Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Zaqqum

2024-09-29T16:17:29Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|Tree in the Quran}}
[[File:The tree of Zaqqum (2012).jpg|thumb|Zaqqoum, the fruit of the dwellers of [[Jahannam]].]]
In Islamic tradition, the '''Zaqqum''' (or '''Zaqqoum''') is a cursed tree that is rooted in the center of [[Hell]]. It is first referred to in the [[Quran]] on five occasions (17:60; 37:62-68; 44:43; 56:52), the latter three referring to it by name. There, it is described as producing fruits torturously fed to those condemned in hell as they burn the stomachs of the damned. Afterwards, those in hell are fed boiling liquids in a frenzy.

In Islamic exegesis and modern scholarship, the Zaqqum tree has also been related to [[Al-Masad|Surat al-Masad]], which cryptically describes a figure whose title is [[Abu Lahab]].{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=40–42}}

== Etymology ==
[[Al-Tabari]] claimed in his [[Tafsir al-Tabari|Tafsir]] that the word ''Zaqqum'' comes from a word meaning "bitter", although this gloss has not been accepted. Other grammarians believed it was a [[loanword]] from outside of [[Arabic]], a view accepted by modern specialists, although the exact etymology is debated.{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=30}} According to Emran El-Badawi, proposals for the words etymology have included:{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=30–31}}<blockquote>... Aramaic ziqta meaning “goad;” Akkadian ziqtu meaning “spike;” or Middle Persian zaxm meaning “wound.” ... Others consider it a loanword from Greek sykon meaning “fgs,” connected to the “accursed tree in the recitations” (Q 17:60), the tree of knowledge (Genesis 2:9), and the intervening Christian teachings about the “tree of death.”</blockquote>

== Historical context ==
The idea of the Zaqqum tree may be rooted in Christian traditions surrounding the "Tree of Death" in relation to the [[Book of Genesis]]. In the [[Garden of Eden]], the [[devil]] took on the form of a [[Serpents in the Bible|serpent]] and infected the [[Tree of the knowledge of good and evil|Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil]] before tempting [[Adam and Eve]] to eat from it. The infected and poisoned fruits produced by this Tree are the bitter fruits eaten by those tormented in Hell.{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=31–32}} In particular, Quranic elements of an evil tree producing bitter fruit for the damned has been related to a passage found in the [[Apocryphon of John]] (2nd century AD):{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=32–33}}<blockquote>And the archons took him and placed him in paradise. And they said to him, “Eat, that is at leisure,” for their luxury is bitter and their beauty is depraved. And their luxury is deception and their trees are godlessness and their fruit is deadly poison and their promise is death. And the tree of their life they had placed in the midst of paradise. “And I shall teach you what is the mystery of their life, which is the plan which they made together, which is the likeness of their spirit. The root of this (tree) is bitter and its branches are death, its shadow is hate and deception is in its leaves, and its blossom is the ointment of evil, and its fruit is death and desire is its seed, and it sprouts in darkness. The dwelling place of those who taste from it is Hades, and the darkness is their place of rest. (§21)</blockquote>A similar description, also related by historians to the description found in the Quran, has been identified in a 5th-century [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] text known as the [[Kephalaia]], as well as a 6th-century [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]] text known as the [[Book of Hierothos]] by [[Stephen bar Sudayli]].{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=33–35}}

Emran El-Badawi has further argued that the hellish topography of the Quran is related to including a multitude in hell (involving both people and idols) eating from the tree and then drinking from a scalding hot spring is related to traditions concerning the burning of the [[Asherah]] idol in the [[Bible]]. For example, the Asherah idol is described as a "spreading tree", related to the Zaqqum tree which originates in the center of hell and then radiates outwards (Quran 37:64). Later in the same [[surah]], [[Baal]] is condemned (v. 125), who in the Canaanite pantheon, was Asherah's consort.{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=35–38}}

Others have emphasized a rabbinic context for the Zaqqum tree and its associated torment of the use of a molten metal.{{Sfn|Zellentin|2016}}

==Quran==
The Zaqqum tree is one of the five categories of trees mentioned in the [[Quranic cosmology]], the others being [[Fruit tree|fruit trees]], [[Olive|olive trees]], [[Arecaceae|palm trees]], and lote trees.{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=12}} In the Quran, there is a contrast between the Zaqqum tree and a healing gourd tree grown for the prophet [[Jonah]] (37:63, 146), a story going back to the biblical [[Book of Jonah]] 4:6–11.{{Sfn|El-Badawi|2024|p=16}}

One description of the Zaqqum tree in the [[Quran]] reads like this:

:[44.43] Surely the tree of Zaqqum,
:[44.44] Is the food of the [[Islamic views on sin|sin]]ful
:[44.45] Like dregs of oil; it shall boil in (their) bellies,
:[44.46] Like the boiling of hot water.<ref>{{cite quran|44|43|s=ns}} Translation of M. H. Shakir.</ref>

The fruits of Zaqqum are shaped like heads of devils (Qur'an 37:62-68). Some [[Islamic scholar]]s believe in a literal meaning of this tree grown in fire, showing the inverted flora of [[Jahannam|hell]]. The inhabitants of hell are forced to eat the tree's fruits, which tears their bodies apart and releases bodily fluids as a punishment. According to [[Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar]], once the palate of the sinners is satiated, the fruit in their bellies churns like burning oil. Other scholars suggest the tree is grown by the seeds of the evil deeds of the sinners, therefore the devilish fruits are the fruits of their bad actions during their lifetime. As [[ibn Arabi]] stated, the tree stands for the arrogant [[nafs|self]].<ref>Sarah R. bin Tyeer ''The Qur’an and the Aesthetics of Premodern Arabic Prose'' Springer 2016 {{ISBN|978-1-137-59875-2}} page 82</ref><ref>Muhittin Akgul ''The Qu'ran in 99 Questions'' Tughra Books 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-597-84640-0}}</ref>
{{Eschatology}}

==Botany==
The name ''zaqqum'' has been applied to the species ''[[Euphorbia abyssinica]]'' by the [[Beja people]] in eastern [[Sudan]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y9882e/y9882e11.htm Trees in the Koran and the Bible], L. J. Musselman, ''Unasylva: an international journal of forestry and forest industries'', #213: Perceptions of forests ('''54''', #2, 2003).</ref> In [[Jordan]], it is applied to the species ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''.<ref>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199502/the.waters.that.heal.htm The Waters That Heal], Kirk Albrecht and Bill Lyons, ''Saudi Aramco World'', March/April 1995, pp. 34–39.</ref> [[Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney|Volney]] describes the ''Balanites aegyptiaca'' tree as a

{{quotation|”species called Zakkoun, which produces a sweet oil, also celebrated for healing wounds. This Zakkoun resembles a plum-tree; it has thorns four inches long, with leaves like those of the olive-tree, but narrower greener, and prickly at the end; its fruit is a kind of acorn, without calix, under the bark of which is a pulp, and then a nut, the kernel of which gives an oil that the Arabs sell very dear : this is the sole commerce of [[Jericho|Raha]], which is no more than a ruinous village."<ref>M. C. F. de Volney ''Travels through Syria and Egypt in the years 1783, 1784, and 1785 vol. I''. Translated 1793, pp. 450-51. /media/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Travels_through_Syria_and_Egypt%2C_in_the_years_1783%2C_1784%2C_and_1785_..._%28IA_b2877050x_0001%29.pdf </ref>}} In Turkey, [[:tr:Zakkum|zakkum]] is the vernacular for ''[[Nerium oleander]]''; and ''[https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/zıkkım zıkkım]'', a Turkish cognate, means "poison".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{Cite book |last=El-Badawi |first=Emran |title=Female Divinity in the Qur’an In Conversation with the Bible and the Ancient Near East |date=2024 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zellentin |first=Holger |title=The Qur’an Seminar Commentary |date=2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |editor-last=Azaiez |editor-first=Mehdi |pages=342–343 |chapter=Q 44:43–57 |editor-last2=Reynolds |editor-first2=Gabriel |editor-last3=Tesei |editor-first3=Tommaso |editor-last4=Zafer |editor-first4=Hamza}}
{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trees in mythology]]
[[Category:Trees in Islam]]
[[Category:Jahannam]]
[[Category:Mythological plants]]

List of dinosaur specimens with nicknames

2024-09-26T12:20:10Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Centrosaurines */

{{short description|None}}

This '''list of nicknamed dinosaur fossils''' is a list of fossil non-avian dinosaur specimens given informal names or nicknames, in addition to their institutional catalogue numbers. It excludes informal appellations that are purely descriptive (e.g., "the Fighting Dinosaurs", "the Trachodon Mummy").

For a similar list with non-dinosaurian species, see [[List of non-dinosaur fossil specimens with nicknames]].

== Ornithischians ==

===Ceratopsids===

==== Centrosaurines ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Antonio<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1371493105455751169 |date=March 15, 2021 |title=Our technician Becky spent nine months preparing this Centrosaurus skull, now displayed in our Foundations gallery. She considered male model names for the beautifully preserved fossil, and decided Antonio was a more worthy nickname than Fabio. https://t.co/bHZkuCmwgB |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407101428/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1371493105455751169 |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|TMP 1994.182.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
|''[[Centrosaurus apertus]]''
|
|
|Named after male model.
|
|-
|Ashley
|
|
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ava
| NSM PV 24660
|[[National Museum of Nature and Science]]
|''[[Furcatoceratops elucidans]]''
|[[Middle Campanian]], [[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Judith River Formation]]
|
|[[File:Furcatoceratops.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|Bertha
|
|
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Big Sam[[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/paleontologists-unearth-giant-skull-of-pachyrhinosaurus-in-northern-alberta-1.7334304 2]]
|
|
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Boswell<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Sweder |first=Jackson |user=thereal_jsweder |number=1599188803952214016 |date=December 3, 2022 |title=One of the most complete skulls of #pachyrhinosaurus from pipestone creek. This skull we call Bosswell. On Bosswell is a model of Pachyrhinosaurus from Wild Safari and the famous crocheted Sam #samthesmallpachyrhinosaurus #ceratopsiansaturday https://t.co/M9IXMDCRqD |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204064656/https://twitter.com/thereal_jsweder/status/1599188803952214016 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus|Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]''
|Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
|[[Pipestone Creek|Pipestone creek]], [[Wapiti Formation|Wapiti formation]]
|
|
|-
| Bruce
| TMP 1986.055.0206

| [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology]]

| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus|Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]''
|[[Late Campanian]], [[Late Cretaceous]]

|[[Pipestone Creek]], [[Wapiti Formation]]

|Since the bony "boss" of the animal was the only part of it that was discovered, it was named Bruce after [[Bruce "The Boss" Springsteen|Bruce "the Boss" Springsteen]].<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1351194135542296580 |date=January 18, 2021 |title=Because only the boss was recovered from this individual, technician Darren Tanke nicknamed the specimen Bruce, after musician Bruce "The Boss" Springsteen. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/nuPJMXUAjX |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406172027/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1351194135542296580 |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
| Cybill
| TMP 1986.055.0258

| [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology]]

| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus|Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]''
| [[Late Campanian]], [[Late Cretaceous]]

| [[Pipestone Creek]], [[Wapiti Formation]]

| Holotype specimen for ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus|P. lakustai]]'', named in 1986 by Darren Tanke, after the character, Cybill Shepherd, from "[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]."<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1366413463937900552 |date=March 1, 2021 |title=This week's #MonikerMonday post features another Pachyrhinosaurus skull, collected by our senior technician Darren Tanke in 1986. He nicknamed the specimen 'Cybill' after Cybill Shepherd, who starred in the hit TV show "Moonlighting." https://t.co/T5biBB6Jke |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406171714/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1366413463937900552 |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-

|-
|Elliot<ref name=":7" />
|
|[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]
|''[[Einiosaurus|Einiosaurus procurvicornis]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Frederik<ref name="EMK_site">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=The Dinosaur Era |url=https://www.museumofevolution.com/dinosaurs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622005852/https://www.museumofevolution.com/dinosaurs |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[Museum of Evolution]] |language=en}}</ref>

|EMK 0012
|[[Museum of Evolution]]
|''[[Lokiceratops|Lokiceratops rangiformis]]''
|[[Campanian]], [[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Kennedy Coulee]], [[Judith River Formation]]
|The first [[holotype]] of a new dinosaur taxon to be reposited in Denmark<ref name=Knuthenborg_announcement>{{Cite web |last=Knuthenborg Natural History Collection |date=2022-05-20 |title=Unknown dinosaur species is a world first |url=https://knuthenborg.dk/en/unknown-dinosaur/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202130147/https://knuthenborg.dk/en/unknown-dinosaur/ |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[Knuthenborg Safaripark]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|[[File:Lokiceratops (mounted skull).jpg|frameless]]
|-
| Hannah
| UALVP 55900

|[[University of Alberta]]
| ''[[Styracosaurus]]''
|
|
| Named after discoverer Scott Persons's pet dog Hannah

|
|-
|Harvey
|TMP 1989.055.1234
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus|Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Pipestone Creek]], [[Wapiti Formation]]
|Named after the batman villain; [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent]] (also known as Two-face) due to the presence of [[pathology]] on one side of its face, causing an asymmetrical appearance<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1358811529747988486 |date=February 8, 2021 |title=This skull has a gaping hole on one side, making the face distinctly asymmetrical. The technicians preparing the fossil nicknamed it Harvey, after the fictional DC Comics character Harvey Dent™, also known as the villain Two-Face. https://t.co/AIzilJk9i9 |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205031141/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1358811529747988486 |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-
| Lisa
|
|
| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Leona
|
|[[Fukui Prefecture Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Medusaceratops]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Liz Centro 2
|BDM
|[[Badlands Dinosaur Museum]]
| ''[[Centrosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
|Oldman Formation, MT
|
|
|-
| Louise
|CM
| [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]

| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lucky J
|BDM
|[[Badlands Dinosaur Museum]]
| ''[[Centrosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
|Judith River Formation, MT
|
|
|-
|Mary<ref name=":7" />
|<ref name="Medusaceratops">Ryan, Michael J.; Russell, Anthony P., and Hartman, Scott. (2010). "A New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid from the Judith River Formation, Montana", In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, and David A. Eberth (eds), ''New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium'', Indiana University Press, 656 pp. {{ISBN|0-253-35358-0}}.</ref>
|[[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]
|[[Medusaceratops|''Medusaceratops lokii'']]
|
|
|
|[[File:Medusaceratops side.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|Mini Boss<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Milligan |first=Jack |user=Pieceofasaurus |number=1546006268921331713 |date=July 10, 2022 |title=#CeratopsianSaturday @CurrieMuseum Today was a monumental day at the Pachyrhinosaurus bonebed! We collected a juvenile skull that we have nicknamed Mini Boss! It is the fifth and smallest skull from the bonebed so far! @thereal_jsweder @EileenStraube @EL_Bamforth https://t.co/Aqcn3qHZwU |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710115635/https://twitter.com/pieceofasaurus/status/1546006268921331713 |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|in excavation
|Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
| Patty
|
|
| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
| Stephanie
|
|
| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
| Tara
|
|
| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Thomas
|
|
|''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
| Willie
|
|
| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
| Zemona
|
|
| ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==== Chasmosaurines ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
| Adam<ref>{{Cite news | last=Corbley | first=A. | date=22 June 2022 | title=Largest Dinosaur Skull Ever Discovered Going on Display–A Torosaur Named Adam |url=https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/largest-dinosaur-skull-ever-discovered-going-on-display-a-torosaur-named-adam/ | website=goodnewsnetwork.org | access-date=1 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=News: The Museum of Evolution |url=https://knuthenborg.dk/en/museum-of-evolution/ | website=knuthenborg.dk | access-date=1 July 2023 }}</ref>
|
| [[Museum of Evolution]]
| ''[[Torosaurus]]''
| [[Late Cretaceous]]
|
| Has largest known skull for a dinosaur and land-living animal
|
|-
| Afternoon Delight
| MOR 2569<ref name=":3">{{Cite thesis|last=Scannella|first=John Be.|date=April 2015|title=Ontogenetic and stratigraphic cranial variation in the ceratopsid dinosaur 'Triceratops' from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana|url=https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/10145/ScannellaJ0515.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=Montana State University|pages=1–544}}</ref>
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]], 68-66 million years ago)

| [[Hell Creek Formation|Hell Creek formation]]

|
|
|-
|Amalie<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transporting a half-tonne heavy dinosaur skull |url=https://www.scangl.com/news/transporting-a-half-tonne-heavy-dinosaur-skull/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.scangl.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Triceratops Amalie moves into Berlin Naturkundemuseum |url=https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/triceratops-amalie-moves-berlin-naturkundemuseum |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Museum für Naturkunde |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Natural History Museum, Berlin]]
|''Triceratops''
|
|
|Named after owner Lars Fjeldsoe-Nielsen's daughter
|
|-
|Anky Breaky Heart
|MOR 3011<ref name=":3" />
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Ashes Trike
|
|
|
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Baker Trike
|MOR 1604
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Bay Stud Coulee
|UCMP 144297
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Berkeley Baby
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|[[Big John (dinosaur)|Big John]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 31, 2021|title=Meet 'Big John': World's biggest triceratops on sale in Paris|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210831-meet-big-john-world-s-biggest-triceratops-on-sale-in-paris|access-date=September 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Big John The Triceratops|url=https://www.bigjohndino.com/|access-date=March 18, 2023|website=Glazer Children's Museum}}</ref>
|
|Glazer Children's Museum
|''Triceratops''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|[[Hell Creek Formation|Hell Creek formation]]
|Largest known ''Triceratops'' skeleton; 60% complete with a skull that is 75% complete.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 1, 2021|title=Big John, largest known triceratops skeleton, goes on display before auction|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/01/big-john-largest-known-triceratops-skeleton-goes-on-display-before-auction|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=World's largest triceratops skeleton sells for $7.7mn at Paris auction house|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/paris-largest-triceraptops-skeleton-auction-b1943289.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Sold for €6.6 million (US$7.7 million) on 21 October 2021<ref name=":03"/><ref>{{Cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=October 21, 2021|title=Largest triceratops ever unearthed sold for €6.6m at Paris auction|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/oct/21/largest-triceratops-ever-unearthed-sold-for-66m-at-paris-auction|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
|[[File:Big John triceratops sold at auction in Paris.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|Bill
|BDM
|[[Badlands Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|Hell Creek Formation, MT
|
|
|-
| Billy
| BHI 4772
| [[Black Hills Institute of Geological Research]]
| ''[[Torosaurus]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Bob's Bonebed
|UCMP 137266
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Bruce
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Carl
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Cheryll<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 22, 2015|title=Cheryll the Triceratops|url=https://www.pbmnh.org/expdinocheryll2bncadj/|access-date=September 15, 2021|website=The Palm Beach Museum of Natural History}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2015-06-29|title=Department of Paleontology|url=https://www.pbmnh.org/research-and-collections-2/department-of-paleontology/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=The Palm Beach Museum of Natural History|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=The Palm Beach Museum of Natural History|url=https://www.pbmnh.org/|access-date=September 15, 2021|website=The Palm Beach Museum of Natural History}}</ref>
|
|Palm Beach Museum of Natural History
|''Triceratops''
|Late Cretceous (Maastrichtian)
|
|Only specimen of non-avian dinosaur in south Florida
|
|-
|Cliff<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colossal Fossil: Triceratops Cliff |url=https://www.mos.org/exhibits/exhibits/triceratops-cliff|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Museum of Science|language=en-us}}</ref>
|
|[[Museum of Science (Boston)]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Cliffhanger
|MOR 3045<ref name=":3"/>
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Count Trikeula
|BDM
|[[Badlands Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|Hell Creek Formation, MT
|
|
|-
|Coyote Basin
|UCMP 174838
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Dave's Nose
|UCMP 128561<ref name=":3"/>
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Declan
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| DF Juvie Trike III
| MOR 2951
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Dio<ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2019|title=ROM's palaeontology team heads to Montana's badlands to uncover remains of triceratops named Dio|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/art-and-architecture/article-roms-palaeontology-team-heads-to-montanas-badlands-to-uncover/|vauthors=Dekel J}}</ref>
|
|[[Royal Ontario Museum]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|Named after [[Ronnie James Dio]]

|
|-
|Dirk<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naturalis reconstructs dinosaur skeletons|url=https://builder3dprinters.com/business_cases/naturalis-reconstructs-dinosaur-skeletons/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Builder 3D Printers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":18" />
|
|[[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Doyle
|AMNH 5116
|[[American Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Triceratops]]'' or ''[[Torosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|[[File:Triceratops AMNH 01.jpg|center|thumb|Doyle]]
|-
|Ducky Tail
|MOR 6648
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Elvis
|
|
|''[[Torosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| Fafnir
|SMM P60.2.1, P62.1.1, P60.5.1, P63.11.1, P63.2.1, P60.6.1 (composite)

| [[Science Museum of Minnesota]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|Named after the [[Fafnir|dragon]] in both Norse mythology and [[Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner's]] opera ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]''; coined by his granddaughter.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Collins|first=Jon|date=June 8, 2016|title=Triceratops on the move at Science Museum|work=MPR News|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/06/08/triceratops-moves-into-science-museum-dinosaur-fossil-collection|access-date=October 22, 2021}}</ref>

|[[File:Triceratops Science Museum MN.JPG|thumb|Fafnir the ''Triceratops'']]
|-
| Getaway Trike
| MOR 1120
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Gundy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundy The Triceratops Now On Display At Barnes County Museum |url=https://www.newsdakota.com/2016/04/25/gundy-the-triceratops-now-on-display-at-barnes-county-museum/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=News Dakota |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Barnes County Historical Society Museum
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| Harley's Baby
| MOR 154452
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Hatcher
|USNM 4842,BSP 1964 I 458(composite)
| [[National Museum of Natural History]]

| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
| Named after [[John Bell Hatcher]]

|[[File:National Museum of Natural History August 2018 09 Triceratops 16.jpg|thumb|Hatcher the ''Triceratops'']]
|-
|Haxby Trike
|MOR 1625
|Museum of the Rockies
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Headless Henry<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Museum|url=https://www.monatsci.org/the-museum|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Missouri Institute of Natural Science|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Wes|date=April 12, 2019|title=Henry finally gets a head worthy of world's biggest triceratops|work=Springfield News-Leader|url=https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2019/04/12/henry-triceratops-finally-gets-fossi-lhead-missouri-institute-of-natural-science/3404680002/|access-date=September 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alex|title=Henry the Triceratops Script|url=https://theatreanddance.missouristate.edu/Assets/TheatreandDance/MSU-Theatre-Diehl-HenrytheTriceratopsScript.pdf|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=Missouri State University}}</ref>
|
|Missouri Institute of Natural Science
|''Triceratops''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|One of the largest known specimens. Named after Matt Forir's son.
|
|-
| Hellboy
| TMP 2005.055.0001
| [[Royal Tyrrell Museum]]
| ''[[Regaliceratops|Regaliceratops peterhewsi]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-67 million years ago)
|[[St. Mary River Formation]]
| Named after the comic book character [[Hellboy|of the same name]], and also in reference to the challenging process of excavating and preparing the specimen.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1335973278381350912 |date=December 7, 2020 |title=First up is our Regaliceratops 'Hellboy.' Its short, stubby horns led Darren Tanke, who prepared the specimen, to name it after comic book character Hellboy © Mike Mignola. It also references the challenging process of excavating and preparing the specimen, which spanned 10 years https://t.co/N2p0K1Az9X |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155144/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1335973278381350912 |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-
|Henry<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Palm Beach Museum of Natural History|url=https://www.westpalmbeach.com/attractions/palm-beach-museum-of-natural-history/|access-date=2021-09-15|website=WestPalmBeach.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Palm Beach Museum of Natural History
|''Triceratops''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|Named after [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]]
|
|-
|High Ceratopsian
|UCMP 137263
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| Homer
| BMRP 2006.4.1
| [[Burpee Museum of Natural History]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

| Hell Creek Formation

|
|
|-
|Horridus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Triceratops|url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/melbournemuseum/triceratops/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Museums Victoria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-10|title=From Montana to Melbourne, a Triceratops called Horridus has found a forever home at Melbourne Museum|url=https://artsreview.com.au/from-montana-to-melbourne-a-triceratops-called-horridus-has-found-a-forever-home-at-melbourne-museum/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Australian Arts Review|language=en-AU}}</ref>
|NMV P256878
|[[Melbourne Museum]]
|[[Triceratops|''Triceratops horridus'']]
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 66-68 million years ago)
|Hell Creek Formation
|
* Named after the species name.
* 85% complete by bone count; among most well-preserved of the genus
|[[File:2014 Triceratops horridus fossil.jpg|alt=An imposing Triceratops fossil on display, lit by blue and yellow light.|thumb|‘Horridus’, the most complete Triceratops fossil known, on display at the [[Melbourne Museum]].]]
|-
|Jason<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solar System |url=https://www.lasm.org/play-learn/hands-on-galleries/solar-system |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Louisiana Art & Science Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One of a kind Triceratops skull on display at Louisiana Art and Science Museum |url=https://www.wafb.com/story/31320037/one-of-a-kind-triceratops-skull-on-display-at-louisiana-art-and-science-museum |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.wafb.com |date=26 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Baton Rouge station|Louisiana Art and Science Museum]]
|''Triceratops''
|
|Hell Creek Formation
|Named after discoverer, a rancher who first found it.
|
|-
|JD Trike 12
|MOR 3056<ref name=":3" />
|Museum of the Rockies
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|JD Trike 14
|MOR 2950<ref name=":3" />
|Museum of the Rockies
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| Joe's Trike
| MOR 2923
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Juvenile Trike
|UCMP 159233
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| Kelsey
| TCM 2001.93.1
| [[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Kevin
|
|[[Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Lane
| HMNS 2006.1743.00
| [[Houston Museum of Natural Science]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|[[File:Triceratops Specimen at the Houston Museum of Natural Science v01.jpg|thumb|Lane the ''Triceratops'']]
|-
|Larry
|BDM
|[[Badlands Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|Hell Creek Formation, ND
|Has a pathological tail
|
|-
|Laurel's Trike
|ROM 2938
|Royal Ontario Museum
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Little Horny Devil
|MOR 3064
|Museum of the Rockies
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Lon's Trike
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Maddy
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Marge
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Mark's Scavenged Trike
|MOR 2570
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| MORT
| MOR 004<ref name=":3"/>
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
| Nana
| DSTtD-0035
|
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Pops
|WCAB
|[[Denver Museum of Nature and Science|Denver Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Quittin' Time
|MOR 2574 and 2702
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-

| Raymond
| NSM-PV 20379
| [[National Museum of Nature and Science]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|[[File:Triceratops Raymond National Museum of Nature and Science.jpg|thumb|Raymond the ''Triceratops'']]
|-
|Red Phantom
|
|
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Roar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brukte alle sparepengene på 67 millioner år gammel hodeskalle: – Først var det ufattelig flaut. Nå er det veldig moro. |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/i/EaMge5/han-brukte-alle-sparepengene-paa-en-hodeskalle |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.aftenposten.no |date=22 April 2022 |language=nb}}</ref>
|
|[[Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo|Naturhistorisk museum]]
|Triceratops
|
|
|Name comes from donor of specimen.
|
|-
|Ruben's Triceratops
|UCMP 113697<ref name=":3" />
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Russel Basin Triceratops
|UCMP 136092<ref name=":3" />
|[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Sara
|
|[[Redpath Museum]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Seth's Trike
|MOR 2979
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| SG-5
| MOR 1110
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
| Sierra skull
| MOR 1199
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
| Situ But Sad
| MOR 2999<ref name=":3" />
| [[Museum of the Rockies]]
| ''[[Triceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)

|
|
|
|-
|Six O' Clock Trike
|MOR 2985<ref name=":3"/>
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
| Spike
|
| [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History]]
| ''[[Pentaceratops]]''
| Late Cretaceous ([[Campanian]], 76-73 million years ago)

| [[Kirtland Formation]]

|
|
|-
|Supernasal
|MOR 2972
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Three Amigos
|MOR 2982
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|TriceraJosh<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sveinson |first1=Jill |title=A Strong Season at the T. Rex Discovery Centre |url=https://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2017/october/04/trex-centre |website=Saskatchewan |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>
|
|[[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|TriSarahTops
|MOR 2980
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Tritan<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Dinovember at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum|url=https://www.sasktoday.ca/south/local-news/dinovember-at-the-royal-saskatchewan-museum-4158218|access-date=2022-02-11|website=SaskToday.ca|date=5 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]]<ref name=":20" />
|Triceratops
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|
|
|-
|Tiny
|
|[[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holdman|first=Raetta|date=February 11, 2021|title='Tiny' The Thornton Dinosaur Makes Its Public Debut Alongside 'Sue The T. Rex' At Denver Museum Of Nature & Science|work=CBS 4 Denver|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2021/02/11/tiny-thornton-dinosaur-torosaurus-public-debut-alongside-sue-trex-denver-museum-nature-science/}}</ref>
|''[[Torosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|
|The first recorded Torosaurus find in Colorado, the most complete Torosaurus ever found.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=8b6413c553f74c0783db8611cc34516c|title=Tiny, Thornton's Torosaurus|access-date=2021-04-04|website=www.arcgis.com}}</ref> Found in 2017 and originally thought to be a ''Triceratops.''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Worthington|first=Danika|date=December 5, 2017|title=Remember Thornton's triceratops, "Tiny?" Turns out he's another dinosaur entirely.|work=The Denver Post|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/12/05/thornton-triceratops-torosaurus/}}</ref>
|
|-
|Yoshi's Trike
|MOR 3027
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Triceratops]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68-66 million years ago)
|[[Hell Creek Formation|Hell Creek formation]]
|Has longest horns found in any Triceratops known
|[[File:Triceratops horridus adult and juvenile - Museum of the Rockies - 2013-07-08 (9327201636).jpg|thumb|]]
|-
|}

===Ornithopods===

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|April<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Dempsey|first=Matt|date=October 14, 2021|title=April the Tenontosaurus will occupy the entrance hall when Manchester Museum reopens in 2022. It was the first dinosaur I worked on, and in the years since has remained key to my research, so I'm stoked to be involved in the project! Here's how much of the skeleton is present|url=https://twitter.com/Sketchy_raptor/status/1448691713514561536|access-date=October 14, 2021|website=Twitter}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2004|title=April's fooled museum for years|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/aprils-fooled-museum-for-years-1103086|access-date=October 14, 2021|website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref>
|MANCH LL. 12275<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nudds JR, Lomax DR, Tennant JP |year=2022 |title=Gastroliths and ''Deinonychus'' teeth associated with a skeleton of ''Tenontosaurus'' from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana, USA |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=140 |pages=Article 105327 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105327|bibcode=2022CrRes.14005327N |s2cid=251528559 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=The Manchester Museum Collection Database|url=http://harbour.man.ac.uk/mmcustom/Display.php?irn=2005875&QueryPage=/mmcustom/narratives/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=harbour.man.ac.uk}}</ref>
|[[Manchester Museum]]
|''[[Tenontosaurus|Tenontosaurus tilleti]]''
|[[Lower Cretaceous]]
|[[Cloverly Formation]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Demspey|first=Matt "Sketchy-raptor"|date=May 22, 2020|title=Tenontosaurus skeletal reconstruction by Sketchy-raptor on DeviantArt|url=https://www.deviantart.com/sketchy-raptor/art/Tenontosaurus-skeletal-reconstruction-842466266|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.deviantart.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16" />
|Highly complete.<ref name=":14" /> Named after wife of preparator. May represent male specimen.<ref name=":15" />
|
|-
| Antonio<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collezione di Paleontologia |website=Museo di Storia Naturale |url=http://www.museostorianaturaletrieste.it/collezioni-e-ricerca/collezione-di-paleontologia/|access-date=2017-07-31 |language=it-IT}}</ref>
| SC 57021
|[[Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste|Civic Museum of Natural History]], Trieste
| ''[[Tethyshadros|Tethyshadros insularis]]''
| [[Late Cretaceous]], 70 Ma (Maastrictian)

| Liburnia Formation

|
|
|-
|Arky<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleo Gallery|url=https://www.paleogallery.com/arky-campto|access-date=2021-05-15|website=www.paleogallery.com}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
|SMA 0265
|Sauriermuseum Athal
|''[[Camptosaurus]]'' sp.
|[[Late Jurassic]]
|
|
|
|-
|Baby Dry<ref name=":5">{{cite AV media |date=April 8, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ET0C5nqqCA |title=Daniel Dunfee - #OUVirtualExpo - Skull changes in the dinosaur Dryosaurus |publisher=WitmerLab |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206193057/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ET0C5nqqCA |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|CM 11340
|[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Dryosaurus|Dryosaurus elderae]]''
|Late Jurassic
|[[Morrison Formation|Morrison formation]]
|Juvenile specimen.
|
|-
|Barbara
|SMA 0010
|[[Aathal Dinosaur Museum]]
|[[Nanosaurus|''Nanosaurus agilis'']]
|Late Jurassic
|
|
|
|-
|Becky's Giant
|MOR 1609<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Horner JR, Goodwin MB, Myhrvold N | title = Dinosaur census reveals abundant Tyrannosaurus and rare ontogenetic stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e16574 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21347420 | pmc = 3036655 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0016574 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...616574H | veditors = Roopnarine P | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Edmontosaurus annectens]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|
|A maxilla. Its 570 mm size indicates it is one of the largest specimens of ''Edmontosaurus''.
|
|-
|The Beast
|FMNH
|[[Field Museum of Natural History]]
|[[Hypsibema missouriensis|''Parrosaurus missouriensis'']]
|Late Cretaceous
|
|
|
|-
|Boggy Lips
|
|Black Hills Institute

| ''[[Edmontosaurus]]''

|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

|[[Lance Formation]]

|Has preserved skin

|
|-
|Bruno
|SC 57247<ref>Dalla Vecchia F.M. (2020) - The unusual tail of Tethyshadros insularis (Dinosauria, Hadrosauroidea) from the Adriatic Island
of the European archipelago. Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 126(3): 583-628.</ref>
|Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste
|''[[Tethyshadros]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|Liburnia Formation
|
|
|-
|Burt<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Wes |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Meet "Burt," the Barnes County Museum's newest dinosaur exhibit |work=Valley City Time-Record |url=https://www.times-online.com/news/meet-burt-the-barnes-county-museum-s-newest-dinosaur-exhibit/article_9a82697a-c72b-11ec-9f5e-33e5bff7eb8e.html |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref>
|
|Barnes County Historical Society Museum
|[[Thescelosaurus|''Thescelosaurus neglectus'']]
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|
|
|
|-
| Constantine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|DAK
|
|
|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Dakota (fossil)|Dakota]]
|
|[[North Dakota Heritage Center|North Dakota Heritage Center & State Museum]]<ref>{{cite tweet |author=NDGS Paleontology |user=NDGSPaleo |number=1448699983381733397 |date=October 14, 2021 |title=Just a reminder: Dakota is ready for its closeup tonight at the North Dakota Heritage Center & State Museum. A few tickets are still on sale until 4:00 pm today. $30 for adults, $15 for kids. 5:30 pm to 7:30 pm. WE WILL NOT BE SELLING TICKETS AT THE DOOR! https://t.co/apfEd0IuRi https://t.co/hBAwhpR0sw |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018204035/https://twitter.com/ndgspaleo/status/1448699983381733397 |archive-date=October 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|Maastrichtian
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Very well preserved

|[[File:Dakota_skin_impression.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossilized skin of Dakota the ''Edmontosaurus''.]]
|-
|Diana<ref name=":6" />
|
|[[Houston Museum of Natural Science]]
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|Maastrichtian
|
|
|[[File:Edmontosaurus annectens HMNS.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|Dinosaur Joe<ref>{{cite web|title=Joe the Dinosaur|url=https://www.dinosaurjoe.org/|access-date=2021-03-31| publisher = Raymond Alf Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>
|RAM 14000<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Farke AA, Chok DJ, Herrero A, Scolieri B, Werning S | title = Ontogeny in the tube-crested dinosaur Parasaurolophus (Hadrosauridae) and heterochrony in hadrosaurids | journal = PeerJ | volume = 1 | pages = e182 | date = 2013-10-22 | pmid = 24167777 | pmc = 3807589 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.182 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|[[Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology]]
|[[Parasaurolophus|''Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus'']]
|Late Cretaceous ([[Campanian]]; 75.5 million years ago)
|
|Juvenile specimen, named after volunteer Joe Augustyn
|[[File:Parasaurolophus juvenile skeleton.png|center|thumb]]
|-
| Elvis
|
| [[Phillips County Museum]]<ref>{{cite news| agency = Associated Press |date=7 July 2001 |title = Elvis skeleton unveiled in Malta |work=Billings Gazette |url=https://billingsgazette.com/news/local/elvis-skeleton-unveiled-in-malta/article_9b356317-8f99-5914-9c0f-e04d277ec67f.html }}</ref>

| ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Gary
|UALVP 60425<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Sharpe |first=Hank |user=Paleoartologist |number=1567556912019050499 |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Gary the hadrosaur is submitted for publication! Stoked for the world to meet our little lad https://t.co/ICz0Hytepe |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>
|[[University of Alberta|University of Alberta Paleotology Museum]]
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous
|
|
|
|-
|George<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walking Lambeosaurus |url=https://pme.ubc.ca/exhibits/lambeosaur/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=pme.ubc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mckinnon|first=Mika|date=2014-05-09|title=The Story of George|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-story-of-george-1573889760 |access-date=January 4, 2022|website=Gizmodo}}</ref>
|
|Pacific Museum of the Earth, [[Vancouver]]
|''[[Lambeosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian; 75.5 million years ago)
|[[Dinosaur Park Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Georgette<ref name=":7" />
|
|[[Korea University of Science and Technology|Korea Institute of Geoscience]]
|''[[Maiasaura|Maiasaura peeblesorum]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Hannah<ref>{{Cite web|title=WVGES Museum::Dinosaurs - Edmontosaurus|url=http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/museum/musenew4.htm|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.wvgs.wvnet.edu}}</ref> (II)
|
|[http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/museum/museum.htm Museum of Geology & Natural History], West Virginia
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|
|Hell Creek Formation
|Uncovered in 2003. Only genuine non-avian dinosaur specimen in the state of [[West Virginia]].
|
|-
|Hardy
|
|[[Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University]]
|[[Hadrosaurus|''Hadrosaurus foulkii'']]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Henrietta<ref name=":7" />
|
|[[Royal Ontario Museum]]
|''[[Maiasaura|Maiasaura peeblesorum]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
| Isauria
| IGM 6583<ref name="P-MB12">{{cite journal|last1=Prieto-Márquez|first1=Albert|last2=Serrano Brañas|first2=Claudia Inés|year=2012|title=''Latirhinus uitstlani'', a 'broad-nosed' saurolophine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the late Campanian (Cretaceous) of northern Mexico|journal=Historical Biology|volume=24|issue=6|pages=607–619|doi=10.1080/08912963.2012.671311|s2cid=128964878}}</ref>

| Instituto de Geologia of the
[[National Autonomous University of Mexico|Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico]] (National Autonomous University of Mexico)

| ''[[Latirhinus]]''

| Campanian (Late Cretaceous), 72.5 million years ago

| [[Cerro del Pueblo Formation]]

|
|
|-
|Karen<ref name=":7" />
|
|
|''[[Prosaurolophus|Prosaurolophus blackfeetensis]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Leonardo<ref>Murphy, N. L., Trexler, D., & Thompson, M. (2006). "Leonardo" a mummified Brachylophosaurus from the Judith River Formation. In Carpenter, K.: Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 117-133.</ref>
|
|[[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]
|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|Campanian
|[[Judith River Formation]]
|Mummified specimen
|[[File:Leonardo mummified brachylophosaurus.jpg|thumb|Leonardo the ''Brachylophosaurus'']]
|-
|Leon<ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Meet the Leon the Hadrosaur: A behind the scenes look at putting a prehistoric fossil together|date=May 17, 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvlzlvlOov4|work=Youtube|language=en|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref>
|
|[[Houston Museum of Natural Science]]
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|Maastricthian
|
|
|[[File:Edmontosaurus annectens HMNS.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|Lizzie
|2000 P-02<ref name="mata-hadro-intro-220" />
|[[University of Alaska Museum of the North|University of Alaska Museum]]<ref name="mata-hadro-intro-220" />
|[[Hadrosauridae]] indet.<ref name="mata-hadro-saur-224" />
|Middle [[Turonian]]<ref name="mata-hadro-age-220" />
|[[Matanuska Formation]]<ref name="mata-hadro-location-220" />
|This specimen was the first occurrence of a hadrosaur in south-central Alaska, one out of only four vertebrate fossils from the entire [[Wrangellia Composite Terrane]], and the first associated skeleton of an individual dinosaur in Alaska.<ref name="mata-hadro-abs-219" />
|
|-
|Mama Dry<ref name=":5" />
|CM 3392
|[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Dryosaurus|Dryosaurus elderae]]''
|[[Late Jurassic]]
|[[Morrison Formation|Morrison formation]]
|Sub-adult specimen.
|
|-
|Marco<ref name="GFT08b">{{cite web|last=Newhouse|first=Eric|date=2008-06-02|title=Badlands yield another impressive fossil|url=http://greatfallstribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080602/NEWS01/806020303|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603015130/http://www.greatfallstribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080602%2FNEWS01%2F806020303|archive-date=2008-06-03|access-date=2008-07-13|publisher=Great Falls Tribune}}</ref>
|
|
|''Brachylophosaurus canadensis''
|Late Cretaceous
|
|
|
|-
|Mary Anne<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naranjo Museum {{!}} Naranjo Museum of Natural History |url=https://naranjomuseum.org/exhibits-and-activities/exhibits/cretaceous-period-champsosaur-mary-ann-hadrosaur-velociraptor-and-pterosaur/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=naranjomuseum.org}}</ref>
|
|[[Naranjo Museum of Natural History]]
|
|Late Cretaceous
|
|
|
|-
|Maximus<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cluzeau|first=Taïna|date=2019-10-15|title=Combien vaut réellement un fossile de dinosaure ?|trans-title=How much is a dinosaur fossil really worth?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/animaux/2019/10/combien-vaut-reellement-un-fossile-de-dinosaure|access-date=2021-10-29|website=National Geographic|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vente de septembre 2019: Lot Detail: 338|url=https://www.piguet.com/en/lots/1257803|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Piguet Hôtel des Ventes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dinosaurierskelett in Genf für 225'000 Franken versteigert|url=https://www.tagblatt.ch/newsticker/schweiz/dinosaurierskelett-in-genf-fur-225-000-franken-versteigert-ld.1155068|access-date=2021-10-30|website=St.Galler Tagblatt|date=25 September 2019 |language=de}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Thescelosaurus]]''
|Late Cretaceous
|
|
|
|-
|Mojo
|
|
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Mouse
|
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
|Hadrosauridae indet.
|Campanian
|[[Dinosaur Park Formation]]
|Named after a mouse skeleton found in its plaster jacket after being left out for years.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1363879098028752896 |date=February 22, 2021 |title=Once they removed the jacket, preparators found the skeleton of a mouse that had burrowed inside and made a nest. They nicknamed the fossil 'Mouse.' The specimen is occasionally used in educational programming. https://t.co/LwPZ8JqvLi |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407102303/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1363879098028752896 |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-
|Nadine<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=October 6, 2014|title=Fossil Specimens Placed in Museums and Universities by Commercial Paleontology|url=https://aaps-journal.org/Commercial-Contributions-to-Paleontology.html|access-date=May 15, 2021|website=The Journal of Paleontological Sciences, Association of Applied Palaeontological Sciences}}</ref>
|
|Fukui
|''[[Hypacrosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Papa Dry<ref name=":5" />
|CM 87688
|[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Dryosaurus|Dryosaurus elderae]]''
|Late Jurassic
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|Partially preserved adult skull
|
|-
|Peanut<ref name="GFT08a">{{cite web|last=Newhouse|first=Eric|date=2008-06-01|title=Malta dinosaur museum read to roar|url=http://www.greatfallstribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2008806010302|access-date=2008-07-13|publisher=Great Falls Tribune}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|
|
| ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''

|Late Cretceous (Campanian)

|
|
|
|-
|Pink Iggy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iguanodon|url=http://www.dinosaurisle.com/iguanodon.aspx|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.dinosaurisle.com}}</ref>
|MIWG.5126
|[[Dinosaur Isle]]
|''[[Iguanodon]]''
|
|
|Named after the bones' pink colouration due to the minerals in the rocks
|
|-
|Primus
|SC 57022
|Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste
|''Tethyshadros''
|Late Cretceous (Maastrichtian)
|Liburnia Formation
|
|
|-
|Prince
|
|
|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|Late Cretceous (Campanian)
|
|
|
|-
| Roberta
|
|[[Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station]]
| ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|Late Cretceous (Campanian)

|
|Mummified remains

|[[File:Roberta Brachylophosaurus.jpg|center|thumb|Roberta]]
|-
|Rocco<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwing |first=Emily |title=A Treasure Trove of Dinosaur Bones in Italy Rewrites the Local Prehistoric Record |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/a-treasure-trove-of-dinosaur-bones-in-italy-rewrites-the-local-prehistoric-record/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|''Tethyshadros insularis''
|Late Cretaceous, 70 Ma (Maastrictian)
|Liburnia Formation
|
|
|-
|Rod's Duck<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Fowler |first=Denver |user=df9465 |number=1562557957564682256 |date=August 24, 2022 |title=The past few weeks I've been working on the skeleton of "Rod's Duck" (photo bone map by Liz). The bones have hard concreted rock underlying them, so I have been busy with the rock saw and a big hammer and chisel! #LiveFromTheField #dinosaurs #scicomm #FossilFriday https://t.co/N3xxR4blXX |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825194346/https://twitter.com/df9465/status/1562557957564682256 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|uncatalogued
|[[Badlands Dinosaur Museum|Badland's Dinosaur Museum]]
|?''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'' sp.
|Late Cretaceous, 76 mya
|[[Judith River Formation]]
|A young individual, possibly of the genus ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'' died at approximately the age of 2–3 years.
|
|-
|Ruth<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Elizabeth |date=2021 |title=A Dinosaur Named Ruth: How Ruth Mason Discovered Fossils in Her Own Backyard by Julia Lyon |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/805589 |journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=63–64 |doi=10.1353/bcc.2021.0535 |s2cid=258078709 |issn=1558-6766}}</ref>
|
|[[National Museum Cardiff]]
|''[[Edmontosaurus annectens]]''
|Late Cretaceous, 66 Ma (Maastrictian)
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Named after Ruth Mason, who discovered fossils of ''Edmonotosaurus'' on her ranch, and provided the name of the Ruth Mason Quarry
|
|-
|Secundus
|SC 57026
|Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste
|''Tethyshadros insularis''
|Late Cretceous (Maastrichtian)
|Liburnia Formation
|
|
|-
|Skinny
|
|[[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]]<ref name=":20" />
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|Late Cretceous (Maastrichtian)
|
|
|
|-
|Tertius
|
|Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste
|''Tethyshadros''
|Late Cretceous (Maastrichtian)
|Liburnia Formation
|
|
|-
|Tyke
|TMP 1998.050.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
|[[Prosaurolophus|''Prosaurolophus maximus'']]
|[[Campanian]], [[Late Cretaceous]]
|St. Mary River, Deerfield Hutterite Colony, near Magrath, [[Bearpaw Formation|Bearpaw formation]]
|Named Tyke in reference to its young age.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1341046405222129664 |date=December 21, 2020 |title=Preparator Wendy Sloboda nicknamed this Prosaurolophus specimen "Tyke," as it was the smallest juvenile dinosaur skeleton the Museum had found at the time. An all-female crew of five excavated the 74-million-year-old fossil south of Lethbridge in 1998. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/vJ94Y60fcV |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206193105/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1341046405222129664 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|Wally<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleo Gallery|url=https://www.paleogallery.com/wally-campto|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.paleogallery.com}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Camptosaurus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|
|
|
|-
|Walter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wollman |first=Jessica |title=Paleontology: It's More Than Just Dinosaur Dig Sites (Though, That's Pretty Cool!) |url=https://www.cncc.edu/paleontology-it-s-more-than-just-dinosaur-dig-sites-though-that-s-pretty-cool |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.cncc.edu |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|
|[[Colorado Northwestern Community College|Colorado Northwestern Field Museum]]
|[[Hadrosauridae]] indet.
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
|
|Named after the Great Dane who discovered it on a walk with Colorado Northwestern teacher Ellis Thompson-Ellis.
|
|-
|Willo
|NCSM 15728<ref name="FRSBHK00">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fisher PE, Russell DA, Stoskopf MK, Barrick RE, Hammer M, Kuzmitz AA | title = Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur | journal = Science | volume = 288 | issue = 5465 | pages = 503–5 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10775107 | doi = 10.1126/science.288.5465.503 | bibcode = 2000Sci...288..503F }}</ref>

|[[North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences]]

|''[[Thescelosaurus]]''
|[[Maastrichtian]]

|Hell Creek Formation

|Falsely thought to have fossilised heart intact.

