}</ref>

==Style of play==
Karla Villegas Gamas of ''[[Bleacher Report]]'' has described him "proven to be a save keeper, with confidence and leadership. Despite [then] being 28 years old, Ochoa knows how to organize the defense and push his teammates toward perfection; it's no wonder why he wore El Tri's captain armband last March [2013]. His experience is vast, and that is why he knows how to handle pressure. ''Paco Memo'' has played in some of the most important tournaments in world football, such as the Confederations Cup, Gold Cup and Copa America. Ochoa’s aerial game is enviable. He can catch a cross or a shot, but he can also deflect them with high dives with the top hand and punches. But those are not his only assets. His reflexes are so sharp that he can perform a collapse dive with one hand with ease, even if he has just rejected a shot. When the rivals made it past the defense, Ochoa knows how to work inside the box to cover his goal as much as possible by narrowing the angle."<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Guillermo Ochoa Should Start in Mexico's World Cup Opener in Brazil|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1953395-why-guillermo-ochoa-should-start-in-mexicos-world-cup-opener-in-brazil|work=Bleacher Report|first=Karla|last=Villegas Gama|date=8 February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2018}}</ref>

Ochoa has cited [[Peter Schmeichel]] as an influence on his playing style.<ref name="Doyle"/>

==Personal life==
In 2005, Ochoa dated Mexican actress, singer and songwriter [[Dulce María]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/616445.html|title=Novio desconoce si Dulce María lo engañó con Memo Ochoa|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|language=Spanish|date=9 August 2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|publisher=Grupo Diarios América}}</ref> The pair split a year later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=854594 |work=Univision.com |title=Pair splits |language=Spanish |accessdate=9 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313122307/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=854594 |archivedate=13 March 2008 }}</ref>

After his move to France, Ochoa began dating Mexican model Karla Mora. On 8 February 2013, the couple gave birth to a girl, Lucciana, in [[Corsica]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Por Agencias |url=http://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/guillermo-memo-ochoa-presume-a-su-hija-lucciana-1369876347 |title=Guillermo 'Memo' Ochoa presume a su hija Lucciana [Guillermo Ochoa] - 29/05/2013 | Periódico Zócalo |publisher=Zocalo.com.mx |date=29 May 2013 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> The couple welcomed their second child, a son, on 1 April 2015, one day after Ochoa's national team teammate [[Andrés Guardado]]'s son was born.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com.mx/news/story/_/id/2336041/guillermo-ochoa-presume-que-se-convierte-en-papa-por-segunda-vez|work=ESPNDeportes.com|title=Guillermo Ochoa presume que se convierte en papá por segunda vez|language=Spanish|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> They were married in [[Ibiza]], Spain on 8 July 2017.<ref>https://www.gettyimages.com/event/guillermo-ochoa-and-karla-mora-get-married-un-ibiza-775004315</ref> The couple's second daughter was born in May 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nace el tercer bebé de Guillermo Ochoa |url=https://www.milenio.com/deportes/extra-cancha/nace-el-tercer-bebe-de-guillermo-ochoa |newspaper=Milenio |language=Spanish |accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref>

Ochoa plays internationally with shirt number 13. The number is reference to his birthday which is on 13 July.<ref name=not/>

He has appeared on the North American front cover of the FIFA games, ''[[FIFA 08]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=EA Reveals FIFA 08 Cover Athletes|url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/pr/14189/ea-reveals-fifa-08-cover-athletes|work=Nintedoworldreport.com|date=7 August 2007|accessdate=25 September 2018}}</ref> and ''[[FIFA 09]]''.<ref>{{citeweb|title=MAURICE EDU, RONALDINHO, GUILLERMO OCHOA FIFA 09 COVER ATHLETES|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/05/maurice-edu-ronaldinho-guillermo-ochoa-fifa-09-cover-athletes|work=IGN|first=Bill|last=Barnwell|date=5 August 2008|accessdate=25 September 2018}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|29 May 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Soccerway profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/francisco-guillermo-ochoa-magana/413/|publisher=us.soccerway.com|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ligue1.com/joueur/ochoa-magana-francisco-guillermo |title= Guillermo Ochoa stats |publisher= ligue1.com |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scores.nbcsports.msnbc.com/fran/players.asp?player=23252 |title= Guillermo Ochoa Ajaccio stats |publisher= nbcsports.msnbc.com |accessdate= 8 January 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="9" valign="center"|[[Club América|América]]
|2003–04
|rowspan="8" valign="center"|[[Primera División de México|Primera División]]
|12||0||colspan="6"| ''—''||12||0
|-
|2004–05
|25||0||colspan="6"| ''—''||25||0
|-
|2005–06
|28||0||colspan="6"| ''—''||28||0
|-
|2006–07
|32||0||colspan="6"| ''—''||32||0
|-
|2007–08
|24||0||colspan="6"| ''—''||24||0
|-
|2008–09
|32||0||3||0||colspan="4"| ''—''||35||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Mexican Primera División season|2009–10]]
|28||0||4||0||colspan="4"| ''—''||32||0
|-
|[[2010–11 Mexican Primera División season|2010–11]]
|38||0||colspan="6"| ''—''||38||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!219!!0!!7!!0!!colspan="4"| ''—''!!226!!0
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="center"|[[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]]
|[[2011–12 Ligue 1|2011–12]]
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[Ligue 1]]
|37||0||2||0||colspan="4"| ''—''||39||0
|-
|[[2012–13 Ligue 1|2012–13]]
|38||0||1||0||colspan="4"| ''—''||39||0
|-
|[[2013–14 Ligue 1|2013–14]]
|37||0||1||0||colspan="4"| ''—''||38||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!112!!0!!4!!0!!colspan="4"| ''—''!!116!!0
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[Málaga CF|Málaga]]
|[[2014–15 La Liga|2014–15]]
|rowspan="2" valign="center"|[[La Liga]]
|0||0||6||0||colspan="4"|—|||6||0
|-
|[[2015–16 La Liga|2015–16]]
|11||0||2||0||colspan="4"|—||13||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!11!!0!!8!!0!!colspan="4"| ''—''!!19!!0
|-
|valign="center"|[[Granada CF|Granada]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17]]
|rowspan="1" valign="center"|[[La Liga]]
|38||0||1||0||colspan="4"|—|||39||0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Standard Liège]]
|[[2017–18 Belgian First Division A|2017–18]]
|rowspan="2" valign="center"|[[Belgian First Division A]]
|38||0||0||0||colspan="4"|—||38||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Belgian First Division A|2018–19]]
||40||0||0||0||8||0||colspan="2"|—||48||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!78!!0!!0!!0!!8!!0!!0!!0!!86!!0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!458!!0!!20!!0!!8!!0!!0!!0!!476!!0
|}

===International===
{{updated|2 July 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9727/Guillermo_Ochoa.html|title=Guillermo Ochoa – National Football Teams|website=National Football Teams|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | [[Mexico national football team|Mexico national team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||13||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||16||0
|-
|2010||8||0
|-
|2011||6||0
|-
|2012||3||0
|-
|2013||5||0
|-
|2014||11||0
|-
|2015||8||0
|-
|2016||5||0
|-
|2017||12||0
|-
|2018||9||0
|-
|2019||7||0
|-
!Total||107||0
|}

==Honours==
'''América'''
* [[Primera División de México|Primera División]]: [[Primera División de México Clausura 2005|Clausura 2005]]<ref name="MedioTiempo.com"/>
* [[Campeón de Campeones]]: [[2005 Campeón de Campeones|2005]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[CONCACAF Champions' Cup]]: [[2006 CONCACAF Champions' Cup|2006]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/noticias/2006/03/29/america-2-0-0-1-alajuelense-aguilas-sin-gol-a-la-final|title=América (2)0-0(1) Alajuelense... Águilas, sin gol, a la Final|work=MedioTiempo.com|language=Spanish|date=29 March 2006|accessdate=23 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clubamerica.com.mx/america-campeon-de-concacaf-2006|title= América Campeón de CONCACAF 2006|work=ClubAmerica.com|language=Spanish|date=19 April 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[InterLiga]]: [[2008 InterLiga|2008]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/santander-libertadores/reacciones/2008/01/13/nunca-pense-que-podriamos-perder-brailovsky_14900|title=Nunca pensé que podríamos perder: Brailovsky|work=MedioTiempo.com|language=Spanish|date=13 January 2008|accessdate=23 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212052405/http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/santander-libertadores/reacciones/2008/01/13/nunca-pense-que-podriamos-perder-brailovsky_14900|archivedate=12 December 2015}}</ref>

'''Standard Liège'''
* [[Belgian Cup]]: [[2018 Belgian Cup Final|2017–18]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Guillermo Ochoa es campeón en Bélgica |url= http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/universal-deportes/futbol/guillermo-ochoa-es-campeon-en-belgica |newspaper=El Universal |language=Spanish |accessdate=17 March 2018}}</ref>

'''Mexico'''
* [[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]: [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2009]], [[2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2011]], [[2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2015]], [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2019]]<ref name="El Paso Times"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/story/2011-10-12/mexico-soccer-doping-case-dropped/50747432/1|work=[[USA Today]]|title=Doping case dropped against Mexico soccer players|language=|date=12 October 2011|accessdate=23 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* CONCACAF Gold Cup All-Tournament Team: [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup#All-Tournament Team|2009]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=2009 All-Tournament Team |publisher=[[CONCACAF]] |url=http://www.goldcup.org/page/GoldCup/AwardsDetail/0,,12802~1678604,00.html |date=26 July 2009 |accessdate=27 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626034857/http://www.goldcup.org/page/GoldCup/AwardsDetail/0%2C%2C12802~1678604%2C00.html |archivedate=26 June 2009 }}</ref>
* Standard Liège Player of the Season: 2018–19<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/mexico/story/3855961/mexicos-ochoa-time-to-leave-standard-liege|title=Mexico's Ochoa: 'Time to leave' Standard Liege|publisher=ESPN|date=17 May 2019|accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
* CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Glove Award: [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup#Awards|2019]]
* CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup#Best XI|2019]]

==See also==
*[[List of footballers with 100 or more caps]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Francisco Guillermo Ochoa}}
*{{NFT player|pid=9727}}
*{{FIFA player|215285}}

{{Club América squad}}
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{{CONCACAF Gold Cup awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ochoa, Guillermo}}
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Venezuelan presidential crisis

2019-05-01T05:57:55Z

Ravave: /* 30 April uprising */ Correcting his name

{{current|date=April 2019}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{short description|Ongoing political crisis in Venezuela}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
|title=2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
|partof=the [[Crisis in Venezuela]]
|image={{Photomontage
|photo1a=Juan Guaidó in Group of Lima 2019 collage crop.jpg
|photo1b=Nicolás Maduro, president of Venezuela (2016) cropped.jpg
|position=center
|size=300
|spacing=2
|color=black
|border=1
|color_border=black
}}
|caption=[[Juan Guaidó]] (left), [[Nicolás Maduro]] (right)
|date={{Start date|2019|1|10|df=y}} – ongoing ({{Age in years, months and days|year= 2019|month= 1|day= 10}})
|place= [[Venezuela]]
|coordinates=
|causes=
*Disputed results of the [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]]<ref name="BriefingNYT">{{cite news |title= Climate Change, U.S. Shutdown, Michael Cohen: Your Friday Briefing |author= Bullock, Penn |work= New York Times (Online) |date= 10 January 2019 |via=ProQuest |quote= President Nicolás Maduro was inaugurated for a second term after an election last year that was widely considered illegitimate — and despite a plummeting economy and skyrocketing violence, hunger and migration.}} Also available [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/briefing/climate-change-us-shutdown-michael-cohen-your-friday-briefing.html online.]</ref>
*National Assembly declared Maduro illegitimate on the day of [[Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro|his second inauguration]], citing the 1999 [[Constitution of Venezuela]]<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46952641|title=El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente|accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref>
*Guaidó swears oath as Acting President on 23 January.<ref name=GuaidoSwears>{{cite web|url= https://edition.cnn.com/americas/live-news/venezuela-protests-2019/index.html|title=National Assembly President Juan Guaido swears himself in as President of Venezuela|website=CNN|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref>
|goals=
|methods=[[2019 Venezuelan protests|Protests]], support campaigns, foreign diplomatic pressure and sanctions
|status=Ongoing
|result=
|side2={{center|'''Incumbent government'''}}
*[[File:Logo of the 2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela.png|25px]] [[2017 Constituent National Assembly|Constituent National Assembly]]
*[[File:Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (Venezuela) logo.png|25px]] [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)|Supreme Tribunal of Justice]]
*[[File:CNE logo.svg|25px]] [[National Electoral Council (Venezuela)|National Electoral Council]]
----
*[[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis#Maduro presidency|International support]]
|side1={{center|'''Transitional government'''}}
*[[File:Logo Asamblea Nacional.svg|25px]] [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]]
*[[File:Supreme Tribunal of Justice in Exile logo.png|25px]] [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile|Supreme Tribunal of Justice in exile]]
----
*[[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis#Guaidó acting presidency|International support]] ([[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis#Support of National Assembly|including National Assembly]])
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| sidebox={{Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela short}}}}

A crisis concerning who is the legitimate [[President of Venezuela]] has been underway since 10 January 2019, when the opposition-majority [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] declared that incumbent [[Nicolás Maduro]]'s [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election|2018 reelection]] was invalid and the body declared its president, [[Juan Guaidó]], to be [[acting president]] of the nation.

The process and results of the May [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]] were widely disputed.<ref name="BriefingNYT"/> The National Assembly declared Maduro illegitimate on the day of his second inauguration, citing the 1999 [[Constitution of Venezuela]] enacted under [[Hugo Chávez]], Maduro's predecessor; in response, the pro-Maduro [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)|Supreme Tribunal of Justice]] said the National Assembly's declaration was unconstitutional.<ref name="bbc.com"/>

Minutes after Maduro took the oath as president of Venezuela, the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections.<ref name=":3" /> Special meetings of the OAS on 24 January and in the [[United Nations Security Council]] on 26 January were held but no consensus was reached. [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[António Guterres]] called for dialogue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1031382|title=UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis|accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref>

Maduro's government states that the crisis is a "[[coup d'état]] led by the United States to topple him and control [[Oil reserves in Venezuela|the country's oil reserves]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=12708|title=Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano|publisher=presidencia.gob.ve|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-maduro-afirma-petroleo-principal-motivo-presion-eeuu-contra-venezuela-20190130061636.html|title=Maduro afirma que el petróleo es el principal motivo de la presión de EEUU contra Venezuela|publisher=Europa Press|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Guaidó denies the coup allegations, saying peaceful volunteers back his movement.<ref name= ReadyDie>{{cite news |url= https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/18/i-m-ready-to-die-for-my-country-s-future-juan-guaido-tells-euronews |work= Euronews |title= 'I'm ready to die for my country's future,' Juan Guaido tells Euronews |author= Borges, Anelise |date= 18 February 2019 |accessdate= 18 February 2019}}</ref> As of March 2019, Guaidó has been [[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis#RecognitionMG|recognized as the interim president of Venezuela]] by 54 countries,<ref name= Diseases>{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-diseases-health-system-measles-collapse-maduro-a8854586.html |title= Diseases surge in Venezuela under health system in ‘utter collapse’, report says |last= DeYoung|first=Karen |work= The Independent |date= 4 April 2019 |accessdate= 5 April 2019}}</ref> including the United States and most nations of Latin America and Europe.<ref name=HowNation/> Internationally, support has followed usual geopolitical lines: Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba support Maduro, while the United States, Canada, and most of Western Europe support Guaidó as interim president.<ref name= FamiliarGeo/>


== Background ==
{{see also|Crisis in Venezuela|2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis|2017 Venezuelan protests}}

Since 2010, Venezuela has been suffering a socioeconomic crisis under [[Nicolás Maduro]] (and briefly under his predecessor, [[Hugo Chávez]]), as rampant [[Crime in Venezuela|crime]], [[hyperinflation]] and [[Shortages in Venezuela|shortages]] diminish the quality of life.<ref name= SecondDay>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/world/americas/venezuela-blackout-power.html |work= New York Times | title= Venezuela blackout, in 2nd day, threatens food supplies and patient lives |date= 8 March 2019 |accessdate= 18 March 2019 |quote= The Maduro administration has been responsible for grossly mismanaging the economy and plunging the country into a deep humanitarian crisis in which many people lack food and medical care. He has also attempted to crush the opposition by jailing or exiling critics, and using lethal force against antigovernment protesters.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable |author = Kevin Voigt |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezuela-chavez-oil-economy/ |publisher = CNN |date = 6 March 2013 |accessdate = 6 March 2013 }} * {{cite news |author= Corrales, Javier |title = The House That Chavez Built |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/07/the-house-that-chavez-built/ |accessdate = 6 February 2015 |work = [[Foreign Policy]] |date = 7 March 2013 }} * {{cite news |author = Siegel, Robert |title = For Venezuela, Drop In Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic |url = https://www.npr.org/2014/12/25/373128433/for-venezuela-drop-in-global-oil-prices-could-be-catastrophic |accessdate = 4 January 2015 |publisher = [[NPR]] |date = 25 December 2014 }} * {{cite news|author=Lansberg-Rodríguez, Daniel|title=Coup Fatigue in Caracas|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/15/coup-fatigue-in-caracas-venezuela-maduro/|accessdate=10 July 2015|agency=''[[Foreign Policy]]''|date=15 March 2015}} * {{cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/node/21526365 |accessdate=23 February 2014|title=Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies|work = [[The Economist]]|date=20 August 2011}}</ref> As a result of discontent with the government, the opposition was elected to hold the majority in the [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] for the first time since 1999 following the [[2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election|2015 parliamentary election]].<ref name="NYTmuzzle">{{cite news |last1 = Casey |first1 = Nicholas |last2 = Torres |first2 = Patricia |title = Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html|accessdate = 31 March 2017 |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = 30 March 2017 |page=A1 }}</ref> After the election, the [[Lame duck (politics)|lame duck]] National Assembly—consisting of [[Bolivarianism|Bolivarian]] officials—filled the [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)|Supreme Tribunal of Justice]], the highest court in Venezuela, with Maduro allies.<ref name="NYTmuzzle"/><ref>{{cite news |title = Venezuela’s Lame-Duck Congress Names New Supreme Court Justices |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-23/venezuela-s-lame-duck-congress-names-new-supreme-court-justices |accessdate = 31 March 2017 |work = Bloomberg |date = 23 December 2015}}</ref> The tribunal stripped three opposition lawmakers of their National Assembly seats in early 2016, citing alleged "irregularities" in their elections, thereby preventing an opposition [[supermajority]] which would have been able to challenge President Maduro.<ref name="NYTmuzzle"/>

In January 2016, the National Assembly declared a "health humanitarian crisis" given the "serious shortage of medicines, medical supplies and deterioration of humanitarian infrastructure", asking Maduro's government to "guarantee immediate access to the list of essential medicines that are basic and indispensable and that must be accessible at all times".<ref name=ANDeclara>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/01/160125_venezuela_crisis_humanitaria_medicinas|title=Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela declara "crisis humanitaria de salud" por escasez de medicamentos|date=27 January 2016|accessdate=20 February 2019|agency=BBC|language=Spanish}}</ref>

{{external media
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The tribunal approved several actions by Maduro and granted him more powers in 2017.<ref name="NYTmuzzle" /> As protests mounted against Maduro, he called for a [[constituent assembly]] that would draft a new constitution to replace the [[Constitution of Venezuela|1999 Venezuela Constitution]] created under Chávez.<ref name="USAmay">{{cite news|title=Venezuela's embattled socialist president calls for citizens congress, new constitution|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/05/01/maduro-citizens-congress/101175468/|accessdate=1 May 2017|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=1 May 2017}}</ref> Many countries considered these actions a bid by Maduro to stay in power indefinitely,<ref name="suspended">{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-mercosur-idUSKBN1AL0IB|title= Mercosur suspends Venezuela, urges immediate transition|author= Silvio Cascione|date= 5 August 2017|website= Reuters.com|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref> and over 40 countries stated that they would not recognize the [[2017 Constituent National Assembly]] (ANC).<ref name="40nos">{{cite news|url=http://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/07/31/la-lista-de-los-40-paises-democraticos-que-hasta-el-momento-desconocieron-la-asamblea-constituyente-de-venezuela/|title=La lista de los 40 países democráticos que hasta el momento desconocieron la Asamblea Constituyente de Venezuela|date=31 July 2017|work=[[Infobae]]|accessdate=1 August 2017|language=es-LA}}</ref><ref name="VoteRigging">{{cite news|title=Venezuela: New assembly leader warns 'justice will come'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/04/americas/venezuela-assembly-first-day/index.html|date=4 August 2017|accessdate=19 August 2017}} {{cite news|title=As Venezuela unrest spreads, Maduro presses on with plans to rewrite charter|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKBN18J320|accessdate=24 May 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=24 May 2017}} {{cite news|title=Venezuelan gov't proposes constitutional assembly election on July 30|url=http://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/venezuelan-gov-t-proposes-constitutional-assembly-election-on-july-30/50000262-3286879|accessdate=6 June 2017|work=[[EFE]]|date=4 June 2017}} {{cite news|title=40 countries protest Venezuela's new assembly amid fraud accusations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/02/venezuela-voting-fraud-corruption-allegations-protests|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Democratic Unity Roundtable]]—the opposition to the incumbent ruling party—boycotted the election, saying that the ANC was "a trick to keep [the incumbent ruling party] in power".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKBN18424I|title=Venezuela opposition boycotts meeting on Maduro assembly, clashes rage|date=8 April 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Since the opposition did not participate in the election, the incumbent [[Great Patriotic Pole]], dominated by the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]], won almost all seats in the assembly by default.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mogollon|first1=Mery|last2=Kraul|first2=Chris|title=As Venezuelan election nears, more upheaval and cries of fraud|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-venezuela-constitution-20170730-htmlstory.html|accessdate=30 July 2017|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=29 July 2017}} * {{cite news|title=What are Venezuelans voting for and why is it so divisive?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40704184|accessdate=30 July 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=30 July 2017}} * {{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/venezuela-politics-idINKBN1AE0JM|title=Venezuelan opposition promises new tactics after Sunday's vote|author=Bronstein, Hugh|work=Reuters India|date= 29 July 2017 |access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> On 8 August 2017, the ANC declared itself to be the government branch with supreme power in Venezuela, banning the opposition-led National Assembly from performing actions that would interfere with the assembly while continuing to pass measures in "support and solidarity" with President Maduro, effectively stripping the National Assembly of all its powers.<ref>{{cite news|author=Goodman, Joshua and Fabiola Sanchez |title=New Venezuela assembly declares itself superior government branch|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-venezuela-political-assembly-20170808-story.html|accessdate=9 August 2017|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

Maduro disavowed the National Assembly in 2017;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46821653|title=Venezuela's Maduro begins second term|date=10 January 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110231014/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46821653|archive-date=10 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/30/americas/venezuela-dissolves-national-assembly/index.html |work= CNN |title= Venezuela's high court dissolves National Assembly |author= Romo, Rafael |date= 30 March 2017 |accessdate= 8 April 2019}}</ref> as of 2018, some considered the National Assembly the only "legitimate" institution left in the country,{{Efn|Sources reporting on claims of the National Assembly being the "only democratically elected" or "only legitimate" political body in Venezuela include: ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/839b90f8-15d4-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e|title=Venezuela's opposition vows to help end Maduro's rule|last=Long|first=Gideon|date=13 January 2019|website=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=15 January 2019|quote=... the National Assembly is the only democratically elected institution left in the country ...}}</ref> the [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47009301|title=Venezuela crisis: Guaido rejects talks with Maduro|website=BBC News|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/russia-china-block-us-push-for-u-n-to-back-venezuelas-juan-guaido/articleshow/67703648.cms|title=Russia, China block US push for UN to back Venezuela's Juan Guaidó|website=Economic Times|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[CTV Television Network|CTV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/freeland-says-venezuela-s-maduro-regime-is-now-fully-entrenched-as-a-dictatorship-1.4248589|title=Freeland says Venezuela's Maduro regime is now fully entrenched as a dictatorship|website=CTV|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> ''[[Business Times (China)|Business Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.businesstimes.cn/articles/107088/20190129/russia-china-greece-supports-maduro-regime.htm|title=Russia, China, Greece supports Maduro regime|website=Business Times|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[Reuters]] agency,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/world/reuters-us-pushes-un-security-council-to-back-venezuelas-guaido.html|title=Reuters: US pushes UN Security Council to back Venezuela's Guaidó|website=Kyiv Post|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/singh-ndp-liberals-venezuela-1.4991913|title=Singh calls on Trudeau to part ways with US, Brazil on Venezuela crisis|website=CBC News|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> etc.}} and human rights organizations said there were no independent institutional checks on presidential power.{{Efn|On unchecked power of the executive: Human Rights Watch 2018 report,<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/venezuela
|title= Venezuela: Events of 2018
|publisher= Human Rights Watch
|accessdate= 4 February 2019
|quote= No independent government institutions remain today in Venezuela to act as a check on executive power. A series of measures by the Maduro and Chávez governments stacked the courts with judges who make no pretense of independence. The government has been repressing dissent through often-violent crackdowns on street protests, jailing opponents, and prosecuting civilians in military courts. It has also stripped power from the opposition-led legislature. ...In 2017, President Maduro convened a 'Constituent Assembly' by presidential decree, despite a constitutional requirement that a public referendum be held before any effort to rewrite the Constitution. The assembly is made up exclusively of government supporters chosen through an election that Smartmatic, a British company hired by the government to verify the results, called fraudulent. The Constituent Assembly has, in practice, replaced the opposition-led National Assembly as the country’s legislative branch.}}</ref> Human Rights Watch 2017 report,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/venezuela |title= Venezuela: Events of 2017 |publisher= Human Rights Watch |accessdate= 4 February 2019 |quote= The Venezuelan government has jailed political opponents and disqualified them from running for office. At time of writing, more than 340 political prisoners were languishing in Venezuelan prisons or intelligence services headquarters, according to the Penal Forum, a Venezuelan network of pro-bono criminal defense lawyers. ...In mid-2017, the Supreme Court sentenced five opposition mayors, after summary proceedings that violated international norms of due process, to 15 months in prison and disqualified them from running for office.}}</ref> Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/venezuela/report-venezuela/ |title= Venezuela 2017–2018 |publisher= Amnesty International |accessdate= 4 February 2019 |quote= The judicial system continued to be used to silence dissidents, including using military jurisdiction to prosecute civilians. The justice system continued to be subject to government interference, especially in cases involving people critical of the government or those who were considered to be acting against the interests of the authorities. The Bolivarian National Intelligence Service continued to ignore court decisions to transfer and release people in its custody.}}</ref> and Amnesty International on opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/08/venezuela-wave-of-arrests-as-government-turns-against-elected-opposition/ |title= Wave of arrests as government turns against elected opposition |publisher= Amnesty International |date= 11 August 2017|accessdate= 4 February 2019 |quote= The arrest of four officials from the opposition in Venezuela, the removal from office of a further 11 and the issuing of arrest warrants against another five, demonstrates the Maduro administration’s tightening stranglehold on any form of dissent, taking repression to a frightening new level, said Amnesty International.}}</ref>
}}

=== 2018 election and calls for transitional government ===
{{Main|2018 Venezuelan presidential election}}

In February 2018, Maduro called for presidential elections four months before the prescribed date.<ref name="BBCweighs">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42984448|title=Venezuela opposition weighs election run|date=8 February 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=8 February 2018}}</ref> He was declared the winner in May 2018 after multiple major opposition parties were banned from participating, among other irregularities; many said the elections were invalid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/gobierno/anc-aprobo-decreto-para-validacion-los-partidos-politicos_216253|title=ANC aprobó un decreto para la validación de los partidos políticos|date=20 December 2017|website=El Nacional}} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46805683|title=Por qué es polémico que Maduro jure como presidente de Venezuela y por qué lo hace ahora si las elecciones fueron en mayo|last=Olmo (@BBCgolmo)|first=Guillermo D.|date=10 January 2019|work=BBC News Mundo|access-date=11 January 2019}} * {{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/maduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales/|title=Maduro gana con la abstención histórica más alta en comicios presidenciales - Efecto Cocuyo|website=efectococuyo.com|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221101748/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/maduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales/|archive-date=21 December 2018|dead-url=no}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42304594|title=Venezuela opposition banned from running in 2018 election|date=11 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Politicians both internally and internationally said Maduro was not legitimately elected,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election|title=Venezuela's Sham Election|last=Sen|first=Ashish Kumar|website=Atlantic Council|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118135833/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election|archive-date=18 November 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> and considered him an ineffective dictator.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corrales|first1=Javier|title=Venezuela's Odd Transition to Dictatorship|url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/venezuelas-odd-transition-dictatorship|work=[[Americas Quarterly]]|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103221/http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/venezuelas-odd-transition-dictatorship|archive-date=20 December 2016|dead-url=no}} * {{cite news|last1=Brodzinsky|first1=Sibylla|title=Venezuelans warn of 'dictatorship' after officials block bid to recall Maduro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/21/venezuela-president-maduro-recall-referendum|access-date=10 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209230102/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/21/venezuela-president-maduro-recall-referendum|archive-date=9 December 2016|dead-url=no}} * {{cite news|title=Almagro: Maduro se transforma en dictador por negarles a venezolanos derecho a decidir su futuro|url=http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/08/23/almagro-maduro-se-transforma-en-dictador-por-negarle-a-venezolanos-derecho-a-decidir-su-futuro/#0|access-date=10 December 2016|work=[[CNN en Español]]|date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135042/http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/08/23/almagro-maduro-se-transforma-en-dictador-por-negarle-a-venezolanos-derecho-a-decidir-su-futuro/|archive-date=20 December 2016|dead-url=no}}</ref> In the months leading up to his 10 January 2019 inauguration, Maduro was pressured to step down by nations and bodies including the [[Lima Group]] (excluding Mexico), the United States, and the [[Organization of American States|OAS]]; this pressure was increased after the new [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly of Venezuela]] was sworn in on 5 January 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e|title=Venezuela Swears in an illegitimate President|website=Financial Times|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html|title=Venezuela Is in Crisis. So How Did Maduro Secure a Second Term?|last=Herrero|first=Ana Vanessa|date=10 January 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=11 January 2019|last2=Specia|first2=Megan|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111012015/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html|archive-date=11 January 2019|dead-url=no}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/peru-paraguay-recall-diplomats-maduro-inauguration-190110180310100.html|title=Peru, Paraguay recall diplomats over Maduro inauguration {{!}} Venezuela News|website=Aljazeera.com|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110232447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/peru-paraguay-recall-diplomats-maduro-inauguration-190110180310100.html|archive-date=10 January 2019|dead-url=no}}</ref> Between the May 2018 presidential election and Maduro's inauguration, there were calls to establish a transitional government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article219161250.html|title=¿Dónde está el gobierno de transición en Venezuela?|last=Corao|first=Manuel|date=28 September 2018|website=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/es/latin-america-caribbean/andes/venezuela/71-friendly-fire-venezuelas-opposition-turmoil|title=Fuego amigo: el caos de la oposición venezolana|date=23 November 2018|website=[[International Crisis Group]]|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>

In December 2018, Guaidó had traveled to Washington D.C. and met with OAS Secretary General [[Luis Almagro]], and then on 14 January 2019 to Colombia for a Lima Group meeting, in which Maduro's mandate was rejected.<ref name="ElPaisTrump">{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/02/02/estados_unidos/1549129687_137099.html|title=Así se lanzó Trump al derribo de Maduro|author=Mars, Amanda|date=3 February 2019|work=[[El País]]|accessdate=5 February 2019|language=es}}</ref> According to an article in ''[[El País]]'', the January Lima Group meeting and the stance taken by Canada's [[Chrystia Freeland]] were key.<ref name="ElPaisTrump" /> ''El País'' describes [[Donald Trump]]'s election—coinciding with the election of conservative presidents in Colombia and Brazil, along with deteriorating conditions in Venezuela—as "a perfect storm", with decisions influenced by US vice-president [[Mike Pence]], [[United States Secretary of State]] Pompeo, National Security advisor [[John R. Bolton]], and legislators [[Mario Díaz-Balart]] and [[Marco Rubio]].<ref name="ElPaisTrump" /> Venezuelans [[Carlos Vecchio]], [[Julio Borges]] and [[Gustavo Tarre]] were consulted, and the Trump administration decision to back Guaidó formed on 22 January, according to ''El País''.<ref name="ElPaisTrump" /> Díaz-Balart said that the decision was the result of two years of planning.<ref name="ElPaisTrump" />

=== Justification for the challenge ===
[[File:UN - Venezuela Continued impunity amid dismal human rights situation.webm|thumb|right|A June 2018 video with [[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Zeid Raad Al Hussein]] discussing the [[crisis in Venezuela]]]]

The Venezuelan opposition bases its actions on the 1999 [[Constitution of Venezuela|Venezuelan Constitution]], specifically Articles 233, 333 and 350. The first paragraph of Article 233 states: "The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; removal from office by decision of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice; permanent physical or mental disability; ... ''abandonment of his position, duly declared by the National Assembly''; and recall by popular vote."<ref name=Const>{{cite web |url= http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/venezuela-constitution.html |title= Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |publisher= University of the Minnesota |work= Human Rights Library |accessdate= 9 March 2019}} Also [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160908/http://venezuela-us.org/live/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/constitucioningles.pdf here.]</ref>

Later paragraphs describe what to do in the event of a vacancy due to "permanent unavailability to serve", depending on when the vacancy occurs:<ref name=Const/>
* Prior to elected President's inauguration, "a new election ... shall be held within thirty consecutive days ... The President of the National Assembly shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic".
* During the first four years of President's six-year term, "a new election ... shall be held within thirty consecutive days ... The Executive Vice-President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic".
* During the last two years of President's six-year term, "the Executive Vice-President shall take over the Presidency of the Republic until such term is completed".

Article 233 was invoked after death of [[Hugo Chávez]], which took place soon after his inauguration, and [[2013 Venezuelan presidential election|extraordinary elections]] were called within thirty days. In 2019, the National Assembly invoked Article 233 due to ''abandonment of [President's] position'', arguing that "''de facto'' dictatorship" means no democratic leader.<ref name=Usurp/> Invoked by the National Assembly, Guaidó was declared [[acting (law)|acting]] president until elections could be held; Diego A. Zambrano, an assistant professor of law at [[Stanford Law School]], says that "Venezuelan lawyers disagree on the best reading of this provision. Some argue Guaidó can serve longer if the electoral process is scheduled within a reasonable time".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zambrano |first1=Diego A. |title=Guaidó, Not Maduro, Is the De Jure President of Venezuela |url=https://www.lawfareblog.com/guaido-not-maduro-de-jure-president-venezuela |website=[[Lawfare (blog)|Lawfare]] |accessdate=4 February 2019 |date=1 February 2019}}</ref> The National Assembly announced that it will designate a committee to appoint a new [[National Electoral Council (Venezuela)|National Electoral Council]], in anticipation of free elections.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.instagram.com/p/BteYLTrnOsi/ |title= Asamblea Nactional on Instagram |language= es |publisher= Instagram |work= Official Page of Venezuela National Assembly |date= 4 February 2019 |accessdate= 4 February 2019}}</ref>

Article 333 calls for citizens to restore and enforce the Constitution if it is not followed. Article 350 calls for citizens to "disown any regime, legislation or authority that violates democratic values". The National Assembly argues that both the national and international community must unite behind a [[transitional government]] that will guarantee humanitarian aid, bring the restoration of Venezuela's [[rule of law]], and will hold democratic elections.<ref name="WP-opinion">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/15/maduro-is-usurper-its-time-restore-democracy-venezuela/|title=Maduro is a usurper. It’s time to restore democracy in Venezuela.|last=[[Juan Guaidó|Guaidó]]|first=[[Juan Guaidó|Juan]]|date=15 January 2019|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

== Events ==
=== January: Inauguration of Maduro ===
{{main|Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro}}
[[File:The TSJ chamber at Maduro 2019 inauguration.jpg|thumb|The Supreme Court chamber during the inauguration ceremony]]
Signs of impending crisis showed when a [[Supreme Court of Venezuela|Supreme Court]] Justice and Electoral Justice seen as close to Maduro defected to the United States just a few days before the 10 January 2019 [[second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro]]. The justice, {{ill|Christian Zerpa|es|Christian Zerpa}}, said that Maduro was "incompetent" and "illegitimate".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46782539|title=Christian Zerpa, el juez afín a Maduro que huyó a Estados Unidos y denuncia falta de independencia del poder judicial de Venezuela|last=Redacción|date=7 January 2019|work=BBC News Mundo|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107185734/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46782539|archive-date=7 January 2019|dead-url=no}}</ref> Minutes after Maduro took the oath as president of Venezuela, the OAS approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/10/en-vivo-la-oea-debate-en-sesion-extraordinaria-la-asuncion-de-nicolas-maduro/|title=La OEA aprobó la resolución que declara ilegítimo al nuevo gobierno de Nicolás Maduro|date=10 January 2019|work=Infobae|language=es|trans-title=The OAS approved the resolution that declared the new government of Nicolás Maduro illegitimate}}</ref> Maduro's election was supported by Turkey, Russia, China, and the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ([[ALBA]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalalba.org/index.php/articulos/politica-democracia/gobierno-y-democracia/19313-maduro-asumio-pese-a-eeuu-la-oea-la-ue-y-las-amenazas-de-la-oposicion|title=Maduro asumió pese a EEUU, la OEA, la UE y las amenazas de la oposición|website=Portalalba.org|access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/venezuela-congress-leader-challenges-maduro-presidency-190111181122362.html|title=Venezuela Congress leader challenges Maduro's right to presidency - News|website=Aljazeera.com|accessdate=13 January 2019}}</ref> other small Caribbean nations reliant on economic assistance from the Maduro government (such as [[Dominica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]) attended his inauguration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/29/680882589/as-maduro-makes-enemies-venezuelas-caribbean-allies-remain-in-his-camp|title=As Maduro Makes Enemies, Venezuela's Caribbean Allies Remain In His Camp|website=[[NPR]]|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

Maduro's government stated that the positions against him were the "result of imperialism perpetrated by the United States and allies" that put Venezuela "at the centre of a world war".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/10/venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-begins-second-term|title=Maduro starts new Venezuela term by accusing US of imperialist 'world war'|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=10 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 January 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111044423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/10/venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-begins-second-term|archive-date=11 January 2019|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[File:Juan Guaidó open cabildo 11 January 2019.jpg|left|thumb|Juan Guaidó surrounded by members of the opposition during the public assembly on 11 January 2019]]

[[Juan Guaidó]], the newly appointed [[President of the National Assembly of Venezuela]], began motions to form a [[provisional government]] shortly after assuming his new role on 5 January 2019, stating that whether or not Maduro began his new term on the 10th, the country would not have a legitimately elected president in either case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_asamblea-nacional-arranca-proceso-para-ley-de-transicion|title=Asamblea Nacional arranca proceso para Ley de Transicion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109052303/http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_asamblea-nacional-arranca-proceso-para-ley-de-transicion|archive-date=9 January 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> On behalf of the National Assembly, he stated that the country had fallen into a ''[[de facto]]'' dictatorship and had no leader,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/f1df9924783f49859874f5fc97f0f534|title=Isolation greets Maduro's new term as Venezuela's president|last=Smith|first=Scott|date=10 January 2019|website=AP News|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111004811/https://apnews.com/f1df9924783f49859874f5fc97f0f534|archive-date=11 January 2019|dead-url=no}}</ref> declaring that the nation faced a state of emergency.<ref name=Usurp>{{cite web|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_an-se-declara-en-emergencia-ante-la-usurpacion-de-nicolas-maduro-en-el-cargo-de-la-presidencia-de-la|title=AN se declara en emergencia ante la usurpación de Nicolás Maduro en el cargo de la Presidencia de la República|website=Asambleanacional.gob.ve|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111021840/http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_an-se-declara-en-emergencia-ante-la-usurpacion-de-nicolas-maduro-en-el-cargo-de-la-presidencia-de-la|archive-date=11 January 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> He called for "soldiers who wear their uniforms with honor to step forward and enforce the Constitution", and asked "citizens for confidence, strength, and to accompany us on this path".<ref name=Usurp/>

Guaidó announced a public assembly, referred to as an [[open cabildo]], on 11 January<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eltiempo.com.ve/2019/01/10/asamblea-nacional-se-declaro-en-emergencia-y-convoco-a-cabildo-abierto/|title=El Tiempo {{!}} Venezuela {{!}} Asamblea Nacional se declaró en emergencia y convocó a cabildo abierto {{!}} El Periódico del Pueblo Oriental|website=eltiempo.com.ve|publisher=Global Host|language=Spanish|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>—a rally in the streets of Caracas, where the National Assembly announced that Guaidó was assuming the role of the acting president under the [[Constitution of Venezuela]] and announcing plans to remove President Maduro.<ref name=ANApego>{{cite web|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_juan-guaido-me-apego-a-los-articulos-333-350-y-233|title=Juan Guaidó: Me apego a los artículos 333, 350 y 233 para lograr el cese de la usurpación y convocar elecciones libres con la unión del pueblo, FAN y comunidad internacional|language=es|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> Leaders of other political parties, trade unions, women, and the students of Venezuela were given a voice at the rally; other parties did not speak of a divide, but of what they saw as a failed [[Bolivarian Revolution]] that needed to end.<ref name=ANApego/>

Maduro's response was to call the opposition a group of "little boys", describing Guaidó as "immature". The Minister for Prison Services, [[Iris Varela]], threatened that she had picked out a prison cell for Guaidó and asked him to be quick in naming his cabinet so she could prepare prison cells for them as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/venezuela-congress-leader-challenges-maduro-presidency-190111181122362.html|title=Venezuela congress leader challenges Maduro's right to presidency|website=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>

=== National Assembly declares Guaidó acting president ===
[[File:Acuerdo sobre la declaratoria de usurpación de la presidencia de la república por parte de Nicolas Maduro Moros y el restablecimiento de la vigencia de la constitución - Página 1.jpg|thumb|Agreement approved by the National Assembly to declare the usurpation of the presidency by Nicolás Maduro on 15 January.]]

