Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Spin Hall effect

2017-11-09T17:51:28Z

Reilinger: /* History */

The '''spin Hall effect''' (SHE) is a transport phenomenon predicted by Russian physicists Mikhail I. Dyakonov and Vladimir I. Perel in 1971.<ref name="ref1">{{cite journal | author = M. I. Dyakonov and V. I. Perel, | title = Possibility of orientating electron spins with current | journal = Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 467 | publisher = | year = 1971 | url = http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1587/article_24366.shtml | doi = | bibcode = 1971JETPL..13..467D }}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{cite journal |author1=M. I. Dyakonov |author2=V. I. Perel |lastauthoramp=yes | title = Current-induced spin orientation of electrons in semiconductors | journal = Phys. Lett. A | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 459 | publisher = | year = 1971 | url = | doi = 10.1016/0375-9601(71)90196-4|bibcode = 1971PhLA...35..459D }}</ref> It consists of the appearance of [[spin (physics)|spin]] accumulation on the lateral surfaces of an [[electric current]]-carrying sample, the signs of the spin directions being opposite on the opposing boundaries. In a cylindrical wire, the current-induced surface spins will wind around the wire. When the current direction is reversed, the directions of spin orientation is also reversed.

[[File:SpinHallEffect.png|440px|thumbnail|right|Schematic of the spin Hall effect]]
[[File:InverseSpinHall.png|440px|thumbnail|right|Schematic of the inverse spin Hall effect]]

== Definition ==
The spin Hall effect is a transport phenomenon consisting of the appearance of spin accumulation on the lateral surfaces of a sample carrying electric current. The opposing surface boundaries will have spins of opposite sign. It is analogous to the classical [[Hall effect]], where ''charges'' of opposite sign appear on the opposing lateral surfaces in an electric-current carrying sample in a [[magnetic field]]. In the case of the classical Hall effect the charge build up at the boundaries is in compensation for the [[Lorentz force]] acting on the charge carriers in the sample due to the magnetic field. No magnetic field is needed for the SHE which is a purely [[spin (physics)|spin]]-based phenomenon. The SHE belongs to the same family as the [[Hall effect#Anomalous Hall effect|anomalous Hall effect]], known for a long time in [[ferromagnet]]s, which also originates from [[spin-orbit interaction]].

== History ==
The spin Hall effect (direct and inverse) was predicted by Russian physicists Mikhail I. Dyakonov and Vladimir I. Perel in 1971.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/> They have also introduced for the first time the notion of ''spin current''.

In 1983 Averkiev and Dyakonov<ref name="ref3">{{cite journal | author = N. S. Averkiev and M. I. Dyakonov |journal = Sov. Phys. JETP Lett.| title = Current due to non-homogeneous spin orientation in semiconductors | volume = 35 | issue = | pages = 196 | publisher = | year = 1983}}</ref> have proposed a way to measure the inverse SHE under optical spin orientation in semiconductors. The first experimental demonstration of the inverse SHE, based on this idea, has been done by Bakun et al. in 1984<ref name="ref4">{{cite journal | author = A. A. Bakun |author2=B. P. Zakharchenya |author3=A. A. Rogachev |author4=M. N. Tkachuk |author5=V. G. Fleisher | title = Detection of a surface photocurrent due to electron optical orientation in a semiconductor | journal = Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 1293 | year = 1984 | url = http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1262/article_19087.shtml | doi = | bibcode = 1984JETPL..40.1293B}}</ref>

The term "spin Hall effect" was introduced by Hirsch<ref name="ref5">{{cite journal | author = J. E. Hirsch | title = Spin Hall Effect | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 83 | issue = 9 | pages = 1834 | year = 1999 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v83/p1834 | doi =10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1834 | format = subscription required | bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.1834H|arxiv = cond-mat/9906160 }}</ref> who re-predicted this effect in 1999.

Experimentally, the (direct) spin Hall effect was observed in [[semiconductor]]s<ref name="ref6">{{cite journal | author = Y. Kato |author2=R. C. Myers |author3=A. C. Gossard |author4=D. D. Awschalom | title = Observation of the Spin Hall Effect in Semiconductors | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5703 | pages = 1910–1913 | date = 11 November 2004 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;306/5703/1910 | doi = 10.1126/science.1105514 | pmid = 15539563|bibcode = 2004Sci...306.1910K }}</ref><ref name="ref7">{{cite journal | author = J. Wunderlich |author2=B. Kaestner |author3=J. Sinova |author4=T. Jungwirth | title = Experimental Observation of the Spin-Hall Effect in a Two-DimensionalSpin-Orbit Coupled Semiconductor System | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 94 | issue = 4| pages = 047204 | year = 2005 | url = http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000094000004047204000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes | doi =10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.047204 | pmid = 15783592 | bibcode=2005PhRvL..94d7204W|arxiv = cond-mat/0410295 }}</ref> more than 30 years after the original prediction.

== Physical origin of SHE ==
The origin of SHE is in the [[spin-orbit interaction]], which leads to the coupling of spin and charge currents: an [[electric current]] induces a transverse [[spin current]] (a flow of spins), which, in turn, leads to an accumulation of spins of opposite signs on opposing lateral boundaries.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/> One can intuitively understand this effect by using the analogy between an electron and a spinning tennis ball, which deviates from its straight path in air in a direction depending on the sense of rotation (the [[Magnus effect]]).

== Mathematical description ==
The spin current is described<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/> by a second-rank '''tensor''' ''q''''ij'', where the first index refers to the direction of flow, and the second one – to the spin component that is flowing. Thus ''q''''xy'' denotes the flow density of the ''y''-component of spin in the ''x''-direction. Introduce also the '''vector''' ''q''''i'' of charge flow density (which is related to the normal current density '''''j'''''=''e'''''q'''), where ''e'' is the elementary charge.nThe coupling between spin and charge currents is due to spin-orbit interaction. It may be described in a very simple way<ref name="ref8"/> by introducing a single dimensionless coupling parameter ''ʏ''.

== Spin Hall magnetoresistance ==
No [[magnetic field]] is needed for SHE. However, if a strong enough magnetic field is applied in the direction perpendicular to the orientation of the spins at the surfaces, spins will [[precession|precess]] around the direction of the magnetic field and the SHE will disappear. Thus in the presence of magnetic field, the combined action of the direct and inverse SHE leads to a change of the sample resistance, an effect that is of second order in spin-orbit interaction. This was noted already in<ref name="ref2"/> and elaborated in more detail by Dyakonov.<ref name="ref8">{{cite journal | author = M. I. Dyakonov | title = Magnetoresistance due to edge spin accumulation | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 99 | issue = 12| pages = 126601 | publisher = | year = 2007 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v99/p126601 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.126601 | format = | pmid = 17930533 | bibcode=2007PhRvL..99l6601D|arxiv = 0705.2738 }}</ref> In recent years, the spin Hall magnetoresistance was extensively studied experimentally both in magnetic and non-magnetic materials (heavy metals, such as Pt, Ta, Pd, where the spin-orbit interaction is strong).

== Swapping spin currents ==
A transformation of spin currents consisting in interchanging (''swapping'') of the spin and flow directions (''q''''ij'' → ''q''''ji'') was predicted by Lifshits and Dyakonov.<ref name="ref9">{{cite journal | author = M. B. Lifshits and M. I. Dyakonov | title = Swapping spin currents| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 103 | issue = 18| pages = 186601 | publisher = | year = 2009 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v103/p186601 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.186601 |arxiv = 0905.4469}}</ref> Thus a flow in the ''x''-direction of spins polarized along ''y'' is transformed to a flow in the ''y''-direction of spins polarized along ''x''. This prediction has yet not been confirmed experimentally.

== Optical monitoring of direct and inverse SHE ==
The direct and inverse SHE can be monitored by optical means. The spin accumulation induces [[circular polarization]] of the emitted [[light]], as well as the [[Faraday effect|Faraday]] (or [[Magneto-optic|Kerr]]) polarization rotation of the transmitted (or reflected) light. Observing the polarization of emitted light allows the SHE to be observed.

More recently, the existence of both direct and inverse effects was demonstrated not only in [[semiconductor]]s,<ref name="ref10">{{cite journal | author = H. Zhao |author2=E. J. Loren |author3=H. M. van Driel |author4=A. L. Smirl | title = Coherence Control of Hall Charge and Spin Currents | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 96 | pages = 246601 | year = 2006 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v96/e246601 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.246601 | format = | pmid = 16907264 | issue = 24 | bibcode=2006PhRvL..96x6601Z}}</ref> but also in [[metal]]s.<ref name="ref11">{{cite journal | author = E. Saitoh |author2=M. Ueda |author3=H. Miyajima |author4=G. Tatara | title = Conversion of spin current into charge current at room temperature: inverse spin-Hall effect | journal = Applied Physics Letters | volume = 88 | issue = 18 | pages = 182509 | year = 2006 | url = http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.2199473 | doi = 10.1063/1.2199473|bibcode = 2006ApPhL..88r2509S }}</ref><ref name="ref12">{{cite journal | author = S. O. Valenzuela |author2=M. Tinkham | title = Direct Electronic Measurement of the Spin Hall Effect | journal = Nature | volume = 442 | pages = 176–9 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/abs/nature04937.html | doi = 10.1038/nature04937 | pmid = 16838016 | issue = 7099 |arxiv = cond-mat/0605423 |bibcode = 2006Natur.442..176V }}</ref><ref name="ref13">{{cite journal | author = T. Kimura |author2=Y. Otani |author3=T. Sato |author4=S. Takahashi |author5=S. Maekawa | title = Room-Temperature Reversible Spin Hall Effect | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 98 | pages = 156601 | year = 2007 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v98/e156601 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.156601 | format = | pmid = 17501368 | issue = 15 | bibcode=2007PhRvL..98o6601K|arxiv = cond-mat/0609304 }}</ref>

== Applications ==
The SHE can be used to manipulate electron spins electrically. For example, in combination with the electric stirring effect, the SHE leads to spin polarization in a localized conducting region.<ref name="ref14">{{cite journal |author=Yu. V. Pershin |author2=N. A. Sinitsyn |author3=A. Kogan |author4=A. Saxena |author5=D. Smith | title = Spin polarization control by electric stirring: proposal for a spintronic device | journal = Appl. Phys. Lett. | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 022114 | year = 2009 | arxiv = 0906.0039 | doi = 10.1063/1.3180494|bibcode = 2009ApPhL..95b2114P }}</ref>

For a review of spin Hall effect, see for example<ref name="ref15">{{cite book|title= Spin Physics in Semiconductors, ch. 8| editor = M. I. Dyakonov | publisher = Springer |year = 2008|ISBN = 978-3-54078819-5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hall effect]]
[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
[[Category:Spintronics]]

Frío River (Costa Rica)

2017-01-21T14:18:45Z

Reilinger: Not only in Costa Rica, but also Nicaragua.

'''Frío River''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Río Frío'') is a river of [[Costa Rica]], Alajuela province.<ref>[http://www.visitcostarica.com/ict/paginas/mapas/Mapa_TCR_CostaRica_600.pdf Instituto Costarricense de Turismo map], 2007. {{es icon}}</ref> The last few kilometers it passes through [[Nicaragua]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|11.1165|N|84.7766|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frio River}}
[[Category:Rivers of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Rivers of Nicaragua]]

{{CostaRica-river-stub}}

Horcón Tract

2017-01-15T22:37:17Z

Reilinger: convert acres - km²

The '''Horcón Tract''' is a small tract of land (a ''banco'') that, prior to 1905, was situated north of the [[Rio Grande]] in Texas. As the Rio Grande formed the international border, the tract was unambiguously American territory. In July 1906, however, the [[American Rio Grande Land and Irrigation Company]] dug a cutoff to shorten the course of the river, thus bypassing the tract. As a result, the {{Convert|461|acre|km2}} of the tract (including the former riverbed) became located south of the river. The company was eventually taken to court and fined for the diversion of the river, and the land was agreed to remain American territory, in accordance with the border treaty.<ref name=Cantu/> In 1929 the town of [[Rio Rico, Tamaulipas|Río Rico]] was founded near the tract on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande.<ref name=Cantu>''[http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/intdec/vol17/2748.pdf Matter of Cantu]'' 17 Immigration & Naturalization Dec. 190, 190-91 ([[Board of Immigration Appeals|BIA]], 1978)</ref> As the Rio Grande changed its course after floods, the settlement was progressively pushed into the tract.<ref name=Cantu/> The residents, being mostly of Mexican heritage, accepted the authority of the Mexican government and all parties generally acted as if the tract was Mexican territory. However, the United States never actually relinquished the land, and the issue was re-discovered decades later by a researcher. The [[Boundary Treaty of 1970]] provided for the Horcón Tract to revert to Mexico upon the completion of two new flood control projects. Thus in 1977 the United States officially ceded the tract of land to Mexico.<ref name="tshaonline">{{cite web |year= 2009 |url = http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrr53|title = Río Rico, Texas|publisher = [[Handbook of Texas]]| accessdate = April 10, 2012 | last= McDonald, Laurier B. |quote=}}</ref> The [[Board of Immigration Appeals]] later determined that persons born in the Horcón Tract between 1906 and 1972 could not be deported, effectively if not technically granting citizenship.<ref>[http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/intdec/vol17/2748.pdf ''Matter of Cantu''], 17 Immigration & Naturalization Dec. 190, 194 (BIA 1978)("''Either the Government has established, ... that the respondent is an alien, or it has not; if it has not, it is not incumbent upon this Board to go the additional step of determining whether he is also a citizen. That determination can be left to some future date and some other process.''")</ref> As a result, a large portion of the population of Rio Rico moved to the United States.<ref>{{cite web |date= September 26, 1987 |url = http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/26/world/south-of-border-was-once-north.html|title = South of Border Was Once North|publisher = [[New York Times]]| accessdate = November 11, 2013 | last= Rohter, Larry |quote=}}</ref>

{{coord|26|03|22|N|97|53|24|W|type:city_region:US-TX|display=title}}

==See also==
* [[Rio Grande border disputes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horcon Tract}}
[[Category:Geography of Mexico]]

{{Mexico-geo-stub}}

Juan Pizarro

2014-10-16T12:14:04Z

Reilinger:

'''Juan Pizarro''' may refer to:

*[[Juan Pizarro (baseball)]] (born 1934), Puerto Rican baseball pitcher
*[[Juan Pizarro (conquistador)]] (c. 1511–1535), Spanish conquistador

{{hndis|name=Pizarro, Juan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Pizarro, Juan}}

Talk:Juan Pizarro

2014-10-16T12:13:16Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Juan Pizarro to Talk:Juan Pizarro (baseball): several people with same name

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Juan Pizarro (baseball)]]
{{R from move}}

Talk:Juan Pizarro (baseball)

2014-10-16T12:13:10Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Juan Pizarro to Talk:Juan Pizarro (baseball): several people with same name

{{WikiProjectBannerShell |blp=yes |1=
{{WikiProject Puerto Rico|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Chicago|class=C|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Baseball|braves=yes|class=C|importance=Mid|redsox=yes|cubs=yes}}
{{WikiProject Biography|class=C|sports-priority=low|sports-work-group=yes|living=yes|listas=Pizarro, Juan}}
{{WikiProject Illinois|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject United States|class=C|Louisville=yes|Louisville-importance=Low}}
}}

Juan Pizarro

2014-10-16T12:13:08Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Juan Pizarro to Juan Pizarro (baseball): several people with same name

#REDIRECT [[Juan Pizarro (baseball)]]
{{R from move}}

Juan Pizarro (baseball)

2014-10-16T12:13:06Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Juan Pizarro to Juan Pizarro (baseball): several people with same name

{{Infobox MLB player
|name=Juan Pizarro
|image=Juan Pizarro 1957.png
|position=[[Pitcher]]
|bats=Left
|throws=Left
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1937|2|7}}
|birth_place=[[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]
|debutdate=May 4
|debutyear=1957
|debutteam=Milwaukee Braves
|finaldate=September 26
|finalyear=1974
|finalteam=Chicago Cubs
|stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat1value=131–105
|stat2label=[[Earned run average]]
|stat2value=3.43
|stat3label=[[Strikeout]]s
|stat3value=1,522
|teams=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Milwaukee Braves]] ({{by|1957}}–{{by|1960}})
* [[Chicago White Sox]] ({{by|1961}}–{{by|1966}})
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] ({{by|1967}}–{{by|1968}})
* [[Boston Red Sox]] ({{by|1968}}–{{by|1969}})
* [[Cleveland Indians]] ({{by|1969}})
* [[Oakland Athletics]] ({{by|1969}})
* [[Chicago Cubs]] ({{by|1970}}–{{by|1973}})
* [[Houston Astros]] ({{by|1973}})
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] ({{by|1974}})
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* 2× [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] ([[1963 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1963]], [[1964 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1964]])
* [[World Series]] champion ({{wsy|1957}})
}}
'''Juan Ramon Pizarro Cordova''' <ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Pizarro'''|'''Cordova'''}}</ref> a.k.a. "Terín" (born February 7, 1937) is a former [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) [[pitcher]]. He played for 18 seasons on 9 teams, from 1957 through 1974. In 1964, he won 19 games (19-9) and pitched 4 [[shutouts]] for the [[Chicago White Sox]]. He also was an [[All-Star]] player in 1963 and 1964.

==Early years==
Pizarro was born in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]. He began his baseball career in 1955 in Puerto Rico as a pitcher for the ''[[Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball)|Cangrejeros de Santurce]]''. During the 1957-1958 Winter League of Puerto Rico of the [[Puerto Rico Baseball League|
Liga de Béisbol Profesional de Puerto Rico]] (Puerto Rico Baseball League), he played for the ''[[Criollos de Caguas (baseball)|Criollos de Caguas]]'' and was selected as the Most Valuable Player of the season. From 1959 to 1960 he pitched for the last time in Puerto Rico for the ''Cangrejeros del Santurce''.<ref name="GB">[http://www.1800beisbol.com/baseball/deportes/latinos/juan_terin_pizarro_la_gloria_del_beisbol_puertorriqueno/ Juan Terin Pizarro La Gloria del Beisbol Puertorriqueño]</ref>

==Milwaukee Braves==
Pizarro signed with the [[Milwaukee Braves]] as an amateur free agent in 1956. After going 27–6 with a 2.06 [[earned run average]] in the minors,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Juan_Pizarro_1938|title=Juan Pizarro|publisher=BaseballLibrary.com}}</ref> he made his major league debut on May 4, 1957 against the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] at only twenty years old. He pitched seven strong innings, giving up only one [[run (baseball)|run]], however, the Braves managed only two [[hit (baseball)|hits]] off opposing pitcher [[Vern Law]], and Pizzarro lost his debut, 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT195705040.shtml|title=Pittsburgh Pirates 1, Milwaukee Braves 0|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=May 4, 1957}}</ref> For the season, he went 5–6 with a 4.62 ERA. The Braves beat the [[New York Yankees]] in a seven game [[World Series]] that year; Pizarro's only appearance came in Milwaukee's 12–3 loss in game three.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MLN/MLN195710050.shtml|title=1957 World Series, Game Three|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=October 5, 1957}}</ref>

He split 1958 between Milwaukee and the triple A [[Wichita Braves]], and was again included on the Braves' post-season roster as they faced the Yankees in the World Series for the second year in a row. This time the Yankees won the Series in seven games. Pizarro's only appearance again came in a loss in game five.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYA/NYA195810060.shtml|title=1958 World Series, Game Five|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=October 6, 1958}}</ref>

Pizarro remained with the Braves through 1960, compiling a 23–19 record and 3.93 ERA in Milwaukee. On December 15, 1960, he was traded with [[Joey Jay]] to the [[Cincinnati Reds]] for [[Roy McMillan]], then immediately sent by the Reds with [[Cal McLish]] to the [[Chicago White Sox]] for [[Gene Freese]].

==Chicago White Sox==
Pizarro enjoyed his greatest success as a member of the Chicago White Sox. In 1961, despite being the youngest pitcher in the [[starting pitcher|starting rotation]], Pizarro emerged as the staff's ace, leading the Chisox with fourteen wins, 188 [[strikeouts]] and 194.2 [[innings pitched]]. He also made fourteen appearances out of the [[bullpen]], and earned his first career [[save (baseball)|save]] on August 27.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHA/CHA196108272.shtml|title=Chicago White Sox 9, Cleveland Indians 3|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=August 27, 1961}}</ref> He was given the opening day nod in 1962, and pitched a complete game 2–1 victory over the [[Los Angeles Angels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHA/CHA196204100.shtml|title=Chicago White Sox 2, Los Angeles Angels 1|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=April 10, 1962}}</ref> In 1963, he was named to the [[American League]] [[1963 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] roster, and pitched a scoreless seventh inning during the [[All-Star Game]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS196307090.shtml|title=1963 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=July 9, 1963}}</ref>

Pizarro's best season was 1964, when he went 19–9 with a 2.56 ERA and four [[shutout]]s. Coincidentally, it was also his best season with the bat, as he batted .211 with a career high three home runs and career high fifteen [[runs batted in]].

From there, things rapidly deteriorated for him. Injuries limited Pizarro to just eighteen starts in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hEcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ok8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2049,3834011&dq=juan+pizarro&hl=en|title=White Sox Pizarro Hurt|publisher=Pittsburgh Press|date=June 27, 1965}}</ref> In 1966, he was used primarily in relief. Despite a respectable 8–6 record and 3.76 ERA in 34 appearances, he pitched only 88.2 innings. Following the season, he was dealt to the Pittsburgh Pirates for [[Wilbur Wood]].

==Journeyman==
Though he made nine starts for the 1967 Pirates, he was mainly a [[relief pitcher]], earning a career high nine saves. He was limited to "mop up duty" by manager [[Larry Shepard]] in 1968. He appeared in twelve games with the Pirates prior to being placed on waivers; eleven were losses. The one win, Pizarro entered the game with the Pirates trailing, and earned the win himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT196804300.shtml|title=Pittsburgh Pirates 4, Chicago Cubs 3|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=April 30, 1968}}</ref>

The [[Boston Red Sox]] claimed Pizarro off waivers on June 27. He was used primarily as a starter in Boston, going 6–6 with six complete games as a starter. He also earned two saves for the Bosox. At the start of the 1969 season, he, [[Dick Ellsworth]] and [[Ken Harrelson]] were sent to the [[Cleveland Indians]] for [[Joe Azcue]], [[Vicente Romo]] and [[Sonny Siebert]]. Toward the end of the season, he was placed on waivers and claimed by the [[Oakland Athletics]].

After beginning the 1970 season with Oakland's triple A affiliate, Pizarro was released and signed a minor league contract with the [[California Angels]]. He was 9–0 for the [[Hawaii Islanders]] when the Angels dealt him to the [[Chicago Cubs]] for [[Archie Reynolds]].

==Chicago Cubs==
Perhaps Pizarro's most memorable moment as a major leaguer occurred in 1971 as a member of the Chicago Cubs. On September 11, he shut out the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] at [[Wrigley Field]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN197109110.shtml|title=Chicago Cubs 7, St. Louis Cardinals 0|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=September 11, 1971}}</ref> In his next start, he shutout [[Tom Seaver]] and the [[New York Mets]] 1–0 at [[Shea Stadium]]. The one run was a solo shot by Pizarro in the eighth inning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN197109160.shtml|title=Chicago Cubs 1, New York Mets 0|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=September 16, 1971}}</ref> Seaver had won seven in a row at that point. His previous loss came on August 1, also courtesy of a complete game by Pizarro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN197108010.shtml|title=Chicago Cubs 3, New York Mets 2|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=August 1, 1971}}</ref> It would be more than 40 years before another starting pitcher broke a 0-0 tie by hitting a home run in the eighth inning or later: [[Clayton Kershaw]] of the Dodgers did this, also in the eighth inning, on Opening Day 2013. <ref>http://espn.go.com/espn/elias?date=20130402 Elias, 2 April 2013</ref>

For the 1971 season, Pizarro went 7–6 with a 3.46 ERA. He was 4–5 with a 3.94 ERA in 1972. He spent most of the first half of the 1973 season assigned to the Cubs' triple A affiliate, the [[Wichita Aeros]]. After a [[blown save]] against the [[Atlanta Braves]] on June 17,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL197306172.shtml|title=Atlanta Braves 8, Chicago Cubs 5|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|date=June 17, 1973}}</ref> Pizarro was placed on waivers. He was claimed by the [[Houston Astros]] on July 8.

==Return to the post season==
Pizarro was 2–2 with a 6.56 ERA out of Houston's bullpen in 1973. He was released the following Spring, and rejoined the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Pirates won the [[National League East]] by a game and a half over the St. Louis Cardinals, allowing Pizarro to return to the post season for the first time since 1958. His only appearance in the [[1974 National League Championship Series]] came in the fourth game, which the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] won to head to the [[1974 World Series]].

==Legacy==
Pizarro was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Caribbean Confederation and the Puerto Rican Sports Hall of Fame.<ref name="GB"/>

==Career stats==
<div align="left">
{| class="wikitable"
|Years
|[[Win (baseball)|W]]
|L
|PCT
|[[Earned run average|ERA]]
|[[Games played|G]]
|[[Games started|GS]]
|[[Complete games|CG]]
|[[Shutout|SHO]]
|[[Save (sport)|SV]]
|[[Innings pitched|IP]]
|[[Hit (baseball statistics)|H]]
|[[Earned run|ER]]
|[[Run (baseball statistics)|R]]
|[[Home run|HR]]
|[[Base on balls|BB]]
|[[Strikeout|SO]]
|[[Wild pitch|WP]]
|[[Hit by pitch|HBP]]
|[[Fielding percentage|Fld%]]
|-
|18
|131
|105
|.555
|3.43
|488
|245
|79
|17
|28
|2034.1
|1807
|776
|890
|201
|888
|1522
|65
|41
|.969
|}
</div>
* American League All-Star (1963, 64)
* American League Leader in strikeouts per 9 innings pitched (1961, 62)
* AmerIcan League Leader in fielding average as pitcher (1963, 64)
* National League pennant team (1957, 58)
* World Series champion team (1957)
Pizarro had a .202 lifetime [[batting average]] with 8 home runs and 66 RBIs.