| [[File:Willo.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Willo the Thescelosaurus]]
|-
|X-rex
|MOR 1142<ref name=":1" />
|Museum of the Rockies
|''[[Edmontosaurus]]''
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|Hell Creek Formation
|Tail. Size indicates it is one of the largest specimens of Edmontosaurus.
|
|-
|Zdravko
|
|Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste
|''Tethyshadros''
|Late Cretceous (Maastrichtian)
|Liburnia Formation
|
|
|-
|}

===Thyreophora===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Dante<ref name=":7" />
|
|
|''[[Edmontonia]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Easton<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aupperle |first=Katie |date=2023-05-09 |title=New exhibit coming to the Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History |url=https://www.kbtx.com/2023/05/09/new-exhibit-coming-brazos-valley-museum-natural-history/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.kbtx.com |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[National Museum of Natural History]]
|Unknown
|
|[[Lance Formation]]
|Cast on display at the [[Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History]]
|
|-
|Fantasia<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Stegosaurus, "Fantasia" - Mounted Skeleton |url=https://fineart.ha.com/itm/dinosauria/bones/the-stegosaurus-fantasia-mounted-skeleton/a/6061-49073.s|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Heritage Auctions|language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Hesperosaurus]]''
|Kimmieridgian, 155 MYA
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Gamera<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Kirkland |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Kirkland |user=Paleojim |number=1506064482451173376 |date=March 22, 2022 |title=2.5 days cropping and editing and finally got first draft plate put together for the description of "Gamera" from the Suarez site. Verts are a pain to crop!! Next the dorsals.... https://t.co/DNlX3mbK44 |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515164950/https://twitter.com/paleojim/status/1506064482451173376 |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|CEUM 1522
|[[USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum]]
|[[Nodosauridae]] indet.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Kirkland |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Kirkland |user=Paleojim |number=1506083951219150851 |date=March 22, 2022 |title=@sphenaphinae Diagnostically a new species of huge ?Berriasian polacanthine ankylosaur. Nearly twice as big as Gastonia and Polacanthus. Distinctive armor with an amazing cervical ring. https://t.co/R8jqzO3Ar9 |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502031021/https://twitter.com/paleojim/status/1506083951219150851 |archive-date=May 2, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> (part of the [[Polacanthinae]] clade)
|Early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]]; 145-139 mya)
|[[Cedar Mountain Formation]] (Yellow Cat member)
|Named after the turtle ''[[kaiju]]'' [[Gamera|of the same name]]
|
|-
|Gates
|GPDM 205<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last1=Woodruff|last2=Trexler|last3=Maidment|first1=D. Cary|first2=David|first3=Sussanah|date=2019|title=Two new stegosaur specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334966416|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=64|pages=461–480|doi=10.4202/app.00585.2018|s2cid=201310639|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|[[Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station]]
|''[[Stegosaurus]]''
|
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Giffen
|GPDM 178<ref name=":19"/>
|[[Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station]]
|''[[Stegosaurus]]''
|
|Morrison Formation
|named after town of Giffen, Montana where originally found.
|
|-
|Lily
|SMA L02
|
|''[[Hesperosaurus]]''
|Kimmeridgian, 155 MYA
|
|Named after volunteers Nicola and Rabea Lillich
|
|-
|Morritz
|SMA 3074-FV01
|
|''[[Hesperosaurus]]''
|Kimmeridgian, 155 MYA
|
|Named after character from [[Max and Moritz]]
|
|-
|Olive<ref name=":7" />
|NSM PV 20381
|[[National Museum of Nature and Science]]
|[[Euoplocephalus|''Euoplocephalus tutus'']] or ''[[Scolosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Peggy<ref name=":7" />
|FPDM V-31<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arbour|first=Victoria M.|date=2014|title=Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|url=https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/cd5b999b-5995-4aeb-b630-57a36f317abc/view/0b3a4c2c-dd93-4282-bd0c-8b40274142ff/Arbour_Victoria_Spring2014.pdf|journal=University of Alberta}}</ref>
|[[Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Euoplocephalus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Roadkill
|USNM V 4934<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Ben H.|title=The Marsh Dinosaurs – Jurassic|url=https://extinctmonsters.net/the-marsh-dinosaurs-jurassic/|website=Extinct Monsters|date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
|[[National Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Stegosaurus|Stegosaurus stenops]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Found articulated, as well as first with plates preserved as they were.<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
|Sarah/Sophie
|NHMUK R36730
|[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum of London]]
|''[[Stegosaurus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|Extremely complete

|[[File:Stegosaurus Sarah in the Natural History Museum.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Sophie the ''Stegosaurus'']]
|-
|Sherman
|ROM 75860<ref name="Arbour2017">{{cite journal |last1=Arbour |first1=Victoria M. |last2=Evans |first2=David C. |year=2017 |title=A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=161086 |bibcode=2017RSOS....461086A |doi=10.1098/rsos.161086 |pmc=5451805 |pmid=28573004}}</ref>
|[[Royal Ontario Museum]]
|''[[Zuul|Zuul crurivastator]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian; 75 mya)
|[[Judith River Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Spike
|
|
|''[[Polacanthus]]''
|
|
|
|-
|Tank
|
|
|''[[Denversaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Uma<ref name=":7" />
|
|
|[[Euoplocephalus|''Euoplocephalus tutus'']]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Victoria
|SMA 0018
|[[Aathal Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Hesperosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== Miscellaneous ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Buster<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Grossman|first=Nina|date=November 7, 2019|title=VIDEO: Victoria museum unveils 'Buster' a new unique-to-B.C. dinosaur|work=Victoria News|url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/video-victoria-museum-unveils-buster-a-new-unique-to-b-c-dinosaur/}}</ref>
|RBCM P900
|[[Royal British Columbia Museum|Royal BC Museum]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Ferrisaurus|''Ferrisaurus sustutensis'']]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|[[Tango Creek Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Frannie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Frannie the Prenoceratops |website=The Children's Museum of Indianapolis |url=https://www.childrensmuseum.org/blog/meet-frannie-the-prenoceratops-v2|access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>
|
|[[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]
|''[[Prenoceratops]]''
|
|[[St. Marys Formation|St. Mary's Formation]]
|named after Fran Julian, a supporter of The Children's Museum.
|
|-
|Mr. Potatohead<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Fowler |first=Denver |user=df9465 |number=1363226090421030912 |date=February 20, 2021 |title=MOR 3040, which I named "mr potatohead", (bottom left) found by me and Nick Resar in 2010. Not my best work, but hey it's another of my back catalogue published (in @DoubleBeam 's recent paper). https://t.co/DZVhTF4LbO |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>
|MOR 3040<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Museum of the Rockies |author-link=Museum of the Rockies |user=MuseumRockies |number=1362889988711452672 |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Happy #FossilFriday! Dome-headed #dinosaurs lived alongside #Trex and #Triceratops in the Cretaceous Period of #Montana. On the bottom left is the dome of a young #Sphaerotholus (MOR 3040) & on the right is the dome of #Pachycephalosaurus (MOR 1100). Model by K. Olson. https://t.co/skU4yvQD0D |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906172419/https://twitter.com/MuseumRockies/status/1362889988711452672 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>D Cary Woodruff, Mark B Goodwin, Tyler R Lyson, David C Evans, Ontogeny and variation of the pachycephalosaurine dinosaur Sphaerotholus buchholtzae, and its systematics within the genus, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2021;, zlaa179, https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa179</ref>
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Sphaerotholus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Queenie<ref name=":7" />
|
|[[Mokpo#Museums|Mokpo Natural History Museum]],
|''[[Prenoceratops|Prenoceratops pieganensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0572:DOPPGE]2.0.CO;2|issn = 0272-4634|year = 2004|volume = 24|page = 572|title = Description of ''Prenoceratops pieganensis'' gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana|last1 = Chinnery|first1 = Brenda|journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|issue = 3| s2cid=86541770 }}</ref>
|[[Campanian|Late Campanian]] (74 million years)
|
|
|
|-
|Sandy
|
|
|''[[Pachycephalosaurus|Pachycephalosaurus sp.]]''
|Maastrichtian
|Hell Creek Formation
|Most complete specimen of the genus so far
|[[File:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis ROM.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Tucki<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Chapelle |first=Kimi |user=Kimi_Chap |number=1412410726505910279 |date=July 6, 2021 |title=In 2016, the beautiful AM 4766 specimen, affectionately known as Tucki, was taken to @esrfsynchrotron for scanning. 3/8 Pictures by P. Jayet https://t.co/DcgVeEZwPP |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706135915/https://twitter.com/Kimi_Chap/status/1412410726505910279 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|AM 4766<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Viktor J|last1=Radermacher|first2=Vincent|last2=Fernandez|first3=Emma R|last3=Schachner|first4=Richard J|last4=Butler|first5=Emese M|last5=Bordy|first6=Michael|last6=Naylor Hudgins|first7=William J|last7=de Klerk|first8=Kimberley EJ|last8=Chapelle|first9=Jonah N|last9=Choiniere|date=July 6, 2021|title=A new Heterodontosaurus specimen elucidates the unique ventilatory macroevolution of ornithischian dinosaurs|journal=eLife|volume=10|doi=10.7554/eLife.66036|pmc=8260226|pmid=34225841 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Albany Museum, South Africa|Albany Museum]]
|''[[Heterodontosaurus|Heterodontosaurus tucki]]''
|[[Early Jurassic]] ([[Hettangian]]; 200 million years ago)
|Elliot Formation
|
|
|}

== Saurischians ==

===Sauropodomorphs===

==== Basal Sauropodomorphs and Sauropods; misc. ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|[[List of informally named dinosaurs|Alan]]
| YORYM: 2001.9337

| [[Yorkshire Museum|Yorskshire Museum]]

| [[Sauropoda]] indet.

| [[Aalenian]] (Middle Jurassic; 175 million years ago)

| [[Saltwick Formation]]
| Oldest known sauropod specimen of the UK.

|
|-
|Big Momma<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Chapelle |first=Kimi |user=Kimi_Chap |number=1393177046847741958 |date=May 14, 2021 |title=In honour of the paper that came out this week, here is the queen Massospondylus herself, the neotype affectionately known as Big Momma. Happy #FossilFriday ! https://t.co/p6lPOv3tnZ |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516122115/https://twitter.com/kimi_chap/status/1393177046847741958 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|BP/1/4934<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graham|last2=Choiniere|last3=Jiraj|last4=Barrett|first1=Mark R.|first2=Jonah N.|first3=Sifelani|first4=Paul M.|date=August 9, 2017|title=The remedial conservation and support jacketing of the Massospondylus carinatus neotype|url=https://peerj.com/preprints/3130/|journal=PeerJ Preprints|doi=10.7287/peerj.preprints.3130v1|hdl=10141/622298|hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|''[[Massospondylus]]''
|
|
|Neotype of the genus
|
|-
|Dixie
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ellingen
|
|
|''[[Plateosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|George<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=The Rutland Dinosaur and friends|url=https://thecookieraptor.com/2019/02/01/the-rutland-dinosaur-and-friends/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The Cookieraptor|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Leicester Museum & Art Gallery|LCM]] G468.1968
|[[Leicester Museum & Art Gallery]]
|''[[Cetiosaurus|Cetiosaurus oxionensis]]''
|[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] [[Jurassic]] ([[Bajocian]])
|[[Rutland Formation]]
|Also known simply as the Rutland Dinosaur.
|
|-
|Grey Skull
|BP/1/4779<ref name="Chappel-etal-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Chapelle|first1=Kimberley E. J.|last2=Barrett|first2=Paul M.|last3=Botha|first3=Jennifer|last4=Choiniere|first4=Jonah N.|date=August 5, 2019|title=''Ngwevu intloko'': a new early sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa and comments on cranial ontogeny in ''Massospondylus carinatus''|journal=[[PeerJ]]|volume=7|pages=e7240|doi=10.7717/peerj.7240|pmid=31403001|pmc=6687053|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand
|[[Ngwevu|''Ngwevu intloko'']]
|
|
|Holotype
|
|-
|Kate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Kirby
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Monica<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Hazeborg|first=Niels|date=January 4, 2022|title=Return to Naturalis|url=https://chasmosaurs.com/2022/01/04/return-to-naturalis/|access-date=January 4, 2022|website=Love in the Time of Chasmosaurs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bones|first=Dr|date=2008-08-15|title=The Raider's Diary: Plateosaurus "Monica" Resurrected|url=http://the-raiders-diary.blogspot.com/2008/08/plateosaurus-monica-resurrected.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Raider's Diary}}</ref>
|
|[[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]]
|''[[Plateosaurus]]''
|Late Triassic
|
|Found in [[Switzerland]]
|
|-
|Pepe
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==== Diplodocoideans ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Andrew
|CMC VP14128<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Woodruff DC, Carr TD, Storrs GW, Waskow K, Scannella JB, Nordén KK, Wilson JP|date=October 2018|title=The Smallest Diplodocid Skull Reveals Cranial Ontogeny and Growth-Related Dietary Changes in the Largest Dinosaurs|url= |journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=14341|bibcode=2018NatSR...814341W|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-32620-x|pmc=6181913|pmid=30310088}}</ref>
|[[Cincinnati Museum Center]]
|''[[Diplodocus]]''
|[[Late Jurassic]] ([[Kimmeridgian]])
|[[Morrison Formation]] (Salt Wash Member)
|Juvenile skull and vertebrae. Named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]
|[[File:Smallest Diplodocid.png|center|thumb|Art Reconstruction]]
|-
|Appolonia<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-29|title=Apollonia has arrived! (2nd of 3 dinosaurs for museum arrives, The Straits Times, Top of the News; 恐龙"妈妈"来了, 联合早报; 29 August 2012)|url=https://rafflesmuseum.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/apollonia-has-arrived-2nd-of-3-dinosaurs-for-museum-arrives-the-straits-times-top-of-the-news-29-august-2012/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Raffles Museum News III (2007 – 2014)|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Paleophilatelie.eu - Singapore 2015 Lee Kong Chain Natural History Museum|url=http://www.paleophilatelie.eu/description/stamps/singapore_2015.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.paleophilatelie.eu}}</ref>
|
|[[Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum]]
|[[Diplodocidae]] sp.
(informally known as "''Barackosaurus''" and "''Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus''")<ref name="brontodiplodocus">{{cite web|last1=Galiano|first1=H.|last2=Albersdorfer|first2=R|year=2011|title=A new basal diplodocid species, ''Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus'', from the Morrison Formation, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming, with taxonomic reevaluation of ''Diplodocus'', ''Apatosaurus'', and other genera.|url=http://dinosauriainternational.com/downloads/Amphicoelias.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130441/http://dinosauriainternational.com/downloads/Amphicoelias.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-10|publisher=Dinosauria International, LLC|pages=1–44}}</ref><ref name="svpowTaylor2010">{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=M.|title=The elephant in the living room: ''Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus''|url=http://svpow.wordpress.com/2010/10/07/the-elephant-in-the-living-room-amphicoelias-brontodiplodocus/|work=Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week|date=7 October 2010}}</ref>
|Late Jurassic
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|
|[[File:Diplodocid sauropod skeletons, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapore - 20150808-08.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|Big Monty<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ronson|first=Jacqueline|title=Is Nate Murphy Holding a Dinosaur for Ransom?|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/17806-sauropod-dinosaur-discovery-montana-fossil-hunter-paleontology-nate-murphy|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Inverse|date=5 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]''
|[[Late Jurassic]]
|Morrison Formation
|Private specimen.
|
|-
|Brösmeli<ref>{{cite tweet |author=BioluminescentBob |user=TheBioBob |number=1480185192006434816 |date=January 9, 2022 |title=This diplodocid is from the Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry and is nicknamed "Brösmeli". It is one of the skeletons from Sauriermuseum Aathal that made its way to the Oertijdmuseum, where it got preparated and will be displayed and studied in the near and far future. https://t.co/nxzxCUmb0u |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216155926/https://twitter.com/TheBioBob/status/1480185192006434816 |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hazeborg|first=Niels|date=2022-02-04|title=Podcast Show Notes: Episode 14|url=https://chasmosaurs.com/2022/02/04/podcast-show-notes-episode-14/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Love in the Time of Chasmosaurs|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Oertijdmuseum Boxtel
|Diplodocid between ''[[Barosaurus]]'' and ''Galeamopus'' (tenatively ''[[Diplodocus]]'' sp. nov)
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Name means "Crumbly" in the [[Swiss German|Swiss]] [[German language|German]]
|
|-
|[[Dippy]]
|CM 84
|[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History|Carnagie Museum]]
|''Diplodocus''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:CM Diplodocus.jpg|center|thumb]]
|-
|Dolly<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashley Strickland|title=Discovery of what ailed Dolly the dinosaur is a first, researchers say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/10/world/dinosaur-respiratory-infection-scn/index.html|access-date=2022-02-11|website=CNN|date=10 February 2022 }}</ref>
|MOR 7029<ref>Woodruff, D.C., Wolff, E.D.S., Wedel, M.J. et al. The first occurrence of an avian-style respiratory infection in a non-avian dinosaur. Sci Rep 12, 1954 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05761-3</ref>
|[[Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station|Great Plains Dinosaur Museum]]
|[[Diplodocinae]] indet.
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Named after singer [[Dolly Parton]]. Contains evidence of being affected by respiratory disease, specifically [[Airsacculitis]].
|
|-
|Gnatalie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet LA's Newest Star: Gnatalie the Green Dino|url=https://nhm.org/gnatalie|access-date=2024-07-31|website=NHMLA }}</ref>
|
|[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]
|[[Diplodocinae]] indet.
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Named for the gnats that relentlessly harassed excavators. A distinct green color due to [[celadonite]].
|
|-
|[[Gordo (dinosaur)|Gordo]]
|ROM 3670
|[[Royal Ontario Museum]]
|[[Barosaurus|''Barosaurus lentus'']]
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Named after museum curator Gordon Edmund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Massive Barosaurus skeleton discovered at the ROM|url=https://www.rom.on.ca/en/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/massive-barosaurus-skeleton-discovered-at-the-rom|website=ROM.on.ca}}</ref> Originally from [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]].
|[[File:Barosaurus - Sauropod Dinosaur at ROM.jpg|center|thumb|Gordo the ''Barosaurus'']]
|-
|Happy<ref>Full reference: J. S. McIntosh and M. E. Williams. 1988. A new species of sauropod dinosaur, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi sp. nov., from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Fm. of Colorado. Kirtlandia 43:3-26</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Fossilworks: Haplocanthosaurus delfsi|url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=66582|access-date=17 December 2021|website=fossilworks.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HAPLOCANTHOSAURUS DELFSI|url=https://www.cmnh.org/visit/exhibits/haplocanthosaurus-delfsi|access-date=August 24, 2021|website=Cleveland Museum of Natural History}}</ref>
|CMNH 10380<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=J.S.|last2=Williams|first2=M.E.|year=1988|title=A new species of sauropod dinosaur, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi sp. nov., from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Fm. of Colorado |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8Yj0tBZ6RyTOGtSVmUzNURsZVE/view|journal=Kirtlandia|volume=43|pages=3–26|via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>
|[[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]]
|[[Haplocanthosaurus|''Haplocanthosaurus delfsi'']]
|Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)<ref name=":11" />
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Cleveland Museum Haplocanthosaurus.jpg|center|thumb|Happy at the Cleveland Museum]]
|-
|HQ One
|SMA 0003<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schwarz-Wings|first=Daniela|date=2009-06-12|title=Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=517–534|doi=10.1671/039.029.0229|bibcode=2009JVPal..29..517S |s2cid=85776435|issn=0272-4634|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/209351/files/PAL_E4044.pdf }}</ref>
|
|''Diplodocus''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|HQ Two
|SMA 0004<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tschopp|first1=Emanuel|last2=Mateus|first2=Octávio|date=October 2013|title=The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2012.746589|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=853–888|doi=10.1080/14772019.2012.746589|issn=1477-2019|hdl=2318/1525401|s2cid=59581535|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|
|''[[Kaatedocus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Jimbo
|WDC DMJ-021
|Wyoming Dinosaur Center
|''[[Supersaurus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Jimbo Supersaurus.jpg|center|thumb]]
|-
|Junior
|
|
|''[[Apatosaurus]]''
|
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Max
|SMA 00011
|[[Aathal Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Galeamopus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Galeamopus pabsti skull.jpg|center|thumb]]
|-
|Misty
|
|[[Natural History Museum of Denmark]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 13, 2013|title=Misty the Dinosaur comes to Denmark|url=https://snm.ku.dk/english/news/all_news/2013/2013.12/misty_the_dinosaur_comes_to_denmark/|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=University of Copenhagen}}</ref>
|[[Diplodocus|''Diplodocus sp.'']]
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Misty Diplodocus.jpg|center|thumb|On display]]
|-
|Prince<ref name=":10" />
|
|[[Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum]]
|[[Diplodocidae]] sp.
(informally known as "''Barackosaurus''" and "''Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus''")<ref name="brontodiplodocus" /><ref name="svpowTaylor2010" />
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Diplodocid sauropod skeletons, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapore - 20150808-10.jpg|center|thumb|Prince (Twinky to right and Appolonia to left)]]
|-
|Straight Arrow<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleo Gallery|url=http://www.paleogallery.com/meet-straight-arrow-diplodocus|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.paleogallery.com}}</ref>
|
|
|''Diplodocus''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Twinky<ref name=":10" />
|
|[[Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum]]
|[[Diplodocidae]] sp.
(informally known as "''Barackosaurus''" and "''Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus''")<ref name="brontodiplodocus" /><ref name="svpowTaylor2010" />
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Diplodocid sauropod skeletons, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapore - 20150808-02.jpg|center|thumb|Twinky (Prince and Appolonia to right)]]
|}

==== Macronarians ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Alex
|AODF 836
|[[Australian Age of Dinosaurs|Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Diamantinasaurus|Diamantinasaurus matildae]]''
|[[Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]-[[Turonian]]; 94 million years ago)
|[[Winton Formation]]
|Found in 2004, identified as ''[[Diamantinasaurus]]'' in 2016. Preserves braincase.
|
|-
|Ann<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewster |first=Alex |date=2023-04-11 |title=Skull of almost 100-million-year-old sauropod dinosaur discovered in western Queensland |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-12/queensland-sauropod-dinosaur-skull-found/102198990 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>
|
|
|''Diamantinasaurus matildae''
|Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian; 94 million years ago)
|Winton Formation
|
|
|-
|Archbishop<ref>{{cite web|date=28 May 2018|title=Work on the Archbishop begins!|url=https://svpow.com/2018/05/28/work-on-the-archbishop-begins/|access-date=1 January 2019|website=svpow.com}}</ref>
|NHM R5937<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Mike|date=October 15, 2010|title=The Archbishop … restored!|url=https://svpow.com/2010/10/15/the-archbishop-restored/|access-date=September 14, 2021|website=SV-POW}}</ref>
|[[Natural History Museum, London]]
|[[Brachiosauridae]] indet.
|Late Jurassic
|[[Tendaguru Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Clancy<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINTONOTITAN WATTSI|url=https://www.australianageofdinosaurs.com/page/46/australian-age-of-dinosaurs-wintonotitan-wattsi|website=Australian Age of Dinosaurs}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Wintonotitan|Wintonotitan wattsi]]''
|Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|Winton Formation
|Named after ''[[Clancy of the Overflow]]''
|
|-
|Cooper<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cooper|url=https://enhm.com.au/museum/dinosaurs/cooper/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Eromanga|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jackson|first=Ryan|date=June 7, 2021|title=Gargantuan dinosaur discovered in Australia is one of the largest ever discovered|work=cnet|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/meet-australotitan-the-biggest-dinosaur-to-ever-stomp-across-ancient-australia/}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Largest Dinosaur Bones In Australia Discovered|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070504144610.htm|access-date=2021-05-05|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref>
|EMF 102<ref>Hocknull SA, Wilkinson M, Lawrence RA, Konstantinov V, Mackenzie S, Mackenzie R (2021). "[https://peerj.com/articles/11317/ A new giant sauropod, Australotitan cooperensis gen. et sp. nov., from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia]". PeerJ. 9: e11317. doi:10.7717/peerj.11317.</ref>
|Eromanga Natural History Museum
|''[[Australotitan|Australotitan cooperensis]]''
|[[Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]-[[Turonian]])
|Winton Formation
|Named after Cooper Creek
|
|-
|Elliot
|
|
|''[[Austrosaurus]]''
|
|
|Named after Dave Elliot
|
|-
|ET
|
|[[Aathal Dinosaur Museum|Sauriermuseum Aathal]]
|''[[Camarasaurus]]''? ''[[Cathetosaurus|Cathetosaurus lewisi]]''?
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|[[File:Cathetosaurus skeleton 1.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Eva<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palaeontology at Esperaza in the Languedoc |url=https://www.midi-france.info/0705b_esperaza.htm |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=www.midi-france.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Litchfield|first=John|date=2002-07-19|title=How the discovery of Eva the dinosaur has altered history|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-the-discovery-of-eva-the-dinosaur-has-altered-history-185009.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Dinosauria (museum)|Dinosauria]], [[Espéraza]], [[Aude]], [[France]]
|[[Ampelosaurus|''Ampelosaurus atacis'']]
|[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]]; 70 million years ago)
|
|Named after Eva Morvan, the student who first discovered it during the 2000–2001 excavations.
|
|-
|George<ref name=":4" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lyle
|
|[[University of Kansas Natural History Museum]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Roger|date=August 22, 1997|title=KU Gets Great Big Dinosaur Bones|work=KU News|url=http://archive.news.ku.edu/1997/97N/AugNews/Aug21/dino.html|access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rombeck|first=Terry|date=March 16, 2005|title=Old bones get new home|work=LJWorld.com|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/mar/16/old_bones_get/|access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref>
|''[[Camarasaurus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|50% complete
|
|-
|Matilda
|[[Australian Age of Dinosaurs|AODF]] 603<ref name="Hocknull-etal-2009" />
|[[Australian Age of Dinosaurs]]
|''[[Diamantinasaurus|Diamantinasaurus matildae]]''
|Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|[[Winton Formation]]
|Found in 2005, excavated in, & named in 2009. Preserves both forelimbs, right hind limb, shoulders, pelvis, several back vertebrae and ribs. Approximately 30% of the skeleton has been recovered. Named after [[Waltzing Matilda]].
|
|-
|Mary<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-27|title=Elliot and Mary fact files|url=https://dinosaurs.group.uq.edu.au/elliot-and-mary-fact-files|access-date=2021-04-13|website=dinosaurs.group.uq.edu.au|language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Austrosaurus|Austrosaurus mckillopi]]''
|
|[[Winton Formation]]
|Named after Dr Mary Wade.
|
|-
|Morris<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Holland |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Holland |user=holland_tom |number=1144641116953698304 |date=June 28, 2019 |title='Morris' - a Camarasaurus excavated from a quarry above the Wyoming Dinosaur Center. Awesome. https://t.co/R72XTum0RB |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121744/https://twitter.com/holland_tom/status/1144641116953698304 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]
|''Camarasaurus''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Ollie/Oliver<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-17 |title=A 'little baby' the size of an elephant: Meet Ollie, Australia's smallest sauropod dinosaur |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-18/australia-smallest-sauropod-dinosaur-ollie-outback-queensland-/100995592 |access-date=2022-04-17}}</ref>
|AODF 663<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rigby SL, Poropat SF, Mannion PD, Pentland AH, Sloan T, Rumbold SJ, Webster CB, Elliott DA |year=2022 |title=A juvenile ''Diamantinasaurus matildae'' (Dinosauria: Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, with implications for sauropod ontogeny |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=e2047991 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.2047991|s2cid=248187418 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|''Diamantinasaurus matildae''
|Upper Cretaceous
|Winton Formation
|
|
|-
|Oskar<ref>{{cite web |title=The World of Dinosaurs |url=https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/museum/exhibitions/world-dinosaurs |website=Museum für Naturkunde Berlin |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|HMN SII
|Natural History Museum, Berlin
|''[[Giraffatitan|Giraffatitan brancai]]''
|Late Jurassic
|[[Tendaguru Formation]]
|Formerly a species of ''[[Brachiosaurus]]''
|[[File:Giraffatitan brancai Naturkundemuseum Berlin.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Ralph<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Ralph|url=https://greatplainsdinosaurs.org/ralph/|access-date=July 18, 2021|website=Great plains Dinosaur Museum}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0177423|doi-access=free|title=The first specimen of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Montana: The northernmost occurrence of the genus|year=2017|last1=Woodruff|first1=D. Cary|last2=Foster|first2=John R.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=5|pages=e0177423|pmid=28562606|pmc=5451207|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1277423W}}</ref>
|GPDM 220<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" />
|[[Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station]]
|''Camarasaurus''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Only known remains of the genus in [[Montana]], as well as the northernmost occurrence
|
|-
|Tito<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'Arca di Noè - Naturalistic Portal|url=https://www.larcadinoe.com/naturalistic-portal/news-and-curiosity/tito-an-italian-dinosaur|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.larcadinoe.com}}</ref>
|
|[[Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano]] (Milan Natural History Museum)
|Titanosauria indet.
|Early Cretceous ([[Aptian]], 112 mya)
|
|Single tail vertebrae
|
|-
|Toni
|SMA 0009 <ref name="carballidoetal2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Carballido|first1=J.L.|last2=Marpmann|first2=J.S.|last3=Schwarz-Wings|first3=D.|last4=Pabst|first4=B.|year=2012|title=New information on a juvenile sauropod specimen from the Morrison Formation and the reassessment of its systematic position|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/232415/files/PAL_E4089.pdf|journal=Palaeontology|volume=55|issue=2|pages=567–582|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01139.x|bibcode=2012Palgy..55..567C |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|[[Aathal Dinosaur Museum]]
|''[[Brachiosaurus|Brachiosaurus altithorax]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|Juvenile specimen just 2 metres long.
|
|-
|Wade
|AODF 660
|Australian Age of Dinosaurs
|''[[Savannasaurus]]''
|Turonian
|
|
|
|-
|Zac<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZAC the Titanosaur|url=https://enhm.com.au/museum/dinosaurs/zac/|access-date=October 24, 2021|website=Eromanga Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Lemnick|first=Michael D|date=December 8, 2009|title=9. A Dinosaur Named Zac|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944256_1944274,00.html|access-date=October 24, 2021|magazine=Time}}</ref>
|
|Eromanga Natural History Museum
|Titanosauroforms sp.
|Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian; 95-98 million years)
|[[Winton Formation]]
|Very comolte, articulated skeleton. Play on [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] and [[Anzac Day]], on which fossils were uncovered
|
|}

===Theropods===

==== Allosauroidea ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Al-x
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Arkhane<ref>{{Cite web|title=Permanent Exhibition: Gallery of Evolution |website=Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences|url=https://www.naturalsciences.be/en/museum/exhibitions-view/251/428/391|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Richard|date=2019|title=Meet Arkhane: Newly discovered dinosaur species goes on display in Brussels|url=https://www.thebulletin.be/meet-arkhane-newly-discovered-dinosaur-species-goes-display-brussels |access-date=January 7, 2022|website=The Bulletin}}</ref>
|
|[[Museum of Natural Sciences|Brussels Museum of Natural Sciences]]
|''[[Allosaurus]]'' sp. nov.
|[[Late Jurassic]]
|
|Possible new species
|
|-
|Big Al
|MOR 693
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Allosaurus|Allosaurus jimmadseni]]''
|[[Kimmeridgian]]
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|Almost complete specimen with multiple pathologies.
|[[File:Big Al Allosaurus.jpg|thumb|Big Al]]
|-
|
Big Al 2
|
SMA 0005
|[[Aathal Dinosaur Museum|Saurier Museum]]
|''[[Allosaurus|Allosaurus jimmadseni]]''
|Late Jurassic
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|
|[[File:WLA hmns Allosaurus White Background.jpg|thumb|Big Al 2, the ''Allosaurus'']]
|-
|Big Joe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://knuthenborg.dk/en/big-joe-is-coming-to-knuthenborg/ |title=BIG JOE IS COMING TO KNUTHENBORG |last=Olsen |first=Henrik |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=April 3, 2023 }}</ref>
|
|Museum of Evolution in [[Knuthenborg Safaripark]]
|''[[Allosaurus|Allosaurus jimmadseni]]''
|Late Jurassic
|
|One of the largest and most complete ''Allosaurus'' specimens discovered to date
|[[File:Allosaurus in Knuthenborg.jpg|thumb|Big Joe]]
|
|-
|Big Sara<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Naish |first=Darren |author-link=Darren Naish |user=TetZoo |number=1538286000631386112 |date=June 18, 2022 |title=I've just been looking at Big Sara, the privately owned #Allosaurus skeleton (genuine fossil, not a cast) currently on show at Westquay Shopping Centre, #Southampton. What a spectacular specimen! Here are some thoughts... #dinosaurs #fossils https://t.co/5TjcvgeJ6o |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619125424/https://twitter.com/TetZoo/status/1538286000631386112 |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|Privately owned
|
|''[[Allosaurus]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Dracula<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Sachs |first=Sven |user=dinosven |number=1220382664164888576 |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Allosaurus fragilis skull nicknamed Dracula, found at the Dana Quarry in Wyoming (USA). This cast is shown at the Sauriermuseum Aathal in near Zurich (#Switzerland). #dinosaur #skull #jurassic #wyoming #fossil #biodiversity #paleontology #zurich #museum https://t.co/4R76wWN3Wh |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603115507/https://twitter.com/dinosven/status/1220382664164888576 |archive-date=June 3, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Allosaurus|Allosaurus jimmadseni]]''
|
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Ebenezer
|
| [[Creation Museum]]

|''[[Allosaurus]]''
|
| [[Morrison Formation]]

|
|
|-
|Fran
|NCSM 14345
|[[North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences]]
|''[[Acrocanthosaurus|Acrocanthosaurus atokensis]]''
|Early Cretceous, [[Aptian]]

|[[Antlers Formation]]
|
| [[File:Acrocanthosaurus skeleton (1).jpg|thumb|center|NCSM 14345|alt=]]
|-
|Jimmy<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Guy |first=That |author-link=That Guy |user=T_rexellence |number=1445502808577306628 |date=October 5, 2021 |title=@KingRexy328 @DanTom1226 For example that second specimen is "jimmy", an animal I'm very familiar with. The lacrimals definitely have an upward grain |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016104527/https://twitter.com/t_rexellence/status/1445502808577306628 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|DINO 11541<ref name="DJC20">{{cite journal|last1=Chure|first1=D.J.|last2=Loewen|first2=M.A.|year=2020|title=Cranial anatomy of ''Allosaurus jimmadseni'', a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America|journal=PeerJ|volume=8|page=e7803|doi=10.7717/peerj.7803|pmc=6984342|pmid=32002317 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|''Allosaurus jimmadseni''
|Late Jurassic
|Morrison Formation
|
|
|-
|Little Al
|
|
|''[[Allosaurus]]''
|Late Jurassic ([[Kimmeridgian]], 155 million years)
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|
|
|-
|-
|}

==== Maniraptoromorpha ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Baby Louie
|HGM 41HIII1219
|[[Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]
|''[[Macroelongatoolithus|Macroelongatoolithus carlylei]]''/''[[Beibeilong|Beibeilong sinensis]]''
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|[[Zoumagang Formation]]
|[[Fossil egg]]s referred to ''Macroelongatoolithus'', with an associated [[oviraptorosaur]] embryo.<ref name="Grellet-Tinner 2005">{{cite thesis | vauthors = Grellet-Tinner G | title = A phylogenetic analysis of oological characters: A case study of saurischian dinosaur relationships and avian evolution. | location = Los Angeles (CA) | publisher = University of Southern California | date = 2005 | degree = Ph.D. | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/bf8da5c92028cec7c6c897cfcd56f707/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y }}</ref>
|[[File:Babylouiethedinosaur.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Baby Louie, the ''Macroelongatoolithus'' embryo.]]
|-
|[[Baby Yingliang]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geggel|first=Laura|date=December 21, 2021|title=Impeccably preserved dinosaur embryo looks as if it 'died yesterday'|url=https://www.livescience.com/dinosaur-embryo-fossil-egg-discovered |access-date=2021-12-21|website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref>
|YLSNHM01266<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Lida|last1=Xing|first2=Kecheng|last2=Niu|first3=Waisum|last3=Ma|first4=Darla K.|last4=Zelenitsky|first5=Tzu-Ruei|last5=Yang|first6=Stephen L.|last6=Brusatte|title=An exquisitely preserved in-ovo theropod dinosaur embryo sheds light on avian-like prehatching postures|journal=iScience|year=2022|volume=25|issue=1|page=103516|doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516|pmid=35106456|pmc=8786642|bibcode=2022iSci...25j3516X }}</ref>
|Yingliang Stone Nature History Museum, Nan'an, China
|[[Oviraptoridae]] indet.
|Maastrichtian
|[[Hekou Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Big Auntie
|IGM 100/1004

|Institute of Geology of Mongolia
|[[Citipati|''Citipati osmolskae'']]

|[[Campanian]], 74 million years ago

|Djadokhta Formation
|
| [[File:Citipati IGM 100 1004.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Big Auntie]]
|-
|Big Mama
|IGM 100/979

|Institute of Geology of Mongolia
| ''[[Citipati]]''

|Campanian, 74 million years ago

|Djadokhta Formation
|
| [[File:Citipati IGM 100 979.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Big Mama the ''Citipati'']]
|-
|Borsti
|JME Sch 200<ref name="description">{{cite journal|last1=Göhlich|first1=U.B.|last2=Chiappe|first2=L.M.|year=2006|title=A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/232914/files/PAL_E4515.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=440|issue=7082|pages=329–332|bibcode=2006Natur.440..329G|doi=10.1038/nature04579|pmid=16541071|s2cid=4427002}}</ref>
|[[Jura Museum|Jura-Museum Eichstatt]]
|''[[Juravenator|Juravenator starki]]''
|Late Jurassic, 151 million years ago

|[[Painten Formation]]
|Holotype. Named after an expression for a bristle-haired dog.