Following Guaidó's speech, the National Assembly released a press statement saying that Guaidó had assumed the role of acting president. A later statement clarified the position of Guaidó as "willing to assume command ... only possible with the help of Venezuelans".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/prensa-de-la-an-rectifica-comunicado-que-proclama-a-juan-guaido-presidente-de-la-republica/|title=Prensa de la AN rectifica comunicado que proclama a Juan Guaidó Presidente de la República|website=Efecto Cocuyo|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref> The opposition did not consider this a [[coup d'état]] based on the acknowledged "illegitimacy" of Maduro by many governments, and the constitutional processes that the National Assembly said they were following,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/venezuela-maduro-juan-guaido-assume-presidency|title=Venezuela: opposition leader declares himself ready to assume presidency|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=11 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 January 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113100401/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/venezuela-maduro-juan-guaido-assume-presidency|archive-date=13 January 2019|dead-url=no}}</ref> specifically invoking Articles 233, 333, and 350 of the Constitution.<ref name=ANApego/> The president of the [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile]] (based in Panama) wrote to Guaidó, requesting him to become acting president of Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/internacional/557234/tribunal-supremo-de-justicia-pide-a-asamblea-nacional-tomar-la-presidencia-de-venezuela/|title=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia pide a Asamblea Nacional tomar la presidencia de Venezuela|website=El Salvador noticias|language=Spanish|accessdate=12 January 2019|date=12 January 2019}}</ref>

On 15 January 2019, the National Assembly approved legislation to work with dozens of foreign countries to request that these nations freeze Maduro administration bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-freeze-idUSKCN1P92G3|title=Venezuela congress asks foreign countries to freeze Maduro-linked...|date=15 January 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> Guaidó wrote a 15 January 2019 opinion piece in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' entitled "Maduro is a usurper. It's time to restore democracy in Venezuela"; he outlined Venezuela's erosion of democracy and his reasoning for the need to replace Maduro on an interim basis according to Venezuela's constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/15/maduro-is-usurper-its-time-restore-democracy-venezuela/?noredirect=on|title=Maduro is a usurper. It's time to restore democracy in Venezuela.|website=The Washington Post|author=Guaidó, Juan|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref>

Guaidó announced nationwide protests to be held on 23 January—the same day as the [[1958 Venezuelan coup d'état|removal of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958]]—using a slogan chant of ''¡[[Sí se puede]]!''.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/1826647-parallel-government-emerging-in-venezuela-update|title=Parallel government emerging in Venezuela|website=Argus Media|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref> The National Assembly worked with a coalition (''Frente Amplio Venezuela Libre'') to create a plan for the demonstrations, organizing a unified national force.<ref name="favl">{{cite web|url=https://www.analitica.com/actualidad/actualidad-nacional/juan-guaido-y-favl-afinan-agenda-unica-para-movilizacion-del-23ene/|title=Juan Guaidó y FAVL afinan agenda única para movilización del 23Ene|website=Analitica|language=Spanish|access-date=12 January 2019|date=12 January 2019}}</ref> On 11 January, plans to offer incentives for the armed forces to disavow Maduro were revealed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-venezuela-military-idUKKCN1P52HF|title=Venezuela opposition plans incentives for officers who disavow Maduro|date=11 January 2019|website=Uk.reuters.com|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

OAS Secretary-General [[Luis Almagro]] was the first to give official support to this action, tweeting "We welcome the assumption of Juan Guaidó as interim President of Venezuela in accordance with Article 233 of the Political Constitution. You have our support, that of the international community and of the people of Venezuela."<ref name=":6" /> Later that day, Brazil and Colombia gave their support to Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/juan-guaido-se-declara-presidente-da-venezuela-e-tem-apoio-do-brasil/|title=Juan Guaidó se declara presidente da venezuela e tem apoio do brasil|website=VEJA|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112180134/https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/juan-guaido-se-declara-presidente-da-venezuela-e-tem-apoio-do-brasil/|archive-date=12 January 2019|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Detention of Guaidó and rebellion within the National Guard ===
{{further|Venezuelan crisis defection}}

Guaidó was detained on 13 January by the [[Bolivarian Intelligence Service]] (SEBIN)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/noticias/articulo/alejandro-baena-candidato-liberal-alcaldia-cali/59772-3|title=Alejandro Baena, candidato liberal a la alcaldía de Cali|last=Semana|website=Alejandro Baena, candidato liberal a la alcaldía de Cali}}</ref> and released 45 minutes later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuelas-opposition-is-gambling-it-all-on-a-young-and-untested-activist-named-juan-guaido/2019/01/14/90156b76-16a4-11e9-ab79-30cd4f7926f2_story.html|title=Venezuela's opposition is gambling it all on a young and untested activist named Juan Guaidó|website=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> The SEBIN agents who intercepted his car and took him into custody were fired.<ref name=BBCDetained/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://noticias.caracoltv.com/mundo/gobierno-maduro-destituyo-agentes-que-detuvieron-juan-guaido-en-un-procedimiento-irregular|title=Gobierno Maduro destituyó a agentes que detuvieron a Juan Guaidó en un procedimiento "irregular"|date=13 January 2019|accessdate=15 January 2019|publisher=Noticias Caracol|agency=EFE|language=Spanish}}</ref> The Information Minister, [[Jorge Rodríguez (politician)|Jorge Rodríguez]], said the agents did not have instructions and the arrest was orchestrated by Guaidó as a "media stunt" to gain popularity; [[BBC News]] correspondents said that it appeared to be a genuine ambush to send a message to the opposition.<ref name=BBCDetained>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46857643|title=Venezuela opposition leader briefly detained|date=13 January 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Almagro condemned the arrest, which he called a "kidnapping", while Pompeo referred to it as an "arbitrary detention".<ref name=LeaderDetained>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/13/venezuela-opposition-leader-briefly-detained-juan-guaido-maduro|title=Venezuela opposition leader briefly detained after challenging Maduro|author =Phillips, Tom|date=13 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=14 January 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

After his detention, Guaidó said that Rodríguez's admission that the SEBIN agents acted independently showed that the government had lost control of its security forces; he called [[Miraflores Palace|Miraflores]] (the presidential house and office) "desperate".<ref name=BBCDetained/><ref name=LeaderDetained/> In a later announcement, he declared himself acting president, his most direct claim to the position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://albertonews.com/principales/juan-guaido-desde-vargas-hay-un-presidente-legitimo-de-la-an-y-de-toda-venezuela/|title=Juan Guaidó desde Vargas: "Hay un presidente legítimo de la AN y de toda Venezuela"|website=albertonews.com}}</ref>

In early 2019, a group of Venezuelan ex-army and police officers in Peru announced support for Guaidó, disclaiming Maduro.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article224722630.html|title=Venezuelan army forces in Peru say they don't recognize Maduro as their President|website=Miami Herald|accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref> Multiple groups of similarly retired or displaced soldiers said that they would return to fight Maduro if needed.<ref name=NYT31>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/world/americas/venezuelan-juan-guaido-military.html|title=Juan Guaidó says Venezuelan opposition had secret talks with military|website=New York Times|accessdate=1 February 2019 |author= Specia, Megan and Nicholas Casey |date= 31 January 2019}}</ref> During the [[2019_Venezuelan_protests#January|January protests]], at least 27 soldiers of the [[Venezuelan National Guard]] stationed near [[Miraflores Palace]] [[Mutiny|mutinied]] against Maduro. After overnight fighting, the soldiers were taken by authorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/21/venezuela-claims-foiled-attempted-military-uprising|title=Venezuela claims it has foiled attempted military uprising|author=Phillips, Tom|date=22 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=22 January 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/venezuela-forces-clash-with-protesters-after-reported-mutiny/4751911.html|title=Venezuela Puts down Mutiny by National Guard Unit |website=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Guaidó swears oath as acting president ===

[[File:23 Jan 2019 venezuela protest march vid.webm|thumb|left|23 January march in Caracas]]

On 23 January, Guaidó swore to serve as Acting President.<ref name=GuaidoSwears/> On that morning, Guaidó tweeted, "The world's eyes are on our homeland today."<ref name=FacesCall/><ref name=WorldEyes>{{cite web |url= https://twitter.com/jguaido/status/1088048732967501824 |publisher= Twitter |author= Guaido, Juan |title= Juan Guaidó on Twitter |date= 23 January 2019 |accessdate= 7 February 2019}}</ref> On that day, millions of Venezuelans<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/revolt-in-venezuela-11548289111|title=Revolt in Venezuela|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|subscription=yes|accessdate=24 January 2019|date= 23 January 2019}}</ref> demonstrated across the country and world in support of Guaidó,<ref name=BBCProt>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46979531 |work= BBC News Mundo |language=es |title= Protestas en Venezuela: miles de personas participan en manifestaciones masivas contra el gobierno de Maduro |date= 23 January 2019 |accessdate= 30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=MarchasMasivas>{{cite news |url= https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/24/las-50-fotos-de-las-masivas-marchas-contra-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro-en-venezuela-y-latinoamerica/ |language=es |title= Las 50 fotos de las masivas marchas contra la dictadura de Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela y Latinoamérica |work= Infobae |date= 24 January 2019 |accessdate= 30 January 2019}}</ref> described as "a river of humanity",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-defy-police-to-cry-out-for-change-in-venezuela-11615791|title=Crowds defy police to cry out for change in Venezuela|website=Sky News|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> with a few hundred supporting Maduro outside Miraflores.<ref name=DefiantMaduro>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/americas/venezuela-protests/index.html |title= Maduro defiant as Venezuelan opposition leader declares himself acting president |author= Sanchez, Ray and Nicole Chavez |work= CNN |date= 23 January 2019 |accessdate= 30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/23/enezuela-trump-president-juan-guaido-maduro-recognition-news-latest|title=Venezuela: Trump recognises opposition leader as president|last=Daniels|first=Joe Parkin|date=23 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=23 January 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At one end of the blocked street was a stage where Guaidó spoke and took an oath to serve as interim president,<ref name= HeedCall>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=33226290-1f35-11e9-b0e5-8157de083ae5&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxOS0wMS0yMy92ZW5lenVlbGFucy1oZWVkLWNhbGwtdG8taGl0LXN0cmVldHMtd2l0aC1tYWR1cm8tdW5kZXItcHJlc3N1cmU=|title=Venezuelans heed call to hit the streets with Maduro under pressure|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-opposition-leader-juan-guaido-declares-himself-interim-president-before-thousands-cheering-in-support/2019/01/23/9f5e7f32-1f37-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html|title=Venezuela opposition leader Juan Guaido declares himself interim president before thousands cheering in support|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> swearing himself in.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/venezuela-protests-2019/index.html|title=Violent protests in Venezuela: Live updates|date=23 January 2019|website=Cnn.com|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

Before the protest began, the [[Venezuelan National Guard]] used tear gas on gathering crowds at other locations.<ref name= HeedCall/> Another area of the capital was blocked off at [[Plaza Venezuela]], a large main square, with armored vehicles and riot police on hand before protestors arrived.<ref name=FacesCall>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/23/venezuela-protests-thousands-march-against-maduro-as-opposition-sees-chance-for-change|title=Venezuela protests: thousands march as military faces call to abandon Maduro|author=Daniels, Joe Parkin|date=23 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=23 January 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Photographic reports showed that some protests grew violent, resulting in injuries to both protesters and security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/jan/24/venezuela-protests-as-two-leaders-vie-to-be-president-in-pictures|title=Venezuela protests as two leaders vie to be president – in pictures|website=The Guardian|accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref> By the end of the day, at least 13 people were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/23/reportan-13-fallecidos-tras-ultimas-protestas-en-todo-el-pais-23ene/|title=Reportan 13 fallecidos tras últimas protestas en todo el país #23Ene|date=23 January 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> [[Michelle Bachelet]] of the [[United Nations]] expressed concern that so many had been killed and requested a UN investigation into the security forces' use of violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/25/americas/venezuela-maduro-guaido-us-embassy-consulates/index.html|title=UN calls for Venezuela investigation|website=CNN|accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Mike Pence meets with Carlos Vecchio, Julio Borges y Venezuelan gov't in exile.png|thumb|[[Mike Pence]] meets with Carlos Vecchio, [[Julio Borges]], and other Washington-based Venezuelan representatives on 29 January 2019]]
Guaidó began to appoint individuals in late January to serve as aides or diplomats, including [[Carlos Vecchio]] as the Guaidó administration's diplomatic envoy to the US,<ref name="ReutersVecchio27Ene">{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa/trump-administration-accepts-guaido-ally-as-venezuela-envoy-in-us-idUSKCN1PL0TO |title= Trump administration accepts Guaido ally as Venezuela envoy in U.S. |publisher= Reuters |date= 27 January 2019 |accessdate= 27 January 2019}}</ref> [[Gustavo Tarre]] to the OAS,<ref name="CSISTarre">{{cite web |url= https://www.csis.org/events/conversation-venezuelas-new-permanent-representative-oas-special-ambassador-gustavo-tarre |publisher= Center for Strategic and International Studies |title= A Conversation with Venezuela's New Permanent Representative to the OAS, Special Ambassador Gustavo Tarre |date= 29 January 2019 |accessdate= 29 January 2019}}</ref> and [[Julio Borges]] to represent Venezuela in the [[Lima Group]].<ref name="ParliamentOK">{{cite news |url= http://noticias.alianzanews.com/309_hispanic-world/5924526_venezuelan-parliament-oks-guaido-s-diplomatic-appointments.html |title=Venezuelan Parliament OKs Guaido's diplomatic appointments |date= 29 January 2019 |accessdate= 30 January 2019 |work= Alianza News}}</ref> He announced that the National Assembly had approved a commission to implement a plan for the reconstruction of Venezuela,<ref name= ElComercioPP>{{cite news |url= https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/venezuela/juan-guaido-vivo-presenta-plan-pais-rescatar-venezuela-noticia-603012 |title= En vivo: Juan Guaidó presenta su Plan País para rescatar a Venezuela |work= El Comercio |date= 31 January 2019 |accessdate= 31 January 2019}}</ref><ref name= PPHEAD>{{cite news |url= http://caraboboesnoticia.com/instalada-comision-plan-pais-de-la-asamblea-nacional/ |language=es |work= Caraboboes Noticia |date= 31 January 2019 |accessdate= 31 January 2019 |title= Instalada Comision Plan Pais de la Asamblea Nacional }}</ref> called [[Plan País]] (Plan for the Country).<ref name=UnivisionPP>{{cite news |url= https://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/venezuelas-guaido-to-announce-national-reconstruction-plan-for-the-day-after |date= 30 January 2019 |accessdate= 1 February 2019 |title= Venezuela's Guaidó to announce national reconstruction plan 'for the day after' |author= Adams, David and Tamoa Calzadilla |work= Univision}}</ref> He offered an [[2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law|Amnesty law]], approved by the National Assembly, for military personnel and authorities who help to restore constitutional order.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/juan-guaido-ofrecio-detalles-sobre-ley-amnistia_268057 |language=es | title= Juan Guaidó ofreció detalles sobre Ley de Amnistía |work= El Nacional |date= 25 January 2019 |accessdate= 28 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46997555|title=Venezuela's Maduro 'could get amnesty'|date=25 January 2019|work=BBC|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> The [[Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy]] was approved by the National Assembly on 5 February.<ref name= ElNacional8Feb>{{cite news |url= http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/estatuto-que-rige-transicion-entro-vigencia-martes_269938 |title= El estatuto que rige la transición entró en vigencia el martes |trans-title= The statute governing the transition took effect on Tuesday |language= es |work= El Nacional |date= 8 February 2019 |accessdate= 9 March 2019 | author= Brito, Estefani}}</ref>

=== Maduro's response ===
Maduro accused the US of backing a coup, and said he would cut ties with them.<ref name=DefiantMaduroCNN>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/americas/venezuela-protests/index.html|title=Maduro defiant as Venezuelan opposition leader declares himself acting president|author=Sanchez, Ray and Nicole Chavez |work= CNN|date=23 January 2019|accessdate= 28 January 2019}}</ref> He said Guaidó's actions were part of a "well-written script from Washington" to create a [[puppet state]] of the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/25/maduro-rueda-prensa/|title=Maduro: Hay un golpe mediático internacional contra Venezuela para desfigurar la situación real|date=25 January 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> and appealed to the American people in a 31 January video, asking them not to convert Venezuela into another Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-nicolas-maduros-military-us-backed-juan-guaido-calls-for-support/|title=Venezuela power struggle hinges on Nicolas Maduro's military|date=31 January 2019|work=CBS News|accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref>

Maduro asked for dialogue with Guaidó, saying "if I have to go meet this boy in the [[Pico Humboldt]] at three in the morning I am going, [...] if I have to go naked, I am going, [I believe] that today, sooner rather than later, the way is open for a reasonable, sincere dialogue".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/25/maduro-reunion-guaido-desnudo/|title=Maduro está dispuesto a reunirse con Guaidó "desnudo o a las tres de la mañana en el Humboldt"|date=25 January 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> He stated he would not leave the presidential office, saying that he was elected in compliance with the Venezuelan constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/25/maduro-no-dejare-cargo/|title=Maduro se atornilló en la silla: No he abandonado, ni dejaré el cargo|date=25 January 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> With the two giving speeches to supporters at the same time, Guaidó replied to Maduro's call for dialogue, saying he would not initiate diplomatic talks with Maduro because he believed it would be a farce and fake diplomacy that couldn't achieve anything.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-47009301|title=Venezuela crisis: Guaidó rejects calls to talk with Maduro|website=BBC|accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref>

On 18 February, Maduro's government expelled a group of Members of the [[European Parliament]] that planned to meet Guaidó.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/espana-y-francia-condenan-la-expulsion-de-eurodiputados-de-venezuela/|title=España y Francia condenan la expulsión de eurodiputados de Venezuela|date=18 February 2019|accessdate=20 February 2019|agency=[[Efecto Cocuyo]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> The expulsion was condemned by Guaidó as well as [[Pablo Casado]], president of the Spanish People's Party, and the Colombian government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://efectococuyo.com/internacionales/expulsion-de-europarlamentarios-recibe-condena-nacional-e-internacional/|title=Expulsión de europarlamentarios recibe condena nacional e internacional|last=Fermín Kancev|first=María Victoria|date=17 February 2019|work=Efecto Cocuyo|access-date=4 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Maduro's Foreign Minister [[Jorge Arreaza]] defended the expulsions,<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=jaarreaza |number=1097290259551977472 |date = 17 February 2019 |title=Por vías oficiales diplomáticas, las autoridades del Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela le notificaron hace varios días al grupo de eurodiputados que pretendía visitar el país con fines conspirativos, que no serían admitidos y se les instó a desistir y evitar así otra provocación [Through official diplomatic channels, the authorities of the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela notified him several days ago to the group of MEPs who intended to visit the country for conspiratorial purposes, who would not be admitted and were urged to desist and avoid another provocation.]}}</ref> saying that the constitutional government of Venezuela "will not allow the European extreme right to disturb the peace and stability of the country with another of its gross interventionist actions" and added that "Venezuela must be respected."<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=jaarreaza |number=1097290265763741696 |date = 17 February 2019 |title=El Gobierno Constitucional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela no permitirá que la extrema derecha europea perturbe la paz y estabilidad del país con otra de sus groseras acciones injerencistas. ¡Venezuela se Respeta! [The Constitutional Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela will not allow the European extreme right to disturb the peace and stability of the country with another of its gross interventionist actions. Venezuela must be respected!]}}</ref>

=== February: Humanitarian aid ===
{{main|2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela}}
{{Location map+ | Venezuela
| caption = Location of the proposed entry points for humanitarian aid.
| places =
{{Location map~ | Venezuela
| label = {{flagicon|Colombia}} Cúcuta
| lat_deg = 7.54
| lon_deg = -72.30 }}
{{Location map~ | Venezuela
| label = {{flagicon|Brazil}} Pacaraima
| lat_deg = 4.25
| lon_deg = -61.08 }}
{{Location map~ | Venezuela
| label = {{flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} Curaçao
| lat_deg = 12.11
| lon_deg = -69.00 }}
}}

[[Shortages in Venezuela]] have occurred since 2007 during the presidency of [[Hugo Chávez]].<ref name="EUjan2012">{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/120106/shortage-at-its-highest-since-may-2008|title=Shortage at its highest since May 2008|date=6 January 2012|accessdate=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806145021/http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/120106/shortage-at-its-highest-since-may-2008|archive-date=6 August 2017|dead-url=bot: unknown|agency=El Universal}}</ref> In 2016, the [[National Assembly of Venezuela]] had declared a humanitarian crisis considering "serious shortage of medicines, medical supplies and deterioration of humanitarian infrastructure", asking Maduro's government to provide access to essential medicines and medical supplies.<ref name=ANDeclara/> Before the presidential crisis, the Maduro government denied several offers of aid, stating that there was not a humanitarian crisis and that such claims were used to justify foreign intervention.<ref name=Bundle1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/09/26/maduro-niega-la-diaspora-venezolana-en-la-onu-se-ha-fabricado-por-distintas-vias-una-crisis-migratoria-que-se-cae-por-su-propio-peso/|title=Maduro niega la diáspora venezolana en la ONU: Se ha fabricado por distintas vías una crisis migratoria - LaPatilla.com|date= 26 September 2018|work=[[LaPatilla.com]]|language=es-ES| accessdate= 20 February 2019}} * {{cite news|url= http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/13/americas/cnnphotos-venezuela-food-crisis/ |title= The face of hunger in Venezuela| author=Charner, Flora |date=15 October 2016|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate= 20 February 2019}} * {{Cite news |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelans-die-as-maduro-government-refuses-medical-aid-1523025805 |title= Venezuelans Die as Maduro Government Refuses Medical Aid |author=Vyas, Kejal and Ryan Dube |date= 6 April 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date= 20 February 2019 |issn=0099-9660}} * {{Cite news|url= http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-country-of-hunger-inside-the-deep-suffering-in-venezuela-s-hospitals-a-1221061.html |title= The Country of Hunger: A State of Deep Suffering in Venezuela's Hospitals |author= Glüsing, Jens |date= 8 August 2018 |work=[[Der Spiegel]]|access-date= 20 February 2019}}</ref> Maduro's refusal of aid worsened the effects of Venezuela's crisis.<ref name= Bundle1/> During the presidential crisis, Maduro initially refused aid, stating that Venezuela is not a country of "beggars".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/02/19/la-contradiccion-de-nicolas-maduro-sobre-la-ayuda-humanitaria-en-14-dias/|title=La contradicción de Nicolás Maduro sobre la ayuda humanitaria en 14 días|date=19 February 2019|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-ES|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

Guaidó has made bringing humanitarian aid to the "hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans who could die if aid does not arrive" a priority.<ref name="France24Humanitarian">{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190205-venezuela-opposition-warns-military-against-preventing-entry-aid|title=Venezuela opposition warns military against preventing entry of aid|date=5 February 2019|work=France24|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> Maduro prevented the American-sponsored aid from entering Venezuela;<ref name="France24Humanitarian" /><ref name="FoxAid">{{cite news |url= https://www.foxnews.com/world/venezuela-military-sets-up-blockade-on-bridge-to-stop-aid-from-colombia |work= Fox News |date= 6 February 2019 |accessdate= 6 February 2019 |title= Venezuela military sets up blockade on bridge to stop aid from Colombia |author = Suarez Sang, Lucia I.}}</ref> As the first trucks with aid, escorted by Colombian police, approached the border on 7 February, human rights activists received them, and Venezuela's communications minister, Jorge Rodriguez said there was a plot between Colombia, the [[CIA]] and exiled Venezuelan politician [[Julio Borges]] to oust Maduro.<ref name="AIDArrives">{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/b5481d5ad47d4ec2be132ed51b72e483|title=US emergency aid for Venezuela arrives at Colombian border|author=Armario, Christine and Leonardo Haberkorn|date=7 February 2019|accessdate=7 February 2019|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Guaidó issued an ultimatum to the Venezuelan Armed Forces on 12 February, stating that humanitarian aid will enter Venezuela on 23 February and that the armed forces "will have to decide if it will be on the side of the Venezuelans and the Constitution or the usurper".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/12/guaido-en-11-dias-la-fanb-tendra-que-decidir-si-estan-del-lado-de-los-venezolanos-y-la-constitucion-o-del-usurpador/|title=Guaidó: En 11 días la Fanb tendrá que decidir si están del lado de los venezolanos y la Constitución o del usurpador|date= 12 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date= 13 February 2019}}</ref>

Humanitarian aid intended for Venezuela was also stockpiled on the Brazilian border.<ref name="lapatilla.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/20/maduro-envia-tanquetas-a-santa-elena-de-uairen-para-evitar-ingreso-de-ayuda-desde-brasil-fotos/|title=Maduro envía tanquetas a Santa Elena de Uairén para evitar ingreso de ayuda desde Brasil (FOTOS)|date=20 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> Groups of indigenous [[Pemon]] peoples blocked the entry of military vehicles into the region,<ref name=Tirotearon/> and members of armed forces loyal to Maduro fired upon them with live ammunition on 22 February.<ref name=Tirotearon>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/22/reportan-que-la-fanb-tiroteo-a-indigenas-en-la-gran-sabana/|title=Militares de Maduro tirotearon a indígenas pemón en la Gran Sabana: Una mujer asesinada y doce heridos (fotos)|date=22 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> Fifteen Pemon were injured, four seriously, and two Pemon were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/22/pemones-heridos-en-ataque-de-la-gnb-son-trasladados-a-hospital-en-brasil-por-falta-de-insumos-en-venezuela-foto-y-video/|title=Pemones heridos en ataque de la GNB son trasladados a hospital en Brasil por falta de insumos en Venezuela (FOTO y VIDEO)|date=22 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20190222215031-a8xxv/|title=As tensions over aid rise, Venezuelan troops fire on villagers, kill two|date=22 February 2019|website=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Tanqueta militar.JPG|thumb|left|Venezuelan [[Dragoon 300]]s were deployed in Gran Sabana, near [[Pemon]] areas<ref name="lapatilla.com"/>|alt=]]
With what he declared was the help of the Venezuelan military,<ref name="FANAyudaron" /> Guaidó defied the restriction imposed by the Maduro administration on him leaving Venezuela, secretly crossed the border,<ref name=UnseatMaduro>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/venezuelan-opposition-looks-to-foreign-allies-for-further-steps-to-unseat-maduro/2019/02/24/3f046ce4-37bc-11e9-8375-e3dcf6b68558_story.html?utm_term=.1bb728c15c56|title=Venezuelan opposition looks to foreign allies for further steps to unseat Maduro|authors=Faiola, Anthony, Rachelle Krygier and Dylan Baddour|date=24 February 2019|work=Washington Post|accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> and showed up at the [[Venezuela Aid Live]] concert organized by [[Richard Branson]] in Cúcuta, Colombia on 22 February,<ref name="GuaidoShows">{{cite news |url= https://www.apnews.com/0c1c016d7e3d4e5594e5ef53b84a2c53 |work= Associated Press |date= 22 February 2019 |accessdate= 22 February 2019 |title= The Latest: Venezuela’s Guaido shows up at benefit concert}}</ref> also to be present for the [[2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela|planned delivery of humanitarian aid]].<ref name="FANAyudaron">{{cite news |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPMqIDVjaZI |language= es |work= Noticias Caracol |publisher= YouTube official channel |date= 22 February 2019 |accessdate= 24 February 2019 |title= Guaidó dice que Fuerzas Armadas de Venezuela le ayudaron a entrar a Colombia}}</ref><ref name="StandoffDeadly">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/23/world/americas/venezuela-aid-live.html |title= Venezuela Aid Standoff Turns Deadly, Maduro Severs Ties with Colombia |work= The New York Times |date= 23 February 2019 |accessdate= 24 February 2019 |quote= Mr. Guaidó, standing alongside the presidents of Paraguay, Colombia, and Chile urged the Venezuelan military to allow trucks to cross the border.” and "The presidents of Colombia, Chile and Paraguay attended the concert, rallying support for the opposition and calling for an end to Mr. Maduro’s presidency."}}</ref> Testing Maduro's authority, he was met by presidents [[Iván Duque]] of Colombia,<ref name="GuaidoShows" /><ref name="DiasContados" /> [[Sebastián Piñera]] from Chile,<ref name="MaduroProblema">{{cite news |url= https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/maduro-es-parte-del-problema-no-de-la-solucion-pinera-tras-aterrizar-en-cucuta.html |work= El Paid|language=es |date= 22 February 2019 |accessdate= 22 February 2019 |title= 'Maduro es parte del problema, no de la solución': Piñera tras aterrizar en Cúcuta}}</ref> and [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] from Paraguay,<ref name="RecupDem">{{cite news |url= http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/mundo/presidente-paraguay-confia-que-venezuela-recuperara-democracia_271894 |work= El Nacional |language=es |date= 22 February 2019 |accessdate= 22 February 2019 |title= Presidente de Paraguay confía en que Venezuela recuperará la democracia}}</ref> as well as the OAS Secretary General Almagro.<ref name="DiasContados">{{cite news |url= https://www.analitica.com/actualidad/actualidad-internacional/presidente-de-paraguay-viajo-a-cucuta-para-entrega-de-ayuda-humanitaria/ |work= Analitica |language=es |date= 22 February 2019 |accessdate= 22 February 2019 |title= Presidente chileno Sebastián Piñera: La dictadura de Maduro tiene sus días contados}}</ref>

On 23 February, trucks with humanitarian aid attempted to pass into Venezuela from Brazil and Colombia, opposed by Maduro's administration.<ref name="cnn2">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/23/americas/venezuela-brazil-violence-intl/index.html|title=Venezuela's Maduro breaks relations with Colombia in standoff over aid|authors=Smith-Spark, Laura and Jorge Luis Perez Valery, Claudia Dominguez, Christina Maxouris|date=23 February 2019|work=CNN|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="SoldiersAbandon2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47343918|title=Venezuela soldiers abandon posts at Colombia border|date=23 February 2019|work=BBC|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref> At the Colombia–Venezuela border, the caravans were tear-gassed or shot at with rubber bullets by Venezuelan personnel.<ref name="mh2402">{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article226723564.html|title=Venezuela border skirmishes continue as questions swirl around torched aid bus|work=Miami Herald|date=24 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2019/feb/23/venezuela-brazil-border-aid-live-news-latest-updates|title=Guaidó: military should disown leader who burns food in front of the hungry – as it happened|date=23 February 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Near the Brazil–Venezuela border, more than 2,000 indigenous people from Gran Sabana gathered to assist with the entrance of international aid.<ref name="DosMilIndigenas2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-mas-de-dos-mil-indigenas-intentan-llegar-a-frontera-con-brasil-por-ayuda/|title=En fotos: Más de dos mil indígenas intentan llegar a frontera con Brasil por ayuda|date=23 February 2019|work=[[La Patilla]]|language=es|accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> The Venezuelan National Guard repressed demonstrations near Brazil, while [[Colectivo (Venezuela)|colectivos]] attacked protesters in [[San Antonio del Táchira]] and [[Ureña, Táchira|Ureña]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epmundo.com/2019/colectivos-armados-causan-terror-en-san-antonio-del-tachira-foto/|title=Colectivos armados causan terror en San Antonio del Táchira (Foto)|date=23 February 2019|work=EP Mundo|access-date=4 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> leaving at least four dead and about 20 injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/aumentan-a-cuatro-fallecidos-y-24-heridos-todos-por-armas-de-fuego-en-santa-elena-de-uairen/|title=Aumentan a cuatro fallecidos y 24 heridos, todos por armas de fuego, en Santa Elena de Uairén|date=23 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/23/venezuela-border-latest-maduro-guaido|title=Venezuela: at least four dead and hundreds injured in border standoff|date=23 February 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> A ship originating from Puerto Rico attempted to deliver humanitarian aid to [[Puerto Cabello]], Venezuela, but the vessel, carrying civilians, returned after the [[Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela]] threatened to "open fire" on it.<ref name="NavyThreatened2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-navy-threatened-to-open-fire-on-u-s-financed-aid-ship-puerto-ricos-governor-says/|title=Venezuela navy threatened to "open fire" on US-financed aid ship, Puerto Rico's governor says|author=Montoya-Galvez, Camilo|date=23 February 2019|access-date=24 February 2019|website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>

By the end of the day, a preliminary report by the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] stated there were more than 285 injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/mas-de-285-heridos-y-14-asesinatos-por-represion-del-regimen-de-maduro-este-23feb-estima-informe-de-la-oea/|title=Más de 285 heridos y 14 asesinatos por represión del régimen de Maduro este #23Feb, estima informe de la OEA|date=23 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> Guaidó said the world "had 'been able to see with their own eyes' how Maduro had violated international law. 'The Geneva protocols clearly state that destroying humanitarian aid is a crime against humanity,' he said."<ref name="AidDevolves2">{{cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/on-the-venezuela-border-aid-push-devolves-into-bloodshed-chaos/|title=On the Venezuela border, aid push devolves into bloodshed, chaos|author=Wyss, Jim|date=23 February 2019|work=Seattle Times|accessdate=24 February 2019|publisher=Miami Herald}}</ref> Venezuelan Vice President [[Delcy Rodríguez]] declared that "they saw only a little piece of what we are willing to do",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/delcy-rodriguez-vieron-pedacito-que-estamos-dispuestos-hacer_272230|title=Delcy Rodríguez: Vieron un pedacito de lo que estamos dispuestos a hacer|last=|first=|date=24 February 2019|work=El Nacional|accessdate=6 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> and Diosdado Cabello stated "we showed the tip of the iceberg".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2223409-el-grupo-lima-descarto-intervencion-militar-venezuela|title=El Grupo de Lima descartó una intervención militar en Venezuela|author=Lozano, Daniel|date=25 February 2019|work=La Nación|access-date=6 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref>

=== Lima Group meeting and Latin American tour ===
[[File:Vice President Mike Pence Travels to Colombia (32269091507).jpg|thumb|Guaidó, Colombia president Duque, and US vice president Pence during the February 2019 [[Lima Group]] meeting in Colombia]]
After a joint announcement with Almagro and Duque, where Guaidó asked that the international community continue to support "all options on the table",<ref name="DeclaracionesDuque2">{{cite news|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/venezuela/declaraciones-de-duque-y-guaido-sobre-entrega-de-ayuda-humanitaria-330614|title='El mundo vio la peor cara de la dictadura venezolana': Guaidó|date=23 February 2019|work=El Tiempo|accessdate=24 February 2019|language=es}}</ref> Guaidó traveled from Cúcuta to [[Bogotá]] for a 24 February meeting with US vice president Pence.<ref name="ConcreteSteps2">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/24/reuters-america-update-2-us-to-announce-concrete-steps-for-venezuela-crisis-on-monday-official.html|title=US to announce 'concrete steps' for Venezuela crisis on Monday-official|author=Rampton, Roberta|date=24 February 2019|work=CNBC|accessdate=24 February 2019|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="DeclaracionesDuque2" />

With the failure to bring humanitarian aid into Venezuela, the Lima Group met in Bogotá on 25 February amid continuing tension.<ref name= UpAnte>{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-venezuela-pence-20190225-story.html |title= Pence says U.S. will up the ante as it seeks ouster of Venezuelan President Maduro |author= Kraul, Chris and Patrick J. McDonnell |date= 25 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 |work= Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name= EUWarns/> Guaidó and Pence attended the meeting;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/lima-group-urges-icc-to-declare-venezuela-aid-blockade-crime-against-humanity|title=Lima Group urges ICC to declare Venezuela aid blockade 'crime against humanity'|date=26 February 2019|work=Business Times|accessdate=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=UpAnte/> Mexico, Costa Rica, Guyana and Saint Lucia did not attend.<ref name=PenceTells>{{cite news |url= https://www.france24.com/en/20190225-trump-usa-pence-maduro-venezuela-guaido |work= France 24 |date= 25 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 |title= Trump is 'with you 100 percent', Pence tells Venezuelan opposition leader Guaido}}</ref> The group urged the International Criminal Court to pursue charges of crimes against humanity for the Maduro administration's use of violence against civilians and blockade of humanitarian aid.<ref name=PenceTells/><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/lima-group-urges-icc-to-declare-venezuela-aid-blockade-crime-against-humanity |work= Business Times |title= Lima Group urges ICC to declare Venezuela aid blockade 'crime against humanity' |date= 26 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019}}</ref>

Pence did not rule out the use of US military force.<ref name=UpAnte/> The Venezuelan government responded saying that Pence was trying to order others to take the country's assets, and saying that its basic rights were being disregarded in a campaign to unseat Maduro.<ref name="EUWarns" /> The European Union and Brazil announced strong opposition to military intervention; Brazil's vice president said it would not permit its territory to be used to invade Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-brazil/brazil-will-not-allow-u-s-use-its-territory-to-invade-venezuela-vice-president-idUSKCN1QE2DS |date= 25 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 |title= Brazil will not allow U.S. use its territory to invade Venezuela: vice president |work= Reuters}}</ref> and the European Union cautioned against the use of military force.<ref name="EUWarns">{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/25/eu-warns-against-military-action-venezuela-mike-pence-juan-guaido/ |author= Alexander, Harriett |date= 26 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 |work= The Telegraph |title= EU warns against military action in Venezuela as Mike Pence and Juan Guaido meet at emergency summit}}</ref><ref name=VOAThreat>{{cite news |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/lima-group-says-serious-credible-threats-juan-guaido-life/4804009.html |title= Lima Group: There Are 'Serious and Credible' Threats on Guaido's Life |work= VOA news |date= 26 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 }}</ref> The Lima Group rejected the use of force.<ref name="PenceTells" /> The US [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] warned pilots not to fly below 26,000 feet over Venezuela,<ref name="FAA">{{cite news |url= https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/faa-tells-pilots-caution-flying-venezuela-61302473 |title= FAA tells pilots to use caution when flying over Venezuela |work= ABC News |date= 25 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 |publisher= Associated Press |author = Koenig, David }}</ref> and [[United States Armed Forces|US military]] officials said they had flown [[reconnaissance]] flights off the coast of Venezuela to gather classified intelligence about Maduro.<ref name="CNNDevelop">{{cite news | url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/25/americas/venezuela-developments/index.html |work= CNN |title= US flying more reconnaissance flights off Venezuela, military sources say |date= 26 February 2019 |accessdate= 26 February 2019 |author= Starr, Barbara and Ralph Ellis}}</ref>

From Bogotá, Guaidó embarked on a regional tour to meet with the presidents of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Ecuador,<ref name="FacingJail">{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/facing-jail-caracas-guaido-travels-183624466.html|title=Facing jail in Caracas, Guaido travels across South America|author=Rosati, Andrew and Ken Parks|date=1 March 2019|work=Yahoo news|accessdate=1 March 2019|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> to discuss ways to rebuild Venezuela and defeat Maduro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/01/venezuela-crisis-guaido-vows-to-return-despite-life-threatening-risks.html|title=Venezuela's Guaido vows to return to Caracas despite 'life-threatening' risks|author=Meredith, Sam|date=1 March 2019|work=CNBC|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref> Guaidó's trip was approved by Venezuela's National Assembly, as required by the Constitution of Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/juan-guaido-visitara-paraguay-este-viernes_272853|title=Juan Guaidó visitará Paraguay este viernes|date=28 February 2019|work=El Nacional|accessdate=2 March 2019|language=es}}</ref> Because of the travel restriction placed upon him by the Maduro administration, he could face prison when returning to Venezuela;<ref name="FacingJail" /> Maduro said that Guaidó was welcome to return, but would have to face justice in the courts for breaching his travel ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduros-defiant-interview-tom-llamas/story?id=61318540|title=Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's defiant interview with Tom Llamas: TRANSCRIPT|author=Llamas, Tom|date=28 February 2019|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> Guaidó announced that he planned to return to Venezuela despite the threats of imprisonment, and said Maduro's "regime [was] weak, lacking support in Venezuela and international recognition".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/venezuelas-guaido-meet-brazils-president-anti-maduro-push-142229605--finance.html|title=Venezuela's Guaido vows to return to Caracas despite threat of prison|author=Boadle, Anthony|date=1 March 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> He re-entered Venezuela on 4 March, via [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]] in [[Maiquetía]];<ref name= WP/> he was received at the airport by diplomats from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain and the United States,<ref name= WP/> and in Caracas by a crowd of supporters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN1QL0A6|title=In jab at Maduro, Guaido makes triumphant return to Venezuela|date=4 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=4 March 2019|language=en}}</ref>

Two days after Guaidó's return, Arreaza declared German ambassador Daniel Kriener ''[[persona non grata]]'' and gave him 48 hours to leave the country because of his role in helping Guaidó re-enter; only Kriener was targeted for expulsion.<ref name= WP>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47474317|title=Venezuela to expel German ambassador for 'meddling'|date=7 March 2019|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> The Venezuelan Foreign Ministry accused Kriener of interference in internal affairs and called it unacceptable for a foreign diplomat to act "in clear alignment with the conspiracy agenda of extremist sectors of the Venezuelan opposition".<ref name= WP/> German Foreign Minister [[Heiko Maas]] denounced the expulsion as an incomprehensible decision that escalates the situation instead of easing tensions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/venezuela-expels-german-ambassador-for-meddling-141712|title=Venezuela expels German ambassador for ‘meddling'|date=7 March 2019|work=Hurriyet Daily News|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Guaidó called on European governments to tighten financial sanctions against the Maduro government in response to its expulsion of the German ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/venezuela-s-guaido-urges-more-sanctions-after-german-envoy-s-expulsion-11322022|title=Venezuela's Guaido urges more sanctions after German envoy's expulsion|date=7 March 2019|work=[[Channel News Asia]]|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>

===March: Blackouts, UN delegation visit, detention of Guaidó aide===
{{further|2019 Venezuelan blackouts|Human rights in Venezuela#2019 OHCHR delegation visit}}

[[File:Guri_Dam_in_Venezuela.JPG|thumb|left|Guri Dam that supplies most of Venezuela's power<ref name=NoEnd>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/11/world/americas/venzuela-blackout-maduro.html |work= New York Times | title= No end in sight to Venezuela’s blackout, experts warn |date= 11 March 2019 |accessdate= 18 March 2019}}</ref>]]

In March 2019, [[2019 Venezuelan blackouts|Venezuela experienced a near total electrical blackout]], and Maduro accused the US of "masterminding a 'demonic' plot to force him from power by crippling the country's electricity system with an imperialist 'electromagnetic attack'," according to ''The Guardian''.<ref name= Demonic>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/nicolas-maduro-blames-demonic-trump-plot-for-blackout-crippling-venezuela |title= US pulls all staff from Venezuela as Maduro blames blackout on 'demonic' Trump plot |work= The Guardian |date= 12 March 2019 |accessdate= 13 March 2019 | author= Phillips, Tom}}</ref> There were at least 43 reported deaths.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arroyo, Lorena|title= Denuncian ONGs: apagón deja al menos 43 pacientes muertos en Venezuela |trans-title= NGOs denounce: blackout leaves at least 43 patients dead in Venezuela |url= https://www.univision.com/noticias/america-latina/denuncian-ongs-apagon-deja-al-menos-43-pacientes-muertos-en-venezuela|accessdate=13 March 2019|work =Univisión|date=12 March 2019}}</ref> Four more people died in a second large blackout that lasted from 25 to 28 March.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://elpitazo.net/salud/medicos-por-la-salud-contabiliza-cuatro-muertes-por-segundo-apagon-nacional/ |work= El Pitazo |language= es |date= 29 March 2019 |accessdate= 29 March 2019 |title= Médicos por la Salud contabiliza cuatro muertes por segundo apagón nacional |trans-title= Doctors for Health counts four deaths per second national blackout |author= Altuve, Armando}}</ref><ref name=blackoutend>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN1R91NY|title=Venezuela blocks Guaido from office as the opposition scoffs|last=Sequera, Vivian|date=29 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=29 March 2019|last2=Cohen, Luc}}</ref>

Venezuela once produced over 3 million barrels per day (BPD) of crude oil.<ref name=France24Savage>{{cite news |url= https://www.france24.com/en/20190328-blackouts-savage-venezuelas-already-tattered-economy |work= France 24 |date= 28 March 2019 |accessdate= 7 April 2019 |title= Blackouts savage Venezuela's already tattered economy}}</ref> Production "has been declining for years due to economic collapse"; in March, Venezuela lost another 150,000 barrels per day in production.<ref name=FourYearLow>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oil-opec-survey/opec-oil-output-hits-four-year-low-on-saudi-cuts-venezuela-blackouts-idUSKCN1RD26N |work= Reuters |author= Lawler, Alex |date= 1 April 2019 |accessdate= 7 April 2019 |title= OPEC oil output hits four-year low on Saudi cuts, Venezuela blackouts}}</ref> An oil expert told France 24 that production completely ceased at one point during the blackouts.<ref name= France24Savage/> The lack of power caused most of Venezuela's oil rigs to be shut down, and for a short time, cut the country's production in half; production for the month dropped below 900,000 BPD.{{efn|The [[International Energy Agency]] said Venezuela's March production was 870,000 BPD.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iea-oil/venezuela-oil-output-plummets-to-870000-bpd-on-outages-sanctions-iea-idUSKCN1RN0QY |title= Venezuela oil output plummets to 870,000 bpd on outages, sanctions: IEA |author= Browning, Noah |date= 11 April 2019 |publisher= Reuters |accessdate= 11 April 2019}}</ref> Bloomberg says it averaged 890,000 BPD for the month of March.<ref name= CutOil/> Venezuela told OPEC it produced 960,000 BPD.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oil-opec-report/venezuela-reports-collapse-in-oil-supply-tightening-global-market-opec-idUSKCN1RM1BT |publisher= Reuters |author= Lawler, Alex |date= 10 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 | title= Venezuela reports collapse in oil supply, tightening global market: OPEC}}</ref>}} Wills Rangel, a former director of PDVSA, said the [[Orinoco Belt]] has not yet recovered from the blackouts, and full recovery could take months.<ref name=CutOil>{{cite news |url= https://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Venezuela-Blackouts-Cut-Oil-Output-by-Half-13743951.php |work= Houston Chronicle |date= 5 April 2019 |accessdate= 7 April 2019 |title= Venezuela blackouts cut oil output by half in March |author= Zerpa, Fabiola |publisher= Bloomberg}}</ref>

Maduro prosecutor [[Tarek William Saab|Tarek Saab]] called for an investigation of Guaidó, alleging that he had "sabotaged" the [[Electricity sector in Venezuela|electric sector]].<ref name= GuaidoInvestigated/> Guaidó said that Venezuela's largest-ever [[power outage]] was "the product of the inefficiency, the incapability, the corruption of a regime that doesn't care about the lives of Venezuelans",<ref name= GuaidoInvestigated>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/venezuela-juan-guaido-maduro-sabotage-blackout |title= Guaidó under investigation for sabotage of power grid |work= The Guardian |date= 12 March 2019 |accessdate= 13 March 2019 |author= Phillips, Tom}}</ref> and ''The Guardian'' reported that "many specialists believe the calamitous nationwide blackout (...) is the result of years of mismanagement, corruption and incompetence".<ref name= PullsStaff/>

Maduro called on the ''[[Colectivo (Venezuela)|colectivos]]'' saying, "The time has come for active resistance".<ref name= PullsStaff>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/nicolas-maduro-blames-demonic-trump-plot-for-blackout-crippling-venezuela |title= US pulls all staff from Venezuela as Maduro blames blackout on 'demonic' Trump plot |work= The Guardian |date= 12 March 2019 |accessdate= 13 March 2019 |author= Phillips, Tom}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/nationworld/ct-maduro-venezuela-motorcycle-gangs-20190314-story.html |title= Maduro's muscle: Motorcycle gangs known as 'colectivos' are the enforcers for Venezuela's authoritarian leader |work= Sun Sentinel |publisher= The Washington Post |author= Sheridan, Mary Beth and Mariana Zuñiga |date= 14 March 2019 |accessdate= 14 March 2019}}</ref> The US withdrew all embassy personnel from Venezuela.<ref name="USdiplomatsout">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa/pompeo-says-all-u-s-diplomats-have-left-venezuela-idUSKCN1QV2LG|title=Pompeo says all U.S. diplomats have left Venezuela|last= Wroughton|first=Lesley|work=Reuters|date=14 March 2019|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

While Maduro visited hydroelectric facilities in [[Ciudad Guayana]] on 16 March, promising to restructure the state-run power company [[Corpoelec]], his Vice President [[Delcy Rodríguez]] announced that Maduro would restructure his administration, asking the "entire executive Cabinet to put their roles up for review".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuelas-maduro-plans-deep-restructuring-of-government-vp-idUSKCN1QY0XC | work= Reuters |date= 17 March 2019 |title= Venezuela's Maduro plans 'deep restructuring' of government: VP |accessdate= 18 March 2019}}</ref> Guaidó announced he would embark on a tour of the country beginning 16 March, to organize committees for Operation Freedom with the goal to claim the presidential residence, [[Miraflores Palace]].<ref name=Creacion>{{cite news |url= http://efectococuyo.com/politica/guaido-anuncio-la-creacion-de-comites-por-la-libertad-para-pronto-ir-a-miraflores/ |work= Efecto Cocuyo |date= 16 March 2019 | accessdate= 18 March 2019 |language= es |title= Guaidó anuncia la creación de comités por la libertad para pronto 'ir a Miraflores' |trans-title= Guaidó announces the creation of freedom committees to soon 'go to Miraflores'}}</ref> From the first rally in [[Carabobo]] state, he said, "We will be in each state of Venezuela and for each state we have visited the responsibility will be yours, the leaders, the united, [to] organize ourselves in freedom commands."<ref name= Creacion/>

On 12 March, the National Assembly approved cutting Venezuela's oil supply to Cuba, saving about US$2.6M daily, according to Guaidó.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.el-carabobeno.com/guaido-con-corte-de-envio-de-petroleo-a-cuba-venezuela-salva-2-585-millones-diarios/|title=Guaidó: Con corte de envío de petróleo a Cuba, Venezuela salva $2.585 millones diarios|date=14 March 2019|work=El Carabobeño|access-date=8 April 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> In the education sector, AVERU (Venezuelan Association of University Rectors) stated on 18 March that salaries for employees of public universities would be conditioned on the employee recognizing Maduro as president; AVERU said that by placing this condition, the Ministry of University Education was violating the Constitution and university autonomy.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://efectococuyo.com/la-humanidad/universitarios-denuncian-chantaje-del-gobierno-de-maduro-para-el-pago-de-la-quincena/ |work= Efecto Cocuyo |language= es |date= 18 March 2019 |accessdate= 18 March 2019 |title= Universitarios denuncian chantaje del gobierno de Maduro para el pago de la quincena |author= Fermin Kancev, Maria Victoria |trans-title= University [rectors] denounce blackmail of the Maduro government for bi-monthly payment}}</ref>