==Note==
<references group=note/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Puerto Rico}}
*[[List of famous Puerto Ricans]]
{{for|the conquistador|Juan Pizarro (conquistador)}}
{{clr}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{baseballstats|mlb=120612|espn=26359/juan-pizarro|br=p/pizarju01|fangraphs=1010382&position=P|cube=|brm=}}, or [http://baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=pizarju01 Baseball Almanac]

{{1957 Milwaukee Braves}}
{{Chicago White Sox Opening Day starting pitchers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Pizarro, Juan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Puerto Rican baseball player
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 7, 1937
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Santurce, Puerto Rico
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pizarro, Juan}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:American League All-Stars]]
[[Category:Boston Red Sox players]]
[[Category:Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Caribbean Series players]]
[[Category:Chicago Cubs players]]
[[Category:Chicago White Sox players]]
[[Category:Cleveland Indians players]]
[[Category:Hawaii Islanders players]]
[[Category:Houston Astros players]]
[[Category:Iowa Oaks players]]
[[Category:Jacksonville Braves players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Louisville Colonels (minor league) players]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball pitchers]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Milwaukee Braves players]]
[[Category:Oakland Athletics players]]
[[Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players]]
[[Category:Tacoma Cubs players]]
[[Category:Wichita Aeros players]]
[[Category:Wichita Braves players]]

EMC effect

2014-05-25T07:57:59Z

Reilinger: /* The scientific surprise */

The [[European Muon Collaboration]] (EMC) conducted high energy particle physics experiments at CERN. In 1983,<ref name="aubert">{{cite journal|author=J.J. Aubert et al.|title=The ratio of the nucleon structure functions F2N for iron and deuterium|journal=Phys. Lett. B|volume=123B|pages=275–278|year=1983|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(83)90437-9}}</ref> the EMC described [[deep inelastic scattering]] of muons on deuteron and on iron. An analysis showed that the self-volume of nucleon quarks is larger for nucleons of the heavier nucleus. This effect is called the '''EMC effect''' and it totally contradicted theoretical predictions published earlier.

The meaning of the results can be briefly outlined as follows. A parameter called [[James Bjorken|Bjorken]] ''x'' is a very useful quantity for describing graphically the data of deep inelastic scattering. The width of the graph reflects the intensity of the quark's [[Fermi motion]] at the target. The EMC effect shows that the ''x''-dependence of the ratio of the iron graph to the deuteron graph decreases for an increasing ''x''. This decreasing ratio means that the width of the iron graph is smaller than that of the deuteron graph. Hence, in iron the quark's Fermi motion is smaller than that of the deuteron. Relying on the [[uncertainty principle]], one infers that the self-volume of iron's quarks is larger than that of the deuteron's quarks.

==The scientific surprise ==
The EMC article <ref name="aubert" /> shows predictions based on [[Quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) which had been published before the analysis of the experimental data. These predictions are displayed in fig. 1.

[[File:EMC Effect predictions.png|thumb|right|Figure 1: Predictions before the EMC Effect]]

Fig. 1 shows that all these theoretical predictions have similar characteristics, showing that the ratio increases for x > 0.3.

The experimental results published by the EMC are different (see fig. 2) and the graph of the iron to deuteron ratio decreases with an increasing ''x''.

[[File:EMC Effect.png|thumb|right|Fig 2. The experimental results of EMC Effect (as discovered in1983). Later experiments have measured F2 ratios below 1 for x < 0.1 ]]

==Summary==
The EMC conclude their report and state: “The results are in complete disagreement with the calculations… We are not aware of any published detailed prediction presently available which can explain the behaviour of these data.”<ref name="aubert" />

The EMC effect has been bewildering physicists up to the present day, since there is no consensus explanation accepted by the physics’ community. This situation is described in 2007 article: “So while the experimental signature is clear, the interpretation of this effect is, at present, ambiguous.” <ref>{{cite journal|author=J. Arrington et al.|title=New Measurements of the EMC Effect in Few-Body Nuclei|journal= J. Phys. Conference Series|volume=69|page=012024|year=2007|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/69/1/012024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Quantum chromodynamics]]
[[Category:CERN]]
[[Category:Particle physics]]
[[Category:Unsolved problems in physics]]

EMC effect

2014-02-17T19:49:29Z

Reilinger: /* References */ category changed

The [[European Muon Collaboration]] (EMC) conducted high energy particle physics experiments at CERN. In an article published in 1983,<ref name="aubert">{{cite journal|author=J.J. Aubert et al.|title=The ratio of the nucleon structure functions F2N for iron and deuterium|journal=Phys. Lett. B|volume=123B|pages=275–278|year=1983|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(83)90437-9}}</ref> the EMC describes the results of an analysis of the data of deep inelastic scattering of muons on deuteron and on iron. This analysis shows that the self-volume of nucleon quarks is larger for nucleons of the heavier nucleus. This effect is called the '''EMC effect''' and it totally contradicted theoretical predictions published earlier.

The meaning of the results can be briefly outlined as follows. A parameter called [[James Bjorken|Bjorken]] ''x'' is a very useful quantity for describing graphically the data of deep inelastic scattering. The width of the graph reflects the intensity of the quark's [[Fermi motion]] at the target. The EMC effect shows that the ''x''-dependence of the ratio of the iron graph to the deuteron graph decreases for an increasing ''x''. This decreasing ratio means that the width of the iron graph is smaller than that of the deuteron graph. Hence, in iron the quark's Fermi motion is smaller than that of the deuteron. Relying on the [[uncertainty principle]], one infers that the self-volume of iron's quarks is larger than that of the deuteron's quarks.

==The scientific surprise ==
The EMC article <ref name="aubert" /> shows predictions based on [[Quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) which had been published before the analysis of the experimental data. These predictions are displayed in fig. 1.

[[File:EMC Effect predictions.png|thumb|right|Figure 1: Predictions before the EMC Effect]]

Fig. 1 shows that all these theoretical predictions have similar characteristics, showing that the ratio increases for x > 0.3.

The experimental results published by the EMC are different (see fig. 2) and the graph of the iron to deuteron ratio decreases with an increasing ''x''.

[[File:EMC Effect.png|thumb|right|Fig 2. The experimental results of EMC Effect]]

==Summary==
The EMC conclude their report and state: “The results are in complete disagreement with the calculations… We are not aware of any published detailed prediction presently available which can explain the behaviour of these data.”<ref name="aubert" />

The EMC effect has been bewildering physicists up to the present day, since there is no consensus explanation accepted by the physics’ community. This situation is described in a recently published article: “So while the experimental signature is clear, the interpretation of this effect is, at present, ambiguous.” <ref>{{cite journal|author=J. Arrington et al.|title=New Measurements of the EMC Effect in Few-Body Nuclei|journal= J. Phys. Conference Series|volume=69|page=012024|year=2007|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/69/1/012024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Quantum chromodynamics]]
[[Category:CERN]]
[[Category:Particle physics]]
[[Category:Unsolved problems in physics]]

Hanover Parish

2014-02-14T11:07:17Z

Reilinger: /* Brief history */

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+<big><big>'''Hanover'''</big></big>
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 |
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
| align="center" width="250px" | [[Image:Hanover in Jamaica.svg|200px]]
|}
|-
|'''Location'''
| [[latitude]] 18°25'N, [[longitude]] 78°08'W
|-
| '''[[Capital (political)|Capital City]]'''
| [[Lucea, Jamaica|Lucea]]
|-
| '''Bordering Parishes'''
| [[Westmoreland Parish|Westmoreland]], [[Saint James Parish, Jamaica|Saint James]]
|-
| '''[[County]]'''
| [[Cornwall, Jamaica|Cornwall]]
|-
| '''Area'''
| 430 km2
|-
| '''Rank'''
| Jamaica's second smallest parish
|-
| '''[[Population]]'''
| 68,000 in 2001
|-
| '''[[Commerce]]'''
| [[Tourism]], [[Agriculture]], [[Factory|Manufacturing]]
|}
'''Hanover''' ([[Capital (political)|capital]] [[Lucea, Jamaica|Lucea]]), is a [[parish]] located on the [[Ordinal directions|northwestern]] tip of the island of [[Jamaica]]. It is a part of the [[county]] of [[Cornwall, Jamaica|Cornwall]], bordered by [[Saint James, Jamaica|St. James]] in the east, and [[Westmoreland Parish|Westmoreland]] in the south. With the exception of [[Kingston Parish|Kingston]], it is the smallest parish on the [[island]]. Hanover is the birth parish of The Right Excellent Sir [[Alexander Bustamante]], one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes, a labour leader and first head of government after universal suffrage.

==Brief history==
Hanover was established on November 12, 1723, and named for the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch]], [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], from the German [[House of Hanover]]. In the early [[Colonialism|colonial]] days, Lucea, the main [[town]] and port, was even busier than [[Montego Bay]]. By the mid-18th century, Lucea was the hub of an important [[sugar]]-growing region, and the town was prosperous as a sugar port and market centre. European [[Jews]] settled in the parish as [[merchants]], [[tradesman|store keepers]], [[haberdashery]], [[shoemaking|shoe makers]] and [[goldsmith]]s. It became a [[free port]].

After [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of slavery]] in 1834, the free people prospered, developing a variety of crops, and supplying [[produce]] to much of the rest of [[Jamaica]]. The [[harbour]] was used to [[export]] [[banana]]s until after the 1960s. A deep-water [[pier]] was built, but this has been restricted to the shipping of [[molasses]], an important sugar product. In 1983, the port was closed. The historic Fort Charlotte stands at one side of the entrance to the harbour, but was never garrisoned.

'''HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND PLACES OF INTEREST'''

'''Fort Charlotte'''
The fort was built in 1761 for the defense of Lucea which at that time was in danger of attack by French raiders. The fort stands on a peninsula overlooking the bay.

'''Ruseas Campus II'''
Alongside the fort is an impressive Georgian brick structure known as The Barracks, which was built in 1843 to provide shelter to the soldiers stationed there.

In the early 20th century it became the educational center for the town and has now been transformed to become part of the Rusea High School complex. In 1982 Rusea High School was
merged with the Hanover Secondary School and is still known as the Rusea High School (Fort Charlotte).

'''Lucea Harbour'''
The harbour is considered to be one of the best in the island. Although small, ships from Kingston and Montego Bay sought refuge there during the hurricane of 1951, as it was considered one of the safest harbours. It is almost completely cut off from the sea, only being connected by a narrow channel at its entrance.

'''Blenheim'''
The birthplace of National Hero Sir Alexander Bustamante, Blenheim is located four miles (6.4km) west of Lucea in the Hanover Hills.

Other notable tourist attractions are Lucea’s many historical sites that date back as far as the 18th century. Lucea Parish Church (the Parish Church of Hanover) is one of the oldest churches in Jamaica. Although no record of when it was first built exists the first baptism record dates back to 1725, the first burial was in 1727, and the first marriage in 1749. It is said that there is a tunnel that leads from the church to nearby Fort Charlotte, which was a safe haven in time of war. The Hanover Museum sits on the site of a prison dating back to 1776, and houses many historical artifacts significant to Hanover’s history.

'''Davis Cove'''
One of the numerous coves in Hanover was notable and named by one of the prominent founding families of the area of 1600s.

'''Economic prospects'''
With the completion of the Montego Bay to Negril leg of the North Coast Highway, economic activities in the parish has seen a steady increase. The 2000 room Fiesta Group hotel and the development of Dolphin Cove are expected to fuel a high level of economic growth in the parish over the next few years.

Negril has grown over the last two decades to become one of Jamaica’s main tourism destinations (falling only behind Montego Bay and Ocho Rios). It boasts several small and large hotels, and is well represented by the two giants in the Jamaican Tourism Industry - Sandals and Super Clubs. The opening of the two Riu Hotels has also enhanced the tourism product in the parish. The standard bearers in EP hotels Round Hill and The Tryall Club continues their high levels of performance.

==Geography and demography==
The [[Capital (political)|capital]] town, Lucea is located at [[latitude]] 18°25'N, [[longitude]] 78°08'W. The parish has a [[mountainous]] [[terrain]], with the [[coastline]] marked by [[cove]]s and [[bay]]s. Hanover covers an area of 450 km2. The highest point in the parish is the Dolphin's Head, which serves as a landmark for ships at sea. The parish has three small [[waterfalls]], several [[cove]]s, such as the Davis Cove, named after a prominent Hanover family, along its [[coastline]] and large [[caves]]. In the centre of Lucea stands a [[clock tower]]. Though it was installed in 1817, it is still fully functional.

The parish had an estimated 67,176 inhabitants in 1999, 5,739 of which live in its capital town. The large majority of the population is black (92.1%), with 0.8% whites, 3.7% Asians, 2.3% Latinos, and 2.1% identifying as other.

The Great River is the officially recorded river in Hanover. Its valley has been an important agricultural region.

==Commerce==

===Agriculture===
Hanover is known for the production of [[yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[sugar cane]], [[ginger]], [[rice]], [[pimento]], [[turmeric]], [[breadfruit]] and [[arrowroot]]. Hanover is celebrated for its fine breeds of [[cattle]], and pigs and goats are raised.

===Tourism===
Although Hanover is not one of Jamaica's major tourist areas, a tourist resort is situated in the [[village]] of Hopewell about {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Lucea. This area has several large hotels, including Round Hill and Tryall (noted for its [[Tryall Golf Club|golf course]]). There is also the Grand Palladium resort and spa in wastern Hanover and on the northern part of the [[Negril]] strip (which falls within Hanover not [[Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica|Westmoreland]])<ref>UK [[Directorate of Overseas Surveys]] 1:50,000 map of Jamaica sheet A, 1959</ref> are the Grand Lido, Couples, Sandals, Negril cabins and beaches.<ref>[http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=18.325213&lon=-78.3323299&z=15&l=0&m=b&v=8 North Negril on [[Wikimapia]]]</ref>

;Attractions
*[[Waterfall]]s at Paradise, Kempshot and Dry Hill.
*The Old Lucea [[Court House]] is situated in the centre of town.
*[[Blenheim, Jamaica|Blenheim]], the birthplace of [[Sir Alexander Bustamante]], one of Jamaica's National Heroes and a former Prime Minister of Jamaica.
*[http://www.luceatown.com Lucea] Parish [[Church (building)|Church]] which dates from the 18th century. Legend has it that a [[tunnel]] leads from the Church to the nearby Fort Charlotte.
*[[Fort Charlotte (Jamaica)]], built in 1761 for the defence of the Lucea, at risk of attack by [[France|French]] raiders during the [[Seven Years War]]. The fort stands on a [[peninsula]] overlooking the bay.
*Tryall Waterwheel, on a former sugar estate.

==External links==
* [http://www.timeinjamaica.com/hanover_jamaica Hanover, Jamaica Guide]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.timeinjamaica.com/hanover_jamaica Hanover Guide]
*[http://www.jamlib.org.jm/hanover_history.htm Parish information]
*[http://www.statinja.com/ Statistical Institute of Jamaica]
*[http://www.mfaft.gov.jm/Country_Profile/hanover.htm Profile of Hanover]
*[http://reference.allrefer.com/gazetteer/H/H01044-hanover.html Geography of Hanover]
*[http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/polgol.htm Political Geography]

{{Parishes of Jamaica}}

{{coord|18.417|N|78.133|W|display=title|source:frwiki}}

[[Category:Hanover Parish| ]]
[[Category:Parishes of Jamaica]]

Gonzalo Pizarro

2014-02-14T10:10:45Z

Reilinger: /* Gonzalo turns against the Spanish King */

{{more footnotes|date=January 2012}}

{{spanish name|Pizarro|Alonso}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gonzalo Pizarro
| occupation = [[conquistador]]
| image = Gonzalo Pizarro Alonso.jpg
| image_size = 170px
| caption =
| birth_date = 1502
| birth_place = [[Trujillo, Spain]]
| nationality = [[Spanish people|Spanish]]
| spouse=
| death_date = April 10, {{death year and age|1548|1502}}
| death_place = [[Cuzco]], [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]
|names in other native languages =
| religion =
}}
'''Gonzalo Pizarro y Alonso''' (1502 – April 10, 1548) was a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[conquistador]] and younger paternal half-brother of [[Francisco Pizarro]], the conqueror of the [[Inca Empire]]. [[Legitimacy (law)|Bastard]] son of [[Captain (land)|Captain]] Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446–1522) who as [[colonel]] of [[infantry]] served in the [[Italian Wars|Italian campaigns]] under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], and in [[Navarre]], with some distinction, and María Alonso, from [[Trujillo, Spain|Trujillo]]. He was the half brother of [[Francisco Pizarro|Francisco]] and [[Hernándo Pizarro]] and the full brother of [[Juan Pizarro II|Juan Pizarro]].

== Early years in Peru ==
Born in [[Trujillo, Spain]], Gonzalo Pizarro accompanied his eldest brother, Francisco Pizarro, in his third expedition for the [[Spanish conquest of Peru|conquest of Peru]] in 1532. Gonzalo was also the brother of [[Hernando Pizarro]] and [[Juan Pizarro II|Juan Pizarro]]. A lieutenant of his brother Francisco during the conquest, Gonzalo Pizarro was one of the most corrupt, brutal and ruthless conquistadors of the [[New World]], being far less restrained towards the natives and the Inca than his older brothers.

After Inca emperor [[Atahualpa]] was captured in the [[Battle of Cajamarca]] and later executed on July 26, 1533, the [[Pizarro brothers]] and their followers marched towards the Inca capital of [[Cusco (Department of Peru)|Cuzco]] to complete the conquest, capturing the city on November 15 after a brief [[battle of Cuzco|battle]] with the Inca forces under [[Quizquiz]] holding it after previously defeating the central government and massacring the nobility of Cuzco. Some sources suggest the Spaniards were well received after vanquishing the northern forces having occupied the capital for nineteen months, but that fact is highly uncertain.

Soon discord arose between Francisco Pizarro and [[Diego de Almagro]] concerning their leadership in the newly conquered land of the [[Incas]]. As a result, Almagro left Cuzco in 1534 and was given the honor by Spanish [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I]] of exploring the southern part of Peru (modern-day Chile) and look for more treasures there. Upon his departure, Gonzalo and Juan were appointed by Francisco as [[garrison]]s of Cuzco without Almagro knowing it.

[[Image:Gonzalo Pizarro sailing in Peru.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Gonzalo Pizarro sailing in Perú. Year of work:1554]]

Gonzalo and [[Juan Pizarro II|Juan Pizarro]] both looked after the [[town|settlements]] in Cuzco, while their eldest brother Francisco explored the west coast of northern Peru and founded the city of [[Lima]] in 1535. Gonzalo, Juan and his younger brother Hernándo ruled Cuzco as a [[dictatorship]] dominated by greed, [[political corruption|corruption]] and brutality; torturing and executing those who refused to accept Spanish rule. Their corrupt rule also resulted in a rebellion by the Incas under [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]], who began a fight for equal rights and demanded freedom from harsh Spanish rule. The Incas fought the [[Spaniards]] in a number of [[siege]]s and battles for control of the land and temporarily captured Cuzco on May 6, 1536. The Incas were later defeated by the heavily armed Spanish soldiers led by Gonzalo and Juan. [[Smallpox]] was also spread among the natives and many perished.

When Almagro returned from Chile disappointed in not finding any gold, he captured and imprisoned Gonzalo and Hernándo in 1537. They eventually managed to escape and re-join Francisco Pizarro on their return to Lima. When Gonzalo and Hernándo noticed that Almagro also wanted to take control of Cuzco, they fought against him in the [[Battle of Las Salinas]] in April 1538. In the course of these events, Almagro left for [[Lima]] for a negotiation with Francisco on who would control Cuzco. Gonzalo and Hernándo heard of Almagro's threatening intentions and led an army against him, defeating his forces and later condemning him for treason. Almagro was executed on July 8, 1538, on Hernándo's orders.

== Expeditions with Francisco de Orellana ==
In 1541, Gonzalo was declared the governor of [[Quito]]. Not satisfied and at the urging of Francisco Pizarro, he led an expedition east of Quito with [[Francisco de Orellana]] in search of the fabled city of [[El Dorado (legend)|El Dorado]] and, "The Country of Cinnamon" ("País de [[la Canela]]"). In Quito, Gonzalo was able to recruit 220 Spaniards and 4,000 Native Americans. The second-in-command, Orellana, was sent to [[Guayaquil]] to recruit more troops and horses. Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers left Quito on February 1541, a month before Orellana, who was able to bring 23 men and several horses. By March both met at the valley of ''Zumaco'' and started their march towards crossing the [[Andes]]. After following the courses of the [[Coca River|Coca]] and [[Napo River|Napo]] rivers, the expedition started running out of provisions. About 140 of the 220 Spaniards and 3,000 out of 4,000 natives had died. On February 1542, they decided Orellana would continue sailing down the Napo river in search of food along with 50 men.

After a brief time, Gonzalo thought the expedition was a whole failure and decided to take a route north back to Quito with 80 of the remaining men, unknowingly relinquishing the success to Orellana, who ended discovering and exploring the entire length of the [[Amazon River]].

Upon his return to Quito, Gonzalo learned that the ''Almagristas'' (as the followers of Almagro were called) had assassinated his brother Francisco Pizarro on June 26, 1541 in retaliation for Almagro's execution. By this time the [[Spanish monarchy|Crown]]'s representative, [[Cristóbal Vaca de Castro]], had arrived in Peru amidst the confusion after Pizarro's death. Gonzalo Pizarro offered to help capture those responsible for his brother's death, but was refused. The Almagristas were finally defeated in the [[battle of Chupas]] on September 16, 1542, and their leader, [[Diego de Almagro II|Diego Almagro El Mozo]], was executed.

== Gonzalo turns against the Spanish King ==
Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] then appointed [[Blasco Núñez Vela]] as Peru's first viceroy in 1544. Núñez introduced the [[New Laws]], which were framed by [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] to protect the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas#Peru|indigenous peoples]]. Many of the conquistadors living in Peru were against these laws since they could no longer exploit the natives. This prompted Gonzalo Pizarro and [[Francisco de Carvajal]] to organize an army of followers with the intent of suppressing the New Laws. Many conquistadors turned against the Viceroy and joined Gonzalo's side, as his surname provided an effective rallying point. The rebel army defeated Núñez in 1546 at [[battle of Añaquito|Añaquito]] near [[Quito]]. Although some, such as Carvajal, advised Gonzalo to proclaim himself King of Peru and to disown any further claim by the King of Spain to the land, Gonzalo refused.

Over the following months, however, the support for Gonzalo diminished when the King's new representative, [[Pedro de la Gasca]], arrived with the intention of offering pardon and repealing the New Laws. Most of Gonzalo's army deserted him just before the crucial [[Battle of Jaquijahuana|battle of Jaquijahuana]] near [[Cusco]], that would determine the fate of the conquest. No longer supported with an army against the King's new representative, Gonzalo Pizarro surrendered and was [[Decapitation|beheaded]] by the royal forces on the field of battle, being the last of the Pizarro brothers to die a violent death (with Hernando dying of old age in Spain some three or six decades later).

== Ancestors ==
<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
<div style="background: #ff99ff; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #000000" class="NavHead">'''Ancestors of Gonzalo Pizarro y Alonso<ref>[http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=243625 GeneAll.net - Gonzalo Pizarro]</ref>'''
</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
<center>{{Ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Gonzalo Pizarro y Alonso'''
|2= 2. Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodríguez de Aguilar
|3= 3. María Alonso
|4= 4. Fernando Alonso Pizarro
|5= 5. Isabel de Vargas y Rodríguez de Aguilar
|6= 6.
|7= 7.
|8= 8. Fernando or Hernándo Alonso de Hinojosa
|9= 9. Teresa Martínez Pizarro
|10= 10.
|11= 11.
|12= 12.
|13= 13.
|14= 14.
|15= 15.
|16= 16.
|17= 17.
|18= 18.
|19= 19.
|20= 20.
|21= 21.
|22= 22.
|23= 23.
|24= 24.
|25= 25.
|26= 26.
|27= 27.
|28= 28.
|29= 29.
|30= 30.
|31= 31.
}}</center>
</div></div>

== Bibliography ==
* [[Andrew Dalby]], "Christopher Columbus, Gonzalo Pizarro, and the search for cinnamon" in ''[http://www.gastronomica.org Gastronomica]'' (Spring 2001).
* [[F.A. Kirkpatrick]], "The Spanish Conquistadores" Third Reprinting 1968.
* [[Rafael Varón Gabai]], "Francisco Pizarro and his brothers: the illusion of power in sixteenth-century Peru" London 1997.
* [[Fray Gaspar Carvajal]], "Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río Grande de las Amazonas" (ed. intro. y notas de Jorge Hernández Millares) Mexico 1955.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Appletons' Poster|Pizarro, Francisco|Gonzalo Pizarro}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|Pizarro|display=Pizarro. II. Gonzalo}}

{{Campaignbox Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=98122551}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Pizarro, Gonzalo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Spanish conquistador
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1502
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Trujillo, Spain]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 April 1548
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Cuzco]], [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pizarro, Gonzalo}}
[[Category:1502 births]]
[[Category:1548 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tierra de Trujillo]]
[[Category:16th-century South American people]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:Spanish people executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Extremaduran conquistadors]]
[[Category:People executed by New Spain]]
[[Category:Colonial Peru]]
[[Category:People executed by Spain by decapitation]]

Talk:Panglong

2013-12-17T17:37:51Z

Reilinger:

{{WikiProject Myanmar (Burma)|class=Start|importance=Low}}
{{reqmapin|Burma}}
{{WikiProject Southeast Asia}}

==what state or division?==
Where specifically is this located? [[User:Kintetsubuffalo|Chris]] 05:29, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

:According to Google Earth, Panlong is in [[Shan State]] at 22°49'0.12"N, 97°22'25.28"E. - [[User:Cgilbert76|cgilbert]]([[User_talk:Cgilbert76|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Cgilbert76|contribs]]) 19:54, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

== several Panglongs? ==
''Panglong can refer to one of three towns in Shan State.'' => then we need three separate articles and a [[:Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguation]]. [[User:Reilinger|Reilinger]] ([[User talk:Reilinger|talk]]) 17:37, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Wu River (Yangtze tributary)

2013-12-06T09:28:50Z

Reilinger: /* References */ added Category:Rivers of Chongqing

{{Geobox|River

| name = Wu River
| native_name = Wu Jiang
| other_name = Sancha
| other_name1 = Yachi
| category =

| etymology = Named for 12 peaks of Wu Mountain
| nickname =

| image = Voa chinese Wu-River 29jun10 300.jpg
| image_caption = Wu River
| image_size =

| country = People's Republic of China
| state = Guizhou
| region =
| district =
| municipality = Chongqing

| parent = Yangtze River system
| tributary_left = Furong River
| tributary_left1= Liuchong River
| tributary_right = Nanming River
| tributary_right1 = Yu River (China)
| tributary_right2 = Ya River
| city = Wushan
|city1=Badong
|city2=Zigui
| city4 = Fuling
| landmark =

| source = Sancha
| source_location = | source_region = Western Guizhou| source_country =
| source_elevation =
| source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS =
| source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW =
| source1 =
| source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country =
| source1_elevation =
| source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS =
| source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW =
| source_confluence =
| source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country =
| source_confluence_elevation =
| source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS =
| source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW =
| mouth = Yangtze River
| mouth_location = Fuling| mouth_region = Eastern [[Chongqing]] Municipality| mouth_country =
| mouth_elevation =
| mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS =
| mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW =

| length = 1150
| width =
| depth =
| volume =
| watershed = 80300
| watershed_round = 0
| discharge = 1108
| discharge_note = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=32&filenum=2821
|title=Wujiang discharge at Gongtan
|publisher=River Discharge Database
|work=Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment
|date=1980-1982
|accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref>
| discharge_location = Gongtan
| discharge_round = 0
| discharge_max = 3340
| discharge_min = 272

| free = | free_type =

| map = Wujiangrivermap.png
| map_caption = Wujiang drainage basin
| map_background =
| map_locator =
| map_locator_x =
| map_locator_y =

| website =
| commons =

| footnotes =
}}

The '''Wu River''' ({{zh|s=乌江|p=Wū Jiāng}}) is the largest southern [[tributary]] of the [[Yangtze River]]. Nearly its entire length of {{convert|1150|km|mi}} runs within the isolated, mountainous and ethnically diverse province of [[Guizhou]]. The river takes drainage from a {{convert|80300|km2|mi2|adj=on}} watershed.