| [[File:Juravenator starkae.JPG|thumb|center|150px|Borsti]]
|-
|Ciro/Ambrogio
|SBA-SA 163760
|
|''[[Scipionyx|Scipionyx samniticus]]''
|Albian, Early Cretaceous (113 mya)

|[[Pietraroja Plattenkalk]]
|Very well preserved

| [[File:9121 - Milano, Museo storia naturale - Scipionyx samniticus - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 22-Apr-2007a.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Ciro the ''[[Scipionyx]]'']]
|-
|Daffy
|TMP 1990.026.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Struthiomimus|Struthiomimus sp.]]''
|
|[[Horseshoe Canyon Formation|Horseshoe Canyon formation]]
|Named after the [[Looney Tunes]] character; [[Daffy Duck]] due to its skull shape.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1343596402350325769 |date=December 28, 2020 |title=This Struthiomimus skull reminded staff of the cartoon duck "Daffy." The skeleton was collected from Horseshoe Canyon, ~25 km west of the Museum, in 1990. https://t.co/P8HXujyYCR |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407091725/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1343596402350325769 |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-
|Dave
| NGMC 91

| [[Geological Museum of China]]

| ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]''

|124.5 million years ago

|Yixian Formation
|
|[[File:Sinornithosaurus Dave NGMC91.jpg|thumb|Dave the ''Sinornithosaurus'']]
|-
|Dennis
|
|
|''[[Ornithomimus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Hector
|
|
|''[[Deinonychus]]''
|
|
|
|[[File:Deinonychus in Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Hector]]
|-
|Ichabodcraniosaurus<ref name="novacek1996">Novacek, Michael J. (1996). ''Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs''. New York: Anchor Books. {{ISBN|0-385-47774-0}}.</ref>
|IGM 100/980<ref name="turner2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Alan H.|last2=Montanari|first2=Shaena|last3=Norell|first3=Mark A.|year=2021|title=A New Dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan Locality of Mongolia|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/7251/N3965.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3965|pages=1–48|doi=10.1206/3965.1|s2cid=231597229|issn=0003-0082}}</ref>
|Institute of Geology of Mongolia
|''[[Shri devi]]''
|
|[[Barun Goyot Formation]]
|Named due to missing head
|
|-
|Juliet<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Lacerdo|first=Julio|date=2015|title=Dinosaur Romeo and Juliet: the fossilized lovers that died together|url=https://eartharchives.org/articles/romeo-and-juliet-fossils-offer-insight-into-dinosaur-romance/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Earth Archives}}</ref>
|IGM 100<ref name=":17" />
|Institute of Geology of Mongolia
|[[Khaan|''Khaan mckennai'']]
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian; 75-71 million years ago)
|[[Djadochta Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Kirky
|AM 6040<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=De Klerk|first1=William|last2=Forster|first2=Catherine|last3=Sampson|first3=Scott|last4=Chinsamy-Turan|first4=Anusuya|last5=Ross|first5=Callum|date=2000-06-27|title=A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233184192|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=324–332|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ANCDFT]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=128622530 }}</ref>
|[[Albany Museum, South Africa|Albany Museum]]
|[[Nqwebasaurus|''Nqwebasaurus thwazi'']]
|[[Berriasian]], ([[Early Cretaceous|Lower Cretaceous]], 140 million years BCE)
|[[Kirkwood Formation]]
|Named after Kiekwood Formation where it was found.
|
|-
|Lori
|WDC DML 001<ref name="Hesperornithoides">{{cite journal|last1=Hartman|first1=Scott|last2=Mortimer|first2=Mickey|last3=Wahl|first3=William R.|last4=Lomax|first4=Dean R.|last5=Lippincott|first5=Jessica|last6=Lovelace|first6=David M.|date=2019|title=A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight|journal=PeerJ|volume=7|pages=e7247|doi=10.7717/peerj.7247|pmc=6626525|pmid=31333906 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]
|''[[Hesperornithoides|Hesperornithoides miessleri]]''
|Late Jurassic
|Jimbo Quarry, [[Morrison Formation]]
|The first definitive troodont known from the Jurassic period.

|[[File:Hesperornithoides blocks.png|thumb]]
|-
|Pearl<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephans|first=Susan|date=December 1, 2014|title=Meet 'Pearl': The Next Big Thing At Burpee|url=https://www.northernpublicradio.org/2014-12-01/meet-pearl-the-next-big-thing-at-burpee|access-date=February 6, 2022|website=Northern Public Radio}}</ref>
|
|[[Burpee Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Anzu wyliei]]''
|
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Romeo<ref name=":17" />
|
|Institute of Geology of Mongolia
|''[[Khaan|Khaan mckennai]]''
|Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian; 75-71 million years ago)
|[[Djadochta Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Sid Vicious
|
|[[Royal Ontario Museum]]

|[[Dromaeosauridae]] indet.

|
|[[Judith River Formation]]
|Nicknamed both "Julieraptor" and "Kleptoraptor"

|
|-
|Tweety
|TMP 2009.110.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
|''[[Ornithomimus]]''
|[[Maastrichtian|Early Maastrichtian]], [[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Horseshoe Canyon Formation|Horseshoe Canyon formation]]
|Juvenile specimen of ''[[Ornithomimus]]'', named after the [[Looney Tunes]] character.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1343596407387684864 |date=December 28, 2020 |title=The small size, and fine, down-like coating of feathers, of this juvenile Ornithomimus earned it the nickname "Tweety." "Tweety" was one of the first feathered dinosaurs discovered in North America, and was found in the Drumheller Valley. https://t.co/quxK6gDzQy |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171209/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1343596407387684864 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-
|-
|}

==== Tyrannosauroidea ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Baby Bob/Son of Samson
|privately owned specimen, hence no catalogue number
|privately owned specimen, not kept in any institution
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Barnum<ref>{{Cite news|last=Madigan|first=Nick|date=2004-05-17|title=T. Rex Fetches a Bare-Bones Price at Auction|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/17/us/t-rex-fetches-a-bare-bones-price-at-auction.html|access-date=2021-10-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T. rex fossils go for nearly $100,000 at auction |date= May 17, 2004|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/05/17/trex.auction/index.html|access-date=2021-10-31|work=CNN}}</ref>
|privately owned specimen, hence no catalogue number
|privately owned specimen, hence no catalogue number
|''Tyrannosaurus rex''
|
|
|Reported to potentially be the same individual as the first ''T. rex'' specimen ever discovered, now at the [[Natural History Museum, London]].
|
|-
|[[B-rex]]
(Bob-rex)
|MOR 1125
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]] (Maastrichtian 68-66 million years ago)
|Lower [[Hell Creek Formation|Hell Creek]]

|Named after its discoverer, Bob Harmon. One of the few confirmed female fossils discovered.

|[[File:B-rex skull.jpg|150px|thumb]]
|-
|Belle
|
|
|[[Tyrannosaurus|''Tyrannosaurus rex'']]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Big Boy<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Benj-art-min |user=benjiopteryx |number=1482048773056462849 |date=January 14, 2022 |title=A little fact panel about Big Boy! Did you know he's a yet-described species of tyrannosaur, known from tooth material and fragmentary bones? It was awesome to create a model of what it may have been! https://t.co/kEF4h4audE |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218021546/https://twitter.com/benjiopteryx/status/1482048773056462849 |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Arizona Museum of Natural History]]
|Tyrannosauroidea sp.
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Specimens of Tyrannosaurus#"Black Beauty": RTMP 81.6.1|Black Beauty / Cowley]]
|TMP 1981.006.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|Late Cretaceous
|[[Willow Creek Formation|Willow Creek formation]]

|
|[[File:Royal Tyrrell Black Beauty.jpg|thumb|center|Black Beauty the ''T. rex''.]]
|-
|Bloody Mary
|
|[[North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences]]
|unassigned as of yet. Debated to belong to either [[Tyrannosaurus]] or the contentious [[Nanotyrannus]].
|
|
|
|[[File:Tyrannosaurus or Nanotyrannus.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Blossom
|
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology]]
|''[[Gorgosaurus|Gorgosaurus libratus]]''
|
|[[Dinosaur Park Formation|Dinosaur Park formation]]
|Its name is a combination of Bloss (the name of a local fossil hunter) and awesome.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1348660225226665984 |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Staff nicknamed this juvenile Gorgosaurus "Blossom"—a combination of "Bloss" (honouring local fossil hunter Bill Bloss, who found it) and "awesome." #MonikerMonday https://t.co/ZdvLOPWexp |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412144010/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1348660225226665984 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|Bucky
|TCM 2001.90.1
|[[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis|Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
|Named after Bucky Derflinger who discovered it.

|[[File:Tyrannosaurus resting pose.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Bucky the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Casper
|
|[[Natural History Museum of Denmark|Statens Naturhistoriske Museum]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-06-07|title=Mød T. rex Junior|url=https://snm.ku.dk/udstillinger/tristan_otto/t-rex-junior/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=snm.ku.dk|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=NaturalHistoryDK |user=NHM_Denmark |number=1382990817472745472 |date=April 16, 2021 |title=We've got a new addition to the family! Meet Casper – a teen T. rex 🥚🦖 The rare skull of T. rex Junior will be on display in the exhibition 'King of Dinosaurs' next to the adult Tyrannosaurus, Tristan Otto. Get to know Casper 👉 https://t.co/TvDd6W4C9T See you from 21 April👏🥳 https://t.co/eOZyajBmjG |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702122931/https://twitter.com/NHM_Denmark/status/1382990817472745472 |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Tyrannosaurus|''Tyrannosaurus rex'']]
|
|
|
|[[File:Casper juvenile Tyrannosaurus skull.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Casper the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Chinley<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/Syn_JFD/status/1674483135721906197 |url=https://twitter.com/Syn_JFD/status/1674483135721906197 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 11, 2020|title=T. Rex fossil discovered near Mud Butte being restored at South Dakota Mines|work=Rapid City Journal|url=https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/education/t-rex-fossil-discovered-near-mud-butte-being-restored-at-south-dakota-mines/article_656bf651-cece-5139-9dc7-9b5f559595b0.html|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19811227&id=Wq0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9AIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5472,7083490|title=Dinosaur Skeleton Excavated|date=27 December 1981|publisher=Toledo Blade|pages=11}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|Previously known as the Mud Butte Tyrannosaur
|
|-
|Chomper
|MOR 6625
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
| Juvenile skull, named for initial find of small lower jaw fragment.
|[[File:Dinosaur skeleton in Berkeley Square 2024-04-24.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Cast of Chomper in [[Berkeley Square]]]]
|-
|C-rex
|MOR 1126
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Cupcake
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Custer
|MOR-008
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Has intact skull
|
|-
|Denver's Tyranno<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Fowler |first=Denver |user=df9465 |number=1565696739335671808 |date=September 2, 2022 |title=This is the tail of "Denver's Tyranno", the articulated tyrannosaurid that we helicoptered in Oct2021, as seen in our public viewing lab at Badlands Dinosaur Museum. Steve has nearly finished the anterior tail block, and will soon start the body block! #Fossilfriday #dinosaurs https://t.co/O6x71u0VpE |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915023408/https://twitter.com/df9465/status/1565696739335671808 |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Duffy
|
|[[Black Hills Institute of Geological Research]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyrannosaurus rex DUFFY - Field and Lab Poster - Media Display |url=http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=632#detailed |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.bhigr.com}}</ref>
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|Discovered in 1993
|
|-
|Dunfy
|TMP 1985.098.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Albertosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dynamo<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Guy |first=That |author-link=That Guy |user=T_rexellence |number=1407053123542257666 |date=June 21, 2021 |title=@TM9380 No this is the Rex! The specimen name is Dynamo |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705004136/https://twitter.com/t_rexellence/status/1407053123542257666 |archive-date=July 5, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|''Tyrannosaurus''
|
|Hell Creek Formation
|
|
|-
|Elmer
| FMNH PR 866 & PR 2211 (Now recognized as belonging to the same individual)

| [[Field Museum of Natural History]]

|''[[Gorgosaurus]]''
| Late Cretaceous

| [[Dinosaur Park Formation|Dinosaur Park]]: Quarry 138

| Partial skeleton of a 5 year-old tyrannosaurid. Discovered by Elmer S. Riggs in 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 18, 2018|title=Rediscovering a Dinosaur Named Elmer|url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/rediscovering-dinosaur-named-elmer|access-date=April 18, 2021|website=Field Museum}}</ref>

| [[File:Gorgosaurus_Elmer.jpg|thumb|Gorgosaurus; "Elmer"]]
|-
|Fox
|BHI 4182
|
|''Tyrannosaurus''
|Late Cretaceous
|
|
|
|-
|Ginny
|
|[[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|
|[[Frenchman Formation|Frenchman formation]]
|
|
|-
|Gorgeous George<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ben H. |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Before SUE the T. rex, there was 'Gorgeous George' |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/sue-t-rex-there-was-gorgeous-george |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=Field Museum}}</ref>
|FMNH PR308
|[[Field Museum of Natural History]]
|''[[Daspletosaurus]]'' [[Daspletosaurus|sp.]]
|Late Cretaceous

|[[Dinosaur Park Formation]]

|Originally [[American Museum of Natural History|AMNH]] 5434, named after [[Gorgeous George|wrestler of same name]].

| [[File:FMNH Daspletosaurus.jpg|alt=|center|thumb|The skeletal mount of "Gorgeous George"]]
|-
|G-rex<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Museum of the Rockies |author-link=Museum of the Rockies |user=MuseumRockies |number=1378078547592495109 |date=April 2, 2021 |title=Happy #FossilFriday! This is the femur (thigh-bone) of a T. rex (MOR 1128; right) next to the femur of a 25-foot long Jurassic predator, Allosaurus (MOR 693; left). #Trex roamed #Montana at the end of the #Cretaceous (~66 mya), 85 million years after #Allosaurus. https://t.co/Ezw7NCQa8I |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>
|MOR 1128
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Hager
|MOR 008
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|[[Hell Creek Formation|Hell Creek]]
|
|
|-
|Hannibal
|
|
|''[[Gorgosaurus]]''
|[[Campanian]]
|
|
|
|-
|Harley
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Huxley<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1368955206373834754 |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Meet the famous Tyrannosaurus rex from our Dinosaur Hall. Charles M. Sternberg discovered the fossil site near Huxley, Alberta in 1946. The fossils were stuck in hard ironstone along a cliff. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/czn1zrGsYh |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407101655/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1368955206373834754 |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|TMP 1981.012.0001
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|
|
|Named after the site where it was discovered.
|
|-
|Ivan
|
|[[Museum of World Treasures]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Reidl|first=Matt|date=February 15, 2018|title=Wichita gets to keep its T. rex skeleton in Old Town|url=https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/ent-columns-blogs/keeper-of-the-plans/article200384909.html|website=The Wichita Eagle}}</ref>
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|[[File:Ivan the T. rex.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Specimens of Tyrannosaurus#"Jane": BMRP 2002.4.1|Jane]]
|BMRP 2002.4.1
|[[Burpee Museum of Natural History]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Judith River Formation|Judith River]]
|11-year old skeleton of a tyrannosaurid, named after Burpee Museum benefactor Jane Solem.

|[[File:Tyrannosaurus Rex Jane.jpg|alt=|center|thumb|Jane the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|
Jordan Theropod
|
LACM 28471
|
[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]
|
''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|last=Carr & Williamson|date=2004-12-02|title=Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/142/4/479/2632290}}</ref>
|
[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Small juvenile specimen, two years old <ref>{{Cite journal|first=G.|last=Erickson|date=2004-08-12|title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Nature|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02699}}</ref>, named after where it was found: [[Jordan, Montana]]
|
|-
|Laurel<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 27, 2019|title=Our fascination with Tyrannosaurus Rex|work=CBS Sunday Morning|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/our-fascination-with-tyrannosaurus-rex/|access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>
|
|
|''Tyrannosaurus rex''
|
|
|Juvenile specimen
|
|-
|Lee-rex
|
|[[Casper College|Tate Geological Museum]]
|[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Little Clint<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Clint 2006 Fact Sheet |website=Dinosaur Discovery Museum|url=https://museums.kenosha.org/dinosaur/exhibits/little-clint-2006-fact-sheet/|access-date=2021-04-12|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Carthage College Institute of Paleontology/[[Dinosaur Discovery Museum]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lucy<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 27, 2017|title=University of Kansas museum unveils T. rex skeleton|work=CJ Online|url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/education/2017/09/27/university-kansas-museum-unveils-t-rex-skeleton/16527010007/|access-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Kansas museum unveils T. rex skeleton|url=https://infotel.ca/newsitem/ks-university-of-kansas-t-rex/cp340556636|access-date=2022-01-07|website=INFOnews}}</ref>
|
|[[University of Kansas Natural History Museum]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Mr. Daspleto
|
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology|Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology]]
|''[[Daspletosaurus|Daspletosaurus sp.]]''
|
|
|Initially labelled "MR Daspleto" (Milk River Daspelto) which was misread as "Mr. Daspleto", resulting in its nickname.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1356275365430247426 |date=February 1, 2021 |title=The nickname for our partial Daspletosaurus skeleton was more accidental than intentional. The fossils were collected from a site near the Milk River in southern Alberta in 2011. Despite disarticulation across the site, the fossils were exquisitely preserved. https://t.co/HkOPFqatlZ |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>

|
|-
|Ouroboros / Boris / Hollywood
|
|[[Natural History Museum of Utah|Utah Natural History Museum]]
|''[[Teratophoneus]]''
|
|
|Named after how the tail was found very close to mouth, in reference to the [[Ouroboros|mythical serpent]].
|[[File:“Hollywood” Teratophoneus specimen.jpg|center|thumb]]
|-
|[[Specimens of Tyrannosaurus#"Peck's Rex": MOR980|Peck's Rex / Rigby's Rex / Montana's Rex]]
|MOR 980
|[[Museum of the Rockies]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
| [[Late Cretaceous]] (Maastrichtian 68-66 million years ago)
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Named after [[Fort Peck, Montana|Fort Peck]] which it was discovered close to.
|[[File:OriginalPecks.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Pete III
|
|[[Cincinnati Museum Center]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Ben H.|date=2019|title=Dinosaurs at the Cincinnati Museum Center|url=https://extinctmonsters.net/2019/09/09/dinosaurs-at-the-cincinnati-museum-center/|website=Extinct Monsters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maltese|date=2018-12-03|title=RMDRC paleo lab: Pete III Final Update: In Its Forever Home|url=http://rmdrc.blogspot.com/2018/12/pete-iii-final-update-in-its-forever.html|access-date=2021-04-18|website=RMDRC paleo lab}}</ref>

|''[[Daspletosaurus|Daspletosaurus torosus]]''

|Campanian

|
|
|
|-
|Peter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morton |first=Nathan |date=2022-04-13 |title=Auckland Museum assembles Peter the T Rex: A dinosaur 'jigsaw puzzle' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300565526/auckland-museum-assembles-peter-the-t-rex-a-dinosaur-jigsaw-puzzle |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>
|AWMM-IL 2022.9<ref>Burnhan, Nudds, and Rothschild (2022). [https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/d8621a44-33fa-456f-976d-638fe7dbe3aa/Peter-Scientific-Report-FINAL.pdf A PALEONTOLOGICAL STUDY ON A NEW SPECIMEN OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX NAMED 'PETER' FROM THE LANCE FORMATION (MAASTRICHTIAN) OF WYOMING SPECIMEN NUMBER AWMM-IL 2022.9]</ref>
|[[Auckland War Memorial Museum]]
|[[Tyrannosaurus|''Tyrannosaurus rex'']]
|Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|[[Lance Formation]]
|
|
|-
|Petey
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Queenie
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Regina
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ruth
|
|[[Thanksgiving Point|Museum of Ancient Life]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-28|title=Ruth the Gorgosaurus, unveiled at the Museum of Ancient Life|url=https://www.lehifreepress.com/2018/06/28/ruth-the-gorgosaurus-unveiled-at-the-museum-of-ancient-life/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Lehi Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

|''[[Gorgosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Samson / Z-rex
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
|
|[[File:Samson Tyrannosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|Samson the ''T. rex''|alt=]]
|-
|[[Scotty (dinosaur)|Scotty]]
|RSM P2523.8

|[[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Frenchman Formation|Frenchman formation]]

|The name "Scotty" comes from the celebratory bottle of scotch shared by the team that had discovered and identified the bones.
|[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Scotty the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Sir Williams<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daspletosaurus sp.'' "Sir William" |url=https://dinosaursanctuary.com/partial-daspletosaurus-torosus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419130834/https://dinosaursanctuary.com/partial-daspletosaurus-torosus.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-19|website=Dinosaur Sanctuary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Walter W.|title=Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology|last2=Triebold|first2=Michael|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|editor=J. Michael Parrish|location=Bloomington|pages=55–77|chapter=Preliminary Analysis of a Sub-adult Tyrannosaurid Skeleton from the Judith River Formation of Petroleum County, Montana|editor2=Ralph E. Molnar|editor3=Philip J. Currie|editor4=Eva B. Koppelhus}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Daspletosaurus]]'' sp.
|
|
|Possibly either ''Daspletosaurus'', or a new genus.
|
|-
|Sisyphus<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Denver |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Steve's been busy cleaning "Sisyphus", the c.f. Daspletosaurus from the site "Jack's B2". This will be going on display very soon at @D_MuseumCenter along with other bones from this fabulous specimen |url=https://twitter.com/df9465/status/1499802202956656642 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304174144/https://twitter.com/df9465/status/1499802202956656642 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|[[Dakota Dinosaur Museum]] at [[Dickinson Museum Center]]
|''[[Daspletosaurus wilsoni]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
|
|[[File:Sisyphus Daspletosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Sisyphus]]
|-
|[[Stan (dinosaur)|Stan]]
|BHI 3033
|[[Black Hills Institute of Geological Research|Black Hills Institute]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Named after Stan Sacrison, the amateur Paleontologist who discovered it.

|[[File:Stan the Trex at Manchester Museum.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Stan the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|[[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]]
|FMNH PR 2081
|[[Field Museum of Natural History]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|90% complete by volume. Named for Susan Hendrickson who discovered the fossil.

|[[File:FMNH Tyrannosaurus rex Sue.jpg|alt=|center|thumb|Sue the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Tara<ref name=":12" />
|
|Palm Beach Museum of Natural History
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Tinker<ref>{{Cite news|last=Huff|first=Jeanne|date=November 29, 2021|title=Tinker finds a home: T. rex skeleton now on display in Boise|work=Idaho Press|url=https://www.idahopress.com/news/local/tinker-finds-a-home-t-rex-skeleton-now-on-display-in-boise/article_657e435d-3407-5d90-b4cf-ce6aaf999480.html|access-date=May 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Black|first=Riley|date=August 11, 2009|title=Tussling over "Tinker" the Tyrannosaurus|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/tussling-over-tinker-the-tyrannosaurus-50530023/|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]}}</ref>
|
|[[The Journey Museum and Learning Center]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=Blake|date=October 27, 2021|title='Tinker' the T-Rex finds new home at Journey Museum|url=https://www.blackhillsfox.com/2021/10/27/tinker-t-rex-finds-new-home-journey-museum/|website=KEVN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Learning Forum: Tinker's Story |website=Journey Museum and Learning Center|url=https://www.journeymuseum.org/calendar/view/learning-forum-tinkers-story/|access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223010148/https://www.journeymuseum.org/calendar/view/learning-forum-tinkers-story/ |archive-date=2022-02-23}}</ref>
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|Most complete juvenile ''T. rex'' skeleton found to date.
|[[File:Tinker Tyrannosaurus.jpg|alt=|center|thumb|Tinker the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Thanatos<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |author-link=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |user=RoyalTyrrell |number=1381623389735899139 |date=April 12, 2021 |title=Our curators Dr. François Therrien and Dr. Caleb Brown were part of the research team that described Canada's oldest tyrannosaur species in 2020. Thanatotheristes degrootorum was the first new species of tyrannosaur discovered in Canada in 50 years. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/l4TUXWzUKL |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621200730/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1381623389735899139 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|TMP 2010.5.7<ref name="Voris2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Voris|first1=Jared T.|last2=Therrien|first2=Francois|last3=Zelenitzky|first3=Darla K.|last4=Brown|first4=Caleb M.|year=2020|title=A new tyrannosaurine (Theropoda:Tyrannosauridae) from the Campanian Foremost Formation of Alberta, Canada, provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of tyrannosaurids|journal=[[Cretaceous Research]]|volume=110|pages=104388|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104388|bibcode=2020CrRes.11004388V |s2cid=213838772}}</ref>
|[[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
|''[[Thanatotheristes|Thanatotheristes degrootorum]]''
|Campanian, Late Cretaceous
|[[Foremost Formation]]
|Named after the Greek god of death
|
|-
|
Thomas
|
LACM 150167
|
[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]
|
''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|
[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|Named after the brother of school teacher Robert Curry, who discovered the fossil <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Sophia|date=2011-07-02|title=‘Thomas’ the T. rex ready for his closeup at Natural History Museum|work=LA Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/culture-monster-blog/story/2011-07-02/thomas-the-t-rex-ready-for-his-closeup-at-natural-history-museum|access-date=2024-07-31}}</ref>
|[[File:Thomas Trex LACM.jpg|thumb|Thomas the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Titus<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 28, 2021|title=Nottingham's Wollaton Hall to host T. rex fossil in exhibition|work=BBC News Nottingham|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-56889834|access-date=April 30, 2021}}</ref>
|
|
|''Tyrannosaurus rex''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
Tristan-Otto
|
|
[[Natural History Museum, Berlin]]
|
''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|
[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
|Named after Tristan and Otto, the sons of a Danish-born investment banker, Niels Nielsen.
|[[File:Tristan Tyrannosaurus mount MfN 2018 01.jpg|thumb|Tristan the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|
[[Trix (dinosaur)|Trix]]

|
RGM 792.000

|
[[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]]

|
''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus Rex]]''

|
[[Late Cretaceous]]

|
[[Hell Creek Formation]]

|
|
[[File:Trix - lateral view.jpg|thumb|Trix the ''T. rex'']]
|-
|Tufts Love
|UWBM 99000
|[[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holland|first=Michael|date=June 28, 2018|title=Tyrannosaurus rex: A gigantic beast|url=https://www.burkemuseum.org/news/tyrannosaurus-rex-gigantic-beast|website=Burke Museum}}</ref>
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|
|Named after two Burke Museum volunteers which discovered this specimen: Jason Love and Luke Tufts.
|[[File:Tufts love rex.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Victoria
|
|
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Wankel Rex
|USNM PAL 555000 (formerly MOR 555)
|[[National Museum of Natural History]]

|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]

|
|[[File:T-Rex skeleton "Big Mike" at Museum of the Rockies.jpg|thumb|center|Big Mike/Devil Rex/Wankel Rex]]
|-
|Wyrex
|
|[[Houston Museum of Natural Science]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex|Tyrannosaurus]]''
|[[Late Cretaceous]]
|[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|
|[[File:Wyrex Tryannosaurus rex.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Zuri<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 26, 2022|title=Skeletal of "Zuri", an undescribed specimen of juvenile Tyrannosaurus. It fills the gap in size between the better known "Jane" specimen and the "Nanotyrannus" holotype.|url=https://twitter.com/LancianIdolatry/status/1486372660263075843|access-date=January 29, 2022|website=Twitter}}</ref>
|HRS08438, 8507, 8470, 1508, and other
|
|''Tyrannosaurus''
|Late Cretaceous
|Hell Creek Formation
|
|
|-
|-
|}

==== Misc. Theropods ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Nickname
! Catalogue Number
! Institution
! Taxon
! Age
! Unit
! Notes
! Images
|-
|Banjo
|[[Australian Age of Dinosaurs|AODF]] 604<ref name="Hocknull-etal-2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hocknull SA, White MA, Tischler TR, Cook AG, Calleja ND, Sloan T, Elliott DA | title = New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs fromWinton, Queensland, Australia | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = e6190 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19584929 | pmc = 2703565 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006190 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.6190H | editor-link = Paul Sereno | veditors = Sereno P | doi-access = free }}</ref>

|[[Australian Age of Dinosaurs]]

|''[[Australovenator|Australovenator wintonensis]]''
|[[Cenomanian]], 95 Million years Ago

|[[Winton Formation]]
|Named after [[Banjo Paterson|Banjo Patterson]]

|[[File:Banjo Australovenator.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|Claws
|[[Natural History Museum, London|NHMUK]] VP R9951 (formerly BMNH R9951)<ref name="Charig Milner 1986">{{cite journal|last1=Charig|first1=A. J.|last2=Milner|first2=A. C.|year=1986|title=''Baryonyx'', a remarkable new theropod dinosaur|journal=Nature|volume=324|issue=6095|pages=359–361|bibcode=1986Natur.324..359C|doi=10.1038/324359a0|pmid=3785404|s2cid=4343514}}</ref><ref name="cuff13">{{cite journal|last1=Cuff|first1=A. R.|last2=Rayfield|first2=E. J.|year=2013|editor1-last=Farke|editor1-first=Andrew A|title=Feeding Mechanics in Spinosaurid Theropods and Extant Crocodilians|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e65295|bibcode=2013PLoSO...865295C|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065295|pmc=3665537|pmid=23724135|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|[[Natural History Museum, London]]
|''[[Baryonyx|Baryonyx walkeri]]''
|Early Cretaceous; [[Barremian]], 130–125 Million Years Ago
|[[Weald Clay|Weald Clay Formation]]
|Named for its large hand claws, pun on the book and movie [[Jaws (film)|''Jaws'']]
|[[File:Baryonyx head & forelimb NHM.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|Gertie
|PEFO 10395<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Robert A.|last2=Murry|first2=Phillip A.|date=1995|title=Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbv9CQAAQBAJ|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin|volume=4|pages=1–254}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last1=Marsh|first1=Adam D.|last2=Parker|first2=William G.|last3=Langer|first3=Max C.|last4=Nesbitt|first4=Sterling J.|date=2019-05-04|title=Redescription of the holotype specimen of Chindesaurus bryansmalli Long and Murry, 1995 (Dinosauria, Theropoda), from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona|url=http://paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/%28103%29_Marsh_et_al._2019.pdf|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|issue=3|pages=e1645682|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1645682|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E5682M |s2cid=202865005|issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
|[[Petrified Forest National Park]]
|[[Chindesaurus|''Chindesaurus bryansmalli'']]
|[[Norian]], [[Late Triassic]] (213-2010 Million Years Ago)
|[[Chinle Formation]] (Upper Petrified Forest Member)
|Holotype. Named after [[Gertie the Dinosaur]]
|
|-
|Elvis<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Torvosaurus – King of the Real Jurassic World Unearthed |url=https://www.fossilera.com/blog/torvosaurus-king-of-the-real-jurassic-world-unearthed |access-date=March 21, 2021 |website=FossilEra}}</ref>
|
|
|''[[Torvosaurus|Torvosaurus tanneri]]''
|[[Late Jurassic]]
|[[Morrison Formation]]
|
|
|-
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs|Paleontology}}
* [[Lists of dinosaur specimens]]
*[[List of dinosaur specimens sold at auction]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="mata-hadro-abs-219">{{harv|Pasch|May|2001|p=219|loc=Abstract}}</ref>
<ref name="mata-hadro-intro-220">{{harv|Pasch|May|2001|p= 220 |loc=Introduction}}</ref>
<ref name="mata-hadro-saur-224">{{harv|Pasch|May|2001|p=224|loc=Hadrosaur Skeletal Material from the Talkeetna Mountains}}</ref>
<ref name="mata-hadro-age-220">{{harv|Pasch|May|2001|p=220|loc=Age of the Bone-Bearing Unit}}</ref>
<ref name="mata-hadro-location-220">{{harv|Pasch|May|2001|p=220|loc=Location and Geologic Setting}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation|last1=Pasch|first1=A. D.|last2=May|first2=K. C.|date=2001|title=First occurrence of a Hadrosaur (Dinosauria) from the Matanuska Formation (Turonian) in the Talkeetna Mountains of south-central Alaska|work=Short notes on Alaska geology 1997|pages=99–109|publisher=Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys|doi=10.14509/2335}}

[[Category:Lists of dinosaur specimens|Nicknames]]

Beverly Halstead

2024-09-15T01:35:38Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Lambert Beverly Halstead''' (13 June 1933 – 30 April 1991), who also went by '''Lambert Beverly Halstead Tarlo''' or just '''Beverly Halstead''', was a British [[paleontology|paleontologist]] and professor of [[Geology]] & [[Zoology]] and [[popular science|popularizer of science]]. He was noted for his candid theories of dinosaur sexual habits, research into [[Plesiosaur|plesiosaurs]], and also for a prolonged assault on [[phylogenetic systematics]] (or [[Cladistics|"cladism"]], as he referred to it), in a series of letters and editorials to the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

He was President of the [[Geologists' Association]] for 1990–91.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geologistsassociation.org.uk/newgawpsite/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/GA-History-book.pdf|title=The Wyley History of the Geologists' Association in the 50 years 1958–2008|publisher=Geologists Association|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> He also was a co-host on the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] series ''The Dinosaur Trail''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Sarjeant
| first = William A. S.
| authorlink = William Sarjeant
| title = Lambert Beverly Halstead (1933-1992): his life, his discoveries and his controversies
| journal = Modern Geology
| volume = 18
| issue = Halstead Memorial Volume, 1
| pages = 5–59
}} Republished in W.A.S. Sarjeant (ed.), Vertebrate fossils and the evolution of scientific concepts. Writings in tribute to Beverly Halstead. Reading, England: Gordon & Breach Publishers, 1995.
* {{Cite odnb
| id = 49762
| last = Sarjeant
| first = William A. S.
| authorlink = William Sarjeant
| title = Halstead [Tarlo], (Lambert) Beverly (1933–1991), palaeontologist
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halstead, Beverly}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:British palaeontologists]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Geologists' Association]]

{{UK-scientist-stub}}
{{paleontologist-stub}}

Haitian mythology

2024-09-04T15:20:08Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Related notions */

{{Short description|Folklore of the people of Haiti}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
'''Haitian mythology''' consists of many folklore stories from different time periods, involving sacred dance and deities, all the way to Vodou. [[Haitian Vodou]] is a [[syncretism|syncretic mixture]] of [[Roman Catholic]] rituals developed during the [[French colonial empire|French colonial period]], based on [[Traditional African religion|traditional African beliefs]], with roots in [[Dahomey mythology|Dahomey]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]] and [[Yoruba mythology|Yoruba]] traditions, and folkloric influence from the indigenous [[Taíno people|Taino]] peoples of [[Haiti]]. The [[lwa]], or spirits with whom Vodou adherents work and practice, are not gods but servants of the Supreme Creator Bondye (pronounced Bon Dieu). A lot of the [[Lwa|Iwa]] identities come from deities formed in the West African traditional regions, especially the [[Fon people|Fon]] and [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In keeping with the French-Catholic influence of the faith, Vodou practioneers are for the most part monotheists, believing that the lwa are great and powerful forces in the world with whom humans interact and vice versa, resulting in a symbiotic relationship intended to bring both humans and the lwa back to Bondye. "Vodou is a religious practice, a faith that points toward an intimate knowledge of God, and offers its practitioners a means to come into communion with the Divine, through an ever evolving paradigm of dance, song and prayers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Vye Zo Komande LaMenfo|first=Mambo|title=Serving the Spirits: The Religion of Vodou|year=2011|publisher=Mambo Vye Zo Komande LaMenfo|location=United States|isbn= 978-0615535241|page=12}}</ref>

== History and origins of Voodooism in Haiti ==
{{main|Haitian Vodou}}

Vodou originated from the [[Animism|Animist]] beliefs of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba tribes]] in [[Benin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weber|first=A. S. |date=December 2018 |title=Haitian Vodou and Ecotheology |journal=Ecumenical Review |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=679–694 |doi=10.1111/erev.12393|s2cid=151028156 }}</ref>

[[File:Voodoo Ceremony in Abomey.jpg|thumb|Voodoo Ritual]]

[[West African Vodun|Voudon]] encapsulates an assortment of cultural elements, including personal creeds and practices, among which is a complex system of folk medical [[Traditional medicine|practices]]. Voudon to some is more than a belief but a way of life, upon which popular proverbs, stories, songs, and folklore are based around.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=MYTHOLOGIES OF HAITI |url=https://indigenouspeoplenet.wordpress.com/2022/10/12/mythologies-of-haiti/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Indigenous Peoples Literature |language=en}}</ref> Voudon teaches belief in a supreme being called Bondye, an unknowable and uninvolved created god.<ref name=":1" /> Voudon believers worship the lwa. There are in total 180 lwa in the Vodou religion, each of them carrying a name and, a specific and exclusive function. For instance, ''[[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scalora |first=Sal |date=March–April 1993 |title=A salute to the spirits |url=https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=394b1efc-2811-4285-9e70-4b5206136ac3@sdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#AN=9304260020&db=a9h |journal=Americas |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=26}}</ref> are the spirit of life and death who is assigned to separate the souls and bodies of people when the time comes and also to watch over their graveyards. [[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]] also serve the role of connecting the past, present, and future, as well as amalgamating them into one reality.