Following the February [[Lima Group]] meeting, Chilean President [[Sebastián Piñera]] criticized [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) commissioner [[Michelle Bachelet]] on 3 March for her failure to condemn Maduro, and called on her "to fulfill the role as high commissioner to defend human rights in a country where they are being brutally overrun".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.france24.com/en/20190303-chiles-pinera-slams-uns-bachelet-failure-condemn-maduro |work= France 24 |publisher= [[Agence France-Presse]] |title= Chile's Pinera slams UN's Bachelet for failure to condemn Maduro |date= 3 March 2019 |accessdate= 18 March 2019}}</ref> Her office sent a five-person delegation to Venezuela from 11 to 22 March; the visit occurred during the nationwide blackout.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delegación de DDHH de ONU comienza reuniones en Venezuela en medio del apagón |url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/delegacion-de-ddhh-de-onu-comienza-reuniones-en-venezuela-en-medio-del-apagon/ |accessdate=18 March 2019 |agency=[[Efecto Cocuyo]] |date=11 March 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url= https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1034301 |publisher= UN News |title= UN rights team heading to Venezuela may pave way for official mission led by Bachelet |date= 8 March 2019 |accessdate= 18 March 2019}}</ref> Government officials began to repair hospitals,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lozano |first1=Daniel |title=El chavismo maquilla hospitales y cárceles para la misión de la ONU |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2019/03/15/5c8bf56321efa0586b8b45a5.html |accessdate=18 March 2019 |agency=El Mundo |date=15 March 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref> and the [[Lara state]] College of Physicians denounced that a "farce" was underway "to give an express makeover to the hospital, knowing that here people die due to lack of supplies".<ref name= Farse>{{cite news |last1=Gascón |first1=Liz |title=Médicos llaman a protestar en el Hospital Central de Barquisimeto frente a comisión de la ONU |url=http://elpitazo.net/occidente/medicos-llaman-a-protestar-en-el-hospital-central-de-barquisimeto-frente-a-comision-de-la-onu/ |accessdate=18 March 2019 |agency=El Pitazo |date=15 March 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref> On 20 March, Bachelet delivered a [[Human rights in Venezuela#2019 OHCHR delegation visit|preliminary oral report before the UN Human Rights Council]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035061 |work= UN News |date= 20 March 2019 |accessdate= 20 March 2019 |title= Venezuela: ‘A worrying destabilizing factor in the region’, Bachelet tells Human Rights Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24374&LangID=E |publisher= OHCHR |date= 20 March 2019 |accessdate= 23 March 2019 |title= Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela}}</ref> in which she outlined a devastating and deteriorating human rights situation in Venezuela, expressed concern that sanctions would worsen the situation, and called on authorities to show a true commitment to recognizing and resolving the situation.<ref name=10Keys>{{cite news |url= https://prodavinci.com/10-claves-del-informe-de-michelle-bachelet-sobre-venezuela/ |title= 10 claves del informe de Michelle Bachelet sobre Venezuela |trans-title= 10 keys if Michelle Bachelet's report on Venezuela |work= Prodavinci |date= 20 March 2019 |accessdate= 20 March 2019 |language= es}}</ref>

[[Roberto Marrero]]—Guaidó's chief of staff and [[Leopoldo López]]'s attorney—was arrested by [[Bolivarian Intelligence Service|SEBIN]] during a raid on his home on 21 March.<ref name=HaaretzMarrero>{{cite news |url= https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/venezuela-detains-top-aide-to-guaido-in-test-of-trump-s-red-line-1.7044395 |work= Haaretz |date= 21 March 2019 |accessdate= 21 March 2019 |title= Venezuela detains top aide to Guaido in test of Trump's red line |publisher= Reuters}}</ref> The US had repeatedly warned Maduro not to go after Guaidó; ''Haaretz'' reported that the arrest of Guaidó's number-two person was a test of the US.<ref name= HaaretzMarrero/> Just hours after Marrero's detention, the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] responded by placing sanctions on the Venezuelan bank [[BANDES]] and its subsidiaries.<ref name= BANDESsanctions>{{cite news |url= https://www.france24.com/en/20190322-us-slaps-sanctions-venezuelan-bank |work= France 24 |date= 22 March 2019 |accessdate= 22 March 2019 |title= US slaps sanctions on Venezuelan bank}}</ref><ref name= BANDESTreas>{{cite press release |url = https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm636 |title= Treasury sanctions BANDES, Venezuela’s National Development Bank, and subsidiaries, in response to illegal arrest of Guaido aide |publisher= US Department of the Treasury |date= 22 March 2019 |accessdate= 22 March 2019}}</ref> Bolton told ''Univision'' the sanctions were a direct response to Marrero's arrest.<ref name= TightensScrews>{{cite news |url= https://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/us-tightens-the-screws-on-venezuelas-maduro-with-banking-sanctions |work= Univision |date= 22 March 2019 |accessdate= 22 March 2019 |title= US tightens the screws on Venezuela’s Maduro with banking sanctions |author= Adams, David C.}}</ref>

Following Guaidó's Latin American tour in February 2019, Elvis Amoroso, comptroller for the Maduro administration, alleged in March that Guaidó had not explained how he paid for the trip, claimed there were inconsistencies between his level of spending and income,<ref name= Bars/><ref name=GovtBars>{{cite news |url= https://www.yahoo.com/news/venezuelan-govt-bars-guaido-public-office-15-years-175729462.html |work= Yahoo |publisher= Associated Press |date= 28 March 2019 |accessdate= 28 March 2019 |title= Venezuelan gov't bars Guaido from public office for 15 years |author= Rueda, Jorge}}</ref> and said Guaidó would be barred from running for public office for fifteen years.<ref name=Bars>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-guaido/venezuela-bars-guaido-from-holding-public-office-for-15-years-idUSKCN1R9298 |work= Reuters |date= 28 March 2019 |accessdate= 28 March 2019 | title= Venezuela bars Guaido from holding public office for 15 years}}</ref><ref name=Barred>{{cite news |url= https://www.yahoo.com/news/venezuelas-guaido-barred-public-office-15-years-182929528.html |work= Yahoo |date= 28 March 2019 |accessdate= 28 March 2019 |title= Venezuela blocks Guaido from office as the opposition scoffs |publisher= Reuters |author= Sequera, Vivian and Luc Cohen}}</ref> The comptroller general is not a judicial body; according to constitutional lawyer José Vicente Haro, the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] ruled in 2011 that an administrative body cannot disallow a public servant from running. Constitutional law expert [[Juan Manuel Raffalli]] stated that Article 65 of Venezuela's Constitution provides that such determinations may only be made by criminal courts, after judgment of criminal activity.<ref name=Inhab>{{cite news |url= http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/inhabilitacion-juan-guaido-podria-desencadenar-medidas-ante-cne_276741 |work= El Nacional | language= es |date= 28 March 2019 |accessdate= 28 March 2019 |title= Inhabilitación de Juan Guaidó podría desencadenar medidas ante el CNE |trans-title= Disqualification of Juan Guaidó could trigger measures before the CNE |author= Diaz Landazabal, Jackelin}}</ref>

=== April: Red Cross aid effort ===
{{further|2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela#RedCrossVenAid}}
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Delivers Remarks at the Organization of American States Headquarters (46863388441).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] speaks at the OAS Permanent Council in January 2019]]
Francesco Rocca, president of the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]], announced in March that the Red Cross was preparing to bring humanitarian aid to the country in April to help ease both the chronic hunger and the medical crisis.<ref name=RedCrossReady>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/international-red-cross-ready-for-venezuela-humanitarian-aid-operation-idUSKCN1RA1XP |work= Reuters |date= 29 March 2019 |accessdate= 30 March 2019 |title= International Red Cross ready for Venezuela humanitarian aid operation |author= Pons, Corina and Brian Ellsworth}}</ref> The ''Wall Street Journal'' said that the acceptance of humanitarian shipments by Maduro was his first acknowledgement that Venezuela is "suffering from an economic collapse".<ref name=AidEffort/> Guaidó said the acceptance of humanitarian aid was the "result of our pressure and insistence",<ref name=AidEffort>{{cite news |title= Red Cross announces Venezuelan aid effort |work= Wall Street Journal |publisher= Dow Jones Institutional News |author= Dube, Ryan |date= 29 March 2019 |via= ProQuest}} Also available [https://www.wsj.com/articles/red-cross-announces-venezuelan-aid-effort-11553899904 online.]</ref> and called on Venezuelans to "stay vigilant to make sure incoming aid is not diverted for 'corrupt' purposes".<ref name=WarnsAgainst>{{cite news |title= Red Cross ready to aid Venezuela, warns against politics |author= Torchia, Christopher. |work= Washington Post |publisher = Associated Press |date= 29 March 2019 |via= ProQuest}} Also available [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuelas-guaido-makes-renewed-promise-to-deliver-aid/2019/03/29/b993bfba-5237-11e9-bdb7-44f948cc0605_story.html online.]</ref> Maduro and Arreaza met with representative of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) on 9 April,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/maduro-sostuvo-encuentro-con-representantes-de-la-cruz-roja-105757 |publisher= NTN24 |language= es |date= 9 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= Maduro sostuvo encuentro con representantes de la Cruz Roja}}</ref> and Maduro, for the first time, indicated he was prepared to accept international aid—although denying a humanitarian crisis exists.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/maduro-venezuela-ready-receive-international-aid-190410083550252.html |publisher= Al Jazeera |date= 10 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= Maduro says Venezuela ready to receive international aid}}</ref> Red Cross was allowed access to prisons in Venezuela for first time since before Chávez died, ranging from prisons holding largely foreigners to prisons holding largely political prisoners to military detention centers.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/red-cross-regains-access-venezuela-jails-military-prisons-n992981 |work= NBC News |date= 10 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= Red Cross regains access to Venezuela jails, military prisons |publisher= Associated Press}}</ref>

Following the [[Crisis in Venezuela#2019 Human Rights Watch/John Hopkins report|joint report from Human Rights Watch and Johns Hopkins]] in April 2019, increasing announcements from the United Nations about the scale of the humanitarian crisis, and the softening of Maduro's position on receiving aid, the ICRC tripled its budget for aid to Venezuela.<ref name= MaduroSoftens>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/apr/12/red-cross-aid-to-venezuela-to-triple-as-nicolas-maduro-stance-softens |work= The Guardian |accessdate= 12 April 2019 |date= 12 April 2019 |author= Beaumont, Peter |title= Red Cross aid to Venezuela to triple as Maduro stance softens}}</ref> The increased Red Cross aid would focus in four areas: the migration crisis, the health care system collapse, water and sanitation, and prisons and detention centers.<ref name= MaduroSoftens/>

The first Red Cross delivery of supplies for hospitals arrived on 16 April, offering an encouraging sign that the Maduro administration would allow more aid to enter.<ref name=FirstShipment>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-red-cross/first-shipment-of-red-cross-humanitarian-aid-arrives-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1RS1VQ |publisher= Reuters |date= 16 April 2019 |accessdate= 16 April 2019 |title= First shipment of Red Cross humanitarian aid arrives in Venezuela}}</ref> According to the Associated Press, having long denied that there was a humanitarian crisis in Venezuela, Maduro positioned the delivery "as a necessary measure to confront punishing U.S. economic sanctions". Having "rallied the international community", Guaidó "quickly claimed credit for the effort".<ref name=AfterDelays>{{cite news |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela-humanitarian-aid-arrives-1.5100067 |work= CBC Canada |accessdate= 16 April 2019 |date= 16 April 2019 |title= Humanitarian aid shipment makes it into Venezuela after delays |publisher= Associated Press}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', "[[Colectivo (Venezuela)|armed pro-government paramilitaries]]" fired weapons to disrupt the first Red Cross delivery, and officials associated with Maduro's party told the Red Cross to leave.<ref name= Grapples>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/world/americas/red-cross-venezuela-aid.html |work= New York Times |date= 17 April 2019 |accessdate= 17 April 2019 |title= Red Cross grapples with aid distribution in polarized Venezuela |author= Herrera, Isayen and Anatoly Kurmanaev}}</ref>

=== Parliamentary immunity and OAS representative ===
TSJ supreme justice [[Maikel Moreno]] asked that the Constituent Assembly (ANC), "controlled by [[Chavismo]]", remove Guaidó's parliamentary immunity as president of the National Assembly,<ref name=RevocarImunidad>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-47781533 |work= BBC Mundo | language= es |date= 1 April 2019 |accessdate= 1 April 2019 |title= Juan Guaidó: el Tribunal Supremo de Venezuela solicita revocar la inmunidad parlamentaria del líder opositor a la Asamblea controlada por el chavismo |trans-title= Juan Guaidó: the Supreme Court of Venezuela requests that the Assembly controlled by Chavismo revoke the parliamentary immunity of the opposition leader}}</ref> moving the Maduro administration a step closer towards prosecuting Guaidó.<ref name= StripImmunity>{{cite news |url= https://www.foxnews.com/world/the-latest-venezuela-judge-seeks-to-strip-guaidos-immunity | work= FOX News |date= 1 April 2019 |accessdate= 1 April 2019 |title= The Latest: Venezuela judge seeks to strip Guaido's immunity |publisher= Associated Press}}</ref> Supporters of Guaidó disagree that the Maduro-backed institutions have the authority to ban Guaidó from leaving the country, and consider acts of the ANC "null and void".<ref name= RevocarImunidad/> The Venezuelan Constitution provides that only the National Assembly can bring the President to trial by approving the legal proceeding in a "merit hearing".<ref name=RevocarImunidad/> On 2 April, after the ANC voted to remove his parliamentary immunity, Guaidó promised to continue fighting "Maduro’s 'cowardly, miserable and murderous' regime".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/03/venezuela-juan-guaido-stripped-of-parliamentary-immunity |work= The Guardian |date= 2 April 2019 |accessdate= 4 April 2019 |title= Venezuela: Juan Guaidó stripped of parliamentary immunity |author= Phillips, Tom and Patricia Torres}}</ref>

On 9 April, the OAS voted 18 to 9, with six abstentions, to accept Guaidó's envoy, [[Gustavo Tarre|Gustavo Tarre Briceño]], as the ambassador from Venezuela until new elections can be held. The permanent council approved a text stating that "Nicolas Maduro's presidential authority lacks legitimacy and his designations for government posts, therefore, lack the necessary legitimacy." Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Dominica, Grenada, Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela voted against the change.<ref name=GuaidoEnvoy>{{cite news |url= https://www.france24.com/en/20190409-oas-recognizes-guaido-envoy-until-new-venezuela-polls |work= France 24 |publisher= Agence France-Press |date= 9 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= OAS recognizes Guaido envoy until new Venezuela polls}}</ref> Maduro's administration responded calling Tarre a "loud-mouth political usurper" and the decision a "criminal and rampant violation of international law and the OAS Charter", saying they do not intend to respect decisions made by Tarre.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://apnews.com/b9d4bf61043b4368b7b0f25ab2b45ca3 |publisher= AP News |title= OAS recognizes opposition envoy as Venezuelan ambassador |date= 9 April 2019 |author= Lugo, Luis Alonso |accessdate= 10 April 2019}}</ref> The nomination was accepted 20 days before the deadline on Venezuela leaving the organization, after they triggered the process in 2017. According to the ''Washington Post'', this acceptance undermines Maduro's presence internationally and marks a step in the official recognition of Guaidó's government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/oas-recognizes-opposition-envoy-as-venezuelan-ambassador/2019/04/09/7ffa3bb0-5b12-11e9-98d4-844088d135f2_story.html |title=OAS recognizes opposition envoy as Venezuelan ambassador|accessdate=10 April 2019|website=Washington Post|date= 9 April 2019}}</ref>

In an open assembly celebrating the anniversary of the 19 April 1810 date when the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] began, Guaidó offered the example that [[2018–19 Sudanese protests|organized protests in Sudan]] led to the replacement of [[Omar al-Bashir]], and called for "the greatest march" in history on 1 May, to "once and for all end this tragedy".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://talcualdigital.com/index.php/2019/04/19/guaido-convoca-a-la-marcha-mas-grande-de-la-historia-para-el-1-de-mayo/ |publisher= [[Tal Cual]] |date= 19 April 2019 |accessdate= 19 April 2019 |language= es |title= Guaidó convoca a 'la marcha más grande de la historia' para el 1° de mayo |author= Quintero, Luisa |trans-title= Guaidó calls 'the biggest march in history' for May 1}}</ref> Coinciding with his speech, [[NetBlocks]] stated that state-run [[CANTV]] again blocked access to social media in Venezuela.<ref name=NetBlocks19Apr2019>{{cite web |url= https://netblocks.org/reports/social-media-restricted-in-venezuela-as-guaido-speaks-from-caracas-0pA2X5yb |publisher= [[NetBlocks]] |date= 19 April 2019 |accessdate= 19 April 2019 |title= Social media restricted in Venezuela as Guaido speaks from Caracas}}</ref>

=== 30 April uprising ===
{{Main|2019 Venezuela uprising}}
On 30 April 2019, [[Leopoldo López]]—held under house arrest by the Maduro administration—was freed on orders from Guaidó.<ref>{{cite web |author= Smith, Scott and Christopher Torchia |title= Clashes rock Venezuela as Guaido urges opposition uprising |url=https://apnews.com/0153cace08c84c8fbf34f9c6a7bdd4dd |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date= 30 April 2019 ||accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref> The two men, flanked by members of the Venezuelan armed forces near [[La Carlota airport|La Carlota Air Force Base]] in Caracas, announced an uprising,<ref name=PatillaHabla>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/04/30/guaido-le-habla-a-venezuela-desde-la-base-aerea-la-carlota-video/|title=Guaidó le habla a Venezuela desde la Base Aérea La Carlota (VIDEO)|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019}}</ref> stating that this was the final phase of Operation Liberty.<ref name=FinalPhase>{{cite web |author= Sequera, Vivian and Angus Berwick |title=Venezuela's Guaido calls on troops to join him in uprising against Maduro |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuelas-guaido-says-troops-join-him-for-coup-government-says-it-is-firmly-in-control-idUSKCN1S60ZQ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date= 30 April 2019|accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref> Guaidó said: "People of Venezuela, it is necessary that we go out together to the street, to support the democratic forces and to recover our freedom. Organized and together, mobilize the main military units. People of Caracas, all to La Carlota".<ref name=PatillaHabla/>

Some Maduro allies<ref name= FinalPhase/><ref name=InicioDelFin>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/venezuela/reacciones-tras-anuncio-de-guaido-del-inicio-del-fin-de-la-usurpacion-del-poder-en-venezuela-355344|title=Así reacciona el mundo ante el alzamiento militar en Venezuela|date=30 April 2019|website=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|language=es|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> and officials loyal to Maduro<ref name=BBCAccused>{{cite web |title=Venezuela's Guaidó accused of coup attempt by government |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48103858 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref> described the events as a coup attempt; other nations stated that it was not a "coup" but a constitutional process.<ref name= Tanqueta>{{cite news |url= https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/venezuela-tanqueta-guardia-nacional-atropella-civiles-breaking-patricia-ramos/ |publisher= CNN Español |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019 |title= Tanqueta de la Guardia Nacional de Venezuela pasa por encima de civiles |language= es |trans-title= National Guard of Venezuela tank runs over civilians}}</ref><ref name=LimaComunicado>{{cite web |title=Comunicado del Grupo de Lima |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/27970-comunicado-del-grupo-de-lima |website=[[Government of Peru]] |accessdate=30 April 2019 |language=es}}</ref> The United States said Maduro had prepared to leave Venezuela that morning, but Russia and Cuba helped convince him to stay,<ref name=RussiaStops>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/30/politics/pompeo-maduro-russia/index.html |publisher= CNN |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019 |title= Pompeo claims Russia stopped Maduro leaving Venezuela for Cuba |author= Hansler, Jennifer}}</ref><ref name=CubaProp>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/04/30/national-security-advisor-john-bolton-on-venezuela-protests.html |publisher= CNBC |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019 |title= National Security Advisor John Bolton on Venezuela protests}}</ref><ref name=CrisisLive>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/world/americas/venezuela-coup-guaido-military.html |work= New York Times |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019 |title= Venezuela crisis live updates: Guaidó calls for uprising as clashes erupt}}</ref> and Trump vowed to enact tougher sanctions on Cuba.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-cuba-embargo-sanctions-citing-venezuela |publisher= FOX News |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019 |title= Trump threatens Cuba with 'full and complete' embargo, 'highest-level sanctions,' citing Venezuela role |author= Re, Gregg}}</ref>

By the end of the day, one protester had died<ref name=MaduroDenies>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuelan-opposition-leader-juan-guaido-appears-to-stage-military-backed-challenge-to-president-maduro/2019/04/30/c7028eee-6b35-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.969500e47f2b|title=Venezuela’s Maduro denies Pompeo’s claim that he sought to escape to Cuba after day of clashes that left 1 dead, dozens hurt|author= Zuñiga, Mariana|date=30 April 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> and at least 71 were injured;<ref name= CNN71>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/juan-guaido-venezuela-operation-freedom-live-updates/h_9649e55e63bc3971d4e76bea62d1ed06|publisher= CNN| |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019| title=At least 71 injured in clashes}}</ref> López was at the Spanish embassy,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-leopoldo-lopez-refugia-embajada-espana-201905010259_noticia.html |publisher= ABC International |date= 1 May 2019 |accessdate= 1 May 2019 |language= es |title= Leopoldo López se refugia en la Embajada de España}}</ref> while 25 military personnel sought asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Caracas.<ref name=ChileConfirma>{{cite news |url= https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/04/30/actualidad/1556618727_875831.html |work= El Pais |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 30 April 2019 |language= es |title= Últimas noticias de Venezuela, en vivo: Chile confirma que Leopoldo López está en su Embajada en Caracas |trans-title= Latest news from Venezuela, live: Chile confirms that Leopoldo López is in their Embassy in Caracas}}</ref> Maduro was not seen during the day,<ref name= RussiaStops/> but he appeared with his Defense Minister Padrino that evening on a television broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-maduro-sebin/venezuelas-maduro-appears-with-defense-minister-after-uprising-idUSKCN1S7315 |publisher= Reuters |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 1 May 2019 |title= Venezuela's Maduro appears with defense minister after uprising}}</ref> Maduro announced that he would replace Manuel Ricardo Cristopher Figuera, the Director General of Venezuela's National Intelligence Service, [[SEBIN]], who had broken with Maduro during the uprising.<ref name= SecretBreaks/>

== Recognition, reactions, and public opinion ==
{{main|Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis}}
[[File:Venezuela president recognition map 2019.svg|thumb|350px|Nations recognizing presidential power as of 28 February 2019:
{{legend|#000000|Venezuela}}
{{legend|#535D6C|Vocal neutrality}}
{{legend|#E0E0E0|No statement}}
{{legend|#5599FF|Support [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]]}}
{{legend|blue|Recognize Guaidó}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Recognize Maduro}}
]]

As of March 2019, Guaidó is recognized as the interim president of Venezuela by 54 countries,<ref name= Diseases/> "including the US and most Latin American and European countries".<ref name=HowNation>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/12/how-a-nationwide-protest-against-maduro-could-shape-venezuelas-future.html|title=How a nationwide protest against Maduro could shape Venezuela's future|author=Meredith, Sam|date= 12 February 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> Other countries are divided between a neutral position, support for the National Assembly in general without endorsing Guaidó, and support for Maduro's presidency. The United States was the first country to recognize Guaidó on 23 January;<ref name=VOAThreat/> [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Donald Trump]] quickly recognized him and US vice president [[Mike Pence]] sent support and solidarity as well.<ref>{{cite news |title= Trump recognizes Venezuelan opposition leader as nation's president |author= Diamond, Jeremy and Boris Sanchez|work= CNN |date= 24 January 2019 |accessdate= 25 February 2019 |url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/politics/trump-juan-guaido-venezuela/index.html}}</ref> ''AP News'' reported that "familiar geopolitical sides" had formed by 24 January, with Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba supporting Maduro, and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó.<ref name= FamiliarGeo>{{cite news |url= https://www.apnews.com/6b7fa7cc566f486cb974362168f1d90d |title= Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape |author= Vasilyeva, Nataliya |date = 24 January 2019 | accessdate= 25 February 2019 |work= AP News}}</ref><ref name=SlamsTrump>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/24/americas/russia-turkey-china-support-nicolas-maduro-venezuela-intl/index.html |title= 'Pouring gas on fire': Russia slams Trump's stance in Venezuela |author= Britton, Bianca |work= CNN |date= 24 January 2019 |accessdate= 25 February 2019}}</ref>

Russia has been a vocal supporter of Maduro, as well as being a military and economic ally.<ref name="https">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47087875 |title= Venezuela crisis: Why Russia has so much to lose |work= BBC News |agency= Reuters| date=1 February 2019 |accessdate= 25 February 2019 |author= Rainsford, Sarah}}</ref> Domestic reactions in Russia have been mixed with some publications praising Russia's support of Maduro and its willingness to confront the US, and others criticizing economic aid to Venezuela which they deem an economic black hole.<ref name="https" /> Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] offered immediate support,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-turkey/turkeys-erdogan-offers-support-for-venezuelas-maduro-idUSKCN1PI0FJ|title= Turkey's Erdogan offers support for Venezuela's Maduro |date= 23 January 2019|work= Reuters |accessdate= 25 February 2019}}</ref> and according to ''Haaretz'', pledged investments in Venezuela's economy as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained What's Behind Turkey's Fervent Support for Venezuela's Maduro |url= https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/what-s-behind-turkey-s-fervent-support-for-venezuela-s-maduro-1.6872338 |work= Haaretz |publisher= Reuters|date=27 January 2019 |accessdate= 25 February 2019}}</ref> China was quick to support Maduro after the [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-china/china-opposes-outside-interference-in-venezuelas-affairs-idUSKCN1PI18O |title= China opposes outside interference in Venezuela's affairs |date= 24 January 2019 |work= Reuters |accessdate= 25 February 2019}}</ref> and voted against a UN resolution calling for new presidential elections.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wainer |first1=David |title=Russia, China Veto UN Resolution Seeking Venezuela Elections |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-28/russia-china-veto-un-resolution-seeking-venezuela-elections |accessdate=2 March 2019 |work=Bloomberg |date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

The [[European Parliament]] recognized Guaidó as interim president.<ref>{{cite news |title= EU parliament recognizes Guaido as Venezuelan interim president |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-eu/eu-parliament-recognizes-guaido-as-venezuelan-interim-president-idUSKCN1PP1HQ |access-date= 31 January 2019 |work=[[Reuters]] |date= 31 January 2019}}</ref> The [[European Union]] unanimously recognized the National Assembly,<ref name="POLITICO">{{cite news | author=Hanke, Jakob and Hans von der Burchard |title=Brussels caught off-guard by Venezuela’s political turmoil |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/brussels-caught-off-guard-by-venezuelas-political-turmoil-nicolas-maduro/ |website=POLITICO |accessdate= 26 January 2019 |date= 24 January 2019 |quote=In a declaration published late Wednesday, EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said the EU ... “fully supports the national assembly as the democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and respected.” ... Kocijančič said Mogherini’s statement had been “agreed with all 28 member states" ... }}</ref> but Italy dissented on recognizing Guaidó.<ref name="Reuters2019-02-04a">{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title= Divided Italy blocks EU statement on recognizing Venezuela's Guaido |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-italy/divided-italy-blocks-eu-statement-on-recognizing-venezuelas-guaido-idUSKCN1PT15G|accessdate=8 February 2019|date=4 February 2019}}</ref> The OAS approved a resolution on 10 January 2019 "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term".<ref name="OASPR10Ene">{{cite press release |url= http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/19 |title= OAS Permanent Council Agrees 'to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term' |publisher = Organization of American States |accessdate= 27 January 2019 |date= 10 January 2019}}</ref> In a 24 January special OAS session, sixteen countries including the US recognized Guaidó as interim president, but they did not achieve the majority needed for a resolution.<ref name="ElTiempoOEA">{{cite news |url= https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/eeuu-y-canada/en-la-oea-no-logran-mayoria-para-reconocer-a-guaido-como-presidente-318494 |title= En la OEA 16 países reconocen a Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela |work= El Tiempo |accessdate= 27 January 2019 | date= 25 January 2019 |author= Gómez Maseri, Sergio |language=es}}</ref> The United Nations called for dialogue and deescalation of tension, but could not agree on any other path for resolving the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1031382 |title= UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis |work=UN News |date= 26 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Twelve of the fourteen members of the [[Lima Group]] recognize Guaidó;<ref name=PenceLATIMES>{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-venezuela-pence-20190225-story.html |work= Los Angeles Times |author= Kraul, Chris |date= 25 February 2019 |accessdate= 25 February 2019 |title= Pence says U.S. will up the ante as it seeks ouster of Venezuelan President Maduro}}</ref> Mexico called for non-intervention in Venezuelan internal affairs,<ref>{{cite news |title= Mexico urges regional bloc not to meddle in Venezuela |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/mexico-urges-regional-bloc-not-to-meddle-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1OY1R4 | work= Reuters |date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105033950/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/mexico-urges-regional-bloc-not-to-meddle-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1OY1R4 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |accessdate= 24 February 2019}}</ref> and Uruguay supports Maduro, but calls for new elections.<ref name=UGUAYmaduro>{{cite news|url= https://noticieros.televisa.com/ultimas-noticias/crisis-venezuela-canciller-uruguay-presidencia-maduro-legitima/ |title= Canciller uruguayo asegura que presidencia de Maduro es legítima |website=Noticieros Televisa |language=es-MX |access-date= 13 February 2019 |date= 12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.eldiario.es/politica/presidentes-Uruguay-Argentina-elecciones-Venezuela_0_867564251.html|title=Los presidentes de Uruguay y Argentina llaman a elecciones libres en Venezuela |work= El Diario |language=es |date= 13 February 2019 |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> [[Beatriz Becerra]]—on the day after she retired as head of the human rights subcommittee for the European Parliament—said that the [[International Conference on the Situation in Venezuela|International Contact Group]], jointly sponsored by Uruguay and Mexico, had been of no use and "has been an artifact that has served no purpose since it was created". She said there had been no progress on the 90-day deadline for elections that the group established when it was formed, and she considered that the Contact Group should be terminated and efforts coordinated through the Lima Group.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/mundo/beatriz-becerra-grupo-contacto-servido-para-nada-venezuela_279632 |publisher= El Nacional |date= 18 April 2019 |accessdate= 18 April 2019 |language= es |title= Beatriz Becerra: El Grupo de Contacto no ha servido para nada en Venezuela |trans-title= Beatriz Becerra: The Contact Group has not served in Venezuela at all}}</ref>

Public opinion polls taken after 23 January show more than 80% of Venezuelans support Guaidó as acting president.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.lapatilla.com/2019/03/15/88-9-de-venezolanos-quiere-que-maduro-y-el-chavismo-se-vayan-ya-encuesta-meganalisis/ |work= La Patilla | language= es |date= 15 March 2019 |accessdate= 15 March 2019 |title= Meganálisis: 88.9 % de venezolanos quiere que Maduro y el chavismo se vayan ya |trans-title= Meganalisis: 88.9% of Venezuelans want Maduro and Chavismo to leave}}</ref><ref name="MHMilitary">{{cite news |url= https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article225548780.html |work= Miami Herald |title= Venezuela’s Nicolás Maduro orders multiple arrests within military to squelch dissent |author= Maria Delgado, Antonio |date= 5 February 2019 |accessdate= 6 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/31/819-de-venezolanos-reconoce-a-juan-guaido-como-primer-mandatario/|title= 81,9 % de venezolanos reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela (Encuesta Hercón)|date=31 January 2019|website=[[La Patilla]] |language=es-ES|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> The Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict stated that there were on average 69 [[2019 Venezuelan protests|protests daily in Venezuela]] during the first three months of 2019, for a total of 6,211 protests, representing a significant increase over previous years (157% of protests for the same period in 2018, and 395% relative to the number in 2017).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.observatoriodeconflictos.org.ve/tendencias-de-la-conflictividad/6-211-protestas-en-venezuela-durante-el-primer-trimestre-de-2019 |publisher= Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict |title= 6.211 protestas en Venezuela durante el primer trimestre de 2019 |date= 15 April 2019 |accessdate= 17 April 2019 |trans-title= 6,211 protests in Venezuela during the first quarter of 2019}}</ref>

=== Defections ===
{{main|Venezuelan crisis defection}}
{{Venezuela Colombia military defections}}
The ''Miami Herald'' reported that the Maduro regime feared a military uprising and defections, had made many arrests, and Defense Minister [[Vladimir Padrino López]] ordered a counterintelligence effort to locate conspiracists or possible defectors.<ref name="MHMilitary" /> According to ''France 24'', Maduro declared "military deserters who fled to Colombia have become mercenaries" as part of a US-backed coup.<ref name="France24TrumpDuque">{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190206-trump-discuss-venezuela-with-colombian-president-white-house|title=Trump to discuss Venezuela with Colombian president: White House|date=6 February 2019|work=France 24|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref> Guaidó declared that the opposition had held secret meetings with military officials to discuss the [[2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law|Amnesty Law]].<ref name="NYT31" />

[[Hugo Carvajal]], the head of [[Dirección de Inteligencia Militar|Venezuela's military intelligence]] for ten years during Hugo Chávez's presidency and "one of the government's most prominent figures",<ref name=CarvajalNYT>{{cite news |title= Venezuela's Ex-Spy Chief Breaks With Maduro: 'You Have Killed Hundreds' |author= Herrero, Ana Vanessa and Nicholas Casey |work= New York Times |edition= Late Edition (East Coast) |date= 22 February 2019 |page= A.6 |via=ProQuest}} Also [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/world/americas/hugo-carvajal-maduro-venezuela.html available online.]</ref> publicly broke with Maduro and endorsed Guaidó as acting president.<ref name=CarvajalWSJ>{{Cite news |title= Venezuelan Official Breaks With Maduro; Hugo Carvajal, the former military-intelligence chief, pledges support for opposition leader Juan Guaidó and says humanitarian aid should be let into the country |author=Dube, Ryan and Kejal Vyas|date= 21 February 2019|work=Wall Street Journal| via= ProQuest}} Also available [https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-official-breaks-with-maduro-11550791292 online.]</ref> During the 30 April [[2019 Venezuela uprising]], Manuel Ricardo Cristopher Figuera, the Director General of Venezuela's National Intelligence Service, [[SEBIN]], broke with Maduro, saying it was time to "rebuild the country".<ref name= SecretBreaks>{{cite news |url= https://www.foxnews.com/world/venezuela-secret-police-head-breaks-with-maduro |publisher= FOX News |date= 30 April 2019 |accessdate= 1 May 2019 |title= Head of Venezuela's secret police breaks with Maduro |author= Chamberlain, Samuel}}</ref>

Several top military figures recognized Guaidó,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/02/en-video-general-de-division-del-alto-mando-militar-de-la-aviacion-reconoce-a-guaido-como-presidente-e/|title=EN VIDEO: General de división del Alto Mando Militar de la aviación reconoce a Guaidó como presidente (e)|date=2 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=2 February 2019}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/general-fuerza-aerea-envio-mensaje-personal-militar_269281|title=General de la Fuerza Aérea envió un mensaje al personal militar|date=2 February 2019|work=El Nacional|access-date=3 February 2019|language=Spanish}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/02/mayor-general-jorge-oropeza-se-pronuncia-contra-el-regimen-de-maduro-y-en-respaldo-a-guaido-video/|title=Mayor General Jorge Oropeza se pronuncia contra el régimen de Maduro y en respaldo a Guaidó (VIDEO)|date=2 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref><ref name= GeneralAlexis>{{cite news |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2222999-67-militares-cambian-de-bando-y-un-general-de-peso-reconoce-a-guaido-como-presidente |work= La Nacion |language= es |title= 67 militares cambian de bando y un general de peso reconoce a Guaidó como presidente |author= Lozano, Daniel |date= 23 February 2019 |accessdate= 27 February 2019}} * {{cite news |last1=Oatis |first1=Jonathan |last2=Adler |first2=Leslie |title=U.S.-sanctioned Venezuelan defects to Colombia, slams Maduro |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-general/u-s-sanctioned-venezuelan-defects-to-colombia-slams-maduro-idUSKCN1QZ1YB?il=0 |accessdate=19 March 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=18 March 2019}}</ref> and hundreds of military personnel have defected to Colombia, but top military command has not broken ranks with Maduro as of mid-April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuelas-maduro-orders-militia-expansion-as-guaido-tours-blackout-ravaged-state-idUSKCN1RP0S9 |publisher= Reuters |date= 13 April 2019 |accessdate= 14 April 2019 |title= Venezuela's Maduro orders militia expansion as Guaido tours blackout-ravaged state |author= Buitrago, Deisy and Mariela Nava}}</ref>

Following the 23 January events, some Venezuelan diplomats in the United States supported Guaidó; the majority returned to Venezuela on Maduro's orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/venezuela-es/article225227915.html|title=Otra diplomática venezolana en EEUU reconoce a Guaidó como presidente|date=29 January 2019|website=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|language=es|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Foreign military involvement ===
[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks to the Venezuelan American Community (46422484424).jpg|thumb|On 18 February, President [[Donald Trump]] advised Venezuelan soldiers to renounce loyalty to Nicolás Maduro.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ditch Maduro or lose everything, Trump tells Venezuelan army |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/18/trump-venezuela-nicolas-maduro-juan-guaido |work=The Guardian |date=18 February 2019}}</ref>]]

In early 2019, with Cuban and Russian-backed security forces in the country, United States military involvement became the subject of speculation.<ref name=ComoSeria>{{cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2019/02/04/5c56e08b21efa0380b8b4665.html|title=¿Cómo sería una invasión de Estados Unidos en Venezuela?|author=Pardo, Paul|date=4 February 2019|website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=es|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Senior U.S. officials have declared that "all options are on the table",<ref name=Fiorella>{{cite news |url= https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/venezuela/2019-04-17/will-guaido-call-us-military-intervention |work= Foreign Affairs |date= 17 April 2019 |accessdate= 17 April 2019 |author= Fiorella, Giancarlo |title= Will Guaidó call for U.S. military intervention?}}</ref> but have also said that "our objective is a peaceful transfer of power".<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/02/01/john_bolton_all_options_are_on_the_table_for_venezuela_transfer_of_power.html |title=John Bolton: "All Options Are On The Table" For Venezuela; Hope For "Peaceful" Transfer Of Power|author=Hains, Tim|date=1 February 2019|work=Real Clear Politics|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Maduro announced that state funds would be used to purchase new military equipment, saying "we are going to make enough investment so that Venezuela has all the anti-aircraft and anti-missile defense systems ... even the most modern in the world, Venezuela will have them because Venezuela wants peace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/10/mientras-familias-pasan-hambre-maduro-asegura-que-invertira-en-los-misiles-mas-modernos-del-mundo-video/|title=Mientras familias pasan hambre, Maduro asegura que 'invertirá' en los misiles más modernos del mundo (VIDEO)|date=10 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es|access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>

Colombian guerrillas from [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|National Liberation Army]] (ELN) have also vowed to defend Maduro, with ELN leaders in Cuba stating that they are drafting plans to provide military assistance to Maduro.<ref>{{cite news |author=Charles, Mathew |title=ELN interview: Colombian Marxist guerrillas 'will fight' US troops if they invade Venezuela |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/02/eln-interview-colombian-marxist-guerrillas-will-fight-us-troops/ |accessdate=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2 February 2019}}</ref> The ''Redes'' Foundation denounced in the Colombian Public Ministry that armed groups made up of ELN members and [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] dissidents, supported by the [[Venezuelan National Police|Bolivarian National Police]] and FAES officials, murdered two Venezuelans, Eduardo José Marrero and Luigi Ángel Guerrero, during a protest in the frontier city of [[San Cristóbal, Táchira|San Cristóbal]], on [[Táchira|Táchira state]].<ref name="ELN">{{cite news|title=Denuncian que guerrillas colombianas causaron muerte a venezolanos durante manifestaciones contra Maduro|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2019/01/25/denuncian-que-guerrillas-colombianas-causaron-muerte-a-venezolanos-durante-manifestaciones-contra-maduro/|date=25 January 2019|accessdate=28 January 2019|work=Infobae}}</ref>

[[Michael Shifter]], president of the [[Inter-American Dialogue]] [[think tank]], stated that "military action of the United States against Venezuela would be contrary to the movements of the Trump administration to retire troops from [[Syria]] or [[Afghanistan]]."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2019/02/04/5c56e08b21efa0380b8b4665.html|title=¿Cómo sería una invasión de Estados Unidos en Venezuela?|author=Pardo, Pablo|date=4 February 2019|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> According to professor Erick Langer of [[Georgetown University]], "Cuba and Russia have already intervened".<ref name=ComoSeria/> A Cuban military presence of at least 15,000 personnel was in Venezuela in early 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/07/cuba-is-making-the-crisis-in-venezuela-worse/|title=Cuba Is Making the Crisis in Venezuela Worse|date=7 February 2018|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|accessdate=8 February 2018}}</ref> while estimates ranging from hundreds to thousands of Cuban security forces were reported in 2019.<ref name=ComoSeria/>

According to Giancarlo Fiorella, writing in ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', the "loudest calls for intervention are coming not from the White House and its media mouthpieces but from some members of the Venezuelan opposition and from residents of the country desperate for a solution—any solution—to their years-long plight."<ref name= Fiorella/> Fiorella states that "talk of invoking article 187(11) has become commonplace" in Venezuela, adding that "the push for a military intervention in Venezuela is most intense not among hawks in Washington but inside the country itself".<ref name= Fiorella/> Article 187 of the [[Constitution of Venezuela]] provides: "It shall be the function of the National Assembly: (11) To authorize the operation of Venezuelan military missions abroad or foreign military missions within the country."<ref name=Const/><ref name=Fiorella/> In every demonstration summoned by Guaidó, there are numerous signs demanding the application of Article 187.<ref>{{cite news |author= Paola Martínez, Sammy |title=Expertos señalan que la aplicación del artículo 187.11 no implica una intervención militar |trans-title= Experts point out that the application of article 187.11 does not imply a military intervention |url=https://elpitazo.net/reportajes/expertos-senalan-que-la-aplicacion-del-articulo-187-11-no-implica-una-intervencion-militar/ |accessdate=19 April 2019 |agency=El Pitazo |date=14 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Following the unsuccessful attempt to [[2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela|bring humanitarian aid into Venezuela on 23 February]], a political faction supported by National Assembly deputy [[María Corina Machado]] began to demand application of Article 187, to "open the way" for "foreign intervention in order to prevent crimes against humanity".<ref name= Fiorella/> Former mayor of Caracas, [[Antonio Ledezma]] has also called for application of 187, and the calls for intervention have taken hold outside of the political realm, with a March poll showing 87.5% support for foreign intervention.{{efn|''Foreign Affairs'' states "this figure is likely inflated—the surveys do not define what a military intervention under 187(11) would look like.<ref name=Fiorella/>}}<ref name= Fiorella/> Guaidó has said he will call for intervention "when the time comes", but in media interviews, he has not stated he supports removing Maduro by force.<ref name= Fiorella/>

==== Russian presence ====
''Reuters'' reported that Russian mercenaries associated with the [[Wagner Group]] were in Venezuela to defend Maduro's government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-linked-military-contractors-in-venezuela-to-protect-maduro-2019-1?r=US&IR=T|title=Private military contractors linked to Russia are reportedly in Venezuela to protect Maduro|website=Business Insider|accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref> Professor Robert Ellis of the [[United States Army War College]] described 400 Wagner Group mercenaries provided by Russia as the "palace guard of Nicolás Maduro".<ref name=ComoSeria/> Kremlin spokesman [[Dmitry Peskov]] denied the deployment of Russian mercenaries, calling it "fake news".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/2183898/russia-denies-sending-mercenaries-protect-venezuela-president|title=Russia denies sending mercenaries to protect Venezuela’s president|date=28 January 2019|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/russia-warns-against-foreign-interference-in-venezuela/1377041|title=Russia warns against foreign interference in Venezuela|date=28 January 2019|website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref>

Two nuclear weapon-capable Russian planes landed in Venezuela in December 2018 in what ''Reuters'' called a "show of support for Maduro's socialist government".<ref name= RussianPlanes/> On 3 March 2019, [[Federation Council (Russia)|Russian Federation Council]] speaker [[Valentina Matviyenko]] told Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez that Russia will make every effort to prevent military intervention in Venezuela and believes that the crisis was artificially created by the US, which can be solved only through dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tass.com/politics/1047233|title=Russia seeks to prevent military intervention in Venezuela - upper house speaker|date=3 March 2019|work=[[TASS]]|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

On 23 March 2019, two Russian planes landed in Venezuela carrying 99 troops<ref name= Footprint>{{cite news |title= As Maduro confronts a crisis, Russia’s footprint in Venezuela grows: Moscow is seizing an opportunity to stick a finger in Washington’s eye, experts say |author= Zuñiga, Mariana and Anthony Faiola |work= The Washington Post |date= 30 March 2019 |via= ProQuest}}</ref> and 35 tonnes of [[Materiel|matériel]].<ref name=RussianPlanes>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/russian-air-force-planes-land-in-venezuela-carrying-troops-report-idUSKCN1R50NB |work= Reuters |date= 24 March 2019 |accessdate= 24 March 2019 |title= Russian air force planes land in Venezuela carrying troops: report}}</ref> Alexey Seredin from the Russian Embassy in Caracas said the two planes were "part of an effort to maintain Maduro's defense apparatus, which includes [[Sukhoi]] fighter jets and anti-aircraft systems purchased from Russia".<ref name=Footprint/> On 29 March, a flight simulation center for Russian helicopters was launched in Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.msn.com/es-pe/noticias/otras/rusia-abre-centro-de-formación-militar-para-pilotos-de-helicópteros-en-venezuela/ar-BBVptdA |work= MSN |date= 29 March 2019 |accessdate= 30 March 2019 |title= Rusia abre centro de formación militar para pilotos de helicópteros en Venezuela |language= es}}</ref> and another flight simulator center is planned, as is a plant to produce Russian arms.<ref name= Footprint/> Russia supplies arms, special forces, and military advisors to Venezuela, and a base for cyber warfare is under construction on a Venezuelan island.<ref name= AtOdds>{{cite news |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/us-eu-at-odds-over-new-sanctions-against-venezuela/4869617.html |publisher= VOA News |date= 10 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= US, EU at odds over Venezuela sanctions |author= Arostegui, Martin}}</ref>

[[Diosdado Cabello]] said the arrival of the planes was approved and authorized by Maduro.<ref name= DeputyConfirms>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-planes/venezuelan-socialist-party-deputy-confirms-two-planes-landed-from-russia-idUSKCN1R62RA |work= Reuters |date= 25 March 2019 |accessdate= 26 March 2019 |title= Venezuelan Socialist Party deputy confirms two planes landed from Russia}}</ref> Russian Foreign Affairs spokeswoman [[Maria Zakharova]] also confirmed the presence of military personnel in Venezuela, arguing that the countries had a bilateral agreement on military cooperation signed by Presidents Putin and Chávez in May 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-confirms-its-military-personnel-arrived-in-venezuela/2019/03/27/253df080-5069-11e9-bdb7-44f948cc0605_story.html?utm_term=.4be6dfc2aa0d|title=Russia confirms its military personnel arrived in Venezuela|access-date=27 March 2019|agency=Washington Post|date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/41368|title=President Vladimir Putin had talks with Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in the Kremlin|date=14 May 2001|website=Kremlin.ru|access-date=28 March 2019|quote=The Presidents were present at the ceremony of signing inter-governmental documents: an agreement on military-technical cooperation, on cooperation in fighting illegal drug trafficking and a protocol on creating a mechanism of political dialogue and cooperation between Russia and the Andes Community.}}</ref> Seredin said Russian investments in Venezuelan mining, agriculture and transportation is also contemplated.<ref name=Footprint/>