The river flows through the [[Liupanshui]], [[Anshun]], [[Guiyang]] (the capital), [[Qiannan]], and [[Zunyi]] Districts of Guizhou. All nine regions of the province have at least partial drainage to the river.

==Course==
The river begins as the ''Sancha'' in western Guizhou and flows eastwards about {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It then bends north, west and south in a {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} reach called the Yachi, and receives the Nanming River from the right. After the Yachi reach, the Wu makes a broad arc northeast through central Guizhou, picking up fifteen major tributaries including the Yu, Furong and Ya Rivers and flowing through several large [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dams. It then crosses the border into the [[Province|provincial]]-level [[municipality]] of [[Chongqing]], flows past [[Wushan County, Chongqing|Wushan]], [[Badong]] and [[Zigui]], and empties into the Yangtze River at [[Fuling]], some {{convert|50|mi|km}} east-northeast of [[Chongqing City]], in the Wu Gorge of the [[Three Gorges]] of the Yangtze. Part of the lower course of the river is flooded by the reservoir of [[Three Gorges Dam]].<ref name="eb">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649883/Wu-River-system|title=Wu River system (river system, China)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref>

==History==
Many small river towns along the Wu, such as [[Gongtan]], date back to as early as 200 A.D. Fuling is regarded as the first major town to be built on the river. The city was the capital of the ancient [[Ba (state)|Ba]] state in the [[Sichuan]] area. During the [[Qin Dynasty]], the region was brought under Chinese control.

The Wu Gorge is also known as "Golden Helmet and Silver Armor Gorge". The name originates from a helmet-shaped rock formation above the river and a silver-colored cliff of slate. Another name for Wu Gorge is "Iron Coffin Gorge".

==River modifications==
The Wu River has been extensively developed for [[hydroelectricity]] generation. {{As of|2010}}, dams along the river had a combined capacity of 8,500 [[megawatt]]s (MW).<ref>{{cite news
|title=Hydropower development on Wu River to reach over 8.5 mln kW of installed capacity by 2010
|work=China Business News
|date=2006-01-12
|accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Much of this development is extremely recent, as power generation in 2010 was over four times of that in 2005. Most dams on the river were constructed and owned by the [[Wujiang Hydropower Corporation]]. The largest dam, the {{convert|232|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Goupitan Dam]], was completed in 2011.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Wu River dammed at Goupitan Hydropower Station
|work=China Business News
|date=2004-11-17
|accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Aside from producing power, dams on the Wu River also provide flood control and hydraulic head for irrigation operations.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.chincold.org.cn/news/li080321-16-Goupitan.pdf
|title=Goupitan Hydropower Project
|publisher=Chinese National Committee on Large Dams
|work=
|date=
|accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

The lower reaches of the river are heavily polluted because of poor sewage systems and dumping of agricultural waste – so much that it is not even considered suitable for irrigation and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/chongqing/chongqing9.html
|title=Chongqing Wastewater Project, Three Gorges Dam, China
|publisher=water-technology.net
|date=
|accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

About {{convert|40|km|mi}} of the river's lower course forms an arm of the [[Wu Gorge]] (Big Gorge or Second Gorge) of the Three Gorges, now submerged in up to {{convert|30|m|ft|-1}} of water from Three Gorges Reservoir. In late 2008, geological instabilities caused landslides with volumes of {{convert|20000|and|50000|m3|yd3}}. It is speculated that the former slide is part of a larger unstable slope with as much as {{convert|100000|m3|yd3}}. The latter slide caused a wave that swamped boats up to {{convert|2|km|mi}} away.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.probeinternational.org/three-gorges-probe/major-landslides-hit-three-gorges-region
|title=Major landslides hit Three Gorges region
|work=Xinhuanet
|publisher=PROBE international
|date=2008-12-01
|accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

===Navigation===
In the 1950s, local governments began an ambitious project to increase the navigability of the Wu River. The lower {{convert|480|km|mi}} of the river were [[Dredging|dredged]] of sediment and hundreds of sets of rapids were destroyed by explosive charges. Navigation on the upper river, in contrast, reflects the difficulty of traversing the Yangtze in the Three Gorges region before the construction of Three Gorges Dam. With the creation of the reservoir behind this dam, navigation on the lower reaches of the Wu has increased significantly.

==Bridges==
[[Image:Zunyi Bridge-1.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The [[Zunyi Bridge]] over the Wu River]]
There are many spectacular bridges along the course of the Wu River. These include:
*[[Jiangjiehe Bridge]]
*[[Liuguanghe Bridge]]
*[[Wu River Shandu Bridge]]
*[[Fuling Arch Bridge]]
*[[Fuling Wu River Bridge]]

==See also==
*[[List of rivers of China]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Guizhou}}

[[Category:Rivers of Guizhou]]
[[Category:Rivers of Chongqing]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yangtze River]]

Daoyi Zhilue Guangzheng Xia

2013-11-19T14:03:23Z

Reilinger: ←Redirected page to Daoyi Zhilüe

#REDIRECT [[Daoyi Zhilüe]]

Chams

2013-11-19T14:02:56Z

Reilinger: /* History */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{About|the Cham people of Asia|the former [[ethnic Albanian]] minority of northern Greece|Cham Albanians}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Cham ''Urang Campa''
|image= [[File:Danses Cham.jpg|200px]]
|image_caption= Cham dance performance at one of their temples in [[Nha Trang]], Vietnam
|population = 400,000
|region1 = {{flag|Cambodia}}
|pop1 = 217,000<ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=110776&rog3=CB</ref>
|region2 = {{flag|Vietnam}}
|pop2 = 162,000 <ref>''the 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results'' [http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=10798 2009 Census], Hà Nội, 6-2010. Table 5, page 134</ref>
|region3 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
|pop3 = 10,000
|region4 = {{flag|China}}
|pop4 = 5,000
|region5 = {{flag|Thailand}}
|pop5 = 4,000
|region6 = {{flag|United States}}
|pop6 = 3,000
|region7 = {{flag|France}}
|pop7 = 1,000
|region8 = {{flag|Laos}}
|pop8 = 800<ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=15361&rog3=LA</ref>
|languages = [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Mandarin Chinese]], [[Tsat language|Tsat]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], French
|rels = Predominately [[Sunni Muslim]] (Cambodia), [[Hinduism]] (Vietnam), [[Buddhism]] (Thailand) and [[Shi'a Muslim]] (China)<ref>《回辉话》郑贻青, Dec 1997, page 6</ref>
|related = [[Jarai people|Jarai]], [[Acehnese people]], [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] and other [[Austronesian peoples]] of [[ethnic groups of Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]].
}}
The '''Cham people''' (Cham: ''Urang Campa'',<ref name=leaves/> {{lang-vi|người Chăm'' or ''người Chàm}}, {{lang-km|ជនជាតិចាម}}) are an ethnic group in [[Southeast Asia]]. They are concentrated between the [[Kampong Cham Province]] in [[Cambodia]] and central [[Vietnam]]'s [[Phan Rang-Thap Cham]], [[Phan Thiết]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and [[An Giang]] areas. Approximately 4,000 Chams also live in [[Thailand]]; many of whom have moved south to the [[Pattani]], [[Narathiwat Province|Narathiwat]], [[Yala Province|Yala]], and [[Songkhla Province|Songkhla]] Provinces for work. Cham form the core of the [[Muslim]] communities in both [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="worldmap.org">http://worldmap.org/maps/other/profiles/cambodia/Cambodia%20Country%20Profile.pdf</ref>

Cham are remnants of the [[Champa|Kingdom of Champa]] (7th to 18th centuries). They are closely related to other [[Austronesian peoples]] and speak [[Cham language|Cham]], a [[Malayo-Polynesian]] language of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]] ([[Aceh–Chamic languages|Aceh–Chamic]] subgroup). This is in contrast to most of the neighboring peoples who speak [[Austroasiatic languages]].

==History==
[[Image:VietnamChampa1.gif|thumb|left|Historical extent of the Kingdom of Champa (in green) around 1100 CE]]
[[Image:Bayonnavalbat01.JPG|thumb|Depiction of fighting Cham naval soldier against the Khmer, stone relief at the [[Bayon]]]]
The ancestors of the Cham probably migrated from the island of [[Borneo]].<ref>Anne-Valérie Schweyer ''Le Viêtnam ancien'' (Les Belles Lettres, 2005) p.6</ref> Records of the Champa kingdom go as far back as 2nd century AD. At its height in the 9th century, the kingdom controlled the lands between what is now modern Huế, to the northern reaches of the [[Mekong Delta]] in [[Southern Vietnam]]. Its prosperity came from maritime trade in [[sandalwood]] and slaves and probably included piracy.

Cham tradition claims that the founder of the Cham state was [[Lady Po Nagar]]. She originated from a peasant family in the mountains of Dai An, [[Khanh Hoa]] province. Spirits assisted her when she sailed on a drift piece of sandalwood to China, where she married an heir to the royal family with whom she had two children, and then became Queen of Champa.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&pg=PA39&dq=lin+yi+cham+tradition+lady+po+nagar+cham+nation+china+champa&hl=en&ei=uJvPTP24EoSBlAe8kL3fBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=lin%20yi%20cham%20tradition%20lady%20po%20nagar%20cham%20nation%20china%20champa&f=false|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|author=Oscar Chapuis|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|isbn=0-313-29622-7|page=39|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

[[Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi|Al-Dimashqi]] (1325) states that "the country of [[Champa]]... is inhabited by Muslims and idolaters. The Muslim religion came there during the time of Caliph [[Uthman]]... and [[Ali]], many Muslims who were expelled by the [[Umayyad]]s and by [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|Hajjaj]], fled there."

The ''[[Daoyi Zhilüe]]'' documents Chinese merchants who went to Cham ports in Champa and married Cham women, to whom they regularly returned after trading voyages.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cLE_ToRyuLsC&pg=PA133&dq=southeast+asian+ports+intermarriage+daoyi+zhilue+champa+chinese+traders+local+women+cham+ports&hl=en&ei=jp7PTPjdBMP7lwev-ZmrBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=southeast%20asian%20ports%20intermarriage%20daoyi%20zhilue%20champa%20chinese%20traders%20local%20women%20cham%20ports&f=false|title=Sino-Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth Through the Fourteenth Century|author=Derek Heng|year=2009|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=|isbn=0-89680-271-X|page=133|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> A Chinese merchant from [[Quanzhou]], Wang Yuanmao, traded extensively with Champa and married a Cham princess.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Qs1q9VEoEkoC&pg=PA215&dq=chinese+merchant+champa+wang+yuanmao+quanzhou+man+king+barbarian+daughters&hl=en&ei=_XrQTJf9BsH6lwet8-SMBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chinese%20merchant%20champa%20wang%20yuanmao%20quanzhou%20man%20king%20barbarian%20daughters&f=false|title=Money, markets, and trade in early Southeast Asia: the development of indigenous monetary systems to AD 1400|author=Robert S. Wicks|year=1992|publisher=SEAP Publications|location=|isbn=0-87727-710-9|page=215|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

In the 12th century AD, the Cham fought a series of wars with the [[Khmer empire|Angkorian Khmer]] to the west. In 1177, the Cham and their allies launched an attack from the lake [[Tonlé Sap]] and managed to sack the Khmer capital. In 1181, however, they were defeated by the Khmer King [[Jayavarman VII]].

Between the rise of the [[Khmer Empire]] around 800 and Vietnam's territorial push to the south, the Champa kingdom began to shrink. In the [[1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa]] it suffered a serious defeat at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near [[Nha Trang]]. Between 1607 and 1676 one of the Champa kings converted to [[Islam]], and during this period Islam became a dominant feature of Cham society.

The Cham were [[matrilineal]] and inheritance passed through the mother.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jzuKi8RWYy0C&pg=PA75&dq=confucian+cham+women+marry&hl=en&ei=nh3QTaXLAtLpgQePhKTLDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia|author=M. B. Hooker, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2002|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|edition=|location=|page=75|isbn=981-230-125-9|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}}</ref> Due to this, the Vietnamese in 1499 enacted a law banning marriage between Cham women and all Vietnamese males, regardless of class.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Bc30ytJmwzMC&pg=PA111&dq=forbade+cham+women+marry+vietnamese&hl=en&ei=43UrTf6aKcK78ga41NjsAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur|author=Ben Kiernan|year=2009|publisher=Yale University Press|location=|page=111|isbn=0-300-14425-3|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6qqaAAAAIAAJ&q=forbade+everyone,+%22from+princes+down+to+the+common+people,%22+from+marrying+women+of+the+Cham+race,239+it+was+also+based+on+national+security&dq=forbade+everyone,+%22from+princes+down+to+the+common+people,%22+from+marrying+women+of+the+Cham+race,239+it+was+also+based+on+national+security&hl=en&ei=g40rTZv4GcH38Abnh8T_AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA|title=The Vietnamese tradition of human rights|author=Văn Tài Tạ|year=1988|publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California|location=|page=137|isbn=1-55729-002-4|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tClCMl7hswQC&pg=PA82&dq=forbade+cham+women+marry+vietnamese&hl=en&ei=43UrTf6aKcK78ga41NjsAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The flaming womb: repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia|author=Barbara Watson Andaya|year=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=|isbn=0-8248-2955-7|page=82|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f3FuAAAAMAAJ&q=from+wedding+women+of+the+Cham+race,35+it+was+also+based+on+national+security+considerations&dq=from+wedding+women+of+the+Cham+race,35+it+was+also+based+on+national+security+considerations&hl=en&ei=jY0rTez5F8KB8gbpqPWGAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|title=The Vietnam forum, Issues 5-7|author=Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies|year=1985|publisher=Council on Southeast Asia Studies at Yale University|location=|isbn=|page=28|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ilqhy4Z3iwEC&pg=PA332&dq=forbade+cham+women+marry+vietnamese&hl=en&ei=43UrTf6aKcK78ga41NjsAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A companion to gender history|author=Teresa A. Meade, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks|year=2006|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=|isbn=1-4051-4960-4|page=332|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref> The Vietnamese also issued instructions in the capital to kill all Chams within the vicinity.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nZNHHDMqiZgC&pg=PA381&dq=confucian+cham+women+marry&hl=en&ei=nh3QTaXLAtLpgQePhKTLDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Strange parallels: Southeast Asia in global context, c 800-1830, Volume 1|author=Victor B. Lieberman|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|page=381|isbn=0-521-80496-5|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}}</ref>

When the [[Ming dynasty]] in China fell, several thousand Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FP7iAAAAMAAJ&q=Much+of+the+settlement+of+Cham+and+Cambodian+lands,+however,+was+done+by+Chinese+refugees+fleeing+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+dynasty.+The+Chinese+were+actively+courted+by+the+Nguyen,+who+were+in+desperate+need+of+manpower+in+order+to&dq=Much+of+the+settlement+of+Cham+and+Cambodian+lands,+however,+was+done+by+Chinese+refugees+fleeing+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+dynasty.+The+Chinese+were+actively+courted+by+the+Nguyen,+who+were+in+desperate+need+of+manpower+in+order+to&hl=en&ei=dc27TJK-N8T_lgf09p30DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 8|author=Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|location=|isbn=0-85229-961-3|page=669|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Most of these Chinese were young males, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tClCMl7hswQC&pg=PA146&dq=southern+vietnam+thousands+of+young+chinese+males+brides+cham+communities&hl=en&ei=V3rQTKjWMoKdlged-pDkBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=southern%20vietnam%20thousands%20of%20young%20chinese%20males%20brides%20cham%20communities&f=false|title=The flaming womb: repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia|author=Barbara Watson Andaya|year=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=|isbn=0-8248-2955-7|page=146|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Further expansion by the Vietnamese in 1720 resulted in the total annexation of the Champa kingdom and dissolution by the 19th century Vietnamese king, [[Minh Mạng]]. In response, the last Champa Muslim king, Pô Chien, gathered his people in the hinterland and fled south to [[Cambodia]], while those along the coast migrated to [[Trengganu]] ([[Malaysia]]). A small group fled northward to the Chinese island of [[Hainan]] where they are known today as the [[Utsul]]s. Their refuge in Cambodia where the king and his people settled still bear the name of [[Kampong Cham Province|Kompong Cham]] (literally Cham landing); others scattered in communities across the Mekong Basin. Those who remained the Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Rí, and [[Phan Thiết]] provinces of central Vietnam were absorbed into the Vietnamese polity.
[[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|thumb|Flag of the FLC – ''Front de Libération du Champa'', which was active during the Vietnam War]]
In the 1960s various movements emerged calling for the creation of a separate Cham state in Vietnam. The Liberation Front of Champa (FLC – Le Front pour la Libération de Cham) and the Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux dominated. The latter group sought greater alliance with other hilltribe minorities.

Initially known as "Front des Petits Peuples" from 1946 to 1960, the group later took the designation "Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux" and joined, with the FLC, the "Front unifié pour la Libération des Races opprimées" ([[FULRO]]) at some point in the 1960s. Since the late 1970s, there is no serious Cham secessionist movement or political activity in Vietnam or Cambodia.

===Genocide===
The Cham community suffered a major blow during the Khmer Rouge rule. During the mass killings by the government, a disproportionate number of [[Chams]] were killed compared with ethnic [[Khmers]].<ref>Kate McGeown. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3031116.stm Laos' forgotten Hmong], BBC, 2 July 2003 "Andrew Perrin, a journalist from Time Asia magazine"</ref> Ysa Osman, a researcher at the Documentation Center of Cambodia concludes, "Perhaps as many as 500,000 died. They were considered the Khmer Rouge's No. 1 enemy. The plan was to exterminate them all" because "they stood out. They worshipped their own God. Their diet was different. Their names and language were different. They lived by different rules. The Khmer Rouge wanted everyone to be equal, and when the Chams practiced Islam they did not appear to be equal. So they were punished."<ref>Andrew Perrin, ''Weakness in Numbers: Muslim minorities across Asia are under siege—and their persecution fuels fundamentalists'', [[Time (magazine)|Time]], 10 March 2003, [http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501030310/persecution.html p.1],[http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501030310/persecution2.html ,2]</ref>

===Culture===
The Cham shielded and always observed their girls attentively, placing great importance on their virginity. A Cham saying said "As well leave a man alone with a girl, as an elephant in a field of sugarcane."<ref>(the University of Michigan){{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=YeAtTsm-JJTC0AGqsrXkDg&ct=result&id=FmZuAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Cham+women+have+a+high+reputation+for+chastity%2C+and%2C+at+any+rate%2C+they+are+closely+watched+and+guarded.+%27As+well+leave+a+man+alone+with+a+girl%2C%27+runs+their+proverb%2C+%27as+an+elephant+in+a+field+of+sugarcane&q=elephant+field|title=Little China: the Annamese lands |author=Alan Houghton Brodrick|accessdate=28 November 2011 |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1942 |month= |publisher=Oxford university press |location= |language= |isbn= |page=264 |pages= |quote=The Cham women have a high reputation for chastity, and, at any rate, they are closely watched and guarded. 'As well leave a man alone with a girl,' runs their proverb, 'as an elephant in a field of sugarcane.' There are, indeed, traces of matriarchate in the Cham customs, and women play an important part in their religious life. At her first menstruation a Cham girl goes into the }}</ref>

The Cham Muslims viewed the karoeh ceremony{{clarify|date=October 2013}} for girls as very significant. It takes place when the girl is aged fifteen, if it has not taken place, the girl cannot marry since she is "tabung", after the ceremony is done the girl can marry. Circumcision to the Cham was less significant than karoeh.<ref>(the University of Michigan){{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=nBHUTvHDEefq0gHmoOUy&ct=result&id=WpZuAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+much+more+important+ceremony+than+circumcision+is+celebrated+by+these+Muslim+Cham+when+their+daughters+reach+the+age+of+about+fifteen.+It+is+called+karoeh+%28+closing%2C+closure%29.+Until+her+karoeh+has+taken+place%2C+a+girl+is+tabung&q=karoeh|title=Cham sculpture of the Tourane Museum, Da Nang, Vietnam: religious ceremonies and superstitions of Champa |coauthors=Henri Parmentier, Paul Mus, Etienne Aymonier|accessdate=28 November 2011 |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=2001|month= |publisher=White Lotus Press |location= |language= |isbn=974-7534-70-3 |page=52 |pages= |quote=A much more important ceremony than circumcision is celebrated by these Muslim Cham when their daughters reach the age of about fifteen. It is called karoeh ( closing, closure). Until her karoeh has taken place, a girl is tabung, and cannot think of marriage or its equivalent. }}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:The young child people of Ede.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Young [[E De people]], members of the mountain [[Chamic languages|Chamic]]]]
[[File:Cham People in Vietnam and Cambodia.jpg|thumb|Map of the distribution of the Cham in southeast Asia today]]
The majority of Cham in Vietnam (also known as the Eastern Cham) are [[Hinduism|Hindu]], while their Cambodian counterparts are largely [[Muslim]].<ref name="everyculture.com">http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Tajikistan-to-Zimbabwe/Cham.html</ref><ref name="Terry E. Miller Pg. 326">''The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music By Terry E. Miller,'' Sean Williams. p. 326</ref>
A small number of the Eastern Cham also follow [[Islam]] and to a lesser degree [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. A number emigrated to France in the late 1960s during the [[Vietnam War|Vietnamese civil war]].

The majority (88%) of Chams who reside in Cambodia are Muslim,<ref name="worldmap.org"/> as are the [[Utsul]]s of [[Hainan]]. The isolation of Cham Muslims in central Vietnam resulted in an increased [[syncretism]] with Buddhism until recent restoration of contacts with other global Muslim communities in Vietnamese cities, but Islam is now seeing a renaissance, with new mosques being built.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} During the rule of the [[Khmer Rouge]] in Cambodia, the Chams of that country suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated. They suffered a higher rate of loss than any other ethnic group; with most of their leaders executed, only 21 out of 113 (19%) Imams surviving and perhaps only 15% of Cambodia’s mosques surviving.<ref>Cambodia and Islamism: Courting the Cham: A cultural revival gathers pace. So do worries about fundamentalism, [[The Economist]], dated 30 Sep 2010, PHNOM PENH.</ref>

Malaysia has some Cham immigrants and the link between the Chams and the Malaysian state of [[Kelantan]] is an old one. The Malaysian constitution recognizes the Cham rights to Malaysian citizenship and their [[Bumiputra]] status, and the Cham communities in Malaysia and along the Mekong River in Vietnam continue to have strong interactions.

Around 98,971 Cham are estimated to live in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a5YntZEIUHMC&dq=islam+is+to+many+cham+synonymous+with+widened+horizons&q=marriage#v=onepage&q=98971&f=false|title=Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: place and mobility in the cosmopolitan periphery|author=Philip Taylor|year=2007|publisher=NUS Press|location=|page=59|isbn=9971-69-361-5|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-09}}</ref>

The [[Acehnese people]] of [[Aceh|Aceh province]] in [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] are the descendants of Cham refugees who fled after defeat against the Vietnamese in 15th century.<ref name=leaves>{{Cite book
| last = Andaya
| first =Leonard Y.
| title =Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka
| publisher =University of Hawaii Press
| year =2008
| page =44
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=w7AqZR1ZUZgC&pg=PA45
| isbn =978-0-8248-3189-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last =Reid
| first =Anthony
| title =Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem
| publisher =NUS Press
| year =2006
| page =8
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=PfF8Y9nZE3oC&pg=PA8
| isbn =978-9971-69-331-2}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[Image:My Son tower2.JPG|thumb|The temples at Mỹ Sơn are one of the holiest of Cham sites]]
[[File:National Museum of Vietnamese History18.JPG|thumb|The Cham decorated their temples with stone reliefs depicting their gods, such as [[Garuda]] fighting the [[Nāga]] (12th-13th century CE)]]
The first recorded religion of the Champa was a form of [[Shaivite]] [[Hinduism]], brought by sea from India. As Arab merchants stopped along the Vietnam coast en route to China, [[Islam]] began to influence the civilization.