Mythology in Haiti was used not only for politics but also for the revolution. Myths like: ''L'Union Fait La Force'' (Togetherness is Strength), is a story about slaves who rose up on August 22, 1791, in a heroic battle to win their freedom, and is a story about solidarity between two different groups of people to get freedom for the collective.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Laroche |first1=Maximilien |title=The Founding Myths of the Haitian Nation |journal=Small Axe |date=September 2005 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–15 |id={{ProQuest|195818093}} |doi=10.1215/-9-2-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mythical symbols of Voudon and the tradition of the shifting from chaos to collectivity known as the religion of Vodou play a big role in the forming of Haitian mythology.<ref name=":2" /> Today, individuals referred to as ''Alchemists of Memory'' are the keepers of Vodou history and Haitian mythology, preserving the stories told by their ancestors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Largey |first1=Michael |title=Recombinant Mythology and the Alchemy of Memory: Occide Jeanty, Ogou, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines in Haiti |journal=Journal of American Folklore |date=July 2005 |volume=118 |issue=469 |pages=327–353 |id={{ProQuest|3030890449}} |doi=10.2307/4137917 |jstor=4137917 }}</ref>

==Related notions==
* Asagwe - Haitian Vodou dancing used to honor the [[lwa]].
* Lakou - the central location for worship.
* [[Cyphostemma mappia|Mapou tree]]- A sacred tree that is considered the link between the spirit world and earth. Avalou - ("supplication") Haitian Vodou dance.
* Coco macaque - Haitian Vodou implement. It is a stick, which is supposed to be able to walk on its own. The owner of a coco macaque can send it on errands. If it is used to hit an enemy, the enemy will die before the dawn.
*Kalunderik - A giant bird with brilliant feathers, originally from Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Louis |first=Liliane |date=1999 |title=When Night Falls, Kric! Krac! |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216034940 |doi=10.5040/9798216034940}}</ref>
* Gangan, [[Houngan]] - Haitian priests. They lead the peoples in dancing, drumming, and singing to invoke the lwa.
* [[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]] - family of spirits related to death and fertility.
* [[Guinee]] - Haitian afterlife. It is also where life began and the home of their spirits.
* [[Bokor]] - The male equivalent of a Vodou witch. They are said to serve the lwa with "both hands" meaning they are practicing for good and evil.
* [[Zombie]] - A reanimated body without a soul, used by [[Bokor]]s to complete or perform tasks.
* [[Lwa]] - Haitian Vodou spirit.
* [[Mambo (Vodou)|Mambo]] - Haitian priestess who, together with the Houngan, leads the Vodou rituals and invokes the lwa.
* [[Paquet congo]] - charms made of organic matter wrapped in cloth, intended to rouse the lwa.
* [[Petro lwa|Petro]] - aggressive and warlike family of spirits
* [[Rada lwa|Rada]] - old, benefic family of spirits
* [[Tonton Macoute (disambiguation)|Tonton Macoute]], a Haitian mythological phrase meaning "bogey man" (literally: "Uncle [[Sack Man|Bagman]]")
* [[Ti Malice and Bouki|Ti Malice and Tonton Bouki]] - A pair of competing tricksters.
* Ville au Camp - ("House in the Fields") the underwater capital of the lwa.
* [[Mermaid]] - A creature with the upper body of a woman(sometimes man) and the lower body of a [[fish]]-like creature. Mermaids are known to lure children to the ocean to take them to their homes and teach them dark magic, or drown them.
* [[Zombie]] - An undead mythical creature created by a [[bokor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Lakshmi |date=December 15, 2013 |title=Zoinks! Tracing The History Of 'Zombie' From Haiti To The CDC |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/13/250844800/zoinks-tracing-the-history-of-zombie-from-haiti-to-the-cdc |website=npr}}</ref>

== Lwa Vodou Spirits ==
{{main|Lwa#List}}

* [[Adjassou-Linguetor]] – Haitian lwa in the form of spring water (goddess).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Adya Houn'tò|Adya Houn’tò]] – Haitian lwa of the drums.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Agassou]] – Haitian lwa which guards the Dahomean traditions.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Azaka-Tonnerre]] – Haitian god of thunder, agriculture and farmers.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Badessy]] – Haitian god of the sky.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Baron La Croix]] – lwa of the dead and sexuality.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Baron Samedi]] – lwa of the dead.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Damballa]] – father of the lwa and humankind.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Diable Tonnere]] – Haitian god of thunder.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Dinclinsin]] – Haitian vodou deity feared for his severity.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ezili Dantor|Erzulie Dantor]] – Haitian vodou goddess of wealth, vengeance, and protection.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ọbatala|Obatala]] – yoruba creator god.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ogun|Ogoun]] – Haitian vodou god of fire, iron, politics, thunder and war.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Oshun]] – yoruba goddess of love, also Erzulie Freda (in Vodou).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ọya|Oya]] – yoruba warrior goddess.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Papa Legba]] – intermediary between the lwa and humanity.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Haitian Vodou]]
* [[Culture of Haiti]]
* [[Religion in Haiti]]
* [[Haitian art]]
* [[Veve]], a religious symbol commonly used in Vodou and [[Palo (religion)|Palo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516165730/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/voodoo/biglist.htm List of Vodou Loa]

[[Category:Haitian mythology| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Haiti]]
[[Category:Caribbean mythology]]
[[Category:Haitian Vodou]]
[[Category:Religion in Haiti]]

Camelotia

2024-09-04T01:27:14Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Discovery and species */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]]-[[Early Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|Rhaetian|Hettangian}}
| image = Camelotia borealis femur.jpg
| image_upright = 0.5
| image_caption = Femur
| genus = Camelotia
| species = borealis
| authority = Galton, 1985
| synonyms =
*''Avalonia'' Walcott, 1889 (preoccupied)
*''[[Avalonianus]]''? Kuhn, 1961 ([[chimera (paleontology)|chimera]])
}}

'''''Camelotia''''' (meaning "from [[Camelot]]") is a [[genus]] of [[sauropodomorph]] [[dinosaur]] from the Late [[Triassic]] or Early [[Jurassic]] in what is now [[England]].<ref name=Melanosaur/><ref>Galton, P. M. (1998). Saurischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of England: ''Camelotia'' (Prosauropoda, Melanorosaridae) and Avalonianus (Theropoda,? Carnosauria). Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 155-172.</ref> Paleontologists are divided on which family it may belong to; in the past, ''Camelotia'' has generally been assigned to the prosauropods, but this group of primitive dinosaurs is in constant flux.<ref name=Melanosaur/> The genus is now considered a member of the family [[Melanorosauridae]], which includes the first true giant herbivorous dinosaurs.<ref name=Melanosaur>Galton, P. M. (1985). Notes on the Melanorosauridae, a family of large prosauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha). Geobios, 18(5), 671-676.</ref><ref>Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., Cuny, G., Tong, H., Le Loeuff, J., Khansubha, S., & Jongautchariyakul, S. (2000). The earliest known sauropod dinosaur. Nature, 407(6800), 72-74.</ref>

==Discovery and species==
The [[type specimen]]s, [[syntype]]s [[Iziko South African Museum|SAM]] 3449 and SAM 3450, were described and named in 1985 by Galton. They were collected from the Triassic-Jurassic [[Westbury Formation]], dating to the latest [[Rhaetian]]-Lowermost [[Hettangian]].<ref name=Melanosaur/><ref>Lomax, D. R., & Tamura, N. (2014). Dinosaurs of the British Isles. Manchester: Siri Scientific Press.</ref> The fossils includes the specimens "NHMUK PV R2870-R2874", "R2876-R2878" (holotype), with vertebrae, ribs, and parts of the pubis, ischium and hind limb.<ref>STORRS, G. W. (1993). Terrestrial components of the Rhaetian (uppermost Triassic) Westbury Formation of southwestern Britain. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 3, 447-451.</ref> The [[type species]], ''C. borealis'', was first described by Galton in 1985. Dinosaurs formerly known as ''[[Avalonianus]]'' and ''[[Gresslyosaurus]]'' turned out to be ''Camelotia''.<ref>Galton, P. M. (2005). Bones of large dinosaurs (Prosauropoda and Stegosauria) from the Thaetic Bone Bed (Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, southwest England. Revue de Paléobiologie, 24(1), 51.</ref>

==Description==
From the fragmentary remains of ''Camelotia'', part of the skeleton can be reconstructed. ''Camelotia'' likely had a short neck supporting a fairly large skull with small eyes. Its jaws contained many small-to-medium-sized, serrated, leaf-shaped teeth.<ref name=size/> Its hands and feet had five digits each; the hands in particular were long and narrow, and bore a large claw.<ref name=size>Redelstorff, R. A. G. N. A., Sander, P. M., & Galtom, P. M. (2013). Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Aust Cliff (England, Upper Triassic): an early independent experiment in gigantism. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.</ref> The forelimbs were longer than the hindlimbs, in contrast to the more derived sauropods.<ref name=size/> It has been calculated around {{convert|10|m|ft}} long and to have weighed up to {{convert|2.5|-|3.8|MT|ST}}.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A giant dinosaur from the earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the transition to quadrupedality in early sauropodomorphs |last1=McPhee |first1=Blair W. |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B.J. |last3=Botha-Brink |first3=Jennifer |last4=Bordy |first4=Emese M. |last5=Choiniere |first5=Jonah N. |name-list-style=amp | journal=Current Biology | volume=28 | issue=19 | pages=3143–3151.e7 | year=2018 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.063| pmid=30270189 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/985402380|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|year=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-78684-190-2|oclc=985402380|pages=191}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== External links ===
* [http://dml.cmnh.org/2000May/msg00339.html Archives of the dinosaur mailing list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806090528/http://dml.cmnh.org/2000May/msg00339.html |date=2016-08-06 }}

{{Sauropodomorpha|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q29014894}}

[[Category:Massopoda]]
[[Category:Rhaetian life]]
[[Category:Late Triassic dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Jurassic England]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1985]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Peter Galton]]

Haitian mythology

2024-09-03T12:39:37Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Related notions */

{{Short description|Folklore of the people of Haiti}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
'''Haitian mythology''' consists of many folklore stories from different time periods, involving sacred dance and deities, all the way to Vodou. [[Haitian Vodou]] is a [[syncretism|syncretic mixture]] of [[Roman Catholic]] rituals developed during the [[French colonial empire|French colonial period]], based on [[Traditional African religion|traditional African beliefs]], with roots in [[Dahomey mythology|Dahomey]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]] and [[Yoruba mythology|Yoruba]] traditions, and folkloric influence from the indigenous [[Taíno people|Taino]] peoples of [[Haiti]]. The [[lwa]], or spirits with whom Vodou adherents work and practice, are not gods but servants of the Supreme Creator Bondye (pronounced Bon Dieu). A lot of the [[Lwa|Iwa]] identities come from deities formed in the West African traditional regions, especially the [[Fon people|Fon]] and [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In keeping with the French-Catholic influence of the faith, Vodou practioneers are for the most part monotheists, believing that the lwa are great and powerful forces in the world with whom humans interact and vice versa, resulting in a symbiotic relationship intended to bring both humans and the lwa back to Bondye. "Vodou is a religious practice, a faith that points toward an intimate knowledge of God, and offers its practitioners a means to come into communion with the Divine, through an ever evolving paradigm of dance, song and prayers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Vye Zo Komande LaMenfo|first=Mambo|title=Serving the Spirits: The Religion of Vodou|year=2011|publisher=Mambo Vye Zo Komande LaMenfo|location=United States|isbn= 978-0615535241|page=12}}</ref>

== History and origins of Voodooism in Haiti ==
{{main|Haitian Vodou}}

Vodou originated from the [[Animism|Animist]] beliefs of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba tribes]] in [[Benin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weber|first=A. S. |date=December 2018 |title=Haitian Vodou and Ecotheology |journal=Ecumenical Review |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=679–694 |doi=10.1111/erev.12393|s2cid=151028156 }}</ref>

[[File:Voodoo Ceremony in Abomey.jpg|thumb|Voodoo Ritual]]

[[West African Vodun|Voudon]] encapsulates an assortment of cultural elements, including personal creeds and practices, among which is a complex system of folk medical [[Traditional medicine|practices]]. Voudon to some is more than a belief but a way of life, upon which popular proverbs, stories, songs, and folklore are based around.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=MYTHOLOGIES OF HAITI |url=https://indigenouspeoplenet.wordpress.com/2022/10/12/mythologies-of-haiti/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Indigenous Peoples Literature |language=en}}</ref> Voudon teaches belief in a supreme being called Bondye, an unknowable and uninvolved created god.<ref name=":1" /> Voudon believers worship the lwa. There are in total 180 lwa in the Vodou religion, each of them carrying a name and, a specific and exclusive function. For instance, ''[[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scalora |first=Sal |date=March–April 1993 |title=A salute to the spirits |url=https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=394b1efc-2811-4285-9e70-4b5206136ac3@sdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#AN=9304260020&db=a9h |journal=Americas |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=26}}</ref> are the spirit of life and death who is assigned to separate the souls and bodies of people when the time comes and also to watch over their graveyards. [[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]] also serve the role of connecting the past, present, and future, as well as amalgamating them into one reality.

Mythology in Haiti was used not only for politics but also for the revolution. Myths like: ''L'Union Fait La Force'' (Togetherness is Strength), is a story about slaves who rose up on August 22, 1791, in a heroic battle to win their freedom, and is a story about solidarity between two different groups of people to get freedom for the collective.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Laroche |first1=Maximilien |title=The Founding Myths of the Haitian Nation |journal=Small Axe |date=September 2005 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–15 |id={{ProQuest|195818093}} |doi=10.1215/-9-2-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mythical symbols of Voudon and the tradition of the shifting from chaos to collectivity known as the religion of Vodou play a big role in the forming of Haitian mythology.<ref name=":2" /> Today, individuals referred to as ''Alchemists of Memory'' are the keepers of Vodou history and Haitian mythology, preserving the stories told by their ancestors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Largey |first1=Michael |title=Recombinant Mythology and the Alchemy of Memory: Occide Jeanty, Ogou, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines in Haiti |journal=Journal of American Folklore |date=July 2005 |volume=118 |issue=469 |pages=327–353 |id={{ProQuest|3030890449}} |doi=10.2307/4137917 |jstor=4137917 }}</ref>

==Related notions==
* Asagwe - Haitian Vodou dancing used to honor the [[lwa]].
* Lakou - the central location for worship.
* [[Cyphostemma mappia|Mapou tree]]- A sacred tree that is considered the link between the spirit world and earth. Avalou - ("supplication") Haitian Vodou dance.
* Coco macaque - Haitian Vodou implement. It is a stick, which is supposed to be able to walk on its own. The owner of a coco macaque can send it on errands. If it is used to hit an enemy, the enemy will die before the dawn.
*Kalunderik - A gian bird with brilliant feathers.
* Gangan, [[Houngan]] - Haitian priests. They lead the peoples in dancing, drumming, and singing to invoke the lwa.
* [[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]] - family of spirits related to death and fertility.
* [[Guinee]] - Haitian afterlife. It is also where life began and the home of their spirits.
* [[Bokor]] - The male equivalent of a Vodou witch. They are said to serve the lwa with "both hands" meaning they are practicing for good and evil.
* [[Zombie]] - A reanimated body without a soul, used by [[Bokor]]s to complete or perform tasks.
* [[Lwa]] - Haitian Vodou spirit.
* [[Mambo (Vodou)|Mambo]] - Haitian priestess who, together with the Houngan, leads the Vodou rituals and invokes the lwa.
* [[Paquet congo]] - charms made of organic matter wrapped in cloth, intended to rouse the lwa.
* [[Petro lwa|Petro]] - aggressive and warlike family of spirits
* [[Rada lwa|Rada]] - old, benefic family of spirits
* [[Tonton Macoute (disambiguation)|Tonton Macoute]], a Haitian mythological phrase meaning "bogey man" (literally: "Uncle [[Sack Man|Bagman]]")
* [[Ti Malice and Bouki|Ti Malice and Tonton Bouki]] - A pair of competing tricksters.
* Ville au Camp - ("House in the Fields") the underwater capital of the lwa.
* [[Mermaid]] - A creature with the upper body of a woman(sometimes man) and the lower body of a [[fish]]-like creature. Mermaids are known to lure children to the ocean to take them to their homes and teach them dark magic, or drown them.
* [[Zombie]] - An undead mythical creature created by a [[bokor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Lakshmi |date=December 15, 2013 |title=Zoinks! Tracing The History Of 'Zombie' From Haiti To The CDC |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/13/250844800/zoinks-tracing-the-history-of-zombie-from-haiti-to-the-cdc |website=npr}}</ref>

== Lwa Vodou Spirits ==
{{main|Lwa#List}}

* [[Adjassou-Linguetor]] – Haitian lwa in the form of spring water (goddess).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Adya Houn'tò|Adya Houn’tò]] – Haitian lwa of the drums.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Agassou]] – Haitian lwa which guards the Dahomean traditions.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Azaka-Tonnerre]] – Haitian god of thunder, agriculture and farmers.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Badessy]] – Haitian god of the sky.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Baron La Croix]] – lwa of the dead and sexuality.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Baron Samedi]] – lwa of the dead.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Damballa]] – father of the lwa and humankind.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Diable Tonnere]] – Haitian god of thunder.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Dinclinsin]] – Haitian vodou deity feared for his severity.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ezili Dantor|Erzulie Dantor]] – Haitian vodou goddess of wealth, vengeance, and protection.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ọbatala|Obatala]] – yoruba creator god.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ogun|Ogoun]] – Haitian vodou god of fire, iron, politics, thunder and war.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Oshun]] – yoruba goddess of love, also Erzulie Freda (in Vodou).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ọya|Oya]] – yoruba warrior goddess.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Papa Legba]] – intermediary between the lwa and humanity.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Haitian Vodou]]
* [[Culture of Haiti]]
* [[Religion in Haiti]]
* [[Haitian art]]
* [[Veve]], a religious symbol commonly used in Vodou and [[Palo (religion)|Palo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516165730/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/voodoo/biglist.htm List of Vodou Loa]

[[Category:Haitian mythology| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Haiti]]
[[Category:Caribbean mythology]]
[[Category:Haitian Vodou]]
[[Category:Religion in Haiti]]

The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood

2024-08-31T14:18:09Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian story}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2016}}

"'''The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood'''", also known as '''The Tale of Truth and Falsehood''', is an Ancient [[Culture of Egypt|Egyptian]] story from the [[New Kingdom of Egypt#Nineteenth Dynasty|19th Dynasty]] of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] Period. It is found on Papyrus Chester Beatty II and narrates the dispute that occurs between [[Maat]] (Truth), his unnamed son, and Gereg (Falsehood).

== Papyrus Chester Beatty II ==
The papyrus on which the tale was found is known as Papyrus Chester Beatty II. It dates to the New Kingdom's 19th Dynasty, and there does not seem to be disagreement about this date as many scholarly sources agree on this date. Papyrus is also created from the plant of the same name and can be carbon dated because it is organic matter (Strudwick 484). It is written in hieratic script, the simplified/cursive form of hieroglyphics (Strudwick 482). Papyrus Chester Beatty II was found in fragments at Thebes in Upper Egypt, and like most discoveries found at Thebes, it is mostly religious with political overtones. It was donated to the British Museum in 1930 and has been there ever since, but it is not on display ("Collection Object Details: Papyrus Chester Beatty 2").

== Literary background ==
The story fits into the genres of melodrama (a narrative in which evil momentarily gains the upper hand) and partial allegory (Vinson 33; Griffiths 90). Its themes are the triumph of ''[[maat]]'' (order, peace, truth, justice) over ''[[Isfet (Egyptian mythology)|isfet]]'' (chaos) and how "truth must be vindicated against the wiles of falsehood" (Vinson 48; Griffiths 91).

== Story ==
Author Steve Vinson gives the following summary of "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" in his article "The Accent's on Evil: Ancient Egyptian 'Melodrama' and the Problem of Genre:"<blockquote>Gereg (Falsehood) claims that Ma'at (Truth) has stolen a dagger from him, and he convinces the Ennead (the nine original gods in the Heliopolitan creation myth) of the truth of his allegation. The Ennead permits Gereg to blind Ma'at and forces Ma'at to serve Gereg as door-keeper. However, Ma'at performs his task virtuously and well, and eventually Gereg can't stand his presence any more. Gereg orders two of Ma'at's servants to take him out into the desert where, so Gereg hopes, Ma'at will be devoured by lions. But the servants let Ma'at escape, and Ma'at takes refuge in the home of a beautiful lady, with whom he has a son. The son grows up, learns the truth of who his father is and how he had been treated by Gereg and demands justice before the Ennead. Gereg, sure that Ma'at must be long dead, swears an oath that if Ma'at is found alive and blinded as the son alleges, then he will willingly suffer blindness himself. When Ma'at's son produces Ma'at, Gereg is, in fact, blinded and sentenced by the gods to serve Ma'at as doorkeeper. (Vinson 47)</blockquote>

== Implications of "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" ==
There are many implications. Some of these consequences are religious and cultural. One of them is the importance and popularity of certain myths in Ancient Egypt. The relationship between myth and literature in Ancient Egypt is that myths are generally integrated into literature, and "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" chooses to integrate the Osiris and the Horus and Seth/Set myths (Baines 377; Griffiths 90). Despite the many parallels to these two myths, it is only a partial allegory rather than a full one (Griffiths 90). It only concerns the names of the characters and is not used enough to make this story a full allegory (Griffiths 90-91).

Another religious and cultural implication involves the theme of "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood:" the triumph of ''ma'at'' over ''isfet'' (Vinson 33). ''Ma'at'' had existed since creation but was in a constant struggle with the forces of chaos (Strudwick 366). If order broke down, chaos would follow (Strudwick 366). This concept is so important is it made the moral of "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood." The tale's allegorical nature downplays the narrative's mythological aspect in order to highlight an important moral that Egyptians wanted to ensure in their society and culture (Baines 374). This would guarantee that ''ma'at'' would continue and ultimately triumph over chaos.

Other implications are political and historical. Since "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" uses the myth involving Horus and Seth, it brings up the problem of succession that drives the main conflict in that myth (Strudwick 118). At this time in Egypt, [[Ramesses II]] was on the throne of Egypt and a new dynasty was in control of the country (Lesko 99). Ramesses would have commissioned this in order to legitimize his own reign and succession as well as the new dynasty through this story (Lesko 100). Author Leonard Lesko even goes as far as to say that this is deliberate political propaganda (Lesko 100). Its audience would have to be a large one. Propaganda (legitimizing succession in this case) is meant to be seen by lots of people, not be kept hidden, and the popular myths it contains would help it reach a wide audience as well. This means that the source is also biased because it would be on the side of Ramesses II in order to secure his status in Egypt.

This myth also demonstrates the importance of ''ma'at'' in political terms. The pharaoh was the one who essentially keeps it by defeating Egypt's enemies, pleasing the gods as their high priest, restoring what was broken, and more (Strudwick 366). ''Ma'at''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s role is also seen in the important role the judicial system plays (Campagno 25). The main conflict between Truth and Falsehood is settled essentially in court with the Ennead acting as judge and jury (Campagno 26). The law and the order, truth, and justice that goes with it is personified by ''ma'at'' (Strudwick 366).

The final implications of this story are social. It reveals the social aspect of ''ma'at'': harmony "between and amongst gods and human beings" (Vinson 47-48). "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" also illuminates the role of women at this point in Egyptian history. There seemed to be negativity towards the influential roles women played in the previous dynasty, and it manifests itself in this piece (Lesko 102). ''Ma'at'', a female concept, is made male (Baines 374). The woman in the tale only exists to desire Truth and conceive his son; she does not play a major part (Vinson 47). This is in stark contrast to the major role the goddess Isis plays in the original Osiris myth (Griffiths 90).

== Secondary analysis and further reading ==
There have been many scholars who have commented on "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood." The following selections used to research this entry give great discussions on this source and provide opportunities to further knowledge on the subject.

The first analysis comes from the following two books: Miriam Lichtheim's ''Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom'' and William Simpson's ''The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry''. Both of these books have translations of "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" and provide some insight into this primary source with their introductions to the selection and in the footnotes (Lichtheim 211; Simpson 104-107).

John Baines's chapter called "Myth and Literature" in ''Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms'' gives great analysis. In this selection, Baines explores the relationship between myth and literature in Ancient Egypt. He concludes that myths are generally integrated into literature in order to transmit morality as well as cultural values and concerns. Baines also provides plenty of analysis as it relates to the best example of integrating myth and literature--"The Tale of Truth and Falsehood". He points out how changing the villain to a woman transforms the role of Seth, and the story's role as an allegory diminishes its wide-ranging significance to highlight morality. Naming the father ''ma'at'' could mean that the narrative should be understood as the full realization of the ''ma'at'' concept (Baines 361-377).

"Two Observations on the Tales of 'The Contendings of Horus and Seth' and 'Truth and Falsehood'" by Marcelo Campagno in the journal ''Trabajos de Egiptología - Papers on Ancient Egypt'' is another good analysis. His comparison of "The Contendings of Horus and Seth" and "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" reveals two major similarities between the famous stories. One of the parallels the author discusses is how both stories make use of myths involving Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Horus. However, there are differences between the many versions of the myths. The second parallel between the two stories is that both stories seek judicial solutions to the main conflict. It seems like the judicial systems in each one are different, and it relates to how important kinship and "state 'logics'" are in the stories and in Egypt. This article is important in understanding the primary source for these reasons, and because the truth and justice involved in a judicial solution is another example of the triumph of ''ma'at'' over ''isfet'' (Campagno 19-30).

J. Gwynn Griffith's journal article "Allegory in Greece and Egypt" found in ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'' researching allegory in the eastern Mediterranean region provides good information on "The Tale of Truth and Falsehood." First of all, it provides many of the ways that this story relates to both the Osiris and the Horus and Seth myths. Griffiths is also clear to point out that "The Tale of Truth and Falsehood" is a partial allegory that illustrates the influence of two popular myths in society at the time. The article also establishes the theme— "truth must be vindicated against the wiles of falsehood" (Griffiths 79-102).

"Three Late Egyptian Stories Reconsidered" by Leonard Lesko analyzes major literary works such as "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" in order to determine "political realities." The author discovers several themes throughout these works including succession, negativity towards influential women, and "irreligiosity toward the gods." Lesko claims that the transition from the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th]] to the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19th Dynasties]] is the reason for these themes in the works mentioned in his study. A new family needed to stabilize succession, there was negative sentiment towards the powerful 18th Dynasty females, and Ramses the Great deified himself. The new family could use these popular stories as propaganda and legitimize their new dynasty. This research is important to the study of the primary source because many of these political themes are evident in "The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood" (Lesko 98-103).

Steve Vinson's journal article "The Accent's on Evil: Ancient Egyptian 'Melodrama' and the Problem of Genre" from the ''Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt'' tries to discover what "genre" means as it relates to Egyptian literature and how to distinguish between them. The author tries to do this through analyzing many important Egyptian narratives such as "The Tale of Truth and Falsehood" in terms of "plot and characterization." There is a lot of information in this article about "The Tale of Truth and Falsehood." Vinson categorizes the primary source as a "melodrama" where evil momentarily gains the upper hand and as an allegory. Vinson also provides the story's theme—''ma'at'' will triumph over ''isfet'' (Vinson 33-54).

== Bibliography ==
Baines, John 1996. “Myth and Literature.” In Loprieno, Antonio (ed.), ''Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms'', 361-377. Leiden; New York; Köln: E. J. Brill.

Campagno, Marcelo 2005. “Two Observations on the Tales of ‘The Contendings of Horus and Seth’ and ‘Truth and Falsehood.’” ''Trabajos de Egiptología - Papers on Ancient Egypt'' 4, 19-30.

"Collection Object Details: Papyrus Chester Beatty 2." British Museum. Accessed January 30, 2016. <nowiki>https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=111739&partId=1&searchText=papyrus+chester+beatty+ii&page=1</nowiki>

Griffiths, J. Gwyn. 1967. “Allegory in Greece and Egypt.” ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'' 53. Egypt Exploration Society: 79–102. {{doi|10.2307/3855578}}

Lesko, Leonard H. 1986. “Three Late Egyptian Stories Reconsidered.” In Lesko, Leonard H. (ed.), ''Egyptological Studies in Honor of Richard A. Parker: Presented on the Occasion of His 78th Birthday December 10, 1983'', 98-103. Hanover; London: University Press of New England for Brown University Press.

Lichtheim, Miriam. ''Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978.

Simpson, William K., ed. ''The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry''. 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Strudwick, Helen, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt''. New York: Metro Books, 2013.

Vinson, Steve. 2004. “The Accent's on Evil: Ancient Egyptian ‘Melodrama’ and the Problem of Genre.” ''Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt'' 41. American Research Center in Egypt: 33–54. {{doi|10.2307/20297186}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=111739&partid=1&output=Places%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F35545%2F!%2F35545-3-2%2F!%2FFound%2FAcquired+Thebes%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=12&numpages=10 |title=Papyrus Chester Beatty 2 (image AN419293001) |author= |date= |work=The British Museum |publisher=The British Museum |accessdate=3 November 2011}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=117411&partid=1&output=People%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F101270%2F!%2F101270-3-9%2F!%2FDonated+by+Lady+Edith+Chester+Beatty%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=7&numpages=10 |title=Papyrus Chester Beatty 2 (image AN418854001) |author= |date= |work=The British Museum |publisher=The British Museum |accessdate=3 November 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blinding of Truth by Falsehood}}
[[Category:Papyri from ancient Egypt|Blinding of Truth by Falsehood]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian objects in the British Museum]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian fiction]]

The Eloquent Peasant

2024-08-16T00:24:09Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{short description|Literary work from Ancient Egypt}}
'''''The Eloquent Peasant''''' ({{Lang-egy|Sekhti-nefer-medu}}, "a peasant good of speech")<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/origin-of-the-semitic-relative-marker/F0A0A683B1289FA4BBAFDBAEB43B6DC9/core-reader|title=The origin of the Semitic relative marker|first1=John|last1=Huehnergard|first2=Na‘ama|last2=Pat-El|date=June 14, 2018|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=81|issue=2|pages=191–204|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S0041977X18000496|s2cid=171983928 }}</ref> is an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian story that was composed around 1850 BCE during the time of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] in Egypt. It is one of the longest Egyptian tales that has survived completed.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Simon |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Goff |editor2-first=Gerra |title=The Norton Anthology of World Literature |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-60281-4 |edition=4|year=2018 }}</ref> The tale is about a peasant, Khun-Anup, who stumbles upon the property of the high steward, the noble Rensi son of Meru, guarded by its harsh overseer, Nemtynakht.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant|first=Richard|last=Parkinson|publisher=Griffith Institute|year=1991|isbn=978-0900416606}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rostau.org.uk/ep/EPAlign/Peasant/guest5.html#start|title=The Eloquent Peasant (5)|work=AEL Email List|accessdate=2007-12-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828081050/http://rostau.org.uk/ep/EPAlign/Peasant/guest5.html#start|archivedate=2008-08-28}}</ref> It is set in the [[Ninth Dynasty of Egypt|Ninth]] or [[Tenth Dynasty of Egypt|Tenth Dynasty]] around [[Heracleopolis Magna|Herakleopolis]].<ref name=Parkinson1999 >{{citation |last=Parkinson |first=R B |year=1999 |title=The Tale of Sinuhe and other ancient Egyptian poems, 1940–1640 BC |publisher=New York |isbn=978-0-19-283966-4 |oclc=317507143 }}</ref> This tale is described as an elaborate reflection on the connection – or disconnection – of ethical order and refined speech, as transliterated into refined writing.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |editor1-last=Simon |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Goff |editor2-first=Gerra |title=The Norton Anthology of World Literature |date=2018 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-60281-4 |page=1077 |edition=4}}</ref>
{{Hiero|1=sḫtj nfr mdw|2=<hiero>sxt-t:y-A1-nfr-f:r-md-d-w-A2</hiero>|era=mk|align=right}}

==Story summary==
The story begins with a poor [[peasant]], Khun-Anup, traveling to market with his donkeys heavily laden with goods to exchange for supplies for his family. While Khun-Anup was en route, Nemtynakht, a vassal of the high steward Rensi, notices the peasant approaching his lands and devises a scheme to steal Khun-Anup's donkeys and supplies. Nemtynakht tricks the peasant by placing a cloth on the narrow public path, where one side was bordered by the river and the other side were the private fields of Nemtynakht. His placing of the cloth on the path forces the peasant to either trample the cloth, step into the water, or take his donkeys over Nemtynakht's fields in order to continue his journey. As Khun-Anup is appealing to Nemtynakht's sense of reason in blocking his path with the cloth, one of Khun-Anup's donkeys eats a bite of barley, and Nemtynakht uses this as a justification to take Khun-Anup's donkeys and goods. When Khun-Anup complains this punishment is unfair, Nemtynakht beats him. Khun-Anup cries out for justice, and Nemtynakht threatens the peasant with death if he dares to complain.<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |last1=Gardiner |first1=Alan |title=The Eloquent Peasant |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=April 1923 |volume=9 |issue=1/2 |page=7 |doi=10.2307/3853490 |jstor=3853490 }}</ref> Khun-Anup does not accept this injustice and continues to appeal to Nemtynakht for ten days.

Failing to receive justice from Nemtynakht, Khun-Anup seeks out the high steward, the noble Rensi son of Meru, and presents his case.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Gardiner |first1=Alan |title=The Eloquent Peasant |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=April 1923 |volume=9 |issue=1/2 |page=8 |doi=10.2307/3853490 |jstor=3853490 }}</ref> Rensi brings the peasant's case to the magistrates, who dismiss the case as merely being a matter of a peasant at odds with a landowner, but Rensi does not relay this information to the peasant.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto5">{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua |title=The Eloquent Peasant & Egyptian Justice |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1127/the-eloquent-peasant--egyptian-justice/ |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |accessdate=4 November 2018 |date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029153633/https://www.ancient.eu/article/1127/the-eloquent-peasant--egyptian-justice/ |archive-date=29 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rensi brings the story of the wronged peasant before the [[pharaoh]], Nebkaure (who is believed to be [[Nebkaure Khety]]<ref>[[Alan Gardiner]], ''Egypt of the Pharaohs. An introduction'', Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 112.</ref><ref>[[William C. Hayes]], in ''[[The Cambridge Ancient History]]'', vol 1, part 2, 1971 (2008), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-077915}}, p. 465.</ref>), telling him how elegantly the peasant speaks. Intrigued by the report of a peasant who speaks so elegantly, the pharaoh instructs Rensi to not respond to the peasant's pleas, so that the peasant would continue to make his elegant speeches and they could be written down for the pharaoh. The pharaoh orders Rensi to feed the peasant and his family while the peasant continues to plead his case, further instructing Rensi not to let the peasant know he was providing the food.<ref name="auto5"/>

For nine days Khun-Anup complimented the high steward Rensi and begged for justice. After nine days of speeches, Khun-Anup threatened suicide.<ref name="auto4">{{cite book |editor1-last=Simon |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Goff |editor2-first=Gerra |title=The Norton Anthology of World Literature |date=2018 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-60281-4 |page=1082 |edition=4}}</ref> After sensing that he was being ignored, Khun-Anup insulted Rensi and was punished with a beating. After one last speech, the discouraged peasant left, but Rensi sent for him and ordered him to return. But rather than being punished for his insolence, the peasant was given justice. Rensi, after reading Khun-Anup's last speech, was impressed and ordered the donkeys and the goods to be returned to Khun-Anup and the peasant to be compensated with all the property of Nemtynakht, making Nemtynakht as poor as Khun-Anup had been.

== Characters ==

=== Khun-anup ===
The poor peasant, Khun-Anup, lives with his wife, Marye, and their children in an oasis around the Nile Delta in Egypt.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>

=== Rensi son of Meru ===
The noble Rensi son of Meru is the high steward of Pharaoh Nebkaure.<ref name="auto3"/> The peasant Khun-Anup appeals to Rensi when he does not receive justice from Nemtynakht.<ref name="auto5"/>

=== Nemtynakht ===
A greedy vassal to the high steward Rensi, Nemtynakht notices the peasant Khun-Anup's supply-laden donkeys and devises a trap that will provide him with a reason for taking Khun-Anup's donkeys and goods.<ref name="auto5"/>

=== Nebkaure ===
He is his Majesty of the Dual King Nebkaure, the justified. "[[Maa Kheru|The justified]]" is a standard epithet of the deceased. Nebkaure is a Pharaoh of the tenth dynasty of Heracleopolis, ca. 2050 BCE, during the First Intermediate Period.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Simon |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Goff |editor2-first=Gerra |title=The Norton Anthology of World Literature |date=2018 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-60281-4 |page=1078 |edition=4}}</ref>

== Themes ==

=== ''Ma'at'' ===
''[[Maat|Ma'at]]'' is the ancient Egyptian law based on the idea of harmony and balance and allows for the social hierarchy to be prevalent in citizen's everyday lives. This theme is present throughout the work, especially in Khun-Anup's speeches about what justice means to his situation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ma'at/|title=Ma'at|work=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2018-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414210502/https://www.worldhistory.org/Ma'at/|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Ma'at'' is also exemplified in the courts of the story because justice and social hierarchy is fully dependent on the judge and how he interprets ''ma'at'' in relation to the trials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1127/the-eloquent-peasant--egyptian-justice/|title=The Eloquent Peasant & Egyptian Justice|last1=Mark|first1=Joshua|date=6 October 2017|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029153633/https://www.ancient.eu/article/1127/the-eloquent-peasant--egyptian-justice/|archive-date=29 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Textual history ==

=== Origin ===
While we do have a somewhat cohesive narrative for The Eloquent Peasant, to our current knowledge, a narrative for the entirety of the poem does not exist. The tale is a compilation of four incomplete manuscripts that have some conflict in overlapping sections. The names of people and places seem to differ amongst the four different pieces. Despite this, there is an understanding that they are all versions of the same story. Like most stories, it is implied that different people told the story in different ways - leading to some discrepancies in written versions.

=== Author ===
Information concerning the author (or authors) of the text is minimal. It is assumed that the author(s) were more than likely male(s), but even that information may not be correct. The themes and intellectual points in the story make it evident that the author - if it was one person - was a part of the educated class. He or she was literate enough to put the story in hieroglyphics. The story was likely not originally told in the form of poetry, but was later translated.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.editoreric.com/greatlit/authors/Author-of-Eloquent-Peasant.html|title=Anonymous author of The Eloquent Peasant - The Greatest Literature of All Time|website=www.editoreric.com|access-date=2018-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043407/http://www.editoreric.com/greatlit/authors/Author-of-Eloquent-Peasant.html|archive-date=2018-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Time period ===
While the story of ''The Eloquent Peasant'' was set in the ninth and tenth dynasties, it is generally accepted that the poem itself was written during the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], around the same time as "''[[Story of Sinuhe|The Tale of Sinuhe]]'', during Egypt's Classical Age.<ref name="auto6"/> This time period was said to have produced some of the greatest works of literature and art. The wealthy and well educated Egyptians focused greatly on these aspects, as well as entertainment. ''The Eloquent Peasant'' would have been considered a generous amount of both. The poem was also one of the first recorded texts that focused on the lives of people other than the kings or the gods. The story reflected ideals of Egypt at the time among the common people. It was extremely popular.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1127/the-eloquent-peasant--egyptian-justice/|title=The Eloquent Peasant & Egyptian Justice|work=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2018-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029153633/https://www.ancient.eu/article/1127/the-eloquent-peasant--egyptian-justice/|archive-date=2018-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Eloquent Peasant'' was one of the few texts that highlighted some of the concepts of Egyptian law during the Middle Kingdom dynasties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shupak|first=Nili|date=1992|title=A New Source for the Study of the Judiciary and Law of Ancient Egypt: "The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant"|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=51|issue=1|pages=1–18|jstor=545594|doi=10.1086/373521|s2cid=56427338 }}</ref>

== Influence on arts and literature ==
The Eloquent Peasant shows the modern reader a glimpse of how justice in crime might have been attained in ancient Egyptian culture. While it is natural to assume that guilt may be determined by the hierarchy of the time, The Eloquent Peasant shows us that you could speak your mind and possibly change the verdict cast upon you. The theme of justice featured so prominently in The Eloquent Peasant might have been a precursor to themes of justice in later works.

The Eloquent Peasant was adapted into an award winning short film with the same name, directed by Egyptian director [[Shadi Abdel Salam]] in 1969.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mjn.host.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/egyptian/texts/corpus/pdf/Peasant.pdf In hieroglyphs (includes literal translations by various contributors)]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/eml/eml12.htm Older translation]
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/papyrus-with-part-of-the-tale-of-the-eloquent-peasant/pQGeats9MSEXww Papyrus with the tale at Google Arts & Culture]
* [http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Stableford/HieraticLese_I_5.3.pdf Excerpts from The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant (.pdf)]

{{British-Museum-object|EA 10274|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=139757&partId=1}}

[[Category:Ancient Egyptian texts|Eloquent Peasant, The]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian philosophy]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian fiction]]

Minmi paravertebra

2024-08-12T20:14:16Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{short description|Ankylosaurian dinosaur species from early Cretaceous Period}}
{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name = ''Minmi''
| fossil_range= [[Early Cretaceous]] ~{{fossil_range|120|112}}
| image = Minmi left foot.jpg
| image_caption = Left foot of the [[holotype]]
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Minmi
| parent_authority = [[Ralph Molnar|Molnar]], [[1980 in paleontology|1980]]
| species = paravertebra
| authority = Molnar, 1980
}}

'''''Minmi''''' is a [[genus]] of small herbivorous [[ankylosauria]]n [[dinosaur]] that lived during the early [[Cretaceous Period]] of [[Australia]], about 120 to 112 [[million years ago]].

== Discovery and species ==
[[File:Australian thyreophoran localities.png|thumb|left|Australian [[thyreophoran]] localities: 2 denotes where the holotype was found]]
In 1964, Dr [[Alan Bartholomai]], a collaborator of the [[Queensland Museum]], discovered a chalkstone nodule containing an ankylosaurian skeleton in [[Queensland]] near [[Minmi Crossing]], along the Injun Road, one kilometre south of Mack Gulley, north of [[Roma, Queensland|Roma]].<ref name="Molnar1980">{{cite journal | last1 = Molnar | first1 = R.E. | year = 1980 | title = An ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Reptilia) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Queensland | journal = Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | volume = 20 | pages = 65–75 }}</ref>

In 1980, [[Ralph Molnar|Ralph E. Molnar]] named and described the [[type species]], in this case the only species known in the genus, ''Minmi paravertebra''. The generic name, at the time the shortest of a Mesozoic dinosaur, refers to Minmi Crossing. The meaning of "minmi" itself is uncertain; it refers to a large lily in the local aboriginal language but might also be derived from ''[[Min Min light|min min]]'', a kind of [[will-o'-the-wisp]]. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] refers to strange bone elements found along the vertebrae, for which Molnar coined the designation ''paravertebrae''.<ref name="Molnar1980"/>

The [[holotype]], '''QM F10329''', was discovered in a layer of the [[Bungil Formation]], the [[Minmi Member]], a lagoon deposit which was first dated to the [[Barremian]]-[[Valanginian]], but later was recalibrated to the [[Aptian]]. It consists of a partial skeleton, lacking the skull. It preserves a series of eleven back vertebrae, ribs, a right hindlimb, and plates of the belly armour.<ref name="Molnar1980"/> It was the first specimen of a [[Thyreophora|thyreophoran]] discovered in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].