National Assembly deputy Williams Dávila said the National Assembly would investigate the "penetration of foreign forces in Venezuela", since Venezuela's Constitution requires that the legislature authorize foreign military missions and the arrival of Russian military was a "violation of Venezuelan sovereignty".<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190324/461210616315/militares-rusos-copan-la-escena-en-jornada-libre-para-maduro-y-guaido.html|title= Militares rusos copan la escena en jornada libre para Maduro y Guaidó|date=24 March 2019|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|access-date= 24 March 2019|language=Spanish |trans-title= Russian military take over the stage on a free day for Maduro and Guaidó |author=González, Ron}}</ref> Guaidó declared that foreign soldiers have been imported because Maduro's government does not trust the Venezuelan Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/guaido-sobre-nuevo-megaapagon-hablan-de-sabotaje-pero-tienen-militarizadas-instalaciones-electricas/|title=Guaidó sobre nuevo megaapagón: Hablan de sabotaje pero tienen militarizadas instalaciones eléctricas|date=26 March 2019|accessdate=26 March 2019|agency=Efecto Cocuyo|language=Spanish}}</ref> US Secretary of State Pompeo accused Russia of "reckless escalation" of the situation in Venezuela,<ref name= DeputyConfirms/> and warned Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] that the US would "not stand idly by", but did not say what the US response to Russian troops in Venezuela would be.<ref name="VOA">{{Cite news|url= https://www.voanews.com/a/pompeo-us-will-not-stand-idly-as-russia-escalates-venezuela-tensions/4847026.html|title=Pompeo: US will not 'stand idly' as Russia escalates Venezuela tensions|date=25 March 2019|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher= Reuters|access-date= 26 March 2019}}</ref> Lavrov responded by accusing the Trump administration of organizing a coup in Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-russia-usa/russias-lavrov-tells-pompeo-us-tried-to-organize-venezuela-coup-idUSKCN1R61Y6|title=Russia's Lavrov tells Pompeo U.S. tried to organize Venezuela coup|date=26 March 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> A [[United States Southern Command]] spokesperson said Russia's deployment of troops "directly undercuts the democratic aspirations of the Venezuelan people"; the OAS called it "a harmful act to Venezuelan sovereignty".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/26/russias-deployment-of-military-planes-to-venezuela-sparks-us-backlash-a64962|title=Russia’s Deployment of Military Planes to Venezuela Sparks U.S. Backlash|date=26 March 2019|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> In late March, US National Security Advisor Bolton said the US considered Russia's involvement a "direct threat to international peace and security in the region".<ref name= Footprint/>

In April 2019, Malta refused to allow Russian planes to use its airspace to supply Maduro's government. Morgan Ortagus, spokeswoman of the [[United States Department of State|United States State Department]], applauded the decision; weeks earlier, the US raised concerns when Russian planes from Syria crossed Malta's airspace to transport soldiers and [[Materiel|matériel]] to Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/mundo/malta-niega-permiso-paso-aviones-militares-rusos_279753 |work= El Nacional |language= es |accessdate= 20 April 2019 |title= Malta niega permiso de paso a aviones militares rusos |date= 19 April 2019}}</ref> Russia described Malta's actions as "unfriendly" and warns that it will take this into account in bilateral relations [[Malta–Russia relations|between the two countries]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2019-04-22/local-news/Russia-describes-Malta-s-refusal-to-allow-planes-to-overfly-air-space-as-unfriendly-6736207051|title=Russia describes Malta’s refusal to allow planes to overfly air space as ‘unfriendly’|last=|first=|date=22 April 2019|work=The Independent Malta|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Assets and reserves ===
Venezuela's third-largest export (after crude oil and refined petroleum products) is gold.<ref name=CCN>{{cite news |url= https://www.ccn.com/venezuela-maduro-340-million-gold-8-tons |title= Maduro scoops 8 Tons of Venezuelan Central Bank gold for illegal $340 million cash swap |work= CCN Norway |author= Emen, Mark |date= 1 March 2019 |accessdate= 20 March 2019}}</ref> The [[World Gold Council]] reported in January 2019 that Venezuela's foreign-held gold reserves had fallen by 69% to US$8.4 billion during Maduro's presidency.<ref name=BloombergGoldBars>{{cite news |author= Millan Lombrana, Laura |title= In Maduro's Venezuela, even counting gold bars is a challenge |work= Bloomberg Wire Service |date= 31 January 2019 |via= ProQuest}}</ref>

In mid-December 2018, a Venezuelan delegation went to London to arrange for the [[Bank of England]] to return the $1.2 billion in gold bullion that Venezuela stores at the bank. Unnamed sources told Bloomberg that the Bank of England declined the transfer due to a request from US Secretary of State Pompeo and National Security Adviser Bolton, who wanted to "cut off the regime from its overseas assets".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-28/u-k-leaves-fate-of-venezuela-s-gold-up-to-the-bank-of-england|title=U.K. Leaves Fate of Venezuela's Gold Up to the Bank of England|author=Biggs, Stuart and Jess Shankleman|date=29 January 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=Bloomberg|quote= According to a person familiar with the matter, the BOE declined the withdrawal request after U.S. Secretary of State Michael Pompeo and National Security Adviser John Bolton lobbied their U.K. counterparts to help cut off the regime from its overseas assets.}}</ref> In an interview with the BBC, Maduro asked Britain to return the gold instead of sending humanitarian aid, saying that the gold was "legally Venezuela's, it belongs to the [[Central Bank of Venezuela]]" and could be used to solve the country's problems. Guaidó asked the British government to ensure that the Bank of England does not provide the gold to the Maduro government. Maduro also said that US sanctions have frozen $10 billion in Venezuelan overseas accounts.<ref name=UKGold>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/maduro-calls-return-venezuelas-uk-deposited-gold-165317545.html|title=Maduro calls for return of Venezuela's UK-deposited gold|date=13 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=Yahoo}}</ref>

In mid-February 2019, a National Assembly legislator Angel Alvarado said that eight tonnes of gold worth over US$340 million<ref name=CCN/> had been taken from the vault while the head of the Central Bank was abroad.<ref name=8tons>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-gold-exclusive/exclusive-venezuela-removed-8-tons-of-central-bank-gold-last-week-legislator-idUSKCN1QG2QG |title= Exclusive: Venezuela removed 8 tons of central bank gold last week - legislator |author= Pons, Corina and Mayela Armas |work= Reuters |date= 27 February 2019 |accessdate= 20 March 2019}}</ref> In March, Ugandan investigators reported that the gold could have been smuggled into that country.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1QV0TG-OZATP |date= 14 March 2019 |title= Uganda probes refinery over alleged smuggling of gold |author= Biryabarema, Elias |work= Reuters |accessdate= 20 March 2019}}</ref> Government sources said another eight tonnes of gold was taken out of the Central Bank in the first week of April 2019; the government source said that there were 100 tonnes left. The gold was removed while minimal staff was present and the bank was not fully operational because of the [[2019 Venezuelan blackouts|ongoing, widespread power outages]]; the destination of the gold was not known.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-gold/exclusive-venezuela-removes-eight-tonnes-of-gold-from-central-bank-sources-idUSKCN1RL247 |publisher= Reuters |date= 9 April 2019 |accessdate= 9 April 2019|title= Exclusive: Venezuela removes eight tonnes of gold from central bank - sources |author= Armas, Mayela}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.voanoticias.com/a/denuncia-que-gobierno-en-disputa-de-venezuela-saca-otras-ocho-toneladas-de-oro-del-banco-central/4868771.html |work= VOA News |publisher= Reuters |language= es |date= 9 April 2019 |accessdate= 9 April 2019 |title= Denuncian retiro de más lingotes de oro del Banco Central de Venezuela}}</ref>

In 2009, Venezuela's [[Foreign-exchange reserves|foreign reserves]] peaked at US$43 billion; by July 2017, they had fallen below $10 billion "for the first time in 15 years",<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ft.com/content/33efd9ce-625c-11e7-91a7-502f7ee26895 |work= Financial Times |date= 14 July 2017 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= Venezuela's crisis drains its foreign reserves|quote= Venezuela's foreign reserves have dropped below $10bn for the first time in 15 years as chronic mismanagement, corruption and subdued oil prices continue to batter what used to be the wealthiest country in South America. The reserves stood at $9.983bn, according to figures published on Friday from the central bank, representing a 77 per cent decrease since January 2009 when they hit a peak of $43bn.}}</ref> and as of March 2019, they had dropped to US$8 billion.<ref name=PayConoco>{{cite news |url= https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/world-bank-venezuela-pay-conoco-billion-61567799 |title= World Bank: Venezuela must pay Conoco more than $8 billion |author= Lugo, Luis Alonso |work= ABC News |publisher= Associated Press |date= 8 March 2019 |accessdate= 6 April 2019}}</ref> About two-thirds of Venezuela's reserves are in gold.<ref name=CutOffIMF>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-10/imf-freezes-venezuela-funds-as-members-debate-who-s-president |publisher= Bloomberg |date= 10 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= Maduro is cut off from $400 million in cash held at the IMF |author= Arrioja, Jose Enrique and Ben Bartenstein |quote= The International Monetary Fund suspended the Venezuelan leader’s access to almost $400 million of special drawing rights, citing political chaos since National Assembly President Juan Guaido claimed in January that he was the nation’s rightful leader, said two people familiar with the matter. Venezuela already whittled its SDR holdings down from almost $1 billion in March 2018. Almost two-thirds of Venezuela’s $9 billion in foreign reserves are in the form of gold, which has been difficult to liquidate because of U.S. sanctions.}}</ref> Part of Venezuela's remaining reserves are held by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in financial instruments called [[special drawing rights|SDRs]]. In 2018, Venezuela had almost $1 billion in IMF SDRs, but it had drawn US$600 million in one year. To access SDR reserves, IMF rules require than a government be recognized by a majority of IMF members, and there is no majority recognition for either man claiming the Venezuelan presidency; the IMF denied Maduro access to the remaining US$400 million—"one of the regime’s last remaining sources of cash" according to Bloomberg.<ref name= CutOffIMF/> The IMF has not recognized Guaidó;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-imf-worldbank-venezuela/venezuela-leadership-issue-still-blocking-imf-world-bank-aid-idUKKCN1RN1TH|title=Venezuela leadership issue still blocking IMF, World Bank aid|date=11 April 2019|accessdate=14 April 2019|author=Campos, Rodrigo|author2=Lawder, David|publisher=[[Reuters]] UK}}</ref> [[Ricardo Hausmann]]—Guaidó's representative recognized by the [[Inter-American Development Bank]]—said the "IMF is safeguarding the assets until a new government takes over. 'Those funds will be available when this usurpation ends.'" The US has given Guaidó control of "key Venezuelan bank accounts",<ref name=CutOffIMF/> and has said it will give Guaidó control of US assets once his administration is in power.<ref name= UKGold/>

The Portuguese bank [[Novo Banco]] stopped Maduro's attempt to transfer over US$1 billion<ref>{{cite news |url= https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/idLTAKCN1PT210 |publisher= Reuters |date= 4 February 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= Maduro intenta mover hasta 1.200 mln dlr a Uruguay: líder opositor Venezuela |language= es}}</ref> through [[BANDES]] subsidiary, Banco Bandes Uruguay, in early 2019.<ref name=USBlacklists/> Over two months later, Maduro responded that Portugal had illegally blocked the money, and asked that it be returned to buy food and medicine.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/maduro-pide-portugal-devolver-venezuela-1700-millones-de-dolares-para |publisher= NTN24 |date= 17 April 2019 |accessdate= 17 April 2019 |language= es |title= Maduro pide a Portugal devolver a Venezuela 1.700 millones de dólares para medicinas |trans-title= Maduro asks Portual to return to Venezuela $1.700 million for medicine}}</ref>

=== Sanctions ===
{{main|International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis}}
{{image frame|content= {{Photomontage
|photo1a= Bomba_PDV.jpg
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|size=325
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|caption= Filling stations Top: Venezuela's [[PDVSA]]; bottom: Russia's [[Rosneft]], Spain's [[Repsol]]
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During the [[crisis in Venezuela]], the United States, the European Union, Canada, Mexico, Panama and Switzerland have applied individual sanctions against people associated with Maduro's administration, including government officials, members of the military and security forces, and private individuals alleged to be involved in human rights abuses, corruption, degradation in the rule of law and repression of democracy. [[Public Radio International]] (PRI) said the sanctions targeted Maduro and [[Chavismo]] "elites", while "they've done little to make an impact on ordinary Venezuelans, whose lives have spiraled into a humanitarian crisis as hyperinflation has driven nearly 3 million to flee."<ref name=SancElites>{{cite news |url= https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-01-31/us-sanctions-squeezed-venezuelas-chavismo-elites-time-its-oil |work= Public Radio International |title= US sanctions squeezed Venezuela's Chavismo elites. This time, it's oil |date= 31 January 2019 |author= Vidal, Laura and Jessica Carrillo Mazzali}}</ref> As of 27 March 2018, the Washington Office on Latin America said 78 Venezuelans associated with Maduro had been sanctioned by several countries.<ref name= PanamaSanctions>{{cite news |url= http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2453678&CategoryId=10717 |work= Latin American Herald Tribune |date= 27 March 2018 |accessdate= 3 April 2019 |title= Panama sanctions Venezuela, including Maduro & 1st Lady family companies |author= Camacho, Carlos}}</ref>

In 2018, Trump signed an order that prohibits people in the U.S. from making any type of transaction with digital currency emitted by or in the name of the government of Venezuela as of 9 January 2018. The executive order referenced "[[Petro (cryptocurrency)|Petro]]", a crypto-currency also known as ''petromoneda''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Estados Unidos prohibió las operaciones con el Petro, la criptomoneda venezolana|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2018/03/19/estados-unidos-prohibio-las-operaciones-con-el-petro-la-criptomoneda-venezolana/|accessdate= 2 April 2019|work=Infobae|language= es |date= 19 March 2018}}</ref>

As the humanitarian crisis deepened and expanded, the Trump administration levied more serious economic sanctions against Venezuela, and "Maduro accused the US of plunging Venezuelan citizens further into economic crisis."<ref name=SancElites/> In January 2019, during the presidential crisis, the United States imposed sanctions on the Venezuelan state-owned oil and natural gas company [[PDVSA]] to pressure Maduro to resign.<ref name="“yahoo290119">{{cite news |author=Lee, Matthew and Deb Riechmann |title=US hits Venezuela with oil sanctions to pressure Maduro |url=https://news.yahoo.com/us-hits-venezuela-state-owned-oil-company-sanctions-205443848.html |accessdate=12 March 2019 |agency=AP |date=29 January 2019}}</ref> ''Reuters'' said the sanctions are expected to reduce Venezuela's ability to purchase food and other imports which could result in further shortages and worsen its economic position.<ref name="“yahoo290119"/> PRI said that "sanctions against PDVSA are likely to yield stronger and more direct economic consequences".<ref name=SancElites/> Companies including India's [[Reliance Industries Limited]], Russia's [[Rosneft]], Spain's [[Repsol]], and commodity trading companies [[Trafigura]] and [[Vitol]] continue to supply Venezuela's oil industry as of 11 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa/washington-to-decide-on-repsols-venezuela-activity-u-s-envoy-idUSKCN1RN0UT |publisher= Reuters |date= 11 April 2019 |accessdate= 11 April 2019 |title= Washington to decide on Repsol's Venezuela activity: U.S. envoy |author= Isla Binnie}}</ref>

On 17 April, Reuters reported that Repsol was in discussion with the Trump administration and had suspended its swaps with PDVSA.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-repsol-exclusive/exclusive-spains-repsol-suspends-swap-deal-for-venezuelan-oil-under-us-pressure-idUSKCN1RT2F1 |publisher= Reuters |date= 17 April 2019 |accessdate= 17 April 2019 |title= Exclusive: Spain's Repsol suspends swap deal for Venezuelan oil under U.S. pressure |author= Eaton, Collin and Marianna Parraga}}</ref> Stating it was a "sign of the growing dependence of Venezuela's cash-strapped government on Russia", Reuters reported on 18 April 2019 that the Maduro administration was bypassing the sanctions by funneling cash from petroleum sales through Russia's Rosneft.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-rosneft-exclusive/exclusive-venezuela-skirts-us-sanctions-by-funneling-oil-sales-via-russia-idUSKCN1RU2A4 |publisher= Reuters |accessdate= 18 April 2019 |title= Exclusive: Venezuela skirts U.S. sanctions by funneling oil sales via Russia |author= Parraga, Marianna}}</ref> Reliance denied reports that it was in violation of sanctions.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-says-not-violating-us-sanctions-on-venezuela-bought-oil-with-knowledge-of-us-authorities/articleshow/68964345.cms |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 20 April 2019 |accessdate= 20 April 2019 |title= Reliance says not violating US sanctions on Venezuela, bought oil with knowledge of US authorities}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of the Treasury]] placed sanctions affecting Venezuela's gold industry in March 2019, explaining that Maduro's government "is pillaging the wealth of Venezuela while imperiling indigenous people by encroaching on protected areas and causing deforestation and habitat loss".<ref name=GoldSanctions>{{cite news |url= https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article228119714.html |work= Miami Herald |title= Washington hits Venezuela’s gold sector with new sanctions |author= Wyss, Jim |date= 19 March 2019 |accessdate= 20 March 2019}}</ref> After the detention of Guaidó's chief of staff, [[Roberto Marrero]], in March 2019, the US also sanctioned the Venezuelan bank [[BANDES]] and its subsidiaries.<ref name=BANDESsanctions/> The Maduro administration issued a statement saying that it "energetically rejects the unilateral, coercive, arbitrary and illegal measures" that would affect banking for millions of people.<ref name=USBlacklists>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa-sanctions/us-blacklists-venezuelan-state-banks-after-arrest-of-guaido-aide-idUSKCN1R32FQ |work= Reuters |date= 22 March 2019 |accessdate= 23 March 2019 |title= U.S. blacklists Venezuelan state banks after arrest of Guaido aide |author= Wroughton, Lesley and Deisy Buitrago}}</ref>

In a speech on 17 April 2019 in Miami on the anniversary of the failed 1961 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]], Bolton announced new restrictions on U.S. dealings with the three countries he calls the [[troika of tyranny]]—Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela—as "part of a broader set of policies" aimed at "reversing the Obama administration's embrace" of Cuba.<ref name= NYTRestrictions>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/world/americas/cuba-trump-travel-lawsuits.html |work= The New York Times |date= 17 April 2019 |accessdate= 18 April 2019 |title= Trump administration announces new restrictions on dealing with Cuba |author= Chokshi, Niraj and Frances Robles}}</ref> Maduro said the sanctions were "totally illegal" and that "Central banks around the world are sacred, all countries respect them. ... To me the empire looks crazy, desperate."<ref name= 17AReuters>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-cuba-venezuela/us-slaps-new-sanctions-on-cuba-and-venezuela-to-pressure-maduro-idUSKCN1RT2D8|title=Trump's Cuba hawks try to squeeze Havana over Venezuela role|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=17 April 2019|accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>

== Censorship and media control ==
{{main|Censorship and media control during the Venezuelan presidential crisis}}
[[File:NASA Univision Hispanic Education Campaign DVIDS858679 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Univision]] anchor [[Jorge Ramos (news anchor)|Jorge Ramos]] was detained by the Maduro administration in February 2019 after a live interview.]]

Between 12 January and 18 January,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archivo.elpitazo.net/otras-noticias/wikipedia-ya-esta-disponible-venezuela-tras-bloqueado-cantv/|title=Wikipedia ya está disponible para Venezuela tras ser bloqueado por Cantv!|date=19 January 2019|website=El Pitazo|language=es|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ipysvenezuela.org/2019/01/29/from-the-blocking-of-wikipedia-to-social-media-venezuelas-political-crisis/|title=From the blocking of Wikipedia to Social Media: Venezuela’s Political Crisis|date=29 January 2019|website=IPYS Venezuela|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> [[Block of Wikipedia in Venezuela|internet access to Wikipedia (in all languages) was blocked in Venezuela]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/wikipedia-blocked-in-venezuela-as-internet-controls-tighten-XaAwR08M|title=Wikipedia blocked in Venezuela as internet controls tighten|date=12 January 2019|website=NetBlocks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113134629/https://netblocks.org/reports/wikipedia-blocked-in-venezuela-as-internet-controls-tighten-XaAwR08M|archive-date=13 January 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/sociedad/usuarios-cantv-denuncian-que-acceso-wikipedia-esta-bloqueado_266182|title=Usuarios de Cantv denuncian que el acceso a Wikipedia está bloqueado|date=12 January 2019|website=El Nacional|language=es|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> after [[:es:Juan Guaidó|Guaidó's page]] on the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] was edited to show him as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/nota-de-juan-guaido-en-wikipedia-cambia-37-veces-en-dos-horas-y-nueve-minutos-este-11e/|title=Nota de Juan Guaidó en Wikipedia cambia 37 veces en dos horas y nueve minutos este #11E|website=Efecto Cocuyo|language=Spanish|accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref>

Later on 21 January, the day of a National Guard mutiny in Cotiza, internet access to some social media was reported blocked for CANTV users. The Venezuelan government denied it had engaged in blocking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/venezuela-social-media-restricted-amid-caracas-incident-zgBLoXA4|title=Social media outage and disruptions in Venezuela amid incident in Caracas|date=21 January 2019|website=NetBlocks|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/tecnologia/Bloqueo-Wikipedia_0_857415082.html|title=Venezuela y Wikipedia se contradicen: ¿bloqueó Maduro el acceso a la enciclopedia tras una "guerra de ediciones"?|last=del Castillo|first=Carlos|date=19 January 2019|website=El Diario|language=es|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> During the 23 January protests, widespread internet outages for CANTV users were reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/wikimedia_ve/status/1088163301522132992|title=#23Ene Reportamos, nuevamente, un bloqueo parcial para acceder a #Wikipedia en #Venezuela desde @ContactoCantv y @SomosMovilnet_. Ayúdanos a reportar: ¿puedes acceder sin problemas? ¡Los leemos! @Wikimediapic.twitter.com/XeVOh8zWMM|last=Wikimedia Venezuela|date=23 January 2019|website=@wikimedia_ve|language=es|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/major-internet-disruptions-in-venezuela-amid-protests-4JBQ2kyo|title=Major Internet disruptions in Venezuela amid protests|date=23 January 2019|website=[[NetBlocks]]|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

Live streams of the National Assembly sessions and Guaidó's speeches have been regularly disrupted for CANTV users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/venezuela-national-assembly-live-streams-disrupted-4M8JQvy0|title=Venezuela National Assembly live streams disrupted|date=29 January 2019|website=NetBlocks|access-date=31 January 2019}} * {{cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/disruptions-in-venezuela-affecting-youtube-and-other-services-during-political-rally-WJBZda86|title=Disruptions in Venezuela affecting YouTube and other services during political rally|date=12 February 2019|website=NetBlocks|access-date=13 February 2019}} * {{Cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/youtube-and-google-services-restricted-in-venezuela-as-guaido-speaks-v7yN4EAq|title=YouTube and Google services restricted in Venezuela as Guaidó speaks|date=18 February 2019|website=NetBlocks|access-date=18 February 2019}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/12/netblocks-denuncia-bloqueos-youtube-durante-manifestacion-12-feb/|title=NetBlocks denuncia bloqueos a YouTube para censurar las manifestaciones de Guaidó este #12Feb|date=12 February 2019|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=12 February 2019}} * {{Cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/web-platforms-blocked-in-venezuela-colombia-border-standoff-4JBQzYyo|title=Web platforms blocked in Venezuela-Colombia border standoff|date=23 February 2019|website=NetBlocks|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> Since 22 January, some radio programs have been ordered off air; other programs have been temporarily canceled or received censorship warnings, including a threat to close private television and radio stations if they recognize Guaidó as acting president or interim president of Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/entretenimiento/censura-emisoras-televisoras-plataformas-arrecio-desde-enero_268833|title=Censura a emisoras, televisoras y plataformas arreció desde el 22 de enero|last=González Mendoza|first=Isaac|date=31 January 2019|website=El Nacional|language=es|access-date=31 January 2019}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/cesar-miguel-rondon-se-despide-de-la-radio-y-transmitira-programa-por|title=César Miguel Rondón se despide de la radio y transmitirá programa por Periscope e Instagram|date=29 January 2019|website=NTN24 {{!}} www.ntn24.com|language=es|access-date=31 January 2019}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/conatel-amenaza-con-cerrar-medios-privados-que-llamen-guaido-presidente|title=Conatel amenaza con cerrar a medios privados que llamen a Guaidó presidente encargado|date=24 January 2019|work=[[NTN24]]|quote=Algunas radios y televisoras privadas del país han recibido una amenaza por parte de Conatel si reconocen al diputado Juan Guaidó como presidente encargado o interino de Venezuela. [Some private radios and television stations in the country have received a threat from Conatel if they recognize deputy Juan Guaidó as acting president or interim president of Venezuela.]}}</ref>

The website "Voluntarios X Venezuela" was promoted by Guaidó and the National Assembly to gather volunteers for humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://talcualdigital.com/index.php/2019/02/16/personas-inscritas-en-voluntariosxvenezuela-comienzan-a-congregarse-para-acto-del-16f/|title=Sector salud y ciudadanía se congregan en actividad de VoluntariosxVenezuela el #16F|date=16 February 2019|work=Tal Cual Digital|accessdate=16 February 2019|language=es}}</ref> Between 12 and 13 February, CANTV users that tried to access were redirected to a mirror site with a different [[URL]] address. The mirror site asked for personal information: names, ID, address and telephone numbers. The phishing website used the [[.ve]] domain controlled by Conatel. This manipulation was denounced as a technique to identify dissidents to the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/d3mdxm/venezuela-government-hack-activists-phishing|title=Venezuela’s Government Appears To Be Trying to Hack Activists With Phishing Pages|author=Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo and Jason Koebler|date=15 February 2019|website=Motherboard|access-date=15 February 2019}} * {{Cite web|url=https://securelist.com/dns-manipulation-in-venezuela/89592/|title=DNS Manipulation in Venezuela in regards to the Humanitarian Aid Campaign|website=securelist.com|access-date=15 February 2019}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/cantv-redirecciona-pagina-de-voluntarios-x-venezuela-portal-falso-103954|title=Cantv redirecciona página de Voluntarios X Venezuela a portal falso|date=13 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|language=es|website=NTN24 {{!}} www.ntn24.com}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/sociedad/denuncian-creacion-sitio-web-identico-portal-voluntarios-venezuela_270938|title=Denuncian creación un sitio web idéntico al portal Voluntarios X Venezuela|date=15 February 2019|website=El Nacional|language=es|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Following the phishing incident, the official site was completely blocked for CANTV users on 16 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/venezuela-humanitarian-aid-platform-blocked-GnAgJk8p|title=Venezuela humanitarian aid volunteer platform blocked|date=17 February 2019|website=NetBlocks|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

The Venezuelan press workers union denounced that in 2019, 40 journalists had been illegally detained as of 12 March; the National Assembly Parliamentary Commission for Media declared that there had been 173 aggressions against press workers as of 13 March. The commission planned to report these aggressions to the International Criminal Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elimpulso.com/2019/03/13/173-agresiones-a-trabajadores-de-la-prensa-contabiliza-comision-de-medios-de-la-asamblea-nacional-13mar/|title=173 agresiones a trabajadores de la prensa contabiliza Comisión de Medios de la Asamblea Nacional #13Mar|last=Escalona|first=José|date=13 March 2019|work=El Impulso|access-date=19 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2019 Venezuelan protests]]
*[[2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela]]
*[[International Conference on the Situation in Venezuela]]
*[[United States involvement in regime change in Latin America]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Bolivarian Venezuela Crisis|state=collapsed}}
{{Venezuela topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2019 in politics]]
[[Category:2019 in Venezuela]]
[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
[[Category:Crisis in Venezuela]]
[[Category:January 2019 events in South America]]
[[Category:Political history of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Venezuela]]
[[Category:2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis]]
[[Category:Ongoing events]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Coripe

2019-04-25T07:25:52Z

Ravave: /* Culture */

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = city
| official_name = Coripe, Spain |
nickname = |
image_flag = File:Bandera de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_seal = File:Escudo de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_map = |
map_caption = |
subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name1 = [[Seville (province)|Seville]] |
subdivision_type2 = [[List of municipalities in Seville|Municipality]] |
subdivision_name2 = Coripe |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
area_magnitude = |
area_total_km2 = 52 |
area_land_km2 = |
area_water_km2 = |
elevation_m = 325 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_note = |
population_total = 1436 |
population_density_km2 = 27.6 |
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
utc_offset = +1 |
timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +2 |
latitude = 36º58' N |
longitude = 5º26' W |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}

'''Coripe''' is a city located in the [[Seville (province)|province of Seville]], Spain. According to the 2006 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the city has a population of 1,436.

== Demography ==
{{Demography
| 2004 = 1,424
| 2007 = 1,446
| 2010 = 1,446
| 2013 = 1,359
| source = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ INE-es]
}}

== Culture ==
The village is known for the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Easter|Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanish celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance) who claims that these holidays could be considered as "[[hate crimes]]".<ref name="ep" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm Coripe] - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

{{Municipalities in Seville}}

{{coord|36|58|N|5|26|W|region:ES_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Seville]]

{{Andalusia-geo-stub}}

Coripe

2019-04-24T23:55:58Z

Ravave: /* Culture */

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = city
| official_name = Coripe, Spain |
nickname = |
image_flag = File:Bandera de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_seal = File:Escudo de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_map = |
map_caption = |
subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name1 = [[Seville (province)|Seville]] |
subdivision_type2 = [[List of municipalities in Seville|Municipality]] |
subdivision_name2 = Coripe |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
area_magnitude = |
area_total_km2 = 52 |
area_land_km2 = |
area_water_km2 = |
elevation_m = 325 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_note = |
population_total = 1436 |
population_density_km2 = 27.6 |
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
utc_offset = +1 |
timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +2 |
latitude = 36º58' N |
longitude = 5º26' W |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}

'''Coripe''' is a city located in the [[Seville (province)|province of Seville]], Spain. According to the 2006 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the city has a population of 1,436.

== Demography ==
{{Demography
| 2004 = 1,424
| 2007 = 1,446
| 2010 = 1,446
| 2013 = 1,359
| source = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ INE-es]
}}

== Culture ==
The village is known for the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Easter|Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spaniard celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance) who claims that these holidays could be considered as "[[hate crimes]]".<ref name="ep" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm Coripe] - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

{{Municipalities in Seville}}

{{coord|36|58|N|5|26|W|region:ES_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Seville]]

{{Andalusia-geo-stub}}

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-24T23:52:43Z

Ravave: /* "Spanishes celebrities"... */

{{WikiProject Spain|class=Stub|importance=}}

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Coripe]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=795274770 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm to http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm

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Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 04:46, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

== Cause célèbre? ==

I don't understand pretty well that controversy with the "Fuigdemont" thing. Actually, that was a local holiday in a small village from Andalucia known as ''"Fiesta'' or ''Quema del Judas"'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in English).However, Coripe is not the only place where that tradition takes place. According the article in Wikipedia: '''The burning of Judas is an Easter-time ritual in many Orthodox and Catholic Christian communities'''. And, what happens with Fuigdemont? Well. every year Coripe citizens vote for the most despicable person who deserve to be in the bonfire. For example: the last edition, they vote for burning a [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|woman who murdered a boy]]. Obviously, it was a puppet, like this year. Those puppets represents the "bad things": last year a murderer, and this one a hated politician. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 10:59, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

: Also, I don't see any international reaction of this, but national (Spanish media), so I could dare to say that the controversy is just in Spain. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 11:06, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

:: I don't know who "Fuigdemont" is, other than perhaps Puigdemont's surname pronounced by some individual with serious diction problems. The burning of Judas is controversial on an international level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Judas#Antisemitism), not just within the boundaries of Spain. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 17:14, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
::: I have enough diction to understand that you pretend to add something negative about a little village because somebody didn't liked to see the dummy of that person (that ranaway, by the way) in a bonfire. Your answer is just a cheap insult. Do you think "Coripe is this, Coripe is that", but Catalonia isn't different. For example: there also dummies (like the Coripe's one) of non-independentists hanged from bridges, or lynching towards anybody who don't want to follow the steps of the Catalonian Government (or ideologies), even for the language.[http://www.e24diari.es/texto-diario/mostrar/1290612/dueno-restaurante-barcelona-denuncia-linchamiento-independentista-redes].

::: Before to leave, I'm gonna tell you that I'm not gonna undo your edition, but I hope some users from this Wikipedia understands that with that edition, your intention is to show the Coripe citizens as retrograded people. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 07:24, 23 April 2019 (UTC)
:::: The use of the term "lynching" in this context is slanderous, even if it quotes a very questionable use of the word by a newspaper. Nobody lynched the owner of a restaurant in Barcelona. Also the dummies-on-bridges stunt was nocturnal, anonymous, disowned by all politicians and civic organisations and criticized by everybody across the political spectrum, whereas the Coripe episode was organized in broad daylight by the town council itself with the collaboration of local police and (even worse) local [[Parent–teacher association]]. Also I don't think "Coripe is this, Coripe is that", in fact I haven't spoken to any of its denizens nor do I have a uniform opinion about them. I've added properly referenced material and that's it. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 08:04, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

== "Spanishes celebrities"... ==
English-language Wikipedia should be edited primarily by people with at least a passable command of English grammar. I don't think I'm saying anything controversial by stating this. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 20:10, 24 April 2019 (UTC)
: Just a little mistake. Nothing to worry about it. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 23:52, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

Coripe

2019-04-24T23:51:30Z

Ravave: /* Culture */

Coripe

2019-04-24T18:53:38Z

Ravave: /* Culture */ Typo

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = city
| official_name = Coripe, Spain |
nickname = |
image_flag = File:Bandera de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_seal = File:Escudo de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_map = |
map_caption = |
subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name1 = [[Seville (province)|Seville]] |
subdivision_type2 = [[List of municipalities in Seville|Municipality]] |
subdivision_name2 = Coripe |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
area_magnitude = |
area_total_km2 = 52 |
area_land_km2 = |
area_water_km2 = |
elevation_m = 325 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_note = |
population_total = 1436 |
population_density_km2 = 27.6 |
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
utc_offset = +1 |
timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +2 |
latitude = 36º58' N |
longitude = 5º26' W |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}

'''Coripe''' is a city located in the [[Seville (province)|province of Seville]], Spain. According to the 2006 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the city has a population of 1,436.

== Demography ==
{{Demography
| 2004 = 1,424
| 2007 = 1,446
| 2010 = 1,446
| 2013 = 1,359
| source = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ INE-es]
}}

== Culture ==
The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Easter|Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance) who claims that these holidays could be considered as "[[hate crimes]]".<ref name="ep" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm Coripe] - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

{{Municipalities in Seville}}

{{coord|36|58|N|5|26|W|region:ES_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Seville]]

{{Andalusia-geo-stub}}

Coripe

2019-04-24T18:50:24Z

Ravave: /* Culture */

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = city
| official_name = Coripe, Spain |
nickname = |
image_flag = File:Bandera de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_seal = File:Escudo de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_map = |
map_caption = |
subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name1 = [[Seville (province)|Seville]] |
subdivision_type2 = [[List of municipalities in Seville|Municipality]] |
subdivision_name2 = Coripe |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
area_magnitude = |
area_total_km2 = 52 |
area_land_km2 = |
area_water_km2 = |
elevation_m = 325 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_note = |
population_total = 1436 |
population_density_km2 = 27.6 |
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
utc_offset = +1 |
timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +2 |
latitude = 36º58' N |
longitude = 5º26' W |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}

'''Coripe''' is a city located in the [[Seville (province)|province of Seville]], Spain. According to the 2006 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the city has a population of 1,436.

== Demography ==
{{Demography
| 2004 = 1,424
| 2007 = 1,446
| 2010 = 1,446
| 2013 = 1,359
| source = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ INE-es]
}}

== Culture ==
The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Easter|Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance) who claims that these holiday could be considered as "[[hate crimes]]".<ref name="ep" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm Coripe] - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

{{Municipalities in Seville}}

{{coord|36|58|N|5|26|W|region:ES_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Seville]]

{{Andalusia-geo-stub}}

Coripe

2019-04-24T18:44:30Z

Ravave: /* Culture */

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = city
| official_name = Coripe, Spain |
nickname = |
image_flag = File:Bandera de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_seal = File:Escudo de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_map = |
map_caption = |
subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name1 = [[Seville (province)|Seville]] |
subdivision_type2 = [[List of municipalities in Seville|Municipality]] |
subdivision_name2 = Coripe |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
area_magnitude = |
area_total_km2 = 52 |
area_land_km2 = |
area_water_km2 = |
elevation_m = 325 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_note = |
population_total = 1436 |
population_density_km2 = 27.6 |
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
utc_offset = +1 |
timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +2 |
latitude = 36º58' N |
longitude = 5º26' W |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}

'''Coripe''' is a city located in the [[Seville (province)|province of Seville]], Spain. According to the 2006 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the city has a population of 1,436.

== Demography ==
{{Demography
| 2004 = 1,424
| 2007 = 1,446
| 2010 = 1,446
| 2013 = 1,359
| source = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ INE-es]
}}

== Culture ==
The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Easter|Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance).<ref name="ep" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm Coripe] - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

{{Municipalities in Seville}}

{{coord|36|58|N|5|26|W|region:ES_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Seville]]

{{Andalusia-geo-stub}}

Coripe

2019-04-24T18:42:24Z

Ravave:

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = city
| official_name = Coripe, Spain |
nickname = |
image_flag = File:Bandera de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_seal = File:Escudo de Coripe (Sevilla).svg|
image_map = |
map_caption = |
subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name1 = [[Seville (province)|Seville]] |
subdivision_type2 = [[List of municipalities in Seville|Municipality]] |
subdivision_name2 = Coripe |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
area_magnitude = |
area_total_km2 = 52 |
area_land_km2 = |
area_water_km2 = |
elevation_m = 325 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_note = |
population_total = 1436 |
population_density_km2 = 27.6 |
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
utc_offset = +1 |
timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +2 |
latitude = 36º58' N |
longitude = 5º26' W |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}

'''Coripe''' is a city located in the [[Seville (province)|province of Seville]], Spain. According to the 2006 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the city has a population of 1,436.

== Demography ==
{{Demography
| 2004 = 1,424
| 2007 = 1,446
| 2010 = 1,446
| 2013 = 1,359
| source = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ INE-es]
}}

== Culture ==
The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance).<ref name="ep" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm Coripe] - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

{{Municipalities in Seville}}

{{coord|36|58|N|5|26|W|region:ES_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Seville]]

{{Andalusia-geo-stub}}

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:41:17Z

Ravave:

{{User sandbox}}

The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]];<ref name="edds" /> even criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="edds" />

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance).<ref name="ep" />

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:39:59Z

Ravave:

{{User sandbox}}

The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".<ref>[http://www.destinosevillarural.com/es/recursos/1001/la-quema-del-judas La Quemá del Judas], ''Destino Sevilla Rural''.</ref><ref name="edds">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=R. |title=La quema del Judas Puigdemont de Coripe |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/provincia/quema-Judas-Puigdemont-Coripe_0_1348065362.html |accessdate=24 April 2019 |work=El Diario de Sevilla |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]] or criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref>

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance).<ref name="ep" />

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:32:51Z

Ravave:

{{User sandbox}}

The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]] or criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref>

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance).<ref name="ep" />

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:31:30Z

Ravave:

{{User sandbox}}

The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that is burned in a [[bonfire]]. These rag dolls represents several public figures considered as "despicables".

Several examples are politicians like [[José María Aznar]] (former Spanish Prime Minister), [[Rodrigo Rato]] (politician and banker) or [[Carles Puigdemont]] (former President of Catalonia);<ref>[https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/catalanofobia-odi-extrem-puigdemont_376882_102.html]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190422/461771228527/puigdemont-muneco-coripe-quema-reacciones-twitter.html]</ref> Spanishes celebrities like [[Bárbara Rey]], [[Eva Sannum]], [[Iñaki Urdangarín]] or criminals like [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|Ana Julia Quezada]] or [[Murder of Marta del Castillo|Miguel Carcaño]] among others.<ref name="ep">{{cite web |title=Rato, la asesina de Gabriel, Carcaño... los otros 'Judas' quemados en Coripe |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20190422/rato-ana-julia-quezada-carcano-puigdemont-otros-judas-quemados-coripe-7418418 |website=El Periódico de Catalunya |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref>

However, this bank holiday had arose some controversies among several organizations like ''Movimiento contra la Intolerancia'' (Movement against Intolerance).

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:25:48Z

Ravave:

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:20:58Z

Ravave:

User:Ravave/sandbox

2019-04-24T18:06:31Z

Ravave: ←Created page with '{{User sandbox}} The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' (Burning of Judas in English). A local holiday that takes place on Su...'

{{User sandbox}}

The village is known by the ''Quema de Judas'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in [[English language|English]]). A local holiday that takes place on [[Sunday of Resurrection]]. Every year, the citizens makes a dummy that represents ...

Todos los años, los vecinos queman un muñeco que representa el aspecto negativo del año

Coripe

2019-04-24T16:55:51Z

Ravave:

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-23T10:00:23Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-23T09:58:48Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */ Sorry: I forgot the past

{{WikiProject Spain|class=Stub|importance=}}

== External links modified ==

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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm to http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm

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== Cause célèbre? ==

I don't understand pretty well that controversy with the "Fuigdemont" thing. Actually, that was a local holiday in a small village from Andalucia known as ''"Fiesta'' or ''Quema del Judas"'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in English).However, Coripe is not the only place where that tradition takes place. According the article in Wikipedia: '''The burning of Judas is an Easter-time ritual in many Orthodox and Catholic Christian communities'''. And, what happens with Fuigdemont? Well. every year Coripe citizens vote for the most despicable person who deserve to be in the bonfire. For example: the last edition, they vote for burning a [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|woman who murdered a boy]]. Obviously, it was a puppet, like this year. Those puppets represents the "bad things": last year a murderer, and this one a hated politician. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 10:59, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

: Also, I don't see any international reaction of this, but national (Spanish media), so I could dare to say that the controversy is just in Spain. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 11:06, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

:: I don't know who "Fuigdemont" is, other than perhaps Puigdemont's surname pronounced by some individual with serious diction problems. The burning of Judas is controversial on an international level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Judas#Antisemitism), not just within the boundaries of Spain. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 17:14, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
::: I have enough diction to understand that you pretend to add something negative about a little village because somebody didn't liked to see the dummy of that person (that ranaway, by the way) in a bonfire. Your answer is just a cheap insult. Do you think "Coripe is this, Coripe is that", but Catalonia isn't different. For example: there also dummies (like the Coripe's one) of non-independentists hanged from bridges, or lynching towards anybody who don't want to follow the steps of the Catalonian Government (or ideologies), even for the language.[http://www.e24diari.es/texto-diario/mostrar/1290612/dueno-restaurante-barcelona-denuncia-linchamiento-independentista-redes].

::: Before to leave, I'm gonna tell you that I'm not gonna to undoing your edition, but I hope some users from this Wikipedia understands that with that edition, your intention is to show the Coripe citizens as retrograded people. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 07:24, 23 April 2019 (UTC)
:::: The use of the term "lynching" in this context is slanderous, even if it quotes a very questionable use of the word by a newspaper. Nobody lynched the owner of a restaurant in Barcelona. Also the dummies-on-bridges stunt was nocturnal, anonymous, disowned by all politicians and civic organisations and criticized by everybody across the political spectrum, whereas the Coripe episode was organized in broad daylight by the town council itself with the collaboration of local police and (even worse) local [[Parent–teacher association]]. Also I don't think "Coripe is this, Coripe is that", in fact I haven't spoken to any of its denizens nor do I have a uniform opinion about them. I've added properly referenced material and that's it. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 08:04, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-23T07:35:25Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */

{{WikiProject Spain|class=Stub|importance=}}

== External links modified ==

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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm to http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm

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== Cause célèbre? ==

I don't understand pretty well that controversy with the "Fuigdemont" thing. Actually, that was a local holiday in a small village from Andalucia known as ''"Fiesta'' or ''Quema del Judas"'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in English).However, Coripe is not the only place where that tradition takes place. According the article in Wikipedia: '''The burning of Judas is an Easter-time ritual in many Orthodox and Catholic Christian communities'''. And, what happens with Fuigdemont? Well. every year Coripe citizens vote for the most despicable person who deserve to be in the bonfire. For example: the last edition, they vote for burning a [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|woman who murdered a boy]]. Obviously, it was a puppet, like this year. Those puppets represents the "bad things": last year a murderer, and this one a hated politician. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 10:59, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

: Also, I don't see any international reaction of this, but national (Spanish media), so I could dare to say that the controversy is just in Spain. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 11:06, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

:: I don't know who "Fuigdemont" is, other than perhaps Puigdemont's surname pronounced by some individual with serious diction problems. The burning of Judas is controversial on an international level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Judas#Antisemitism), not just within the boundaries of Spain. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 17:14, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
::: I have enough diction to understand that you pretend to add something negative about a little village because somebody didn't liked to see the dummy of that person (that runaway, by the way) in a bonfire. Your answer is just a cheap insult. Do you think "Coripe is this, Coripe is that", but Catalonia isn't different. For example: there also dummies (like the Coripe's one) of non-independentists hanged from bridges, or lynching towards anybody who don't want to follow the steps of the Catalonian Government (or ideologies), even for the language.[http://www.e24diari.es/texto-diario/mostrar/1290612/dueno-restaurante-barcelona-denuncia-linchamiento-independentista-redes].