The exact date that Islam came to Champa is unknown, but grave markers dating to the 11th century have been found. It is generally assumed that Islam came to [[Indochina]] much after its arrival in China during the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618–907), and that Arab traders in the region came into direct contact only with the Chams, and not others. This might explain why only the Chams have been traditionally identified with Islam in Indochina.

Most Chams, especially in Cambodia, follow Islam and uphold its pillars including praying five times a day, fasting in Ramadan and performing hajj to Mecca. For many years, representatives from Cambodia have taken part in the annual International Quran Reciters Competition in Kuala Lumpur. The Cham Muslim community in Cambodia runs religious schools and is headed by a Mufti.

A syncretic form of Islam that blends indigenous practices of matriarchy, ancestor veneration and [[Brahmanism]] is practiced by the Cham Bani, who predominantly live in Vietnam's [[Binh Thuan province|Binh Thuan]] and [[Ninh Thuận Province]]s.<ref name="yoshi">{{cite journal|last=Yoshimoto|first=Yasuko|date=December 2012|title=A Study of the Hồi giáo Religion in Vietnam: With a Reference to Islamic Religious Practices of Cham Bani|journal=Southeast Asian Studies|publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University|location=Kyoto|volume=1|issue=3|url=http://englishkyoto-seas.org/wp-content/uploads/010306.pdf}}</ref> The Cham Bani worship in ''thang magik'', the main communal setting for rituals.<ref name="yoshi"/> They also celebrate the month of Ramuwan ([[Ramadan]]), during which ancestors are called to return home for veneration, and the acar (priests) stay at the thang magik for one month and adhere to a vegetarian diet.<ref name="yoshi"/>

However, a small band of Chams, who called themselves Kaum Jumaat, follow a localised adaptation of Islamic theology, according to which they pray only on Fridays and celebrate [[Ramadan]] for only three days. However, some members of this group have joined the larger Muslim Cham community in their practices of Islam in recent years. One of the factors for this change is the influence by members of their family who have gone abroad to study Islam.

The approximately 60,000 Cham Hindus presently do not have a strict caste system, although previously they may have been divided into [[Kshatriya#Nagavanshi|Nagavamshi Kshatriya]] [[caste]],<ref>India's interaction with Southeast Asia, Volume 1, Part 3 By Govind Chandra Pande, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India) p.231,252</ref> with a considerable minority being [[Brahmins]].<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35433.htm</ref> Hindu temples are known as ''Bimong'' in Cham language, but are commonly referred to as "Tháp" (Temple tower in Vietnamese) by the Cham. The priests are divided into three levels, where the highest rank are known as ''Po Adhia'' or ''Po Sá'', followed by ''Po Tapáh'' and the junior priests ''Po Paséh''. In Ninh Thuan Province, where many of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Balamon (Hindu Cham) number 44,000 while Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 31,000. Out of the 34 Cham villages in Ninh Thuan, 23 are Balamon Hindu, while 11 are Bani or Muslim.<ref>''Interview with High Priest or Po Adhia of Ninh Thuan province and his assistant, 23 December 2011''</ref> In Binh Thuan province, Balamon number close to 25,000 and Bani Cham around 10,000. There are 4 pure Cham villages and 9 mixed villages in Binh Thuan Province.<ref>''Interview with priest or Po Guru near Ma Lam town, and the director of Binh Thuan Cham Cultural Center, Bac Binh district, 22 December 2011''</ref>

==Chams==
*[[Po Binasuor|Chế Bồng Nga]], the last strong king of Champa
*Che Linh, singer
*[[Amu Nhan]] expert on Cham music
*[[:vi:Inrasara|Inrasara]] (Mr Phu Tram), poet & author
*Dang Nang Tho, sculptor and director of Cham Cultural Center, Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan Province
*Ahmad Tony, Extreme Scooter Rider

==See also==
*[[Art of Champa]]
*[[Cham script]]
*[[Cham language]]
*[[Islam in Cambodia]]
*[[Islam in Vietnam]]
*[[Hinduism in Vietnam]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Literature==
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DIsoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Nouvelles recherches sur les Chams|author=Antoine Cabaton|year=1901|publisher=E. Leroux|edition=|volume=Volume 2 of Publications de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}}
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R_kuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Les Tchames et leurs religions|author=Étienne Aymonier|year=1891|publisher=E. Leroux|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}}
*Taylor, Philip (2007) Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: Place and Mobility in the Cosmopolitan Periphery, Singapore: University of Singapore Press.
*Dổ Hải Minh (1965) "Dân Tộc Chàm Lược sử" Saigon.
*Hourani, George F. (1979) "Arab Seafaring" Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
*Tarling, Nicholas (1992) "The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia" vol.1 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
*Salim, Maryam. (2005) "The Laws of Kedah, 220 Hijrah" A text translation from jawi script to rumi script Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cham people}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104802/Cham Britannica | Cham people]
*Mitsraym, Islam. [http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/asia/459039-cham-muslims-liberate-not-expatriate.html Cham Muslims: Liberate Not Expatriate.] ''OnIslam.net.'' 15 Sept. 2012. Retrieved: 26 Feb. 2013.
*[http://www.nus.edu.sg/sup/9971-69-361-5.html Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta] Book by Philip Taylor about the settlement history, religion, economic life and political relations of the Cham Muslims in the Mekong delta of Vietnam
*[http://www.seacrc.org/media/pdfiles/ChamBook.pdf Proceedings of the Seminar on Champa]
*[http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article_353.html Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th—19th Centuries]
*[http://www.cpamedia.com/articles/20010703_01/ The Survivors of a Lost Civilisation]
*[http://www.talesofasia.com/rs-50-cham.htm Cham Muslims: A look at Cambodia's Muslim minority]
*[http://muslimsonline.com/babri/cham1.htm: The Cham Muslims of Indo-China]
*[http://www.talesofasia.com/rs-107-chams.htm Article about the Cham people living in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia] by Antonio Graceffo
*[http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/63/Travel_To_Cambodia.html Article about Cham fishermen living near Mekong Island, Cambodia] by Antonio Graceffo
*[http://angkorblog.com/_wsn/page10.html Stone carvings at Bayon] in Cambodia showing a battle between the Khmer and the Cham
*[http://www.phnompenhpost.com The face of Islam in a Buddhist land], by Murat Karaali, Phnom Penh Post, January 1995
*[http://www.chamstudies.com/ Chamstudies], a new site on Chams
*[http://www.seattlepi.com/photos/photo.asp?PhotoID=29586 Picture of Muslim cham girls]
*[http://www.radiosapcham.org/ Radio Sapcham]

{{Ethnic groups in Cambodia}}
{{Ethnic groups in Vietnam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cham People}}
[[Category:Cambodian Hindus]]
[[Category:Cham people|+]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Wang Dayuan

2013-11-19T14:01:45Z

Reilinger: lue => lüe

'''Wang Dayuan''' (simplified Chinese: [[wikt:汪|汪]][[wikt:大|大]][[wikt:渊|渊]], fl. 1311–1350) was a traveller from [[Quanzhou]], [[China]] during the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in the 14th century. He made two major trips on ships. During 1328–1333, he sailed along the [[South China Sea]] and visited many places in [[Southeast Asia]] and reached as far as [[South Asia]], landing in [[Bengal]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]]. In 1334–1339 he visited [[north Africa]] and [[East Africa]].<ref>W.W. Rockhill tr.''Description of the Barbarians of the Isles'' T’oung Pao 1913</ref>

Around 1330, Wang visited the island of [[Singapore]], where he wrote about a small settlement called Dan Ma Xi (淡马锡, from Malay Tamasik) with Malay and Chinese residents. His account of his travel, ''Daoyi Zhilüe Guangzheng Xia''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1ahZjWKW3Z0C&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22Description+of+the+Barbarians+of+the+Isles%22&source=web&ots=Wu1V-Ap7WX&sig=KSjp300mmvnSJALjDagWLXJ6xWA The Ethnic Chinese in the Asian States]</ref> (''[[Daoyi Zhilüe]]'') dated in 1349, is one of the few records documenting the [[early history of Singapore]].

==References==
<references/>

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wang, Dayuan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Da Yuan Wang
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chinese explorer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Dayuan}}
[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
[[Category:Yuan Dynasty people]]
[[Category:Explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]

{{China-bio-stub}}
{{explorer-stub}}

Talk:Dao Yi Zhi Lue

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Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Dao Yi Zhi Lue to Talk:Daoyi Zhilüe: Correct Orthography; especially u without umlaut is wrong

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Daoyi Zhilüe]]
{{R from move}}

Talk:Daoyi Zhilüe

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Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Dao Yi Zhi Lue to Talk:Daoyi Zhilüe: Correct Orthography; especially u without umlaut is wrong

{{WikiProject Sri Lanka|class=Stub|importance=Low}}

This is my first Wikipedia article. I would appreciate any suggestions for improvement [[User:Alexamies|Alex Amies]] ([[User talk:Alexamies|talk]]) 23:09, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

Thanks to Cyfal for the feedback. I changed the other link Daoyi Zhilue Guangzheng Xia on the Wang Dayuan page to point here as well. It is another name for the same book. I cannot figure out how to link to the photo on the Chinese page, which is a picture of the cover on the book Dao Yi Zhi Lue, published by the Zhonghua Book Company. It is in the Chinese wikipedia http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:Dao_Yi_Zhi_Lue.jpg [[User:Alexamies|Alex Amies]] ([[User talk:Alexamies|talk]]) 14:06, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

:Hello, Alex Amies, I've overlooked that the picture on the chinese article is not stored on [[Wikimedia Commons]], but on the Chinese wikipedia; therefore it can't be linked here. And I guess one should not copy it to Commons due to the copyright policy, because the book covers seems to be from 1981, thus still copyright protected. --[[User:Cyfal|Cyfal]] ([[User talk:Cyfal|talk]]) 18:19, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Dao Yi Zhi Lue

2013-11-19T14:01:00Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Dao Yi Zhi Lue to Daoyi Zhilüe: Correct Orthography; especially u without umlaut is wrong

#REDIRECT [[Daoyi Zhilüe]]
{{R from move}}

Daoyi Zhilüe

2013-11-19T14:01:00Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Dao Yi Zhi Lue to Daoyi Zhilüe: Correct Orthography; especially u without umlaut is wrong

'''Dao Yi Zhi Lue''' ({{zh|t=島夷誌略|s=岛夷志略|p=Dǎo Yí Zhì Lüè}}) or '''Dao Yi Zhi''' ({{zh|t=島夷誌|s=岛夷志|p=Dǎo Yí Zhì}}) <ref>Wang Dayuan, Yuan Dynasty. Dao Yi Zhi Lue. Explanation by Su Jiqing. Zhonghua Book Company 1981, 2000, ISBN 7-101-02026-7, In Chinese.（元）汪大渊著《岛夷志略》，苏继庼校释 1981年, 2000年中华书局，ISBN 7-101-02026-7</ref> is a book written c. 1330 by [[Yuan Dynasty]] Chinese traveller [[Wang_Dayuan | Wang Dayuan 汪大渊]] recounting his travels to over a hundred places in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The book was written in present day [[Sri Lanka]]. It described the weather, products, people, and customs of the places that Wang Dayuan visited.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:1330s works]]
[[Category:History books about Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Books about Sri Lankan natural history]]
[[Category:Books about Sri Lankan exploration]]

{{travel-book-stub}}

Cijin District, Kaohsiung

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#REDIRECT [[Qijin District, Kaohsiung]]

Qijin District

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Reilinger: ←Redirected page to Qijin District, Kaohsiung

#REDIRECT [[Qijin District, Kaohsiung]]

Talk:Cijin District

2013-11-03T16:58:29Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Cijin District, Kaohsiung to Talk:Qijin District, Kaohsiung over redirect: Pinyin is official transcription

Cijin District

2013-11-03T16:58:27Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Cijin District, Kaohsiung to Qijin District, Kaohsiung over redirect: Pinyin is official transcription

[[File:Cijin KH.svg|thumb|Location of Qijin District]]
'''Qijin District''' ({{zh|t=旗津區|p=Qíjīn Qū}}; [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]: Kî-tin-khu) is a [[district]] of [[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan]], covering Qijin Island. Qijin Island was once connected to the mainland at the southern tip, but in 1967, this link was severed to create a second entry point to the Port of Kaohsiung.<ref>http://cijin.kcg.gov.tw/history.php</ref>

==Overview==
Most of its residents are employed by the shipping industry. There is a park on the north western shore. The "Cross Harbor Tunnel" ({{zh|過港隧道}}) connects Qijin Island at the EBC tip to the rest of Kaohsiung on mainland Taiwan. Qijin District is also accessible by two ferries at northern top and middle of the island. See [[Qijin–Gushan Ferry]].

Two islands and one reef in the [[South China Sea]] are administered by Kaohsiung City as parts of Qijin District:
* [[Taiping Island]] ({{zh|t=太平島|s=太平岛|p=Tàipíng dǎo}})
* [[Pratas Islands]] (Dongsha Islands) ({{zh|t=東沙群島|s=东沙群岛|p=Dōngshā Qúndǎo}})
* [[Zhongzhou Reef]] ({{zh|c=中洲礁|p=Zhōngzhōu jiāo}})

==Tourist attractions==
* [[YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="130px" heights="120px">
Image:Kaohsiung_Cijin_Tianhou_temple_lion_dancers.jpg|Lion dancers at the Tianhou temple on Cijin island.
Image:Cijin_Ferry_Pier.JPG|Cijin island ferry pier.
Image:Cijin ferry sailing.jpg|A Cijin–Gushan ferry.
File:Cijin Seaside Park.jpg|Cijin Seaside Park.
Image:旗後燈塔.JPG|Lighthouse on Cijin island.
Image:Kaohsiung_Cijin_aerial_view.jpg|View of Kaohsiung from Cijin island lighthouse hill.
Image:Kaohsiung_Cijin_island_aerial_view.jpg|View of the west coast of Cijin Island from its lighthouse hill.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ccdo.kcg.gov.tw/ Qijin District Office, Kaohsiung City]

{{KaohsiungDistricts}}
{{Kaohsiung}}

[[Category:Districts of Kaohsiung]]
[[Category:Barrier islands]]
{{coord|22.561674|120.306998|format=dms|display=title|region:TW_type:city}}
{{Taiwan-geo-stub}}

Luo Guanzhong

2013-10-24T08:32:20Z

Reilinger: /* Works */ typography

{{Infobox Chinese
|showflag=p |t=羅貫中 |s=罗贯中 |p=Luó Guànzhōng |w=Lo Kuan-chung |y=Lo4 Gun4 Jung1
|altname=Birth name |t2=羅本 |s2=罗本 |p2=Luó Běn |w2=Lo Pen |y2=Lo4 Bun2
|altname3=Also known as |t3=湖海散人 |s3=湖海散人 |p3=Húhǎi Sǎnrén |w3=Ho-hai San-jen |l3=Leisure Man of Lakes and Seas |y3=Wu4 Hoi2 Saan2 Yan4
|kanji=羅貫中 |hiragana=らかんちゅう |romaji=Ra Kanchū
|hangul=나관중 |hanja=羅貫中 |rr=Na Gwan-jung |mr=Na Kwan-jung
|vie=La Quán Trung |hn={{linktext|羅|貫|中}}
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Luo (surname)|Luo]]}}

'''Luo Ben''' (c. 1330–1400<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048659/Luo-Guanzhong Luo Guanzhong. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']</ref>), better known by his [[Chinese style name|style name]] '''Guanzhong''' (Mandarin pronunciation: {{IPAc-cmn|l|uo|-|g|uan|zh|ong}}), was a Chinese writer who lived during the [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] periods. He was also known by his pseudonym '''Huhai Sanren''' ({{zh|t=湖海散人|s=湖海散人|p=Húhǎi Sǎnrén|l=Leisure Man of Lakes and Seas}}). Luo was attributed with writing ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' and editing ''[[Water Margin]]'', two of the [[Four Great Classical Novels]] of [[Chinese literature]].

==Identity==
Luo is confirmed to have lived in the late [[Yuan Dynasty]] and early [[Ming Dynasty]] by the record of his contemporary, the playwright Jia Zhongming (賈仲明), who met him in 1364. It states that he was from [[Taiyuan]], while literary historians suggest other possibilities about his home, including [[Hangzhou]] and [[Jiangnan]]. According to Meng Fanren (孟繁仁), Luo can be identified in the pedigree of the Luo family, and Taiyuan is most likely his hometown.

Recent research has suggested that his date of birth was between 1315-1318.<ref name="roberts938">Ouyang Jian, referenced in Roberts 1991, pg. 938</ref>

==Works==
The stories forming the bulk of ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Water Margin'' are thought to have been developed by many independent storytellers. [[Shi Nai'an]] is thought to be the first to assemble ''Water Margin'' into a unified work, and Luo subsequently brought it to the current form of 100 chapters. Luo is usually considered the author of ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''.

''[[Pingyao Zhuan]]'' (平妖傳) is a [[shenmo|shenmo fantasy]] story attributed to Luo with 20 chapters, developed from the original pieces of storytelling based on a rebellion at the end of the [[Northern Song Dynasty]], and later expanded by [[Feng Menglong]] (馮夢龍) into 40 chapters. ''Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan'' (殘唐五代史演義傳) is a chronicle of the end of the [[Tang Dynasty]] and the following [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], a compilation of storytelling pieces based on the rebellion of [[Emperor Taizu of Later Liang|Zhu Wen]].

==Bibliography==
*''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''
*''[[Water Margin]]'' (editing)
*''Pingyao Zhuan'' (平妖傳)
*''Sansui Pingyao Zhuan'' (三遂平妖传)
*''Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan'' (残唐五代史演義, "The End of Tang Dynasty and the Period of the Five Dynasties")
*''Fenzhuang Lou'' (粉妝樓, "Cosmetical Building")
*''Sui Tang Zhizhuan'' (隋唐志傳)
*''Sui Tang Liangchao Zhizhuan'' (隋唐兩朝志傳, "The Chronicle of the Sui and Tang Dynasties)

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Moss, tr. |title=Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22503-1}}
* {{citation|author1=Yoshikawa Kojiro |author2=Shimizu Shigeru (translators)|title=''水滸伝'' |trans_title=Water Margin |publisher=Iwanami Shoten |date=16 October 1998}}
* [http://web.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/~chinese/jiaoshi/shangtian/gongzuo/xuehuicanjiaji.PDF#search=%22%E9%8C%B2%E9%AC%BC%E7%B0%BF%22 A record of a conference on ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' in China in 1999] {{ja icon}}
* {{citation |author=Zhao Qiping |url=http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=64260&Query=1 |title=Luo Guanzhong |work=[[Encyclopedia of China]] (Chinese Literature Edition) |edition=1st}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}

==External links==
* {{gutenberg author|id=Luo_Guanzhong|name=Luo Guanzhong}}
* [[Andrew West]], [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/SanguoYanyi/TextualHistory/Authorship.html The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi - Authorship]

{{ChineseText}}
{{Romance of the Three Kingdoms}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=88036689|GND=1026426944|LCCN=n/80/131226|BNF=119134733}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Luo, Guanzhong
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chinese writer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1400
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luo, Guanzhong}}
[[Category:Chinese historical novelists]]
[[Category:Yuan Dynasty people]]
[[Category:Ming Dynasty novelists]]
[[Category:People from Jinzhong]]
[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:14th-century novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1400 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Shanxi]]

Cuju

2013-10-06T14:36:36Z

Reilinger: Correction Wade Giles transcription

{{Infobox Chinese
|title = Cuju
|pic = Chujutu.jpg
|piccap = Chinese ladies playing cuju, by the [[Ming Dynasty]] painter [[Du Jin]]
|picsize = 260px
|c = 蹴鞠
|l = kick ball
|mi = {{IPA-cmn|tsʰûtɕy̌|}}
|p = cùjú
|w = ts'u chü
|j = cuk1 guk1
}}
'''Cuju''' is an ancient Chinese [[ball game]]. It is a competitive game that involves kicking a ball through an opening into a net.<ref name=fifa-or/> The use of hands is not allowed.<ref name=fifa-or/> It is seen by FIFA as the earliest form of [[football]] for which there is evidence, being first mentioned as an exercise in a military work from 3rd-2nd century BC.<ref name=fifa-or>{{cite web | title = History of Football | publisher=FIFA| url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/origins.html | accessdate =29 April 2013}}</ref> This assertion is however speculative as there are conflicting interpretations of the ancient text<ref>http://www.amazon.com/The-Same-Game-Volumes-ebook/dp/B006F6WRD6#reader_B006F6WRD6</ref> with no historical connection to [[Association football]] the sport governed by FIFA. This game was based on [[Cambridge rules]] football the origins of which can be traced back to a very different ball game known as "[[Mob football]]" first played in Britain during the [[England in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]].<ref>http://www.cuafc.org/Pages/History.html</ref><ref>http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/Britain-home-of-football.html</ref> Cuju is a competitive sport,<ref name=fifa-or/> originated in [[China]] and was also played in [[Korea]], [[Japan]] and [[Vietnam]].

==History==
[[File:two hundred Children in the Long Spring.jpg|thumb|''One Hundred Children in the Long Spring'' (长春百子图), a painting by Chinese artist Su Hanchen (苏汉臣, active 1130–1160s AD), [[Song Dynasty]]]]
The game of cuju was first mentioned in the ''[[Zhan Guo Ce]]'' (under [[State of Qi]]'s section) and later in the [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Shiji]]'' (under [[Su Qin]]'s biography), written during the [[Han Dynasty]].<ref name=riordan>Riordan (1999), 32.</ref> Some{{Who|date=May 2011}} claim that the [[Yellow Emperor]] invented the game for military training purposes, while others{{Who|date=May 2011}} place its emergence during China's [[Warring States period]] (476-221 BC). In any case, it certainly existed during this period{{When|date=May 2011}}. A competitive form of cuju was used as fitness training for [[military]] [[cavalier]]s, while other forms were played for entertainment in wealthy cities like [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]].<ref name=riordan/>

During the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BC-AD 220), the popularity of cuju spread from the army to the royal courts and [[upper classes]].<ref>http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=840&display_order=1&mini_id=1343</ref> It is said that the [[Han Dynasty|Han]] emperor Wu Di enjoyed the sport. At the same time, cuju games were standardized and rules were established. Cuju matches were often held inside the imperial palace. A type of court called ''ju chang'' was built especially for cuju matches, which had six crescent-shaped goal posts at each end.

The sport was improved during the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618-907).<ref>http://video.msn.com/video.aspx?mkt=en-US&vid=53c99657-7886-4eeb-8d1b-1f92a61df8b2</ref> First of all, the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball with a two-layered hull. Also, two different types of goal posts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field. The Tang Dynasty capital of [[Chang'an]] was filled with cuju fields, in the backyards of large [[mansion]]s, and some were even established in the grounds of the [[Chang'an#The West Palace|palace]]s.<ref name="Benn 172">Benn, 172.</ref> Soldiers who belonged to the imperial army and Gold Bird Guard often formed cuju teams for the delight of the emperor and his court.<ref name="Benn 172"/> The level of female cuju teams also improved. Records indicate that once a 17-year-old girl beat a team of army soldiers. Cuju even became popular amongst the scholars and intellectuals, and if a courtier lacked skill in the game, he could pardon himself by acting as a scorekeeper.<ref name="Benn 172"/>

Cuju flourished during the [[Song Dynasty]] (960-1279) due to social and economic development, extending its popularity to every class in society. At that time, professional cuju players were quite popular, and the sport began to take on a commercial edge. Professional cuju players fell into two groups: One was trained by and performed for the royal court (unearthed copper mirrors and brush pots from the Song often depict professional performances) and the other consisted of civilians who made a living as cuju players.

In the Song Dynasty only one goal post was set up in the center of the field.
Cuju organizations were set up in large cities called Qi Yun She or Yuan She – now known as the earliest professional cuju club – whose members were either cuju lovers or professional performers. Non-professional players had to formally appoint a professional as his or her teacher and pay a fee before becoming a member. This process ensured an income for the professionals, unlike cuju of the Tang Dynasty.

<gallery>
File:Bronze mirror depicting kickball.jpg|Bronze mirror dating to the [[Song Dynasty]].
File:Shuihu5.PNG|15th century [[Ming Dynasty]] depiction of cuju, from a printed book of the ''[[Water Margin]]''.
File:Emperor Taizu play Cuju.jpg|[[Emperor Taizu of Song]] playing cuju with Prime Minister Zhao Pu, by the [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan-era]] painter [[Qian Xuan]] (1235–1305)
File:Ming-Emperor3.jpg|The [[Yongle Emperor]] (r. 1402-1424 AD) of the [[Ming Dynasty]] observing court eunuchs playing cuju.
</gallery>

==Gameplay==
Historically there were two main styles of cuju: "Zhu Qiu" and "Bai Da".

"Zhu Qiu" was commonly performed at court feasts celebrating the emperor's birthday or during diplomatic events. A competitive cuju match of this type normally consisted of two teams with 12-16 players on each side.

"Bai Da" became dominant during the Song Dynasty, a style that attached much importance to developing personal skills. Scoring goals became obsolete when using this method with the playing field enclosed using thread and players taking turns to kick the ball within these set limits. The number of fouls made by the players decided the winner. For example, if the ball was not passed far enough to reach other team members points were deducted. If the ball was kicked too far out, a large deduction from the score would result. Kicking the ball too low or turning at the wrong moment all led to fewer points. Players could touch the ball with any part of the body except their hands whilst the number of players ranged anywhere from two to ten. In the end, the player with the highest score won.

Cuju began to decline during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) due to neglect and the 2,000-year-old sport slowly faded away.