In 1989, a much more complete skeleton was discovered, specimen QM F1801 that includes the skull and shows an articulated body armour. It was referred to a ''Minmi'' sp. Since 1989, most information provided on ''Minmi'' in books and illustrations is based on this second exemplar, but in 2015, it was named as a separate genus, ''[[Kunbarrasaurus]]''.<ref name="Leahey2015">{{Cite journal|author1=Lucy G. Leahey |author2=Ralph E. Molnar |author3=Kenneth Carpenter |author4=Lawrence M. Witmer |author5=Steven W. Salisbury |year=2015 |title=Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as ''Minmi'' sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |pages=e1475 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1475 |pmid=26664806 |pmc=4675105 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Between 1989 and 1996 several other specimens were discovered and ultimately referred to a ''Minmi'' sp. These include QM F33286: a rump with pelvis and osteoderms; AM F35259: ribs with osteoderms; QM F33565: a partial thighbone; and QM F33566: a partial shinbone, perhaps of the same individual as QM F33565. AM F35259 is part of the collection of the [[Australian Museum]].<ref name="Molnar1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Molnar | first1 = R.E. | year = 1996 | title = Preliminary report on a new ankylosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia | journal = Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | volume = 39 | issue = 3| pages = 653–668 }}</ref> Later specimen QM F119849 was reported, consisting of ribs and osteoderms.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Leahey | first1 = L.G. | last2 = Salisbury | first2 = S.W. | year = 2013 | title = First evidence of ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian-Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia | journal = Alcheringa | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 249–257 | doi=10.1080/03115518.2013.743703| s2cid = 129461328 }}</ref>

== Description ==

[[File:Minmi_paravertebra_dinosauria_.png|thumb|left|Hypothetical restoration, mainly based on ''[[Kunbarrasaurus]]'']]
''Minmi'' was a small [[herbivore|herbivorous]] [[quadrupedal]] [[Armour (zoology)|armoured]] ankylosaurian. In 2016, [[Gregory S. Paul]] estimated its length at {{convert|3|m|ft}}, its weight at {{convert|300|kg|lbs}}.<ref name="GregorySPaul2016">{{Cite book|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0691167664|pages=258}}</ref> For an ankylosaurian, ''Minmi'' had long limbs, perhaps used to quickly search cover under brushes when threatened by large predators which might have been able to flip the small animal on its back.<ref name="GregorySPaul2010">{{Cite book|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0691137209|pages=[https://archive.org/details/princetonfieldgu0000paul/page/227 227]|url=https://archive.org/details/princetonfieldgu0000paul/page/227}}</ref>

Unlike other ankylosaurians, ''Minmi'' had horizontally oriented plates of bones that ran along the sides of its [[vertebra]]e, hence its specific name, ''paravertebra''. Molnar in 1980 acknowledged that these were [[ossified tendon]]s, but denied that they were homologous to the ossified tendons of other [[Ornithischia]] and claimed that they resembled the pathological tendon [[aponeurosis]] of modern crocodiles. [[Victoria Megan Arbour]] in 2014 deemed this unlikely and could find only one [[autapomorphy]] in the holotype:<ref name="Arbour2014">Arbour, Victoria Megan, 2014, ''Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs'' Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta</ref> the high vertical extent of the ''[[musculus articulospinalis]]'' tendon ossification at its outer front end, wrapping itself around the side process of the vertebra. In 2015, Arbour and [[Philip J. Currie|Philip Currie]] concluded that even this was not unique, which would mean the holotype had no diagnostic features and ''Minmi'' would be a ''[[nomen dubium]]''.<ref name="systematics ankylosaurid">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985|title=Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=14|issue=5|pages=1|year=2015|last1=Arbour|first1=Victoria M.|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|s2cid=214625754}}</ref> However, the 2015 description of ''[[Kunbarrasaurus]]'' announced that new distinguishing traits of ''Minmi'' had been discovered and that it should be considered a valid [[taxon]].<ref name="Leahey2015"/> In 2021, Rozadilla and colleagues argued that ''Minmi'' is indeed distinct from its relatives like ''Struthiosaurus'' and should be considered a valid taxon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rozadilla|first1=S.|last2=Novas|first2=F.|last3=Agnolin|first3=F.|last4=Manabe|first4=M.|last5=Tsuihiji|first5=T. |year=2021|title=Ornithischian remains from the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern Hemisphere|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121001282|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=125|page=104881 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881|bibcode=2021CrRes.12504881R}}</ref>

== Phylogeny ==
In 1980, Molnar placed ''Minmi'' in the [[Ankylosauria]].<ref name="Molnar1980"/> In 1987, he thought it was a member of the [[Nodosauridae]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Molnar | first1 = R.E. | last2 = Frey | first2 = E. | year = 1987 | title = The paravertebral elements of the Australian ankylosaur ''Minmi'' (Reptilia: Ornithischia, Cretaceous) | journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen | volume = 175 | pages = 19–37 }}</ref> In 2011, a new [[cladistic analysis]] performed by Thompson ''et al.'' recovered ''Minmi'' as the [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basalmost]] known [[ankylosaurid]].<ref name=ThompsonEtAl>{{Cite journal |author1=Richard S. Thompson |author2=Jolyon C. Parish |author3=Susannah C. R. Maidment |author4=Paul M. Barrett |title=Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |year=2012 |volume=10 |issue= 2|pages= 301–312|doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.569091 |s2cid=86002282 }}</ref> Arbour & Currie entered ''Minmi'' and ''Minmi'' sp. as separate [[operational taxonomic unit]]s in their analysis and recovered ''Minmi'' as the basalmost ankylosaurid but ''Minmi'' sp. (= ''Kunbarrasaurus'') as a more basal ankylosaurian, too "primitive" to be included in either the [[Ankylosauridae]] or Nodosauridae.<ref name="systematics ankylosaurid"/> Paul proposed in the 2010 edition of ''[[The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs]]'' that both taxa were part of a group he referred to as "minmids", alongside ''[[Liaoningosaurus]]''.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs | publisher=Princeton University Press | author=Paul, Gregory S. | year=2010 | location=United States | pages=226–228 | isbn=978-0-691-13720-9}}</ref> In the 2016 edition he instead classified both as ankylosaurids.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs | publisher=Princeton University Press | author=Paul, Gregory S. | year=2016 | location=United States | pages=256–258 | isbn=978-0-691-13720-9}}</ref>

== Paleobiology and diet ==
A scientific paper that was published in the year 2000 by [[Ralph E. Molnar]] and [[Trevor Clifford|Harold Trevor Clifford]] found that Minmi was a low [[Browsing (herbivory)|browser]] and [[Grazing (behaviour)|grazer]] whose diet consisted of plants that grew low to the ground. Its diet consisted of plants such as [[seed]]s, [[fruit]], [[flowering plant]]s, and [[fern]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=Ralph |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |title=Gut Contents of a Small Ankylosaur |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=17 April 2000 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=194–196 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524077 |access-date=20 January 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0194:GCOASA]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4524077 |s2cid=86122918 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Timeline of ankylosaur research]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*''The Dinosaur Age Mega'', issue 4, Magazine of the [[National Dinosaur Museum]], Canberra

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Minmi}}
* [http://www.australianageofdinosaurs.com Australian Age of Dinosaurs]

{{Thyreophora|A.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133007}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs}}

[[Category:Ankylosaurids]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Queensland]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1980]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ralph Molnar]]
[[Category:Aptian genera]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous thyreophorans]]
[[Category:Ornithischians of Australia]]
[[Category:Monotypic dinosaur genera]]

Priconodon

2024-08-03T16:01:13Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Additional specimens */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|113}}
| image = Priconodon.jpg
| image_caption = ''Priconodon'' tooth in multiple views
| taxon = Priconodon crassus
| authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1888
| display_parents = 2
}}

'''''Priconodon''''' (meaning "saw cone tooth"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Armor/Priconodon.asp|title = Untitled Document}}</ref>) is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[ankylosauria]]n [[dinosaur]] (perhaps [[nodosaurid]]), mainly known from its large [[teeth]]. Its remains have been found in the [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] age [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Arundel Formation]] of [[Muirkirk, Maryland|Muirkirk]], [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]], [[Maryland]], USA and the [[Potomac Group]], also located in [[Maryland]]. As an ankylosaur, ''Priconodon'' would have been a large armored [[quadruped]]al [[herbivore]], though no size estimation has been done due to the scarcity of described remains.

==History of discovery==
[[File:Priconodon 1.jpeg|thumb|left|Tooth]]
[[O. C. Marsh]] named the genus for USNM 2135, a large worn tooth from what was then called the [[Potomac Formation]]. As [[ankylosauria]]ns were by and large unknown at the time, he compared it to ''[[Diracodon]]'' (=''[[Stegosaurus]]'') teeth.<ref name=OCM88>Marsh, O.C. (1888). Notice of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation. ''American Journal of Science'' 135:89-94.</ref> It was not identified as an ankylosaurian until [[Walter P. Coombs, Jr.|Walter Coombs]] assigned it to [[Nodosauridae]] in 1978.<ref name=WPCJ78>Coombs, Jr., W.P. (1978). The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria. ''Palaeontology'' 21(1):143-170.</ref>

In 1998 [[Kenneth Carpenter]] and [[James Kirkland (paleontologist)|James Kirkland]], in a review of [[North America]]n Lower Cretaceous ankylosaurs, considered it tentatively valid as an unusually large nodosaurid, larger than all those described before.<ref name=CK98>Carpenter, K., and Kirkland, J.I. (1998). Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. In: Lucas, S.G., Kirkland, J.I., and Estep, J.W. (eds.). ''Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems.'' New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:249-270.</ref> Carpenter (2001) retained it as a valid nodosaurid, but did not employ it in his [[cladistics|phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name=KC01>Carpenter, K. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (ed.). ''The Armored Dinosaurs.'' Indiana University Press:Bloomington 455-483. {{ISBN|0-253-33964-2}}</ref> Vickaryous ''et al.'' (2004), in a review of armored dinosaurs, considered it to be [[nomen dubium|dubious]] without comment.<ref name=VMW04>Vickaryous, M.K., [[Teresa Maryańska|Maryańska, T.]], and Weishampel, D.B., (2004). Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley 363-392. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}</ref> West and Tibert, however, followed this with a preliminary account of a [[morphometric]] study that found it to be a unique genus.<ref name=WT04>{{Cite web |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80904.htm |title=West, A. and Tibert, N. (2004). Quantitative analysis for the type material of ''Priconodon crassus'': a distinct taxon from the Arundel Formation in southern Maryland. ''Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs'', 36(5):423. |access-date=2007-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106141208/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80904.htm |archive-date=2007-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Additional specimens===
Carpenter and Kirkland (1998) listed 12 additional teeth from the same area as the [[holotype]] tooth, and tentatively added a robust [[tibia]] (USNM 9154) to the genus. They found the lack of [[armour (zoology)|armor]] found in the Arundel to be peculiar, but noted that fossils are rare in that formation anyway.<ref name=CK98/> In 2018, three new ankylosaur teeth described from the Potomac Formation were assigned to ''Priconodon crassus'' based on their similarity to the holotype.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joseph A. Frederickson |author2=Thomas R. Lipka |author3=Richard L. Cifelli |year=2018 |title=Faunal composition and paleoenvironment of the Arundel Clay (Potomac Formation; Early Cretaceous), Maryland, USA |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=Article number 21.2.31A |doi=10.26879/847 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2023, large ankylosaur fossils (including vertebrae and a tail club) were announced to be found at [[Dinosaur Park (Prince George's County, Maryland)|Dinosaur Park]] by John-Paul Hodnett,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Domen |first=John |date=2023-07-12 |title=Dinosaur Park in Laurel reveal the largest theropod fossil in Eastern North America |url=https://wtop.com/prince-georges-county/2023/07/best-dinosaur-site-east-of-the-mississippi-is-in-maryland-and-lots-of-fossils-are-being-found/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=WTOP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Lillian |date=2023-07-12 |title=Maryland before time: Rare dinosaur bone bed uncovered in Prince George’s County |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/science-medicine/acrocanthosaurus-fossil-dinosaur-bones-laurel-maryland-OJBKTS7GL5GO7C2C5LPR4RRANQ/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713143138/https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/science-medicine/acrocanthosaurus-fossil-dinosaur-bones-laurel-maryland-OJBKTS7GL5GO7C2C5LPR4RRANQ/ |archive-date=2023-07-13 |website=The Baltimore Banner}}</ref> which may potentially represent additional specimens of ''Priconodon''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dipiazza |first=Chris |date=2023-07-17 |title=Prehistoric Beast of the Week: Maryland Dinosaurs: Major Discovery! |url=https://prehistoricbeastoftheweek.blogspot.com/2023/07/maryland-dinosaurs-major-discovery.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Prehistoric Beast of the Week}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ankylosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thyreophora|N.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1756414}}

[[Category:Ankylosaurs]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1888]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]

Priconodon

2024-08-02T21:13:53Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|113}}
| image = Priconodon.jpg
| image_caption = ''Priconodon'' tooth in multiple views
| taxon = Priconodon crassus
| authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1888
| display_parents = 2
}}

'''''Priconodon''''' (meaning "saw cone tooth"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Armor/Priconodon.asp|title = Untitled Document}}</ref>) is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[ankylosauria]]n [[dinosaur]] (perhaps [[nodosaurid]]), known from its large [[teeth]]. Its remains have been found in the [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] age [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Arundel Formation]] of [[Muirkirk, Maryland|Muirkirk]], [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]], [[Maryland]], USA and the [[Potomac Group]], also located in [[Maryland]]. As an ankylosaur, ''Priconodon'' would have been a large armored [[quadruped]]al [[herbivore]], though no size estimation has been done due to the scarcity of described remains.

==History of discovery==
[[File:Priconodon 1.jpeg|thumb|left|Tooth]]
[[O. C. Marsh]] named the genus for USNM 2135, a large worn tooth from what was then called the [[Potomac Formation]]. As [[ankylosauria]]ns were by and large unknown at the time, he compared it to ''[[Diracodon]]'' (=''[[Stegosaurus]]'') teeth.<ref name=OCM88>Marsh, O.C. (1888). Notice of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation. ''American Journal of Science'' 135:89-94.</ref> It was not identified as an ankylosaurian until [[Walter P. Coombs, Jr.|Walter Coombs]] assigned it to [[Nodosauridae]] in 1978.<ref name=WPCJ78>Coombs, Jr., W.P. (1978). The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria. ''Palaeontology'' 21(1):143-170.</ref>

In 1998 [[Kenneth Carpenter]] and [[James Kirkland (paleontologist)|James Kirkland]], in a review of [[North America]]n Lower Cretaceous ankylosaurs, considered it tentatively valid as an unusually large nodosaurid, larger than all those described before.<ref name=CK98>Carpenter, K., and Kirkland, J.I. (1998). Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. In: Lucas, S.G., Kirkland, J.I., and Estep, J.W. (eds.). ''Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems.'' New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:249-270.</ref> Carpenter (2001) retained it as a valid nodosaurid, but did not employ it in his [[cladistics|phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name=KC01>Carpenter, K. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (ed.). ''The Armored Dinosaurs.'' Indiana University Press:Bloomington 455-483. {{ISBN|0-253-33964-2}}</ref> Vickaryous ''et al.'' (2004), in a review of armored dinosaurs, considered it to be [[nomen dubium|dubious]] without comment.<ref name=VMW04>Vickaryous, M.K., [[Teresa Maryańska|Maryańska, T.]], and Weishampel, D.B., (2004). Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley 363-392. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}</ref> West and Tibert, however, followed this with a preliminary account of a [[morphometric]] study that found it to be a unique genus.<ref name=WT04>{{Cite web |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80904.htm |title=West, A. and Tibert, N. (2004). Quantitative analysis for the type material of ''Priconodon crassus'': a distinct taxon from the Arundel Formation in southern Maryland. ''Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs'', 36(5):423. |access-date=2007-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106141208/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80904.htm |archive-date=2007-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Additional specimens===
Carpenter and Kirkland (1998) listed 12 additional teeth from the same area as the [[holotype]] tooth, and tentatively added a robust [[tibia]] (USNM 9154) to the genus. They found the lack of [[armour (zoology)|armor]] found in the Arundel to be peculiar, but noted that fossils are rare in that formation anyway.<ref name=CK98/> In 2018, three new ankylosaur teeth described from the Potomac Formation were assigned to ''Priconodon crassus'' based on their similarity to the holotype.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joseph A. Frederickson |author2=Thomas R. Lipka |author3=Richard L. Cifelli |year=2018 |title=Faunal composition and paleoenvironment of the Arundel Clay (Potomac Formation; Early Cretaceous), Maryland, USA |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=Article number 21.2.31A |doi=10.26879/847 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2023, additional fossils (including vertebrae) were announced to be found at [[Dinosaur Park (Prince George's County, Maryland)|Dinosaur Park]] by John-Paul Hodnett, which suggest ''Priconodon'' was longer then believed, makig it one of the largest [[Thyreophora|thyreophorans]] known.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Domen |first=John |date=2023-07-12 |title=Dinosaur Park in Laurel reveal the largest theropod fossil in Eastern North America |url=https://wtop.com/prince-georges-county/2023/07/best-dinosaur-site-east-of-the-mississippi-is-in-maryland-and-lots-of-fossils-are-being-found/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=WTOP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reed |first=Lillian |date=July 12 2023 |title=Maryland before time: Rare dinosaur bone bed uncovered in Prince George’s County |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/science-medicine/acrocanthosaurus-fossil-dinosaur-bones-laurel-maryland-OJBKTS7GL5GO7C2C5LPR4RRANQ/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713143138/https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/science-medicine/acrocanthosaurus-fossil-dinosaur-bones-laurel-maryland-OJBKTS7GL5GO7C2C5LPR4RRANQ/ |archive-date=July 13 2023 |work=The Baltimore Banner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dipiazza |first=Chris |date=2023-07-17 |title=Prehistoric Beast of the Week: Maryland Dinosaurs: Major Discovery! |url=https://prehistoricbeastoftheweek.blogspot.com/2023/07/maryland-dinosaurs-major-discovery.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Prehistoric Beast of the Week}}</ref> They are not officially described yet.

== Description ==
''Priconodon'' is large, few the estimates given at around 20-30 feet (6.09-9.1 metres) long.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE DINOSAURS OF MARYLAND |url=https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~gdouglas/maryland/pages/maryland.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ankylosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thyreophora|N.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1756414}}

[[Category:Ankylosaurs]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1888]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]

Priconodon

2024-08-02T21:09:39Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* History of discovery */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|113}}
| image = Priconodon.jpg
| image_caption = ''Priconodon'' tooth in multiple views
| taxon = Priconodon crassus
| authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1888
| display_parents = 2
}}

'''''Priconodon''''' (meaning "saw cone tooth"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Armor/Priconodon.asp|title = Untitled Document}}</ref>) is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[ankylosauria]]n [[dinosaur]] (perhaps [[nodosaurid]]), known from its large [[teeth]]. Its remains have been found in the [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] age [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Arundel Formation]] of [[Muirkirk, Maryland|Muirkirk]], [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]], [[Maryland]], USA and the [[Potomac Group]], also located in [[Maryland]]. As an ankylosaur, ''Priconodon'' would have been a large armored [[quadruped]]al [[herbivore]], though no size estimation has been done due to the scarcity of known remains.

==History of discovery==
[[File:Priconodon 1.jpeg|thumb|left|Tooth]]
[[O. C. Marsh]] named the genus for USNM 2135, a large worn tooth from what was then called the [[Potomac Formation]]. As [[ankylosauria]]ns were by and large unknown at the time, he compared it to ''[[Diracodon]]'' (=''[[Stegosaurus]]'') teeth.<ref name=OCM88>Marsh, O.C. (1888). Notice of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation. ''American Journal of Science'' 135:89-94.</ref> It was not identified as an ankylosaurian until [[Walter P. Coombs, Jr.|Walter Coombs]] assigned it to [[Nodosauridae]] in 1978.<ref name=WPCJ78>Coombs, Jr., W.P. (1978). The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria. ''Palaeontology'' 21(1):143-170.</ref>

In 1998 [[Kenneth Carpenter]] and [[James Kirkland (paleontologist)|James Kirkland]], in a review of [[North America]]n Lower Cretaceous ankylosaurs, considered it tentatively valid as an unusually large nodosaurid, larger than all those described before.<ref name=CK98>Carpenter, K., and Kirkland, J.I. (1998). Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. In: Lucas, S.G., Kirkland, J.I., and Estep, J.W. (eds.). ''Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems.'' New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:249-270.</ref> Carpenter (2001) retained it as a valid nodosaurid, but did not employ it in his [[cladistics|phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name=KC01>Carpenter, K. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (ed.). ''The Armored Dinosaurs.'' Indiana University Press:Bloomington 455-483. {{ISBN|0-253-33964-2}}</ref> Vickaryous ''et al.'' (2004), in a review of armored dinosaurs, considered it to be [[nomen dubium|dubious]] without comment.<ref name=VMW04>Vickaryous, M.K., [[Teresa Maryańska|Maryańska, T.]], and Weishampel, D.B., (2004). Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley 363-392. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}</ref> West and Tibert, however, followed this with a preliminary account of a [[morphometric]] study that found it to be a unique genus.<ref name=WT04>{{Cite web |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80904.htm |title=West, A. and Tibert, N. (2004). Quantitative analysis for the type material of ''Priconodon crassus'': a distinct taxon from the Arundel Formation in southern Maryland. ''Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs'', 36(5):423. |access-date=2007-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106141208/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80904.htm |archive-date=2007-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Additional specimens===
Carpenter and Kirkland (1998) listed 12 additional teeth from the same area as the [[holotype]] tooth, and tentatively added a robust [[tibia]] (USNM 9154) to the genus. They found the lack of [[armour (zoology)|armor]] found in the Arundel to be peculiar, but noted that fossils are rare in that formation anyway.<ref name=CK98/> In 2018, three new ankylosaur teeth described from the Potomac Formation were assigned to ''Priconodon crassus'' based on their similarity to the holotype.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joseph A. Frederickson |author2=Thomas R. Lipka |author3=Richard L. Cifelli |year=2018 |title=Faunal composition and paleoenvironment of the Arundel Clay (Potomac Formation; Early Cretaceous), Maryland, USA |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=Article number 21.2.31A |doi=10.26879/847 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2023, additional fossils (including vertebrae) were announced to be found at [[Dinosaur Park (Prince George's County, Maryland)|Dinosaur Park]] by John-Paul Hodnett, which suggest ''Priconodon'' was longer then believed, makig it one of the largest [[Thyreophora|thyreophorans]] known.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Domen |first=John |date=2023-07-12 |title=Dinosaur Park in Laurel reveal the largest theropod fossil in Eastern North America |url=https://wtop.com/prince-georges-county/2023/07/best-dinosaur-site-east-of-the-mississippi-is-in-maryland-and-lots-of-fossils-are-being-found/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=WTOP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reed |first=Lillian |date=July 12 2023 |title=Maryland before time: Rare dinosaur bone bed uncovered in Prince George’s County |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/science-medicine/acrocanthosaurus-fossil-dinosaur-bones-laurel-maryland-OJBKTS7GL5GO7C2C5LPR4RRANQ/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713143138/https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/science-medicine/acrocanthosaurus-fossil-dinosaur-bones-laurel-maryland-OJBKTS7GL5GO7C2C5LPR4RRANQ/ |archive-date=July 13 2023 |work=The Baltimore Banner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dipiazza |first=Chris |date=2023-07-17 |title=Prehistoric Beast of the Week: Maryland Dinosaurs: Major Discovery! |url=https://prehistoricbeastoftheweek.blogspot.com/2023/07/maryland-dinosaurs-major-discovery.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Prehistoric Beast of the Week}}</ref> They are not officially described yet.

== Description ==
''Priconodon'' is large, estimated at around 20-30 feet (6.09-9.1 metres) long.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE DINOSAURS OF MARYLAND |url=https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~gdouglas/maryland/pages/maryland.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ankylosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thyreophora|N.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1756414}}

[[Category:Ankylosaurs]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1888]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]

Paleontology in Delaware

2024-07-29T01:08:01Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Natural history museums */

{{Short description|Paleontological research in the U.S. state of Delaware}}
[[image:Map of USA DE.svg|thumb|The location of the [[state of Delaware]]]]
'''Paleontology in Delaware''' refers to [[paleontological]] research occurring within or conducted by people from the [[U.S. state]] of [[Delaware]]. There are no local rocks of [[Precambrian]], [[Paleozoic]], [[Triassic]], or [[Jurassic]] age, so Delaware's [[fossil record]] does not begin until the [[Cretaceous]] period. As the [[Early Cretaceous]] gave way to the [[Late Cretaceous]], Delaware was being gradually submerged by the sea. Local [[marine life]] included [[cephalopod]]s like ''[[Belemnitella americana]]'', and [[marine reptile]]s. The dwindling local [[Landform|terrestrial]] environments were home to a variety of plants, [[dinosaur]]s, and [[pterosaur]]s. Along with New Jersey, Delaware is one of the best sources of Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in the eastern United States.<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-48" /> Delaware was still mostly covered by sea water through the [[Cenozoic era]]. Local marine life included [[manatee]]s, [[porpoise]]s, [[Pinniped|seals]], and [[whale]]s. Delaware was worked over by [[glacier]]s during the [[Quaternary glaciation|Ice Age]]. The [[Cretaceous]] [[belemnite]] ''[[Belemnitella americana]]'' is the Delaware [[state fossil]].

==Prehistory==
[[File:Belemnitella mucronata.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Belemnitella]]''.]]
No fossils are known from the rocks of the [[Precambrian]] or [[Paleozoic]] of Delaware because the rocks are [[metamorphic]] in origin. Fossils are also locally absent from the [[Triassic]] and [[Jurassic]] period since there are no local rocks of these ages in which they might be preserved. However, [[Cretaceous]] rocks and fossils are known. During the transition between the [[Early Cretaceous|Early]] and [[Late Cretaceous]], Delaware was changing from a terrestrial environment to a shallow sea. A variety of local plants left behind abundant fossils in the state's contemporary terrestrial environments. Local animals included [[Hadrosauroidea|hadrosaur]] and [[Ornithomimidae|ornithomimid]] [[dinosaur]]s, and [[pterosaur]]s.<ref name="delaware-paleoportal-general" /> Meanwhile, fossils of other reptiles include the alligator-related ''[[Deinosuchus]]'' and [[Mosasaur]]s, like [[Globidens]]. Cretaceous invertebrates of Delaware included [[annelid]]s, [[cephalopod]]s, [[crustacean]]s, [[gastropod]]s, and [[Bivalvia|pelecypods]].<ref name="50states-delaware-116" /> One of the most common Cretaceous invertebrate species found in the state is the [[crab]] ''[[Callianassa mortoni]]'', whose claws are abundant in the [[Merchantville Formation]].<ref name="50states-delaware-116" /> Notable cephalopods of Cretaceous Delaware included the swift swimming [[belemnite]] ''[[Belemnitella americana]]''. Cretaceous trace fossils include the mysterious tube-like ''[[Halymenites major]]''.<ref name="50states-delaware-117" /> Marine reptiles inhabited the sea that came to expand over the state.<ref name="delaware-paleoportal-general" /> Along with [[Paleontology in New Jersey|New Jersey]], Delaware is one of the best sources of [[Late Cretaceous]] dinosaur fossils in the eastern United States.<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-48" />

Delaware continued to be largely covered by seawater during the [[Cenozoic]] era, although its level rose and fell over time. Local marine life included [[manatee]]s, [[porpoise]]s, [[Pinniped|seals]], and [[whale]]s. On land, the state was home to [[bear]]s, [[beaver]]s, [[dog]]s, and [[snake]]s.<ref name="delaware-paleoportal-general" /> About 17.5 million years ago, more than 100 kinds of mollusks lived in the waters off the Delaware coast. Local marine vertebrates included [[bony fishes]], [[porpoises]], [[ray (fish)|ray]]s, [[seacow|sea cows]], [[shark]]s, [[sea turtle]]s, and whales. [[Fossil pollen]] suggests that the state's Miocene coastal regions were less [[marshy]] than they are today. Local vegetation included forests composed of [[oak]]s, [[Arecaceae|palms]], and [[pine]]s. The climate may have resembled that of modern [[Paleontology in Georgia|Georgia]]'s southern half. On land, the local inhabitants included [[beaver]]s, a possible [[saber-toothed cat]], [[chalicothere]]s, [[deer]]-like animals, [[rabbit]]s, [[peccary|peccaries]], hornless [[rhinoceros]]es, and small primitive [[horse]]s.<ref name="roylance" /> Local [[Quaternary glaciation|Ice Age]] [[glacial]] activity made significant sedimentary deposits, but these preserved few fossils.<ref name="delaware-paleoportal-general" />

==History==

===Indigenous interpretations===
[[File:Grallator.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''[[Grallator]]''.]]
The [[Lenape]] or Delaware people have lived in Delaware and told myths likely influenced by the [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] [[Dinosaur tracks|tracks]] common in the area. They believed that in the early days of earth's history the land and sea were full of Monsters. The grandfather of these Monsters was the most terrifying Monster of all and menaced all living creatures. He was so huge that when he crossed the mountains he left footprints in solid rock. The creature was eventually killed by [[lightning]] after being trapped in a [[mountain]] pass.<ref name="mayor-footprints-49" /> [[Folklorist]] [[Adrienne Mayor]] has mused that the depiction of the grandfather of the Monsters in the Delaware myth resembles modern portrayals of ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' as a fearless, superlative predator.<ref name="mayor-footprints-49-50" /> The Delaware people also used to have a custom related to fossil footprints. Delaware women once collected "uki rocks" which were imprinted with the tracks of small dinosaurs attributed to mythical Little People. They believed that placing the trace fossil-bearing uki rocks along the edges of their fields would benefit their crops.<ref name="mayor-footprints-50" />

===Scientific research===
In the summer of 1991, highway workers digging for a construction project near [[Smyrna, Delaware|Smyrna]] made a major [[Miocene]] fossil deposit. Although most of its fossils were of [[Sea|marine]] life, researchers have regarded its mammal remains as the best discovered north of [[Paleontology in Florida|Florida]] in the eastern [[Paleontology in the United States|United States]]. Excavators dug 50 feet into the sediment to uncover both invertebrate and vertebrate remains. Invertebrates included more than a 100 kinds of marine [[mollusk]]s, roughly a quarter of which were previously undescribed. The site's famous mammals included [[beaver]]s, a possible [[saber-toothed cat]], [[chalicothere]]s, [[deer]]-like animals, [[rabbit]]s, [[peccary|peccaries]], hornless [[rhinoceros]]es, and small primitive [[horse]]s. The deposit may have formed as terrestrial animal carcasses bloated and drifted downstream and out to sea, mingling their remains with those of marine life. Alternatively they may have died and been buried on land only to be eroded out of the sediments by the action of the sea.<ref name="roylance" />

==Natural history museums==
*[[Delaware Museum of Nature & Science]], [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]
*[[University Museums at the University of Delaware#Mineralogical Museum|University of Delaware Mineralogical Museum]], [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]
*[[Iron Hill Museum]], [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
* [[Paleontology in Maryland]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|3|refs=
<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-48">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Late Cretaceous Paradise", page 48.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-footprints-49">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Fossil Footprints", page 49.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-footprints-49-50">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Fossil Footprints", pages 49-50.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-footprints-50">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Fossil Footprints", page 50.</ref>

<ref name="50states-delaware-116">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Delaware", page 116.</ref>
<ref name="50states-delaware-117">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Delaware", page 117.</ref>

<ref name="delaware-paleoportal-general">McLaughlin, Anné, Springer, and Scotchmoor (2010); "Paleontology and geology".</ref>

<ref name="roylance">Roylance (1992).</ref>
}}

==References==
* Mayor, Adrienne. ''Fossil Legends of the First Americans''. Princeton University Press. 2005. {{ISBN|0-691-11345-9}}.
* McLaughlin Jr., Peter P., Jennifer Anné, Dale Springer, Judy Scotchmoor. "[http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space&sectionnav=state&name=Delaware Delaware, US]." [http://www.paleoportal.org/ The Paleontology Portal]. Accessed September 21, 2012.
* {{cite book |ref=murray-1974 | last = Murray | first = Marian | title = Hunting for Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States | publisher = Collier Books | date = 1974 | pages = 348 | isbn = 9780020935506 }}
* Roylance, Frank D. April 2, 1992. "[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-04-02/news/1992093077_1_delaware-geological-survey-mammal-ramsey Road Work Turns Up Rare Fossil Find in Delaware Land-Mammal Discovery is Dated to Miocene Era]". The Baltimore Sun. Accessed 11/12/12.
* Weishampel, D.B. & L. Young. 1996. Dinosaurs of the East Coast. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

==External links==
* [https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/fips-unit.php?state=DE Geologic units in Delaware]

{{Paleontology in the United States}}

[[Category:Paleontology in Delaware| ]]
[[Category:Paleontology in the United States by state|Delaware]]
[[Category:Natural history of Delaware]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Delaware]]

Iron Hill Museum

2024-07-29T01:07:30Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|Museum in Newark, Delaware}}
{{primary sources|date=April 2021}}

'''Iron Hill Museum''' (also known as '''Iron Hill Science Center''') is a museum in [[Newark, Delaware]], in the [[United States]]. Since 1968 it was located in a former African-American school, but moved to the new building in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the build – Iron Hill Science Center|url=https://ironhillsciencecenter.org/about/history/|access-date=2021-04-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/05/03/delaware-backstory-historic-day-iron-hill-museum/26847537/|title=Delaware Backstory: Historic day for Iron Hill Museum|last=Brown|first=Robin|newspaper=[[The News Journal]]|date=May 3, 2015|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newarkpostonline.com/news/article_c419784b-8dd6-5b7a-a661-fc53d381c3fd.html|title=Iron Hill Museum prepares for move|newspaper=[[Newark Post]]|last=Shannon|first=Josh|date=September 1, 2015|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref>

The museum has year-round permanent displays of the local flora and fauna, local and international rock and mineral specimens, regional fossil specimens, local artifacts, and representation of the history of [[Iron Hill (Delaware)|Iron Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit A Participating Museum For Free on 4/4/20|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/museumday/museum-day-2020/|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Smithsonian|language=en}}</ref>

== Exhibits ==
* "Please Touch Wall". This exhibit allows people to see and feel the texture of different items such as [[turtle shell]] and [[petrified wood]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Exhibits – Iron Hill Science Center|url=https://ironhillsciencecenter.org/about/exhibits/|access-date=2021-04-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
* "The Lenape People". This displays the materials used by the historical [[Lenape|Lenape people]] who only made used of the items in their surroundings.<ref name=":0" />
* "Rocks and Minerals". This collection shows the different rocks and minerals from [[Delaware]] and all over the world.<ref name=":0" />
* "Fluorescent Rock Room". This display shows rocks that change color when exposed to [[ultraviolet light]].<ref name=":0" />
* "Taxidermy Collection". This collection displays different animals such as turtles, turkeys, deer, bears, hawks and foxes.<ref name=":0" />
* "Under the Sea". This exhibit shows various shell types and shapes.<ref name=":0" />
* "Delaware’s Prehistoric Sea Life". This collection depicted the different creatures (such as [[mosasaur]]) that crawled along the seafloor that eventually became [[Delaware]].<ref name=":0" />

== Other offerings ==
Iron Hill Museum also offers programs on [[Earth science|Earth Science]], [[Natural history|Natural History]], [[Archaeology]], and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. It also has historical [[diorama]]s with miniatures created by Marnie King.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Delaware Ecotourism at ecoDelaware.com : Iron Hill Science Center|url=http://www.ecodelaware.com/place.php?id=262|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www.ecodelaware.com}}</ref> History lovers can take a nature walk which is connected to connected to [[Mason–Dixon line|Mason-Dixon]] Trail and visit the place of the [[Battle of Iron Hill]].<ref name=":1" />

The museum's previous building can also be visited. It was built by [[Pierre S. du Pont|Pierre S. duPont]] in 1923 and was a former African-American school. It is one of the last remaining schools of this kind in the region.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official|https://ironhillsciencecenter.org/}}

{{coord|39.63223350359638|-75.75734617156436|region:US-DE}}

[[Category:Museums in Newark, Delaware]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Newark, Delaware]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in Delaware]]

Paleontology in Washington (state)

2024-07-28T23:22:48Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Natural history museums */

{{Short description|Paleontological research in the U.S. state of Washington}}
[[File:Map of USA WA.svg|thumb|The location of the [[state of Washington]]]]
'''Paleontology in Washington''' encompasses [[Paleontology|paleontological]] research occurring within or conducted by people from the [[United States|U.S. state]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Washington has a rich [[fossil]] [[Fossil record|record]] spanning almost the entire [[Geologic time scale|geologic column]]. Its fossil record shows an unusually great diversity of preservational types including [[carbonization]], [[petrifaction]], [[permineralization]], [[Molding (process)|molds]], and [[Fossil#Casts and molds|cast]].<ref name="50states-washington-280" /> Early [[Paleozoic]] Washington would come to be home to creatures like [[Archaeocyatha|archaeocyathids]], [[brachiopod]]s, [[bryozoa]]ns, [[cephalopod]]s, [[coral]]s, and [[trilobite]]s. While some [[Mesozoic]] fossils are known, few [[dinosaur]] remains have been found in the state. Only about two-thirds of the state's land mass had come together by the time the Mesozoic ended. In the [[Cenozoic]] the state's sea began to withdraw towards the west, while local [[Ecoregion#Terrestrial|terrestrial]] environments were home to a rich variety of trees and [[insects]]. Vertebrates would come to include the [[horse]] ''[[Hipparion]]'', [[bison]], [[camel]]s, [[caribou]], [[Merycoidodontoidea|oreodonts]]. Later, during the [[Quaternary glaciation|Ice Age]], the northern third of the state was covered in glaciers while creatures like bison, caribou, [[woolly mammoths]], [[mastodon]]s, and [[rhinoceros]] roamed elsewhere in the state. The [[Pleistocene]] [[Columbian Mammoth]], ''[[Mammuthus columbi]]'' is the Washington [[state fossil]].

==Prehistory==
[[File:Mammuthus columbi Sergiodlarosa.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Restoration of a Columbian mammoth]]
During the [[Cambrian]], Washington was home to [[Archaeocyatha|archaeocyathids]], [[brachiopod]]s, and [[trilobite]]s.<ref name="50states-washington-280-281" /> The archaeocyathids are the oldest known fossils in the state.<ref name="50states-washington-281" /> [[Graptolithinia|Graptolites]] became abundant during the [[Ordovician]] period, and their remains were preserved in what are now the rocks of [[Pend Oreille County, Washington|Pend Oreille]] and [[Stevens County, Washington|Stevens Counties]]. Possibly during the [[Silurian]], but certainly by the [[Devonian]], brachiopods and [[coral]]s become the most abundant life forms represented in Washington's fossil record. During the [[Carboniferous]], brachiopods, [[bryozoans]], and corals inhabited. Permian life included corals, [[fusulinida]], and [[gastropoda|gastropods]].<ref name="50states-washington-281" />

During the early [[Mesozoic]], [[Triassic]] [[pelecypod]]s were common Washington inhabitants.<ref name="50states-washington-282" /> [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] life left behind their fossils in the north-central and northwestern part of Washington.<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general" /> By the end of the [[Mesozoic]] only about two-thirds of the state's land mass had come together.<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general" /> During the [[Cretaceous]] the regions now occupied by the northern [[Cascade Mountains]] and the [[San Juan Islands]] were home to creatures like [[cephalopods]] with both coiled and uncoiled shells as well as pelecypods.<ref name="50states-washington-282" /> Only one known [[dinosaur]] fossil has been found in Washington.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peecook, Sidor|first=Brandon R., Christian A.|date=May 20, 2015|title=The First Dinosaur from Washington State and a Review of Pacific Coast Dinosaurs from North America|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0127792|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127792|pmid=25993090|pmc=4439161|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027792P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="dinos-burke-pi" /><ref name = "dinos-found" />

In the [[Cenozoic]] the state's sea began to withdraw towards the west.<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general" /> In the mid-Cenozoic [[volcanic activity]] started in the [[Cascade Mountains]].<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general" /> The [[Tertiary]] seas of Washington were inhabited by creatures like [[echinoderms]], foraminferans, gastropods, pelecypods, and [[scaphopods]]. On land, the local [[flora]] included ''[[Ginkgo]]'', [[oak]], [[Populus|poplar]], [[Sequoioideae|sequoia]], and [[willow]].<ref name="50states-washington-282" /> Terrestrial [[insects]] left behind fossils in [[Spokane]] and the area west of [[Latah Creek]]. Tertiary vertebrates of Washington included the [[horse]] ''[[Hipparion]]'', [[bison]], [[camels]], [[caribou]], [[oreodont]]s, and many different kinds of [[rodent]].<ref name="50states-washington-283" /> Ten million years ago geologic uplift formed the Olympic Mountains.<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general" /> Near the end of the Cenozoic the northern third of Washington was covered by [[glaciers]], as were the peaks of the Cascade and [[Olympic Mountains]].<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general" /> The more recent marine invertebrates of Washington from the [[Quaternary]] period were generally adapted to cold climates. These included pelecypods and tube-building worms. Like the states marine invertebrates, its terrestrial vertebrates were adapted to cold climates. These include creatures like [[bison]], caribou, [[woolly mammoths]], [[mastodons]], and [[rhinoceros]].<ref name="50states-washington-284" />

==History==

===Scientific research===
[[File:Gastornis 1917.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''[[Diatryma]]''.]]
On May 3, 1992 the ''[[Seattle Times]]'' ran an article announcing the possible discovery of the first known ''[[Diatryma]]'' [[Fossil footprint|footprint]] in the [[Puget Group]] of [[Flaming Geyser State Park]]. The track dated back to the [[Eocene]]. A few months later, on July 17, the ''Times'' ran another article reporting that Allison Andors and several other experts on ''Diatryma'' concluded that the purported fossil footprint of Flaming Geyser State Park was actually a clever hoax. Nevertheless, in [[ichnology|ichnologists]] [[Martin Lockley]] and [[Adrian Hunt]]'s 1999 book on fossil footprints from western North America, the authors concluded that the track was legitimate after all.<ref name="dinotracksna-bird-262" /> In [[1998 in paleontology|1998]], the [[Pleistocene]] [[Columbian Mammoth]], ''[[Mammuthus columbi]]'' was designated the Washington [[state fossil]].

==People==

===Births===
*[[Kirk Johnson (scientist)|Kirk Johnson]] was born in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] in 1960.
*[[Peter Ward (paleontologist)|Peter Ward]] was born in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] in [[1949 in paleontology|1949]].
*[[Wesley C. Wehr]] was born in [[Everett, Washington|Everett]] on April 17, [[1929 in paleontology|1929]].

===Deaths===
[[Wesley C. Wehr]] died in Seattle on April 12, [[2004 in paleontology|2004]].

==Natural history museums==
* [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]], [[Seattle]]
* Charles R. Conner Museum, [[Washington State University]], [[Pullman, Washington|Pullman]]
* [[Puget Sound Museum of Natural History]], [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]]
* [[Stonerose Interpretive Center|Stonerose Interpretive Center and Fossil Site]], [[Republic, Washington|Republic]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Paleontology|United States}}
* [[Paleontology in Idaho]]
* [[Paleontology in Oregon]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|3|refs=
<ref name="dinotracksna-bird-262">Lockley and Hunt (1999); "Big Bird Tracks Have Paleontologists All Aflutter", page 262.</ref>

<ref name="50states-washington-280">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Washington", page 280.</ref>
<ref name="50states-washington-280-281">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Washington", pages 280-281.</ref>
<ref name="50states-washington-281">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Washington", page 281.</ref>
<ref name="50states-washington-282">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Washington", page 282.</ref>
<ref name="50states-washington-283">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Washington", page 283.</ref>
<ref name="50states-washington-284">[[#murray-1974|Murray (1974)]]; "Washington", page 284.</ref>

<ref name="dinos-burke-pi">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture; "Frequently Asked Questions", and Seattle's Big Blog; "Have we Found Dinosaur fossils in Washington State?".</ref>
<ref name ="dinos-found">time.com; "First Dinosaur Bone Found in Washington State"</ref>
<ref name="washington-paleoportal-general">Nesbitt and Scotchmoor (2010); "Paleontology and geology".</ref>

}}

==References==
{{commons category|Paleontology in Washington (state)}}
* [http://time.com/3892728/dinosaur-bone-washington/ First Dinosaur Bone found in Washington State]. Accessed May 30, 2015.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113114312/http://www.burkemuseum.org/paleontology/faq Frequently Asked Questions]. Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Accessed August 25, 2012.
* Lockley, Martin and Hunt, Adrian. '' Dinosaur Tracks of Western North America''. Columbia University Press. 1999.
* {{cite book |ref=murray-1974 | last = Murray | first = Marian | title = Hunting for Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States | publisher = Collier Books | date = 1974 | pages = 348 | isbn = 9780020935506 }}
* "[http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/03/05/have-we-found-dinosaur-fossils-in-washington-state/ Have we Found Dinosaur fossils in Washington State?"] Seattle's Big Blog. ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''. Accessed August 25th, 2012.
* Nesbitt, Liz, Judy Scotchmoor. July 14, 2010. "[http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space&sectionnav=state&name=Washington Washington, US]." [http://www.paleoportal.org/ The Paleontology Portal]. Accessed September 21, 2012.