::: Before to leave, I'm gonna tell you that I'm not gonna to undoing your edition, but I hope some users from this Wikipedia understands that with that edition, your intention is to show the Coripe citizens as retrograded people. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 07:24, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-23T07:24:55Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */

{{WikiProject Spain|class=Stub|importance=}}

== External links modified ==

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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070816132456/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm to http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm41035.htm

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== Cause célèbre? ==

I don't understand pretty well that controversy with the "Fuigdemont" thing. Actually, that was a local holiday in a small village from Andalucia known as ''"Fiesta'' or ''Quema del Judas"'' ([[Burning of Judas]] in English).However, Coripe is not the only place where that tradition takes place. According the article in Wikipedia: '''The burning of Judas is an Easter-time ritual in many Orthodox and Catholic Christian communities'''. And, what happens with Fuigdemont? Well. every year Coripe citizens vote for the most despicable person who deserve to be in the bonfire. For example: the last edition, they vote for burning a [[Murder of Gabriel Cruz|woman who murdered a boy]]. Obviously, it was a puppet, like this year. Those puppets represents the "bad things": last year a murderer, and this one a hated politician. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 10:59, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

: Also, I don't see any international reaction of this, but national (Spanish media), so I could dare to say that the controversy is just in Spain. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 11:06, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

:: I don't know who "Fuigdemont" is, other than perhaps Puigdemont's surname pronounced by some individual with serious diction problems. The burning of Judas is controversial on an international level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Judas#Antisemitism), not just within the boundaries of Spain. [[User:CodeInconnu|CodeInconnu]] ([[User talk:CodeInconnu|talk]]) 17:14, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
::: I have enough diction to understand that you pretend to add something negative about a little village because somebody didn't liked to see the dummy of that person (that runaway, by the way) in a bonfire. Your answer is just a cheap insult. Do you think "Coripe is this, Coripe is that", but Catalonia isn't different. For example: there also dummies (like the Coripe's one) of non-independentists hanged from bridges, or lynching towards anybody who don't want to follow the steps of the Catalonian Government (or ideologies), even for the language.[http://www.e24diari.es/texto-diario/mostrar/1290612/dueno-restaurante-barcelona-denuncia-linchamiento-independentista-redes].

::: Before to leave, I'm gonna tell you that I'm not gonna to undoing your edition, but I hope some users from this Wikipedia understands that that edition of your is her to arise polemics. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 07:24, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Coripe

2019-04-22T17:02:24Z

Ravave: Undid revision 893628704 by CodeInconnu (talk) But the impact of the burning is just local (into Spain's borders), more strong in Catalonia region than in the rest of the country. Besides, Twitter isn't allowed as reference

Coripe

2019-04-22T15:01:06Z

Ravave: "Burning of Judas". Nothing unusual. Every year they burn a doll that represents several non grato person like José María Aznar, Fuigdemont, or the murderer of a boy.

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-22T11:06:31Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-22T10:59:34Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */

Talk:Coripe

2019-04-22T10:59:20Z

Ravave: /* Cause célèbre? */ new section

Unionistas de Salamanca CF

2018-07-06T17:19:07Z

Ravave: Undid revision 849089107 by 109.144.210.226 (talk) I know, wait until the next season starts

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Unionistas de Salamanca
| image = Unionistas logo.png
| fullname = Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol
| founded = 2013
| nickname = ''Unionistas''
| ground = Pistas del Helmántico, [[Salamanca]], [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]
| chairman = {{flagicon|Spain}} Miguel Ángel Sandoval Herrero
| manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} Jorge González, "Astu"
| league = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 8]]
| season = [[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]]
| position = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 8]] – '''1st'''
| capacity = 3,000
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b1 = _triangle_left
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_so1 = _hoops_white
| pattern_so2 = _hoops_white
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FF4500
| body1 = 000000
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| rightarm1 = 000000
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| shorts1 = 000000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000000
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}}
'''Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football club]] based in [[Salamanca]], in the autonomous community of [[Castile and León]]. Founded in 2013, it currently plays in [[Tercera División|Tercera División – Group 8]].

==History==
After [[UD Salamanca]]'s dissolution, a group of supporters founded ''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'', a fan-based club created mainly to preserve UDS' memory.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/english-summary English summary]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 5 September 2013</ref> After the club's creation, people like [[Vicente del Bosque]]<ref>[http://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/20131202/abci-delbosque-socio-unionistas-201312022037.html Del Bosque, socio 685 del Unionistas de Salamanca (Del Bosque, associate 685 of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 2 December 2013 {{es icon}}</ref> and [[Dani Rovira]]<ref>[http://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/futbol-local/2014/04/24/dani-rovira-nuevo-socio-unionistas/116872.html Dani Rovira, nuevo socio de Unionistas (Dani Rovira, new associate of Unionistas)]; La Gaceta de Salamanca, 24 April 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> became associates.

On 2 September 2014 Unionistas was inscribed in ''Primera Provincial de Salamanca'', the sixth level of Spanish football.<ref>[http://www.fcylf.com/node/10206 Circular nº1 - D.P. Salamanca - PLAN COMPETICIONAL TEMPORADA 2014/15 (Note number 1 – Salamanca's Provincial Dep. – Competition plan 2014/15 season)]; [[Castile-León Football Federation]], 2 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> A day later it played its first official match, a 0–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss against [[UD Santa Marta]].<ref>[http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/201409/04/ilusionante-estreno-unionistas-salamanca-20140904121339.html Ilusionante estreno de Unionistas de Salamanca (Hopeful debut of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[El Norte de Castilla]], 4 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Unionistas achieved promotion to ''Primera Regional'' in April 2015, after defeating Real Salamanca Monterrey.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/13/futbol/mas_futbol/1428917709.html Por el espíritu del Salamanca (For Salamanca's spirit)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 13 April 2015 {{es icon}}</ref> Just one year later, it was promoted to [[Tercera División]] by beating Onzonilla.

The first season of the club in the Spanish fourth division was successful, as it ended in the third position of the Castile and León group and qualified to the [[2017 Tercera División play-offs|promotion play-offs]] to [[Segunda División B]]. The club qualified for a [[2018 Tercera División play-offs|second attempt in the next season]], after topping group 8, and this time achieved promotion by defeating [[UD Socuéllamos|Socuéllamos]] in the last round, with a [[penalty kick]] scored in the 96th minute.

===Club background===
*''[[UD Salamanca|Unión Deportiva Salamanca]]'' - ''(1923–2013)''
*''[[Salamanca AC|Salamanca Athletic Club]]'' - ''(2013–2016)'' did not play in any official competition
*''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'' - ''(2013–)''

==Season to season==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2014/15
|style="background:#25A8F9;" align="center"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{tooltip|1ª Prov.|Primera Provincial – Salamanca}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|1st
!style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2015/16
|style="background:#CECE1B;" align="center"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{tooltip|1ª Reg.|Primera Regional}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016/17]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|3rd
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017/18]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018/19]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;" align="center"|3
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[Segunda División B|2ªB]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|}
----

===Detailed list of seasons===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|Season !! Tier !! Division !!Pos !!width=20|P !!width=20|W !!width=20|D !!width=20|L !!width=20|F !!width=20|A !!width=20|Pts !!width=40|[[Copa del Rey|Cup]] !! Top scorer(s) !! width=28|{{goal}}
|-
|2014–15 || bgcolor=#25A8F9|6 || 1ª Prov || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 66 || 9 || 53 || || align=left|Nacho Sánchez || 24
|-
|2015–16 || bgcolor=#CECE1B|5 || 1ª Reg || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 34 || 27 || 7 || 0 || 114 || 27 || 88 || || align=left|Vitolo || 24
|-
|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016–17]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || 3rd || 38 || 22 || 12 || 4 || 77 || 29 || 78 || || align=left|Cristo || 20
|-
|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 38 || 25 || 5 || 8 || 72 || 34 || 80 || || align=left|Cristo || 18
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B|2018–19]] || bgcolor=BF8D5B|3 || [[Segunda División B|2ªB]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Honours==
*[[Tercera División]]: 2017–18

==Players==

* [[Sito Cruz]] (2015-2017)
* [[David García Mitogo]] (2016-2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi_Carmona Xavi Carmona] (2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Segura Carlos Molina Segura] (2017-2018)
* [[Jesús Hernández de la Torre|Piojo]] (2017-2018)
* [[Javi Navas]] (2017-2018)
* [[Jorge Alonso Martín|Jorge Alonso]] (2017-2018)
* [[Răzvan Ochiroșii]] (2017-2018)

==Stadium==
In its first season, Unionistas de Salamanca played its home games at ''Polideportivo Rosa Colorado'', commonly known as '''La Sindical''', with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/instalaciones/estadio Estadio (Stadium)]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 12 August 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Since 2015, the club has played its games at ''Pistas del Helmántico'', with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca's official website|date=14 July 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://unionistascf.com/noticias/772-comunicado-oficial-el-primer-equipo-jugar%C3%A1-en-las-pistas-del-helm%C3%A1ntico|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL: El primer equipo jugará en Las Pistas del Helmántico}}</ref>

On 11 of November 2017, it was announced that a new stadium would be built in the ''Zurguén district,'' in the southern part of Salamanca. The new home of Unionistas, "Estadio Zurguén" will presumably be open for the 2019-20 season. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/939072/nuevo-campo-zurguen-sera-casa-unionistas|title=El nuevo campo de El Zurguén será la ‘casa’ de Unionistas|last=Horas|first=Salamanca 24|work=Diario Noticias Salamanca 24 Horas|access-date=2018-07-03|language=es}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://unionistascf.com/ Official website] {{es icon}}
* [http://unionistasbd.es/ Statistics data base]

{{Tercera Division Grupo 8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unionistas de Salamanca CF}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Castile and León]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Salamanca]]

Unionistas de Salamanca CF

2018-06-25T07:29:56Z

Ravave: /* History */

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Unionistas de Salamanca
| image = Unionistas logo.png
| fullname = Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol
| founded = 2013
| nickname = ''Unionistas''
| ground = Pistas del Helmántico, [[Salamanca]], [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]
| chairman = {{flagicon|Spain}} Miguel Ángel Sandoval Herrero
| manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} Jorge González, "Astu"
| league = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 8]]
| season = [[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]]
| position = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 8]] – '''1st'''
| capacity = 3,000
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b1 = _blackhalf2
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_so1 = _hoops_white
| pattern_so2 = _hoops_white
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FF4500
| body1 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FF4500
| rightarm1 = 000000
| rightarm2 = FF4500
| shorts1 = 000000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFFFF
}}
'''Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football club]] based in [[Salamanca]], in the autonomous community of [[Castile and León]]. Founded in 2013, it currently plays in [[Tercera División|Tercera División – Group 8]].

==History==
After [[UD Salamanca]]'s dissolution, a group of supporters founded ''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'', a fan-based club created mainly to preserve UDS' memory.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/english-summary English summary]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 5 September 2013</ref> After the club's creation, people like [[Vicente del Bosque]]<ref>[http://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/20131202/abci-delbosque-socio-unionistas-201312022037.html Del Bosque, socio 685 del Unionistas de Salamanca (Del Bosque, associate 685 of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 2 December 2013 {{es icon}}</ref> and [[Dani Rovira]]<ref>[http://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/futbol-local/2014/04/24/dani-rovira-nuevo-socio-unionistas/116872.html Dani Rovira, nuevo socio de Unionistas (Dani Rovira, new associate of Unionistas)]; La Gaceta de Salamanca, 24 April 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> became associates.

On 2 September 2014 Unionistas was inscribed in ''Primera Provincial de Salamanca'', the sixth level of Spanish football.<ref>[http://www.fcylf.com/node/10206 Circular nº1 - D.P. Salamanca - PLAN COMPETICIONAL TEMPORADA 2014/15 (Note number 1 – Salamanca's Provincial Dep. – Competition plan 2014/15 season)]; [[Castile-León Football Federation]], 2 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> A day later it played its first official match, a 0–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss against [[UD Santa Marta]].<ref>[http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/201409/04/ilusionante-estreno-unionistas-salamanca-20140904121339.html Ilusionante estreno de Unionistas de Salamanca (Hopeful debut of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[El Norte de Castilla]], 4 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Unionistas achieved promotion to ''Primera Regional'' in April 2015, after defeating Real Salamanca Monterrey.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/13/futbol/mas_futbol/1428917709.html Por el espíritu del Salamanca (For Salamanca's spirit)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 13 April 2015 {{es icon}}</ref> Just one year later, it was promoted to [[Tercera División]] by beating Onzonilla.

The first season of the club in the Spanish fourth division was successful, as it ended in the third position of the Castile and León group and qualified to the [[2017 Tercera División play-offs|promotion play-offs]] to [[Segunda División B]]. The club qualified for a [[2018 Tercera División play-offs|second attempt in the next season]], after topping group 8, and this time achieved promotion by defeating [[UD Socuéllamos|Socuéllamos]] in the last round, with a [[penalty kick]] scored in the 96th minute.

===Club background===
*''[[UD Salamanca|Unión Deportiva Salamanca]]'' - ''(1923–2013)''
*''[[Salamanca AC|Salamanca Athletic Club]]'' - ''(2013–2016)'' did not play in any official competition
*''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'' - ''(2013–)''

==Season to season==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2014/15
|style="background:#25A8F9;" align="center"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{tooltip|1ª Prov.|Primera Provincial – Salamanca}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|1st
!style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2015/16
|style="background:#CECE1B;" align="center"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{tooltip|1ª Reg.|Primera Regional}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016/17]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|3rd
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017/18]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018/19]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;" align="center"|3
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[Segunda División B|2ªB]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|}
----

===Detailed list of seasons===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|Season !! Tier !! Division !!Pos !!width=20|P !!width=20|W !!width=20|D !!width=20|L !!width=20|F !!width=20|A !!width=20|Pts !!width=40|[[Copa del Rey|Cup]] !! Top scorer(s) !! width=28|{{goal}}
|-
|2014–15 || bgcolor=#25A8F9|6 || 1ª Prov || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 66 || 9 || 53 || || align=left|Nacho Sánchez || 24
|-
|2015–16 || bgcolor=#CECE1B|5 || 1ª Reg || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 34 || 27 || 7 || 0 || 114 || 27 || 88 || || align=left|Vitolo || 24
|-
|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016–17]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || 3rd || 38 || 22 || 12 || 4 || 77 || 29 || 78 || || align=left|Cristo || 20
|-
|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 38 || 25 || 5 || 8 || 72 || 34 || 80 || || align=left|Cristo || 18
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B|2018–19]] || bgcolor=BF8D5B|3 || [[Segunda División B|2ªB]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Honours==
*[[Tercera División]]: 2017–18

==Players==

* [[Sito Cruz]] (2015-2017)
* [[David García Mitogo]] (2016-2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi_Carmona Xavi Carmona] (2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Segura Carlos Molina Segura] (2017-2018)
* [[Jesús Hernández de la Torre|Piojo]] (2017-2018)
* [[Javi Navas]] (2017-2018)
* [[Jorge Alonso Martín|Jorge Alonso]] (2017-2018)
* [[Răzvan Ochiroșii]] (2017-2018)

==Stadium==
In its first season, Unionistas de Salamanca played its home games at ''Polideportivo Rosa Colorado'', commonly known as '''La Sindical''', with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/instalaciones/estadio Estadio (Stadium)]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 12 August 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

In July 2015, the club announced it would play its games in Regional at ''Pistas del Helmántico'', with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca's official website|date=14 July 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://unionistascf.com/noticias/772-comunicado-oficial-el-primer-equipo-jugar%C3%A1-en-las-pistas-del-helm%C3%A1ntico|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL: El primer equipo jugará en Las Pistas del Helmántico}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://unionistascf.com/ Official website] {{es icon}}
* [http://unionistasbd.es/ Statistics data base]

{{Tercera Division Grupo 8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unionistas de Salamanca CF}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Castile and León]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Salamanca]]

Unionistas de Salamanca CF

2018-06-25T07:29:01Z

Ravave: /* History */ Actually it's about their first season. Don't worry, i misunderstood too

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Unionistas de Salamanca
| image = Unionistas logo.png
| fullname = Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol
| founded = 2013
| nickname = ''Unionistas''
| ground = Pistas del Helmántico, [[Salamanca]], [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]
| chairman = {{flagicon|Spain}} Miguel Ángel Sandoval Herrero
| manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} Jorge González, "Astu"
| league = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 8]]
| season = [[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]]
| position = [[Tercera División|3ª – Group 8]] – '''1st'''
| capacity = 3,000
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b1 = _blackhalf2
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_so1 = _hoops_white
| pattern_so2 = _hoops_white
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FF4500
| body1 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FF4500
| rightarm1 = 000000
| rightarm2 = FF4500
| shorts1 = 000000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFFFF
}}
'''Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football club]] based in [[Salamanca]], in the autonomous community of [[Castile and León]]. Founded in 2013, it currently plays in [[Tercera División|Tercera División – Group 8]].

==History==
After [[UD Salamanca]]'s dissolution, a group of supporters founded ''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'', a fan-based club created mainly to preserve UDS' memory.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/english-summary English summary]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 5 September 2013</ref> After the club's creation, people like [[Vicente del Bosque]]<ref>[http://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/20131202/abci-delbosque-socio-unionistas-201312022037.html Del Bosque, socio 685 del Unionistas de Salamanca (Del Bosque, associate 685 of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 2 December 2013 {{es icon}}</ref> and [[Dani Rovira]]<ref>[http://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/futbol-local/2014/04/24/dani-rovira-nuevo-socio-unionistas/116872.html Dani Rovira, nuevo socio de Unionistas (Dani Rovira, new associate of Unionistas)]; La Gaceta de Salamanca, 24 April 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> became associates.

On 2 September 2014 Unionistas was inscribed in ''Primera Provincial de Salamanca'', the sixth level of Spanish football.<ref>[http://www.fcylf.com/node/10206 Circular nº1 - D.P. Salamanca - PLAN COMPETICIONAL TEMPORADA 2014/15 (Note number 1 – Salamanca's Provincial Dep. – Competition plan 2014/15 season)]; [[Castile-León Football Federation]], 2 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> A day later it played its first official match, a 0–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss against [[UD Santa Marta]].<ref>[http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/201409/04/ilusionante-estreno-unionistas-salamanca-20140904121339.html Ilusionante estreno de Unionistas de Salamanca (Hopeful debut of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[El Norte de Castilla]], 4 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Unionistas achieved promotion to ''Primera Regional'' in April 2015, after defeating Real Salamanca Monterrey.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/13/futbol/mas_futbol/1428917709.html Por el espíritu del Salamanca (For Salamanca's spirit)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 13 April 2015 {{es icon}}</ref> Just one year later, it was promoted to [[Tercera División]] by beating Onzonilla.

The first season of the club in the Spanish fourth division was successful, as it ended in the third position of the Castile and León group and qualified to the [[2017 Tercera División play-offs|promotion play-offs]] to [[Segunda División B]]. The club qualified for a second attempt in the next season, after topping group 8, and this time achieved promotion by defeating [[UD Socuéllamos|Socuéllamos]] in the last round, with a [[penalty kick]] scored in the 96th minute.

===Club background===
*''[[UD Salamanca|Unión Deportiva Salamanca]]'' - ''(1923–2013)''
*''[[Salamanca AC|Salamanca Athletic Club]]'' - ''(2013–2016)'' did not play in any official competition
*''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'' - ''(2013–)''

==Season to season==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2014/15
|style="background:#25A8F9;" align="center"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{tooltip|1ª Prov.|Primera Provincial – Salamanca}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|1st
!style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2015/16
|style="background:#CECE1B;" align="center"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{tooltip|1ª Reg.|Primera Regional}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016/17]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|3rd
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017/18]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018/19]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;" align="center"|3
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[Segunda División B|2ªB]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|}
----

===Detailed list of seasons===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|Season !! Tier !! Division !!Pos !!width=20|P !!width=20|W !!width=20|D !!width=20|L !!width=20|F !!width=20|A !!width=20|Pts !!width=40|[[Copa del Rey|Cup]] !! Top scorer(s) !! width=28|{{goal}}
|-
|2014–15 || bgcolor=#25A8F9|6 || 1ª Prov || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 66 || 9 || 53 || || align=left|Nacho Sánchez || 24
|-
|2015–16 || bgcolor=#CECE1B|5 || 1ª Reg || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 34 || 27 || 7 || 0 || 114 || 27 || 88 || || align=left|Vitolo || 24
|-
|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016–17]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || 3rd || 38 || 22 || 12 || 4 || 77 || 29 || 78 || || align=left|Cristo || 20
|-
|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 38 || 25 || 5 || 8 || 72 || 34 || 80 || || align=left|Cristo || 18
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B|2018–19]] || bgcolor=BF8D5B|3 || [[Segunda División B|2ªB]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Honours==
*[[Tercera División]]: 2017–18

==Players==

* [[Sito Cruz]] (2015-2017)
* [[David García Mitogo]] (2016-2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi_Carmona Xavi Carmona] (2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Segura Carlos Molina Segura] (2017-2018)
* [[Jesús Hernández de la Torre|Piojo]] (2017-2018)
* [[Javi Navas]] (2017-2018)
* [[Jorge Alonso Martín|Jorge Alonso]] (2017-2018)
* [[Răzvan Ochiroșii]] (2017-2018)

==Stadium==
In its first season, Unionistas de Salamanca played its home games at ''Polideportivo Rosa Colorado'', commonly known as '''La Sindical''', with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/instalaciones/estadio Estadio (Stadium)]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 12 August 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

In July 2015, the club announced it would play its games in Regional at ''Pistas del Helmántico'', with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca's official website|date=14 July 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://unionistascf.com/noticias/772-comunicado-oficial-el-primer-equipo-jugar%C3%A1-en-las-pistas-del-helm%C3%A1ntico|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL: El primer equipo jugará en Las Pistas del Helmántico}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://unionistascf.com/ Official website] {{es icon}}
* [http://unionistasbd.es/ Statistics data base]

{{Tercera Division Grupo 8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unionistas de Salamanca CF}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Castile and León]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Salamanca]]

User talk:Domeditrix

2018-06-24T20:48:17Z

Ravave: /* Unionistas de Salamanca CF */ new section

== Welcome! ==

Hello, Domeditrix, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Domeditrix|your contributions]], especially your edits to [[:Lloyd James (footballer)]]. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few links to pages you might find helpful:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;}}
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] and [[Help:Getting started|Getting started]]
* [[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing to Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
* [[Help:Editing|How to edit a page]] and [[Wikipedia:Article development|How to develop articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Your first article|How to create your first article]]
* [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Simplified Manual of Style]]
{{Div col end}}
You may also want to complete the [[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure|Wikipedia Adventure]], an interactive tour that will help you learn the basics of editing Wikipedia. You can visit the [[WP:Teahouse|Teahouse]] to ask questions or seek help.

Please remember to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign]] your messages on [[Help:Talk pages|talk page]]s by typing four [[tilde]]s (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], ask me on [[user talk:Mattythewhite|my talk page]], or {{edit|Special:MyTalk|ask for help on your talk page|section=new|preload=Help:Contents/helpmepreload|preloadtitle=Help me!}}, and a volunteer should respond shortly. Again, welcome!  [[User:Mattythewhite|Mattythewhite]] ([[User talk:Mattythewhite|talk]]) 16:22, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

== Unionistas de Salamanca CF ==

OK, forgive me by that misunderstanding. I must have misread the first paragraph of the section History and I didn't realized that it referred to the past season. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 20:48, 24 June 2018 (UTC)

Unionistas de Salamanca CF

2018-06-24T17:40:29Z

Ravave: /* History */ 2018 play offs

{{Infobox football club
| nickname = ''Unionistas''
| ground = Pistas del Helmántico, [[Salamanca]], [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]
| capacity = 3,000
| season = [[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]]
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_so1 = _hoops_white
| pattern_so2 = _hoops_white
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FF4500
| body1 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FF4500
| rightarm1 = 000000
| rightarm2 = FF4500
| shorts1 = 000000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| clubname =
| image = Unionistas logo.png
| fullname = Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol
| founded = 2013
| chairman = {{flagicon|Spain}} Miguel Ángel Sandoval Herrero
| manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} Jorge González, "Astu"
| league = [[Tercera División]]
| position = Group 8 – '''1st'''
| pattern_b1 = _blackhalf2
}}
'''Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football club]] based in [[Salamanca]], in the autonomous community of [[Castile and León]]. Founded in 2013, it currently plays in [[Tercera División]].

==History==
After [[UD Salamanca]]'s dissolution, a group of supporters founded ''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'', a fan-based club created mainly to preserve UDS' memory.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/english-summary English summary]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 5 September 2013</ref> After the club's creation, people like [[Vicente del Bosque]]<ref>[http://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/20131202/abci-delbosque-socio-unionistas-201312022037.html Del Bosque, socio 685 del Unionistas de Salamanca (Del Bosque, associate 685 of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 2 December 2013 {{es icon}}</ref> and [[Dani Rovira]]<ref>[http://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/futbol-local/2014/04/24/dani-rovira-nuevo-socio-unionistas/116872.html Dani Rovira, nuevo socio de Unionistas (Dani Rovira, new associate of Unionistas)]; La Gaceta de Salamanca, 24 April 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> became associates.

On 2 September 2014 Unionistas was inscribed in ''Primera Provincial de Salamanca'', the sixth level of Spanish football.<ref>[http://www.fcylf.com/node/10206 Circular nº1 - D.P. Salamanca - PLAN COMPETICIONAL TEMPORADA 2014/15 (Note number 1 – Salamanca's Provincial Dep. – Competition plan 2014/15 season)]; [[Castile-León Football Federation]], 2 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> A day later it played its first official match, a 0–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss against [[UD Santa Marta]].<ref>[http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/201409/04/ilusionante-estreno-unionistas-salamanca-20140904121339.html Ilusionante estreno de Unionistas de Salamanca (Hopeful debut of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[El Norte de Castilla]], 4 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Unionistas achieved promotion to ''Primera Regional'' in April 2015, after defeating Real Salamanca Monterrey.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/13/futbol/mas_futbol/1428917709.html Por el espíritu del Salamanca (For Salamanca's spirit)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 13 April 2015 {{es icon}}</ref> Just one year later, it was promoted to [[Tercera División]] by beating Onzonilla.

The first season of the club in the Spanish fourth division was successful, as it ended in the third position of the Castile and León group and qualified to the [[2018 Tercera División play-offs|promotion play-offs]] to [[Segunda División B]]. The club qualified for a second attempt in the next season, after topping group 8, and this time achieved promotion by defeating [[UD Socuéllamos|Socuéllamos]] in the last round, with a [[penalty kick]] scored in the 96th minute.

===Club background===
*''[[UD Salamanca|Unión Deportiva Salamanca]]'' - ''(1923–2013)''
*''[[Salamanca AC|Salamanca Athletic Club]]'' - ''(2013–2016)'' did not play in any official competition
*''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'' - ''(2013–)''

==Season to season==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2014/15
|style="background:#25A8F9;" align="center"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{tooltip|1ª Prov.|Primera Provincial – Salamanca}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|1st
!style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2015/16
|style="background:#CECE1B;" align="center"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{tooltip|1ª Reg.|Primera Regional}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016/17]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|3rd
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017/18]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018/19]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;" align="center"|3
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[Segunda División B|2ªB]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|}
----

===Detailed list of seasons===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|Season !! Tier !! Division !!Pos !!width=20|P !!width=20|W !!width=20|D !!width=20|L !!width=20|F !!width=20|A !!width=20|Pts !!width=40|[[Copa del Rey|Cup]] !! Top scorer(s) !! width=28|{{goal}}
|-
|2014–15 || bgcolor=#25A8F9|6 || 1ª Prov || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 66 || 9 || 53 || || align=left|Nacho Sánchez || 24
|-
|2015–16 || bgcolor=#CECE1B|5 || 1ª Reg || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 34 || 27 || 7 || 0 || 114 || 27 || 88 || || align=left|Vitolo || 24
|-
|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016–17]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || 3rd || 38 || 22 || 12 || 4 || 77 || 29 || 78 || || align=left|Cristo || 20
|-
|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 38 || 25 || 5 || 8 || 72 || 34 || 80 || || align=left|Cristo || 18
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B|2018–19]] || bgcolor=BF8D5B|3 || [[Segunda División B|2ªB]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Honours==
*[[Tercera División]]: 2017–18

==Players==

* [[Sito Cruz]] (2015-2017)
* [[David García Mitogo]] (2016-2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi_Carmona Xavi Carmona] (2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Segura Carlos Molina Segura] (2017-2018)
* [[Jesús Hernández de la Torre|Piojo]] (2017-2018)
* [[Javi Navas]] (2017-2018)
* [[Jorge Alonso Martín|Jorge Alonso]] (2017-2018)
* [[Răzvan Ochiroșii]] (2017-2018)

==Stadium==
In its first season, Unionistas de Salamanca played its home games at ''Polideportivo Rosa Colorado'', commonly known as '''La Sindical''', with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/instalaciones/estadio Estadio (Stadium)]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 12 August 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

In July 2015, the club announced it would play its games in Regional at ''Pistas del Helmántico'', with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca's official website|date=14 July 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://unionistascf.com/noticias/772-comunicado-oficial-el-primer-equipo-jugar%C3%A1-en-las-pistas-del-helm%C3%A1ntico|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL: El primer equipo jugará en Las Pistas del Helmántico}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://unionistascf.com/ Official website] {{es icon}}
* [http://unionistasbd.es/ Statistics data base]

{{Tercera Division Grupo 8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unionistas de Salamanca CF}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Castile and León]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Salamanca]]

Unionistas de Salamanca CF

2018-06-24T17:30:22Z

Ravave: Undid revision 847314580 by Domeditrix (talk) Although the team has promoted, it's still a 3rd division team until the next season

{{Infobox football club
| nickname = ''Unionistas''
| ground = Pistas del Helmántico, [[Salamanca]], [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]
| capacity = 3,000
| season = [[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]]
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_so1 = _hoops_white
| pattern_so2 = _hoops_white
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FF4500
| body1 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FF4500
| rightarm1 = 000000
| rightarm2 = FF4500
| shorts1 = 000000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| clubname =
| image = Unionistas logo.png
| fullname = Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol
| founded = 2013
| chairman = {{flagicon|Spain}} Miguel Ángel Sandoval Herrero
| manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} Jorge González, "Astu"
| league = [[Tercera División]]
| position = Group 8 – '''1st'''
| pattern_b1 = _blackhalf2
}}
'''Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football club]] based in [[Salamanca]], in the autonomous community of [[Castile and León]]. Founded in 2013, it currently plays in [[Tercera División]].

==History==
After [[UD Salamanca]]'s dissolution, a group of supporters founded ''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'', a fan-based club created mainly to preserve UDS' memory.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/english-summary English summary]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 5 September 2013</ref> After the club's creation, people like [[Vicente del Bosque]]<ref>[http://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/20131202/abci-delbosque-socio-unionistas-201312022037.html Del Bosque, socio 685 del Unionistas de Salamanca (Del Bosque, associate 685 of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 2 December 2013 {{es icon}}</ref> and [[Dani Rovira]]<ref>[http://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/futbol-local/2014/04/24/dani-rovira-nuevo-socio-unionistas/116872.html Dani Rovira, nuevo socio de Unionistas (Dani Rovira, new associate of Unionistas)]; La Gaceta de Salamanca, 24 April 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> became associates.

On 2 September 2014 Unionistas was inscribed in ''Primera Provincial de Salamanca'', the sixth level of Spanish football.<ref>[http://www.fcylf.com/node/10206 Circular nº1 - D.P. Salamanca - PLAN COMPETICIONAL TEMPORADA 2014/15 (Note number 1 – Salamanca's Provincial Dep. – Competition plan 2014/15 season)]; [[Castile-León Football Federation]], 2 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> A day later it played its first official match, a 0–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss against [[UD Santa Marta]].<ref>[http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/201409/04/ilusionante-estreno-unionistas-salamanca-20140904121339.html Ilusionante estreno de Unionistas de Salamanca (Hopeful debut of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[El Norte de Castilla]], 4 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Unionistas achieved promotion to ''Primera Regional'' in April 2015, after defeating Real Salamanca Monterrey.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/13/futbol/mas_futbol/1428917709.html Por el espíritu del Salamanca (For Salamanca's spirit)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 13 April 2015 {{es icon}}</ref> Just one year later, it was promoted to [[Tercera División]] by beating Onzonilla.

The first season of the club in the Spanish fourth division was successful, as it ended in the third position of the Castile and León group and qualified to the [[2017 Tercera División play-offs|promotion play-offs]] to [[Segunda División B]]. The club qualified for a second attempt in the next season, after topping group 8, and this time achieved promotion by defeating [[UD Socuéllamos|Socuéllamos]] in the last round, with a [[penalty kick]] scored in the 96th minute.

===Club background===
*''[[UD Salamanca|Unión Deportiva Salamanca]]'' - ''(1923–2013)''
*''[[Salamanca AC|Salamanca Athletic Club]]'' - ''(2013–2016)'' did not play in any official competition
*''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'' - ''(2013–)''

==Season to season==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2014/15
|style="background:#25A8F9;" align="center"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{tooltip|1ª Prov.|Primera Provincial – Salamanca}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|1st
!style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2015/16
|style="background:#CECE1B;" align="center"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{tooltip|1ª Reg.|Primera Regional}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016/17]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|3rd
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017/18]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018/19]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;" align="center"|3
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[Segunda División B|2ªB]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|}
----

===Detailed list of seasons===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|Season !! Tier !! Division !!Pos !!width=20|P !!width=20|W !!width=20|D !!width=20|L !!width=20|F !!width=20|A !!width=20|Pts !!width=40|[[Copa del Rey|Cup]] !! Top scorer(s) !! width=28|{{goal}}
|-
|2014–15 || bgcolor=#25A8F9|6 || 1ª Prov || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 66 || 9 || 53 || || align=left|Nacho Sánchez || 24
|-
|2015–16 || bgcolor=#CECE1B|5 || 1ª Reg || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 34 || 27 || 7 || 0 || 114 || 27 || 88 || || align=left|Vitolo || 24
|-
|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016–17]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || 3rd || 38 || 22 || 12 || 4 || 77 || 29 || 78 || || align=left|Cristo || 20
|-
|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 38 || 25 || 5 || 8 || 72 || 34 || 80 || || align=left|Cristo || 18
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B|2018–19]] || bgcolor=BF8D5B|3 || [[Segunda División B|2ªB]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Honours==
*[[Tercera División]]: 2017–18

==Players==

* [[Sito Cruz]] (2015-2017)
* [[David García Mitogo]] (2016-2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi_Carmona Xavi Carmona] (2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Segura Carlos Molina Segura] (2017-2018)
* [[Jesús Hernández de la Torre|Piojo]] (2017-2018)
* [[Javi Navas]] (2017-2018)
* [[Jorge Alonso Martín|Jorge Alonso]] (2017-2018)
* [[Răzvan Ochiroșii]] (2017-2018)

==Stadium==
In its first season, Unionistas de Salamanca played its home games at ''Polideportivo Rosa Colorado'', commonly known as '''La Sindical''', with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/instalaciones/estadio Estadio (Stadium)]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 12 August 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

In July 2015, the club announced it would play its games in Regional at ''Pistas del Helmántico'', with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca's official website|date=14 July 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://unionistascf.com/noticias/772-comunicado-oficial-el-primer-equipo-jugar%C3%A1-en-las-pistas-del-helm%C3%A1ntico|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL: El primer equipo jugará en Las Pistas del Helmántico}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://unionistascf.com/ Official website] {{es icon}}
* [http://unionistasbd.es/ Statistics data base]

{{Tercera Division Grupo 8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unionistas de Salamanca CF}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Castile and León]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Salamanca]]

Unionistas de Salamanca CF

2018-06-24T12:37:10Z

Ravave: Who don't run, flies

{{Infobox football club
| nickname = ''Unionistas''
| ground = Pistas del Helmántico, [[Salamanca]], [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]
| capacity = 3,000
| season = [[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]]
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_so1 = _hoops_white
| pattern_so2 = _hoops_white
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FF4500
| body1 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FF4500
| rightarm1 = 000000
| rightarm2 = FF4500
| shorts1 = 000000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| clubname =
| image = Unionistas logo.png
| fullname = Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol
| founded = 2013
| chairman = {{flagicon|Spain}} Miguel Ángel Sandoval Herrero
| manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} Jorge González, "Astu"
| league = [[Tercera División]]
| position = Group 8 – '''1st'''
| pattern_b1 = _blackhalf2
}}
'''Club Deportivo Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football club]] based in [[Salamanca]], in the autonomous community of [[Castile and León]]. Founded in 2013, it currently plays in [[Tercera División]].

==History==
After [[UD Salamanca]]'s dissolution, a group of supporters founded ''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'', a fan-based club created mainly to preserve UDS' memory.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/english-summary English summary]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 5 September 2013</ref> After the club's creation, people like [[Vicente del Bosque]]<ref>[http://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/20131202/abci-delbosque-socio-unionistas-201312022037.html Del Bosque, socio 685 del Unionistas de Salamanca (Del Bosque, associate 685 of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 2 December 2013 {{es icon}}</ref> and [[Dani Rovira]]<ref>[http://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/futbol-local/2014/04/24/dani-rovira-nuevo-socio-unionistas/116872.html Dani Rovira, nuevo socio de Unionistas (Dani Rovira, new associate of Unionistas)]; La Gaceta de Salamanca, 24 April 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> became associates.

On 2 September 2014 Unionistas was inscribed in ''Primera Provincial de Salamanca'', the sixth level of Spanish football.<ref>[http://www.fcylf.com/node/10206 Circular nº1 - D.P. Salamanca - PLAN COMPETICIONAL TEMPORADA 2014/15 (Note number 1 – Salamanca's Provincial Dep. – Competition plan 2014/15 season)]; [[Castile-León Football Federation]], 2 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref> A day later it played its first official match, a 0–1 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] loss against [[UD Santa Marta]].<ref>[http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/201409/04/ilusionante-estreno-unionistas-salamanca-20140904121339.html Ilusionante estreno de Unionistas de Salamanca (Hopeful debut of Unionistas de Salamanca)]; [[El Norte de Castilla]], 4 September 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

Unionistas achieved promotion to ''Primera Regional'' in April 2015, after defeating Real Salamanca Monterrey.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/13/futbol/mas_futbol/1428917709.html Por el espíritu del Salamanca (For Salamanca's spirit)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 13 April 2015 {{es icon}}</ref> Just one year later, it was promoted to [[Tercera División]] by beating Onzonilla.

The first season of the club in the Spanish fourth division was successful, as it ended in the third position of the Castile and León group and qualified to the [[2017 Tercera División play-offs|promotion play-offs]] to [[Segunda División B]]. The club qualified for a second attempt in the next season, after topping group 8, and this time achieved promotion by defeating [[UD Socuéllamos|Socuéllamos]] in the last round, with a [[penalty kick]] scored in the 96th minute.

===Club background===
*''[[UD Salamanca|Unión Deportiva Salamanca]]'' - ''(1923–2013)''
*''[[Salamanca AC|Salamanca Athletic Club]]'' - ''(2013–2016)'' did not play in any official competition
*''Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol'' - ''(2013–)''

==Season to season==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f0f6fa;"
!Season
!Tier
!Division
!Place
![[Copa del Rey]]
|-
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|2014/15
|style="background:#25A8F9;" align="center"|6
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|{{tooltip|1ª Prov.|Primera Provincial – Salamanca}}
|style="background:#25A8F9;"|1st
!style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|2015/16
|style="background:#CECE1B;" align="center"|5
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|{{tooltip|1ª Reg.|Primera Regional}}
|style="background:#CECE1B;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016/17]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|3rd
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017/18]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;" align="center"|4
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]]
|style="background:#FF7F00;"|1st
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018/19]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;" align="center"|3
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|[[Segunda División B|2ªB]]
|style="background:#BF8D5B;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|}
----

===Detailed list of seasons===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|Season !! Tier !! Division !!Pos !!width=20|P !!width=20|W !!width=20|D !!width=20|L !!width=20|F !!width=20|A !!width=20|Pts !!width=40|[[Copa del Rey|Cup]] !! Top scorer(s) !! width=28|{{goal}}
|-
|2014–15 || bgcolor=#25A8F9|6 || 1ª Prov || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 66 || 9 || 53 || || align=left|Nacho Sánchez || 24
|-
|2015–16 || bgcolor=#CECE1B|5 || 1ª Reg || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 34 || 27 || 7 || 0 || 114 || 27 || 88 || || align=left|Vitolo || 24
|-
|[[2016–17 Tercera División|2016–17]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || 3rd || 38 || 22 || 12 || 4 || 77 || 29 || 78 || || align=left|Cristo || 20
|-
|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] || bgcolor=FF7F00|4 || [[Tercera División|3ª]] || bgcolor=#BBF3BB|1st || 38 || 25 || 5 || 8 || 72 || 34 || 80 || || align=left|Cristo || 18
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B|2018–19]] || bgcolor=BF8D5B|3 || [[Segunda División B|2ªB]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Honours==
*[[Tercera División]]: 2017–18

==Players==

* [[Sito Cruz]] (2015-2017)
* [[David García Mitogo]] (2016-2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi_Carmona Xavi Carmona] (2017)
* [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Segura Carlos Molina Segura] (2017-2018)
* [[Jesús Hernández de la Torre|Piojo]] (2017-2018)
* [[Javi Navas]] (2017-2018)
* [[Jorge Alonso Martín|Jorge Alonso]] (2017-2018)
* [[Răzvan Ochiroșii]] (2017-2018)

==Stadium==
In its first season, Unionistas de Salamanca played its home games at ''Polideportivo Rosa Colorado'', commonly known as '''La Sindical''', with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.<ref>[https://unionistascf.com/el-club/instalaciones/estadio Estadio (Stadium)]; Unionistas de Salamanca's official website, 12 August 2014 {{es icon}}</ref>

In July 2015, the club announced it would play its games in Regional at ''Pistas del Helmántico'', with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca's official website|date=14 July 2015|language=Spanish|url=http://unionistascf.com/noticias/772-comunicado-oficial-el-primer-equipo-jugar%C3%A1-en-las-pistas-del-helm%C3%A1ntico|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL: El primer equipo jugará en Las Pistas del Helmántico}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://unionistascf.com/ Official website] {{es icon}}
* [http://unionistasbd.es/ Statistics data base]

{{Tercera Division Grupo 8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unionistas de Salamanca CF}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Castile and León]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Salamanca]]

Isabel Pantoja

2018-03-17T19:49:10Z

Ravave: According this guy, "everybody is gay or bisexual"

{{spanish name 2|Pantoja|Martín}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Isabel Pantoja
| image = Isabel Pantoja - 03.jpg
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = María Isabel Pantoja Martín
| alias = La Pantoja
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|8|02}}
| birth_place = [[Seville]], [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]
| death_date =
| instrument =
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Copla (music)|Copla]]
*[[canción melódica]]}}
| occupation = [[Singer]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|http://www.isabelpantoja.es|Official website}}
}}

'''María Isabel Pantoja Martín''' ({{IPA-es|isaˈβel panˈtoxa}}; born August 2, 1956) is a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[singer]]. She was born in the [[Triana (Seville)|Triana]] district of [[Seville]], Spain. She has released more than a dozen albums throughout a career spanning many decades, mostly of ''[[Copla (music)|copla]]'' genre, and is known for her distinctive [[Andalusia]]n style.

==Biography==
She was born in a family of musicians. Both her father and her grandfather were singers.

Pantoja began performing precociously at the age of seven in the flamenco ensemble of her cousin Chiquetete. At 17 she met her "maestro" Juan Solano Pedrero, who wrote her first hits along with writer and poet Rafael de León. Pantoja cultivated [[Copla (music)|copla]], a genre in decline at the moment that she popularised again. Some of her early hits were "El Pájaro Verde", "Garlochí" or "El Señorito". In 1983 she released her first [[Pop music|pop]] album, ''Cambiar por ti'', which included the same-title song, "En la Niebla", or "Nada". From that moment, Pantoja alternated ballads and romantic songs with copla.

On 30 April 1983 she married bullfighter [[Francisco Rivera Pérez|Francisco Rivera Pérez "Paquirri"]]; the wedding was widely covered by the Spanish media as they were both popular and successful and they embodied a Romantic Spain stereotype of the bullfighter and the ''"[[Tonadilla|tonadillera]]"''. On 26 September 1984 he died in the bullring; Pantoja became known as "Spain's widow" in the media and a regular cover on [[gossip magazine]]s. After a prolonged hiatus, she released the album ''Marinero de Luces'', composed by [[José Luis Perales]], that sold one million copies in Spain.

In 1988, she released ''[[Desde Andalucía]]'', an album produced by [[Mexico|Mexican]] singer and songwriter [[Juan Gabriel]]. In 1989 she released ''Se me enamora el alma'', her most commercial album, with modern programmed beats, composed by Perales.

In 1990, Pantoja starred in the film ''Yo soy ésa'', alongside [[José Coronado]] and [[Loles León]], directed by Luis Sanz. A year later, she starred in another film, ''El día que nací yo'', directed by [[Pedro Olea]], alongside [[Arturo Fernández Rodríguez|Arturo Fernández]] and [[Joaquim de Almeida]].

Pantoja has released more than a dozen albums and has toured Spain and [[Latin America]] extensively over the years.

==Family life==
Her husband, the bullfighter [[Francisco Rivera Pérez]], known professionally as "[[Paquirri]]", died at the age of 36 in the bullring on 26 September 1984, at the horns of the bull ''Avispado'' in [[Pozoblanco]], [[Córdoba (Spanish province)|Córdoba]]. Isabel Pantoja and "Paquirri" had a son named [[Francisco José Rivera Pantoja]] (born 9 February 1984 in [[Seville]]), better known as Kiko Rivera or "Paquirrín". Pantoja has another daughter, named like herself María Isabel Pantoja Martín (born 8 November 1995 in [[Lima]], [[Peru]]), whom she adopted in 1996, and who is better known as Isa Pantoja or "Chabelita". Both her children are television personalities who have participated in [[Reality television|reality shows]].