==Cuju club==
In the 10th century, a Cuju club Qi Yun She (齐云社） developed in China; every year there was a national championship [[Shan Yue Zheng Sai]] (山岳正赛) organised by Qi Yun She.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

==Cultural references==
* The [[Hong Kong]] [[TVB]] series [[A Change of Destiny]] featured at least one episode based on the cuju competition. [[Bagua (concept)|Bagua]] concepts were also used to jinx the opposing team. However it followed more of the modern [[Association football|football]] rules than ancient rules of the game.
* [[John Woo]]'s [[epic film]] ''[[Red Cliff (film)|Red Cliff]]'' features a cuju competition while [[Cao Cao]] and others observe on the sideline.

==See also==
*[[Harpastum]]
*[[Kemari]]
*[[Knattleikr]]
*[[La soule]]
*[[Sepak takraw]]
*[[List of Chinese inventions]]
*[[List of China-related topics]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Benn, Charles (2002). ''China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517665-0.
*James, Riordan (1999). ''Sport and Physical Education in China''. London: Spon Press. ISBN 0-419-22030-5

==External links==
*[http://qlqwl.com.cn/english/news/t20040910_377495.htm Cuju match to be played in Shandong, September 2004]

{{Team Sport}}

[[Category:Ancient sports]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Chinese ancient games]]
[[Category:Sport in Korea]]
[[Category:Traditional football]]
[[th:ชู่จู๋]]

Talk:Freedom in the World

2013-09-27T13:40:59Z

Reilinger: /* Should we mention the odd classification? */

{{talkpage}}
{{WPHR |class=B |importance=high}}
{{WikiProject Globalization|class=B|importance=high}}

==This article is not biased==
I don't see why the neutrality of this article is disputed. The actual ranking itself may be biased, but that does not mean the article that merely lists the results is biased. If this article is called "Ranking of freedom" and it pretended Freedom House was the sole authority on freedom, then it would be biased, but it isn't. Hypothetically speaking if Adolph Hitler made a freedom ranking and it was notable enough, then it would deserve an article here. That doesn't mean the ranking itself is neutral.

Freedom House is a notable ranking because it is taken seriously by some, and besides the Economist's Index of Democracy there isn't an "overall" (i.e. not press or economic") rating out there: [[List_of_indices_of_freedom|see list]]. If [[Amnesty International]] or [[Human Rights Watch]] wants to make their own rankings, they'll be listed there too - but they haven't as far as I know.

From the list Freedom House appears to be credible because their rankings correlate with the other rankings. Someone pointed out that having the US as "free" and Russia as "not free" is biased, but the other indices rank Russia lower than the US too. Are we going to say that the Canadian [[Fraser Institute]], French [[Reporters Without Borders]], and British [[The Economist]] are run by American "neocons" too? I should also point out that if you look at their country reports, they're well aware of Gitmo and the Patriot Act, it's not like they're just heaping praise on the US.

[[User:Hypertall|Hypertall]] ([[User talk:Hypertall|talk]]) 02:34, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

=="Unrepresentative" in definition of democracy==
I do not know if I have to change it since I did not put it in the "electoral democracy" definition in "Freedom in the World 2007", and there was no link to check it, so I put it here:
"3. Regularly contested elections conducted in conditions of ballot secrecy, reasonable ballot security, and in the absence of massive voter fraud that yields results that are unrepresentative of the public will;"
[[User:No dae|No dae]] 12:11, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

==Second paragraph introduces bias==
I think the problem with this article is the second paragraph. It is essentially just a quote from ''Freedom House'' and as such makes the article biased in favour of ''Freedom House''. The paragraph should either be removed or another paragraph quoting an alternative source should be introduced. Otherwise the article looks like a mouthpiece for ''Freedom House's'' POV. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 21:58, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
:There is no prohibition in Wikipedia against such quoting. If you want to clarify, you might add, "According to Freedom House..."[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 22:01, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
::That is not the point, I am questioning whether the paragraph belongs in this article. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 22:04, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
:::NPOV states that all views should be presented. That includes FHs view. If you want to add other views, that fine.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 22:05, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
::::Could someone other than Ultramarine offer their opinion on this? I am concerned that Ultramarine does not have a neutral stance concerning this topic (see discussion on [[Freedom House]] entry.) [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 08:50, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
:::::Spare me the [[ad hominem]]. What is important is Wikipedia policy, like [[WP:NPOV]], not the personal opinions of anonymous Wikipedia editors, my own or others.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 09:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
*From [[WP:NPOV]] "The policy requires that, where there are or have been conflicting views, these should be presented fairly. None of the views should be given undue weight..." [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 09:33, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
**Again, if you feel a view is missing, add it. Obviously the view of FH is relevant regarding their own report.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 09:36, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
::Me: 'That is not the point, I am questioning whether the paragraph belongs in this article.'[[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 09:49, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
::Me: 'Could someone other than Ultramarine offer their opinion on this?' [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 09:49, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
:::You have offered no explanation for why a valid view should be removed. Looking at the edits you have made in Wikipedia, they have only been about criticizing FH, nothing else, so I am also concerned that you do "not have a neutral stance concerning this topic"[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 09:54, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
*From [[WP:NPOV]] "The policy requires that, where there are or have been conflicting views, these should be presented fairly. None of the views should be given undue weight..." [[User:84.12.87.164|84.12.87.164]] 10:07, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
**The first edit by an IP. From NPOV "The neutral point of view is a means of dealing with conflicting views. The policy requires that, where there are or have been conflicting views, these should be presented fairly. None of the views should be given undue weight or asserted as being the truth, and all significant published points of view are to be presented, not just the most popular one. It should also not be asserted that the most popular view or some sort of intermediate view among the different views is the correct one. Readers are left to form their own opinions. As the name suggests, the neutral point of view is a point of view, not the absence or elimination of viewpoints. It is a point of view that is neutral; that is neither sympathetic nor in opposition to its subject."[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 10:11, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
***I would actually agree with Pexise that the second paragraph isn't really needed, though not because it is inherently bias. It seems like an in-depth discussion of Freedom House's financial sources, and critisisms of Freedom House as whole should be put into the main Freedom House article, not this sub-article. Maybe a line that specifically points readers to that page for more information about the organization as a whole.
::As a side note, while Freedom House as a whole gets a lot of its money from the Government, the Freedom in the World report is privately funded, not government funded. So this discussion of government funding seems particularly moot here, and like it belongs in the main article. [[User:63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] 16:59, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
****Exactly - that was my point. Perhaps the paragraph could be replaced with a line such as: "There is some debate over the neutrality of ''Freedom House'' and the methodology used for the FITW report - see main article [[Freedom House]]." [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 08:41, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
:::BTW - it is interesting that you mention that Freedom in World is privately funded, indeed making the discussion about govternment funding even less relevant here. Although I would argue that this does not make FITW an 'independent' piece of research - far from it. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 08:41, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
*****Agree we can remove this paragraph, but then the "predominantly US-funded", at the start of the article, should also be removed.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 08:47, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
*****I will leave the question of the independence of the report alone. But I would say that including the paragraph without mentioning the funding sources for the report in particular in this article leaves the impression that the report itself is funded by the US government, which just isn't true. I would agree that we should replace the paragraph about the funding with the sentence you suggested... as to removing the "predominately US-funded" I would agree that either we should remove it, or we should add a more neutral description of Freedom House... apparently, "Predominately US-Funded" is a reason not to trust them; non-partisian or something would be a reason to trust them... maybe we could say the "US-based non-profit organization" which is somewhat less loaded, and how they are described on the main Freedom House article, I think. [[User:63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] 17:07, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
******Thank you for your opinion, it could not be otherwise, considering you are a Freedom House employee. I used WikiScanner (http://wikiscanner.virgil.gr/) and came up with your address (63.138.81.98) for Freedom House. Please make explicit you work for Freedom House and do not try to pose as another unbiased and unrelated Wikipedia editor. It is unfair. [[User:Schizophonix|Schizophonix]] 10:44, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

=="predominately US-funded"==

It says this in the intro, does it need to be in EVERY caption for the maps? Seems a little POV to me "It is US-based, so take it with a grain of salt". [[user:Pzg Ratzinger]]
:Indeed, once in the intro is enough. —[[User:Nightstallion|Nightst]][[User:Nightstallion/esperanza|a]][[User:Nightstallion|llion]] [[User talk:Nightstallion|''(?)'']] 19:02, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

==de-facto single party states==

What about countries with de-facto one=party systems? Would South Africa not qualify? There is little powersharing mechanisms in that country and the ANC dominates all organs of state. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/212.41.142.242|212.41.142.242]] ([[User talk:212.41.142.242|talk]]) 10:42, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

== Thailand ==

Hi. Mysteriously, Thailand with PR 2 and CL at 3, was marked as "Partly Free", yet India and Indonedia, with the same numbers were listed as "Free". According to Freedom House, Thailand is listed as "Free". I have changed Thailand's listing on the page to reflect this more accurately. I did not change the map, because it is from 2005, as the filename reflects. Should a new map for the 2006 data be made?

:A correction - Thailand was rated PR 3, CL 3, "Partly Free" in the survey and the map is correct. --[[User:Acntx|Acntx]] 19:32, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

::What Survey? The link to the PDF file leads to a 404, so this claim cannot be found. At the FreedomHouse website, I searched through all years on their "Map of freedom" and Thailand has never been listed as "Partly Free". Can you can show me a valid link to the survey that lists it as such? If not, it needs to reflect what is actaully '''on''' the FreedomHouse site.

::: I updated the PDF file link. On the first page of the essay, it notes that Thailand was downgraded from "Free" to "Partly Free" in the 2006 survey. At this link [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/pdf/Charts2006.pdf], on Page 11, Thailand's declining political rights score is confirmed. Freedom House does not post the detailed country-by-country summaries from its most recent survey until late in the following year and this information is not yet available for 2006. --[[User:Acntx|Acntx]] 20:41, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for the clarification. And thanks to [[Thaksin_Shinawatra|Thaksin]] For everything else :-/

== Russia ==

Why is russia not even considerd partly free?
* The article is somewhat misleading, apparently [[Freedom House]] is a [[neo-conservative]] organization. Nothing Russia or Cuba can do will put them on good terms with neo-conservatives. Basically, it's more useful as a measurement of agreement with neo-conservative politics than actual freedom. I'm not really convinced that this is a balanced study at all, why is America given top marks even after passing things like the Patriot Act and the alleged voting fraud of the 2004 elections? Oh yeah, FREEDOM!!!! Does this really belong on Wikipedia? Too POV. [[User_talk:Superbeatles|≈Superbeatles™]] 01:12, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
*Yes, it does belong on Wikipedia, even if you or I disagree with it. The organization may be biased, but conservatives would argue that Amnesty International is biased, or CNN, or BBC. These rankings are cited all over Wikipedia. Besides, no one really should edit the rankings, considering its an established list--[[User:Thomas.macmillan|Thomas.macmillan]] 13:13, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

I don't mind having this on wikipedia as long as there are bias warnings all over it. We should also look into getting some other sources that measure similar statistics. I don't claim to be an expert, but in my estimation totalitarian, religious states such as Israel should be considered partly free, along with nations in which certain members of the population don't feel safe due to allegations of election fraud. These might include, America, Briton, and France (Russia is already condidered not free, otherwise it would be on that list). Due to the extensive welfare, and healthcare at first world levels cuba should be partly free, there's no democracy but the system has freed people from extreme poverty.-Oranged

:Regarding why Russia is considered unfree, see this: [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2005&country=6818] Other nations can be found by changing the drop-down choice.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 09:24, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

I have removed this from lists of countries as it is a report not a Wikipedia NPOV list of countries.

:It is a respected list often used in research on democracy.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 19:04, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

:This is ridiculous. It does not need to have bias tags "all over it." Other articles are not treated like that. If someone has sources that differ from Freedom House, please write it into the criticism section on [[Freedom House]]'s page. As for it being a conservative organization, I will remind all that it was founded by by liberal lions like [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and has used the same criteria for decades (since before neocons had any influence in D.C. or elsewhere. --[[User:Tjss|Tjss]][[User_talk:Tjss|(Talk)]] 21:24, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

well i am sure that if russia, cuba, venezuela, iran opened up their markets to the terms and conditions of u.s. corporations, they would micraculasly become free all of a sudden, according to the "freedom" house. The "freedom" house follows the same bias that wikipedia does in general and favours those countries that take orders from the usa. in singapore, you cant even look at porn, yet it is listed as partly free. this is also a country that canes people for spray painting graffiti. you are 6 times as likely to go to prison in the usa than you are in china, yet the usa is listed in the 'free" category, while china is not. israel is also listed as free, and thats one of the most authoritarian countries i know of. my conclusion is that the list is not credible, and that people need to do their own research and find out the truth. i will give credit that many of the european countries where you cant get arrested for drugs, or prostitution are quite free, but as far as freedom of press, i find that the western european press is quite limited, unreliable, and that you might be better off going to russian, cuban, venezuelan, and iranian sources if you want the truth that doesnt involve the corporate interest of western companies. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:987979d87897897|987979d87897897]] ([[User talk:987979d87897897|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/987979d87897897|contribs]]) 06:23, 14 July 2010 (UTC) 

== hate speech ban ==

Most Countries in Western Europe (like Britain), plus some others, like Canada and Australia have bans on hate speech, as well as on some forms of demonstrations and rallies along similar lines. There is a page on Wikipedia that mentions this. Wouldn't Countries with laws such as those be less than entireley free if certain speech is prohibited?[[User:205.188.116.9|205.188.116.9]] 03:46, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
*This only covers the rankings given by Freedom House in 2006 according to their own criteria. Those concerns on the qualifications on free speech in some nations (with a specific given example being the illegality in some European nations of Holocaust denial) are expressed in the main Freedom House article. --[[User:Kitch|Kitch]] 20:34, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

== Freedom vs Socialist Democracies ==
I am concerned about the presumption that this article attempts to portray other countries on a equal standing with the United States as "free" Countries. The United States is the only country that its people possess "certain, inalienable rights.

All other countries you have listed as free are led by their governments who "give" their people "Privileges".

Those countries should be listed as Socialist Democracies and or partially free. Not free.

The Only country that should be listed as free and a democratic republic should be the United States ... Even though it is far from what the founders of this country intended. Contributed by Richard Taylor APP, American Patriot Party.
:You are free to create your own methodology and ranking and publish it. This article only reports what Freedom House has found in their research. Reserch that has in turn been used by many other researchers.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 15:22, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
:Rofl. Seems like a joke. [[User:Jetro|Jetro]] 18:25, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
:A joke indeed

==Editing this page==
While understanding that any page on Wikipedia can be edited, I don't really see a need for any serious editing of this page. It isn't really up for discussion, as it is a published list. Formatting is one thing, but any content editing is more or less going to be vandalism.--[[User:Thomas.macmillan|Thomas.macmillan]] 04:34, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

: Some formatting should be done, the table is not at all in the common format in Wikipedia: it's not sortable, the colors make it quite unreadable, and why split it into regions? [[User:AtikuX|AtikuX]] 03:49, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

==Turkey==
Hi there you all! I took Turkey back to where it belongs! From Western Europe to Middle East!

Please don't change it back all you fans of Turkey just because you like it! The country isn't in Europe.

*No one changed Turkey to western Europe. It was listed as such, however misguided, by the people who made up the list and as such should continue to be listed as western Europe.--[[User:Thomas.macmillan|Thomas.macmillan]] 15:08, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Edit: Oh, now i understand. Ok. For a moment I thought, that wikipedians themselves are messing around with Turkey, but ok. I'll fix it myself. Sorry.

I'm not really sure why either of you seem to classify Turkey as the Middle East. While it does share some cultural characteristics with the Middle East, it shares just as many with Western Europe. It is also geographically classified as European, just as Kazakhstan is. Do a little research before you start labeling efforts as "misguided". --[[User:Cathenryinc|Cathenryinc]] 20:36 5 September 2006

I have done plenty of research. It is an opinion and this is a talk page, not an actual article. Personally, I classify Turkey as more Middle Eastern than western European because of a)geography and b)hundreds of years of cultural history. I think you can classify Turkey, more correctly, as eastern Europe and Middle Eastern. But this is not relevant to the article because Turkey was classified as western Europe by the Freedom House, not me or anyone else on Wikipedia.--[[User:Thomas.macmillan|Thomas.macmillan]] 03:56, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

*Nations ought to be classified in this list the way that the report classifies them. In this case, the list only classifies them by Sovereign, Related and Disputed. It has groupings for the purpose of comparing numbers of "free", "partly free" and "not free" states, but does not list which states are in which groups. If it does, then it should be grouped that way, and not any other way. --[[User:Kitch|Kitch]] 20:43, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

The UN classifies Turkey as Eastern Asian: it should be put back where it belongs...
/media/wikipedia/en/0/08/United_Nations_geographical_subregions.png

*Regardless of how the UN classifies it, Freedom House classifies it as part of Europe when it groups things by region because they are EU candidates. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=272&year=2006 If we wish the Wikipedia entry to reflect Freedom House's report, it should be left in Europe.
-- [[User:63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] 21:56, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Turkey is by no means in Western Europe. It is further from countries like Britain and France than new countries that were originally Russia, which are considered Eastern Europe.

:This is not relevant to the article because Turkey was classified as western Europe by the Freedom House, not me or anyone else on Wikipedia. [[User:Randam|Randam]] ([[User talk:Randam|talk]]) 22:10, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

==Changes since 2005==
The Freedom in the World 2006 report also shows changes since last year. Shouldn't such changes be noted here, and shouldn't it be mentioned which nations were upgraded and which ones were downgraded?

According to the report, [[Indonesia]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] were upgraded from Partly Free to Free.

[[Afghanistan]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Mauritania]] were upgraded from Not Free to Partly Free.

[[Guyana]], [[The Philippines]] and [[Thailand]] were downgraded from Free to Partly Free.

Only [[Nepal]] was downgraded from Partly Free to Not Free. --[[User:Kitch|Kitch]] 20:43, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

:I quite agree. Maybe an "up" or "down" field should be added to the list? [[User:Nach0king|Nach0king]] 12:18, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

==Geographical Mistakes==

Hey there, Germany is Central Europe, not western Europe. And there'd be necessary a category "Southern Europe", being the common term for countries like Italy, Greece, Turkey, Malta, ...

Western Europe is considered to be only those countries in the west of Germany. And there's Northern Europe with the skandinavian countries. Maybe the best solution would be only "Europe" with no further distinctions, as it's the case with "Americas". My german keyboard layout is broken, so unfortunately i can't sign this comment.

:As noted previously for Turkey, the country areas are the choice of the [[freedom house]] who compiles the list, not Wikipedia.
:Here I think the distinction is between those countries in NATO / on the side of America in the Cold War and those who, well weren't. To be honest I don't think this list is appropriate for Wikipedia as it reflects the opinions of a single group, who seem to have an agenda, but for now it is inappropriate to move or reformulate country groupings. --[[User:NeilTarrant|Neo]] 18:18, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

==[[Freedom House]] and [[Freedom]]==

I think that the list currently seems to reflect the opinions of a single agency, and therefore wonder whether it can reasonably be called [[Th]]. That this is controversial can be seen in the disputes within the comments above.

The question though is what is an appropriate action for this - should the page be moved, for instance to [[Freedom House; Freedom in the World Index]], or sent to AFD?

I'm *probably* in favour of the first option, but willing to change my opinion either way if convincing arguments are presented; however I would welcome input from other before proposing either action. --[[User:NeilTarrant|Neo]] 22:38, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
:The article is not stating that this is the truth, it only describes the report. It does not violate NPOV more than the article about [[Das Capital]]. Both articles simply describe reports or books.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 09:43, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

:: The problem is with the title, adding a "US-based" into the intro, will make the visitor research the controversial Freedom House, before taking the data for granted.--[[User:Gerash77|Gerash77]] 07:46, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
:::Added a note to see the main article for a discussion of organization (and also it own view on the funding).[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 15:26, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
:::: I am not sure what are you trying to say. Could you elaborate on your position before an edit war? --[[User:Gerash77|Gerash77]] 22:16, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
:::::The article should be npov and also present the views of Freedom House regarding funding and that the report is widely used by reserachers. I think it would be better to discus that in the main article. If you insist, I will move all that material here.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 22:21, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
:I think more discussion is needed to find an appropriate title. The findings of a government agency can't be titled "Freedom in the World". I am sure there are other more independent researches that are worthy of this title. I'll put an appropriate tag on it, in hope of finding a consensus on this.--[[User:Gerash77|Gerash77]] 22:16, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
::The former title was ''Freedom in the World 2006'' which is the title of the report. We can change it back to that.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 22:19, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

== Taiwan ==

The 2005 map has Taiwan as "free," whereas the 2006 map gives it a Level 7 for political freedom and a Level 6 for civil liberties -- i.e., just as unfree as China. This is extremely misleading, since Taiwan's level of freedom did not change significantly between 2005 and 2006. It looks like the 2005 map is treating Taiwan as an independent country, while the 2006 map treats it as part of China. Shouldn't the maps be consistent? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/218.170.133.115|218.170.133.115]] ([[User talk:218.170.133.115|talk]]) 15:07, 17 January 2007 (UTC).
:Note that all maps refer to the same report, the 2006 report which deals with the year 2005. But yes, seems to be mistakes regarding taiwan. You can try to contact the creator of the map or download it yourself, correct it, and upload it back.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 18:45, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

the reason taiwan is listed as free is because it takes orders from and cooperates with the united states. it also buys weapons from the u.s. and im sure it gets a few extra points for this. dont be so naive. this list is not based on actual freedom, but on cooperation with the usa, and nato. guess who makes this list? the united states. singapore is listed as partly free and this was a place where you couldnt even chew bubble gum. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:987979d87897897|987979d87897897]] ([[User talk:987979d87897897|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/987979d87897897|contribs]]) 06:26, 14 July 2010 (UTC) 

== Italy and Venezuela ==

I updated the status of Italy and Venezuela reflecting the lastest changes. Both got dowgraded - Italy from Free to Partially Free due to Berlusconi's extreme influence over most media and Venezuela from Partially Free to Not Free due to forced shut down of a major goverment-critial TV network. [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 00:36, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

:Have you perhaps mixed up the Freedom House "Freedom of the Press" report with their "Freedom in the World" series, which is the subject of this article? Checking their website, Venezuela is indeed show "Not Free" in the "Freedom of the Press" study, but this is not the same as the "Partly Free" rating it is given in the most recent "Freedom in the World", which is what is being listed here. The first would be looking at press freedom specifically, the second at the country overall. I'll revert your change - if I'm mistaken let me know. - [[User:Oberst|David Oberst]] 00:57, 30 May 2007 (UTC) You are not mistaken.

::Oops, you are right. I had gotten the pages mixed up (lesson learned: don't edit Wikipedia when you are tired) [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 11:09, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

==Previous indexes==
It would be much better if this page presented more than just this year's ratings. Dynamics is at least as important as current data. [[User:Colchicum|Colchicum]] 18:30, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

== WOW! You guys really know geography! ==

I mean how can be Turkey, Greece, Italy, Malta, Finland, Cyprus, Norway, Sweden etc. placed in "Western Europe"?
Please read some more western doesn't mean south, north or east...

No need to tell us that, explain it to the ones who did the report![[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] 21:02, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

It's not about geography my friend, it's about cultural and (maybe) political influence. Ok, i have to admit that Turkey may not be the best of examples, but "Greece, Italy, Malta, Finland, Cyprus, Norway, Sweden etc" as you put it all have their roots to Western civilisation, especially if you consider that the very foundation of this culture lies there. Particularly ancient Greece and the Romans.