==External links==
* [https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/fips-unit.php?state=WA Geologic units in Washington]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130121060717/http://www.dnr.wa.gov/recreationeducation/topics/harvestingcollecting/pages/fossil_collecting.aspx Department of Natural Resources]
* [http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=doing_paleo&sectionnav=careers&type_id=6 Paleoportal: Washington]

{{Paleontology in the United States}}

[[Category:Paleontology in Washington (state)| ]]
[[Category:Paleontology in the United States by state|Washington]]
[[Category:Natural history of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Washington (state)]]

Haitian mythology

2024-07-22T23:13:35Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Related notions */

{{Short description|Folklore of the people of Haiti}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
'''Haitian mythology''' consists of many folklore stories from different time periods, involving sacred dance and deities, all the way to Vodou. [[Haitian Vodou]] is a [[syncretism|syncretic mixture]] of [[Roman Catholic]] rituals developed during the [[French colonial empire|French colonial period]], based on [[Traditional African religion|traditional African beliefs]], with roots in [[Dahomey mythology|Dahomey]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]] and [[Yoruba mythology|Yoruba]] traditions, and folkloric influence from the indigenous [[Taíno people|Taino]] peoples of [[Haiti]]. The [[lwa]], or spirits with whom Vodou adherents work and practice, are not gods but servants of the Supreme Creator Bondye (pronounced Bon Dieu). A lot of the [[Lwa|Iwa]] identities come from deities formed in the West African traditional regions, especially the [[Fon people|Fon]] and [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In keeping with the French-Catholic influence of the faith, Vodou practioneers are for the most part monotheists, believing that the lwa are great and powerful forces in the world with whom humans interact and vice versa, resulting in a symbiotic relationship intended to bring both humans and the lwa back to Bondye. "Vodou is a religious practice, a faith that points toward an intimate knowledge of God, and offers its practitioners a means to come into communion with the Divine, through an ever evolving paradigm of dance, song and prayers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Vye Zo Komande LaMenfo|first=Mambo|title=Serving the Spirits: The Religion of Vodou|year=2011|publisher=Mambo Vye Zo Komande LaMenfo|location=United States|isbn= 978-0615535241|page=12}}</ref>

== History and origins of Voodooism in Haiti ==
{{main|Haitian Vodou}}

Vodou originated from the [[Animism|Animist]] beliefs of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba tribes]] in [[Benin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weber|first=A. S. |date=December 2018 |title=Haitian Vodou and Ecotheology |journal=Ecumenical Review |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=679–694 |doi=10.1111/erev.12393|s2cid=151028156 }}</ref>

[[File:Voodoo Ceremony in Abomey.jpg|thumb|Voodoo Ritual]]

[[West African Vodun|Voudon]] encapsulates an assortment of cultural elements, including personal creeds and practices, among which is a complex system of folk medical [[Traditional medicine|practices]]. Voudon to some is more than a belief but a way of life, upon which popular proverbs, stories, songs, and folklore are based around.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=MYTHOLOGIES OF HAITI |url=https://indigenouspeoplenet.wordpress.com/2022/10/12/mythologies-of-haiti/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Indigenous Peoples Literature |language=en}}</ref> Voudon teaches belief in a supreme being called Bondye, an unknowable and uninvolved created god.<ref name=":1" /> Voudon believers worship the lwa. There are in total 180 lwa in the Vodou religion, each of them carrying a name and, a specific and exclusive function. For instance, ''[[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scalora |first=Sal |date=March–April 1993 |title=A salute to the spirits |url=https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=394b1efc-2811-4285-9e70-4b5206136ac3@sdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#AN=9304260020&db=a9h |journal=Americas |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=26}}</ref> are the spirit of life and death who is assigned to separate the souls and bodies of people when the time comes and also to watch over their graveyards. [[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]] also serve the role of connecting the past, present, and future, as well as amalgamating them into one reality.

Mythology in Haiti was used not only for politics but also for the revolution. Myths like: ''L'Union Fait La Force'' (Togetherness is Strength), is a story about slaves who rose up on August 22, 1791, in a heroic battle to win their freedom, and is a story about solidarity between two different groups of people to get freedom for the collective.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Laroche |first1=Maximilien |title=The Founding Myths of the Haitian Nation |journal=Small Axe |date=September 2005 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–15 |id={{ProQuest|195818093}} |doi=10.1215/-9-2-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mythical symbols of Voudon and the tradition of the shifting from chaos to collectivity known as the religion of Vodou play a big role in the forming of Haitian mythology.<ref name=":2" /> Today, individuals referred to as ''Alchemists of Memory'' are the keepers of Vodou history and Haitian mythology, preserving the stories told by their ancestors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Largey |first1=Michael |title=Recombinant Mythology and the Alchemy of Memory: Occide Jeanty, Ogou, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines in Haiti |journal=Journal of American Folklore |date=July 2005 |volume=118 |issue=469 |pages=327–353 |id={{ProQuest|3030890449}} |doi=10.2307/4137917 |jstor=4137917 }}</ref>

==Related notions==
* Asagwe - Haitian Vodou dancing used to honor the [[lwa]].
* Lakou - the central location for worship.
* [[Cyphostemma mappia|Mapou tree]]- A sacred tree that is considered the link between the spirit world and earth. Avalou - ("supplication") Haitian Vodou dance.
* Coco macaque - Haitian Vodou implement. It is a stick, which is supposed to be able to walk on its own. The owner of a coco macaque can send it on errands. If it is used to hit an enemy, the enemy will die before the dawn.
*
* Gangan, [[Houngan]] - Haitian priests. They lead the peoples in dancing, drumming, and singing to invoke the lwa.
* [[Gede (Haitian Vodou)|Gede]] - family of spirits related to death and fertility.
* [[Guinee]] - Haitian afterlife. It is also where life began and the home of their spirits.
* [[Bokor]] - The male equivalent of a Vodou witch. They are said to serve the lwa with "both hands" meaning they are practicing for good and evil.
* [[Zombie]] - A reanimated body without a soul, used by [[Bokor]]s to complete or perform tasks.
* [[Lwa]] - Haitian Vodou spirit.
* [[Mambo (Vodou)|Mambo]] - Haitian priestess who, together with the Houngan, leads the Vodou rituals and invokes the lwa.
* [[Paquet congo]] - charms made of organic matter wrapped in cloth, intended to rouse the lwa.
* [[Petro lwa|Petro]] - aggressive and warlike family of spirits
* [[Rada lwa|Rada]] - old, benefic family of spirits
* [[Tonton Macoute (disambiguation)|Tonton Macoute]], a Haitian mythological phrase meaning "bogey man" (literally: "Uncle [[Sack Man|Bagman]]")
* [[Ti Malice and Bouki|Ti Malice and Tonton Bouki]] - A pair of competing tricksters.
* Ville au Camp - ("House in the Fields") the underwater capital of the lwa.
* [[Mermaid]] - A creature with the upper body of a woman(sometimes man) and the lower body of a [[fish]]-like creature. Mermaids are known to lure children to the ocean to take them to their homes and teach them dark magic, or drown them.
* [[Zombie]] - An undead mythical creature created by a [[bokor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Lakshmi |date=December 15, 2013 |title=Zoinks! Tracing The History Of 'Zombie' From Haiti To The CDC |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/13/250844800/zoinks-tracing-the-history-of-zombie-from-haiti-to-the-cdc |website=npr}}</ref>

== Lwa Vodou Spirits ==
{{main|Lwa#List}}

* [[Adjassou-Linguetor]] – Haitian lwa in the form of spring water (goddess).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Adya Houn'tò|Adya Houn’tò]] – Haitian lwa of the drums.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Agassou]] – Haitian lwa which guards the Dahomean traditions.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Azaka-Tonnerre]] – Haitian god of thunder, agriculture and farmers.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Badessy]] – Haitian god of the sky.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Baron La Croix]] – lwa of the dead and sexuality.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Baron Samedi]] – lwa of the dead.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Damballa]] – father of the lwa and humankind.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Diable Tonnere]] – Haitian god of thunder.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Dinclinsin]] – Haitian vodou deity feared for his severity.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ezili Dantor|Erzulie Dantor]] – Haitian vodou goddess of wealth, vengeance, and protection.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ọbatala|Obatala]] – yoruba creator god.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ogun|Ogoun]] – Haitian vodou god of fire, iron, politics, thunder and war.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Oshun]] – yoruba goddess of love, also Erzulie Freda (in Vodou).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ọya|Oya]] – yoruba warrior goddess.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Papa Legba]] – intermediary between the lwa and humanity.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Haitian Vodou]]
* [[Culture of Haiti]]
* [[Religion in Haiti]]
* [[Haitian art]]
* [[Veve]], a religious symbol commonly used in Vodou and [[Palo (religion)|Palo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516165730/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/voodoo/biglist.htm List of Vodou Loa]

[[Category:Haitian mythology| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Haiti]]
[[Category:Caribbean mythology]]
[[Category:Haitian Vodou]]
[[Category:Religion in Haiti]]

Comptonatus

2024-07-10T15:24:05Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{distinguish|Camptonotus}}
{{Short description|Genus of ornithopod dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|Barremian|Aptian}}
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Comptonatus
| parent_authority = Lockwood, Martill & [[Susannah Maidment|Maidment]], [[2024 in archosaur paleontology|2024]]
| species = chasei
| authority = Lockwood, Martill & Maidment, 2024
}}
'''''Comptonatus''''' (meaning "the Compton thunderer") is a [[genus]] of [[ornithopod]] dinosaur from the [[Early Cretaceous]] epoch. Its remains are known from the [[Wessex Formation]] in England. The type and only species is '''''C. chasei'''''.

== Discovery and naming ==
The holotype specimen, [[Dinosaur Isle|IWCMS]] 2014.80, was excavated in September–October 2013, close to where a ''[[Valdosaurus]]'' specimen was recovered the previous year. It is the most complete ornithopod dinosaur found on the [[Isle of Wight]] since ''[[Mantellisaurus]]'' in 1914.<ref name=Comptonatus>{{Cite journal |last1=Lockwood |first1=Jeremy A. F. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Maidment |first3=Susannah C. R. |date=2024-12-31 |title=''Comptonatus chasei'', a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref><ref name=ComptonatusNHM>{{Cite web |title=The most-complete UK dinosaur in a century has been found on the Isle of Wight |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2024/july/most-complete-uk-dinosaur-century-found-isle-of-wight.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

''Comptonatus'' was described as a new genus and species of iguanodontian dinosaur in 2024. The [[genus|generic name]], ''Comptonatus'', combines the name of the location [[Compton, Isle of Wight|Compton]] with the Latin ''tonatus'', meaning "thundered", and has the intended meaning of "the Compton thunderer", in reference to its discovery location and large size. The [[species (biology)|specific name]], ''chasei'', honours the late Nick Chase, who won the [[Palaeontological Association]]'s [[Mary Anning]] Award in 2018 and discovered the specimen.<ref name=Comptonatus /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Rachel |last2=Sample |first2=Ian |date=2024-07-10 |title=Dinosaur unearthed on Isle of Wight identified as new plant-eating species |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/jul/10/dinosaur-isle-of-wight-new-species-comptonatus-chasei |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Classification ==
''Comptonatus'' was entered into a [[phylogenetic analysis]] using the dataset of the description of the contemporary ''[[Brighstoneus]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lockwood|first1=Jeremy A. F.|last2=Martill|first2=David M.|last3=Maidment|first3=Susannah C. R.|date=2021-11-10|title=A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=19|issue=12|pages=847–888|doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005|s2cid=244067410|issn=1477-2019|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was found to be in a clade with ''[[Iguanodon]]'', ''[[Barilium]]'', and ''[[Mantellisaurus]]'', all from the Isle of Wight, which has been termed the Iguanodontidae. The [[cladogram]] from the analysis is shown below:<ref name=Comptonatus />

{{clade
|label1=[[Styracosterna]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Uteodon]]''
|2=''[[Dakotadon]]''
|3=''[[Hippodraco]]''
|4=''[[Iguanacolossus]]''
|5=''[[Proa]]''
|6=''[[Lanzhousaurus]]''
|7=''[[Hypselospinus]]''
|8=''[[Bayannurosaurus]]''
|9={{clade
|1=''[[Ouranosaurus]]''
|label2=[[Hadrosauriformes]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Iguanodontidae]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Iguanodon]]''
|2=''[[Barilium]]''
|3='''''Comptonatus'''''
|4=''[[Mantellisaurus]]''
}}
|label2=[[Hadrosauroidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brighstoneus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bolong]]''
|2=''[[Jinzhousaurus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Altirhinus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Equijubus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Batyrosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Penelopognathus]]''
}}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Sirindhorna]]''
|2=[[Hadrosauromorpha]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== Paleoenvironment ==
''Comptonatus'' is one of the many iguanodonts known from the Isle of Wight, distinct from ''[[Iguanodon]]'', ''[[Brighstoneus]]'', and ''[[Mantellisaurus]]''. The Wessex Formation had a warm and semi-arid [[Mediterranean climate]], formed on [[Alluvial plain|alluvial meander plains]]. Forests on higher ground north of the floodplain consisted of [[Pinophyta]], [[Ginkgophyta]], [[Pteridophyta]], [[Cycadophyta]]. [[Wildfire|Forest fires]] and [[flood]]s were common occurrences, resulting in the formation of plant debris beds.<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q127324591|from2=Q127325062}}

[[Category:Iguanodonts]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2024]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Cretaceous England]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Monotypic dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Ornithopods of Europe]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous ornithopods]]

Comptonatus

2024-07-10T15:11:23Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Discovery and naming */

{{distinguish|Camptonotus}}
{{Short description|Genus of ornithopod dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|Barremian|Aptian}}
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Comptonatus
| parent_authority = Lockwood, Martill & [[Susannah Maidment|Maidment]], [[2024 in archosaur paleontology|2024]]
| species = chasei
| authority = Lockwood, Martill & Maidment, 2024
}}
'''''Comptonatus''''' (meaning "the Compton thunderer") is a [[genus]] of [[ornithopod]] dinosaur from the [[Early Cretaceous]] epoch. Its remains are known from the [[Wessex Formation]] in England. The type and only species is '''''C. chasei'''''.

== Discovery and naming ==
The holotype specimen, [[Dinosaur Isle|IWCMS]] 2014.80, was excavated in September–October 2013, close to where a ''[[Valdosaurus]]'' specimen was recovered the previous year. It is the most complete ornithopod dinosaur found on the [[Isle of Wight]] since ''[[Mantellisaurus]]'' in 1914.<ref name=Comptonatus>{{Cite journal |last1=Lockwood |first1=Jeremy A. F. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Maidment |first3=Susannah C. R. |date=2024-12-31 |title=''Comptonatus chasei'', a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref><ref name=ComptonatusNHM>{{Cite web |title=The most-complete UK dinosaur in a century has been found on the Isle of Wight |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2024/july/most-complete-uk-dinosaur-century-found-isle-of-wight.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

''Comptonatus'' was described as a new genus and species of iguanodontian dinosaur in 2024. The [[genus|generic name]], ''Comptonatus'', combines the name of the location [[Compton, Isle of Wight|Compton]] with the Latin ''tonatus'', meaning "thundered", and has the intended meaning of "the Compton thunderer", in reference to its discovery location and large size. The [[species (biology)|specific name]], ''chasei'', honours the late Nick Chase, who won the [[Palaeontological Association]]'s [[Mary Anning]] Award in 2018 and discovered the specimen.<ref name=Comptonatus />

== Classification ==
''Comptonatus'' was entered into a [[phylogenetic analysis]] using the dataset of the description of the contemporary ''[[Brighstoneus]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lockwood|first1=Jeremy A. F.|last2=Martill|first2=David M.|last3=Maidment|first3=Susannah C. R.|date=2021-11-10|title=A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=19|issue=12|pages=847–888|doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005|s2cid=244067410|issn=1477-2019|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was found to be in a clade with ''[[Iguanodon]]'', ''[[Barilium]]'', and ''[[Mantellisaurus]]'', all from the Isle of Wight, which has been termed the Iguanodontidae. The [[cladogram]] from the analysis is shown below:<ref name=Comptonatus />

{{clade
|label1=[[Styracosterna]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Uteodon]]''
|2=''[[Dakotadon]]''
|3=''[[Hippodraco]]''
|4=''[[Iguanacolossus]]''
|5=''[[Proa]]''
|6=''[[Lanzhousaurus]]''
|7=''[[Hypselospinus]]''
|8=''[[Bayannurosaurus]]''
|9={{clade
|1=''[[Ouranosaurus]]''
|label2=[[Hadrosauriformes]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Iguanodontidae]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Iguanodon]]''
|2=''[[Barilium]]''
|3='''''Comptonatus'''''
|4=''[[Mantellisaurus]]''
}}
|label2=[[Hadrosauroidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brighstoneus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bolong]]''
|2=''[[Jinzhousaurus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Altirhinus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Equijubus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Batyrosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Penelopognathus]]''
}}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Sirindhorna]]''
|2=[[Hadrosauromorpha]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== Paleoenvironment ==
''Comptonatus'' is one of the many iguanodonts known from the Isle of Wight, distinct from ''[[Iguanodon]]'', ''[[Brighstoneus]]'', and ''[[Mantellisaurus]]''. The Wessex Formation had a warm and semi-arid [[Mediterranean climate]], formed on [[Alluvial plain|alluvial meander plains]]. Forests on higher ground north of the floodplain consisted of [[Pinophyta]], [[Ginkgophyta]], [[Pteridophyta]], [[Cycadophyta]]. [[Wildfire|Forest fires]] and [[flood]]s were common occurrences, resulting in the formation of plant debris beds.<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q127324591|from2=Q127325062}}

[[Category:Iguanodonts]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2024]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Cretaceous England]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Monotypic dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Ornithopods of Europe]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous ornithopods]]

Comptonatus

2024-07-10T00:51:22Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

'''''Comptonatus''''' (Compton thunderer) is an orithopod dinosaur from th Wessex Formation in England. The type species is ''C. chasei''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lockwood |first=Jeremy A. F. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Maidment |first3=Susannah C. R. |date=2024-12-31 |title=Comptonatus chasei , a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The most-complete UK dinosaur in a century has been found on the Isle of Wight |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2024/july/most-complete-uk-dinosaur-century-found-isle-of-wight.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=‘Most complete dinosaur’ in a century unearthed in the Isle of Wight |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/university-of-portsmouth-american-isle-of-wight-evidence-natural-history-museum-b2577022.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>.

== Description and Discovery ==
TBA

== Classification ==

== References ==

Comptonatus

2024-07-10T00:50:25Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

Comptonatus

2024-07-10T00:48:22Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: ←Created page with ''''''Comptonatus''''' is an orithopod dinosaur from th Wessex Formation in England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lockwood |first=Jeremy A. F. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Maidment |first3=Susannah C. R. |date=2024-12-31 |title=Comptonatus chasei , a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |journal=Journal of Syst...'

'''''Comptonatus''''' is an orithopod dinosaur from th Wessex Formation in England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lockwood |first=Jeremy A. F. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Maidment |first3=Susannah C. R. |date=2024-12-31 |title=Comptonatus chasei , a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The most-complete UK dinosaur in a century has been found on the Isle of Wight |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2024/july/most-complete-uk-dinosaur-century-found-isle-of-wight.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

2024 in archosaur paleontology

2024-07-10T00:47:10Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* New dinosaur taxa */

{{Short description|none}} 

{{Year nav topic5|2024|archosaur paleontology|reptile paleontology|paleontology|science}}
This article records new [[taxa]] of every kind of [[fossil]] [[archosaur]] that are scheduled to be [[Species description|described]] during 2024, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to the [[paleontology]] of archosaurs that will be published in 2024.
{{Portal|Paleontology|History of science|dinosaurs}}

== Pseudosuchians ==

=== New pseudosuchian taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
''[[Aphaurosuchus|Aphaurosuchus kaiju]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martins |first1=K. C. |last2=Queiroz |first2=M. V. |last3=Ruiz |first3=J. V. |last4=Langer |first4=M. C. |last5=Montefeltro |first5=F. C. |year=2024 |title=A new Baurusuchidae (Notosuchia, Crocodyliformes) from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), with a revised phylogenetic analysis of Baurusuchia |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=153 |at=105680 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105680 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15305680M |s2cid=261182849 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Martins ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Adamantina Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A [[Baurusuchidae|baurusuchid]]. Announced in 2023; the final article version was published in 2024.
|
|-
|
''[[Asiatosuchus|Asiatosuchus oenotriensis]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Narváez |first1=I. |last2=de Celis |first2=A. |last3=Escaso |first3=F. |last4=Martín de Jesús |first4=S. |last5=Pérez-García |first5=A. |last6=Ortega |first6=F. |title=A new Crocodyloidea from the middle Eocene of Zamora (Duero Basin, Spain) |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25422 |pmid=38444286 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
|
Narváez ''et al.''
|
Eocene (Lutetian)
|
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of [[Crocodyloidea]].
|
|-
|
''[[Caipirasuchus|Caipirasuchus catanduvensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iori |first1=F. V. |last2=Ghilardi |first2=A. M. |last3=Fernandes |first3=M. A. |last4=Dias |first4=W. A. F. |year=2024 |title=A new species of vocalizing crocodyliform (Notosuchia, Sphagesauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2364332 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
|
Iori ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Adamantina Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
|
|-
|
''[[Garzapelta]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reyes |first1=W. A. |last2=Martz |first2=J. W. |last3=Small |first3=B. J. |title=''Garzapelta muelleri'' gen. et sp. nov., a new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Late Triassic (middle Norian) middle Cooper Canyon Formation, Dockum Group, Texas, USA, and its implications on our understanding of the morphological disparity of the aetosaurian dorsal carapace |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=1271–1299 |doi=10.1002/ar.25379 |pmid=38206046 |s2cid=266931123 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Reyes, Martz & Small
|
Late Triassic (Norian)
|
[[Cooper Canyon Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|Texas}})
|
An [[aetosaur]]. The type species is ''G. muelleri''.
|
|-
|
''[[Ophiussasuchus]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=López-Rojas |first1=V. |last2=Mateus |first2=S. |last3=Marinheiro |first3=J. |last4=Mateus |first4=O. |last5=Puértolas-Pascual |first5=E. |title=A new goniopholidid crocodylomorph from the Late Jurassic of Portugal |year=2024 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=27.1.5a |doi=10.26879/1316 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
López-Rojas ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)
|
[[Lourinhã Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Portugal}}
|
A [[Goniopholididae|goniopholidid]] crocodylomorph. The type species is ''O. paimogonectes''.
|
|-
|''[[Parvosuchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Rodrigo T. |date=2024-06-20 |title=A new small-sized predatory pseudosuchian archosaur from the Middle-Late Triassic of Southern Brazil |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=12706 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-63313-3 |pmid=38902259 |pmc=11189902 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1412706M |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|
|Müller
|Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian)
|Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|A [[Gracilisuchidae|gracilisuchid]] pseudosuchian. The type species is ''P. aurelioi.''
|[[File:Parvosuchus skull.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Schultzsuchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Desojo |first1=J. B. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. M. |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic ''"Prestosuchus" loricatus'' (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=974–1000 |doi=10.1002/ar.25401 |pmid=38344898 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
|
Desojo & Rauhut
|
Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian)
|
Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A member of [[Paracrocodylomorpha]], probably belonging to the group [[Poposauroidea]]. The type species is ''"Prestosuchus" loricatus'' von Huene (1938).
|
|-
|
''[[Varanosuchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pochat-Cottilloux |first1=Yohan |last2=Lauprasert |first2=Komsorn |last3=Chanthasit |first3=Phornphen |last4=Manitkoon |first4=Sita |last5=Adrien |first5=Jérôme |last6=Lachambre |first6=Joël |last7=Amiot |first7=Romain |last8=Martin |first8=Jeremy E. |date=2024-01-09 |title=New Cretaceous neosuchians (Crocodylomorpha) from Thailand bridge the evolutionary history of atoposaurids and paralligatorids |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=In press |pages= 1–27 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad195 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad195/7513556 }}</ref>
|
Gen et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Pochat-Cottilloux ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous
|
[[Sao Khua Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Thailand}}
|
An [[atoposaurid]]. The type species is ''V. sakonnakhonensis''.
|
|}

=== General pseudosuchian research ===
* Sennikov (2024) interprets [[Ornithosuchidae|ornithosuchids]] as macrophagous predators with specialized jaw apparatus, and notes analogs between them and saber-toothed [[therapsid]]s (including mammals).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sennikov |first=A. G. |year=2024 |title=Ornithosuchidae—Early Archosaurs with a Hyperspecialized Jaw Apparatus |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124010064 |bibcode=2024PalJ...58....1S }}</ref>
* A study on the locomotion of ''[[Riojasuchus|Riojasuchus tenuisceps]]'' is published by von Baczko ''et al.'' (2024), who reconstruct ''R. tenuisceps'' as having an erect posture and parasagittal gait, but do not conclusively resolve whether it was bipedal or quadrupedal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=von Baczko |first1=M. B. |last2=Zariwala |first2=J. |last3=Ballentine |first3=S. E. |last4=Desojo |first4=J. B. |last5=Hutchinson |first5=J. R. |year=2024 |title=Biomechanical modeling of musculoskeletal function related to the terrestrial locomotion of ''Riojasuchus tenuisceps'' (Archosauria: Ornithosuchidae) |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25528 |doi-access=free |pmid=38943347 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the skull and on the neurology of ''[[Tarjadia|Tarjadia ruthae]]'' is published by Desojo ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desojo |first1=J. B. |last2=von Baczko |first2=M. B. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |last4=Fiorelli |first4=L. E. |last5=Martinelli |first5=A. G. |last6=Bona |first6=P. |last7=Trotteyn |first7=M. J. |last8=Lacerda |first8=M. |year=2024 |title=Cranial osteology and paleoneurology of ''Tarjadia ruthae'': An erpetosuchid pseudosuchian from the Triassic Chañares Formation (late Ladinian-?early Carnian) of Argentina |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=890–924 |doi=10.1002/ar.25382 |pmid=38263705 |s2cid=267198765 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Shuvosaurus|Shuvosaurus inexpectatus]]'' is published by [[Sterling Nesbitt|Nesbitt]] & [[Sankar Chatterjee|Chatterjee]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nesbitt |first1=S. J. |last2=Chatterjee |first2=S. |year=2024 |title=The osteology of ''Shuvosaurus inexpectatus'', a shuvosaurid pseudosuchian from the Upper Triassic Post Quarry, Dockum Group of Texas, USA |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=1175–1238 |doi=10.1002/ar.25376 |pmid=38258540 |doi-access=free |hdl=10919/117738 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Mastrantonio ''et al.'' (2024) describe the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of the most complete specimen of ''[[Prestosuchus|Prestosuchus chiniquensis]]'' reported to date, and revise the diagnosis for ''P. chiniquensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mastrantonio |first1=B. M. |last2=Lacerda |first2=M. B. |last3=de Farias |first3=B. D. M. |last4=Pretto |first4=F. A. |last5=Rezende |first5=L. O. |last6=Desojo |first6=J. B. |last7=Schultz |first7=C. L. |year=2024 |title=Postcranial anatomy of ''Prestosuchus chiniquensis'' (Archosauria: Loricata) from the Triassic of Brazil |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=925–956 |doi=10.1002/ar.25383 |pmid=38299218 |s2cid=267362910 }}</ref>

=== Aetosaur research ===

=== Crocodylomorph research ===
* Woodward ''et al.'' (2024) note correlation between alligator femur volume and body mass, and use femur volume to determine body mass of [[Goniopholididae|goniopholidids]], [[Dyrosauridae|dyrosaurs]], [[notosuchia]]ns and [[thalattosuchia]]ns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Woodward |first1=H. N. |last2=Aubier |first2=P. |last3=Sena |first3=M. V. A. |last4=Cubo |first4=J. |year=2024 |title=Evaluating extinct pseudosuchian body mass estimates using a femur volume-based model |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25452 |pmid=38634509 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphological diversity of the pelvic girdle of thalattosuchians and dyrosaurids throughout their evolutionary history is published by Scavezzoni ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scavezzoni |first1=I. |last2=Fischer |first2=V. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. M. |last4=Jouve |first4=S. |title=Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes) |year=2024 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=135–326 |doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a6 |hdl=2268/308796 |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/46/6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Young ''et al.'' (2024) provide higher level systematization for Thalattosuchia under both the [[PhyloCode]] and the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]], naming new taxa [[Neothalattosuchia]], [[Euthalattosuchia]] and [[Dakosaurina]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Young |first1=M. T. |last2=Wilberg |first2=E. W. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. M. |last4=Herrera |first4=Y. |last5=Brandalise de Andrade |first5=M. |last6=Brignon |first6=A. |last7=Sachs |first7=S. |last8=Abel |first8=P. |last9=Foffa |first9=D. |last10=Fernández |first10=M. S. |last11=Vignaud |first11=P. |last12=Cowgill |first12=T. |last13=Brusatte |first13=S. L. |year=2024 |title=The history, systematics, and nomenclature of Thalattosuchia (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=200 |issue=2 |pages=547–617 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad165 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad165/7513652 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of [[osteoderm]]s of ''[[Indosinosuchus]]'' and an unnamed member of [[Mesoeucrocodylia]] from the Late Jurassic Phu Noi excavation site ([[Thailand]]) is published by Bhuttarach ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhuttarach |first1=S. |last2=Deesri |first2=U. |last3=Warapeang |first3=P. |last4=Taesuk |first4=N. |last5=Lauprasert |first5=K. |year=2024 |title=Morphology of teleosaurid osteoderms from the Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=109 |issue=4 |at=102653 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2023.102653 |s2cid=267691380 }}</ref>
* Weryński ''et al.'' (2024) identify a [[Teleosauroidea|teleosauroid]] rostrum from the Częstochowa Sponge Limestone Formation ([[Poland]]) as belonging to a non-[[Machimosaurini|machimosaurin]] [[Machimosauridae|machimosaurid]] feeding on large prey, with morphological similarities to ''[[Neosteneosaurus|Neosteneosaurus edwardsi]]'' and ''[[Proexochokefalos|Proexochokefalos heberti]]'', providing evidence that such teleosauroids were present outside of Western Europe during the [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weryński |first1=Ł. |last2=Błażejowski |first2=B. |last3=Szczygielski |first3=T. |last4=Young |first4=M. T. |year=2024 |title=The first occurrence of machimosaurid crocodylomorphs from the Oxfordian of south-central Poland provides new insights into the distribution of macrophagous teleosauroids |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17153 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17153 |pmid=38560470 |pmc=10981889 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Scheyer ''et al.'' (2024) describe teleosauroid tooth crowns associated with ichthyosaur remains (with scavenging traces also produced by a teleosauroid) from the [[Bajocian]] [[Hauptrogenstein Formation]] ([[Switzerland]]), representing the oldest fossil material of a member of the tribe Machimosaurini reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scheyer |first1=T. M. |last2=Johnson |first2=M. M. |last3=Bastiaans |first3=D. |last4=Miedema |first4=F. |last5=Maxwell |first5=E. E. |last6=Klug |first6=C. |year=2024 |title=Oldest record of Machimosaurini (Thalattosuchia, Teleosauroidea): teeth and scavenging traces from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Switzerland |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=11 |issue=4 |at=240071 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240071 |pmid=38601027 |pmc=11004672 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024RSOS...1140071S }}</ref>
* Hua, Liston & Tabouelle (2024) describe a specimen of ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'' [[cf.]] ''superciliosus'' from the [[Callovian]] strata from the "Vaches Noires" cliffs of Villers-sur-Mer ([[France]]), preserved with gastric contents that include remains of the gill apparatus of ''[[Leedsichthys]]'', and interpret the studied specimen as providing evidence of ''Metriorhynchus'' scavenging on the remains of ''Leedsichthys''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hua |first1=S. |last2=Liston |first2=J. |last3=Tabouelle |first3=J. |title=The Diet of ''Metriorhynchus'' (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae): Additional Discoveries and Paleoecological Implications |year=2024 |journal=Fossil Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.3390/fossils2010002 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the bone histology of ''[[Araripesuchus|Araripesuchus buitreraensis]]'', providing evidence of generally slow, annually interrupted growth rate, is published by Navarro ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Navarro |first1=T. G. |last2=Cerda |first2=I. A. |last3=Fernández Dumont |first3=M. L. |last4=Apesteguía |first4=S. |last5=Pol |first5=D. |year=2024 |title=New data on the bone histology of ''Araripesuchus buitreraensis'' (Crocodylomorpha: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Argentinean Patagonia |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2301140 |s2cid=266948988 }}</ref>
* Evidence of a continuous and coordinated tooth replacement in ''[[Armadillosuchus|Armadillosuchus arrudai]]'', ensuring that the animal would not lose too many teeth simultaneously and that its feeding abilities were not affected by tooth loss, is presented by Borsoni, Carvalho & Marinho (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borsoni |first1=B. T. |last2=Carvalho |first2=I. S. |last3=Marinho |first3=T. S. |title=''Armadillosuchus arrudai'' (Sphagesauridae, Crocodyliformes), Adamantina Formation (Turonian - Santonian), Bauru Basin, southeastern Brazil: Dental development aspects |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105838 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105838 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805838D |s2cid=267077357 }}</ref>
* Dos Santos ''et al.'' (2024) describe the skeletal anatomy of the most complete juvenile [[Baurusuchidae|baurusuchid]] specimen reported to date, and report evidence of differences in skull ornamentation and muscle development between juvenile and adult baurusuchid specimens which might be indicative of [[Ontogeny|ontogenetic]] [[niche partition]]ing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=dos Santos |first1=D. M. |last2=de Carvalho |first2=J. C. |last3=de Oliveira |first3=C. E. M. |last4=de Andrade |first4=M. B. |last5=Santucci |first5=R. M. |title=Cranial and postcranial anatomy of a juvenile baurusuchid (Notosuchia, Crocodylomorpha) and the taxonomical implications of ontogeny |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25419 |pmid=38429867 |s2cid=268121558 }}</ref>
* Fossil material of a [[Goniopholididae|goniopholidid]], interpreted as a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] form that shared several anatomical traits with derived members of the group, is described from the Lower Cretaceous [[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Japan]]) by Obuse & Shibata (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Obuse |first1=S. |last2=Shibata |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=New goniopholidid specimens from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation, Tetori Group, Japan |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=110 |issue=1 |at=102661 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2023.102661 |bibcode=2024AnPal.11002661O |s2cid=268190726 }}</ref>
* Forêt ''et al.'' (2024) study factors driving [[tethysuchia]]n evolution, reporting evidence of a turnover after the [[Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event]] when a dyrosaurid-dominated fauna replaced a [[Pholidosauridae|pholidosaurid]]-dominated one, of increased tethysuchian biodiversity after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], and of a positive correlation between body length and temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Forêt |first1=T. |last2=Aubier |first2=P. |last3=Jouve |first3=S. |last4=Cubo |first4=J. |year=2024 |title=Biotic and abiotic factors and the phylogenetic structure of extinction in the evolution of Tethysuchia |journal=Paleobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=285–307 |doi=10.1017/pab.2024.5 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Pbio...50..285F }}</ref>
* Rocchi & Vila (2024) describe fossil material of ''[[Allodaposuchus]]'' [[cf.]] ''subjuniperus'' from the lower [[Maastrichtian]] deposits of the Suterranya-Mina de lignit locality ([[La Posa Formation]]; Lleida, [[Spain]]), providing evidence of the presence of a third early Maastrichtian species of ''Allodaposuchus'' (in addition to ''A. palustris'' and ''A. hulki'') in the Tremp Group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rocchi |first1=R. |last2=Vila |first2=B. |year=2024 |title=New eusuchian cranial remains from the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Pyrenees |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2350551 }}</ref>
* Yates & Stein (2024) interpret ''[[Ultrastenos|Ultrastenos willisi]]'' and ''"Baru" huberi'' as [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]], but maintain ''Ultrastenos'' as a distinct [[Mekosuchinae|mekosuchine]] genus, resulting in a new combination ''Ultrastenos huberi''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yates |first1=A. M. |last2=Stein |first2=M. |title=A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of ''Ultrastenos willisi'' Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia |year=2024 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=27.1.a22 |doi=10.26879/1355 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Redescription of ''[[Arambourgia|Arambourgia gaudryi]]'' is published by Conedera ''et al.'' (2024), who recover ''A. gaudryi'' as an [[Alligatorinae|alligatorine]], and interpret it as a semi-terrestrial animal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Conedera |first1=D. |last2=Pochat-Cottilloux |first2=Y. |last3=Rinder |first3=N. |last4=Adrien |first4=J. |last5=Martin |first5=J. E. |year=2024 |title=An anatomical reappraisal of the dwarf crocodylian ''Arambourgia gaudryi'' from the Eocene of Quercy (France) using CT data and its implications for the phylogeny and paleoecology of basally branching alligatoroids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2313612 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2313612 }}</ref>
* Redescription of ''[[Crocodylus palaeindicus]]'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of members of [[Crocodyloidea]] is published by Chabrol ''et al.'' (2024), who consider ''Crocodylus sivalensis'' to be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''C. palaeindicus'', find evidence of a close relationship of ''[[Crocodylus checchiai]]'' and ''[[Crocodylus falconensis]]'' with extant American crocodiles, recover ''[[Kinyang (reptile)|Kinyang]]'' as a [[Crocodylinae|crocodyline]] rather than [[Osteolaeminae|osteolaemine]], recover ''[[Albertosuchus|Albertosuchus knudsenii]]'', ''[[Prodiplocynodon|Prodiplocynodon langi]]'' and ''[["Crocodylus" affinis]]'' outside Crocodyloidea, and consider an [[Alligatoroidea|alligatoroid]] placement for the clade [[Orientalosuchina]] to be highly labile.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chabrol |first1=N. |last2=Jukar |first2=A. M. |last3=Patnaik |first3=R. |last4=Mannion |first4=P. D. |year=2024 |title=Osteology of ''Crocodylus palaeindicus'' from the late Miocene–Pleistocene of South Asia and the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2313133 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2313133 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2213133C }}</ref>