==Legal problems==
Pantoja was arrested in April 2013 by the [[Spanish police]]. She was accused of allegedly being an accomplice of her ex-boyfriend [[Julián Muñoz]], who was accused of [[money laundering]], bribery among other criminal activities while he was mayor of [[Marbella]]. She was found guilty and sentenced to a 24-month prison term. She later paid approximately four million euros and made a plea to avoid having to go to prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2013/04/16/andalucia_malaga/1366100575.html |title=Isabel Pantoja, condenada a 24 meses de cárcel por blanqueo de capitales | Andalucía-Málaga |publisher=Elmundo.es |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}}</ref>

On November 3, 2014 the jury in [[Málaga]] decided to deny the plea of suspension of imprisonment, and ordered the immediate entry of Pantoja in the prison complex within 3 days after the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/11/20/actualidad/1416477517_078528.html |title=Isabel Pantoja entra en la cárcel | España | EL PAÍS |publisher=Politica.elpais.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Roterman|first1=Natalie|title=Isabel Pantoja Sentenced To Two Years In Prison For Money Laundering|url=http://www.latintimes.com/isabel-pantoja-sentenced-two-years-prison-money-laundering-276879|website=Latin Times|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> The trial and Pantoja's entry in prison were widely covered by Spanish media. She was released from jail on 10 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://noticieros.televisa.com/mundo/1602/isabel-pantoja-saldra-libre/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210100013/http://noticieros.televisa.com/mundo/1602/isabel-pantoja-saldra-libre/ |archivedate=2016-02-10 |df= }}</ref>

== Discography ==
* 1974 – ''Fue por tu voz''
* 1975 – ''Que dile y dile''
* 1976 – ''Niña Isabela''
* 1978 – ''Y no estaba muerto, no, no''
* 1979 – ''22 abriles tengo''
* 1981 – ''Al Alimón''
* 1981 – ''Amante, amante''
* 1982 - ''¡Viva Triana!''
* 1983 – ''Cambiar por ti''
* 1985 – ''Marinero de luces''
* 1987 – ''Tú serás mi Navidad''
* 1988 – ''[[Desde Andalucía]]''
* 1989 – ''Se me enamora el alma''
* 1990 – ''La canción española''
* 1992 – ''Corazón herido''
* 1993 – ''De nadie''
* 1996 – ''Amor eterno''
* 1998 – ''Veneno''
* 1999 – ''A tu vera''
* 2002 – ''Donde el corazón me lleve''
* 2003 – ''Soy como soy: grandes éxitos''
* 2003 – ''Mi Navidad flamenca''
* 2004 – ''Buena suerte''
* 2005 – ''By Pumpin' Dolls''
* 2005 – ''Sinfonía de la copla''
* 2005 – ''Mi canción de Navidad''
* 2006 – ''10 boleros y una canción de amor''
* 2010 – ''Isabel Pantoja'' (Spanish title) / ''Encuentro'' (Latin American title)
* 2016 – ''Hasta que se apague el sol''

== Filmography ==
* 1990: ''Yo soy ésa''
* 1991: ''El día que nací yo''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.isabelpantoja.es/ Official site in Spanish and English]
* {{IMDb name|name=Isabel Pantoja|id=0659865}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pantoja, Isabel}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Seville]]
[[Category:Romani singers]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Spanish Romani people]]
[[Category:Spanish female singers]]
[[Category:Andalusian singers]]
[[Category:People convicted of money laundering]]
[[Category:Spanish prisoners and detainees]]

Gonzalo Queipo de Llano

2018-03-17T19:48:20Z

Ravave: /* Further reading */

{{Spanish name|Queipo de Llano|Sierra}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
| image = Fotografía de Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Sierra.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|02|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tordesillas]], [[Castilla y León]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1951|03|09|1875|02|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Seville]], [[Andalucia]], [[Francoist Spain]]
| placeofburial = La Macarena Basilica, Seville
| placeofburial_coordinates = {{coord|37.402525|-5.989407}}
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]] (1896–1931) {{flag|Spanish Republic}} (1931–1936) {{flag|Francoist Spain}} (1936–1951)
| branch = [[Spanish Army]]
| serviceyears = 1896–1939
| rank = [[Captain General]]
| unit =
| commands = Nationalist Army of the South Captain General of Andalusia División General of Madrid
| battles = [[Spanish–American War]] [[Rif War]] [[Spanish Civil War]]
| awards = [[Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand]] (Grand Cross) Order of Military Merit (Grand Cross)
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}

'''Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra''', 1st Marquis of Queipo de Llano for one year, (5 February 1875 – 9 March 1951) was a Spanish military leader who rose to prominence during [[Francisco Franco]]'s [[coup d'état]] and the subsequent [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[White Terror (Spain)|Spanish White Terror]].

==Biography==
A career Army man, de Llano was a [[brigadier general]] in 1923 when he began to speak out against the army and [[Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella|Miguel Primo de Rivera]]. Demoted, he served three years in prison but refused to stop criticizing even on his release, as a result of which he was dismissed altogether in 1928. In 1930, he became a revolutionary but on a failed attempt to overthrow King [[Alfonso XIII]], he fled to Portugal. He returned to his native land in 1931 after the departure of Alfonso XIII and assumed command of the 1st Military District of the [[Spanish Republican Army]]. He was later appointed by [[Niceto Alcalá Zamora]] to the Chief of the military staff of the President (Queipo's daughter was married to a son of Alcalá Zamora). Even as he rose in prominence, he remained critical of the shifting governments, joining in on a plot to overthrow the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] government in May, 1936.<ref>Jackson, Gabriel. ''The Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War, 1931–1939''. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 225.</ref>

During the Spanish Civil War, de Llano secured the capture of [[Seville]] with a force of at least 4,000 troops. There, he ordered mass killings.<ref>Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge''. Harper Perennial. London. 2006. p. 106.</ref><ref>Preston, Paul. 2012. ''The Spanish Holocaust''. Harper Press. London. p. 330–331.</ref> Subsequently, he was appointed the commander of the Nationalist Army of the South. His influence began to decline in February 1938, when [[Francisco Franco]] named himself Sole Head of the New State and appointed his brother-in-law [[Ramón Serrano Súñer]] Minister of the Interior and Propaganda.

==See also==
* [[Carabineros]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Antony Beevor]] (2006). ''The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. {{ISBN|0-14-303765-X}}
* [[Tom Buchanan]], (1997). ''Britain and the Spanish Civil War''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45569-3}}
* [[Gabriel Jackson (hispanist)|Gabriel Jackson]], (1965). ''The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00757-8}}. OCLC 185862219, another edition, 1967.
* [[Stanley G. Payne]] (1970). ''The Spanish Revolution''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-297-00124-8}}.
* [[Stanley G. Payne]] (2004). ''The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism''. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-10068-X}}. OCLC 186010979.
* [[Stanley G. Payne]], (1999). ''Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977''. University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-16564-7}}.
* [[Stanley G. Payne]], (2008). ''Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World''. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-12282-4}}.
* [[Paul Preston]]. ''The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge''. Harper Perennial. London. (2006). {{ISBN|0-393-32987-9}} / 0-393-32987-9 {{ISBN|978-0-393-32987-2}}.
* [[Paul Preston]] (2012). ''The Spanish Holocaust''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. (2012), {{ISBN|9780393064766}}.
* [[Ronald Radosh]]; Mary Habeck, Grigory Sevostianov (2001). ''Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War'' with Mary R. Habeck and Grigorii Nikolaevich Sevostianov. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-08981-3}}. OCLC 186413320
* {{cite book |author=Rúben Emanuel Serém |year=2012 |title=Conspiracy, Coup d'État and Civil War in Seville (1936–1939): History and Myth in Francoist Spain |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/622/1/Serem_Conspiracy_coup_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat.pdf |series=PhD dissertation|location=London |publisher=[[London School of Economics|LSE]] |ref=harv}}
* [[Hugh Thomas (writer)|Hugh Thomas]]. ''The Spanish Civil War''. Penguin Books. London. 2003, 4th edition. (1961, 1987, 2003). London: Penguin. {{ISBN|0-14-101161-0}}. OCLC 248799351.
{{Refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|es}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{S-ttl|title= Marquis of Queipo de Llano| years = 1 April 1950 – 9 March 1951}}
{{S-aft|after= Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Martí}}
{{end}}

{{Wartime propagandists}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Queipo De Llano, Gonzalo}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Valladolid]]
[[Category:Francoist Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish generals]]

[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)]]
[[Category:Propagandists]]
[[Category:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand]]

[[Category:Spanish anti-communists]]

El Hormiguero

2018-03-17T19:47:03Z

Ravave: Undid revision 828959262 by 81.184.88.118 (talk)

{{Infobox television
| show_name = El Hormiguero
| image = El Hormiguero logo.png
| caption = Logo of ''El Hormiguero''
| genre = [[Talk show]] [[Comedy]] [[Variety show|Variety]]
| presenter = [[Pablo Motos]]
| country = [[Spain]]
| language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| producer = [[Endemol|Gestmusic]] {{small|(2006–2008)}} 7 y Acción {{small|(2008–present)}}
| runtime = 120 minutes {{small|(2006–2007)}} 50 minutes {{small|(2007–present)}}
| location = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| first_aired = September 24, 2006
| last_aired = Present
| channel = [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]] {{small|(2006–2011)}} [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]] {{small|(2011–present)}}
| related = ''Peliculeros''
| website = http://www.antena3.com/programas/el-hormiguero/
}}

'''''El Hormiguero''''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "'''The Anthill'''") is a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[television program]] with a live [[audience]] focusing on [[comedy]], [[science]], and guest interviews running since September 2006. It is hosted and produced by screenwriter [[Pablo Motos]]. The show aired on Spain's [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]] channel from launch until June 2011 and is now broadcast on [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formulatv.com/noticias/19782/el-hormiguero-antena3-pablo-motos-presentador-cadena/ |title='El hormiguero' llega a Antena 3 con Pablo Motos como nuevo presentador de la cadena |publisher=Formulatv.com |date=24 May 2011 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}</ref> Recurring guests on the show include [[Luis Piedrahita]], Raquel Martos, Marron & El Hombre de Negro ("The Man in Black") (the scientists), and [[puppet]] [[ant]]s Trancas and Barrancas (from the Spanish expression "a trancas y barrancas," which means "in fits and starts"). It has proved a ratings success, and has expanded from a weekly 120-minute show to a daily 40-minute show in its third season, which began on September 17, 2007.<ref>[http://www.vayatele.com/2007/05/21-el-hormiguero-pasara-a-ser-diario El Hormiguero pasará a ser diario] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.formulatv.com/1,20070715,4091,1.html Trancas: "Hace falta que fichemos a una hormiga con un buen culo"] {{es icon}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103140001/http://www.formulatv.com/1,20070715,4091,1.html |date=November 3, 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cuatro.com/notas_de_prensa/nota_prensa.html?type=Tes&xref=20061204ctoultnot_1 El hormiguero bate récord de share y espectadores por segunda semana] {{es icon}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124337/http://www.cuatro.com/notas_de_prensa/nota_prensa.html?type=Tes&xref=20061204ctoultnot_1 |date=2007-09-29 }}</ref>
The show won the Entertainment prize at the 2009 [[Rose d'Or]] ceremony.<ref>[http://www.rosedor.com/downloads/RdO_Award_Winners_2009.pdf Rose d'Or 2009 Winners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520230527/http://www.rosedor.com/downloads/RdO_Award_Winners_2009.pdf |date=May 20, 2009 }}</ref>

==Format==
The show is based on an earlier radio program, broadcast on [[M80 Radio]], called '''''No Somos Nadie''''' ("We Are Nobody"). This show continued until June 2007, when [[Pablo Motos]] announced that he would be leaving the program to allow the daily production of ''El Hormiguero''.<ref>[http://pablomotos.blogspot.com/2007/06/se-acab-no-somos-nadie.html Se acabó No Somos Nadie] {{es icon}}</ref> ''No Somos Nadie'' returned in September 2007 with new on-air talent, since most of the old show's talent were part of the television show.<ref>[http://www.prnoticias.com/prn/hojas/noticias/detallenoticia.jsp?noticia=42282&repositorio=0&pagina=1&idapr=1__esp_1__ Celia Montalbán sustituirá a Pablo Motos en la cadena M80] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234740/http://www.prnoticias.com/prn/hojas/noticias/detallenoticia.jsp?noticia=42282&repositorio=0&pagina=1&idapr=1__esp_1__ |date=2007-09-27 }} {{es icon}}</ref>

[[Image:El Hormiguero Rap.jpg|thumb|180px|left|''Barrancas'' (left) and ''Trancas'' (right) sing along with the show's [[Rapping|rap]]]]
Segments on the show included scientific experiments, like a [[Vegetable oil used as fuel|car running on vegetable oil]], [[Hangover|hangover cures]], a [[superconductivity]] demonstration, and various [[chemical reaction]] demonstrations. Each episode features a satirical [[Rapping|rap]], commentary on current events, and humorous phrases as spoken by children. Other segments include pitches for viewers to plant trees and "El Kiosco", a section of [[magazine]] reviews. The show also airs [[parody|parodies]] of other media, which have included ''[[Back to the Future]]'', ''[[Pop Idol]]'', ''[[House (TV series)|House M.D.]]'', and ''[[Mission: Impossible]]''. Each episode feature a celebrity guest, including [[Boris Izaguirre]], [[David Bisbal]],<ref>[http://www.davidbisbal.biz/noticia_detalle.php?id_not=50 David Bisbal de promoción con "Premonición"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009150147/http://www.davidbisbal.biz/noticia_detalle.php?id_not=50 |date=2007-10-09 }} {{es icon}}</ref> [[Alejandro Sanz]],<ref>[http://www.cuatro.com/multimedia/video.html?xref=20061126ctoultpro_3.Ves Alejandro Sanz y las hormigas (video)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123720/http://www.cuatro.com/multimedia/video.html?xref=20061126ctoultpro_3.Ves |date=2007-09-29 }} {{es icon}}</ref> [[Paulina Rubio]], and numerous international celebrities such as [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Sergio Dalma]], [[Ashley Tisdale]] or [[Hugh Jackman]]. Special guests on the show are sometimes involved throughout the episode, including taking part in the various [[stunt]]s and science experiments. A number of changes to the show, including new segments such as a [[webcam]] call-in portion from viewers, were planned for the upcoming format change in the third season, however this segment and some others like [[animal training|training of wild monkeys]] were removed, the first one due to the amount of time needed and the second one due to low popularity among the audience.

A very popular segment that was later introduced is "Extreme Survival", that features "El maestro empanao" (which roughly translates as "Master Dumbass") Marron and the host [[Pablo Motos]] testing out tips and hints on how to survive extreme situations or conditions (such as how to survive being overrun by a car, trapped in a falling lift, attacked by a pack of wolves, etc.). Another popular segment includes ''Trancas'' and ''Barrancas'' making fun of the day's news.<ref>[http://pablomotos.blogspot.com/2007/09/las-secciones-de-la-nueva-temporada.html Las secciones de la nueva temporada (Pablo Motos's weblog)] {{es icon}}</ref> A satirical news show in which puppets read the news, ''[[Las noticias del guiñol]]'', formerly aired on [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]].

==International attention==
[[File:Hormiguero nius.jpg|thumb|[[Pablo Motos]] presenting at ''El Hormiguero'']]
The show first received international attention in 2006 for having people walk across a swimming pool filled with a [[non-Newtonian fluid]], a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] of [[cornstarch]] and [[water]] called [[Non-newtonian fluid#Oobleck|oobleck]], that was mixed in a cement truck.<ref>[http://videochat.abc.es/?flipy Videochat – Flipy (abc.es)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311064620/http://videochat.abc.es/?flipy |date=2008-03-11 }} {{es icon}}</ref> This experiment was performed in an October 2006 episode of the show and was repeated with a new batch of oobleck on the [[Christmas Eve]] special episode due to its popularity.<ref>[http://www.cuatro.com/multimedia/video.html?xref=20061009ctoultnot_3.Ves ¡Caminaron sobre el agua! (video)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002327/http://www.cuatro.com/multimedia/video.html?xref=20061009ctoultnot_3.Ves |date=2007-09-27 }} {{es icon}}</ref> In 2007, [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]] signed an agreement with [[YouTube]] that allows clips from Cuatro programs, including ''El Hormiguero'', to be showcased on the site.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mayorga |first=Emilio |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117962086.html?categoryid=1444&cs=1 |title=Cuatro signs with YouTube: Antena 3 launches mobile service |publisher=Variety.com |date=March 29, 2007 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}</ref> In 2009, El Hormiguero was awarded as the best entertainment program in the international [[Rose d'Or]] awards.<ref>[http://blog.cuatro.com/prensa/2009/05/el-hormiguero-consigue-el-prestigioso-premio-rose-dor-2009.html El Hormiguero consigue el prestigioso Premio Rose D’Or 2009] {{es icon}}</ref> The win was the fourth time a Spanish program has received the award, the first since 1994.<ref>[http://www.telebasura.net/el-hormiguero-logra-una-rosa-de-oro/ El Hormiguero logra una Rosa de Oro] {{es icon}}</ref>

Since 2008, the show has received a large number of appearances from international celebrities.<ref group=note>Celebrities include: [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] ([[Rey Mysterio]] was interviewed by the El Hormiguero´s ants in USA) from [[WWE]], sportsmen [[Dwight Howard]], [[Rudy Fernández (basketball)|Rudy Fernández]], [[Novak Djokovic]], [[Fernando Alonso]] and [[Rafa Nadal]], the models [[Cara Delevingne]], [[Alessandra Ambrosio]] and [[Heidi Klum]], the astronaut [[Charles Duke]], the writer [[Dan Brown]], the dog trainer [[Cesar Millan]], actors and singers [[Hugh Jackman]], [[Rob Schneider]], [[Adam Sandler]], [[Jennifer Aniston]], [[Matt Dallas]], [[Sylvester Stallone]] and [[Jennifer Lawrence]]; ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' stars [[Matthew Fox]] and [[Jorge Garcia]]; [[Will Smith]], [[Jaden Smith]], [[Jada Pinkett Smith]], [[Jackie Chan]], [[Hugh Grant]], [[Michael C. Hall]], [[Danny DeVito]], [[Jean Reno]], [[Jason Biggs]], [[Seann William Scott]], [[Geraldine Chaplin|Geraldine]] and [[Oona Castilla Chaplin]], [[Andrew Garfield]], [[Emma Stone]], [[Johnny Knoxville]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Annabelle Wallis]], [[Sofia Boutella]], [[Emily Blunt]], [[Cameron Diaz]], [[Gary Dourdan]], [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Frat Pack]] members [[Ben Stiller]], [[Owen Wilson]], [[Steve Carell]] and [[Will Ferrell]], [[Eva Mendes]], [[Jennifer Connelly]], [[Charlize Theron]], [[Kristen Stewart]], [[Robert Pattinson]], [[Taylor Lautner]], [[Clive Owen]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Ricardo Darín]], [[Laura Natalia Esquivel]], [[Robert Englund]], [[Mark Wahlberg]], [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], [[Norman Reedus]], [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]], [[Denzel Washington]], [[Ryan Reynolds]], [[Richard Gere]], [[Daniel Radcliffe]], [[Rupert Grint]], the [[James and Oliver Phelps|Phelps twins]], [[Russell Crowe]], [[Dwayne Johnson]], [[Kevin Hart (actor)|Kevin Hart]], [[Benicio del Toro]], [[Tim Robbins]], [[Jessica Chastain]], [[Ed Harris]], [[Jared Leto]], [[Peter Coyote]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Patrick Stewart]], [[Peter Dinklage]], [[Alex Pettyfer]] and [[Teresa Palmer]], [[Channing Tatum]], ''[[House (TV series)|House M.D.]]'' stars [[Olivia Wilde]] and [[Lisa Edelstein]]; [[Orlando Bloom]], [[Vin Diesel]], [[Elsa Pataky]], [[Chris Hemsworth]], [[Dakota Johnson]], [[Jeremy Irons]], [[Leo Bassi]], [[Margot Robbie]], [[Sigourney Weaver]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Emilio Estevez]], [[Mel Gibson]], [[David Hasselhoff]], [[William Dafoe]], [[Elijah Wood]], [[Sasha Grey]], [[Tom Hanks]], [[Harrison Ford]], [[Richard Madden]], [[Drew Barrymore]], [[Timothy Olyphant]], ''[[Stranger Things]]'' stars [[Millie Bobby Brown]] and [[Noah Schnapp]], [[Penelope Cruz]], [[Antonio Banderas]], [[Salma Hayek]], [[Rowan Atkinson]], [[Amanda Seyfried]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Ashley Tisdale]], the [[Jonas Brothers]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Backstreet Boys|The Backstreet Boys]], [[McFly]], [[Tokio Hotel]], [[One Direction]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Alejandro Sanz]], [[Shakira]], [[Alesha Dixon]], [[Ke$ha]], [[Iggy Pop]], [[Anastacia]], [[Chayanne]], [[Emilia de Poret]], [[Julieta Venegas]], [[Eros Ramazzotti]], [[Chris Isaak]], [[Emeli Sandé]], [[Michel Teló]], [[Gloria Estefan]], [[Lang Lang]], [[Jason Derulo]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Austin Mahone]], [[Alicia Keys]], [[Pitbull (entertainer)|Pitbull]], [[David Guetta]], [[James Blunt]], [[Luis Fonsi]], [[Daddy Yankee]], [[Juanes]], [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Lenny Kravitz]], [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Romeo Santos]], [[Carlos Santana]], [[Laura Pausini]], [[Mika (singer)|Mika]], [[Spandau Ballet]], [[Craig David]], [[Jamie Cullum]], [[Paulina Rubio]], [[Carly Rae Jepsen]], young actors and singers [[Vanessa Hudgens]], [[Selena Gomez]], [[Justin Bieber]] and [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Billy Ray Cyrus]], and comedian [[Sacha Baron Cohen]].</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-07-10-2008/abc/TvyRadio/el-hormiguero-record-de-audiencia-con-la-visita-de-los-jonas-brothers_91449068709.html récord de audiencia con la visita de los Jonas Brothers] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Leins |first=Jeff |url=http://newsinfilm.com/?p=12584 |title=What is Hugh Jackman Doing? |publisher=Newsinfilm.com |date=April 17, 2009 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}</ref><ref>[http://tvlia.com/2009/09/backstreet-boys-visitan-el-hormiguero Backstreet Boys visitan ‘El Hormiguero’]{{es icon}}</ref>

In addition, sometimes, Pablo Motos moved to other countries for interviewing notable people in them. This was the case of the interviews conducted by Motos to [[Hugh Laurie]] (in [[Los Angeles]]), to [[Rey Misterio]] (in United States) or Will Smith and Jaden Smith (in his fourth and second interview with Motos, respectively, in [[London]]). Also interview Will Smith with Margot Robbie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vertele.net/2015/03/will-smith-y-margot-robbie-en-el-hormiguero.html|title=Will Smith y Margot Robbie en El Hormiguero|last=|first=|date=|website=http://www.vertele.net/2015/03/will-smith-y-margot-robbie-en-el-hormiguero.html|access-date=2017-06-19}}</ref>

In 2009, Siete y Acción licensed the show's format to Grundy Italy, an Italian production company, to produce a local version of the show.<ref>[http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/television/noticias/1128282/03/09/El-Hormiguero-se-emitira-en-Italia-y-contara-con-Trancas-y-Barrancas.html 'El Hormiguero' se emitirá en Italia y contará con Trancas y Barrancas] {{es icon}}</ref> Also in 2009, a Chilean and a Brazilian versions were produced only to meet bad reviews in both countries.

A Portuguese version (on SIC) also premiered in the same year, but only with two pilot broadcasts. The show revived in December 2013 on Saturday afternons instead of weekday nights.

After [[Jesse Eisenberg]] spoke negatively about his experience as guest on ''El Hormiguero'', in an interview with [[Conan O'Brien]] on [[TBS (U.S. TV channel)|TBS's]] ''[[Conan (talk show)|Conan]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vertele.com/noticias/29299/%22el-hormiguero-humilla-r%C3%ADe-invitados-americanos%22 |accessdate=November 23, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125210534/http://www.vertele.com/noticias/29299/%22el-hormiguero-humilla-r%C3%ADe-invitados-americanos%22 |archivedate=November 25, 2010 }}</ref> Pablo Motos gave a humorous retort to the actor and the American talk-show host from the Spanish program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vertele.com/noticias/29313/motos-conan-arrieritos-are-another-thing-voy-decir |title=Motos: "Conan, arrieritos we are. Y another thing te voy a decir…" |publisher=Vertele |date=November 23, 2010 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}</ref>

In 2011, ''El Hormiguero'' was nominated to an [[International Emmy Award]] in the Non-scripted entertainment category, but didn't win.

As told in the January 16th broadcast, Pablo Motos was offered [[Santiago Segura]]'s Spanish character on ''[[Jack and Jill (2011 film)|Jack & Jill]]'' by [[Adam Sandler]] himself, who has been a guest on El Hormiguero on several occasions. Motos couldn't speak English, so the offer flustered him, but when he was ready to decline it, some of the show producers spoke with Sandler about the idea, reaching an agreement: They would send a screen test with Pablo performing his lines, learned by phonetic sounds. [[Jorge Ventosa]], one of the producers, performed Sandler's female role. Motos and Segura (who is a frequent collaborator) decided to broadcast the audition during an interview on the programme, promoting the release of the movie.

==Cast==
*[[Pablo Motos]] – Himself – Host
*Juan Ibáñez Pérez – Himself – ''Trancas''
*Damián Molla Herman – Himself – ''Barrancas''
*Pablo Ibáñez Pérez – El Hombre de Negro (The Man in Black). He left the program on March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |author=Televisión |title=El Hombre de Negro abandona ‘El Hormiguero’ |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/television/20170302/42468943222/hombre-de-negro-abandona-el-hormiguero-pablo-ibanez.html |date=2 March 2017 |access-date=11 September 2017 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=es}}</ref>
*Enrique Pérez Vergara – "Flipy", El científico loco (The Mad Scientist) (Until 5th season)
*Jandro – Super-Fan, El experto en todo (The expert in everything) and Contador de chistes con carteles (Jokes with posters) (5th season)
*Mario Vaquerizo – Himself
*Raquel Martos González – Herself
*[[Luis Piedrahita]] – ''El rey de las cosas pequeñas'' (The King of Little Things) and "Mago que revela sus propios trucos" (Magician that reveals his own tricks) (5th season)
*Jorge Marrón Martín – ''El Maestro Empanao'' (The Dumbass Master), "El efecto mariposa" (The Butterfly effect), "El científico" (5th Season, The Scientist)
* [[Yibing]]: She first appeared on January 24, 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Conoce a Yibing, la nueva colaboradora de 'El Hormiguero' |url=http://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/news/g14417/conoce-a-yibing-la-nueva-colaboradora-de-el-hormiguero/ |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |newspaper=[[Diez Minutos]] |language=es}}</ref> and she shows the curiosities of China.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Redacción |title=De Usun Yoon a Yibing, la nueva colaboradora de 'El Hormiguero' |url=http://vertele.eldiario.es/noticias/Usun-Yoon-Ybing-colaboradora-Hormiguero_0_1867313302.html |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |agency=Ver tele! |newspaper=[[El Diario (Spain)|El Diario]] |language=es}}</ref> She replaces [[Anna Simon]] after her absence due to she was bussy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=¿Es Yibing la sustituta de Anna Simon? 'El Hormiguero' responde |url=http://vertele.eldiario.es/noticias/elhormiguero-annasimon-yibing-sustituta-china_0_1867613231.html |date=17 January 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |agency=Ver tele! |newspaper=[[El Diario (Spain)|El Diario]] |language=es}}</ref>
* [[Mónica Cruz]]: She participates in the 12th edition of the programme.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mónica Cruz, fichaje estrella de la nueva temporada de 'El hormiguero' en Antena 3 |url=https://okdiario.com/yotele/2017/08/28/exclusiva-monica-cruz-hormiguero-179554 |date=28 August 2017 |access-date=29 August 2017 |agency=Yotele |newspaper=OK Diario |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Merenciano |first=Carlos |title=Mónica Cruz ficha como colaboradora de la nueva temporada de 'El Hormiguero' |url=http://www.formulatv.com/noticias/71239/monica-cruz-ficha-colaboradora-nueva-temporada-el-hormiguero/ |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=29 August 2017 |newspaper=Formula TV}}</ref> Her section is called ''Mónica cool'', where she teach how survive in the last trends.<ref name=Redacción>{{Cite news |author=Redacción |title='El hormiguero': Cristina Pardo, Miguel Ángel Revilla y Joaquín Sánchez, nuevos fichajes de la temporada |url=http://www.formulatv.com/noticias/71359/el-hormiguero-cristina-pardo-miguel-angel-revilla-joaquin-sanchez-novedades/ |date=31 August 2017 |access-date=1 September 2017 |newspaper=Formula TV}}</ref>
* [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]]<ref name=Redacción/>
* [[Cristina Pardo]]: His section is called ''Podría ser peor'', where she analyze the hot news.<ref name=Redacción/>
* [[Joaquín Sánchez]]<ref name=Redacción/>

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
!! rowspan="2"| Channel
!! rowspan="2"| Episodes
!! rowspan="2"| Release
!! rowspan="2"| Final
!! colspan="3" | Audiencie
|-
! Spectators !! ''Share''
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#e32636;"|
| 1ª
| rowspan="5" | [[Cuatro (TV channel)|Cuatro]]
| 35
| September 24, 2006
| June 3, 2007
| 1.127.000
| 9,7%
|-
| style="width: 5px" bgcolor="#f00"|
| 2ª
| 152
| September 17, 2007
| June 9, 2008
| 1.747.000
| 9,7%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#ff7028;"|
| 3ª
| 201
| September 1, 2008
| June 29, 2009
| 1.988.000
| 11%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#ffba00;"|
| 4ª
| 169
| August 31, 2009
| July 7, 2010
| 1.610.000
| 8,7%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#ff0;"|
| 5ª
| 164
| August 26, 2010
| June 30, 2011
| 1.517.000
| 8,1%
|-
| style="width: 5px" bgcolor="#0000FF"|
| 6ª
| rowspan="8'' | [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]]
| 180
| September 5, 2011
| July 12, 2012
| 2.199.000
| 11,3%
|-
| style="width: 5px" bgcolor="446EEE" |
| 7ª
| 185
| September 3, 2012
| July 4, 2013
| 2.254.000
| 11,2%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#00bfff;"|
| 8ª
| 160
| September 2, 2013
| July 17, 2014
| 2.451.000
| 12,8%
|-
| style="width: 5px" bgcolor="#00ffff"|
| 9ª
| 162
| September 1, 2014
| July 9, 2015
| 2.609.000
| 13,5%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#0f0;"|
| 10ª
| 157
| August 31, [2015
| July 11, 2016
| 2.887.000
| 15,4%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#99ff00;"|
| 11ª
| 154
| September 5, 2016
| July 5, 2017
| 2.696.000
| 14,8%
|-
| style="width:5px; background:brown;"|
| 12ª
| 150 aprox.
| September 4, 2017<ref>{{Cite news |title=El estreno de la nueva temporada de 'El Hormiguero 3.0' llega pisando fuerte con Fernando Alonso como invitado |url=http://www.antena3.com/programas/el-hormiguero/noticias/el-estreno-de-la-nueva-temporada-de-el-hormiguero-30-llega-pisando-fuerte-de-la-mano-de-fernando-alonso_2017082859a477f30cf2e5ca627833ea.html |date=28 August 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |newspaper=[[Antena 3 Noticias]] |place=Madrid |language=es}}</ref>
| July 2018
|
|
|-
| style="width:5px; background:orange;" |
| 13ª
| 150 aprox.
| September 3, 2018
| July 2019
|
|
|-
| colspan="3"| Total
| 1.642
| 2006
|
|
|
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Comedy|Television|Spain}}
*[http://www.cuatro.com/el_hormiguero Official site] {{es icon}}
*[http://pablomotos.blogspot.com Pablo Motos unofficial blog] {{es icon}}
*[http://elhormiguero.forospanish.com/ El Hormiguero – Trancas y Barrancas Fan Forum] {{es icon}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081101020017/http://elhormiguero.blogcindario.com/ El Blog de el Hormiguero] {{es icon}}
* {{IMDb title|0870872|El Hormiguero}}
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0870872/fullcredits Full Credits] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

===Media===
*[https://www.youtube.com/profile_videos?user=cuatro&search_query=Hormiguero Various excerpts of El Hormiguero] at [[YouTube]]. {{es icon}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw Pablo Motos and Flipy walk on oobleck] (video) {{es icon}}
*[http://www.cuatro.com/el-hormiguero/videos/ Video excerpts of El Hormiguero] {{es icon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hormiguero, El}}
[[Category:2006 Spanish television series debuts]]
[[Category:Spanish comedy television series]]
[[Category:Antena 3 (Spain) network shows]]
[[Category:Fictional Spanish people]]
[[Category:Television programs featuring puppetry]]
[[Category:Fictional ants]]

Constantino Romero

2018-03-17T19:46:13Z

Ravave: /* External links */ References, please? Undoing vandalism

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Spanish name|Romero|García}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Constantino Romero
| image = Constantino Romero recortado.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Constantino Romero García
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|05|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Alcalá de Henares]], [[Spain]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|05|12|1947|05|29}}
| death_place = [[Barcelona]], Spain
| death_cause = [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
| resting_place = Cemetery of Montjuïc.
| nationality = Spanish
| other_names =
| spouse = Joana Vila
| known_for = Dubbing acting
| occupation = TV and Radio host Actor Voice actor
| awards = [[TP de Oro]] (1996) [[Antena de Oro]] 1999
}}

'''Constantino Romero García''' (29 May 1947 – 12 May 2013) was a Spanish TV and radio host and actor. Due to his deep voice, he was most known for [[voice actor|dubbing]] into Spanish and Catalan other actors like [[Clint Eastwood]], [[James Earl Jones]] and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] in the ''[[Terminator (franchise)|Terminator]]'' or ''[[The Expendables (film series)|The Expendables]]'' films.<ref name="EDD">[http://eldiadigital.es/pag/page1035/ Constantino Romero Garcia, biografía y trayectoria], Eldíadigital.es.</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Radio and TV ===
Romero was born in [[Alcalá de Henares]] and grew up in [[Chinchilla de Monte-Aragón]] (Albacete) where his mother lives. All his family are from Chinchilla and [[Almansa]]. His professional career began as an [[announcer]] at Radio Barcelona and [[Radio Nacional de España|RNE]] until 1985 when he made his first appearance in television as the host of the program ''Ya sé que tienes novio''. From 1987 to 1992 he presented the game show ''El tiempo es oro'' on [[Televisión Española|TVE]]. Later he moved to [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]] where he was very popular.<ref name="EDD"/>

Later he appeared in the regional TVs with the game show ''La Silla'' and replaced [[Silvia Jato]] in ''[[Pasapalabra]]'' in Antena 3 when she became a mother. He worked at [[Castilla-La Mancha TV|CMT]] since 2002 to 2010. In 1984 he made his first stage appearance with ''[[L'Ópera de tres rals]]'' directed by Mario Gas. Both worked together in the musicals ''[[Sweeney Todd]]'' in 1995 and ''[[A Little Night Music]]'' by [[Stephen Sondheim]].<ref name="ElMundo">[http://www.elmundo.es/larevista/num104/textos/teatro7.html La vida es un sueño], Elmundo.es.</ref> Another play in which he appeared was ''[[The Little Shop of Horrors]]'', giving voice to the [[carnivorous plant]].<ref name="EDD"/>

=== Voice actor ===
He was known as a voice over actor for some famous actors.<ref name="20minutos">[http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/334061/0/ Constantino Romero es el más influyente], 20 Minutos.</ref> Among his notable appearances in Spanish versions of foreign-language films, he was the voice of [[William Shatner]] in ''[[Star Trek]]'', of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] in ''The Terminator ''film series, of [[Sean Connery]] in ''[[Outland (film)|Outland]],'' and of [[James Earl Jones]]' role as [[Darth Vader]] where Romero, rather than Jones, says "I am your father" (''Yo soy tu padre'').<ref name="EDD"/><ref name="LaSexta">[http://www.lasexta.com/sextatv/cine/constantino_romero___darth_vader_llego_a_mi_sin_alborozo/283363/6083 Constantino Romero: Darth Vader llegó a ser mi alborozo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114070007/http://www.lasexta.com/sextatv/cine/constantino_romero___darth_vader_llego_a_mi_sin_alborozo/283363/6083 |date=14 January 2012 }}, LaSexta Noticias.</ref>

His voice also dubs in several Disney films, for example, in ''[[The Lion King]]'', as [[Mufasa]]'s voice, in ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'', as [[Claude Frollo|Frollo]]'s voice, and in ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'', the Supreme Ancestor''.<ref name="EDD" />''. He also voiced [[Shere Khan]] in ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]''.

=== Awards ===
In 1999 he won an Antena de Oro Award and two [[TP de Oro]] awards.<ref name="EDD"/>

=== Retirement and death ===
He retired on 12 December 2012, after his last job as a voice actor: [[Trouble with the Curve]]. He announced it through his Twitter account:

"Thanks for the affection. It's been 47 years of work. And a whole life. Radio, TV, theatre, dubbing. It's been worth it. A hug. ''That's all folks!''*" (* in English in the original). He showed his thankfulness to his fans with the words "I've always known that the best part of my job were people".

He died on 12 May 2013 in Barcelona at the age of 65,<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news-spain/culture/Constantino_Romero_a_voice_of_Spanish_radio_has_died_aged_65.shtml Constantino Romero, a voice of Spanish radio has died aged 65]</ref> was laid to rest on the [[Cemetery of Montjuïc]].

== Host ==
* ''[[Ya sé que tienes novio]]'' (1985) in [[Televisión Española|TVE]].
* ''[[El tiempo es oro (game show)|El tiempo es oro]]'' (1987–1992) in TVE.
* ''[[3x4]]'' (1989), in TVE, replaces [[Julia Otero]] in her holidays.
* ''[[La vida es juego]]'' (1992–1993) in TVE.
* ''[[Valor y coraje]]'' (1993–1995) in TVE.
* ''[[La Parodia Nacional]]'' (1996–2001) in [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]].
* ''[[Alta Tensión]]'' (1998–1999) in Antena 3.
* ''[[Tierra tragame]]'' (1999) in Antena 3.
* ''[[Telerisa]]'' (1999) in Antena 3.
* ''[[Una vez en la vida]]'' (2001) in Antena 3.
* ''[[Domino Day]]'' (2001–2002) en Antena 3.
* ''[[Destino de Castilla a La Mancha]]'' (2002) in [[Castilla-La Mancha TV|CMT]].
* ''[[Pasapalabra]]'' (2002) in Antena 3.
* ''[[La silla]]'' (2002) in [[Telemadrid]].
* ''[[Reparto a domicilio]]'' (2003) in Telemadrid.
* ''[[Un paseo por Castilla-La Mancha]]'' (2005) en [[Castilla-La Mancha TV|CMT]].
* ''[[Siempre ellas]]'' (2006) in [[Castilla-La Mancha TV|CMT]].
* ''[[Matrícula]]'' (2007–2009) in [[Cantabria TV]].
* ''[[Cantando en familia]]'' (2008) in CMT.
* ''[[Tierra de Tesoros]]'' (2009) in CMT.

== Filmography ==

=== Actor ===
* ''Lola'' (1986)
* ''Galeria oberta'' (1986) (TV series)
* ''La ronda'' (1987) (TV movie)
* ''13 x 13'' (1987) (TV series)
* ''La veritat oculta'' (1988)
* ''A l'est del Besòs'' (1988) (TV series)
* ''L'amor és estrany'' (1988)
* ''Las chicas de hoy en día'' (1991) (TV series)
* ''[[Don Quijote de Orson Welles]]'' (1992)
* ''No sé bailar'' (1992) (TV series)
* ''Olímpicament mort'' (1993) (TV movie)
* ''Oh, Espanya!'' (1996) (TV series)
* ''El sueño de una noche... vieja'' (1997) (TV movie)
* ''[[Lisístrata]]'' (2002)
* ''[[800 balas]]'' (2002)
* ''[[7 vidas]]'' (2003) (TV series)
* ''El corazón de las tinieblas'' (2004) (short)
* ''[[Di que sí]]'' (2004)
* ''Bujias y Manias'' (2005)
* ''Star Wars: Extinción'' (2006) (short)
* ''Héroes'' (2010)
* ''L'Edèn'' (2010) (TV Movie)
* ''Elefante'' (2011) (short)
* ''[[Snowflake, the White Gorilla|Copito de Nieve]]'' (2011)

=== Dubbing (highlights) ===
[[Clint Eastwood]] voice in:
* ''[[Kelly's Heroes]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Two Mules for Sister Sara]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Joe Kidd]]'' (1972)
* ''[[The Eiger Sanction]] (1975)
* ''[[The Outlaw Josey Wales]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Escape from Alcatraz (film)|Escape from Alcatraz]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Tightrope]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Pale Rider]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Heartbreak Ridge]]'' (1986)
* ''[[The Dead Pool]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Pink Cadillac (film)|Pink Cadillac]]'' (1989)
* ''[[White Hunter Black Heart]]'' (1990)
* ''[[The Rookie (1990 film)|The Rookie]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Unforgiven]]'' (1992)
* ''[[A perfect World]]'' (1993)
* ''[[The Bridges of Madison County]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Absolute Power (film)|Absolute Power]]'' (1997)
* ''[[True crime]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Space Cowboys]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Blood Work (film)|Blood Work]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Gran Torino]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Trouble with the Curve]]'' (2012)

[[James Earl Jones]] voice in:
* ''[[Swashbuckler (film)|Swashbuckler]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977)
* ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[The Lion King]]'' (1994)
* ''[[The Lion King II: Simba's Pride]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Fantasia 2000]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Robots (2005 film)|Robots]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith|Revenge of the Sith]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Click (2006 film)|Click]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Earth (2007 film)|Earth]]'' (2007)

[[Rutger Hauer]] voice in:
* ''[[Blade Runner]] (1982)

[[Tony Jay]] voice in:
* ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'' (2003)

[[Roger Moore]] voice in:
* ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' (1973)
* ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' (1974)
* ''[[That Lucky Touch]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Street People (film)|Street People]]'' (1976)
* ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]'' (1979)
* ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981)
* ''[[The Cannonball Run]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Octopussy]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Curse of the Pink Panther]]'' (1983)
* ''[[The Naked Face]]'' (1984)
* ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Fire, Ice and Dynamite]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Spiceworld (film)|Spice World]]'' (1997)

[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] voice in:
* ''[[The Terminator|Terminator]]'', (1984)
* ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'', (1991)
* ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'', (2003)
* ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'', (2010)
* ''[[The Expendables 2]]'', (2012)

[[William Shatner]] voice in:
* ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Airplane II: The Sequel]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Boomerang (1992 film)|Boomerang]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Star Trek Generations]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Showtime (film)|Showtime]]'' (2002)

[[Louis Gossett, Jr.]] voice in:
* ''[[The Laughing Policeman (film)|The Laughing Policeman]]'' (1973)
* ''[[An Officer and a Gentleman]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Iron Eagle]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Captive Heart: The James Mink Story]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Deceived]]'' (2002)

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0739370}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romero, Constantino}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Spanish male film actors]]
[[Category:Spanish male stage actors]]
[[Category:Spanish male voice actors]]
[[Category:Spanish male television actors]]
[[Category:Spanish television presenters]]
[[Category:People from Alcalá de Henares]]

Mortadelo and Filemon: Mission Implausible

2017-11-20T17:52:49Z

Ravave:

{{Infobox film
| name = Mortadelo and Filemon: Mission Implausible
| image = Mortadelo and Filemon Mission Implausible poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| film name = ''Mortadelo y Filemón contra Jimmy el Cachondo''
| director = [[Javier Fesser]]
| producers = Antonio Asensio Luis Manso Federico Ramos
| writers = Javier Fesser Cristóbal Ruiz Claro García
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = Francisco Ibáñez's characters
| starring = [[Karra Elejalde]] Janfri Topera Ángel Chame Mariano Venancio Víctor Monigote [[Emilio Gavira]]
| narrator =
| music = Rafael Arnau
| cinematography = Miguel Pablos
| editing = Javier Fesser
| production companies = [[Ilion Animation Studios]] Zeta Cinema Películas Pendelton [[Televisión Española]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{film date|2014|11|28|Spain}}
| runtime = 88 minutes
| country = Spain
| language = Spanish
| budget = $12.5 million<ref name=CBTakeOnPenguins>{{cite web|last1=Amidi|first1=Amid|title=Mort & Phil Will Take on ‘Penguins of Madagascar’ in Spain This Weekend|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/cgi/mort-phil-will-take-on-penguins-of-madagascar-in-spain-this-weekend-106293.html|publisher=Cartoon Brew|accessdate=7 March 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
| gross = €4.9 million ($5.5 million)<ref name=VarietyIlionAlly />
}}

'''''Mortadelo and Filemon: Mission Implausible''''' ({{lang-es|Mortadelo y Filemón contra Jimmy el Cachondo}}, "Mortadelo and Filemon versus Jimmy the Joker") is a 2014 Spanish animated comedy film based on the characters from the ''[[Mort & Phil]]'' comic book series. It achieved six nominations for the [[29th Goya Awards]],<ref name=Goya>{{cite web|last1=del Caz|first1=Ángela|title=Lista de nominados a los Premios Goya 2015|url=http://www.ecartelera.com/noticias/20933/lista-nominados-premios-goya-2015/|website=eCartelera|accessdate=18 January 2015|language=Spanish|date=7 January 2015}}</ref> winning in the [[Goya Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] and [[Goya Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]] categories, and two for the second edition of [[Premios Feroz]].<ref name=Feroz>{{cite web|title=Lista de nominados a los Premios Feroz 2015|url=http://feroz.es/nominados-a-los-premios-feroz-2015/|website=Premios Feroz|accessdate=16 December 2014|language=Spanish|date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jimmy el Cachondo and his henchmen have stolen a top secret document from the TIA headquarters that can ridicule them in front of all other spy agencies. The Superintendent will have no choice than to command the mission of retrieving it to Mortadelo and Filemón. To make matters worse, dangerous criminal Tronchamulas has escaped jail and plans to exact revenge on Filemón for arresting him in the past. Eventually they will be forced to team up to find Jimmy's hideout. Meanwhile, Professor Bacterio tries to help the pair of agents with his latest invention: the "reversicine", a beverage that turns people into the exact opposite of what they are or think.

== Characters ==
The portrayal of the characters is rather faithful to the comics except for Mortadelo and Filemon: Mortadelo has far more common sense and Filemon is actually quite dumb while in the comics, it was the opposite

=== The T.I.A Staff ===
'''Mortadelo:''' The Subordinate of Filemon and Super. Despite being a bit clumsy, he's rather cunning, resourceful and has invented several gadgets on his own to protect his apartment. He has incredible skill in disguising himself as virtually anything ranging from animals to professionals outfits, machinery etc...Like everyone else, he cares very little about his boss and has often prove that he might be actually more competent than Filemon.

'''Filemón''': The Boss of Mortadelo. Initially presentend as the "Straight-Man" to Mortadelo's "Ditz" in the comics, his portrayal into the movies is different: extremely stupid, arrogant, cowardly, bossy and incompetent, he's also incredibly accident-prone, capable of being injured in comical and painful ways.

He spent most of his time dreaming that he's a great hero but is despised by everyone and tries to avoid vengeful foes who he has arrested in the past.