Anyway this is the view of the Freedom House. Maybe we should introduce a "Criticism" section in order to provide alternatives and voice issues like this. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/{{{IP|{{{User|81.32.166.111}}}}}}|{{{IP|{{{User|81.32.166.111}}}}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{IP|{{{User|81.32.166.111}}}}}}|talk]]) {{{Time|20:36, August 25, 2007 (UTC)}}} 

== Title change ==
Because the article is about '''the''' Freedom in the World report by Freedom House and not about freedom in the world itself, the title is wrong and misleading. The title should be "Freedom in the World Report by Freedom House", showing exactly what it is. A real Freedom in the World article must have lost of sources and be open for discussion and edit.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 16:17, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
:True - I would be happy for this to be changed. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 18:29, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
::Why not "Freedom in the World Report"? [[User:68.49.245.207|68.49.245.207]] 15:45, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
:::The source of '''any''' report is more important than the report itself. If the report has more than one source, than you could take from the title.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 16:52, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
:::If there is no more discussion the title will be changed in couple days.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 00:39, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
::::This is the standard way to name books and reports in Wikipedia. We do not write "The Capital by Karl Marx", for example.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 13:17, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
:::::That is the standard way if the name does not conflict with an issue. Like [[Civilization]] article that is about human society, anything else with Civilization title must be differentiated, like the article [[Civilization (computer game)]]. Also [[Collapse (book)]] instead of [[Collapse]]. Or [[Capital]], where does not go directly to the [[Das Kapital|Capital]] by Karl Marx. This case is even worse, because the report is about the issue, what could easily mislead people to believe that is an impartial article (because is Wikipedia) about freedom in the world, when it's one single point of view on the issue. A "Freedom in the World" article, where this report is used as one of many sources would be impartial. Here, a title like "Freedom in the World (report by Freedom House)" is suitable.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 23:54, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
::::::Odd, it kinda makes sense to change it, but I don't see any other (disambiguation) for another similar topic on it. If there was then I'd fully agree to it.[[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] 00:12, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
:::::::I know there isn't a similar article at this moment, but it does not change the fact the title is wrong. The article is not about freedom in the world, but about the "Freedom in the World" report by Freedom House.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 05:21, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
:::::::Understandably, but wouldn't the person seeing that read the 1st sentence of the article & realize it right away what it's all about? I highly doubt people are getting confused on it as the likes of other ones on here, like [[Das Kapital]] or [[Mein Kampf]]. I'd go so far as to agree with what was said before, just add in the word REPORT after it. [[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] 06:10, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
::::::::More books by Marx: [[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]], [[The Civil War in France]], or [[The Communist Manifesto]]. All of these could be mistaken for something more general if going by the title alone and ignoring the capital letters. But Wikipedia does not add a "by Karl Marx" or "Book" after these article titles.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 12:04, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
:::::::::If there is any other article title that you feel could cause misunderstanding, you should argue in those articles to change their titles. It does not change the problem here.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 22:51, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
::::::::::You should argue where the naming conventions in Wikipedia are decided that these should be changed. Until then, this article should follow established practice.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 22:53, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
(reseting indentation) 
There isn't any convention in Wikipedia that is untouchable, Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy [[WP:BURO]]. Just read the first paragrapher on [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (books)]] "... it is not set in stone and should be treated with common sense...". (after here, I will ask to include one more direction to how title a book or report article). Also, in [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Deciding_to_disambiguate|Deciding to disambiguate]] "Ask yourself: When a reader enters this term in the Wikipedia search box and pushes "Go", what article would they most likely be expecting to view as a result?"
. In this case, even though there isn't yet an article for freedom in the world, it is that what people expect to get when then enter that title. Not an article about a report from an organization. If it was a fictional book with that title, it would not be a problem because there is no chance for misunderstanding. But, because it is a report about the subject, then it becomes a misunderstanding since that subject '''cannot''' be based on one single source and be unchallengeable - no one could use another source to change any given mark on that article, because the article is about the report and no one could change the report but the source itself. In this way, freedom in the world would be defined by one organization. That's '''unacceptable'''. At least, the word ''report'' must be included.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 00:15, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
:I think you underestimate people's ability to understand what they read. But how about "Freedom in the World (report)"?[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 07:40, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
::I know lost of people will read and understand that is a report from one organization, but also there are people that are going directly to the table and accept those marks as balanced and without bias (what's almost impossible since it comes from one single organization funded by one government). "Freedom in the World (report)" helps, even though I still prefer "Freedom in the World (report by Freedom House)" to show that's a one source report. Anyway, this open the title for an article about freedom in the world. Since this discussion has already 6 days and no one else opposes the change, I'll move the article to "Freedom in the World (report)".--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 15:55, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

==Awful blue==
Why people changed the colouring of the map and the ratings from the red/red-brown to… blue? Come on, redish tones are almost an universal color to alert on concerning or bad situations, while blue or greens are used to indicate good situations. So, if the map is about the freedom (or the lack of) in the world, green or blue should be use to describe more freedom, and reddish tones used to indicate less freedom.

:Why would a color really matter on it that much & who says it's "universally" seen that way for red? It was said before that it matches with the colors used on the Freedom House's website map, thus following convention on here also.

==Changing sentence==
I think this sentence is not clear enough: "The ratings in this table reflect findings based on global events from 1 December 2005 through 31 December 2006." Since the rating is '''define''' by Freedom House, it should be change to something like: "The ratings in this table are define by Freedom House, which says they reflect findings based on global events from 1 December 2005 through 31 December 2006.". How a rating is define is '''extremely important''' and should be very clear. The away is written now, sounds Freedom House does not define the rating but just collects from a source.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 23:24, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
:They do not define the ratings, they have methodology they follow when doing research which then gives the scores.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 23:29, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
::Then, the methodology used should be explain (how works, who created and sources). The away is written now does not prove anything.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 23:39, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
:::You can read it here.[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=35&year=2005] But you are right, this should be expanded in this article, for some reason it is described in the Freedom House article. Will correct this in the coming days.[[User:Ultramarine|Ultramarine]] 23:45, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

==Clarification==
In this sentence "The ratings in this table reflect findings based on global events from 1 December 2005 through 31 December 2006. It is often used by researchers in order to measure democracy and correlates highly with several other measures of democracy like the Polity data series.[3]". What is ''it''? The rating or the findings?--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 03:40, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

:What's so confusing on it? The table is just like what's shown on the map & says the ratings reflect the findings. Thus ''it'' is referring to the findings, just like several other measures that are used to determine the democracy of places. At least that's what I understand it to mean. [[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] 08:45, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
::Thanks. It makes sense, even though could be better written. I'll try do it. --[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 22:54, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

==NPOV==
This article should explain the report. Could show the results of the report, but also should explain in a neutral point of view, by an expert on the subject, how that results were found. The way it is now, this article is just a propagation of the report, with only one point of view: the report's creator. So, I'm placing a npov tag until this be solved.--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 04:27, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
:I disagree. This is just one organizations claims. It doesn't matter whether it's factual or not, but rather one organizations beliefs. Which would translate into the United States beliefs, considering the government funds the program.

-G —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/134.117.158.83|134.117.158.83]] ([[User talk:134.117.158.83|talk]]) 03:02, 2 October 2007 (UTC) 

== !! Freedom House employees infiltrated in this talk page... ==

Use WikiScanner (http://wikiscanner.virgil.gr/) and put "Freedom House" in the first box... Interestingly it will lead you back to this talk page, plus a handful more... All contributions made anonymously from IP address 63.138.81.98 are written by Freedom House employees... And the common point all these contributions have is that they try to convince us that Freedom House is an independent, unbiased, humanitarian, non-governmental organisation that works for the progress of humanity, while the truth is that it is a 95% US government-funded organisation that has been used as an instrument of propaganda since at least World War II. [[User:Schizophonix|Schizophonix]] 10:43, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

:Please see my response on the talk page for the main Freedom House Article. I would not say "infiltrated". [[User:63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] 17:42, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
::Not infiltrated, but doing controversial edits. [[Talk:Freedom_House#!! Freedom House employees infiltrated in this talk page...|See here]]--[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 23:04, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

I insist you were '''infiltrated''' in this page, because you never revealed your status as a FH employee and you were writing about FH in the third person ("they") instead of the first ("we"). This is called [[astroturfing]] and it seems to me as an attempt at deceiving the rest of the editors. [[User:Schizophonix|Schizophonix]] 13:11, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

==Editing by an IP associated with Freedom House==
Please be aware a Freedom House employee is participating in this talk page. User 63.138.81.98 is in fact a Feedom House employee, see discussion below for details. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 12:09, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

:This was at the top of the page. Since another editor (below) states that the IP's edits have been undone, there seems no point to have this warning at the top. (There is a template for making such alerts, which should be used instead of such messages, btw.) [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 02:51, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

=== Warning at the top of this page ===

I believe that the warning on the top of the page regarding my participation on this talk page is inappropriate. The details of my affiliation with Freedom House has been discussed in detail on the talk page itself, and users who are concerned with that can read that discussion. I have made a good faith effort to follow the Suggestiong for COI compliance [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Suggestions_for_COI_compliance]], and have explained my actions on this page. You will note that the recommended method for other editors to deal with COI does not include posting a message at the top of the talk page. I feel that in particular the language of this warning is inflammatory; the use of the word "infiltrated" implies bad faith on my part where none has been shown, and I do not believe that my comments bear out the statement that I have pushed a pro-FH point of view. I respectfully request that it be removed. Thank you. [[User:63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] 17:27, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

:That does seem pointless to mention it on the top & also a bit mean spirited for doing that. A topic has already been done with the issue on here (see #21) & having a warning serves no useful purpose anyways. I have thus taken it out & I'll leave it with an administrator if they feel there has to be some valid reason it should be put back. [[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] 18:00, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

::Right - I've changed the language, but the comment should stay - the fact that you are a FH employee is very important and new editors could miss the discussion about this. Also, the fact that you were not honest about this in the first place and an editor needed to identify you using an esoteric piece of software makes this notice necessary. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 12:08, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
::Pexise: WikiScanner is not an "esoteric piece of software" it is a tool that can be used freely by anyone to find if the IPs of anonymous editors are registered to "interested" organisations who use Wikpedia as a means of self promotion. I urge you to use it yourself (http://wikiscanner.virgil.gr/). Just remember a couple of things 1) Not all edits from interested editors are self-promotional 2) Interested editors can conceal their ID by registering or by editing from a neutral IP e.g. from home. [[User:Schizophonix|Schizophonix]] 10:01, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
:::Ah - very interesting, you're right, it is easy to use. Well done for spotting that 63.138.81.98 is from Freedom House. I guess my point was that if it wasn't for your initiative, we would still be none the wiser about his/her identity. Although the Wikiscanner is free to use, not everyone knows about it, and it requires some real detective work to find something out like the conflict of interest that was exposed here. [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] 12:32, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
::::I agree that that warn should stay. As [[User:Pexise|Pexise]] said, new editors could easy miss the discussion about it and the employee showed not good faith when he/she fail to warn other editors of his/her conflict of interest. Also, it should be warn that this could happen again, if a FH employee uses a neutral IP. --[[User:ClaudioMB|ClaudioMB]] 16:26, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

:::::What is the big issue here? This organization made this ranking, Wikipedia just basically copied it on its page. It seems accurate to me, besides there is nothing in this world which has no bias in it. ([[User:74.134.124.3|74.134.124.3]] 02:13, 14 October 2007 (UTC))

== Taiwan ==

I noticed that Taiwan has switched back and forth between Taiwan and Republic of China a couple of times over the past few days. Right now it is listed as "Republic of China"... may I suggest that it is listed either as Taiwan (as that is how it is listed in the Freedom of the World report) or else has both names presented- i.e. Republic of China (Taiwan)? I feel like listing it just as "Republic of China" is confusing, as it is almost never referred to that way in common speech, and it is very similar to "People's Republic of China".... If that seems like a reasonable change, someone should make it, as I don't edit this page. Thanks! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.234.233.58|66.234.233.58]] ([[User talk:66.234.233.58|talk]]) 20:26, 13 November 2007 (UTC) 

:Personally I think it should be called Taiwan (but if others disagree then "Republic of China (Taiwan)" would also seem OK). After all, the purpose of this article (as far as I can tell) appears to be to reproduce Freedom House's rankings of countries. Freedom House's opinions are clearly non-neutral. Not everyone agrees with calling Taiwan/ROC "Taiwan" - but nor does everyone agree with the rankings that FH hands out. Why sanitize the naming, thus obscuring the bias of the rankings? [[Special:Contributions/81.129.130.183|81.129.130.183]] ([[User talk:81.129.130.183|talk]]) 23:56, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

::If it makes sense you to, go ahead and change it... We've had the comment up for about a month, and no one has disagreed that it should be listed as Taiwan. I can't change it myself. Thanks! [[Special:Contributions/63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] ([[User talk:63.138.81.98|talk]]) 15:55, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

taiwan is used by those who want to separate taiwan and the prc. divide and conquer is the goal. theyre probably the same guys who are supporting the tibetan separatist movement. the people who prefer roc, are people who want a strong and unified china. these can be chinese people themselves, or maybe people being bullied by the west. the list is too long to list. most western sources will prefer a divided china because that means that the west can take more control over the world. its that simple.

== Why is "not free" blue? ==

I thought it would be red or something. I don't know where the CSS is, so could someone change this, if it's needed? [[User:Ztobor|Z'''t'''O'''b'''O'''r''']] 02:46, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

:Not Free is blue because Freedom House uses that (well, actually, purple) instead of red on their map. Since this is a reproduction of Freedom House's map, it makes sense to not use red. [[Special:Contributions/63.138.81.98|63.138.81.98]] ([[User talk:63.138.81.98|talk]]) 21:33, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

::It had also been mentioned above under '''awful blue'''. [[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] ([[User talk:That-Vela-Fella|talk]]) 01:46, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

:: The bright blue in the map annoys me as well. In the Freedom house map, "not free countries" are coloured in a "dirty blue", not in the bright blue used in the map. Maybe someone could change it, thus making the map both more "intuitive" and closer to the original map?--[[User:Roentgenium111|Roentgenium111]] ([[User talk:Roentgenium111|talk]]) 23:09, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

== Freedom in the World Release Schedule ==

There seems to be some confusion about when Freedom House releases its rankings and reports for Freedom in the World. (Note change that says that full reports are not released until one year later for free). So I figured I would clear it up a bit.

In early January, Freedom House releases the scores. They are titled with the current year (in this case, 2008), but cover events from January through December of the previous year (so in this case, Jan 2007-Dec 2007). Because it requires a good deal more copy-editing and layout work to prepare hundreds of pages of reports for release than the score list does, the reports typically come out in late spring or early summer. As soon as they are ready, they are posted, free for everyone to view, on the Freedom House website. The printed version of the book, avalible for purchase, usually comes out a few weeks later, as it takes more time to print a book than upload website content.

I think the most accurate way to phrase this paragraph would be "Detailed descriptions of all nations from the previous year's edition can be found online in Freedom in the World 2007. Please note that while the rankings below are from the current year's edition of Freedom in the World, detailed reports for 2008 will not be avalible online until late spring/early summer." Once the reports come out, this can be revised.

Thanks! [[Special:Contributions/76.111.114.169|76.111.114.169]] ([[User talk:76.111.114.169|talk]]) 02:44, 15 February 2008 (UTC) ← Is above mentioned Freedom House employee posting from out of the office.

== Map mistake. ==

I would like to point out that Pakistan is shown as a "Not-free" country on the top map at the top right hand corner of the article. This needs to be corrected to "Partly-free" in order to reflect the results of the report. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Cheese1125|Cheese1125]] ([[User talk:Cheese1125|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cheese1125|contribs]]) 00:00, 4 February 2009 (UTC) 
: That's because the map shows the 2008 report. It needs to be updated.--[[User:Roentgenium111|Roentgenium111]] ([[User talk:Roentgenium111|talk]]) 13:37, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

== Australia etc ==

Australia is de facto a colony and people living in Australia never get a chance to elect their head of state. How is it possible then that it is a free country??? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/203.82.92.134|203.82.92.134]] ([[User talk:203.82.92.134|talk]]) 08:27, 20 November 2009 (UTC) 

:What year are you referring to? It hasn't been a penal colony for over a century now! Do you even have any legit source to back your claim? [[User:That-Vela-Fella|That-Vela-Fella]] ([[User talk:That-Vela-Fella|talk]]) 21:52, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

::I believe the anon user means Queen Elizabeth, who's still Australia's head of state, and still appoints a governor with some actual powers. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] ([[User talk:Okedem|talk]]) 09:29, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

the reason australia is considered free is because it is under the control of the u.s, allows the u.s to dock its naval ships. britain actually doesnt have much say in what goes on in aus, however, the u.s. does, and you can see this by how the u.s. ousted kevin rudd, and replaced him with a more pro u.s. pm. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:987979d87897897|987979d87897897]] ([[User talk:987979d87897897|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/987979d87897897|contribs]]) 06:31, 14 July 2010 (UTC) 

== Proposal for Removing this report from Wikipedia ==

Why isn't the external link on the Freedom House Wikipedia page to the report on the Freedom House web site good enough? Is it really standard practice on wikipedia to copy reports from web sites and post their contents on wikipedia?

Anyone doing the slightest research on Freedom House knows that it gets about 66% of its funding from the U.S. government and has been accused by men like Noam Chomsky of being a propaganda arm of the U.S. government. The United States has 25% of the world's prison population and only 5% of the world's total population yet it has gotten perfect scores by Freedom House every single year.

Posting this report on wikipedia is essentially like posting a press release by the White House or Congress on wikipedia.

I vote for the removal of this article. [[Special:Contributions/24.250.10.227|24.250.10.227]] ([[User talk:24.250.10.227|talk]]) 08:18, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

People are imprisoned in the US after convictions for crimes. Freedom House does not recognize drug offenders, thieves, and sex offenders "political prisoners". Neither does Freedom House measure freedom from economic distress. One can say all sorts of scurrilous things about the President and find no unpleasant consequences. [[User:Pbrower2a|Pbrower2a]] ([[User talk:Pbrower2a|talk]]) 22:12, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

:The report is not reprinted, a summary of its conclusions are. Freedom House publishes an annual article per country, arguing why they place each country in the bracket they do. [[WP:CENSOR|Wikipedia is not censored]] so it doesn't delete articles simply because someone doesn't like the topic described by an article. Even if the rest of your comment is true (for which you have presented no sources at all, so your statement is unverifiable), Freedom House is an internationally well-known organization and its annual reports are reported by media around the world. If you wish to see other organizations' view on the state of the world's nations, [[List_of_indices_of_freedom]] is the list you're looking for. [[Special:Contributions/80.167.179.233|80.167.179.233]] ([[User talk:80.167.179.233|talk]]) 12:19, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

:: Did you not read Wikipedia's own article on Freedom House? That is where I got the funding numbers and the claims of Freedom House being a propaganda arm of the U.S. government. My contention is that the whole article is NPOV which if others agreed would override [[WP:CENSOR|Wikipedia is not censored]]. Are you honestly telling me that if Cuba or North korea put out a Feeedom in the World report every year its conclusions would be contained in its own Wikipedia article? I don't think so. [[Special:Contributions/24.250.10.227|24.250.10.227]] ([[User talk:24.250.10.227|talk]]) 16:45, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

== Color Error on Bottom Chart ==

On the chart plotting freedom over time, the colors are reversed from the map key, making comprehension of the trends very difficult. [[User:Gnfnrf|gnfnrf]] ([[User talk:Gnfnrf|talk]]) 14:14, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

== New report for 2011 ==

This is no longer the most current report, a new report was released January 13, 2011[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=594] —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/74.96.217.172|74.96.217.172]] ([[User talk:74.96.217.172|talk]]) 17:22, 23 February 2011 (UTC) 

==Criteria==
I guess the criteria could be summarized as "The freedom of a country is directly proportional to the likelihood of a group within that country taking power that is extremely friendly to the US". Yeah, I know this is not a forum, but, seeing as I got to this article via the Libyan protests' article, I believe that Wikipedians seem to be giving too much importance o validity to this arbitrary Organization. Why should it even be referenced in such articles as if it was an "authority on freedom studies"? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/189.181.30.76|189.181.30.76]] ([[User talk:189.181.30.76|talk]]) 20:58, 26 February 2011 (UTC) 

Then why are Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, and Israeli-occupied territories all ranked as not-free and Venezuela and Colombia ranke the same? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/74.96.217.172|74.96.217.172]] ([[User talk:74.96.217.172|talk]]) 22:14, 7 March 2011 (UTC) 

As an illustration, at the beginning of 2011 Egypt was clearly "not free". Political rights were effectively a travesty because political competition with the ruling National Democratic Party was impossible. The President of Egypt was effectively a dictator. Media were either controlled or censored. Dissent with the government was limited to what the government considered "safe".

Egypt may not have been as bad as Libya or North Korea in denying political rights and civil liberties, but in effect the Egyptian people had no say about the content or behavior of "their" government. That may have changed, but that will appear as the case, if at all, in the 2012 edition.[[User:Pbrower2a|Pbrower2a]] ([[User talk:Pbrower2a|talk]]) 22:20, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

:Wikipedia is not a blog or a soap-box. You need to restrict your comments on article talk pages to suggestions for improving the articles using reliable sources and neutral language.
:[[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 23:33, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

==Many things wrong w/ this thing==
First, the israeli territories have an isreal flag, it should have a palestinian flag
also, it SHOULD be palestine! Not isreali territories!
This report IS biased, its ranked based on friendliness to the USA. I agree w/ the person that said this was ran by us government officails. AND it should NOT be based on democracy. Saudi Arabia is one of the most free and rich countries in the WORLD!!!! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/98.121.205.118|98.121.205.118]] ([[User talk:98.121.205.118|talk]]) 21:57, 28 April 2011 (UTC) 

== Single source: Reliability ==

The criticism section Giannone, a problem of single sourcing.

===Reliability===
Giannone's article seems to misrepresent Kenneth A. Bollen's reports. Bollen, in several writings, has reported on previous studies of human-rights indices, sometimes discussing Freedom House. Bollen quotes criticisms by Edward S. Hermann (a coauthor of Chomsky, btw). These previous authors' criticisms are attributed to Bollen by Giannone.

What is worse, Giannone failed to report any positive or neutral findings that also were reported by Bollen, even though some of them were reported directly after the negative statements. Such partisan cherry-picking and misrepresentation seems to make Giannone an unreliable source for the methodological criticisms. (Such criticisms are only a small section of Giannone's paper, which also has a Gramscian discussion of ideology, etc.) [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 18:06, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Sincerely, [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 01:04, 4 August 2011 (UTC) 18:06, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

:I assume that this topic is the reason for the NPOV-section template on the "Ideological bias or neutrality" section. Is that correct? Have the recent changes addressed this issue? If this is still a concern, how do we go about addressing it? [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 16:15, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

::This section is still built around Giannone's article, whose character is shown by its statement of methodology (look what he ''assumes''). I would favor ''removing Giannone as an unreliable and fringe source''. I would favor writing an honest section using serious scholars who are not cherry picking negative statements about FH to support their assumptions.
::The articles cited by Giannone seem to be biased towards anti-American and leftwing sources, and some of them seem to be low quality (working papers, non-academic books published by Marxist or very leftwing socialist publishing houses, etc.).

::I assume that Bollen somewhere has written a popular account of such indices: Each aggregates a lot of measurements/statistics, which differ according to the sources, and measurements of freedom disagree. However, they disagree rather slightly, according to Mainwaring's study.
::Because of our ethical code and traditions, statisticians have to be careful when we write. I think Bollen was very careful with what he wrote, based on my quick reading.

::Przeworski in an interview made a crack about Freedom House's being biased; if he would state something substantial in an article or paper that would be a high quality and usually very reliable (but always interesting) source, which could be discussed. Przeworski used to identify himself as a socialist but now he may call himself a leftwing social-democrat or pragmatist.
::Mainwaring, being a Latin Americanist critical of FH, probably is roughly the same politically, btw. (I worked with a human-rights political scientist and NGO director who noted him as an up-and-coming star 3 years out of grad school, btw, so it was pleasant for me to read this article.)
::Has Amartya K. Sen written about FH?

::(To me it's interesting that the (anti-anti-leftwing) indices agree so strongly with FH's index.)
::Bollen would probably be a rather mainstream view, and have good references. Przeworski and Sen would be careful with their references also. These three, especially Bollen, could be trusted with understanding and applying statistical methods competently.
::If we looked at these three, I would not object to a removal of the NPOV tag, especially if we checked what one or more of these three would regard as a conservative source.

::I believe that there are also articles written by conservatives, libertarians, centrist liberals, right-wing social democrats, also. I think somebody should at least look for a highly regarded scholar often viewed as more "rightwing", and see if there is anything important that should be added. Then I would remove the NPOV tag.
::[[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 19:42, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

==NPOV: Giannone v. Bollen==
I removed this section, which I think quotes dubious assertions from a fringe unreliable source:

BEGIN QUOTE:
In his article "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case", Diego Giannone made many criticisms of Gastil's methods and of Freedom House, using ideas of [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]] and [[Immanuel Wallerstein|Wallerstein]]:<ref>[[Antonio Gramsci]] was an [[Italian Communist Party]] leader who was imprisoned during [[Mussolini]]'s [[Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861–1946)#Fascism_.281922.E2.80.931943.29|fascist regime]]. Before his 1937 death, Gramsci wrote ''[[Prison Notebooks|The Prison Notebooks]]'', which advanced a theory of ideological and cultural [[class struggle]], whose central concept was "[[cultural hegemony]]".</ref><ref>[[Immanuel Wallerstein]], Wallerstein, Professor of Sociology at SUNY, is the theorist of [[World-system|The World System]].</ref>
<blockquote>
"In accordance with the theoretical positions expressed at different times by Gramsci and Wallerstein about the function of scientific knowledge, we assume that FH [Freedom House's] measuring instruments have come to be part of those structures of knowledge that are an essential element in the functioning and legitimacy of political, economic, and social structures of the existing world-system.<ref>Giannone (p. 92) cites [[Immanuel Wallerstein|Wallerstein, Immanuel]]. "2006. ''European universalism: The rhetoric of power'', New York: The New Press."</ref> In fact, they (also) provide a scientific justification for the distribution of power and the legitimacy of the status quo, hinging on the twofold characteristic of their vast and ‘necessary’ use and their alleged neutrality. Thus the development of these instruments is fully linked to the battle for 'the creation of a hegemonic apparatus, because it creates a new ideological terrain, leads to a reform of consciousness and ''methods of knowledge''’.<ref>The emphasis is in the original. This is Giannone's translation from [[Antonio Gramsci]]'s ''[[Prison Notebooks]]'': "Notebook no. 10, part II, paragraph 12. ''Le Opere'', 285" (p. 92),</ref>

One can consider measuring instruments as genuine methods for understanding social reality; however, they are not politically and ideologically neutral. Therefore, to the extent that they are not neutral, they can be used as tools for acquiring and/or strengthening such a hegemony." (Giannone, p. 70; emphasis in original)<ref name=Giannone/>
</blockquote>
Giannone criticized "ideological biases" in Gastil's methodology, which he says have been noted by several sources and countered by at least one.<ref name=Giannone69/>

Giannone asserted "a perfect coincidence between FH changes and the strategies of US foreign policy implemented in 1990s, and above all after 11 September 2001 by the Bush administration, to spread freedom and export democracy", with "Freedom ... defined almost always in a negative way, with particular reference to the role of the state, accused of undue intervention, indoctrination, and even equated with criminal organizations as obstacle to private economic activity".<ref>Giannone (2010), p. 89.</ref>
<references/>
END QUOTE:

The problem is that this source doesn't lay out evidence for this conclusion, which would require at least a time series of changes in methodology and changes in the Bush administration policy. "perfect coincidence" is particularly dubious. From Giannone's methodological statement, which assumes similar claims, maybe he doesn't feel there is a need to present evidence?

Presently, the article only quotes criticism from Herman (a collaborator with Chomsky) and ignores any positive evaluations also quoted by Bollen, following Giannone. It quotes and uses results from the critical article by Mainwaring et alia (which is cited and quoted by Giannone). This makes me think that it has POV problems still.

However, with this material from Giannone gone, and the previous misrepresentations by Giannone corrected and the original source properly quoted or summarized, the NPOV problems are tolerable and I shall remove the NPOV tag.