== Non-avian dinosaurs ==

=== New dinosaur taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
''[[Baiyinosaurus]]''<ref name="Baiyinosaurus">{{Cite journal |last1=Ning |first1=Li |last2=Maidment |first2=Susannah C. R. |author-link2=Susannah Maidment |last3=Daqing |first3=Li |last4=Hailu |first4=You |last5=Guangzhao |first5=Peng |date=2024-07-02 |title=A new stegosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Middle Jurassic of Gansu Province, China |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15241 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-66280-x |pmid=38956140 |pmc=11219857 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1415241N |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Ning ''et al.''
|
Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)
|
[[Wangjiashan Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[stegosauria]]n. The type species is ''B. baojiensis''.
|[[File:Baiyinosaurus baojiensis.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Chakisaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alvarez Nogueira |first1=R. |last2=Rozadilla |first2=S. |last3=Agnolín |first3=F. L. |last4=Garcia Marsà |first4=J. A. |last5=Motta |first5=M. J. |last6=Novas |first6=F. E. |title=A new ornithopod from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Implications on elasmarian postcranial anatomy |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=159 |at=105874 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105874 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15905874N }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Alvarez Nogueira ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|
[[Huincul Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
An [[elasmaria]]n ornithopod. The type species is ''C. nekul''.
|[[File:Chakisaurus UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Comptonatus]]''
|Gen. et sp. nov
|Lockwood ''et al.''
|
|Late Cretaceous
|[[Wessex Formation]]
|{{Flag|England}}
|The type species is ''C. chasei''.
|
|-
|
''[[Datai]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xing |first1=L. |last2=Niu |first2=K. |last3=Mallon |first3=J. |last4=Miyashita |first4=T. |year=2024 |title=A new armored dinosaur with double cheek horns from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern China |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Paleontology |volume=11 |pages=113–132 |doi=10.18435/vamp29396 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29396 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Xing ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Turonian-Early Coniacian)
|
[[Zhoutian Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
An [[ankylosaurid]]. The type species is ''D. yingliangis''.
|[[File:Datai (type specimen block).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Diuqin]]''<ref name=Diuqin>{{Cite journal |last1=Porfiri |first1=Juan D. |last2=Baiano |first2=Mattia A. |last3=dos Santos |first3=Domenica D. |last4=Gianechini |first4=Federico A. |last5=Pittman |first5=Michael |last6=Lamanna |first6=Matthew C. |date=2024-06-14 |title=''Diuqin lechiguanae'' gen. et sp. nov., a new unenlagiine (Theropoda: Paraves) from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Neuquén Group, Upper Cretaceous) of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=77 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02247-w |doi-access=free |pmid=38872101 |pmc=11177497 |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...77P |issn=2730-7182}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Porfiri ''et al''.
|
Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
|
[[Bajo de la Carpa Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[unenlagiine]] theropod. The type species is ''D. lechiguanae''.
|[[File:Diuqin humerus (MUCPv 1401-4).png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Dornraptor]]''<ref name="Dornraptor">{{Cite journal |last=Baron |first=Matthew G. |date=2024-04-29 |title=A new name for old bones: A reassessment of Early Jurassic theropod remains from Dorset, England |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5067-on-an-early-jurassic-theropod |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.26879/1346 |issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Baron
|
Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian)
|
[[Blue Lias Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
An [[averostra]]n theropod. The type species is ''D. normani''.
|[[File:Merosaurus.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Eoneophron]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Atkins-Weltman |first1=K. L. |last2=Simon |first2=D. J. |last3=Woodward |first3=H. N. |last4=Funston |first4=G. F. |last5=Snively |first5=E. |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the end-Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of North America |year=2024 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=1 |at=e0294901 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0294901 |pmid=38266012 |pmc=10807829 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1994901A }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Atkins-Weltman ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|
[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|South Dakota}})
|
A [[Caenagnathidae|caenagnathid]] theropod. The type species is ''E. infernalis''.
|[[File:Eoneophron infernalis.png|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Fona]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avrahami |first1=Haviv M. |last2=Makovicky |first2=Peter J. |last3=Tucker |first3=Ryan T. |last4=Zanno |first4=Lindsay E. |date=2024-07-09 |title=A new semi-fossorial thescelosaurine dinosaur from the Cenomanian-age Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah |url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25505 |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |doi=10.1002/ar.25505 |issn=1932-8486}}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|
|Avrahami ''et al.''
|Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
|[[Cedar Mountain Formation]]
|{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|Utah}})
|A [[Thescelosauridae|thescelosaurid]] ornithischian. The type species is ''F. herzogae.''
|
|-
|
''[[Gandititan]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han |first1=F. |last2=Yang |first2=L. |last3=Lou |first3=F. |last4=Sullivan |first4=C. |last5=Xu |first5=X. |last6=Qiu |first6=W. |last7=Liu |first7=H. |last8=Yu |first8=J. |last9=Wu |first9=R. |last10=Ke |first10=Y. |last11=Xu |first11=M. |last12=Hu |first12=J. |last13=Lu |first13=P. |year=2024 |title=A new titanosaurian sauropod, ''Gandititan cavocaudatus'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2293038 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2293038H |s2cid=267107071 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Han ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|[[Zhoutian Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''G. cavocaudatus''.
|[[File:Gandititan UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Hesperonyx]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rotatori |first1=F. M. |last2=Ferrari |first2=L. |last3=Sequero |first3=C. |last4=Camilo |first4=B. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Moreno-Azanza |first6=M. |title=An unexpected early-diverging iguanodontian dinosaur (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2310066 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2310066 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Rotatori ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic
|
[[Lourinhã Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Portugal}}
|
An early diverging [[iguanodontia]]n ornithopod, possibly a [[dryomorpha]]n. The type species is ''H. martinhotomasorum''.
|[[File:Hesperonyx UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Inawentu]]''<ref name="Inawentu">{{Cite journal |last1=Filippi |first1=Leonardo S. |last2=Juárez Valieri |first2=Rubén D. |last3=Gallina |first3=Pablo A. |last4=Méndez |first4=Ariel H. |last5=Gianechini |first5=Federico A. |last6=Garrido |first6=Alberto C. |date=2024 |title=A rebbachisaurid-mimicking titanosaur and evidence of a Late Cretaceous faunal disturbance event in South-West Gondwana |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=154 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105754 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15405754F |s2cid=264792693 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Filippi ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
|
[[Bajo de la Carpa Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''I. oslatus''. Announced in 2023; the final article version was published in 2024.
|[[File:Inawentu oslatus.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Jingiella]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ren |first1=X.-X. |last2=Wang |first2=X.-R. |last3=Ji |first3=Y.-N. |last4=Guo |first4=Z. |last5=Ji |first5=Q. |year=2024 |title=The first mamenchisaurid from the Upper Jurassic Dongxing Formation of Guangxi, southernmost China |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2309287 |s2cid=267947729 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Ren ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic
|
[[Dongxing Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Mamenchisauridae|mamenchisaurid]] sauropod. The type species is ''J. dongxingensis''. The initially proposed name is preoccupied by ''[[Jingia]]'' Chen, 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/heliothinae/jingia/ | title=Jingia }}</ref> The replacement name was published in an addendum.<ref name="Addendum">{{Cite journal |date=2024-04-15 |title=Addendum |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2024.2325806 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |pages=1 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2325806 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|[[File:Jingiella UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Kiyacursor]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Averianov |first1=A. O. |last2=Skutschas |first2=P. P. |last3=Atuchin |first3=A. A. |last4=Slobodin |first4=D. A. |last5=Feofanova |first5=O. A. |last6=Vladimirova |first6=O. N. |year=2024 |title=The last ceratosaur of Asia: a new noasaurid from the Early Cretaceous Great Siberian Refugium |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2023 |at=20240537 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.0537 |pmid=38747705 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Averianov ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
|
[[Ilek Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Russia}} ({{Flag|Kemerovo Oblast}})
|
A [[Noasauridae|noasaurid]] theropod. The type species is ''K. longipes''.
|
[[File:Kiyacursor PM (white bg).png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Koleken]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pol |first1=Diego |last2=Baiano |first2=Mattia Antonio |last3=Černý |first3=David |last4=Novas |first4=Fernando E. |last5=Cerda |first5=Ignacio A. |last6=Pittman |first6=Michael |date=2024-05-21 |title=A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria |journal=Cladistics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=307–356 |language=en |doi=10.1111/cla.12583 |pmid=38771085 |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Pol ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
|
[[La Colonia Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
An [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] theropod. The type species is ''K. inakayali.''
|
|-
|
''[[Lokiceratops]]''<ref name="Lokiceratops">{{Cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=Mark A. |last2=Sertich |first2=Joseph J. W. |last3=Sampson |first3=Scott |author-link3=Scott D. Sampson |last4=O’Connor |first4=Jingmai K. |author-link4=Jingmai O'Connor |last5=Carpenter |first5=Savhannah |last6=Sisson |first6=Brock |last7=Øhlenschlæger |first7=Anna |last8=Farke |first8=Andrew A. |last9=Makovicky |first9=Peter J. |last10=Longrich |first10=Nick |last11=Evans |first11=David C. |author-link11=David C. Evans (paleontologist) |date=2024-06-20 |title=''Lokiceratops rangiformis'' gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana reveals rapid regional radiations and extreme endemism within centrosaurine dinosaurs |journal=[[PeerJ]] |language=en |volume=12 |pages=e17224 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17224 |doi-access=free |pmid=38912046 |pmc=11193970 |issn=2167-8359 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Loewen ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
|
[[Judith River Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|Montana}})
|
An [[centrosaurine]] ceratopsian. The type species is ''L. rangiformis.''
|
[[File:Lokiceratops rangiformis.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Minqaria]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Longrich |first1=N. R. |last2=Pereda-Suberbiola |first2=X. |last3=Bardet |first3=N. |last4=Jalil |first4=N.-E. |title=A new small duckbilled dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Morocco and dinosaur diversity in the late Maastrichtian of North Africa |year=2024 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=3665 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-53447-9 |pmid=38351204 |pmc=10864364 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.3665L }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Longrich ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|
[[Ouled Abdoun Basin]]
|
{{Flag|Morocco}}
|
A [[Lambeosaurinae|lambeosaurine]] [[Hadrosauridae|hadrosaurid]] belonging to the tribe [[Arenysaurini]]. The type species is ''M. bata''.
|[[File:Minqaria.png|frameless]]
|-
| ''[[Musankwa]]''<ref name="Musankwa">{{Cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Paul M. |author-link1=Paul Barrett (palaeobiologist) |last2=Chapelle |first2=Kimberley E.J. |last3=Sciscio |first3=Lara |last4=Broderick |first4=Timothy J. |last5=Zondo |first5=Michel |last6=Munyikwa |first6=Darlington |last7=Choiniere |first7=Jonah N. |title=A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe |journal=[[Acta Palaeontologica Polonica]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=227–241 |doi=10.4202/app.01100.2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Gen. et sp. nov
|
| Barrett ''et al.''
| [[Late Triassic]] ([[Norian]])
| [[Pebbly Arkose Formation]]
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| A [[massopoda]]n sauropodomorph. The type species is ''M. sanyatiensis''.
|[[File:Musankwa Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Riojavenatrix]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isasmendi |first1=E. |last2=Cuesta |first2=E. |last3=Díaz-Martínez |first3=I. |last4=Company |first4=J. |last5=Sáez-Benito |first5=P. |last6=Viera |first6=L. I. |last7=Torices |first7=A. |last8=Pereda-Suberbiola |first8=P. |year=2024 |title=Increasing the theropod record of Europe: a new basal spinosaurid from the Enciso Group of the Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain). Evolutionary implications and palaeobiodiversity |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad193 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad193/7564790 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Isasmendi ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian)
|
[[Enciso Group]]
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A [[Spinosauridae|spinosaurid]] theropod. The type species is ''R. lacustris''.
|[[File:Riojavenatrix UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Sidersaura]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lerzo |first1=Lucas Nicolás |last2=Gallina |first2=Pablo Ariel |last3=Canale |first3=Juan Ignacio |last4=Otero |first4=Alejandro |last5=Carballido |first5=José Luis |last6=Apesteguía |first6=Sebastián |last7=Makovicky |first7=Peter Juraj |date=2024-01-03 |title=The last of the oldies: a basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2297914 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2297914 |s2cid=266865502 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Lerzo ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|
[[Huincul Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[Rebbachisauridae|rebbachisaurid]] sauropod. The type species is ''S. marae''.
|[[File:Sidersaura UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Thyreosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zafaty |first1=Omar |last2=Oukassou |first2=Mostafa |last3=Riguetti |first3=Facundo |last4=Company |first4=Julio |last5=Bendrioua |first5=Saad |last6=Tabuce |first6=Rodolphe |last7=Charrière |first7=André |last8=Pereda-Suberbiola |first8=Xabier |date=2024-03-29 |title=A new stegosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) with a remarkable dermal armour from the Middle Jurassic of North Africa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X24000674 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=131 |pages=344–362 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.03.009 |bibcode=2024GondR.131..344Z |issn=1342-937X}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Zafaty ''et al.''
|
Middle Jurassic
|
[[El Mers Group]]
|
{{Flag|Morocco}}
|
A [[stegosauria]]n. The type species is ''T. atlasicus.''
|[[File:Thyreosaurus Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Tiamat valdecii|Tiamat]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pereira |first1=P. V. L. G. C. |last2=Bandeira |first2=K. L. N. |last3=Vidal |first3=L. S. |last4=Ribeiro |first4=T. B. |last5=Candeiro |first5=C. R. A. |last6=Bergqvist |first6=L. P. |title=A new sauropod species from north-western Brazil: biomechanics and the radiation of Titanosauria (Sauropoda: Somphospondyli) |year=2024 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae054 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Pereira ''et al.''
|
Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)
|
[[Açu Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''T. valdecii''.
|[[File:Tiamat Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
| ''[[Tietasaura]]''<ref name=Bandeira />
| Gen. et sp. nov
|
| Bandeira ''et al.''
| Early Cretaceous ([[Valanginian]]–[[Hauterivian]])
| [[Marfim Formation]]
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| An elasmarian ornithopod. The type species is ''T. derbyiana''.
|[[File:Tietasaura Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Titanomachya]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Moreno |first1=A. |last2=Salgado |first2=L. |last3=Carballido |first3=J. L. |last4=Otero |first4=A. |last5=Pol |first5=D. |year=2024 |title=A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Pérez-Moreno ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
|
[[La Colonia Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''T. gimenezi''.
|
|-
|
''[[Tyrannosaurus#Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis|Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dalman |first1=S. G |last2=Loewen |first2=M. A. |last3=Pyron |first3=R. A. |last4=Jasinski |first4=S. E. |last5=Malinzak |first5=D. E. |last6=Lucas |first6=S. G. |last7=Fiorillo |first7=A. R. |last8=Currie |first8=P. J. |last9=Longrich |first9=N. R. |date=2024 |title=A giant tyrannosaur from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of southern North America and the evolution of tyrannosaurid gigantism |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |at=Article number 22124 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-47011-0 |pmid=38212342 |pmc=10784284 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Dalman ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
|
[[Hall Lake Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|New Mexico}})
|
A [[tyrannosaurine]]; a species of ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.
|
[[File:Tyrannosaurus_mcraeensis_(skull_reconstruction).png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Udelartitan]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Soto |first1=M. |last2=Carballido |first2=J. L. |last3=Langer |first3=M. C. |last4=Silva Junior |first4=J. C. G. |last5=Montenegro |first5=F. |last6=Perea |first6=D. |title=Phylogenetic relationships of a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Uruguay |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=160 |at=105894 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105894 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16005894S }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Soto ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Guichón Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod belonging to the group [[Saltasauroidea]]. The type species is ''U. celeste''.
|[[File:Udelartitan UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Vectidromeus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Longrich |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Munt |first3=Martin |last4=Green |first4=Mick |last5=Penn |first5=Mark |last6=Smith |first6=Shaun |date=2024 |title=Vectidromeus insularis, a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123002355 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=154 |pages=105707 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105707 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15405707L |s2cid=261933503 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Longrich ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
|
[[Wessex Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
A [[hypsilophodont]]id. The type species is ''V. insularis.'' Announced in 2023; the final article version was published in 2024.
|
[[File:Vectidromeus UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Yanbeilong]]''<ref name="Yanbeilong2">{{Cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Lei |last2=Li |first2=Ning |last3=Dong |first3=Liyang |last4=Shi |first4=Jianru |last5=Kang |first5=Zhishuai |last6=Wang |first6=Suozhu |last7=Xu |first7=Shichao |last8=You |first8=Hailu |date=2024-01-31 |title=A new stegosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2308214 |s2cid=267465456 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Jia ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Albian)
|
[[Zuoyun Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A stegosaurian. The type species is ''Y. ultimus''.
|[[File:Yanbeilong ultimus.png|frameless]]
|}

=== General non-avian dinosaur research ===
* Review of studies on the phylogenetic relationships of main dinosaur groups from the preceding years is published by Lovegrove, Upchurch & Barrett (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lovegrove |first1=J. |last2=Upchurch |first2=P. |last3=Barrett |first3=P. M. |year=2024 |title=Untangling the tree or unravelling the consensus? Recent developments in the quest to resolve the broad-scale relationships within Dinosauria |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2345333 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2345333 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JSPal..2245333L }}</ref>
* Evidence indicating that the evolution of rostral keratin cover was associated with partial tooth reduction throughout the evolutionary history of dinosaurs, but does not explain the complete loss of teeth in dinosaur lineages, is presented by Aguilar-Pedrayes, Gardner & Organ (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Pedrayes |first1=I. |last2=Gardner |first2=J. D. |last3=Organ |first3=C. L. |year=2024 |title=The coevolution of rostral keratin and tooth distribution in dinosaurs |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2015 |at=20231713 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1713 |doi-access=free |pmid=38229513 |pmc=10792295 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary rates of biting mechanics in herbivorous dinosaurs is published by Kunz and Sakamoto (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that biomechanic evolution rates can reveal ecological signatures in different lineages and ontogenetic stages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kunz |first1=C |last2=Sakamoto |first2=M |date=2024 |title=Elevated evolutionary rates of biting biomechanics reveal patterns of extraordinary craniodental adaptations in some herbivorous dinosaurs |url= |journal=Palaeontology |volume= 67|issue= 1|page=12689 |doi=10.1111/pala.12689 |access-date=|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Palgy..6712689K }}</ref>
* Caspar ''et al.'' (2024) present revised estimates of [[encephalization]] and [[telencephalic]] [[neuron]] counts in dinosaurs, contesting neuron count and relative brain size estimates presented in the study of [[Suzana Herculano-Houzel|Herculano-Houzel]] (2023),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herculano-Houzel |first=S.|title=Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons|journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology|year=2023|volume=531|issue=9|pages=962–974|doi=10.1002/cne.25453|pmid=36603059|s2cid=249994109 }}</ref> and in particular contesting estimates of exceptional neuron counts and relative brain size in large-bodied theropods compared to other dinosaurs presented by the cited author.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caspar |first1=K. R. |last2=Gutiérrez-Ibáñez |first2=C. |last3=Bertrand |first3=O. C. |last4=Carr |first4=T. |last5=Colbourne |first5=J. A. D. |last6=Erb |first6=A. |last7=George |first7=H. |last8=Holtz |first8=T. R. |last9=Naish |first9=D. |last10=Wylie |first10=D. R. |last11=Hurlburt |first11=G. R. |year=2024 |title=How smart was ''T. rex''? Testing claims of exceptional cognition in dinosaurs and the application of neuron count estimates in palaeontological research |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25459 |doi-access=free |pmid=38668805 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the dinosaurian climatic niche landscape throughout the Mesozoic is published by Chiarenza ''et al.'' (2024), who report that the distribution of sauropodomorphs indicates their preference for warm environments, while ornithischians and theropods explored a broader range of environments with varied climates, and interpret the colonization of areas with colder climates by theropods since the Early Jurassic as likely related to the evolution of endothermy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chiarenza |first1=A. A. |last2=Cantalapiedra |first2=J. L. |last3=Jones |first3=L. A. |last4=Gamboa |first4=S. |last5=Galván |first5=S. |last6=Farnsworth |first6=A. J. |last7=Valdes |first7=P. J. |last8=Sotelo |first8=G. |last9=Varela |first9=S. |title=Early Jurassic origin of avian endothermy and thermophysiological diversity in dinosaurs |year=2024 |journal=Current Biology |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2517–2527.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.051 |pmid=38754424 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Putative bone fragments of large-bodied dinosaurs from [[Rhaetian]] strata in [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[United Kingdom]] are reinterpreted as fossil material of large-bodied [[ichthyosaur]]s by Perillo & Sander (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perillo |first1=M. |last2=Sander |first2=P. M. |year=2024 |title=The dinosaurs that weren't: osteohistology supports giant ichthyosaur affinity of enigmatic large bone segments from the European Rhaetian |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17060 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17060 |pmid=38618574 |pmc=11011611 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Romilio ''et al''. (2024) describe dinosaur tracks from the Early Jurassic ([[Sinemurian]]) [[Razorback Beds]] (Australia), representing the oldest dinosaur tracks from the country to date.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Romilio|first1= A.|last2= Dick|first2=R.|last3=Skinner|first3=H.|last4= Millar|first4=J.|year=2024|title= Uncovering hidden footprints: revision of the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) Razorback Beds – home to Australia's earliest reported dinosaur trackway|journal= Historical Biology|pages= 1–8|doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2320184|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Troiano ''et al.'' (2024) report the discovery of an association of Early Cretaceous dinosaur tracks and [[petroglyph]]s from the Serrote do Letreiro Site ([[Brazil]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Troiano |first1=L. P. |last2=dos Santos |first2=H. B. |last3=Aureliano |first3=T. |last4=Ghilardi |first4=A. M. |year=2024 |title=A remarkable assemblage of petroglyphs and dinosaur footprints in Northeast Brazil |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=6528 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-56479-3 |pmid=38499621 |pmc=10948842 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.6528T }}</ref>
* Review of the fossil record of Late Triassic and Jurassic dinosaurs from [[India]] is published by Khosla & [[Spencer G. Lucas|Lucas]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khosla |first1=A. |last2=Lucas |first2=S. G. |year=2024 |title=Triassic-Jurassic dinosaurs from India, their ages and palaeobiogeographic significance |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2336992 }}</ref>
*[[Susannah Maidment|Maidment]] (2024) describes the diversity of dinosaurs from the upper [[Morrison Formation]] (United States) in time and space, and finds evidence supporting [[cladogenesis]] as a means of increasing [[diplodocine]] diversity over time, as well as spatial segregation of ''[[Allosaurus]]'' and ''[[Camarasaurus]]'' species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maidment|first=S.C.R.|year=2024|title=Diversity through time and space in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|at= e2326027|doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027}}</ref>
* Bandeira ''et al.'' (2024) revise dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous Massacará and Ilhas groups (Recôncavo Basin, [[Brazil]]) collected between 1859 and 1906, and interpret the studied fossils as indicative of the presence of an Early Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage including theropods, sauropods and ornithopods.<ref name=Bandeira>{{Cite journal|last1=Bandeira |first1=K. L. N. |last2=Navarro |first2=B. A. |last3=Pêgas |first3=R. V. |last4=Brilhante |first4=N. S. |last5=Brum |first5=A. S. |last6=de Souza |first6=L. G. |last7=da Silva |first7=R. C. |last8=Gallo |first8=V. |year=2024 |title=A reassessment of the historical fossil findings from Bahia State (Northeast Brazil) reveals a diversified dinosaur fauna in the Lower Cretaceous of South America |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[James I. Kirkland|Kirkland]] ''et al''. (2024) describe the biodiversity of Cretaceous dinosaurs from [[Utah]] (United States).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirkland|first1=J.I.|last2=Sertich|first2=J.J.W.|last3=Titus|first3=A.L.|year=2024|title=Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Nonmarine Cretaceous of Utah|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=545|issue=1 |page=211 |doi=10.1144/SP545-2023-211|bibcode=2024GSLSP.545..211K }}</ref>
* A study on the diversification of non-avian dinosaurs, inferred from available dinosaur phylogenies, is published by Allen ''et al.'' (2024), who find it impossible to decisively conclude whether dinosaurs experienced a decline in diversity before the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] on the basis of available data, noting the impact of the phylodynamic models used in the study (specifically their assumptions about sampling and changes in the number of species through time) on estimates of dinosaur evolutionary rates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=B. J. |last2=Volkova Oliveira |first2=M. V. |last3=Stadler |first3=T. |last4=Vaughan |first4=T. G. |last5=Warnock |first5=R. C. M. |year=2024 |title=Mechanistic phylodynamic models do not provide conclusive evidence that non-avian dinosaurs were in decline before their final extinction |journal=Cambridge Prisms: Extinction |volume=2 |at=e6 |doi=10.1017/ext.2024.5 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/669070 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Saurischian research ===
* A study on the [[Femur|femoral]] histology of amniotes from the Triassic [[Ischigualasto Formation]] ([[Argentina]]), including early dinosaurs ''[[Chromogisaurus|Chromogisaurus novasi]]'', ''[[Eodromaeus|Eodromaeus murphi]]'', ''[[Eoraptor|Eoraptor lunensis]]'', ''[[Herrerasaurus|Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis]]'' and ''[[Sanjuansaurus|Sanjuansaurus gordilloi]]'', is published by [[Kristina Curry Rogers|Curry Rogers]] ''et al.'' (2024), who find that early dinosaurs known from this formation grew at least as quickly as sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs from the later Mesozoic, and that their elevated growth rates did not set them apart from other amniotes living at the same time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curry Rogers |first1=K. |last2=Martínez |first2=R. N. |last3=Colombi |first3=C. |last4=Rogers |first4=R. R. |last5=Alcober |first5=O. |title=Osteohistological insight into the growth dynamics of early dinosaurs and their contemporaries |year=2024 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=4 |at=e0298242 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0298242 |pmid=38568908 |pmc=10990230 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1998242C }}</ref>
* Paio et al. (2024) describe a new [[rib]] fragment from the Campanian–Maastrichtian aged [[Marília Formation]] ([[Brazil]]), and interpret it as representing an indeterminate [[saurischian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paio |first1=Vinícius José Maróstica |last2=Jurigan |first2=Isabela |last3=Delcourt |first3=Rafael |last4=de Faria |first4=Rafael Souza |last5=Batezelli |first5=Alessandro |last6=Ricardi-Branco |first6=Fresia |date=2024-08-01 |title=Taphonomy and paleohistology of a dinosaur rib from Marília Formation, Bauru Group, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667124000727 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=160 |pages=105899 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105899 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16005899P |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>

==== Theropod research ====
* A study on the femoral shape variation in theropods, providing evidence of evolution of similar adaptations to gigantism in large-bodied theropods regardless of their phylogenetic affinities, is published by Pintore ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pintore |first1=R. |last2=Hutchinson |first2=J. R. |last3=Bishop |first3=P. J. |last4=Tsai |first4=H. P. |last5=Houssaye |first5=A. |year=2024 |title=The evolution of femoral morphology in giant non-avian theropod dinosaurs |journal=Paleobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=308–329 |doi=10.1017/pab.2024.6 |doi-access=free |pmid=38846629 |pmc=7616063 |pmc-embargo-date=November 1, 2024 |bibcode=2024Pbio...50..308P }}</ref>
* Dridi ''et al.'' (2024) describe tracks of medium to large-sized theropods from the Lower Cretaceous ([[Hauterivian]]–[[Barremian]]) strata from the Jebel Kebar locality (Bouhedma Formation, [[Tunisia]]), extending known geographic range of non-avian theropods to higher latitudes within [[Gondwana]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dridi |first1=J. |last2=Houla |first2=Y. |last3=Salhi |first3=I. |last4=Zagrarni |first4=M. F. |year=2024 |title=Evidence of theropod dinosaurs in the upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian of Jebel Kebar (central Tunisia): paleobiogeographic implications |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=216 |at=105306 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105306 |bibcode=2024JAfES.21605306D }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of shed tooth crowns of theropods from the [[Turonian]]-[[Coniacian]] [[Portezuelo Formation]] (Argentina), providing evidence of a previously undocumented diversity of theropods from this formation, is published by Meso ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meso |first1=J. G. |last2=Gianechini |first2=F. |last3=Gomez |first3=K. L. |last4=Muci |first4=L. |last5=Baiano |first5=M. A. |last6=Pol |first6=D. |last7=Kaluza |first7=J. |last8=Garrido |first8=A. |last9=Pittman |first9=M. |year=2024 |title=Shed teeth from Portezuelo formation at Sierra del Portezuelo reveal a higher diversity of predator theropods during Turonian-Coniacian times in northern Patagonia |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=59 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02249-8 |pmid=38730384 |pmc=11083846 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...59M }}</ref>
* Isasmendi ''et al.'' (2024) describe new and revise known theropod teeth from the [[Maastrichtian]] strata from the South Pyrenean Basin ([[Spain]]), expanding known diversity of theropods from this basin and reporting evidence of theropod turnover during the Maastrichtian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isasmendi |first1=E. |last2=Pérez-Pueyo |first2=M. |last3=Moreno-Azanza |first3=M. |last4=Alonso |first4=A. |last5=Puértolas-Pascual |first5=E. |last6=Bádenas |first6=B. |last7=Canudo |first7=J. I. |title=Theropod teeth palaeodiversity from the uppermost Cretaceous of the South Pyrenean Basin (NE Iberia) and the intra-Maastrichtian faunal turnover |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=162 |at=105952 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105952 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* McLarty & Esperante (2024) describe theropod tracks from the Maastrichtian strata from the Carreras Pampa tracksite ([[Bolivia]]) interpreted as likely preserving evidence of the trackmakers pausing during movement, bypassing an obstacle and crouching.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McLarty |first1=J. A. |last2=Esperante |first2=R. |year=2024 |title=Stops and Turns: Uncommonly Preserved Theropod Locomotive Behavior Patterns in an Upper Cretaceous Tracksite from Torotoro National Park, Bolivia |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=143 |at=105011 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.105011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Mohabey ''et al.'' (2024) review and redescribe ''[[Laevisuchus|Laevisuchus indicus]]'', ''[[Jubbulpuria|Jubbulpuria tenuis]]'' and ''[[Compsosuchus|Compsosuchus solus]]'', and describe a new [[Noasauridae|noasaurid]] dentary from central [[India]] with procumbent dentition similar to the one present in ''[[Masiakasaurus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mohabey |first1=D. M. |last2=Samant |first2=B. |last3=Vélez-Rosado |first3=K. I. |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=J. A. |year=2024 |title=A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=3 |at=e2288088 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of isolated theropod teeth from the [[Kem Kem Group]] ([[Morocco]]) is published by Hendrickx ''et al.'' (2024), who identify teeth of [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurids]], [[Spinosaurinae|spinosaurines]], [[Carcharodontosauridae|carcharodontosaurids]] and a non-[[Abelisauroidea|abelisauroid]] [[Ceratosauria|ceratosaur]] or a [[megaraptora]]n.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Trapman |first2=T. H. |last3=Wills |first3=S. |last4=Holwerda |first4=F. M. |last5=Stein |first5=K. H. W. |last6=Rauhut |first6=O. W. M. |last7=Melzer |first7=R. R. |last8=Van Woensel |first8=J. |last9=Reumer |first9=J. W. F. |year=2024 |title=A combined approach to identify isolated theropod teeth from the Cenomanian Kem Kem Group of Morocco: cladistic, discriminant, and machine learning analyses |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2311791 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2311791 }}</ref>
* A probable [[Ceratosauridae|ceratosaurid]] dentary is described from the [[Toarcian]] [[Cañadón Asfalto Formation]] ([[Argentina]]) by Pradelli, Pol & [[Martín Ezcurra|Ezcurra]] (2024), expanding known theropod diversity from this formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pradelli |first1=L. A. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |year=2024 |title=New dinosaur remains increase theropod diversity in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Lower Jurassic), Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2318262 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2318262 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2218262P }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of isolated theropod teeth from the Bauru Basin ([[Brazil]]) is published by Delcourt ''et al.'' (2024), who argue that the geographical distribution of abelisaurids in South America was influenced by climatic conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delcourt |first1=R. |last2=Brilhante |first2=N. S. |last3=Pires-Domingues |first3=R. A. |last4=Hendrickx |first4=C. |last5=Grillo |first5=O. N. |last6=Augusta |first6=B. G. |last7=Maciel |first7=B. S. |last8=Ghilardi |first8=A. M. |last9=Ricardi-Branco |first9=F. |year=2024 |title=Biogeography of theropod dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous: evidence from central South America |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184/7512651 }}</ref>
* Ribeiro ''et al.'' (2024) identify a theropod tooth from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous [[Missão Velha Formation]] ([[Brazil]]) as the oldest abelisaurid record in the South America reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ribeiro |first1=T. B. |last2=Cupello |first2=C. |last3=de Mayrink |first3=D. |last4=Pereira |first4=P. V. L. G. C. |last5=Brito |first5=P. M. |year=2024 |title=A theropod tooth from the Missão Velha Formation (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin: oldest Brazilian Abelisaurid record |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2336982 }}</ref>
* A study in the bone histology of a mid-sized abelisaurid from the Upper Cretaceous [[Serra da Galga Formation]] ([[Brazil]]) is published by Aureliano ''et al.'' (2024), who report that, despite living in a semiarid tropical environment, the studied specimen had a growth rate similar to those of the Patagonian abelisaurids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aureliano |first1=T. |last2=Ghilardi |first2=A. M. |last3=Fonseca |first3=P. H. M. |last4=Martinelli |first4=A. G. |last5=Marinho |first5=T. S. |year=2024 |title=The evolution and diversification of growth strategies in abelisauroid theropods |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=3 |at=e2298395 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2298395 }}</ref>
* A study on the skeletal pathologies affecting known specimens of [[brachyrostra]]n abelisaurids is published by Baiano ''et al.'' (2024), who diagnose the fusion of two caudal vertebrae of the [[holotype]] specimen of ''[[Aucasaurus|Aucasaurus garridoi]]'' as [[congenital malformation]] and diagnose partial fusion of five caudal vertebrae of the holotype of ''[[Elemgasem|Elemgasem nubilus]]'' as spondyloraptropathy, in both cases representing the first occurrences of the diagnosed pathologies among non-[[Tetanurae|tetanuran]] theropods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baiano |first1=M. A. |last2=Cerda |first2=I. A. |last3=Bertozzo |first3=F. |last4=Pol |first4=D. |year=2024 |title=New information on paleopathologies in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: a case study on South American abelisaurids |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=6 |doi=10.1186/s12862-023-02187-x |doi-access=free |pmid=38291378 |pmc=10829224 |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24....6B }}</ref>
* [[Andrea Cau|Cau]] (2024) reinterprets "[[Compsognathidae|compsognathid]]" theropod specimens as juveniles of members of non-[[Maniraptoriformes|maniraptoriform]] [[Tetanurae|tetanuran]] groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cau |first=A. |title=A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution |year=2024 |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4435/BSPI.2024.08 |url=https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/01_Cau_2024_BSPI_631.pdf }}</ref>
* Montealegre, Castillo-Visa & Sellés (2024) describe previously unpublished fossil material of theropods ([[cf.]] ''[[Protathlitis]]'' and a carcharodontosaurid which might be distinct from ''[[Concavenator]]'') from the [[Barremian]] [[Arcillas de Morella Formation]] ([[Spain]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Montealegre |first1=A. |last2=Castillo-Visa |first2=O. |last3=Sellés |first3=A. |year=2024 |title=New theropod remains from the late Barremian (Early Cretaceous) of Eastern Iberian Peninsula |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2308220 |s2cid=267374161 }}</ref>
* Yun (2024) identifies convergent similarities in craniodental anatomy between [[Spinosauridae|spinosaur]]s and [[phytosaur]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yun|first=Chan-gyu|year=2024|title=Spinosaurs as phytosaur mimics: a case of convergent evolution between two extinct archosauriform clades|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae|volume=20|issue=1|pages=17–29|doi=10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.02|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Nathan Myhrvold|Myhrvold]] ''et al''. (2024) use statistical analyses to reconsider previous descriptions by Fabbri ''et al''. (2022) of spinosaurs such as ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' as subaqueous foragers,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fabbri |first1=Matteo |last2=Navalón |first2=Guillermo |last3=Benson |first3=Roger B. J. |last4=Pol |first4=Diego |last5=O’Connor |first5=Jingmai |last6=Bhullar |first6=Bhart-Anjan S. |last7=Erickson |first7=Gregory M. |last8=Norell |first8=Mark A. |last9=Orkney |first9=Andrew |last10=Lamanna |first10=Matthew C. |last11=Zouhri |first11=Samir |last12=Becker |first12=Justine |last13=Emke |first13=Amanda |last14=Dal Sasso |first14=Cristiano |last15=Bindellini |first15=Gabriele |last16=Maganuco |first16=Simone |last17=Auditore |first17=Marco |last18=Ibrahim |first18=Nizar |date=2022-03-31 |title=Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7903 |pages=852–857 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..852F |pmid=35322229 |s2cid=247630374 |issn=0028-0836|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:264b7ca2-1190-4b76-ab93-074cedf897e1 }}</ref> and provide evidence that ''Spinosaurus'' was likely not an aquatic pursuit predator.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Myhrvold |first1=Nathan P. |last2=Baumgart |first2=Stephanie L. |last3=Vidal |first3=Daniel |last4=Fish |first4=Frank E. |last5=Henderson |first5=Donald M. |last6=Saitta |first6=Evan T. |last7=Sereno |first7=Paul C. |date=2024-03-06 |title=Diving dinosaurs? Caveats on the use of bone compactness and pFDA for inferring lifestyle |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=e0298957 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0298957 |doi-access=free |pmid=38446841 |pmc=10917332 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1998957M |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>
* Evidence from the study of patterns in skull shape, interpreted as indicating that ''Spinosaurus'' fed on aquatic prey and likely used the "stand-and-wait" predation strategy, is presented by Smart & Sakamoto (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smart |first1=S. |last2=Sakamoto |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=Using linear measurements to diagnose the ecological habitat of ''Spinosaurus'' |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17544 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17544 |doi-access=free |pmid=38881866 |pmc=11180429 }}</ref>
* [[Éric Buffetaut|Buffetaut]] & Tong (2024) reinterpret a purported ichthyosaur tooth from the [[Sao Khua Formation]] collected in 1962 and described in 1963 as a spinosaurid tooth and the first finding of a non-avian dinosaur fossil reported from [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buffetaut |first1=E. |last2=Tong |first2=H. |year=2024 |title=The first discovery of spinosaurid remains in Asia: Thailand, 1962 |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=110 |issue=1 |at=102664 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2024.102664 |bibcode=2024AnPal.11002664B }}</ref>
* Teeth of a probable [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[Tyrannosauroidea|tyrannosauroid]] are described from the Upper Jurassic [[Phu Kradung Formation]] ([[Thailand]]) by Chowchuvech ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chowchuvech |first1=W. |last2=Manitkoon |first2=S. |last3=Chanthasit |first3=P. |last4=Ketwetsuriya |first4=C. |title=The First Occurrence of a Basal Tyrannosauroid in Southeast Asia: Dental Evidence from the Upper Jurassic of Northeastern Thailand |year=2024 |journal=Tropical Natural History |volume=24 |pages=84–95 |url=https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tnh/article/view/261261 }}</ref>
* Xing ''et al.'' (2024) describe large tyrannosauroid teeth from the Maastrichtian [[Dalangshan Formation]], representing the southernmost record of tyrannosauroids in China reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xing |first1=L. |last2=Liang |first2=Z. |last3=Zhang |first3=K. |last4=Wang |first4=D. |last5=Zhang |first5=X. |last6=Persons |first6=W. S. |last7=Ren |first7=Z. |last8=Liang |first8=Z. |last9=Xian |first9=M. |last10=Zeng |first10=Q. |year=2024 |title=Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Guangdong Province, Southern China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=161 |at=105914 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105914 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16105914X }}</ref>
* Słowiak, [[Stephen L. Brusatte|Brusatte]] & Szczygielski (2024) reevaluate the fossil material attributed to ''[[Bagaraatan|Bagaraatan ostromi]]'', interpreting the holotype as an indeterminate juvenile [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], and reporting that some of the fossils originally attributed to ''B. ostromi'' are actually caenagnathid bones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Słowiak |first1=J. |last2=Brusatte |first2=S. L. |last3=Szczygielski |first3=T. |year=2024 |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur, ''Bagaraatan ostromi'' |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169/7609607 }}</ref>
* Yun (2024) estimates mandibular force profiles of ''[[Alioramus|Alioramus altai]]'' and ''[[Qianzhousaurus|Qianzhousaurus sinensis]]'', interpreting the mandibles of the studied theropods as likely unsuited for delivering powerful bites and enduring high stresses caused by capturing, holding and dismembering large prey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yun |first=C.-G. |title=Mandibular force profiles of Alioramini (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) with implications for palaeoecology of this unique lineage of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |year=2024 |journal=Lethaia |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.18261/let.57.2.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of [[Tyrannosaurinae|tyrannosaurines]] is published by Warshaw, Barrera Guevara & Fowler (2024), who contest the conclusions of the study of Scherer & Voiculescu-Holvad (2023),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scherer |first1=C. R. |last2=Voiculescu-Holvad |first2=C. |title=Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within ''Tyrannosaurus''-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae) |year=2023 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=155 |at=105780 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105780 |doi-access=free }}</ref> recovering recognized ''Daspletosaurus'' species as representing a single [[Anagenesis|anagenetic]] lineage ancestral to ''Tyrannosaurus''-line tyrannosaurines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warshaw |first1=E. A. |last2=Barrera Guevara |first2=D. |last3=Fowler |first3=D. W. |title=Anagenesis and the tyrant pedigree: a response to "Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within ''Tyrannosaurus''-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae)" |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |at=105957 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105957 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Longrich & Saitta (2024) review the taxonomic status of ''[[Nanotyrannus]]'' and argue that multiple lines of evidence support it as a distinct, small-bodied, possibly non-[[tyrannosaurid]] taxon, rather than an immature form of ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Longrich |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Saitta |first2=Evan T. |date=2024-03-01 |title=Taxonomic Status of ''Nanotyrannus lancensis'' (Dinosauria: Tyrannosauroidea)—A Distinct Taxon of Small-Bodied Tyrannosaur |journal=Fossil Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–65 |doi=10.3390/fossils2010001 |doi-access=free |eissn=2813-6284}}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Kinnareemimus|Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis]]'' is published by Samathi (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samathi |first=A. |year=2024 |title=Phylogenetic position of ''Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis'' (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5448 |issue=1 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5448.1.4 }}</ref>
* Description of the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Nothronychus|Nothronychus graffami]]'' and ''N. mckinleyi'', providing evidence of the presence of traits [[Convergent evolution|convergent]] with extant birds, ornithischian dinosaurs and titanosaur sauropods, is published by Smith & Gillette (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=D. K. |last2=Gillette |first2=D. D. |year=2024 |title=Osteology of the derived therizinosaur ''Nothronychus'' with evidence for convergence in dinosaurian evolution |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad148 }}</ref>
* Park ''et al.'' (2024) propose that early [[pennaraptora]]ns might have used their [[pennaceous feather]]s to flush hiding insects and to generate lift or drag during the pursuit of the flushed insects, and propose that such use of the pennaceous feathers might have contributed to the evolution of larger and stiffer feathers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=J. |last2=Son |first2=M. |last3=Park |first3=J. |last4=Bang |first4=S. Y. |last5=Ha |first5=J. |last6=Moon |first6=H. |last7=Lee |first7=Y.-N. |last8=Lee |first8=S. |last9=Jablonski |first9=P. G. |year=2024 |title=Escape behaviors in prey and the evolution of pennaceous plumage in dinosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=549 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50225-x |pmid=38272887 |pmc=10811223 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatSR..14..549P }}</ref>
* A characterization of how number and shape of flight feathers correlate with locomotory style in extant birds is published by Kiat & [[Jingmai O'Connor|O'Connor]] (2024). Extrapolating these patterns to Mesozoic [[pennaraptora]]ns, the authors suggest that ''[[Caudipteryx]]'' and [[Anchiornithidae|anchiornithines]] may have been secondarily [[flightless]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiat |first1=Yosef |last2=O’Connor |first2=Jingmai K. |title=Functional constraints on the number and shape of flight feathers |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2024 |volume=121 |issue=8 |pages=e2306639121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2306639121 |pmid=38346196 |pmc=10895369 |pmc-embargo-date=August 12, 2024 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12106639K |s2cid=267634048 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the [[pectoral girdle]] of pennaraptorans is published by Wu ''et al.'' (2024), who report evidence of modifications changing the range of motion of the forelimb that preceded the origin of flight in [[Paraves|paravians]], as well as evidence of subsequent flight adaptive modifications in [[Avialae|avialans]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu |first1=Q. |last2=O'Connor |first2=J. K. |last3=Wang |first3=S. |last4=Zhou |first4=Z. |year=2024 |title=Transformation of the pectoral girdle in pennaraptorans: critical steps in the formation of the modern avian shoulder joint |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e16960 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16960 |pmid=38436017 |pmc=10909347 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Meade ''et al.'' (2024) report evidence indicating that the ability of the skull to resist large mechanical stresses appeared early in [[Oviraptorosauria|oviraptorosaur]] evolution, before the appearance of the highly modified [[Oviraptoridae|oviraptorid]] cranial architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meade |first1=L. E. |last2=Pittman |first2=M. |last3=Balanoff |first3=A. |last4=Lautenschlager |first4=S. |year=2024 |title=Cranial functional specialisation for strength precedes morphological evolution in Oviraptorosauria |journal=Communications Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |at=436 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06137-1 |pmid=38600295 |pmc=11006937 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The first caenagnathid fossil material from the upper Campanian De-na-zin Member of the [[Kirtland Formation]] ([[New Mexico]], [[United States]]) is described by Funston, Williamson & [[Stephen L. Brusatte|Brusatte]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Funston |first1=G. F. |last2=Williamson |first2=T. E. |last3=Brusatte |first3=S. L. |year=2024 |title=A caenagnathid tibia (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the upper Campanian Kirtland Formation of New Mexico |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105856 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105856 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805856F |s2cid=267601272 }}</ref>
* Description of the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Oksoko avarsan]]'' is published by Funston (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston |first=G. F. |year=2024 |title=Osteology of the two-fingered oviraptorid ''Oksoko avarsan'' (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae011 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae011/7609522 }}</ref>
* Zhu, Wang & Wang (2024) study the microstructural variation of [[Elongatoolithidae|elongatoolithid]] eggs from China, and interpret the studied variation as indicating that not all elongatoolithid eggshells can be related to oviraptorosaurs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhu |first1=X. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |year=2024 |title=Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study of elongatoolithid eggs from China with microstructural and parataxonomic implications |journal=Paleobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=330–345 |doi=10.1017/pab.2024.9 |bibcode=2024Pbio...50..330Z }}</ref>
* A study on the skull shape and bite mechanics of [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurids]] is published by Tse, Miller & Pittman (2024), who interpret ''[[Deinonychus|Deinonychus antirrhopus]]'' as adapted to taking large vertebrate prey, and interpret ''[[Halszkaraptor|Halszkaraptor escuilliei]]'' as unlikely to feed on fish, and more likely to have a feeding ecology similar to those of extant waterfowl.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tse |first1=Y. T. |last2=Miller |first2=C. V. |last3=Pittman |first3=M. |year=2024 |title=Morphological disparity and structural performance of the dromaeosaurid skull informs ecology and evolutionary history |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=39 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02222-5 |pmid=38622512 |pmc=11020771 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...39T }}</ref>
* Possible dromaeosaurid eggs are described from the Upper Cretaceous Lianhe Formation (China) by Wu ''et al.'' (2024), who name a new [[Egg fossil#Classification|ootaxon]] ''[[Gannanoolithus|Gannanoolithus yingliangi]]'', and interpret the discovery of paired eggs of ''Gannanoolithus'' as possible evidence that dromaeosaurids had paired functional [[oviduct]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu |first1=R. |last2=Niu |first2=K. |last3=Zhang |first3=S. |last4=Xue |first4=Y. |last5=Han |first5=F. |year=2024 |title=A new ootype of putative dromaeosaurid eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=161 |at=105909 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105909 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16105909W }}</ref>
* Gianechini, Colli & Makovicky (2024) present a reconstruction of the pelvic and hindlimb musculature of ''[[Buitreraptor|Buitreraptor gonzalezorum]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gianechini |first1=F. A. |last2=Colli |first2=L. |last3=Makovicky |first3=P. J. |year=2024 |title=Pelvic and hindlimb muscular reconstruction of the paravian theropod ''Buitreraptor gonzalezorum'' and its palaeobiological implications |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2301674 |s2cid=266994137 }}</ref>
* Based on comparisons to extant birds, joint poses in the foot of ''Deinonychus'' during its [[walking|walk cycle]] are reconstructed by Manafzadeh, Gatesy & Bhullar (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manafzadeh |first1=Armita R. |last2=Gatesy |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Bhullar |first3=Bhart-Anjan S. |title=Articular surface interactions distinguish dinosaurian locomotor joint poses |journal=Nature Communications |date=2024 |volume=15 |issue=1 |at=854 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-44832-z |pmid=38365765 |pmc=10873393 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..854M }}</ref>
* Description of the braincase and cranial [[endocast]] of ''[[Sinovenator|Sinovenator changii]]'', interpreted as morphologically intermediate between basal theropods and extant birds, is published by Yu ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yu |first1=C. |last2=Watanabe |first2=A. |last3=Qin |first3=Z. |last4=King |first4=J. L. |last5=Witmer |first5=L. M. |last6=Ma |first6=Q. |last7=Xu |first7=X. |year=2024 |title=Avialan-like brain morphology in ''Sinovenator'' (Troodontidae, Theropoda) |journal=Communications Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |at=168 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-05832-3 |pmid=38341492 |pmc=10858883 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Xing ''et al.'' (2024) describe tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Shaxian Formation (Fujian, China) which might have been produced by a large-bodied (estimated hip height of over 1.8 m) [[Troodontidae|troodontid]], and name a new ichnotaxon ''[[Fujianipus|Fujianipus yingliangi]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xing |first1=L. |last2=Niu |first2=K. |last3=Lockley |first3=M. G. |last4=Romilio |first4=A. |last5=Deng |first5=K. |last6=Persons |first6=W. S. |title=Deinonychosaur trackways in southeastern China record a possible giant troodontid |journal=iScience |year=2024 |volume=27 |issue=5 |at=109598 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2024.109598 |doi-access=free |pmid=38799075 |pmc=11123545 |bibcode=2024iSci...27j9598X }}</ref>