==Voice cast in Spanish==
{| class=wikitable
! Actor !! Character
|-
|[[Karra Elejalde]]
|Mortadelo
|-
|Janfri Topera
|Filemón
|-
|Ramón Langa
|Filemón (in a dream)
|-
|Mariano Venancio
|The Superintendent
|-
|[[Enrique Villén]]
|Professor Bacterio
|-
|Berta Ojea
|Ofelia
|-
|Athenea Mata
|Irma
|-
|[[Emilio Gavira]]
|Rompetechos
|-
|Ángel Chame
|Jimmy el Cachondo
|-
|José Alias
|Tronchamulas
|-
|Víctor Monigote
|Tronchamulas (reverted)
|-
|Chani Martín
|Mari
|-
|Manuel Tallafé
|Trini
|-
|[[Karlos Arguiñano]]
|Himself (on TV)
|}

==Box office==
The film's production budget is estimated at $12.5 million.<ref name=CBTakeOnPenguins /> In Spain, the film grossed €4.9 million ($5.5 million).<ref name=VarietyIlionAlly>{{cite news|last1=Hopewell|first1=John|title=Annecy: Paramount Animation, Spain’s Ilion Ally on 3D Tentpole (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/markets-festivals/paramount-animation-ilion-animations-studio-1201519483/|accessdate=June 15, 2015|work=Variety|date=June 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class=wikitable
! Awards !! Category !! Nominated !! Result
|-
|rowspan=6|[[29th Goya Awards]]<ref name=Goya />
|[[Goya Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
|[[Javier Fesser]], Claro García and Cristóbal Ruiz
|{{won}}
|-
|colspan=2|[[Goya Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Víctor Monigote
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Production Supervision
|Luis Fernández Lago and Julián Larrauri
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound
|Nicolás de Poulpiquet and Javier Muñoz
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Song
|"Morta y File" by Rafael Arnau
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[II Premios Feroz]]<ref name=Feroz />
|colspan=2|[[Premio Feroz for Best Comedy|Best Comedy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Premio Feroz for Best Original Soundtrack|Best Original Soundtrack]]
|Rafael Arnau
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mortadeloyfilemon3d.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|2857458}}
*[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mortadelo-filemon-mission-implausible-mortadelo-755420 Review on THR]

{{Goya Award for Best Animated Film}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 animated films]]
[[Category:2010s spy films]]
[[Category:Spanish comedy films]]
[[Category:Spanish films]]
[[Category:Films based on Spanish comics]]
[[Category:Mort & Phil]]
[[Category:Animated films based on comics]]

User:Ravave

2017-11-18T09:15:55Z

Ravave:

{| border="1" width="100%" align="center"
| bgcolor="#f3f3ff" align="center" |
<big> '''Aren't you a little fat to be a storm trooper?'''. ''Well, stay here and rot, you stuck-up bitch'' . '''Wait! Who are you?'''. ''I'm Luke Skywalker. Me and Han Solo and Obi-Wan are here to rescue you''. '''Wait, Obi-Wan Kenobi?'''. ''Yeah. Suddenly I'm not so fat, huh?''. [[Blue Harvest (Family Guy)|Blue Harvest]] [[Image:Artículo bueno.svg|center|50px]] 
|}

Hi, my name is '''Ramón''' (or Ramon according [[valencian language|valencian gramma]]), but if you guys prefer, can call me '''Ravave'''. Welcome to my userpage. If you have any question or you want write me a message, go ahead!.

I'm a frequently user in [[w:es:Usuario:Ravave|Spanish Wikipedia]], although i'm a collaborator too in this another (most editions: interwikies or stubbs articles).

I don't have any problem with the English, so you don't worry if you guys want to ask me anything, dismay my English level isn't perfect at all.

[[Image:Copia de Idioma valencia.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== Articles ==
=== Biography [[Image:P vip.png|50px]] ===
* [[Ana Pastor]]
* [[Gorka Otxoa]]
* [[Constantino Romero]]
* [[El Sevilla]]
* [[Enrique Gato]]
* [[Manuel Manquiña]]
* [[Paco Roca]]
* [[Maximiliano Thous Orts]] (Cleaned by a partner)
* [[María del Monte]]

=== Films [[Image:Film Reel.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Spanish Movie]]
* [[Black Lightning (film)]]
* [[Lobos de Arga]]
* [[Brain Drain (film)]]
* [[Tres de la Cruz Roja]]
* [[Superlópez contra el robot de bolsillo]]
* [[Rivales]]
* [[The Biggest Robbery Never Told]]

=== Music [[Image:Gnome-dev-cdrom-audio.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Los Hermanos Dalton]]
* [[Bajoqueta rock]]

=== Geography [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Sierra Martés]]

=== Books [[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Aquella casa maldita en Amityville]]
* [[¡Pesadillaaa...!]]
* [[Chernóbil... que cuchitril]]

=== Media [[File:Societe.png|50px]] ===
* [[Xplora]]

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{{User:Psyche825/Userboxes/Favourite book|novel|[[Under the Dome]]|Stephen King}}
{{User:Scepia/Stephen King}}
{{User:Omar1976/Original userboxes/Horror Movies}}
{{User:Sarcasticidealist/Userboxes/Airplane!}}
{{User:UBX/Family Guy}}
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[[es:Usuario:Ravave]]
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User:Ravave

2017-10-18T17:29:59Z

Ravave: /* Music 50px */

{| border="1" width="100%" align="center"
| bgcolor="#f3f3ff" align="center" |
<big> '''Aren't you a little fat to be a storm trooper?'''. ''Well, stay here and rot, you stuck-up bitch'' . '''Wait! Who are you?'''. ''I'm Luke Skywalker. Me and Han Solo and Obi-Wan are here to rescue you''. '''Wait, Obi-Wan Kenobi?'''. ''Yeah. Suddenly I'm not so fat, huh?''. [[Blue Harvest (Family Guy)|Blue Harvest]] [[Image:Artículo bueno.svg|center|50px]] 
|}

Hi, my name is '''Ramón''' (or Ramon according [[valencian language|valencian gramma]]), but if you guys prefer, can call me '''Ravave'''. Welcome to my userpage. If you have any question or you want write me a message, go ahead!.

I'm a frecuentally user in [[w:es:Usuario:Ravave|Spanish Wikipedia]], although i'm a collaborator too in this another (most editions: interwikies or stubbs articles, or [well], when i haven't some [[cannabis sativa|inspiration]] in [[Spanish Wikipedia]] for make articles).

I don't have any problem with the English, so you don't worry if you guys want to ask me anything, dismay my English level isn't perfect at all.

[[Image:Copia de Idioma valencia.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== Articles ==
=== Biography [[Image:P vip.png|50px]] ===
* [[Ana Pastor]]
* [[Gorka Otxoa]]
* [[Constantino Romero]]
* [[El Sevilla]]
* [[Enrique Gato]]
* [[Manuel Manquiña]]
* [[Paco Roca]]
* [[Maximiliano Thous Orts]] (Cleaned by a partner)
* [[María del Monte]]

=== Films [[Image:Film Reel.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Spanish Movie]]
* [[Black Lightning (film)]]
* [[Lobos de Arga]]
* [[Brain Drain (film)]]
* [[Tres de la Cruz Roja]]
* [[Superlópez contra el robot de bolsillo]]
* [[Rivales]]
* [[The Biggest Robbery Never Told]]

=== Music [[Image:Gnome-dev-cdrom-audio.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Los Hermanos Dalton]]
* [[Bajoqueta rock]]

=== Geography [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Sierra Martés]]

=== Books [[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|50px]] ===
* [[Aquella casa maldita en Amityville]]
* [[¡Pesadillaaa...!]]
* [[Chernóbil... que cuchitril]]

=== Media [[File:Societe.png|50px]] ===
* [[Xplora]]

== Userboxes ==
{{Userboxtop|Location}}
{{Template:User in Spain}}
{{User Valencia}} '''Nationality''' {{User:Patricknoddy/Userboxes/Spanish2}}
{{Userboxbottom}}

{{Userboxtop|Languages}}
{{Babel|es|en-2|gl-1}} '''I Also speak [[Valencian language]] as native''' 
{{Userboxbottom}}

{{Userboxtop|Wikipedia}}
{{Template:User wikies}}
{{Template:User wikipedia1}}
{{Template:BabelBoxCommons|en_image_page|his}}
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{{User WikiProject Spain}}
{{User:Astatine211/userbox4}}
{{Template:User copyright2}}
{{Userboxbottom}}

{{Userboxtop|Sports}}
{{User:UBX/Spain fan}}
{{User:UBX/Valencia fan}}
{{User:Malpass93/Userboxes/Villarreal}}
{{Userboxbottom}}

{{Userboxtop|Political and religions beliefs}}
{{User:Eternal dragon/Userboxes/CelebrityPoliticians}}
{{User:Bluedenim/Centrism}}
{{User:Resplendent/Userbox/Religion}}
{{User:Ashley Y/Userbox/Agnostic}}
{{User:Oren neu dag/my userboxes/Coming of Eurabia}}
{{User:Kimelea/Tolerance userbox}}
{{User:Wustenfuchs/Userboxes/Anti-nationalist}}
{{User:Krzyzowiec/Userboxes/Anti-nazi}}
{{User:Brain40/Userboxes/Anti-communist}}
{{Userboxbottom}}

{{Userboxtop|Literature, TV, and others hobbies}}
{{User:Scepia/fiction}}
{{User:Psyche825/Userboxes/Favourite book|novel|[[World of Watches]]|Sergei Lukyanenko}}
{{User:Psyche825/Userboxes/Favourite book|novel|[[Under the Dome]]|Stephen King}}
{{User:Scepia/Stephen King}}
{{User:Omar1976/Original userboxes/Horror Movies}}
{{User:Sarcasticidealist/Userboxes/Airplane!}}
{{User:UBX/Family Guy}}
{{User:Jc-S0CO/Userboxes/Family Guy 2}}
{{User:Rusted AutoParts/HIMYM}}
{{Userboxbottom}}

[[User:Ravave/Files|Userbox]]

[[es:Usuario:Ravave]]
[[gl:Usuario:Ravave]]
[[simple:User:Ravave]]

Lifeboats of the Titanic

2017-08-28T09:19:30Z

Ravave: /* Boat 3 (starboard) */ Typo

{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Lifeboats of the RMS ''Titanic''}}
[[File:Titanic lifeboat.jpg|thumb|250px|Partially flooded with ice-cold seawater, ''Titanic''{{'}}s Collapsible Boat D approaches RMS ''Carpathia'' at 7:15 am. on 15 April 1912''.]]
[[File:RMS Titanic 3.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Royal Mail Ship|RMS]] [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'']], showing eight lifeboats along the starboard-side boat deck (upper deck): four lifeboats near the [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]] wheel house and four lifeboats near the 4th funnel.]]
{| class=infobox width=260 cellspacing=1
!colspan=4 align=center|Lifeboat id numbers on deck
|-
|colspan=2|←stern
|align=right colspan=2|bow→
|- style="font-size:92%"
|width=5px| 
| {{nowrap|(16) (14) (12) (10)}}
|align=right| {{nowrap|(8) (6) (4) (2)}}
|width=5px| 
|- style="font-size:92%"
|colspan=3 align=right | (B) \(D)
|- style="font-size:92%"
|colspan=3 align=right | (A) /(C)
|- style="font-size:92%"
|
|(15) (13) (11) (9)
|align=right| (7) (5) (3) (1)
|- style="font-size:100%"
| colspan=4 | Lifeboats 7, 5, 3 & 8 left first. Collapsible lifeboats A, B, C & D were stored inward. [[#Collapsible Boat A (starboard)|Boat A]] floated off the deck, and [[#Collapsible Boat B (port)|Boat B]] floated away upside down.
|}
The '''lifeboats of the RMS ''Titanic''''' played a crucial role in the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|disaster of 14–15 April 1912]]. One of the ship's legacies was that she had too few [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboats]] to evacuate all those on board. The 20 lifeboats that she did carry could only accommodate 1,178 people, despite the fact that there were approximately 2,224 on board. {{RMS|Titanic}} had a maximum capacity of 3,327 passengers and crew.

Eighteen lifeboats were used, loading between 11:45–2:15 a.m., though [[#Collapsible Boat A (starboard)|Collapsible Boat A]] floated off deck partially submerged, and [[#Collapsible Boat B (port)|Collapsible Boat B]] floated away upside down minutes before the ship upended and sank.

Many lifeboats only carried half of their maximum capacity; there are many versions as to the reasoning behind half-filled lifeboats. Some sources claimed they were afraid of the lifeboat buckling under the weight, others suggested it was because the crew were following strict maritime tradition to evacuate [[women and children first]]. Additionally, doors and hatches were locked to prevent passengers on the lower decks from easily gaining access to and swamping the boats. Few men were allowed into the lifeboats on the [[port side|port]] side, while the [[starboard]] side only allowed many men into boats after women and children boarded. Some of the final lifeboats were overfilled, and passengers noticed the seawater line was near the rim on some of the lifeboats.

As the half-filled boats rowed away from the ship, they were too far for other passengers to reach, and most lifeboats did not return to the wreck, due to protests from passengers or crewmen to prevent being swamped by drowning victims. Only two lifeboats returned to retrieve survivors from the water, some of whom later died.

{{RMS|Carpathia}} did not reach the lifeboats until 4 a.m., two hours after ''Titanic'' sank to the bottom of the sea, and the rescue continued until the last lifeboat was collected at 8:30 a.m. The survivors among the men were relatively more crewmen, then more First Class and Third Class, with 92% of men dying from Second Class. However, the third-class women and children also died in relatively high numbers, with 66% of those children dying.<ref>{{cite news
| title=Women and children LAST | newspaper=''Daily Mail''
| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2130003/Study-sea-disasters-men-better-survival-rate-ships-down.html
| date=16 April 2012 | accessdate=16 April 2012}}
</ref>

Although the sinking showed the number of lifeboats insufficient, ''Titanic'' was in compliance with maritime safety regulations of the time (albeit the ''Titanic'' disaster proved the regulations outdated for such large passenger ships). The Inquiry also revealed [[White Star Line]] wanted fewer boats on the decks, to provide unobstructed views for passengers and give the ship more aesthetics from an exterior view.

It was also thought in the event of an emergency, ''Titanic''{{'}}s design would enable her to stay afloat long enough for her passengers and crew to be transferred safely to a rescue vessel. It was never anticipated that all passengers and crew would be evacuated rapidly at the same time.

Compounding the disaster, ''Titanic''{{'}}s crew were poorly trained on using the [[davit]]s (lifeboat launching equipment). As a result, boat launches were slow, improperly executed, and poorly supervised. These factors contributed to the lifeboats departing with only half capacity.

1,512 people did not make it on to a lifeboat and were aboard ''Titanic'' when she sank to the bottom of the sea at 2:20 a.m. on 15 April 1912. 712 people, mostly women and children, remained in the lifeboats until later that morning when they were rescued by RMS ''Carpathia''. Those aboard the lifeboats were picked up by ''Carpathia'' over the course of 4 hours and 30 minutes, from about 4 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., and 13 of the lifeboats were also taken aboard. The lifeboats were returned to the White Star Line at New York Harbor, as they were the only items of value salvaged from the shipwreck, but subsequently vanished from history over time.

== Number and types of lifeboats ==
[[File:StateLibQld 1 169523 Rescued lifeboats, all that is left from the great ship Titanic, New York, 1912.jpg|thumb|''Titanic''{{'}}s wooden lifeboats in New York Harbor following the disaster. This particular image has been doctored{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} to add the words "R.M.S. Titanic". In fact the lifeboats bore the name "S.S. ''Titanic''"{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} on a plaque mounted at the other end of the boat.]]
''Titanic'' had 20 lifeboats of three different types:

* 14 [[Clinker (boat building)|clinker-built]] wooden lifeboats, measuring {{convert|30|ft|m}} long by {{convert|9|ft|1|in|m}} wide by {{convert|4|ft|m}} deep. Each had a capacity of {{convert|655.2|cuft|m3}} and was designed to carry 65 people. The [[rudder]]s were made of elm – selected because it resisted splitting – and were {{convert|1.75|in|cm}} thick. The exterior of the boats were fitted with "grablines" for people in the water to hold on to.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=110}}{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=168}} They were fitted with a variety of equipment to aid the occupants, comprising 10 oars, a [[sea anchor]], two bailers, a painter (effectively a tow-rope) {{convert|150|ft|m}} long, two boat-hooks, two {{convert|10|impgal|l}} tanks of fresh water, a mast and sail, a compass, a lantern and watertight metal provision tanks which contained biscuits.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=170}} This equipment was not kept in the boats for fear of theft, but in locked boxes on the deck. In many cases, the equipment was not transferred to the boats when they were launched on 15 April and ended up going down with the ship.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=168}} Blankets and a spare lifebelt could also be found in the boats. Apparently unknown to many officers and crew, these boats were reinforced with steel beams in their keels to prevent buckling in the davits under a full load.
* 2 wooden [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]] intended to be used as emergency boats. They were of a similar design to the main lifeboats, but smaller, measuring {{convert|25|ft|2|in|m}} long by about {{convert|7|ft|m}} wide by {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep. They had a capacity of {{convert|322|cuft|m3}} and could carry 40 people.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=112}} They were equipped similarly to the main lifeboats but with only one boat-hook, one water container, one bailer and six oars each.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=171}}
* 4 "collapsible" Engelhardt lifeboats. These were effectively boat-shaped unsinkable rafts of [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok]] and [[Cork (material)|cork]], with heavy canvas sides that could be raised to form a boat. They measured {{convert|27|ft|5|in|m}} long by {{convert|8|ft|m}} wide by {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep. Their capacity was {{convert|376.6|cuft|m3}} and each could carry 47 people.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=112}} The Engelhardts, built to a Danish design,{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=169}} were built by the boat-builders McAlister & Son of [[Dumbarton]], Scotland.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=32}} Their equipment was similar to that of the cutters, but they had no mast or sail, had eight oars apiece and were steered using a [[steering oar]] rather than a rudder.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=171}}

The main lifeboats and cutters were built by [[Harland and Wolff]] at [[Queen's Island]], [[Belfast]] at the same time that ''Titanic'' and her [[sister ship]] {{RMS|Olympic||2}} were constructed. They were designed for maximum seaworthiness, with a double-ended design (effectively having two [[Bow (ship)|bows]]). This reduced the risk that they would be flooded by a following sea (i.e. having waves breaking over the stern). If a lifeboat had to be beached, the design would also resist the incoming surf. Another safety feature consisted of airtight copper tanks within the boats' sides to provide extra buoyancy.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=110}}

== Use and locations aboard ''Titanic'' ==
[[File:Titanic Boat Deck plan with lifeboats.png|center|600px|thumb|Plan of the Boat Deck of RMS ''Titanic'' showing the location of the lifeboats. The main lifeboats are marked in green, while the emergency cutters are highlighted in red. Two of the collapsible lifeboats are marked in purple. The other two (not on this diagram) were situated on the roof of the officers' quarters behind the wheelhouse.]]

All but two lifeboats were situated on the Boat Deck, the highest deck of ''Titanic''. They were located on wooden chocks at the fore and aft parts of the Boat Deck, on both sides of the ship; two groups of three at the forward end, and two groups of four at the aft end.{{sfn|Beveridge|Hall|2011|p=47}} The two cutters were situated immediately aft of the bridge, one to port and the other to starboard.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=115}} While ''Titanic'' was at sea they were positioned outboard so that they could be lowered instantly in the event of an emergency, such as needing to rescue a person who had fallen overboard.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=169}} The lifeboats were assigned odd numbers on the starboard side and even numbers on the port side, running from forward to aft, while the collapsible lifeboats were lettered A to D.{{sfn|Beveridge|Hall|2011|p=47}}

The collapsibles were stored in two places. Two of them were stowed on the deck in their collapsed state underneath the cutters, while the remaining two were situated on top of the officers' quarters. Despite the first two both being erected and launched without difficulty during ''Titanic''{{'}}s sinking, the other two both turned out to be very poorly located. They were both {{convert|8|ft|m}} located off the deck and lowering them required a piece of equipment held in the [[boatswain]]'s store in the bow. By the time this was realised, the bow was already well underwater and the store was inaccessible. They were manhandled down and floated away freely as the deck flooded.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=170}}

The lifeboats were intended to be launched from [[davit]]s supplied by the Welin Davit & Engineering Company of London. All lifeboats but the collapsibles were slung from the davits, ready to be launched.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=171}} The davits were of a highly efficient double-acting quadrant design, capable of being slung inboard (hanging over the deck) as well as outboard (hanging over the side) to pick up additional lifeboats.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=112}} The davits aboard ''Titanic'' were capable of accommodating 64 lifeboats, though only 16 were actually fitted to them. The collapsibles were also intended to be launched via the davits.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=115}} Each davit was doubled up, supporting the forward arm of one boat and the after arm of the next one along. A [[Glossary of nautical terms#B|bitt]] and [[sheave]] was located at the keel of each davit to facilitate the lowering of boats, and the [[Glossary of nautical terms#F|falls]] could be taken across the deck so that a number of men could work simultaneously on each boat and davit.{{sfn|Beveridge|Hall|2011|p=47}} They had to be lowered by hand, ideally by a team of between eight and ten men. Despite ''Titanic'' having a number of electric winches, they could only have been used to winch the lifeboats back out of the water.{{sfn|Ward|2012|p=79}}

== Lack of lifeboats and training ==
[[File:Titanic model lifeboats.jpg|right|thumb|Arrangement of lifeboats on the forward part of the Boat Deck of ''Titanic'', shown on a large-scale model of the ship]]

Notoriously, ''Titanic'' did not have enough lifeboats to evacuate everyone on board. She only had enough lifeboats to accommodate approximately a third of the ship's total capacity. Had every lifeboat been filled accordingly, they could have only evacuated about 53 percent of those actually on board on the night of her sinking.{{sfn|Ward|2012|p=79}} The shortage of lifeboats was not due to the lack of space; ''Titanic'' had actually been designed to accommodate up to 64 boats{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=112}} – nor was it because of cost, as the price of an extra 32 lifeboats would only have been some $16,000, a tiny fraction of the $7.5 million that the company had spent on ''Titanic''.{{sfn|Marshall|1912|p=141}} The reason lay in a combination of outdated safety regulations and complacency by the [[White Star Line]], ''Titanic''{{'}}s operators.<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|title=The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic|last=Berg|first=Chris|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=13 April 2012|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304444604577337923643095442}}</ref>

In 1886, a committee of the British [[Board of Trade]] devised safety regulations for the merchant vessels of the time. These were updated with the passage of the [[Merchant Shipping Act 1894]] and were modified subsequently, but by 1912 they had a fatal flaw – they had been intended to regulate vessels of up to 10,000 tons, a limit that had long since been exceeded by shipbuilders.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=170}} By comparison, ''Titanic'' had a [[gross register tonnage]] of 46,328 tons.{{sfn|Chirnside|2004|p=168}} Other ships were in a similar situation, 33 of the 39 British liners over 10,000 tons did not have enough lifeboats for all aboard (the six that did were marginally over 10,000 tons); {{RMS|Carmania|1905|6}} was perhaps the worst of them, with only enough lifeboats for 29 per cent of her occupants. Foreign ships, such as the German liner [[USS America (ID-3006)|SS ''Amerika'']] and {{SS|St. Louis|1894|6}} similarly had only enough lifeboat space for about 54–55% of those aboard. A random sampling of ships that exceeded 10,000 tons in 1912, of numerous different shipping lines in the United States, Canada, and Europe, show the ship that came the closest to carrying enough lifeboats for all its passengers was the French Line's ''La Province'' which carried enough boats to accommodate 82 percent of her passenger capacity. Walter Lord stated in his 1987 book ''The Night Lives On'' that the lack of lifeboats on the ''Olympic''-class liners might have had much to do with economics as one might have thought. Had ''Olympic'' and ''Titanic'' been properly provisioned with enough lifeboats it might have drawn notice by the press that other smaller, and perhaps less safely equipped liners, were lacking sufficient lifeboats. This could have created a domino effect leading to a call for more stringent regulations concerning lifesaving equipment onboard ships that would have cost numerous shipping lines a considerable amount of money to accommodate. {{sfn|Lord|1987|p=84}}

The regulations required a vessel of 10,000 tons or more to carry 16 lifeboats with a total capacity of {{convert|9625|cuft|m3}}, sufficient for 960 people. ''Titanic'' actually carried four more lifeboats than she needed under the regulations. Her total lifeboat capacity was {{convert|11327.9|cuft|m3}},{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=32}} which was theoretically capable of taking 1,178 people.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=112}} The regulations required that lifeboats should measure between {{convert|16|–|30|ft|m}} with a minimum capacity of {{convert|125|cuft|m3}} each. The cubic capacity divided by ten indicated the approximate number of people that could be carried safely in each boat and also dictated the size of the airtight buoyancy tanks incorporated into the boats' hulls, with each person corresponding to {{convert|1|cuft|m3}} of tank capacity.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=110}}

In reality, the given capacity was quite nominal, as filling the boats to their indicated capacity would have required some passengers to stand. This did in fact happen to some of the last boats to leave ''Titanic''; at the subsequent British enquiry, ''Titanic''{{'}}s Second Officer [[Charles Lightoller]] testified that the nominal capacity could only have applied "in absolutely smooth water, under the most favourable conditions." The proper capacity would have been more like 40 people per boat under typical conditions.{{sfn|Gittins|Akers-Jordan|Behe|2011|p=164}} Interestingly, few officers and crew were aware that steel beam reinforcements had been added to the keels of the boats to prevent buckling in the davits under a full load.

''Titanic'' and her sister ships had been designed with the capability of carrying many more lifeboats than were actually provided, up to a total of 64.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=112}} During the design stage, Alexander Carlisle, Harland & Wolff's chief draughtsman and general manager, submitted a plan to provide 64 lifeboats. He later reduced the figure to 32, and in March 1910 the decision was taken to reduce the number again to 16.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=32}} Carlisle is believed to have left his position in dispute of this decision. The White Star Line preferred to maximise the amount of deck space available for the enjoyment of the passengers{{sfn|Ward|2012|p=33}} (and the area that was free of lifeboats was, not coincidentally, the First Class promenade{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|pp=50–1}}). The reasoning for this was explained by Archibald Campbell Holms in an article for ''Practical Shipbuilding'' published in 1918:

{{quote|The fact that ''Titanic'' carried boats for little more than half the people on board was not a deliberate oversight, but was in accordance with a deliberate policy that, when the subdivision of a vessel into watertight compartments exceeds what is considered necessary to ensure that she shall remain afloat after the worst conceivable accident, the need for lifeboats practically ceases to exist, and consequently a large number may be dispensed with.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=173}}}}

It is notable that Holms made his comments six years ''after'' the sinking of ''Titanic'', an indication of the persistence of the view that "every ship should be her own lifeboat". Sailors and shipbuilders of the time had a low opinion of the usefulness of lifeboats in an emergency and considered it more important to make a ship "unsinkable". Admiral [[Lord Charles Beresford]], who served simultaneously as a high-ranking [[Royal Navy]] officer and Member of Parliament, told the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] a month after the disaster:

{{quote|Remember that on not more than one day in twelve all the year round can you lower a boat. With the roll of the ship the boats swing and will be smashed to smithereens against the side of the ship. The boats then should not be overdone ... It might be fairly supposed that had the ''Titanic'' floated for twelve hours all might have been saved.{{sfn|Gill|2010|p=173}}}}

The White Star Line never envisaged that all of the crew and passengers would have to be evacuated at once, as ''Titanic'' was considered almost unsinkable. The lifeboats were instead intended to be used to transfer passengers off the ship and onto a nearby vessel providing assistance.{{sfn|Hutchings|de Kerbrech|2011|p=116}} While ''Titanic'' was under construction, an incident involving the White Star liner {{RMS|Republic|1903|6}} appeared to confirm this approach. ''Republic'' was involved in a collision with the [[Lloyd Italiano]] liner {{SS|Florida}} in January 1909 and sank. Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers, they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist.{{sfn|Chirnside|2004|p=29}} This fact is what led to the harsh condemnation of Captain [[Stanley Lord]] of {{SS|Californian||2}}, who both American and British inquiries into the disaster felt could have saved many if not all of the passengers and crew had she heeded the ''Titanic''{{'}}s distress calls. In this scenario, ''Titanic''{{'}}s lifeboats would have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned.<ref name=wsj1 /> However, it is worth noting that the ferrying of passengers between two ships would have been a long, arduous process even under the best conditions. It took ''Carpathia'' well over four hours to pick up and account for all of ''Titanic''{{'}}s lifeboats in the morning after the disaster. During the sinking of the aforementioned ''Republic'' in 1909, it took nearly half a day to ferry all of her passengers to rescue ships, and during the sinking of the Italian liner {{SS|Andrea Doria||2}} in 1956 it took nearly eight hours to ferry all her passengers to safety. Both liners sank at a much slower rate, roughly half a day, in contrast to ''Titanic'', which sank slightly shy of three hours after her collision with the iceberg.

While ''Titanic''{{'}}s supply of lifeboats was plainly inadequate, so too was the training that her crew had received in their use. Only one [[muster drill|lifeboat drill]] had been carried out while the ship was docked. It was a cursory effort, consisting of two boats being lowered, each manned by one officer and four men who merely rowed around the dock for a few minutes before returning to the ship. The boats were supposed to be stocked with [[Emergency rations|emergency supplies]], but ''Titanic''{{'}}s passengers later found that they had only been partially provisioned.{{sfn|Mowbray|1912|p=279}} No lifeboat or [[fire drill]]s had been carried out since ''Titanic'' left Southampton.{{sfn|Mowbray|1912|p=279}} A lifeboat drill had been scheduled for the morning before the ship sank, but was cancelled because Captain Smith wanted to deliver one last Sunday service before he went into full retirement.{{sfn|Aldridge|2008|p=47}}

Lists had been posted on the ship allocating crew members to particular lifeboat stations, but few appeared to have read them or to have known what they were supposed to do. Most of the crew were, in any case, not [[Ordinary seaman|seamen]], and even some of those had no prior experience of rowing a boat. They were suddenly faced with the complex task of coordinating the lowering of 20 boats carrying a possible total of 1,200 people {{convert|70|ft|m}} down the sides of the ship.{{sfn|Bartlett|2011|p=123}} Thomas E. Bonsall, a historian of the disaster, has commented that the evacuation was so badly organised that "even if they had the number of lifeboats they needed, it is impossible to see how they could have launched them" given the lack of time and poor leadership.{{sfn|Cox|1999|p=52}}

== Launch of the lifeboats ==
{| cellspacing=3 style= "border:1px #DDD solid; float:right; margin-left:1em"
! colspan=4 | Lifeboat tally
|- align=center
| Boat || Aboard   || Boat || Aboard
|- align=center
|   2 || 18 ||   1 || 12
|- align=center
|   4 || 42 ||   3 || 38
|- align=center
|   6 || 24 ||   5 || 36
|- align=center
|   8 || 28 ||   7 || 28
|- align=center
| 10 || 39 ||   9 || 38
|- align=center
| 12 || 29 || 11 || 68
|- align=center
| 14 || 46 || 13 || 63
|- align=center
| 16 || 39 || 15 || 64
|- align=center
| B || (21)|| A || 12
|- align=center
| D || 22 || C || 45
|- align=center
| Total: || 308 || Total: || 404 
|}
It was not until about 12:45 a.m., an hour after ''Titanic'' struck the iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on 14 April, that the first lifeboat was lowered into the sea. The boats were lowered in sequence, from the middle forward then aft, with First Officer [[William McMaster Murdoch]], Third Officer [[Herbert Pitman]] and Fifth Officer [[Harold Lowe]] working on the starboard side, and Chief Officer [[Henry Tingle Wilde]] and Second Officer [[Charles Lightoller]] working on the port side, with the assistance of Captain [[Edward Smith (sea captain)|Edward Smith]]. The collapsible boats were dealt with last, as they could not be launched until the forward davits were clear.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=135}}

Smith had ordered his officers to put the "women and children in and lower away".{{sfn|Lord|2005|p=37}} However, Murdoch and Lightoller both interpreted the evacuation order differently; Murdoch interpreted it as [[women and children first|women and children ''first'']], while Lightoller interpreted it as women and children ''only''. Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were not any women and children waiting to board, while Murdoch only allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had already embarked. This had a significant effect on the survival rates of the men aboard ''Titanic'', whose chances of survival came to depend on which side of the ship they tried to find lifeboat seats.{{sfn|Barczewski|2011|p=21}}

Two contemporary estimates were given for the number of occupants in each lifeboat, one by the British inquiry that followed the disaster, and one by survivor [[Archibald Gracie IV|Archibald Gracie]], who obtained accounts and data from other survivors. However, the figures given – 854 persons and 795 persons respectively – far exceed the confirmed number of 712 survivors, due to confusion and misreporting. Some occupants were transferred between boats before being picked up by RMS ''Carpathia''.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=136}} More recent research has helped to produce estimates of the number of occupants that are closer to the total number of survivors rescued by ''Carpathia''.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}}

=== Boat 7 (starboard) ===
[[File:Dorothy Gibson - Titanic.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Gibson in a promotional photo for ''Saved From the Titanic'' (1912), wearing the clothes she wore the night of the sinking]]
Boat 7 was the first to be launched, at about 12:40 a.m., under the supervision of First Officer Murdoch, supported by Fifth Officer Lowe. It had a capacity of 65 persons but was lowered with only 28 aboard.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}} The two officers had tried for some minutes to encourage passengers to board but they were reluctant to do so.{{sfn|Barczewski|2011|p=192}} Later testimony at the U.S. Senate inquiry into the disaster stated the ship's officers believed the lifeboats were at risk of buckling and breaking apart if they were lowered while fully loaded. They intended that once the boats reached the water they would pick up passengers from doors in the ship's side or would pick up passengers in the water. The first did not happen at all and the second only happened in one instance. In fact, the lifeboats had keels reinforced with steel beams to prevent buckling while in the davits. Moreover, Harland & Wolff's Edward Wilding testified that the lifeboats had in fact been tested safely with the equivalent of a full load of passengers. However, the results had not been passed on to the crew of ''Titanic''.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=32}} A significant degree of negligence in the training and continuing education of officers and crew in the White Star Line seems apparent, especially when noting the improper manner in which distress rockets were actually fired that night (regulations called for firing at one-minute intervals).

Among the occupants of Boat 7 were:

* [[Dorothy Gibson]], American silent film actress who starred in ''[[Saved from the Titanic]]'' (1912), the first motion picture produced about the disaster, and her mother Mrs. Leonard Gibson
* Pierre Maréchal, French aviator and father of race car driver [[Pierre Maréchal|Jean-Pierre Maréchal]]
* [[Frederic Kimber Seward]], prominent New York corporate lawyer
* James McGough, Philadelphia buyer for Gimbel's department store
* William T. Sloper, Connecticut banker, who was falsely accused of dressing as a woman to get into the lifeboat
* George Hogg, ''Titanic'' lookout, who manned the boat along with fellow lookout Archie Jewell{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=147}}
* [[Margaret Bechstein Hays|Margaret Hays]], New York heiress, who brought her Pomeranian, Bebe, with her; also her traveling companions Mrs. Lily Potter and Mrs. Olive Earnshaw (Mrs. Potter's daughter)
* [[Alfred Nourney]], who used the pseudonym Baron Alfred von Drachstedt
* [[Dickinson Bishop]], businessman (who was also falsely accused of dressing as a woman that night) and his pregnant wife Helen

The lifeboat was launched without its plug causing water to leak into the bottom of the boat. As Gibson later put it, "this was remedied by volunteer contributions from the lingerie of the women and the garments of men."{{sfn|Bottomore|2000|p=109}} Those aboard had to sit for hours with their feet soaking in ice-cold water.{{sfn|Wilson|2011|p=244}} When ''Titanic'' went down at 2:20 a.m., the noise of hundreds of people screaming for help was heard by the lifeboat's occupants, a sound that Gibson said would "remain in my memory until the day I die." Hogg wanted to turn back to pick up some of those in the water but was shouted down by the boat's occupants.{{sfn|Wilson|2011|p=245}} They drifted for some time until they came within reach of Boat 5. The officer in charge of the latter decided to transfer a number of survivors from his boat, which he thought was overcrowded, into No. 7.{{sfn|Wilson|2011|pp=253–4}} The two boats were lashed together for the rest of the night until they separated to meet the RMS ''Carpathia''.{{sfn|Wilson|2011|p=256}}

=== Boat 5 (starboard) ===
Murdoch and Lowe were joined by [[Herbert Pitman|Third Officer Pitman]] and the White Star Line's chairman [[J. Bruce Ismay]] to help them lower Boat 5, which left at 12:43 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2012|p=137}} The boat was loaded primarily with women and children.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=150}} Most of those on deck were unaware of the seriousness of their situation and did not even attempt to board. [[John Jacob Astor IV|John Jacob Astor]], who was subsequently among the victims of the disaster, remarked: "We are safer on board the ship than in that little boat."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=97}} [[J. Bruce Ismay]], the chairman of the White Star Line, disagreed; still wearing slippers and pajamas, he urged Pitman to begin loading the boat with women and children. Pitman retorted: "I await the ''Captain's'' orders,"{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=92}} and went to the captain for the approval. Ismay returned a short time later to urge a stewardess to board, which she did. In the end, only 36 people boarded, including Pitman himself, on Murdoch's orders.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}}

The occupants included:
* [[Karl Behr]], American tennis star and banker, along with his future wife Miss Helen Newsom, and her mother and stepfather (Sallie and Richard L. Beckwith)
* Mrs. Ruth Dodge, wife of a prominent San Francisco banker, and her four-year-old son Washington, Jr.
* Dr. Henry W. Frauenthal, New York joint specialist, along with his wife Clara and his brother Isaac
* Annie May Stengel, who was knocked unconscious and broke two ribs when overweight First Class passenger Dr. Henry Frauenthal jumped on top of her into the lifeboat as it was being lowered.
* Mrs. Anna Warren, daughter of a co-founder of Pacific University
* Third Officer [[Herbert Pitman]], put in charge of the boat by Murdoch.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=150}}

The boat's progress down the side of the ship was slow and difficult. The pulleys were covered in fresh paint and the lowering ropes were stiff, causing them to stick repeatedly as the boat was lowered in jerks towards the water. One of those watching the boat being lowered, Dr. Washington Dodge, felt "overwhelmed with doubts" that he might be subjecting his wife and son to greater danger aboard the boat than if they had remained on ''Titanic''.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=93}} Ismay sought to spur those lowering the boat to greater urgency by calling out repeatedly: "Lower away!" This resulted in Lowe losing his temper: "If you'll get the hell out of the way, I'll be able to do something! You want me to lower away quickly? You'll have me drown the lot of them!" The humiliated Ismay retreated up the deck. In the end, the boat was launched safely.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=93}}

After ''Titanic'' sank, several of those aboard lifeboat 5 were transferred to lifeboat 7, leaving about 30 on board by the time she reached ''Carpathia''.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}} [[Herbert Pitman]] wanted to return to the scene of the sinking to pick up swimmers in the water and announced: "Now men, we will pull toward the wreck!" The women on board protested, one begging a steward: "Appeal to the officer not to go back! Why should we lose all our lives in a useless attempt to save others from the ship?" Pitman gave in to the protests, but was haunted by guilt for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=143}}

The occupants of the lifeboat endured a freezing night. Mrs. Dodge was particularly badly affected by the cold but was helped by Quartermaster Alfred Olliver, who gave her his socks: "I assure you, ma'am, they are perfectly clean. I just put them on this morning."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=150}} At about 6:00 a.m., they were rescued by ''Carpathia''.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 3 (starboard) ===
About 32 people boarded Boat 3, with Able-Bodied Seaman George Moore put in charge by Murdoch.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}} Again, mostly women and children boarded, with a few men allowed in at the end.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=151}} They included [[Henry S. Harper]], who was accompanied by his [[valet]]-[[dragoman]] and [[Pekingese]] dog, Sun Yat Sen.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=103}}

As happened many times that night, male passengers helped their wives and children to board and then stood back, accepting that they would go down with the ship.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=151}} A notable example was the railroad manager [[Charles Melville Hays]] who saw his wife, Clara, into lifeboat number 3 and then retreated, making no attempt to board any of the remaining lifeboats.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=103}} [[Margaret Brown]] later described the scene in an interview with ''The New York Times'':

{{quote|The whole thing was so formal that it was difficult for anyone to realise it was a tragedy. Men and women stood in little groups and talked. Some laughed as the boats went over the side. All the time the band was playing...I can see the men up on deck tucking in the women and smiling. It was a strange night. It all seemed like a play, like a dream that was being executed for entertainment. It did not seem real. Men would say "After you" as they made some woman comfortable and stepped back.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=103}}}}

The occupants included:
* George Moore, able-bodied seaman put in charge of boat
* [[Charlotte Drake Cardeza]], a Philadelphia heiress who also brought into the boat her son Thomas Drake Cardeza and two servants
* Edith Graham, wife of William T. Graham, the founder of the Dixie Cup Company, along with her daughter Margaret and her daughter's governess
* [[Henry S. Harper]], owner of a New York City publishing firm,who also brought into the boat his wife Myra, Pekinese dog Sun Yat Sen, and an Egyptian dragoman
* The Frederic and Daisy Spedden, a wealthy family from Tuxedo Park, New York, along with their six-year-old son Douglas, his nurse, and Mrs. Spedden's maid
* Clara Hays, wife of wealthy Canadian [[Charles Melville Hays]], along with her daughter Mrs. Thornton Davidson, and her maid
* Harry Anderson, a Wall Street stockbroker
* Colonel Alfons Simonius-Blumer, president of the Swiss Bankverein, and his attorney, Dr. Max Staehelin-Maeglin

Eleven crewmen were among the occupants of this boat.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=151}} It suffered the same problems with lowering that lifeboat 7 had encountered, with the lifeboat descending in fits and starts as the lowering ropes repeatedly stuck in the pulleys, but eventually reached the water safely.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=123}} After ''Titanic'' sank the lifeboat drifted, while the bored women passengers passed the time by arguing with each other over minor annoyances.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=147}} The occupants had a long wait in freezing conditions and were not rescued until about 7.30 a.m. when ''Carpathia'' arrived.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 8 (port) ===
[[File:Rosalie Ida Blun Straus.jpg|thumb|Isidor and Ida Straus, who refused to board a lifeboat while there were younger people still waiting to board]]
Boat 8 was loaded with 28 people under the supervision of Second Officer Lightoller and launched at about 1:00 a.m., with Captain Smith and Chief Officer Wilde participating. Boat 8 was the first lifeboat on the port side to be lowered. [[Ida Straus]], wife of New York merchant [[Isidor Straus]], was asked to join a group of people preparing to board but refused, saying, "I will not be separated from my husband. As we have lived, so will we die – together." The 67-year-old Isidor likewise refused an offer to board on account of his age, saying: "I do not wish any distinction in my favor which is not granted to others." They were last seen alive on deck arm in arm.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=152}} Major [[Archibald Butt]], military aide to US President [[William Howard Taft]], escorted to the boat Marie Young, a former music teacher to the children of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. She later recalled he "wrapped blankets about me and tucked me in as carefully as if we were going on a motor ride." He wished her farewell and good luck, asking her to "remember me to the folks back home."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=100}} Other single women were brought to the boats by men who had earlier offered their services to "unprotected ladies," as the conventions of the era dictated.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=100}}

The occupants of Boat 8 numbered around 25 people,{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}} including:

* Ellen Bird, maid to Ida Straus
* [[Noëlle, Countess of Rothes]], who took charge of the lifeboat's tiller and helped row, and her maid
* Gladys Cherry, a cousin of Noëlle Rothes' husband
* María Josefa Pérez de Soto, who was comforted by Noelle Rothes, and her maid, [[Fermina Oliva Ocaña]]
* Thomas Jones, able-bodied seaman, who was in charge of the boat{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=152}}
* Emma Bucknell, widow of the founder of [[Bucknell University]] and her maid
* Mary Wick, wife of industrialist George D. Wick, founding president of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, along with her stepdaughter Mary, Mary's English cousin Caroline Bonnell, and Caroline's English aunt Miss Elizabeth Bonnell
* Edith Pears, wife of Thomas C. Pears, of the Pears Soap Company family

After ''Titanic'' sank, Jones suggested going back to save some of those in the water. Only three passengers agreed; the rest refused, fearing that the boat would be capsized by desperate swimmers. Jones acquiesced, but told them: "Ladies, if any of us are saved, remember I wanted to go back. I would rather drown with them than leave them."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=100}} The passengers' conduct during the subsequent hours presented some striking contrasts. Lady Rothes – who had been one of the few passengers to support a rescue attempt – took charge of the tiller and put others to work at the oars.{{sfn|Bartlett|2011|p=229}} Her conduct was later complimented by Jones, who called her "more of a man than any we had aboard" and gave her the lifeboat's numeral 8, in a frame, as a keepsake. In fact, when [[Walter Lord]], author of ''[[A Night to Remember (book)|A Night to Remember]]'', interviewed the Countess and Seaman Jones in 1954, he discovered their mutual admiration had led to a lifelong correspondence.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=151}} By contrast, Ella White was so annoyed that the stewards in lifeboat number 8 were smoking cigarettes that she complained about it at the US Senate inquiry into the disaster;{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=147}} she was particularly indignant that one of the ship's crewmen had said to another during the night: "If you don't stop talking through that hole in your face, there will be one less in the boat!"{{sfn|Bartlett|2011|p=229}}

The occupants of Boat 8 spent the night rowing towards what they thought were the lights of a ship on the horizon, but turned around at daybreak when ''Carpathia'' actually arrived on the scene from the opposite direction. They had travelled further from the scene than any other lifeboat and had a long row back;{{sfn|Bartlett|2011|p=249}} it was not until 7:30 a.m. that they were picked up.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 1 (starboard) ===
{{main|RMS Titanic Lifeboat No. 1}}
The lowering of Boat 1 at 1:05 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}} became one of the most controversial episodes in the aftermath of the disaster, both because the craft only contained 12 people and because of the alleged misconduct of two of its occupants, [[Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet|Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon]] and his wife, [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon]], famous as the dress designer "Lucile" of London, Paris and New York. The boat was one of ''Titanic'''s two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=152}} Of the twelve people aboard, seven were crewmen and the remaining five were First Class passengers.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=144}}

Its composition was not, however, a departure from Murdoch's interpretation of the "[[women and children first]]" directive. He had already allowed several married couples and single men to board lifeboats. Cosmo Duff Gordon had been standing on deck with his wife and her secretary, Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli, watching the launching of three other lifeboats when, as Boat 1 was being prepared, he asked Murdoch if his party could board. Murdoch assented and also allowed two Americans, Abram Salomon and Charles E. H. Stengel, to enter. He then instructed a group of six stokers to board, along with Lookout [[George Symons (RMS Titanic)|Symons]],{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=152}} whom he placed in charge of the boat. As the craft was lowered, Greaser Walter Hurst, watching the procedure from a lower deck, remarked to a crewmate: "If they are sending the boats away they might as well put some people in them."{{sfn|Butler|1998|pp=110–1}}

Boat 1 had room for about another 28 passengers but did not return to rescue those in the water after ''Titanic'' sank. Fireman Charles Hendrickson claimed he told his boat mates: "It's up to us to go back and pick up anyone in the water" but found no support.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=143}} At least three other crewmembers, as well as the Duff Gordons, Salomon and Stengel, denied hearing any suggestion to go back or opposing any proposition to do so. In the media later, the Duff Gordons in particular were widely criticised for what was interpreted as their callousness in the face of the disaster. For instance, as ''Titanic'' sank, Lucile reportedly commented to her secretary: "There is your beautiful nightdress gone." Fireman Pusey replied that she shouldn't worry about losing her belongings because she could buy more. Pusey mentioned that the crew had lost all their kit and that their pay stopped from the moment of the sinking. Sir Cosmo responded: "Very well, I will give you a fiver each to start a new kit!" Aboard the rescue ship ''Carpathia'', he did as he promised, presenting each of the seven crewmen in his lifeboat a cheque for £5.