If somebody restores this Giannone material, please restore it at the end, perhaps in a sub-sub section which should have a NPOV tag. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 22:53, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

:Thanks for doing all of this work and for explaining what you did and why. It would be wonderful of more editors did this more often. [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 18:33, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

== Contested deletion ==

This page should not be speedy deleted because it's only a part that is a possible infringement, not the whole article, and that possible infringement is highly dubious. --[[User:OpenFuture|OpenFuture]] ([[User talk:OpenFuture|talk]]) 09:42, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
:I agree with OpenFuture. [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 10:32, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

::The template is only on part of the article. Only that part would be affected. Best regards, [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 10:48, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
::Responding to your objections, I have replaced the speedy deletion tag with more deliberate copyright violation concern tag. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 11:40, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
:::I guess the new template is a little better, but now the original content has been removed/blanked and all that is left is a long quote from the article whose copyright is aledged to have been violated. I am not at all sure that the original text was a copyright violation, but the long quote seems more likely to be a violation. [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 12:28, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
::::Jeff, please look at the template. There are instructions for accessing the history of the article, with the alleged copyvio problems, given there. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 18:24, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

::If we were to vote, I'd vote that the original text was ''not'' a copyright violation. In any case, if there is a copyright violation here, the solution isn't to simply delete pretty much the entire criticism section. There needs to be some sort of criticism section to address the concerns that have been expressed repeatedly on this talk page. If there is a copyright issue here, someone is going to have to rewrite something. I don't think the content should be deleted until we have a replacement. This is not new content. I don't think there is a particular hurry on this. We have time to do the job right. [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 12:28, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

:::Have you compared the articles? That's nearly a page whose content has been quoted. It needs to disappear until somebody reads some more and writes some coherent text. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 12:49, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

::::I did not see that. The text which you quoted is not what was there before. I'm still unsure on what you mean has been copied, so you need to be more specific if you want to convince me. But then again, convincing me is probably not very useful, I'm not involved in the copyright checks on Wikipedia, so I don't really count. :-) --[[User:OpenFuture|OpenFuture]] ([[User talk:OpenFuture|talk]]) 13:20, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
:::::I '''quoted from the article itself''', so you can compare. Just open up a text editor. In one new file, past the article by Giannone. In another, paste the WP article before i touched it. Then compare them. Is there anything in our article that wasn't in the original? (CLARIFICATION: 18:23, 4 August 2011 (UTC) A secondary problem is that our references to other scholarship seem to be based on unwarranted Good-faith assumptions about the source, because they are just copied, even when the cited reference says something completely different. Please consider this second issue later.) [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 14:18, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
::::::I asked you to be specific, you give me a lesson in making diffs. This is not constructive. --[[User:OpenFuture|OpenFuture]] ([[User talk:OpenFuture|talk]]) 15:04, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
:::::::: Please read the template, which contains instructions for accessing the article. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 18:26, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

::::::And I'm confused by Wolfowitz's last reply. Are we dealing with an alleged copyright violation here or are we dealing with possible misleading information in the section that isn't supported by the references cited? Those are two very different things with different approaches to investigation and possible solutions. It is important to keep the issues separate and to be clear which issues we are dealing with in our discussions on this talk page. If there is in fact more than one issue to be dealt with here, it would be good to start a new section for the discussion of each issue. This section started out as a discussion of possible deletion due to an alleged copyright violation and I think it should continue to focus on that topic. [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 16:17, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
::::::I am concerned that there may be a copyright violation or a violation of related policies on plagiarism or extensive paraphrasing .... I am powerless to diagnose the exact ailment of the patient, which I discovered yesterday, and so I called on a higher power. There is a problem.
:::::::This problem is the cutting and pasting (with quotes) but with imperfect attribution of the extent of the borrowing. The references cited are reproduced apparently identically from the references in the Giannone's article, page 69. this is about a page of text imported without the sweat and rewriting and reorganization required to allow WP usage.
:::::::A ''secondary'' problem is that the Giannone's article misuses its sources. This is clear for Bollen, whose work was known to me. I am stating that Giannone's article is not a reliable source. We should ''deal with the RS issue later'', if anything is left after the copyright cleanup. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 18:20, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Please review the simple comparison of the WP article and the Gionnone's article on the article page. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 12:39, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

*The content has been revised. More notes are available at the closed CP listing, [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2011 August 4]]. --[[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] [[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]] 15:30, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
::Thanks~, Moonriddengirl! [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 17:15, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
::I too would like to thank Moonriddengirl. [[User:W163|Jeff Ogden]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 16:00, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

== Herman v. Przeworski: Quality and reliability ==

I added Przeworski, who is a world leading researcher publishing in a high quality reliable source, as a critic.

I removed this paragraph, which arose from a good-faith summary of a low quality unreliable article, which misrepresented Bollen:
<blockquote>
While Bollen surveyed many reviews of ''Freedom of the World'', including positive reviews, this Wikipedia article will quote only two negative reviews, which were quoted by Bollen (1986, p. 585) along with neutral or positive reviews.<ref>The two quoted negative evaluations were attributed mistakenly to Bollen by Giannone (p. 69), and Giannone's article used to be the sole basis of this section.</ref> Bollen noted that Scobel et al. raised the concern that "a conservative bias may enter Gastil's judgements" because it was sponsored by Freedom House; a charge of "Cold War and pro-market biases" was made by [[Edward S. Herman]] and Broadhead. Bollen also quoted positive reviews, which are ignored here.<ref name="Bollen"/>
<references/>
</blockquote>
The Scobel et alia paper is hard to review even at a university library and Ed Herman's research is not world-leading in this area, unlike Przeworski.

Like my edit with Mainwaring et alia, I have tried to find the best research that that should go into this article. I restate that our article previously had been based on only one source, an extremely left-wing ideological article that cherry-picked quotations from other scholars and mis-attributed some quotes.I have merely replaced low-quality resources with high quality resources and better represented the scholars previously cited. Thus, I don't believe that this edit may be credibly charged with bias.

So far, I have not tried to correct what seems to me to be a POV towards leftwing critics. There is no mention of right-wing critics or centrist appraisals. [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 21:47, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

== Freedom 2012 ==

Freedom report for 2012 has now been released, could someone add in the new information please. --[[User:ERAGON|ERAGON]] ([[User talk:ERAGON|talk]]) 13:27, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

:{{Done}}, images need to be updated though. [[User:Mushroom|Mushroom]] ([[User talk:Mushroom|Talk]]) 09:08, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

== Lebanon ==

How is lebanon not an elctoral democratie? [[User:Philoleb|Philoleb]] ([[User talk:Philoleb|talk]]) 23:05, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

:If Wikipedia has misreported FitW's classification of Lebanon (or another country), then please alert us with a clear statement, and somebody should fix the error.
:If you find a reliable source that discusses Lebanon's classification, then please share that with us.
:Thanks, [[User:Kiefer.Wolfowitz| '''Kiefer''']].[[User talk:Kiefer.Wolfowitz#top|Wolfowitz]] 23:29, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

== Trend chart uses opposite color scheme, why? ==

Why does the chart under 'Trends' use the color scheme that is the exact opposite of the rest of the article -- here blue means free? Is there a special reason for this?
00:52, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

:I suspect that the answer is historical accident. The trend chart is a couple of years out-of-date. The next time someone updates it, it would be good to change the colors to march. It would be good to switch from a PNG image to SVG too. -[[User:W163|Jeff Ogden (W163)]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 01:26, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

== Status of Turkey? ==

I am wondering as to why Turkey is included in the 'Western Europe' section when it clearly belongs in the 'Central and Eastern Europe/Eurasia' section? Can this not be remedied? [[Special:Contributions/178.193.178.203|178.193.178.203]] ([[User talk:178.193.178.203|talk]]) 00:47, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

:That's because for some reason [[Freedom House]] prefers to put Turkey in Western Europe ([http://www.freedomhouse.org/regions/western-europe#tabs-0-bottom-2 see here]). I can see your point, but the article has to follow their categorization. [[User:Mushroom|Mushroom]] ([[User talk:Mushroom|Talk]]) 00:57, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

::Freedom House's categorization dates from the Cold War. "Western Europe" = NATO and neutrals [Switzerland, Austria, Sweden and Finland], "Eastern Europe" = Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries. Even though the Cold War is over, Freedom House continues to group Turkey under the "Western Europe" header. Which is also the reason why Freedom House describes Western Europe as 85 % "Free" countries.[http://www.freedomhouse.org/regions/western-europe#tabs-0-bottom-2] Turkey drags the score down. [[User:Valentinian|Valentinian]] [[User_talk:Valentinian|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Valentinian|C]] 21:45, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

== Should we mention the odd classification? ==
As others have pointed out, the geographical classification by the Freedom House is odd in the extreme. For some reason, Turkey and Greece end up in Western Europe while countries such as Slovenia that in every sense (geographically, culturally, historically, politically, economically) are more "Western European" are not included.

Much more controversial, and equally odd, is the classification of disputed territories. To take but four examples, Israel, Kosovo, Northern Cyprus and Palestine, the treatment by Freedom House seems highly illogical. None of these four are universally recognized, yet two (Israel and Kosovo) are classified among all the universally recognized states, while two others are classified as "disputed territories". Israel is recognized by the largest number of states, followed by Palestine, then Kosovo and last Northern Cyprus. Israel, Kosovo and Northern Cyprus all control their own territory, Palestine doesn't. However, I do not find the logic by which Israel and Kosovo are "normal states" and Palestine and Northern Cyprus are disputed. All four are in some ways disputed, all four are recognized by at least some other state but none of the four is recognized by all other states. While the geographical classification is only a bit odd, this classification of states and disputed territories seems to suggest a rather heavy bias. Unless there is a logic that I'm missing, there might well be.

I agree that we should follow the categorization that Freedom House uses, but when a classification is this odd, it's usually commented upon in the text of the article.[[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]] ([[User talk:Jeppiz|talk]]) 11:46, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

:See my reply above. Assigning Turkey and Greece to Western Europe dates from the Cold War era, when this publication started. Think of the Cold War's fault line between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and the categorization makes perfect sence. In effect, the only territory that has ever changed place in Freedom House's categorization is the territory formerly belonging to East Germany (the GDR / DDR) since it is no longer a separate nation, but now part of the Federal Republic of Germany, which has always been grouped as "Western Europe". But it would be very nice if people would stop randomly messing around with the categories and deleting references to *why* Freedom House acts like it does. [[User:Valentinian|Valentinian]] [[User_talk:Valentinian|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Valentinian|C]] 21:54, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

::Cold war has ended a quarter of a century ago. Do they really still use this odd classification? Hard to believe. [[User:Reilinger|Reilinger]] ([[User talk:Reilinger|talk]]) 13:40, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

== Main map ==

I've changed the current first map to accurately show what it now depicts (an updated freedom in the world 2013, not 2011) but I can't figure out how to change the name and description of the map file itself, or even if that's possible - it still says for the file itself.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Freedom_House_world_map.svg#filelinks

Can someone who knows how to do this please?

[[User:Nwrnr|Nwrnr]] ([[User talk:Nwrnr|talk]]) 17:15, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

User talk:Jonathan Groß

2013-09-15T13:00:26Z

Reilinger: /* Zhang Qian travels */ new section

[[Template:AfdAnons|Great idea!]]

'''Welcome!'''

Hello, {{PAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
*[[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
*[[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
*[[Wikipedia:How to write a great article|How to write a great article]]
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], ask me on my talk page, or place <code>{{helpme}}</code> on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  --[[User:Bhadani|Bhadani]] 08:23, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

:Took you guys a lot of time to recognize me. No problem, I'm not quite active. Anyway, I would prefer not to receive ^ that automatic message. I know nobody typed it himself for me, exspecially for me, for if you, [[User:Bhadani|Bhadani]], had read my User Page, you'd seen my German account and could have checked my edits there and found that I'm quite settled in WP. There may be some differences (like the [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categorization]] or the Criteria for pertinence ([[:de:WP:RK|de]]) but I think I didn't screw up anything yet, did I?

:But thanks anyway for recognizing me. --[[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] 08:45, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

== Berlin meeting ==

To make this a little more personal: of course you're free to come around if you can make it at such short notice...but I think it is nothing like the Berliner Stammtisch of the German wikipedia :)) [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 13:14, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

:Guess not. Have you already defined the differences? :) -- [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 13:31, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
:: We'll see...how much people will really turn up; no one has had much interaction with the other up to now; I made the invitations according to the category Wikipedians in Berlin. BTW, how did you get to the meeting page (just being curious here :)) And would you be so nice as to answer on my talk-page? [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 13:39, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

::: Why on your talk page? I hate splitting discussions... there was some promotion on [[:de:WP:T/B]] and I got curious... -- [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 13:47, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
::That's why: ''please respond on my talk-page so that my new message box lights up, as I will notice your message sooner. Thank you''. And that's some kind of promotion. Hope you don't think I'm the devil incarnate. :)))) [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 14:46, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
::: Thank you. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 14:54, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
:: First of all: Thank you for the award/goodie; have a [[Image:WikiThanks.png|43px|left|WikiThanks]]
for that
2. I will move the User:Lectonar/Berlin Meeting page to [[WP:Meetup/Berlin]]; wolud you be so kind as to upload the picttures from commons to the page; I shall endeavour to write a summary and make a general fixup in the next days
3. Your "e.mail this user" function doesn't seem to work in en-wiki. Cheers. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 13:48, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I created a page on WM Commons: [[commons:English Wikipedia Berlin Meetup|English Wikipedia Berlin Meetup]]. Is there any use for another gallery? -- [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 14:19, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Sweet photos ;). see you next time. '''&there4;''' [[user:here|here]]…[[user_talk:here|&spades;]] 15:07, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

I hope [[:de:WP:T/B|May 21st]] [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 21:15, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

== Barnstar ==
{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[Image:Rosetta Barnstar.png|75px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Rosetta Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your efforts translating English articles about Chinese history to German, you are awarded the Rosetta Barnstar. (It would have been awarded on the German Wikipedia except I can't seem to find any barnstars there...) --[[User:Nlu|Nlu]] ([[User talk:Nlu|talk]]) 15:09, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
|}

== Map in Deutsch Wikipedia ==
You got Wei Xiao's position placed incorrectly -- his position was to the ''west'' of Chang'an, not to the northeast. --[[User:Nlu|Nlu]] ([[User talk:Nlu|talk]]) 14:17, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
:I was following the desription in [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]]. That's a great example how useful maps are... Thx 4 your hint! [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 14:17, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

== Just funny ==

Have a look [[Wikipedia:No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spiderman|here]]. I think this is seriously funny. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 09:42, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
:Oh, crap. I thought I could do that wacky thing to assure myself... [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 10:52, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

== fair use image on your userpage ==

I am concerned that you are using a fair use image on your userpage. The terms of the use of [[:Image:Doctor Zoidberg.png]] prevent it from being used anywhere except the article in question, and particularly not on userpages. Please see [[Wikipedia:Fair use#Policy]] and [[Wikipedia:Removal of fair use images]] for more information. I'd ask that you please remove this yourself, as I do not wish to disturb your userpage/userboxes. -- [[User:Malo|malo]] [[User_talk:Malo|(tlk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Malo|(cntrbtns)]] 00:45, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

== How do you do? ==

''I thought you might enjoy [[Wikipedia:No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man|this]]...Cheers. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] 08:54, 30 June 2006 (UTC)''
:h0h0h0, lovely ;), thanks. '''&there4;''' [[user:here|here]]…[[user_talk:here|&spades;]] 22:55, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

<tr><td>{{userbox|gold|lightblue|[[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|40px]]|This user humbly begs the '''[[European Union]]''' to allow the U.S. state of [[Massachusetts]] to join.}}</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{userbox|gold|lightyellow||This user prefers the '''[[cereal]] [[oat]][[meal]]'''.}}</td></tr>

== Wonderful user boxes ==
Saw your comment regarding permission to photograph Amish people. I left a comment there, It seems to be more an issue of politeness than legality. Not that manners can be over emphasized. But it is a much milder issue for the Amish, than several Oceania and Amazon peoples who believe their life, or their soul is being diminished or taken away when photographed.

But my primary reason for writing is to compliment you on your great user boxes. And herewith, a couple of mine. [[User:GearedBull|CApitol3]]

:Thank you so much! As I recall, the Amish don't believe their souls can be captured by depiction, so you're right. [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 01:03, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

== hello/translations ==

Hi Sarazyn

I'm also a German, but I translate from German wiki to English wiki. Somehow ended up here and less in the German wiki. I would like to ask you if we could cooperate on translations from time to time. My main topic is military history (yes, I'm a project member). Greatings [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 17:02, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

:I'd be honored :) [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 09:19, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

== Talk:Jiang Wei ==

I don't know enough about the subject to be able to say whether these comments are "crap" or not, but I do know that whether stuff on a talk page is valid or correct is not a basis for deleting the talk page. Talk pages aren't held to the same standards of verifiability as articles. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] 20:14, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== Your hint.. ==

.. on NetObjects, Inc. page is much appreciated. --[[User:Peter Eisenburger|Peter Eisenburger]] 18:11, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
:Danke, sagt [[:de:Benutzer:Jonathan Groß|ex-Sarazyn]] [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 18:18, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

== Image:Chinese Warlords in 25 AD.jpg ==
Hi -- {{user|Deadkid dk}} added the [[:Image:Chinese Warlords in 25 AD.jpg|image]] to the article [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]], and I appreciate the map, but the location given for Wei Xiao in the map is wrong -- Wei's territory was to the west of Chang'an, not to the east. (It is just southeast of Dou Rong's.) Would you be able to change that? --[[User:Nlu|Nlu]] ([[User talk:Nlu|talk]]) 04:33, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
:Already changed it on some other guy's request... Please do it yourself, I fear that I would make it wrong again ;) [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 23:57, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

== Help with a translation ==

I translated this from german to English in the article [[Punic military forces]], but I'm not sure whether this is the best possible translation, so I'm open to suggestions.

"The central problem (to understanding) the Carthaginian political institutions is their relation to military aspects"("Das zentrale Problem des karthagischen Staatslebens ist sein Verhältnis zum Militärwesen")

Greatings [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 23:26, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

== Deutsch version of Wang Mang ==
Hi, I don't know whether you or someone else created the family tree image file in [[:de:Wang Mang]], but it is not correct to the extent that it stated that the [[Empress Wang (Ping)|Princess Huanghuang]] was [[Emperor Gengshi of Han]]'s wife. She was [[Emperor Ping of Han]]'s wife. Can you look into this? Thanks. --[[User:Nlu|Nlu]] ([[User talk:Nlu|talk]]) 15:33, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
:Dang, you're right. Gotta fix that sometime. [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|TALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 15:37, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

== wikiproject Three Kingdoms ==

* Thanks again for your contribs to [[Battle of Red Cliffs]]. A few of us are trying to start a wikiproject Three Kingdoms, the "under construction" version of which is being discussed [[User talk:Ling.Nut/WP3K|here]] and constructed [[User:Ling.Nut/WP3K|here]]. You're welcome to join in, if you like... Thanks again! [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 23:12, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

:Thanks for the invitation! I fairly contributed to the Three Kingdoms here (but I took advantage of your work here to build [[:de:Category:Zeit der Drei Reiche]] on my own :) but now that I've settled with the matters I guess one day I'll optimize the minor character articles which are now stubs... I'd love to help you. Greetz, [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|丁ALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 07:32, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

== project proposal ==

* If interested in WikiProject Three Kingdoms, please add your name to the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Proposals#Three Kingdoms|project proposal]]''' to show support. It may encourage others to join. [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 19:19, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

== [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] ==

Hey Sarazyn... you left the comment "Undecided" about [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] on [[WP:GAC]]. As long as that comment is there, no one else will review the article. They will assume that you have taken responsibility for it... Thanks! [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 00:43, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

:OMG! What do I do? I just wanted to point out my concern. Can you take care of that? [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|丁ALK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 22:54, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

(undent)
Don't Panic. :-) I put it in [[WP:GA/R]]. That isn't standard procedure, but this isn't a standard case. Thanks! [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 23:02, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

:Please do not use "undecided" as a GA review result. Pass/Fail/Hold are your options. Undecided would fall under Hold. These last for no less than two and no more than seven days (extensions can be granted under certain circumstances). Seven days is the typical hold period, however. A detailed list of issues found needs to be listed as well. Periodically check progress. Once issues have been addressed, promote the article. If they are not met within the hold period, fail the article. If you only have concerns that you want to point out without actually doing a review, just leave a message on the article talk page and leave the GA/N page alone so that another editor can take the review.
:Regards, [[User:LaraLove|LaraLove]][[User talk:LaraLove|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/LaraLove|C]] 19:39, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

*Don't worry, Sarazyn. I did it, not you, and it's not a big deal... [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]]

==Sun Jian==
Okay, yeah thanks for reaching me in my talk page, edit warring is not the best move, so you did the right thing. Thanks.--[[User:EveryDayJoe45|EveryDayJoe45]] 14:46, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

:Also, I was making refernce to Liu Bei specifically, because it sais "powerful warlord" on his page. --[[User:EveryDayJoe45|EveryDayJoe45]] 14:57, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

:Well, he was one of the three powerful warlords to survive the Han Dynasty, wasn't he? And being in charge of Shu & Hanzhong provided him with valuable power (see Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions). [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|丁人LK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 17:49, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

== Little while no see ==

Hi Sarazyn, haven't bumped into you in a little while. Hope things are going well! [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 00:40, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

== please see ==

*Please see '''[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Three Kingdoms#Golden Wiki for User:Nlu|this]]''' [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 14:44, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
::Hey, did that little hiccup with the GA nom of [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] make you uncomfortable? Sorry if I somehow stepped on your toes... [[User:Ling.Nut|Ling.Nut]] 22:39, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

==Stub maintenance==
Hello, Sarazyn. I noticed in your WP3K member description that you're thinking about doing some work on the multitude of stubs we have. If you're up to it, [[Liu Qi (Three Kingdoms)]] is a right mess. I've taken care of [[Liu Cong (Three Kingdoms)]], but I'm wrapped up in the VG project right now. This stub's all yours if you want it. Cheers. [[User:Gamer Junkie|Gamer Junkie]] 09:20, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

==[[User talk:AkiKimura99]]==
This guy has awarded themself a barnstar and signed your name to it. [[User:Corvus cornix|Corvus cornix]]''[[User talk:Corvus cornix|talk]]'' 05:27, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

:He did? Really? Wow. This guy sucks! :) [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|丁人LK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 09:52, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

== WikiProject Germany Invitation ==

{|
|-
|valign="top" style="border-style:solid; border-width:2; border-color:#C0C0C0"|
{|
|
[[Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg|right|92px]]
Hello, Sarazyn! I'd like to call your attention to the WikiProject Germany and the German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board. I hope their links, sub-projects and discussions are interesting and even helpful to you. If not, I hope that new ones will be.
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany]] | [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany&action=watch watch]
* [[Wikipedia:German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board]] | [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:German-speaking_Wikipedians%27_notice_board&action=watch watch]
|
|}
|}
--[[User:Zeitgespenst|Zeitgespenst]] ([[User talk:Zeitgespenst|talk]]) 21:09, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

== Meetup in Athens ==

Hello Jonathan. I am aware of the meetup though it is highly likely that i won't be in Athens on the 31st of March. I also saw the proposal of the place, i ll try to have a walk around the area of interest to see if there is some place else it can be held. Thanks --[[User:Alaniaris|Alaniaris]] ([[User talk:Alaniaris|talk]]) 13:24, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

:Yes, i 've seen it. If i 'm gone though it ll be from the 29th of March till the 15th of April. But i 'll know for sure by the 25th so i might as well make it on one of the meetups (or both if i 'm very lucky!!!) --[[User:Alaniaris|Alaniaris]] ([[User talk:Alaniaris|talk]]) 13:53, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Hello from me too. I am highly intrested in such a meeting, but unfortunately i wont be in Athens till 1st of April. Please inform me for any arrangements and anything new on this subject [[User:Ppapadeas|Ppapadeas]] ([[User talk:Ppapadeas|talk]]) 21:22, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

==Paul Maas==

I edited your draft without realising it was still in userspace ... just small points. [[User:Charles Matthews|Charles Matthews]] ([[User talk:Charles Matthews|talk]]) 16:36, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

:That's nice, thx. I've lost track of translating it, soooo hard... [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|丁人LK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 01:04, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

== [[:Image:Werjae.jpg]] ==

I declined your speedy deletion request for [[:Image:Werjae.jpg]] because it is not clear that the image is not PD. It would be better to request deletion in [[WP:IFD]], where you can explain in detail why it is not PD. (Many sysops, like me, are not familiar with German copyright laws.) [[User:Pegasus|Pegasus]] [[Special:Contributions/Pegasus|«C]]¦[[User talk:Pegasus|T»]] 03:30, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

:It's quite simple: The picture was clearly taken in the 50s or 60s. This means that its author can't be dead long enough to be in the public domain. Therefore, the picture still is copyrighted and should be deleted. [[User:Sarazyn|Sarazyn]] • [[User talk:Sarazyn|丁人LK]] • [[:de:Benutzer:Sarazyn|DE]] 16:50, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

Your note about the [[Friedrich Solmsen]] article was much appreciated. How nice of you to take the time to leave it. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 21:40, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

:I seem to remember not being sure about Solmsen's year of birth based on whatever info I had, so yes, it's best to go with your source. I've written a very few articles on classical scholars, and most of them are quite insubstantial, but when I rely on a scholar frequently in writing other kinds of articles, I like to have a link to lend some substance to their authority. [[User:Cynwolfe|My user page]] has a list of articles that are mainly my work; the only one on a scholar that's anywhere near as developed as Solmsen's is [[Pieter Willem van der Horst]], because after I wrote my usual bland stub, someone left a note pointing me to an extremely interesting controversy he was involved in. The only modern scholar I plan to develop a "real" article on at present is [[Elizabeth Rawson]]; I've now got the goods to do so, but must finish up a few other things I'm working on first. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 20:52, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

== [[Emmanuel Kriaras]] ==

Hi. I don't know if you saw my message the last time, but a blog is not a [[WP:RS|reliable source]], so it cannot be used as a citation for [[Emmanuel Kriaras]]'s date of birth. Furthermore, this particular blog proves itself to be an unreliable source by contradicting itself: How can he be in his 104th year if that article is from July 22, 2009 and he was born in November? That only works with the April date of birth, which was sourced to a news article about his birthday that has now gone offline. If you have a better source for the November birthdate, then I'll gladly accept the change, since the old source for April has disappeared, but a blog won't do, sorry. Cheers, [[User:Canadian Paul|CP]] 15:43, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

:Hmmm... interesting. Perhaps the best idea would be to put "November 1906" and add a footnote saying essentially what you wrote on my talk page? Cheers, [[User:Canadian Paul|CP]] 20:57, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

== Greetings ==
Thanks, Jonathan, for your kind message on my talk page -- I'm sorry I was slow to reply, but I'm working hard on a conference paper right now (about the luxuries of King Solomon: not too far, in fact, from my usual subject area). And thank you for putting my biography on de:wiki. It's good to be there! Very best wishes -- [[User:Andrew Dalby|And]]'''[[User Talk:Andrew Dalby|rew D]]'''[[User:Andrew Dalby/Bibliography|alby]] 14:54, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

== Translation of Page? ==

I noticed that de.wiki has a page about [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_Ant%C3%B3n Cueva Antón], however, there is no [[Cueva Antón]] on en.wiki. Judging by the fact that you do speak German (Ich bin nur Deutsch lernen), could you translate? [[User:A p3rson| A p3rson ]][[User talk:A p3rson|‽]] 20:31, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

== Credo Reference Update & Survey (your opinion requested) ==

[[Credo Reference]], who generously [[WP:CREDO|donated 400 free Credo 250 research accounts]] to Wikipedia editors over the past two years, has offered to expand the program to include 100 additional reference resources. Credo wants Wikipedia editors to select which resources they want most. So, we put together a quick survey to do that:

* Link to Survey (should take between 5-10 minutes): [http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/N8FQ6MM http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/N8FQ6MM]

It also asks some basic questions about what you like about the Credo program and what you might want to improve.