When this act was made public, it was interpreted by much of the press as a bribe to prevent the crew from returning to the scene of the sinking to rescue others. The British Board of Trade's official inquiry into the disaster investigated the allegation but found the charge of bribery to be false. Even so, the publicity injured Sir Cosmo's reputation.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=144}} A photograph of the occupants of Boat 1 was taken aboard the ''Carpathia''. Lucile had consented to a request from a ''Carpathia'' passenger, Dr. Frank Blackmarr, to take the image, but the sight of some of the crew posing in their lifejackets disturbed some fellow survivors who subsequently complained about the incident.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=167}}

=== Boat 6 (port) ===
[[File:Molly brown rescue award titanic.jpg|thumb|Margaret "Molly" Brown presenting Captain [[Arthur Rostron]] of the RMS ''Carpathia'' with a [[loving cup]] for saving the survivors of ''Titanic'']]
Lightoller launched Boat 6 at 1:10; it was photographed as it approached ''Carpathia'', revealing it to have had 28 people aboard, though it had a capacity of 65.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=137}} Denver millionairess [[Margaret Brown|Margaret "Molly" Brown]] was among lifeboat number 6's most prominent occupants, along with Washington, D.C. writer and feminist [[Helen Churchill Candee]], and English suffragettes [[Elsie Bowerman|Edith Bowerman]] and her mother Mrs. Edith Chibnall. Brown did not board voluntarily but was picked up by a crewman and dropped bodily into the boat as it was being lowered. Quartermaster [[Robert Hichens (RMS Titanic)|Robert Hichens]] was placed in charge of the craft along with lookout [[Frederick Fleet]]. While being lowered, pleas from women in the boat for additional oarsmen forced Lightoller to solicit the crowd on deck for anyone who had sailing experience. Major [[Arthur Godfrey Peuchen]] of the [[Royal Canadian Yacht Club]] volunteered, shimmying down the falls (ropes) into the boat.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=150}} Peuchen was the only male passenger whom Second Mate [[Charles Lightoller|Lightoller]] permitted to board a lifeboat.

Relations among the occupants of Boat 6 were strained throughout the night. Hichens apparently resented Peuchen's presence, perhaps fearing the major would pull rank and take charge. The two men quarreled, and Hichens refused Peuchen's request that he assist him at the oars, since there was only one other man (Fleet) rowing.

When ''Titanic'' sank, Peuchen, Brown and others urged Hichens to return to rescue people struggling in the water. Hichens refused, even ordering the men at the oars to stop rowing altogether. "There's no use going back," he called out. "There's only a lot of stiffs out there," adding: "It's our lives now, not theirs."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=147-8}} The cries for help soon died. Brown now asked Hichens to let the women row to help keep them warm. When he balked, Brown ignored him and started passing out oars anyway. He protested and swore at her, and at one point moved to physically stop her. She told him to stay put or she'd throw him overboard. Others joined in to back her up, telling Hichens to keep quiet. But he continued swearing, shocking a stoker (transferred from Boat 16) who finally asked him: "Don't you know you're talking to a lady?" Taking an oar herself, Brown organised the other women in shifts, two to an oar. When her heroic actions were published in the press, she became known as the "Unsinkable" Molly Brown."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=148}} Brown's leadership was supported by Helen Candee, who herself assisted in the rowing despite a broken ankle received when she fell into the boat while boarding.<ref>{{cite web|title=GFHC: Lady Zelig, Titanic Survivor|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/03/07/1282493/-GFHC-Lady-Zelig-Titanic-Survivor|work=Daily Kos|publisher=Kos Media|accessdate=8 March 2014|author=Land of Enchantment; Daily Kos member|date=7 March 2014}}</ref>

After ''Titanic'' sank, lifeboat 6 eventually tied up with lifeboat 16. It was one of the last to reach ''Carpathia'', coming alongside at 8:00 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 16 (port) ===
Sixth Officer James Moody supervised the launching of Boat 16 at about 1:20 a.m. 40 people are believed to have been on board by the time it reached ''Carpathia'';{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=139}} most of those aboard were said to be women and children from Second and Third Class.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=122}} Among the occupants was stewardess [[Violet Jessop]] who survived the accidents that befell all of the ''Olympic''-class liners: the collision of ''Olympic'' with [[HMS Hawke (1891)|HMS Hawke]] in 1911, the sinking of ''Titanic'' in 1912, and that of ''[[HMHS Britannic|Britannic]]'' in 1916.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=155}}

=== Boat 14 (port) ===
About 58 people were aboard Boat 14, with Wilde, Lightoller and Lowe supervising its launch.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=139}} By the time it was launched at about 1:30 a.m., ''Titanic'' was well down in the water and some passengers still aboard were beginning to panic. Lowe fired three shots from his revolver to warn off a crowd of passengers pressing up against the rails.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=154}} As the boat was lowered, a young man climbed over the rails and tried to hide under the seats. Lowe ordered him to leave at gunpoint, first threatening to "Throw him over-board", then appealing to him to "be a man – we've got women and children to save." The passenger returned to the deck where he was left lying face-down to await his fate. Another male passenger, [[Daniel Buckley]], managed to get into Boat 14 by concealing himself under a woman's shawl.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=121}}

The boat reached the water safely, with Lowe himself aboard to take charge. After ''Titanic'' sank he brought together Boats 10, 12, 14 and Collapsible D, transferred many of those aboard Boat 14 to the other lifeboats and took the boat back to the scene of the sinking to try to find survivors. This rescue bid was mounted too late,{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=154}} (Lifeboat #4 port was the only other lifeboat to rescue people from the sea). By the time Lowe's boat reached the scene of the sinking, the sea was filled with the bodies of hundreds of people who had died of hypothermia. Four men (the steward Harold Phillimore, the first class passenger William Fisher Hoyt, the third class passenger Fang Lang and a fourth unknown person, possibly the second class passenger Emilio Ilario Giuseppe Portaluppi) were pulled from the sea but most were already dead or dying.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=145}}{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=139}} Hoyt died in the boat, while the other three survived.

A few hours later Lowe rescued the survivors aboard Collapsible A, which was close to sinking, and brought them aboard lifeboat number 14.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=154}} The boat rendezvoused with ''Carpathia'' at about 7:15 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

Among the survivors in Boat 14 were:

* [[Eva Hart]] and her mother, [[Esther Hart (Titanic survivor)|Esther]]
* Mrs Alice Louch (her husband Charles Louch, aged 50, went down with the Titanic; his body was recovered 9 days later)
* Charlotte Collyer and her daughter Marjorie
* Elizabeth and Edith Brown

=== Boat 12 (port) ===
Lightoller and Wilde lowered Boat 12 at 1:30 a.m. with about 30 people aboard. It was first manned only by Able-Bodied Seaman Frederick Clench and was subsequently put in the charge of Able Seaman John Poigndestre. A male passenger jumped into the boat as it was lowered past B Deck. Difficulty was encountered in unhooking the boat from the falls, requiring Poigndestre to use a knife to cut through the ropes. Several passengers from other boats were transferred into Boat 12 after the sinking and it was heavily overloaded by the time it reached ''Carpathia'' with at least 69 people aboard.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=154}}{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} It was the last lifeboat to be picked up by ''Carpathia'', at about 8:15 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 9 (starboard) ===
[[File:Jacques Futrelle.JPG|thumb|Jacques Futrelle urged his wife to enter Boat 9 but did not find a lifeboat for himself and died in the sinking]]
The lowering of Boat 9 at 1:30 a.m. with about 56 aboard was supervised by Murdoch, possibly with Moody assisting.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} Boatswain's mate Albert Hames was put in charge with Able-Bodied Seaman George McGough at the tiller.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=139}} Most passengers were women, with two or three men who entered when no more women came forward. One elderly woman refused to board, making a great fuss, and retreated below decks. May Futrelle, the wife of novelist [[Jacques Futrelle]], was likewise initially reluctant to board; but after her husband told her, "For God's sake, go! It's your last chance! Go!", an officer forced her into the boat.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=152}} The millionnaire [[Benjamin Guggenheim]] brought Léontine Aubart, his French mistress, and her maid, Emma Sägasser, to Boat 9 before retiring to his stateroom with his valet, Victor Giglio. Both men removed their life jackets and put on their evening clothes. Guggenheim told a steward, "We've dressed in our best, and are prepared to go down like gentlemen. There is grave doubt that the men will get off. I am willing to remain and play the man's game if there are not enough boats for more than the women and children. I won't die here like a beast. Tell my wife I played the game out straight and to the end. No women shall be left aboard this ship because Ben Guggenheim was a coward."{{sfn|Davenport-Hines|2012|p=290}}

Kate Buss and her friend, Marion Wright, were standing with their shipboard acquaintances Douglas Norman and Dr. Alfred Pain, watching the boats being lowered, when a call came for "Any more ladies". The two men brought Buss and Wright to Boat 9, who beckoned Norman and Pain to join them. However, the men were barred from entering by crewmen on the deck. Horrified, Buss demanded to know why they had not been allowed aboard. Hames told her, "The officer gave the order to lower away, and if I didn't do so he might shoot me, and simply put someone else in charge, and your friends would still not be allowed to come." Norman and Pain both perished in the disaster.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=118}} The boat was picked up by ''Carpathia'' several hours later, at about 6:15 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 11 (starboard) ===
Boat 11 was lowered under Murdoch's supervision at 1:35 a.m. with Able-Bodied Seaman Sidney Humphreys in charge. By now the lifeboats were being filled much closer to capacity, and Boat 11 is estimated to have carried about 70 people.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} One occupant, Steward James Witter, was knocked into the boat by a hysterical woman whom he was helping aboard as it was lowered.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=102}} First Class passenger [[Edith Rosenbaum|Edith Louise Rosenbaum]], a Paris-based correspondent for [[Women's Wear Daily]], brought along her toy pig, a music box that played the [[Maxixe (dance)|Maxixe]] and had been given to her as a good luck token by her mother. She was too frightened to enter the lifeboat, but when a crew member, mistaking her toy for a baby, tossed it in, she leaped in after it.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=118}} Definitely the strangest ''Titanic'' survivor, it is now part of the collection of the [[National Maritime Museum]] in London, and was used as a prop in the film ''[[A Night to Remember (1958 film)|A Night To Remember]]''.{{sfn|National Maritime Museum|7 April 2003}} Second Class passenger Nellie Becker protested her way into lifeboat number 11, after an officer placed her son and younger daughter in the boat. She was initially prohibited from entering by Murdoch, who felt the boat was already too full. But she made her way aboard. In the chaos, however, her elder daughter Ruth, was left behind and was instructed by Murdoch to head for lifeboat number 13.

On reaching the water, lifeboat number 11 was nearly swamped by a jet of water being pumped out from the ship to stem the flooding. Tempers flared among the crowded passengers, some of whom had to stand, as the boat was rowed away from the ship.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=153}} Rosenbaum offered some levity by using her musical pig to entertain the children underfoot.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=118}} The lifeboat was met by ''Carpathia'' at about 7:00 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 13 (starboard) ===
[[File:Leaving the sinking liner.jpg|thumb|After being lowered into the sea, Boat 13 drifted under the descending Boat 15 (as depicted by [[Charles Dixon (artist)|Charles Dixon]])|alt=Painting of lifeboats being lowered down the side of Titanic, with one lifeboat about to be lowered on top of another one in the water. A third lifeboat is visible in the background.]]
Boat 13 was partially filled from the Boat Deck and partially from A Deck after it had been lowered to that level when it was launched under the supervision of Murdoch and Moody at 1:40 a.m. Again, it was heavily occupied, with 65 people aboard and Leading Fireman Frederick Barrett in charge.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} The occupants were mainly Second and Third Class women and children. Among the men aboard was [[Lawrence Beesley]], who subsequently wrote a popular book about the disaster.<ref name="Lucky for Some - Titanic's Lifeboat 13">{{cite book|last=Balls|first=John|title=Lucky for Some – Titanic's Lifeboat 13 and its Passengers|year=2012|publisher=Stenlake Publishing|isbn=978-1-84033-590-3|pages=40|url=http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=699}}</ref> Dr. Washington Dodge was also aboard, having earlier seen his wife and young son aboard Boat 5. He owed his presence aboard the boat to the apparent guilty feelings of Steward F. Dent Ray, who had urged the Dodges to sail on ''Titanic'' in the first place. Just before Boat 5 was lowered, Ray bundled Dodge aboard.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=112}} 12-year-old Second Class passenger [[Ruth Becker]] was placed in this boat by Moody after being prevented from entering the heavily overloaded lifeboat number 11 which her mother and two siblings had boarded. She was one of the few passengers who brought blankets from her stateroom into a boat, which were later used to keep stokers, who were wearing sleeveless shirts, warm while rowing. Others did not want to board at all. A woman on deck became hysterical, crying, "Don't put me in that boat! I don't want to go in that boat! I've never been in an open boat in my life!" Ray told her, "You have got to go and you may as well keep quiet."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=118}}

While it was being lowered the boat was nearly swamped by "an enormous stream of water, three or four feet in diameter"<ref>{{cite web|last=Dodge|first=Washington|title=Survivors share lifeboat; descendants share local ties|url=http://www.roanoke.com/extra/wb/307439|date=15 April 2012|publisher=The Roanoke Times|accessdate=2 May 2012|author2=Lindsey Nair }}</ref> coming from the condenser exhaust which was being produced by the pumps, far below, trying to purge the water that was flooding into ''Titanic''. The occupants had to push the boat clear using their oars and spars and reached the water safely. The wash from the exhaust caused the boat to drift directly under lifeboat number 15, which was being lowered almost simultaneously. Its lowering was halted just in time, with only a few feet to spare. The falls aboard lifeboat number 13 jammed and had to be cut free to allow the boat to get away safely from the side of ''Titanic''.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=119}} A few hours later the occupants saw ''Carpathia'' coming to their rescue and began rowing towards it to an accompaniment of the song "Pull for the Shore, Sailor."{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=153}} They were picked up at about 6:30 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}}

=== Boat 15 (starboard) ===
Murdoch and Moody oversaw the lowering of Boat 15 concurrently with Boat 13 and it reached the water only a minute later, at 1:41 a.m. Fireman Frank Dymond was put in charge of what was the most heavily loaded boat at launching, with about 65 people aboard. It was so heavily loaded that the [[gunwale]]s were reported to be far down in the water; one female passenger later said that when she leaned against the gunwale her hair trailed in the water.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} The boat was one of the last to be recovered by ''Carpathia'', at about 7:30 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

Occupants of Boat 15 included:

* [[Alfred Frank Evans]], lookout, put in charge of the lifeboat along with Fireman Frank Dymond.

=== Boat 2 (port) ===
The lowering of Boat 2, the second of the two cutters, with an occupancy of 25 people was overseen by Wilde and Smith at about 1:45 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} When Lightoller moved to the boat to get it ready for loading, he found that it was already filled with a large group of male passengers and crewmen. He ordered them out at gunpoint, telling them, "Get out of there, you damned cowards! I'd like to see every one of you overboard!" They fled, but had no way of knowing that his revolver was not loaded.{{sfn|Butler|1998|pp=126–7}} Even at this late stage some boats were leaving with plenty of space aboard; Boat 2 appears to have been lowered with only 17 people aboard, out of a capacity of 40.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} The occupants were principally women, plus one male Third Class passenger, Anton Kink, who joined his wife and young daughter in the boat.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=127}} Fourth Officer Boxhall was given charge of the boat.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}}

When ''Titanic'' sank at 2:20 a.m., Boxhall suggested to the occupants that they should go back to pick people up from the water. However, they refused outright. Boxhall found this puzzling, as only a short time before the women had pleaded with Smith for their husbands to be allowed to accompany them, yet now they did not want to go back to save them (although actually only one woman, Mrs. Walter Douglas, had left a husband on board).{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=143}} The boat was the first to reach ''Carpathia'', at 4:10 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 10 (port) ===
Boat 10 was launched at about 1:50 a.m. under Murdoch's supervision with Able-Bodied Seaman Edward Buley in charge. It appears to have had about 35 people aboard when it was launched.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} By this time ''Titanic'' was listing to port, making it increasingly difficult to launch lifeboats from that side of the ship, as the ship's list had created a gap of about {{convert|3|ft|m}} between the deck and the sides of the port-side lifeboats. An attempt to board by a young French woman nearly ended in disaster when her jump into the lifeboat fell short and she dropped into the gap. She caught the gunwale of the lifeboat while her feet found the railings on the deck below, and she was pulled back on board the ship. She made it into the lifeboat safely on her second attempt. ''Titanic'' was clearly not far from sinking and this realisation led to an increased urgency to load the lifeboat; children were rushed aboard, one baby literally being thrown in and caught by a female passenger. A male passenger, whom Lowe later described as a "crazed Italian", rushed to the rail as the boat was being lowered and jumped in. Neshan Krekorian, an Armenian passenger from third class, is said to have jumped into Boat 10 as it was being lowered.<ref>http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65264</ref> Among the people on Boat 10 was the youngest ''Titanic'' passenger, nine-week-old [[Millvina Dean]], who was also the last remaining survivor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Last Titanic survivor dies at 97|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/8070095.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=6 January 2014|date=1 June 2009}}</ref> She accompanied her mother, Mrs. Etta Dean, and her older brother Bertram. Two of those aboard were later transferred to another lifeboat, and it had 55 aboard when it met ''Carpathia'' a few hours later. {{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=140}} It was the second to last lifeboat to be picked up, at 8:00 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Boat 4 (port) ===
Launched concurrently with Boat 10, with 42 people aboard, the last of the wooden lifeboats was launched under the supervision of Lightoller at 1:50 a.m. with Quartermaster Walter Perkis put in charge.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=141}} It was actually one of the first lifeboats to be lowered on Captain Smith's suggestion that passengers should be loaded from the Promenade Deck rather than the Boat Deck. However, the captain had forgotten that – unlike on his previous command, ''Titanic''{{'}}s sister ship ''Olympic'' – the forward half of the Promenade Deck was enclosed. Lightoller ordered that the windows on the Promenade Deck's enclosure were to be opened, and moved on to deal with the other lifeboats.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=91}} The windows proved unexpectedly difficult to open and to add to the problems, the lifeboat got caught up on ''Titanic''{{'}}s sounding spar, which projected from the hull immediately below the boat. The spar had to be chopped off to allow the lifeboat to progress. A stack of deck chairs was used as a makeshift staircase to allow passengers to climb up and through the windows and into the boat.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=127}}

Among the occupants was [[Madeleine Astor]], the pregnant wife of the American millionaire [[John Jacob Astor IV|John Jacob Astor]]. She had endured a long wait, shuttling back and forth between the Promenade and Boat Decks as plans for loading the boat were made and discarded. Now she boarded, accompanied by her maid and her nurse, and helped by her husband, who asked Lightoller if he could join her. Lightoller refused, telling him, "No men are allowed in these boats until the women are loaded first." Astor told his wife, "The sea is calm. You'll be all right. You're in good hands. I'll meet you in the morning." He did not survive the disaster.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=127}}

The Carters also reached lifeboat number 4. William Carter helped his wife Lucile and daughter, also by the name of Lucile, into the boat, but his son Billy had to leave his tan-and-black Airedale dog before he was allowed in the boat.

Of the seven members of the Ryerson party from First Class, only the five females were initially allowed to board, including [[Emily Ryerson|Emily]], her two daughters Emily and Susan, the maid, and the governess. The son, John, was not allowed, until the father, Arthur, stepped forward, proclaiming, "Of course, that boy goes with his mother. He is only 13."<ref name=Ryerson-affidavit>{{cite web|title=Affidavit of Emily Ryerson|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq16Ryerson01.php|work=United States Senate Inquiry : Day 16|publisher=Titanic Inquiry Project|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref> All survived except Arthur, who dutifully stayed behind.<ref name=Otsego(1997)>{{cite news|last=Hallenbeck|first=Brent|title=Otsego Man Slips Away From Family|url=http://www.jgbproperties.com/ryerson/images/Ryerson-story-on-Titanic.pdf|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=April 28, 1997|location=Otsego, New York|format=PDF}}</ref>

Boat 4 appears to have had about 42 people aboard (about 40 women and children and two or three crew members) when it was lowered.<ref name="perkis">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq07Perkis01.php Testimony of Walter Perkis]</ref> As it had been ordered, Perkis steered the boat along the side of the ship in search for open gangways, since he had been told to take on board more passengers through them, but found no one. This way, the boat ended up near the davits of Boat 16 (which had been already launched), and two greasers, Thomas Ranger and Frederick William Scott, who were standing near them, climbed down the falls to Boat 4 (Scott fell into the water but was hauled aboard the lifeboat).<ref name="ranger">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq05Ranger01.php Testimony of Thomas Ranger]</ref><ref name="scott">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq06Scott01.php Testimony of Frederick Scott]</ref> The boat then rowed away from the ship in order to avoid suction.<ref name="perkis"/> A third man, lamp trimmer Samuel Ernest Hemming, climbed down the falls of another lifeboat and swam over to No. 4, which was about 200 yards far.<ref name="hemming">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq07Hemming01.php Testimony of Samuel Hemming]</ref> Immediately after the sinking the boat rowed back to the wreckage to pick up more survivors (the only lifeboat to try immediately to do so).<ref name="ranger"/> The boat picked up six or seven more men (trimmer Thomas Patrick Dillon, seaman William Henry Lyons, stewards Andrew Cunningham and Sidney Conrad Siebert, storekeeper Frank Winnold Prentice, and one or two more unidentified swimmers<ref>one of the names given is that of greaser Alfred White. Lamp trimmer Hemming said that one of the swimmers picked up from the sea was an English Third Class passenger.</ref>) from the water.<ref name="hemming"/><ref name="cunningham">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq09Cunningham01.php Testimony of Andrew Cunningham]</ref><ref name="dillon">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq05Dillon02.php Testimony of Thomas Patrick Dillon]</ref> Two (Siebert and Lyons) later died of exposure.<ref name="cunningham"/><ref name="dillon"/> The number of occupants later increased when other people were transferred from Boat 14 and Collapsible Boat D. By the time it reached ''Carpathia'' at 8:00 a.m. it had about 60 occupants.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|pp=141, 144}}

=== Collapsible Boat C (starboard) ===
Wilde and Murdoch oversaw the launch of the first of the collapsible Engelhardt lifeboats, with 44 people, which was retrieved from its stored position, the sides erected and the boat attached to the davits. The majority of the forward boats had gone by this time and most of the crowd on deck had moved aft as ''Titanic''{{'}}s bow dipped deeper into the water.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=155}} The boat was rushed by a group of stewards and Third Class passengers who tried to climb aboard but were driven back by Purser McElroy, who fired two warning shots into the air, while Murdoch tried to hold the crowd back. Two First Class passengers, Hugh Woolner and Swedish industrialist Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson, came to the officers' assistance and dragged out two stewards who had made it into the lifeboat. With the assistance of Woolner and Steffanson, Murdoch and Wilde managed to load the lifeboat quickly but calmly. White Star Line chairman J. Bruce Ismay also assisted by rounding up women and children to bring them to Collapsible C. Captain Smith, who was observing events from the starboard bridge wing, ordered Quartermaster George Rowe to take command of the boat.{{sfn|Butler|1998|pp=125–6}} After Wilde called repeatedly for women and children to enter, a number of men took up the remaining spaces in the lifeboat, including Ismay; his decision to save himself was later to be very controversial.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=155}}

The boat was lowered into the water at 2:00 a.m., becoming the last starboard-side boat to be launched. By now ''Titanic'' was listing heavily to port and the boat collided with the ship's hull as it descended towards the water. Those aboard used their hands and oars to keep the boat clear of the side of the ship.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=155}} As ''Titanic'' went down 20 minutes later, Ismay turned his back on the sinking ship, unable to bear the sight.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=138}} It was the first of the collapsible lifeboats to reach ''Carpathia'', at 5:45 a.m., and had about 44 people on board.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|pp=141, 144}}

=== Collapsible Boat D (port) ===
[[File:Navratil3.jpg|thumb|[[Michel Marcel Navratil]], right, and his brother Edmond, left, the "Titanic Orphans" from Collapsible Boat D]]
By the time Collapsible Boat D was launched at 2:05 a.m., there were still 1,500 people on board ''Titanic'' and only 47 seats in the lifeboat. Crew members formed a circle around the boat to ensure that only women and children could board.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=155}} Two small boys were brought through the cordon by a man calling himself "Louis Hoffman". His real name was [[Michel Navratil]]; he was a Slovak tailor who had kidnapped his sons from his estranged wife and was taking them to the United States. He did not board the lifeboat and died when the ship sank. The identity of the children, who became known as the "''Titanic'' Orphans", was a mystery for some time after the sinking and was only resolved when Navratil's wife recognised them from photographs that had been circulated around the world. The older of the two boys, [[Michel Marcel Navratil]], was the last living male survivor of the disaster.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=129}} First Class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the lifeboat to Caroline Brown, who became the last passenger to enter a lifeboat from the davits. Evans became one of only four First Class women to perish in the disaster.

In the end, about 25 people were on board when it left the deck under the command of Quartermaster Arthur Bright.<ref name="bright">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq09Bright01.php Testimony of Arthur Bright]</ref><ref name="hardy">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq07Hardy01.php Testimony of John Hardy]</ref>{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=141}} Two first class passengers, Hugh Woolner and [[Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson]], jumped from A-Deck (which had started to flood) into the boat as it was being lowered, with Björnström-Stefansson landing upside down in the boat's bow and Woolner landing half-out, before being pulled aboard by the occupants.<ref name="woolner">[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq10Woolner02.php Testimony of Hugh Woolner]</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=155}} Another first class passenger, Frederick Maxfield Hoyt, who had previously put his wife in the boat, jumped in the water immediately after, and was hauled aboard by Woolner and Björnström-Steffansson.<ref name="hardy"/><ref name="woolner"/> The number of people on board later increased when about 10–12 survivors were transferred to collapsible D from another boat.<ref name="bright"/><ref name="hardy"/> ''Carpathia'' picked up those aboard collapsible D at 7:15 a.m.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=144}}

=== Collapsible Boat B (port) ===
[[File:BoatBbyMB.gif|thumb|Collapsible Boat B, found adrift by the ship ''Mackay-Bennett'' during its mission to recover the bodies of those who died in the disaster]]
By 2:15 a.m., Lightoller, Moody and others were struggling to retrieve Collapsible Boats A and B from their places of storage on the roof of the officers' quarters. They rigged up makeshift ramps from oars and spars down which they slid the boats onto the Boat Deck. Unfortunately for all concerned, the boat broke through the ramp and landed upside-down on the deck.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=131}} It reached the Boat Deck upside-down but there was no time to right it as ''Titanic'' began her final break-up and plunge to the seabed. Water swept across the Boat Deck, washing the upside-down lifeboat and many people into the sea.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=142}} Wireless operator [[Harold Bride]] found himself trapped underneath the overturned hull. ''Titanic''{{'}}s increasing angle in the water and an opening expansion joint caused the stays supporting the forward funnel to snap and crash into the water, crushing swimmers in its path and pushing Collapsible B away from the sinking ship.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=134}} As ''Titanic'' went under, the lifeboat was left in the midst of hundreds of people swimming in the water. Several dozen people climbed onto its hull, including Lightoller, who then took charge of it. Also aboard were [[Jack Thayer]] (whose mother was saved with her maid in Boat #4, but whose father died), military historian Colonel [[Archibald Gracie IV|Archibald Gracie]], who later wrote a popular account of the disaster, and Chief Baker [[Charles Joughin]]. Bride managed to escape from the air pocket beneath the boat and made it onto the hull.{{sfn|Butler|1998|p=142}}

Those aboard Collapsible B suffered greatly during the night. The boat gradually sank lower into the water as the air pocket underneath it leaked away. The sea began to get up towards dawn, causing the boat to rock in the swell and lose more of its precious air. Lightoller organised the men on the hull to stand in two parallel rows on either side of the centreline, facing the bow, and got them to sway in unison to counteract the rocking motion caused by the swell. They were directly exposed to the freezing seawater, first up to their feet, then to their ankles and finally to their knees as the boat subsided in the water. For some, the ordeal proved too much and one by one they collapsed, fell into the water and died. The victims possibly included [[Jack Phillips (wireless officer)|John George Phillips]], the first radio officer, and the third class passenger David Livshin, whose body was taken to the ''Carpathia'' on the following morning. About 30 people were left alive by the morning and were transferred into other lifeboats before being rescued by ''Carpathia''.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=142}}

=== Collapsible Boat A (starboard) ===
[[File:Titanic - Bote plegable A.jpg|thumb|The ''Titanic'' Collapsible Boat A, on May 13, 1912.]]
Collapsible Boat A reached the deck the right way up and was being attached to the falls by Murdoch and Moody when it was washed off ''Titanic'' at 2:15 a.m. In the chaos, the canvas sides were not pulled up and the boat drifted away from the ship partially submerged and dangerously overloaded. Many of the occupants climbed in from the water but many (at least seven or eight, including the first class passenger Thomson Beattie, the third class passengers Arthur Keefe, Edvard Lindell and Gerda Lindell, and a couple of firemen) died of hypothermia or fell back into the sea. By the time the survivors were transferred into Collapsible Boat D, only about 12 or 13 people were left alive, [[Rhoda Abbott]], who had lost her two young sons in the water, being the only female. Three bodies, including that of Mr. Beattie, were left in Collapsible A, which was allowed to drift off; they were not recovered until a month later, by {{RMS|Oceanic|1899|6}}, another White Star Line ship.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=142}}

== Recovery and disposal of the lifeboats ==
[[File:Carpathia Deck.jpg|right|thumb|''Titanic'' lifeboats strewn on the deck of the ''Carpathia'' on the morning of the ''Titanic'' disaster.]]
''Titanic''{{'}}s passengers endured a cold night before being picked up by RMS ''Carpathia'' on the morning of 15 April. Boat 2 was the first to be recovered, at 4:10 a.m., with Boat 12 the last, at 8:15 a.m. Boats 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 16 were brought aboard ''Carpathia'', with the rest (including all four collapsible boats) set adrift.{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|pp=143–4}} Collapsible Boat B was found again a few days later by the Canadian cable vessel ''Mackay-Bennett'' but an attempt to bring it on board failed and it was abandoned for good.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=237}}

The 13 lifeboats retrieved by ''Carpathia'' were taken to the White Star Line's Pier 59 in New York, where souvenir hunters soon stripped them of much of their equipment. The ''Titanic'' nameplates were removed by White Star Line workmen and the boats were inventoried by the C.M. Lane Lifeboat Co. of [[Brooklyn]].{{sfn|Wormstedt|Fitch|2011|p=145}}{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1994|p=197}} They were assessed for salvage at a collective value of £930 ($4,972) as the only salvageable items recovered from ''Titanic'', they may have been taken back to England aboard ''Olympic'', which left New York on 23 May 1912, before either being destroyed or quietly redistributed to other vessels.{{sfn|Gibson|2012|pp=171–2}}

Although nothing now remains of the original lifeboats, some surviving fittings can still be seen, such as a bronze White Star Line [[burgee]] removed from the hull of one lifeboat by a souvenir hunter and now displayed in the museum of the [[Titanic Historical Society|''Titanic'' Historical Society]].{{sfn|Titanic Historical Society}} A full-size replica lifeboat is on display in [[Belfast]] at the [[Titanic Belfast|''Titanic'' Belfast]] visitor attraction.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|15 March 2012}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

'''Books'''

* {{cite book
| last = Aldridge
| first = Rebecca
| year = 2008
| title = The Sinking of the ''Titanic''
| publisher = Infobase Publishing
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-7910-9643-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Barczewski
| first = Stephanie
| year = 2011
| title = ''Titanic'': A Night Remembered
| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-4411-6169-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bartlett
| first = W.B.
| year = 2011
| title = ''Titanic'': 9 Hours to Hell, the Survivors' Story
| publisher = Amberley Publishing
| location = Stroud, Gloucestershire
| isbn = 978-1-4456-0482-4
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Beveridge
| first1 = Bruce
| last2 = Hall
| first2 = Steve
| year = 2011
| chapter = Description of the ship
| title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal
| editor-last = Halpern
| editor-first = Samuel
| publisher = The History Press
| location = Stroud, UK
| isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bottomore
| first = Stephen
| year = 2000
| title = The ''Titanic'' and Silent Cinema
| publisher = The Projection Box
| location = Hastings, UK
| isbn = 978-1-903000-00-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Butler
| first = Daniel Allen
| year = 1998
| title = Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS ''Titanic''
| publisher = Stackpole Books
| location = Mechanicsburg, PA
| isbn = 978-0-8117-1814-1
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Chirnside
| first = Mark
| year = 2004
| title = The ''Olympic''-Class Ships
| publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]]
| location = Stroud, England
| isbn = 978-0-7524-2868-0
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Cox
| first = Stephen
| year = 1999
| title = The ''Titanic'' Story: Hard Choices, Dangerous Decisions
| publisher = Open Court Publishing
| location = Chicago
| isbn = 978-0-8126-9396-6
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Davenport-Hines
| first = Richard
| authorlink = Richard Davenport-Hines
| year = 2012
| title = ''Titanic'' Lives: Migrants and Millionaires, Conmen and Crew
| publisher = HarperCollins
| location = UK
| isbn = 978-0-00-732164-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Eaton
| first1 = John P.
| last2 = Haas
| first2 = Charles A.
| year = 1994
| title = ''Titanic'': Triumph and Tragedy
| publisher = Patrick Stephens
| location = Wellingborough, UK
| isbn = 978-1-85260-493-6
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gibson
| first = Allen
| year = 2012
| title = The Unsinkable ''Titanic'': The Triumph Behind A Disaster
| publisher = The History Press
| location = Stroud, Glos.
| isbn = 978-0-7524-5625-6
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gill
| first = Anton
| year = 2010
| title = ''Titanic'': the real story of the construction of the world's most famous ship
| publisher = Channel 4 Books
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-905026-71-5
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Gittins
| first1 = Dave
| last2 = Akers-Jordan
| first2 = Cathy
| last3 = Behe
| first3 = George
| year = 2011
| chapter = Too Few Boats, Too Many Hindrances
| title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal
| editor-last = Halpern
| editor-first = Samuel
| publisher = The History Press
| location = Stroud, UK
| isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Hutchings
| first1 = David F.
| last2 = de Kerbrech
| first2 = Richard P.
| year = 2011
| title = RMS ''Titanic'' 1909–12 (''Olympic'' Class): Owners' Workshop Manual
| publisher = Haynes
| location = Sparkford, Yeovil
| isbn = 978-1-84425-662-4
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lord
| first = Walter
| year = 2005
| origyear = 1955
| title = A Night to Remember
| publisher = St. Martin's Griffin
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-8050-7764-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lord
| first = Walter
| year = 1987
| title = The Night Lives On
| publisher = Penguin Books
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-670-81452-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = Logan
| year = 1912
| title = Sinking of the ''Titanic'' and Great Sea Disasters
| publisher = The John C. Winston Co
| location = Philadelphia
| oclc = 1328882
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mowbray
| first = Jay Henry
| year = 1912
| title = Sinking of the ''Titanic''
| publisher = The Minter Company
| location = Harrisburg, PA
| oclc = 9176732
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ward
| first = Greg
| year = 2012
| title = The Rough Guide to the ''Titanic''
| publisher = Rough Guides
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-4053-8699-9
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Wilson
| first = Andrew
| year = 2011
| title = Shadow of the ''Titanic''
| publisher = Simon & Schuster
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-84737-730-2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Wormstedt
| first1 = Bill
| last2 = Fitch
| first2 = Tad
| year = 2011
| chapter = An Account of the Saving of Those on Board
| title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal
| editor-last = Halpern
| editor-first = Samuel
| publisher = The History Press
| location = Stroud, UK
| isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3
| ref = harv
}}

'''Online sources'''

* {{cite news
|author=AFP/Peter Muhly
|date=15 March 2012
|title=Tour the ''Titanic''...
|work=Hindustan Times
|accessdate=7 April 2012
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-World/march15titanic/Article4-825721.aspx
|ref={{sfnRef|Hindustan Times|15 March 2012}}
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190155/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-World/march15titanic/Article4-825721.aspx
|archivedate= 3 April 2012
|df=
}}
* {{cite web
|author=National Maritime Museum Press Office
|date=7 April 2003
|title=National Maritime Museum receives historic ''Titanic'' archive: the Lord-Macquitty Collection
|publisher=National Maritime Museum
|accessdate=22 March 2012
|url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/user-type/press-and-media/national-maritime-museum-receives-historic-titanic-archive-the-lord-macquitty-collection
|ref={{sfnRef|National Maritime Museum|7 April 2003}}
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414181901/http://www.rmg.co.uk/user-type/press-and-media/national-maritime-museum-receives-historic-titanic-archive-the-lord-macquitty-collection
|archivedate=14 April 2012
|df=
}}
* {{cite web
|author=Titanic Historical Society
|title=Lifeboat Flag from ''Titanic''
|publisher=Titanic Historical Society
|accessdate=7 April 2012
|url=http://www.titanic1.org/museum/07-lifeboat-flag.asp
|ref={{sfnRef|Titanic Historical Society}}
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041348/http://www.titanic1.org/museum/07-lifeboat-flag.asp
|archivedate=14 April 2012
|df=
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Disasters}}

* {{Wikisource-inline|Portal:RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic''}}

{{RMS Titanic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic}}
[[Category:History of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Maritime history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lifeboats]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]

Miguel Blesa

2017-07-19T15:36:00Z

Ravave: Nobody doubt about it, but...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Miguel Blesa de la Parra
| image = Miguel-Blesaentrando-juicio-tarjetas-black EDIIMA20160926 0120 4.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|8|8}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|7|19|1947|8|8}}
| death_place =
| death_cause = [[Suicide]] by gunshot
| residence =
| nationality = Spanish
| education =
| occupation = Banker
| salary =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| restingplace =
| religion =
| ethnicity =
| alma mater =
| known for = Chairman of [[Caja Madrid]], 1996–2010
| networth =
| relations =
}}

'''Miguel Blesa de la Parra''' (8 August 1947 – 19 July 2017) was a Spanish banker, the chairman of the Spanish bank [[Caja Madrid]] from 1996 to 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/18/business/global/spanish-banker-goes-to-prison.html|title=Ex-Spanish Banker Is Released on Bail After a Night in Jail|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ortiz |first=Fiona |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/spain-cajamadrid-idUSL6N0LX4JV20140303 |title=Spanish ex-banker Blesa questioned by judge in mis-selling case |publisher=Reuters |date=3 March 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2796334/Spanish-court-orders-ex-bankers-deposit-millions-euros.html |title=Spanish court orders ex-bankers to deposit millions of euros |newspaper=[[The Daily Mail]] |date=16 October 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rajan |first=Raghuram G. |url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-36304883/former-executive-of-caja-madrid-briefly-jailed-banker |title="Former Executive of Caja Madrid Briefly Jailed ; Banker Posts Bail after Judge Acts, Even before Charges Are Filed" by Minder, Raphael - International Herald Tribune, May 18, 2013 | Online Research Library |website=Questia.com |date= |accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>

In February 2017, Blesa received a six-year jail term in connection with the widespread misuse of company credit cards during his long tenure as chairman of Caja Madrid.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite web|author=REUTERS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2017/07/19/business/19reuters-spain-banks-blesa.html |title=Spanish Banker Miguel Blesa Found Dead on Country Estate - The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date= |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref>

He was found dead on a private hunting estate near Córdoba on 19 July 2017, with a shotgun wound to the chest.<ref>{{cite web|last=López-Fonseca|first=Óscar|title=Miguel Blesa, hallado muerto en una finca de caza de Córdoba|language=es|url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/07/19/actualidad/1500453072_589850.html|website=El País|accessdate=19 July 2017|date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="nytimes1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blesa, Miguel}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Spanish bankers]]
[[Category:People named in the Panama Papers]]

{{Spain-bio-stub}}

User talk:Ivan Artaza

2017-03-11T12:09:05Z

Ravave: /* Mensaje */ new section

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Ivan Artaza]] ==



Hello, Ivan Artaza. I wanted to let you know that I’m proposing an article that you started, [[Ivan Artaza]], for deletion because it's a [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography of a living person]] that lacks references. If you don't want Ivan Artaza to be deleted, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|add a reference]] to the article.

If you don't understand this message, you can leave a note on [[User_talk:Mduvekot|my talk page]].

Thanks,

[[User:Mduvekot|Mduvekot]] ([[User talk:Mduvekot|talk]]) 23:18, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

== Your submission at [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]]: [[User:Ivan Artaza/sandbox|sandbox]] (March 10) ==
<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by KGirlTrucker81 was:

{{divbox|gray|3=The submission appears to be written in Spanish. This is the English Language Wikipedia; we can only accept articles written in the [[English Language]]. Please provide a high-quality English Language translation of your submission. Otherwise, you may write it in the [[:{{lang2iso|Spanish}}:|Spanish Wikipedia]].|}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[User:Ivan Artaza/sandbox]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the {{#if:'''Articles for creation help desk'''
|[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User:Ivan_Artaza/sandbox '''Articles for creation help desk''']
|[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User:Ivan_Artaza/sandbox]
}} or on the {{#if:'''reviewer's talk page'''
|[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:KGirlTrucker81&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User:Ivan_Artaza/sandbox '''reviewer's talk page''']
|[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:KGirlTrucker81&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User:Ivan_Artaza/sandbox]
}}.
* You can also use [[Wikipedia:IRC help disclaimer|Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors]].

[[User:KGirlTrucker81|'''KGirlTrucker81''']] [[User talk:KGirlTrucker81|huh?]] [[Special:Contributions/KGirlTrucker81|what I've been doing]] 23:52, 10 March 2017 (UTC)</div>

{| style="margin: 0.4em 2em;"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[File:WP teahouse logo 2.png|alt=Teahouse logo]]
| <div style="background-color:#f4f3f0; color: #393D38; padding: 1em; font-size: 1.1em; border-radius:10px;box-shadow:-2px -2px 1px #8e8a78;">Hello! '''Ivan Artaza''',
I noticed your article was declined at Articles for Creation, and that can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk|Articles for creation help desk]]'''. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the '''[[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]]''', a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! [[User:KGirlTrucker81|'''KGirlTrucker81''']] [[User talk:KGirlTrucker81|huh?]] [[Special:Contributions/KGirlTrucker81|what I've been doing]] 23:52, 10 March 2017 (UTC)</div>
|}
{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:3}}|[[Category:Wikipedians who have received a Teahouse invitation through AfC]]}}

== Speedy deletion nomination of Ivan Artaza ==

Hello Ivan Artaza,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged [[Ivan Artaza]] for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly say why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title={{urlencode:Talk:Ivan Artaza}}&action=edit&section=new&preload=Template:Hangon_preload&preloadtitle=This+page+should+not+be+speedy+deleted+because...+ contest this deletion]''', but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on [[User_talk:SilverplateDelta|my talk page]] if you have questions.

[[User:SilverplateDelta|SilverplateDelta]] ([[User talk:SilverplateDelta|talk]]) 02:29, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

== Response to your email ==

Hello, Ivan! I received your email about the article [[Ivan Artaza]]. You were asking for help in creating the article about yourself. There are several problems with that article. The problems are about Wikipedia policy; they are not about a particular user picking on you. One problem is that you should not be writing an article about yourself, see [[WP:AUTOBIOGRAPHY]]. But the main problem is that Wikipedia has rules about what kind of subjects can have articles here. It is not enough for a person to have a masters degree, or to write for several publications. The requirement is that other, unrelated sources have written ABOUT the subject. Things like Facebook and LinkedIn do not count. Things that have been published that you have written do not count. What is needed is that independent parties have written ABOUT you. See [[WP:BIO]] for what is needed. Basically, I cannot help you save your article, and it will probably get deleted again. Please don't keep recreating it.

I don't know anything about the Spanish Wikipedia; it may have entirely different rules. I am only an admin on the English Wikipedia. You would have to ask someone at the Spanish Wikipedia about that.

Sorry I couldn't be more help! --[[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 03:45, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Ivan Artaza]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.|width=20%|align=right}}
A tag has been placed on [[:Ivan Artaza]], requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may be soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
* It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Business]] for more information.
*It appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, ''etc.''), individual animal, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. (See [[WP:CSD#A7|section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Such articles may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:Notability|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Ivan Artaza|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=Ivan+Artaza|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]]. [[User:Chrissymad|Chrissymad]] ❯❯❯ [[User talk:Chrissymad|¯\_(ツ)_/¯]] 04:29, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

== Writing about yourself ==

You are welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, but it is not a social media site like [[WP:NOTFACEBOOK|Facebook or LinkedIn]] for people to write about themselves. It is a quite different sort of site, a project to build an [[WP:ENC|encyclopedia]], so it is [[WP:N|selective]] about subjects for articles. Writing about oneself is ''strongly'' discouraged, for reasons explained at [[WP:Wikipedia is not about YOU|Wikipedia is not about YOU]] and [[Wikipedia:Autobiography]].

You can find out more about Wikipedia at the [[WP:Welcome]] page and the [[WP:Introduction]], as well as Wikipedia's [[WP:PSCOI|plain and simple conflict of interest guide]]. Thanks. --[[User:Drm310|Drm310]] ([[User talk:Drm310|talk]]) 07:00, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

== Mensaje ==

Deja de utilizar las Wikipedias en todos los idiomas para darte autobombo. Que sabemos que eres tú. De seguir así, serás bloqueado, tanto en la Wikipedia en español como en esta en inglés. Saludos. --[[User:Ravave|Ravave]] ([[User talk:Ravave|talk]]) 12:09, 11 March 2017 (UTC)