At this time only the initial 400 editors have accounts, but even if you do not have an account, you still might want to weigh in on which resources would be most valuable for the community (for example, through [[WP:RESOURCE|WikiProject Resource Exchange]]).

Also, if you have an account but no longer want to use it, please leave me a note so another editor can take your spot.

If you have any other questions or comments, drop by my talk page or email me at wikiocaasi@yahoo.com. Cheers! [[User:Ocaasi|Ocaasi]] [[User talk:Ocaasi|t ]]|[[Special:Contributions/Ocaasi| c]] 17:21, 11 July 2012 (UTC)


==[[Paul Gerhard Schmidt]]==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gerhard_Schmidt&diff=535645806&oldid=535645737 Thanks] for the interwiki link. BTW, there's a translation template on the talk page giving proper attribution to the German article. Thank you, [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 15:33, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

==Disambiguation link notification for April 9==

Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited [[Albert Herrmann]], you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page [[Pilsen]] ([[tools:~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Albert_Herrmann|check to confirm]] | [[tools:~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Albert_Herrmann|fix with Dab solver]]). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the [[User:DPL bot/Dablink notification FAQ|FAQ]]{{*}} Join us at the [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links|DPL WikiProject]].

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== Zhang Qian travels ==

Hi Jonathan, thanks for your file ZhangQianTravel.jpg . Unfortunately, there is one inconsitency: the Yuezhi (old transcription: Yüeh-chih) are transcripted this way in pinyin; Yuehzhi is wrong (one "h" that should not be there). [[User:Reilinger|Reilinger]] ([[User talk:Reilinger|talk]]) 13:00, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

Talk:EMC effect

2013-09-03T14:16:43Z

Reilinger: ←Created page with '== Update needed == The results of the EMC collaboration (ration >1 in the low x region, < 1 in the high x region) are no longer latest state of the art. In th...'

== Update needed ==

The results of the EMC collaboration (ration >1 in the low x region, < 1 in the high x region) are no longer latest state of the art. In the past 30 years many more experiments have been done with considerably higher precision. The ration per x has turned out to be a wavy curve rather than a linar relation: at low x ( <0.1) it is less than 1, in intermediate x (approx 0.2) there is a slight overshooting and then it gets negative again. At very high x (close to 1) it gets positive again. See e.g. Fig.2 in http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/53091
[[User:Reilinger|Reilinger]] ([[User talk:Reilinger|talk]]) 14:16, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Eugen Zintgraff

2013-09-01T12:19:16Z

Reilinger: /* Work */

'''Eugen Zintgraff''' was a [[Germany|German]] explorer.

== Work ==
In 1886, he was sent by the [[German Foreign Ministry]] to carry out the explorations in [[Kamerun]]. He ascended the [[Wouri River]] as far as the cataract of Jabassi. He also traced the course of the [[Old Calabar River]]
into the country of the Banyang and established Batom station. In
1889 Zintgraff embarked on a major expedition to the northeast,
becoming the first European to break out of the coastal jungles of
[[Cameroons]] and enter the grasslands of the Bali highlands. Proceeding even further north, he arrived at the end of May 1888 at
Ibi on the [[Benue River]].<ref>http://www.brockhaus-antiquarium.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/katalog205.pdf</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:German explorers]]

Talk:Ni Guangjiong

2013-08-27T08:39:53Z

Reilinger:

== Multiple issues ==
Not a very convincing article, I am afraid, with a lot of weasel words ("very warm welcome from very broad range of readers", "quoted today like reference by authors in philosophy"...).

Beyond that, article relies heavily on freely interpreted primary sources, which don't prove much, all the more as in-line citations may link to a document containing dozens of pages, without any indication of where to find the relevant information. --[[User:Azurfrog|Azurfrog]] ([[User talk:Azurfrog|talk]]) 00:46, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

:And surely he is neither a lepton nor a neutrino (as the category assignment suggests) [[User:Reilinger|Reilinger]] ([[User talk:Reilinger|talk]]) 08:39, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Chunyu (name)

2013-08-25T17:47:24Z

Reilinger:

'''Chunyu''' ({{lang-zh|春雨}}) or '''Chun-yu''' is a name of [[China|Chinese]] origin that may refer to:

==Given name==
*[[Chen Chun-yu]] (1905–1963), Taiwanese songwriter and author also known as Tan Kun-giok
*[[Dong Chunyu]] (born 1991), Chinese male soccer player
*[[Li Chunyu]] (born 1986), Chinese male soccer player
*[[Wang Chunyu]] (born 1995), Chinese female middle-distance runner
*[[Francis Ng Chun-yu]] (born 1961), Hong Kong actor
*[[Adderly Fong Chun-Yu]] (born 1990), Canadian racing driver

==Family name==
*[[Chunyu Kun]] (4th century BC), Confucian philosopher and official
*[[Chunyu Qiong]] (died 200), Chinese military general during the Han Dynasty
*[[Chunyu Shi]], administrator of Kuaiji during the [[Three Kingdoms]]

[[Category:Chinese given names]]
{{given name}}

Zhu Gaoxu

2013-08-23T20:44:17Z

Reilinger: /* Early life */

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Zhu Gaoxu
| title=Prince of Han
| full name = Zhu Gaoxu 朱高煦
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1380|12|30|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1426|10|6|1380|12|30|df=y}}
| father = [[Yongle Emperor]]
| mother = [[Empress Renxiaowen|Empress Ren Xiao Wen]]
| spouse = Lady Wei
| issue = Zhu Zhanhe, Heir Apparent Yi Zhuang Zhu Zhanqi, Heir Apparent Zhu Zhanci, Prince of Jiyang Zhu Zhanyu, Prince of Linzi Zhu Zhanyi, Prince Zichuan Zhu Zhanxing, Prince of Changle Zhu Zhanping, Prince of Qidong Zhu Zhandao, Prince of Rencheng Zhu Zhanchang, Prince of Haifeng Zhu Zhanbang, Prince of Xintai
}}

'''Zhu Gaoxu''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 朱高煦; 30 December 1380 - 6 October 1426), '''Prince of Gaoyang''' (高陽王, created 1395), later the '''Prince of Han''' (漢王, created 1404) was the second son of the [[Yongle Emperor]] and [[Empress Renxiaowen|Empress Ren Xiao Wen]]. Gaoxu fought with his elder brother [[Hongxi Emperor|Zhu Gaozhi]] for the throne.

==Early life==
Young Gaoxu was very interested in the military and was known as a great general. Fighting many battles against Mongol tribes with his father, Gaoxu become a favorite of Yongle for his military successes. But he disobeyed imperial instructions and was exiled to the small fief of Le'an in [[Shandong]] in 1474 and not allowed to leave the city without imperial permission.

==Rebellion==
In Shandong, Gaoxu lived as a farmer but secretly trained his army since he had always intended to rebel. Through the years, Gaoxu gained much more power and recruited many generals including General Wu Sien from the marine division.

At the time his nephew became [[Xuande Emperor]], Gaoxu started his rebellion. The new emperor himself led 20,000 troops in his attack against Gaoxu. General Wu Sien betrayed him and turned to attack Gaoxu. Soon afterward, Gaoxu lost the battle and then surrendered. He was reduced to a commoner, six hundred rebelling officials were executed, and 2,200 were banished.

==Death==
The Emperor did not wish to execute his uncle at the start, but later events angered the Emperor so much, that Zhu Gaoxu was executed through fire torture, and all Zhu Gaoxu's sons were executed as well. It is very likely that Zhu Gaoxu's arrogance, which is well detailed in many historic texts, offended the Emperor. A theory states that when the Emperor went to visit his uncle, Zhu Gaoxu intentionally tripped the Emperor.

==References==

*"Early Ming China" by Edward Dreyer (1982).

{{Persondata
|name= Zhu, Gaoxu
|alternative names=
|short description= Ming dynasty prince
|birth_place=
|death_place=
|DATE OF BIRTH=December 30, 1380
|DATE OF DEATH=October 6, 1426
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhu, Gaoxu}}
[[Category:People executed by the Ming Dynasty]]
[[Category:Ming Dynasty imperial princes]]
[[Category:1380 births]]
[[Category:1426 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed Ming Dynasty people]]
[[Category:15th-century executions]]
[[Category:People executed by boiling]]

National Languages Committee

2013-08-01T11:14:34Z

Reilinger: removed "ROC = Taiwan" because in 1919 this did not apply

{{Chinese|t=國語推行委員會|s=国语推行委员会|p=Guóyǔ Tuīxíng Wěiyuánhuì|l=National Language(s) Promotion Committee|w=Kuo2-yü3 T'ui1-hsing2 Wei3-yüan2-hui4|altname=Name at creation|l2=Preparatory Commission for the Unification of the National Language|t2=國語統一籌備會|s2=国语统一筹备会|p2=Guóyǔ Tǒngyī Chóubèi Huì|w2=Kuo2-yü3 T'ung3-i1 Ch'ou2-pei4 Hui4|altname3=Second name|l3=Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language|t3=國語統一籌備委員會|s3=国语统一筹备委员会|p3=Guóyǔ Tǒngyī Chóubèi Wěiyuánhuì|w3=Kuo2-yü3 T'ung3-i1 Ch'ou2-pei4 Wei3-yüan2-hui4}}
{{Contains Chinese text}}

The '''National Languages Committee''' was established by the Ministry of Education of the [[Republic of China]] with the purpose of standardizing and popularizing the usage of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] in the [[Republic of China]]. The Committee was known in English as the '''Mandarin Promotion Council''' or the '''National Languages Promotion Committee''' until 2003, but the Chinese name has not changed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Planning and Policy in Asia: Japan, Nepal, Taiwan and Chinese Characters|first=Robert|last=Kaplan|volume=1|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=2008|page=286}}</ref>

It was created as the Preparatory Commission for the Unification of the National Language by the Republic (then still based in [[Nanjing]]) on April 21, 1919. On December 12, 1928, the Commission was renamed to the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language, headed by [[Woo Tsin-hang]] and had 31 members. The Committee was revived in 1983 as the Mandarin Promotion Council based on [[Taiwan]].

The decisions reached by the Council include:
* Changing the first- and second-grade textbook titles from ''Guowen'' (國文 "National Script") to ''[[Guoyu]]'' (國語 "National language"), on January 24, 1920
* Publishing the ''Guoyin Zidian'' (國音字典 "National Pronunciation Dictionary") edited by [[Woo Tsin-hang]], on December 24, 1920. The ''Guoyin Zidian'' later became the ''Guoyu Cidian'' (國語辭典), a comprehensive online<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/ |title=教育部重編國語辭典修訂本 |year=1994 |publisher=中華民國教育部 |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref> and CD-ROM [[Traditional Chinese]] Mandarin dictionary.

The Committee for National Language Romanization (羅馬字母拼音研究委員會) under the Council selects and modifies [[Romanization]] Systems. The official romanization systems in the [[Republic of China]] have been:
* [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] (1928–1984)
* [[Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II]] (1984–2002)
* [[Tongyong Pinyin]] (2002–2008)
* [[Hanyu Pinyin]] (starting on January 1, 2009)

Since the [[Taiwanization]] movement took hold in government, the Committee also handles:
* Researching [[mainland Chinese]] Mandarin usages
* Researching [[Taiwanese aborigine|aboriginal Taiwanese]] languages.
* Researching other varieties of Chinese or languages like [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Taiwanese Hokkien]]

==See also==
* [[List of language regulators]]
* [[Speak Mandarin Campaign]] (Singapore)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.edu.tw/mandr/ National Languages Committee] official website
* [http://english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=465&ctNode=363&mp=1 National Languages Committee: mandate (in the English-language section of the Ministry of Education website)]

[[Category:Standard Chinese]]
[[Category:Executive Yuan]]
[[Category:Education in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Language regulators]]

Li Hai-ching

2013-07-30T13:52:37Z

Reilinger:

'''Li Hai-ching''', or '''Li Hai-Tsing''' (died 1930s),<ref name="People">{{cite book|last = Epstein|first = Israel|authorlink = Israel Epstein|title = The people's war|year = 1939|pages = 70|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TevqAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Li+Hai-ching%22&dq=%22Li+Hai-ching%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gxbvT_HqGIW16wGvtqCNBg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBTgU}}</ref> was the leader of about 10,000 [[Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies|Anti-Japanese]] guerrilla troops in the south of Kirin, now [[Heilongjiang]] province, resisting the [[Pacification of Manchukuo|pacification of Manchukuo]]. They called themselves [[Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} and were described as being equipped with light artillery and numerous machine guns. Li established his headquarters at [[Fuyu]] and were in control of the territory there and southward as far as [[Nong’an]].

On 29 March 1932 his forces defeated regular troops of the Manchukuoan Governor [[Xi Qia]] outside the town of Nong′an, only 55 km from the Manchukuoan capital of [[Changchun|Xinjing]]. Nong′an was soon reported on the verge of surrender. Small Japanese detachments sent from Xinjing radioed for help, after suffering heavy casualties in the fighting. Japanese forces from the east at [[Dehui|Yao-men]], tried to fight their way through to Nong′an with the support of bombers but the defenders radio ceased broadcasting, Li's forces having captured the town.

In another action in late April, 100 km south of [[Harbin]] on the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]], 3,000 Chinese soldiers under General Li Hai-tsing, ripped up the railway tracks and tore down telegraph wires. They then waited until a train from Harbin arrived, looted it and dispersed before the arrival of Japanese troops that were rushed to scene.

In May 1932 the Japanese [[Li Hai-ching Subjugation Operation]] defeated and dispersed Li's army. Reformed again in October his guerrilla force, reduced to 3,000 men again tried to attack the Manchukuoan and Japanese forces in southern Heilongjiang province. They were defeated and were forced to retreat into [[Jehol Province|Jehol]].

== Sources ==
{{reflist}}
* Jowett, Phillip S., '''Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931-45, Volume I: China & Manchuria,''' 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihul, West Midlands, England.
* [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/newspapers1/na0001/655935/7527814.html Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune Tuesday, March 29, 1932]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753274,00.html May 2, 1932 TIME "Earthly Paradise"]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Li, Hai-ching
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Leader of Anti-Japanese Army troops
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1930s
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Hai-Ching}}
[[Category:Republic of China Army generals]]
[[Category:Chinese people of World War II]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1930s deaths]]

Talk:Sansiantai

2013-07-18T22:33:22Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Sansiantai to Talk:Sanxiantai: Official romanization

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Sanxiantai]]

Talk:Sanxiantai

2013-07-18T22:33:22Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Sansiantai to Talk:Sanxiantai: Official romanization

Sansiantai

2013-07-18T22:33:20Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Sansiantai to Sanxiantai over redirect: Official romanization

#REDIRECT [[Sanxiantai]]

Sanxiantai

2013-07-18T22:33:20Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Sansiantai to Sanxiantai over redirect: Official romanization

{{Coord|23.1247713|121.416521|format=dms|display=title|region:TW_type:landmark}}

{{Orphan|date=February 2009}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2008}}
[[File:Sansiantai Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|300px|Footbridge at Sanxiantai]]
'''Sanxiantai''' ({{zh|c=三仙台}}) is an area containing a [[beach]] and several islands located on the coast of [[Taitung County]], [[Taiwan]]. The beach stretches for ten kilometers in length. It is situated at the 112-kilometer mark. A popular tourist attraction for its rocky coastal views, the area is well known for its long [[footbridge]] that connects the coast to the largest island.

[[Category:Beaches of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Taitung County]]

{{Taiwan-geo-stub}}

Sanxiantai

2013-07-18T22:32:46Z

Reilinger:

Qishan River

2013-07-18T22:30:18Z

Reilinger:

[[File:Jiaxian September 2008.jpg|thumb|Nanzixian River and the Jiaxian Bridge.]]

The '''Qishan River''' or '''Nanzixian River''' ({{zh|t=旗山溪 or 楠梓仙溪}}) is a tributary of the [[Gaoping River]] in [[Taiwan]]. It flows through [[Kaohsiung City]] and [[Pingtung County]] for 30km.

==See also==
*[[List of rivers in Taiwan]]

{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Kaohsiung]]
[[Category:Pingtung County]]

{{taiwan-geo-stub}}

Zhuokou River

2013-07-18T21:12:21Z

Reilinger:

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2011}}
[[Image:Kaopingrivermap.png|thumb|right|240px|Map of the Gaoping River watershed with Zhuokou on the right]]
The '''Zhuokou River''' is a tributary of the [[Gaoping River]] in [[Taiwan]]. It flows through [[Kaohsiung City]] for 59km.

==See also==
*[[List of rivers in Taiwan]]

{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Kaohsiung]]

{{taiwan-geo-stub}}

List of rivers of Taiwan

2013-07-18T21:10:23Z

Reilinger:

[[Image:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|thumb|[[Shiukuluan River]] - [[Hualien County]]]]
[[Image:Shakadang River 03.jpg|thumb|Shakadang River in [[Taroko National Park]]]]
[[Image:Liwu River, Taroko.jpg|thumb|Liwu River in [[Taroko National Park]]]]



This is a list of rivers in [[Taiwan]] which are over 19 kilometers:-

*[[Lanyang River]] - [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan County]] - 73 km
**[[Yilan River]] - Yilan County - 25 km
**[[Dongshan River]] - Yilan County - 24 km
**[[Qingshui River]] - Yilan County - 25 km
**[[Lotsao River]] - Yilan County - 21 km

*[[Shuang River]] - New Taipei City - 27 km

*[[Tamsui River]] - [[New Taipei City]], [[Taoyuan County, Taiwan|Taoyuan County]], [[Taipei|Taipei City]], [[Hsinchu County]] - 159 km
**[[Keelung River]] - New Taipei City, Taipei City, [[Keelung City]] - 89.4 km
**[[Xindian River]] - New Taipei City, Taipei City - 82 km
***[[Jingmei River]] - New Taipei City, Taipei City - 28.1 km
***[[Beishi River]] - New Taipei City, Yilan County - 50 km
***[[Nanshi River]] - New Taipei City - 45 km
**[[Dahan River]] (Takekan River) - New Taipei City, Taoyuan County, Hsinchu County - 135 km
***[[Sanxia River]] - New Taipei City - 22.6 km

*[[Nankan River]] - Taoyuan County - 31 km

*[[Fengshan River]] - Hsinchu County - 45 km

*[[Touqian River]] - Hsinchu County - 63 km

*[[Houlong River]] - [[Miaoli County]] - 58 km

*[[Da'an River]] - Miaoli County, [[Taichung City]] - 96 km

*[[Dajia River]] - Taichung City - 124 km

*[[Dadu River (Taiwan)|Dadu River]] (Wu River) - Taichung City, [[Changhua County]], [[Nantou County]] - 116 km
**[[Maolo River]] - Taichung City, Changhua County, Nantou County - 32 km
**[[Nankang River]] - Taichung City - 35 km

*[[Zhuoshui River]] - Nantou County, Changhua County, [[Yunlin County]] - 186 km
**[[Qingshui River]] - Taichung City, [[Chiayi County]], [[Tainan City]] - 51 km
**[[Shuili River]] - Taichung City - 19 km
**[[Wanta River]] - Taichung City - 37 km
**[[Kashe River]] - Taichung City - 48 km

*[[Beigang River]] - Yunlin County、Chiayi County - 82 km
**[[Tahukou River]] - Tainan City - 33 km
**[[Sandie River]] - Tainan City - 35 km

*[[Puzi River]] - Chiayi County - 75 km

*[[Bazhang River]] - Chiayi County, Tainan City - 81 km
**[[Touqian River]] - Tainan City - 28 km

*[[Jishui River]] - Tainan City - 65 km
**[[Gueichong River|Guichong River]] - Tainan City - 35 km
**[[Baishui River]] - Tainan City - 20 km

*[[Tsengwen River]] - Chiayi County, Tainan City, Tainan City -130 km
**[[Houku River]] – Nantou County, Tainan City -51.4 km

*[[Lanshui River]] - Tainan City - 41 km

*[[Erren River]] - Tainan City, Kaohsiung City - 65 km

*[[Agongdian River]] - Kaohsiung City - 38 km
*[[Fengshan River]]- Kaohsiung City - 20 km
*[[Dianbao River]]- Kaohsiung City - 32 km

*[[Kaoping River]] - [[Kaohsiung City]], [[Pingtung County]] - 171 km
**[[Qishan River]] - Kaohsiung City, Pingtung County - 30 km
**[[Ailiao River]] - Kaohsiung City, Pingtung County - 76 km
**[[Wuluo River]] - Pingtung County - 48 km
**[[Fanziliao River]] - Pingtung County - 26 km
**[[Zhuokou River]] - Kaohsiung City - 59 km
**[[Laonong River]] - Kaohsiung City - 100 km
**[[Kumai River]] - Kaohsiung City - 48 km

*[[Donggang River (Taiwan)|Donggang River]] - Pingtung County - 47 km

*[[Linbian River]] - Pingtung County - 42 km

*[[Beinan River]] - Taitung County - 84 km

*[[Xiuguluan River]] - [[Hualien County]] - 81 km
**[[Fuyuan River]] - Hualien County - 28 km
**[[Fengping River]] - Hualien County - 37 km
**[[Lekuleku River]] - Hualien County - 54 km

*[[Hualian River]] - Hualien County - 57 km
**[[Mukua River]] - Hualien County - 42 km
**[[Shoufeng River]] - Hualien County - 37 km
**[[Wanli River]] - Hualien County - 53 km

==Notes==

*[[Wiktionary:溪|溪]] and [[Wiktionary:河|河]] both translated as river.
*[[Pinyin]] [[Romanization|romanization]]

==See also==
* [[List of mountains in Taiwan]]

==External links==
*[http://www.wra.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=14298&CtNode=4347 Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs - Let's look at rivers (經濟部水利署-讓我們看河去)](traditional Chinese)
*[http://eng.wra.gov.tw/public/Data/gh012_p4.htm Rivers in Taiwan]
*[http://twgeog.geo.ntnu.edu.tw/english/hydrology/hydrology.htm The Hydrology of Taiwan]
{{Asia topic|List of rivers of}}
{{Taiwan topics}}

[[Category:Rivers of Taiwan|*]]
[[Category:Lists of rivers by country|Taiwan]]

{{Taiwan-geo-stub}}

Puzi River

2013-07-18T14:07:30Z

Reilinger:

The '''Puzi River''' is a river in [[Taiwan]]. It flows through [[Chiayi County]] for 75 km.

==See also==
*[[List of rivers in Taiwan]]

{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Chiayi County]]

{{taiwan-geo-stub}}

Hualian River

2013-07-18T14:05:49Z

Reilinger:

[[Image:Hualien River.jpg|thumb]]
The '''Hualian River''' is a river in [[Taiwan]]. It flows through [[Hualien County|Hualian County]] for 57km.

==Tributaries==
*[[Mukua River]] - Hualian County - 42 km
*[[Shoufeng River]] - Hualian County - 37 km
*[[Wanli River]] - Hualian County - 53 km

==See also==
*[[List of rivers in Taiwan]]

{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Hualien County]]

{{taiwan-geo-stub}}

Talk:Hualien River

2013-07-18T14:04:48Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Hualien River to Talk:Hualian River: Official romanization

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Hualian River]]

Talk:Hualian River

2013-07-18T14:04:48Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Talk:Hualien River to Talk:Hualian River: Official romanization

Hualien River

2013-07-18T14:04:47Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Hualien River to Hualian River: Official romanization

#REDIRECT [[Hualian River]]

Hualian River

2013-07-18T14:04:47Z

Reilinger: Reilinger moved page Hualien River to Hualian River: Official romanization

[[Image:Hualien River.jpg|thumb]]
The '''Hualien River''' is a river in [[Taiwan]]. It flows through [[Hualien County]] for 57km.

==Tributaries==
*[[Mukua River]] - Hualien County - 42km
*[[Shoufeng River]] - Hualien County - 37km
*[[Wanli River]] - Hualien County - 53km

==See also==
*[[List of rivers in Taiwan]]

{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Hualien County]]

{{taiwan-geo-stub}}