==== Sauropodomorph research ====
* Silva ''et al.'' (2024) describe fossil material of a member or a relative of the group [[Bagualosauria]] from the Vila Botucaraí site (Candelária Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence, [[Brazil]]), representing the first sauropodomorph reported from this site.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=F. O. |last2=Martinelli |first2=A. G. |last3=Pretto |first3=F. |last4=Ferigolo |first4=J. |last5=Ribeiro |first5=A. M. |title=First Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria) for the Vila Botucaraí site (''Hyperodapedon'' Assemblage Zone, Candelária Sequence), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |year=2024 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=140 |at=104927 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104927 |bibcode=2024JSAES.14004927O }}</ref>
* Evidence of variability of the pneumacity patterns of the cervical and dorsal vertebra in ''[[Plateosaurus]]'' is presented by Regalado Fernández (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regalado Fernández |first=O. R. |title=Variability of vertebral laminae in eight specimens of ''Plateosaurus'' (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) |year=2024 |journal=Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=85–100 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378971323 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the [[holotype]] and a study on the affinities of ''Plateosaurus trossingensis'' is published by Schaeffer (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schaeffer |first=J. |year=2024 |title=Osteological redescription of the holotype of ''Plateosaurus trossingensis'' (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Upper Triassic of SW Germany and its phylogenetic implications |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2335387 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2335387 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JSPal..2235387S }}</ref>
* Zhao ''et al'' (2024) describe a new juvenile–subadult [[Massospondylidae|massospondylid]] specimen from the Lower Jurassic [[Lufeng Formation]] (Yunnan, China), increasing known diversity of massospondylids from Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao |first1=R. |last2=Zhang |first2=S. |last3=You |first3=H. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |last5=Zhang |first5=Q. |last6=Wang |first6=T. |year=2024 |title=A new specimen of the early-branching sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Chuanjie Basin, Lufeng, Yunnan Province |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Sinica |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=102–111 |doi=10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023030 |url=http://gswxb.cnjournals.cn/gswxb/article/abstract/20240108 }}</ref>
* ''"Gyposaurus" sinensis'' is interpreted as a probable [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''[[Lufengosaurus|Lufengosaurus huenei]]'' by Wang, Zhao & You (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=Y.-M. |last2=Zhao |first2=Q. |last3=You |first3=H.-L. |title=Reassessment of ''{{‘}}Gyposaurus{{’}} sinensis'' Young, 1941 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Early Jurassic Lufeng Basin, Yunnan Province, China |year=2024 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae032 }}</ref>
* Barrett & Choiniere (2024) redescribe the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Melanorosaurus|Melanorosaurus readi]]'' and designate the [[lectotype]] of this species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=P. M. |last2=Choiniere |first2=J. N. |year=2024 |title=''Melanorosaurus readi'' Haughton, 1924 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of South Africa: osteology and designation of a lectotype |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2337802 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2337802 }}</ref>
*Using ''[[Spinophorosaurus]]'' as an example, Vidal (2024) explains how virtual 3D models of sauropods have enabled an understanding of their biomechanics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vidal|first = D.|year= 2024|title= Virtual sauropods: A revolution in the study of long-necked dinosaurs|journal= Metode Science Studies Journal|volume= 14|pages= 77–83|doi=10.7203/metode.14.24689|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Agustí, Alcalá & Santos-Cubedo (2024) propose that sauropod gigantism was an adaptation that increased the ability of sauropods to travel great distances, necessitated by pronounced seasonal changes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agustí |first1=J. |last2=Alcalá |first2=L. |last3=Santos-Cubedo |first3=A. |year=2024 |title=Did large foraging migrations favor the enormous body size of giant sauropods? The case of ''Turiasaurus'' |journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.7203/sjp.28176 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Richard J. Butler|Butler]] ''et al.'' (2024) describe an assemblage of tracks produced by large-bodied sauropods passing through coastal lagoonal environment from the earliest Cretaceous strata of the [[Durlston Formation]] (Dorset, [[United Kingdom]]), representing the largest dinosaur track site accessible within the [[Purbeck Group]] reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butler |first1=R. J. |last2=Edgar |first2=K. M. |last3=Haller |first3=L. |last4=Meade |first4=L. E. |last5=Jones |first5=H. T. |last6=Hill |first6=O. |last7=Scriven |first7=S. |last8=Reedman |first8=C. |year=2024 |title=Sauropod dinosaur tracks from the Purbeck Group (Early Cretaceous) of Spyway Quarry, Dorset, UK |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=11 |issue=7 |at=240583 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240583 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Boisvert ''et al.'' (2024) describe a new specimen of ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'' sp. from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry ([[Colorado]], [[United States]]), extending known range of the genus into the true Brushy Basin Member of the [[Morrison Formation]], and likely representing the geologically youngest occurrence of ''Haplocanthosaurus'' on the Colorado Plateau.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boisvert |first1=C. |last2=Curtice |first2=B. |last3=Wedel |first3=M. |last4=Wilhite |first4=R. |title=Description of a new specimen of ''Haplocanthosaurus'' from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25520 |pmid=38887924 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* King ''et al.'' (2024) report evidence of a previously unknown form of [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumaticity]] in a rib of a member of the genus ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', and propose that rib pneumaticity among [[Apatosaurinae|apatosaurines]] is individually variable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King |first1=J. L. |last2=McHugh |first2=J. B. |last3=Wedel |first3=M. J. |last4=Curtice |first4=B. |title=A previously unreported form of dorsal rib pneumaticity in ''Apatosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and implications for pneumatic variation among diplodocid dorsal ribs |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2316665 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2316665 }}</ref>
* Windholz ''et al.'' (2024) describe a new [[Rebbachisauridae|rebbachisaurid]] caudal vertebra from the Cenomanian [[Candeleros Formation]] ([[Argentina]]), providing new information on the caudal anatomy and pneumaticity in rebbachisaurids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Windholz |first1=G. J. |last2=Porfiri |first2=J. D. |last3=Dos Santos |first3=D. |last4=Bellardini |first4=F. |last5=Wedel |first5=M. J. |year=2024 |title=A well-preserved vertebra provides new insights into rebbachisaurid sauropod caudal anatomical and pneumatic features |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.4202/app.01104.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Beeston ''et al.'' (2024) describe new sauropod material from the [[Winton Formation]] ([[Australia]]), and interpret ''[[Australotitan|Australotitan cooperensis]]'' as an indeterminate [[diamantinasauria]]n that is likely a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''[[Diamantinasaurus|Diamantinasaurus matildae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beeston |first1=S. L. |last2=Poropat |first2=S. F. |last3=Mannion |first3=P. D. |last4=Pentland |first4=A. H. |last5=Enchelmaier |first5=M. J. |last6=Sloan |first6=T. |last7=Elliott |first7=D. A. |year=2024 |title=Reappraisal of sauropod dinosaur diversity in the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, through 3D digitisation and description of new specimens |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17180 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17180 |pmid=38618562 |pmc=11011616 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Filippi ''et al.'' (2024) study fossil material of sauropods from the Cerro Overo – La Invernada area ([[Bajo de la Carpa Formation]]; [[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]), interpreted as suggestive of the presence of a diverse fauna of [[Titanosauriformes|titanosauriforms]] coexisting in the environment during the [[Santonian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Filippi |first1=L. S. |last2=Bellardini |first2=F. |last3=Carballido |first3=J. L. |last4=Pérez-Moreno |first4=A. |last5=Garrido |first5=A. C. |year=2024 |title=Sauropod diversity (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) of Cerro Overo – La Invernada (Bajo de la Carpa Formation, Santonian), northeastern Neuquén Basin, and paleoecological implications for Upper Cretaceous sauropod faunas |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.5710/PEAPA.24.02.2024.484 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the [[taphonomy]] of the fossil material of ''[[Kaijutitan|Kaijutitan maui]]'' and on its bone histology is published by Filippi, Previtera & Garrido (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Filippi |first1=L. S. |last2=Previtera |first2=E. |last3=Garrido |first3=A. C. |year=2024 |title=''Kaijutitan maui'', a sauropod titanosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Sierra Barrosa Formation, Neuquén Basin) of northern Patagonia Argentina: histological and taphonomic considerations |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=129–148 |doi=10.5710/PEAPA/26.02.2024.481 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A description and study of the morphological variability of sauropod [[Appendicular skeleton|appendicular]] remains from Maastrichtian sites of the Hațeg, Transylvanian, and Rusca Montană basins ([[Romania]]) is published by Mocho, Pérez-García & Codrea (2024), who interpret the studied remains as indicative of the presence of four or five sauropod taxa on the [[Hațeg Island]] during the Maastrichtian, including a titanosaur lineage with an extremely elongated [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mocho |first1=P. |last2=Pérez-García |first2=A. |last3=Codrea |first3=V. A. |title=New sauropod appendicular remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania: accessing the morphological variability |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |at=105936 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105936 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* An overview of the largest known sauropods from Argentina is published by Calvo (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Calvo |first = J.O|year= 2024|title= What is the most giant sauropod from Argentina? Diversity of large titanosaurs from Patagonia|journal= Metode Science Studies Journal|volume= 14| issue=14 |pages= 65–75|doi=10.7203/metode.14.24556|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Ornithischian research ===
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ornithischians is published by Fonseca ''et al.'' (2024), who name the new clades [[Pyrodontia]] and [[Tenontosauridae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fonseca |first1=A. O. |last2=Reid |first2=I. J. |last3=Venner |first3=A. |last4=Duncan |first4=R. J. |last5=Garcia |first5=M. S. |last6=Müller |first6=R. T. |year=2024 |title=A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2346577 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2246577F }}</ref>
* A study on the taxonomic affinities of isolated ornithischian teeth from [[Bathonian]] microvertebrate sites in the [[United Kingdom]], providing evidence of the presence of a previously unknown, diverse ornithischian fauna, is published by Wills, Underwood & [[Paul Barrett (palaeobiologist)|Barrett]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wills |first1=S. |last2=Underwood |first2=C. J. |last3=Barrett |first3=P. M. |title=A hidden diversity of ornithischian dinosaurs: U.K. Middle Jurassic microvertebrate faunas shed light on a poorly represented period |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2323646 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2323646 }}</ref>
* A study on tooth replacement pattern in ''[[Jeholosaurus|Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis]]'', providing evidence that teeth replacement rate slowed during ontogeny, is published by Hu ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu |first1=J. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |last3=Li |first3=F. |last4=Han |first4=F |year=2024 |title=Tooth replacement in the early-diverging neornithischian ''Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis'' and implications for dental evolution and herbivorous adaptation in Ornithischia |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=46 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02233-2 |pmid=38627692 |pmc=11020315 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...46H }}</ref>
* Redescription of the skeletal anatomy and a study on the affinities of ''[[Oryctodromeus|Oryctodromeus cubicularis]]'' is published by Krumenacker ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krumenacker |first1=L. J. |last2=Varricchio |first2=D. J. |last3=Organ |first3=C. |last4=Gardner |first4=J. D. |last5=Britt |first5=B. B. |last6=Boyd |first6=C. |year=2024 |title=Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the mid-Cretaceous neornithischian dinosaur ''Oryctodromeus cubicularis'' Varricchio, 2007 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2330581 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2330581 }}</ref>
* An osteology and phylogenetic analysis on ''[[Ajkaceratops kozmai]]'', suggesting the initial classification of the species as a [[ceratopsian]] as uncertain and thus regarded as an enigmatic ornithischian, was published by Czepiński and Madzia (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Czepiński |first1=L. |last2= Madzia |first2=D. |year=2024 |title=Osteology, phylogenetic affinities, and palaeobiogeographic significance of the bizarre ornithischian dinosaur ''Ajkaceratops kozmai'' from the Late Cretaceous European archipelago |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae048 }}</ref>
* Lee et al., (2024) described the single pedal phalanx of the basal neornithischian (NHCG 10972) from the Lower Cretaceous [[Tando beds]] of South Korea, which is most similar to [[Jeholosauridae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sang-Yoon |last2=Lee |first2=Yuong-Nam |last3=Jung |first3=Seung-Ho |title=A neornithischian phalanx from the Lower Cretaceous Tando beds of Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of Korea |date=1 June 2024 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=135–142 |doi=10.14770/jgsk.2024.010}}</ref>

==== Thyreophoran research ====
* Satchell (2024) reidentified the proximal femur fragment (BELUM K3998) from the [[Lias Group]] of [[Northern Ireland]] as an indeterminate dinosaur remain, not a potential specimen of ''[[Scelidosaurus]]'' or an ornithischian.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Satchell|first=K.G.|year=2024|title=A re-evaluation of ''Scelidosaurus'' remains from Ireland and the importance of apomorphy-based identifications|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=349–351 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.03.002|bibcode=2024PrGA..135..349S }}</ref>
* Castanera, Mampel & Cobos (2024) describe new stegosaur tracks from the Upper Jurassic [[Villar del Arzobispo Formation]] ([[Spain]]), providing evidence of gregarious behavior in stegosaurs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Castanera |first1=D. |last2=Mampel |first2=L. |last3=Cobos |first3=A. |title=The complexity of tracking stegosaurs and their gregarious behavior |year=2024 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=14833 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-64298-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38961126 |pmc=11222438 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1414833C }}</ref>
* Sánchez-Fenollosa, Escaso & Cobos (2024) describe a new specimen of ''[[Dacentrurus|Dacentrurus armatus]]'' from the Upper Jurassic [[Villar del Arzobispo Formation]] ([[Spain]]), propose a new diagnosis for this species, and interpret ''[[Miragaia longicollum]]'' as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''D. armatus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Fenollosa |first1=S. |last2=Escaso |first2=F. |last3=Cobos |first3=A. |year=2024 |title=A new specimen of ''Dacentrurus armatus'' Owen, 1875 (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Spain and its taxonomic relevance in the European stegosaurian diversity |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074 }}</ref>
* The first stegosaurian fossil material from Gansu ([[China]]), assigned to ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' sp., is described from the Lower Cretaceous [[Hekou Group]] by Li ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li |first1=N. |last2=Li |first2=D. |last3=Peng |first3=G. |last4=You |first4=H. |year=2024 |title=The first stegosaurian dinosaur from Gansu Province, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105852 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105852 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805852L |s2cid=267286799 }}</ref>
* Cross and [[Victoria Arbour|Arbour]] (2024) describe an ankylosaur femur from the Cenomanian [[Dunvegan Formation]] ([[British Columbia]], Canada).<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Cross|first1= E.C|last2=Arbour|first2= V.M|year= 2024|title= An ankylosaur femur from the mid-Cretaceous of the Peace Region of northeastern British Columbia|journal= Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume= 61|issue= 6|pages= 678–685|doi=10.1139/cjes-2023-0118|bibcode= 2024CaJES..61..678C|s2cid= 267961368}}</ref>
* Soto Acuña, Vargas & Kaluza (2024) redescribe the holotype specimen of ''[[Antarctopelta]]'' from the [[Snow Hill Island Formation]] (Antarctica), and provide support for its phylogenetic position within the [[Parankylosauria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soto Acuña |first1=Sergio |last2=Vargas |first2=Alexander O. |last3=Kaluza |first3=Jonatan |date=2024 |title=A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of ''Antarctopelta oliveroi'' (Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria) |journal=Advances in Polar Science |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=78–107 |doi=10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Cerapod research ====
*A review of Early Cretaceous Spanish [[Styracosterna|styracosterns]] from the Maestrat Basin published by Santos-Cubedo (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Santos-Cubedo|first=A.|year=2024 |title=The dinosaurs of the Maestrat Basin: Evolution of hadrosauriforms in the eastern Iberian Peninsula |journal=Metode Science Studies Journal |volume=14|pages=57–63 |doi=10.7203/metode.14.24534|doi-access=free|hdl=10234/207308|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Escanero-Aguilar ''et al.'' (2024) describe skull material of a [[Hadrosauriformes|hadrosauriform]] ornithopod from the Lower Cretaceous [[Castrillo de la Reina Formation]] ([[Spain]]), interpreted as more derived than ''[[Iguanodon]]'' but more [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] than ''[[Proa valdearinnoensis|Proa]]'', and expanding known diversity of ornithopods from the Cameros Basin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Escanero-Aguilar |first1=D. |last2=Torcida Fernández-Baldor |first2=F. |last3=Pereda-Suberbiola |first3=X. |last4=Huerta |first4=P. |year=2024 |title=Skull material of an Early Cretaceous hadrosauriform dinosaur (Ornithopoda) from Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=50 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1007/s41513-023-00227-5 }}</ref>
* Nikolov, Dochev, & [[Stephen L. Brusatte|Brusatte]] (2024) test the [[ontogenetic]] age of small [[hadrosauroid]] bones from the Late Cretaceous ([[Maastrichtian]]) [[Kaylaka Formation]] (Bulgaria), and determine that the specimen likely belonged to a late juvenile or young subadult, rather than a [[Insular dwarfism|dwarved]] adult, and suggest that large terrestrial animals were able to populate some European islands via a cyclically appearing or short-lived dispersal route.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikolov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Dochev |first2=Docho |last3=Brusatte |first3=Stephen L. |date=2024-01-01 |title=The ontogenetic status of a small hadrosauroid dinosaur from the uppermost Cretaceous of Bulgaria, and implications for the paleobiogeography and assembly of European island faunas |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123003476 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=157 |issue=In press |language=en |at=105819 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105819|bibcode=2024CrRes.15705819N |s2cid=266738171 }}</ref>
* The first described hadrosaurid footprints from the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] are described by Powers ''et al.'' (2024), who assign them to the ichnospecies ''[[Hadrosauropodus]] langstoni''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mark J. Powers|author2=Matthew M. Rhodes|author3=Aaron D. Dyer|author4=Steven E. Mendonca|author5=Ryan Wilkinson|author6=Michael Naylor Hudgins|author7=Matthew J. Pruden|author8=Philip J. Currie|author9=Gregory F. Funston|year=2024|title=The first hadrosaurid trackway from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Campanian/Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada|journal=Ichnos|volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=179–206 |doi=10.1080/10420940.2024.2307069|s2cid=267489605 }}</ref>
* Evidence from the study of a skull of a juvenile hadrosaurine from the Campanian [[Dinosaur Park Formation]] (Alberta, Canada), interpreted as indicative of differences in the dental battery development between hadrosaurid species which might have been related to dietary differences during early ontogeny, is presented by Warnock-Juteau ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Warnock-Juteau |first1=T. M. |last2=Ryan |first2=M. J. |last3=Patterson |first3=R. T. |last4=Mallon |first4=J. C. |year=2024 |title=Computed tomographic investigation of a hatchling skull reveals ontogenetic changes in the dentition and occlusal surface morphology of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |volume=11 |pages=133–150 |doi=10.18435/vamp29395 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29395 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Sharpe ''et al.'' (2024) describe fossil material of a probable immature specimen of ''[[Edmontosaurus regalis]]'' from the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]], and interpret its similarities to ''[[Ugrunaaluk|Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis]]'' as supporting the referral of the Alaskan saurolophine material to ''Edmontosaurus'' [[cf.]] ''regalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharpe |first1=H. S. |last2=Powers |first2=M. J. |last3=Dyer |first3=A. D. |last4=Rhodes |first4=M. M. |last5=McIntosh |first5=A. P. |last6=Garros |first6=C. W. |last7=Currie |first7=P. J. |last8=Funston |first8=G. F. |title=Craniomandibular anatomy of a juvenile specimen of ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' Lambe, 1917 clarifies issues in ontogeny and biogeography |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2326644 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326644 }}</ref>
* Description of the morphology of the skull and endocranium of ''[[Psittacosaurus|Psittacosaurus sibiricus]]'', based on the study of both juvenile and adult specimens, is published by Podlesnov ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Podlesnov |first1=A. V. |last2=Averianov |first2=A. O. |last3=Burukhin |first3=A. A. |last4=Feofanova |first4=O. A. |last5=Vladimirova |first5=O. N. |year=2024 |title=New Data on Skull Morphology of ''Psittacosaurus sibiricus'' (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Using Micro-Computed Tomography |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=1128–1187 |doi=10.1134/S0031030123100040 |s2cid=267537898 }}</ref>
*A description endocranial anatomy of the ''[[Psittacosaurus|Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis]]'' published by Sakagami ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sakagami |first1 = R.|last2= Kawabe|first2= S.|last3=Hattori|first3= S.|last4=Zheng|first4=W.|last5=Jin|first5=X.|year= 2024|title= Endocranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur ''Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis'' and its bearing on sensory and locomotor abilities. |journal= Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum|volume= 22|pages= 1–12|url=https://www.dinosaur.pref.fukui.jp/archive/memoir/memoir022-001.pdf}}</ref>
* Yang ''et al.'' (2024) describe a well-preserved scaled skin of a specimen of ''Psittacosaurus'' from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of China, providing evidence of preservation of epidermal layers, corneocytes and melanosomes, and interpret the studied specimen as indicative of co-occurrence of feathers and reptile-type skin in non-feathered regions of the skin in ''Psittacosaurus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang |first1=Z. |last2=Jiang |first2=B. |last3=Xu |first3=J. |last4=McNamara |first4=M. E. |year=2024 |title=Cellular structure of dinosaur scales reveals retention of reptile-type skin during the evolutionary transition to feathers |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |at=4063 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-48400-3 |doi-access=free |pmid=38773066 |pmc=11109146 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.4063Y }}</ref>
* [[Mark P. Witton|Witton]] & Hing (2024) argue that there is no compelling evidence indicating that the development of the idea of the [[griffin]] was inspired by the discovery of fossils of ''[[Protoceratops]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Witton |first1=M. P. |last2=Hing |first2=R. A. |year=2024 |title=Did the horned dinosaur ''Protoceratops'' inspire the griffin? |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |doi=10.1177/03080188241255 |doi-broken-date=2024-06-23 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Barrera Guevara ''et al.'' (2024) reinterpret fossil material of ''[[Coahuilaceratops|Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna]]'' as derived from [[Cerro Huerta Formation]] (and representing the first dinosaur taxon described from this formation) rather than from [[Cerro del Pueblo Formation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barrera Guevara |first1=M. P. |last2=Espinosa Chávez |first2=B. |last3=Serrano Brañas |first3=C. I. |last4=de León Dávila |first4=C. |last5=Posada Martinez |first5=D. |last6=Freedman Fowler |first6=E. |last7=Fowler |first7=D. |year=2024 |title=Stratigraphic Reassessment of the Mexican Chasmosaurine ''Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna'' as the First Diagnostic Dinosaur Remains from the Cerro Huerta Formation (Lower Maastrichtian) Supporting the Southern Origin of the Triceratopsini |journal=Diversity |volume=16 |issue=7 |at=390 |doi=10.3390/d16070390 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Birds ==
=== New bird taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
''[[Ardenna buchananbrowni]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tennyson |first1=A. J. D. |last2=Salvador |first2=R. B. |last3=Tomotani |first3=B. M. |last4=Marx |first4=F. G. |title=A New Diving Pliocene ''Ardenna'' Shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand |year=2024 |journal=Taxonomy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=237–249 |doi=10.3390/taxonomy4020012 |doi-access=free |hdl=10037/33366 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Tennyson ''et al.''
|
[[Pliocene]] ([[Waipipian]])
|
[[Tangahoe Formation]]
|
{{Flag|New Zealand}}
|
A species of ''[[Ardenna]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Chloephaga dabbenei]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=F. L. |last2=Álvarez Herrera |first2=G. P. |last3=Tomassini |first3=R. |title=Pleistocene record of ''Chloephaga'' Eyton, 1838 (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in the Argentine Pampas, with the description of a new species |year=2024 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=23 |issue=18 |pages=241–255 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a18 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Agnolín, Álvarez Herrera & Tomassini
|
Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A species of ''[[Chloephaga]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Enkuria]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zelenkov |first=N. V. |year=2024 |title=Gray Partridges (Phasianidae: Genera ''Perdix'' and ''Enkuria'' gen. nov.) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea and Remarks on the Evolution of the Genus ''Perdix'' |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=335–352 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124700084 |bibcode=2024PalJ...58..335Z }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Zelenkov
|
Pliocene and Pleistocene
|
|
Crimea
|
A relative of the [[grey partridge]]. The type species is ''E. voinstvenskyi''; genus also includes ''"Phasianus" etuliensis'' Bocheński & Kurochkin (1987) from [[Moldova]].
|
|-
|''[[Eocypselus|Eocypselus geminus]]''<ref name=Eocypselus>{{cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=G.|last2=Kitchener|first2=A.C.|year=2024|title=New fossils of ''Eocypselus'' and ''Primapus'' from the British London Clay reveal a high taxonomic and ecological diversity of early Eocene swift-like apodiform birds|journal=Ibis|issue=advance online publication|doi=10.1111/ibi.13323|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| Sp. nov
| In press
| Mayr & Kitchener
| [[Eocene]]
| [[London Clay]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A species of ''Eocypselus''.
|
|-
|''[[Eocypselus|Eocypselus grandissimus]]''<ref name=Eocypselus />
| Sp. nov
| In press
| Mayr & Kitchener
| [[Eocene]]
| [[London Clay]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A species of ''Eocypselus''.
|
|-
|''[[Eocypselus|Eocypselus paulomajor]]''<ref name=Eocypselus />
| Sp. nov
| In press
| Mayr & Kitchener
| [[Eocene]]
| [[London Clay]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A species of ''Eocypselus''.
|
|-
|''[[Fluvioviridavis michaeldanielsi]]''<ref name="FluvioviridavisSpp.">{{Cite journal |last1=Mayr |first1=Gerald |last2=Kitchener |first2=Andrew C. |date=2024-06-07 |title=The non-apodiform Strisores (potoos, nightjars and allied birds) from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |language=en |doi=10.1007/s12549-024-00610-9 |issn=1867-1594|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PdPe..tmp...21M }}</ref>
|Sp. nov
|
|Mayr & Kitchener
|[[Eocene]]
|[[London Clay]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|A species of ''Fluvioviridavis''.
|
|-
|''[[Fluvioviridavis nazensis]]''<ref name="FluvioviridavisSpp."/>
|Sp. nov
|
|Mayr & Kitchener
|[[Eocene]]
|[[London Clay]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|A species of ''Fluvioviridavis''.
|
|-
|
''[[Imparavis]]''<ref name=Imparavis>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaoli |last2=Clark |first2=Alexander D. |last3=O'Connor |first3=Jingmai K. |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiangyu |last5=Wang |first5=Xing |last6=Zheng |first6=Xiaoting |last7=Zhou |first7=Zhonghe |date=2024-02-27 |title=First Edentulous Enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Avifauna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667124000405 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=159 |issue=in press |pages=105867 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105867 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15905867W |s2cid=268103010 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Wang ''et al.''
|
[[Early Cretaceous]]
|
[[Jiufotang Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
An [[enantiornithine]]. The type species is ''I. attenboroughi''.
|
|-
|
''[[Paralyra]]''<ref name=PJ581>{{cite journal|last=Zelenkov |first=N. V. |year=2024 |title=Grouse (Aves: Phasianidae: Tetraonini) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea, and the Taxonomic Status of ''Lagopus atavus'' |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=112–123 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124010106 |bibcode=2024PalJ...58..112Z |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379874555 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Zelenkov
|
Pliocene and Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Poland}}
|
A grouse; a new genus for ''"Lagopus lagopus" atavus'' Jánossy (1974), originally described from the Rębielice Królewskie 1 locality in Poland, subsequently also described from the Taurida Cave in [[Crimea]].<ref name=PJ581 />
|
|-
| ''[[Phalacrocorax bakonyiensis]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Horváth, I.|author2=Futó, J.|author3=Kessler, J.|year=2024|title=''Phalacrocorax bakonyiensis'' n. sp., a new species of cormorant from the Late Miocene of Hungary|journal=Ornis Hungarica|volume=32|pages=222–230|doi=10.2478/orhu-2024-0016|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| Sp. nov
| Valid
| Horváth, Futó, & Kessler
| [[Miocene]]
|
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| A [[cormorant]]; a species of ''[[Phalacrocorax]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Pristineanis]]''<ref name=Pristineanis>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayr |first1=G. |last2=Kitchener |first2=A. C. |title=The Picocoraciades (hoopoes, rollers, woodpeckers, and allies) from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze |year=2024 |journal=PalZ |volume=98 |issue=2 |page=291 |doi=10.1007/s12542-024-00687-9 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PalZ...98..291M }}</ref>
|
Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Mayr & Kitchener
|
Eocene
|
London Clay
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}} 
{{Flag|United States}}
|
A possible member of [[Piciformes]]. The type species is ''P. minor''; genus also includes new species ''P. major'', as well as ''"Neanis" kistneri'' Feduccia (1973).
|
|-
|
''[[Septencoracias|Septencoracias simillimus]]''<ref name=Pristineanis />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mayr & Kitchener
|
Eocene (Ypresian)
|
London Clay
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
A [[Crown group#Stem groups|stem group]] [[Coraciidae|roller]] belonging or related to the family [[Primobucconidae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Waltonirrisor]]''<ref name=Pristineanis />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mayr & Kitchener
|
Eocene (Ypresian)
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London Clay
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{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
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A member of [[Upupiformes]]. The type species is ''W. tendringensis''.
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''[[Wunketru]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Mendoza |first1=Ricardo Santiago |last2=Degrange |first2=Federico Javier |last3=Tambussi |first3=Claudia Patricia |title=An assessment of the anseriform affinities of ''"Telmabates" howardae'' |year=2024 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=135 |at=104786 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104786 |bibcode=2024JSAES.13504786D |s2cid=267159455 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981124000087}}</ref>
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Gen. et comb. nov
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In press
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De Mendoza, Degrange & Tambussi
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[[Eocene]]
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[[Las Flores Formation]]
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{{Flag|Argentina}}
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A member of [[Anseriformes]] of uncertain affinites; a new genus for ''"[[Telmabates]]" howardae''.
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=== Avian research ===
* A study performing quantitative functional imaging of the brain during rest and flight in [[rock dove]]s with implications for the evolution of avian flight is published by Balanoff ''et al.'' (2024). They found increased neural activity in the [[cerebellum]] during flight, and through comparisons with cranial [[endocast]]s of extinct theropods, suggest that cerebellar expansion underlying such activity occurred at the base of [[Maniraptora]], prior to the origin of avian flight.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balanoff |first1=Amy |last2=Ferrer |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Saleh |first3=Lemise |last4=Gignac |first4=Paul M. |last5=Gold |first5=M. Eugenia L. |last6=Marugán-Lobón |first6=Jesús |last7=Norell |first7=Mark |last8=Ouellette |first8=David |last9=Salerno |first9=Michael |last10=Watanabe |first10=Akinobu |last11=Wei |first11=Shouyi |last12=Bever |first12=Gabriel |last13=Vaska |first13=Paul |title=Quantitative functional imaging of the pigeon brain: implications for the evolution of avian powered flight |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=2024 |volume=291 |issue=2015 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.2172 |pmid=38290541 |pmc=10827418 |pmc-embargo-date=January 31, 2025 }}</ref>
* The [[Cretaceous]] fossil record of [[avialan]]s from [[China]] is reviewed by Zhou & Wang (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhonghe |last2=Wang |first2=Min |title=Cretaceous fossil birds from China |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2024 |volume=544 |issue=1 |doi=10.1144/SP544-2023-129|s2cid=267184802 }}</ref>
* Evidence of gradual and sequential moult of wing flight feathers in two probable members of [[Confuciusornithiformes]] from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) is presented by Wang ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=X. |last2=O'Connor |first2=J. |last3=Zheng |first3=X. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |last5=Kiat |first5=Y. |title=Earliest evidence of avian primary feather moult |year=2024 |journal=Biology Letters |volume=20 |issue=7 |at=20240106 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2024.0106 |pmid=38955226 }}</ref>
* A [[Morphometrics|morphometric]] study of a large sample of specimens of ''[[Confuciusornis|Confuciusornis sanctus]]'' is published by Zhou ''et al.'' (2024), who interpret their findings as indicative of the presence of [[sexual dimorphism]] in this species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou |first1=Y. |last2=Pan |first2=Y. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |last5=Zheng |first5=X. |last6=Zhou |first6=Z. |year=2024 |title=Fossil evidence sheds light on sexual selection during the early evolution of birds |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=121 |issue=3 |at=e2309825120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2309825120 |pmid=38190528 |pmc=10801838 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12109825Z |s2cid=266871669 }}</ref>
* The fossil record of [[avialan]]s from the Upper Cretaceous [[Maastricht Formation]] ([[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]) is reviewed by Field ''et al.'' (2024), who additionally present new data on the bone [[histology]] and hindlimb length of ''[[Asteriornis maastrichtensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Benito |first2=Juan |last3=Werning |first3=Sarah |last4=Chen |first4=Albert |last5=Kuo |first5=Pei-Chen |last6=Crane |first6=Abi |last7=Widrig |first7=Klara E. |last8=Ksepka |first8=Daniel T. |last9=Jagt |first9=John W.M. |title=Remarkable insights into modern bird origins from the Maastrichtian type area (north-east Belgium, south-east Netherlands) |journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences |date=2024 |volume=103 |doi=10.1017/njg.2024.11|bibcode=2024NJGeo.103E..15F }}</ref>
* Stoicescu ''et al.'' (2024) describe partial femur of an avialan belonging or related to the species ''[[Elopteryx|Elopteryx nopcsai]]'' from the Maastrichtian strata at the Nălaț-Vad locality ([[Romania]]), interpret ''E. nopcsai'' as a probable secondarily flightless avialan, and argue that ''[[Balaur bondoc]]'' might be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''E. nopcsai''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stoicescu |first1=V. |last2=Codrea |first2=V. A. |last3=Bordeianu |first3=M. |last4=Solomon |first4=A. A. |title=''Elopteryx'' at Nălaț-Vad: new theropod material described from the Hațeg Basin (Romania) |year=2024 |journal=North-Western Journal of Zoology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–80 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381164730 }}</ref>
* A study the relationship between the morphology of cervical vertebrae and dietary modes in extant and extinct birds is published by Liu ''et al.'' (2024), who report that ''[[Bohaiornis]]'', ''[[Brevirostruavis]]'' and ''[[Longipteryx]]'' had cervical morphologies resembling those of extant insectivorous or raptorial birds, while ''[[Yanornis]]'' and ''[[Iteravis]]'' had cervical morphologies closer to those of extant generalist or herbivorous birds, falling into the ecological niches of aquatic or semiaquatic birds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu |first1=B.-Y. |last2=Stidham |first2=T. A. |last3=Wang |first3=X.-P. |last4=Li |first4=Z.-H. |last5=Zhou |first5=Z.-H. |year=2024 |title=Morphometric analysis of the cervical vertebral series in extant birds with implications for Mesozoic avialan feeding ecology |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.240305 |url=https://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.240305 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the diets of members of the family [[Bohaiornithidae]] is published by Miller ''et al.'' (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that the family included taxa adapted to diverse diets, and predict the ancestral member of Enantiornithes to have been a generalist which ate a wide variety of foods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Case Vincent |last2=Bright |first2=Jen A |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaoli |last4=Zheng |first4=Xiaoting |last5=Pittman |first5=Michael |title=Synthetic analysis of trophic diversity and evolution in Enantiornithes with new insights from Bohaiornithidae |journal=eLife |date=2024 |volume=12 |at=RP89871 |doi=10.7554/eLife.89871.3|doi-access=free |pmid=38687200 |pmc=11060716 }}</ref>
* A study on the limb bone histology and growth dynamics of ''[[Musivavis|Musivavis amabilis]]'' is published by Kundrát ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kundrát |first1=M. |last2=Horváth |first2=D. |last3=Wang |first3=Z. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |year=2024 |title=Developmental distribution of osteocyte lacunae in the limb bone cortex of ''Musivavis amabilis'' with a review of bone microstructure adaptations in Enantiornithes |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105839 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105839 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805839K |s2cid=267250890 }}</ref>
* The [[Cretaceous]] fossil record of [[avialan]]s from [[Antarctica]] is reviewed by Acosta Hospitaleche ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=Carolina |last2=Irazoqui |first2=Facundo |last3=Bona |first3=Paula |last4=Paulina-Carabajal |first4=Ariana |title=Review of the Cretaceous avian diversity of Antarctica: a changing scenario for the evolution of early Neornithine birds |journal=Advances in Polar Science |date=2024 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.12429/j.advps.2023.0025}}</ref>
* A study on the antiquity of the [[crown group]] of birds is published by Brocklehurst & Field (2024), who argue that the crown group originated between 110.5 and 90.3 million years ago, and that the majority of higher-order diversification within the crown group either spanned or postdated the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=N. |last2=Field |first2=D. J. |year=2024 |title=Tip dating and Bayes factors provide insight into the divergences of crown bird clades across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2016 |at=20232618 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.2618 |pmid=38351798 |pmc=10865003 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Widrig, Navalón & Field (2024) describe the external and internal morphology of the braincase of ''[[Lithornis|Lithornis vulturinus]]'', interpret its neuroanatomy as likely similar to the neuroanatomy of the ancestral crown bird, and interpret ''L. vulturinus'' as a diurnal bird that likely was reliant on visual cues and had a well-developed sense of smell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Widrig |first1=K. E. |last2=Navalón |first2=G. |last3=Field |first3=D. J. |year=2024 |title=Paleoneurology of stem palaeognaths clarifies the plesiomorphic condition of the crown bird central nervous system |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=285 |issue=6 |at=e21710 |doi=10.1002/jmor.21710 |doi-access=free |pmid=38760949 }}</ref>
* The [[histochemistry]] of an [[ostrich]] eggshell from the [[Miocene]] [[Liushu Formation]] ([[China]]) is examined by Wu ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Qian |last2=Pan |first2=Yan-Hong |last3=Li |first3=Zhi-Heng |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhong-He |last5=Bailleul |first5=Alida M. |year=2024 |title=First histochemical examination of a Miocene ostrich eggshell with the oldest mineral-bound peptides |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=120–134 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.240329}}</ref>
* Schroeter (2024) presents a characterization of diagenetiforms in a moa proteome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schroeter |first1=E |date=2024 |title=Characterization of Diagenetiforms in an Expanded Proteome of the Extinct Moa (Dinornithidae): Identifying Biological, Diagenetic, Experimental Artifact, and Mislabeled Modifications in Degraded Tissues |url= |journal=Minerals |volume= 14|issue= 2|page=137 |doi=10.3390/min14020137 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Mine...14..137S |access-date=}}</ref>
* A draft [[genome]] of the [[little bush moa]] is presented by Edwards ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=Scott V. |last2=Cloutier |first2=Alison |last3=Cockburn |first3=Glenn |last4=Driver |first4=Robert |last5=Grayson |first5=Phil |last6=Katoh |first6=Kazutaka |last7=Baldwin |first7=Maude W. |last8=Sackton |first8=Timothy B. |last9=Baker |first9=Allan J. |title=A nuclear genome assembly of an extinct flightless bird, the little bush moa |journal=Science Advances |date=2024 |volume=10 |issue=21 |pages=eadj6823 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adj6823|pmid=38781323 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024SciA...10J6823E }}</ref>
* Fossil material of a possible member of [[Galloanserae]] is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) [[Lance Formation]] ([[Wyoming]], [[United States]]) by Brownstein (2024), who interprets this finding as supporting a cosmopolitan distribution of early crown birds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brownstein |first=C. D. |year=2024 |title=A juvenile bird with possible crown-group affinities from a dinosaur-rich Cretaceous ecosystem in North America |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=20 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02210-9 |pmid=38336630 |pmc=10858573 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...20B }}</ref>
* McInerney, Blokland & [[Trevor Worthy|Worthy]] (2024) redescribe the skull morphology of ''[[Genyornis|Genyornis newtoni]]'' and study its phylogenetic affinities, recovering the family [[Dromornithidae]] as more likely to be members of [[Anseriformes]] related to [[screamer]]s than close relatives of the family [[Gastornithidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McInerney |first1=P. L. |last2=Blokland |first2=J. C. |last3=Worthy |first3=T. H. |year=2024 |title=Skull morphology of the enigmatic ''Genyornis newtoni'' Stirling and Zeitz, 1896 (Aves, Dromornithidae), with implications for functional morphology, ecology, and evolution in the context of Galloanserae |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1093–1165 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024HBio...36.1093M }}</ref>
* A study on the vertebral column of ''[[Annakacygna|Annakacygna hajimei]]'' is published by Matsuoka, Seoka & Hasegawa (2024), who reconstruct the neck of this bird with a curve at its base that increased the buoyancy and stability of the bird's body when it was in the water by helping it to put the base of the neck with its air sacs below the water surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matsuoka |first1=H. |last2=Seoka |first2=R. |last3=Hasegawa |first3=Y. |title=Reexamination of the prepelvic vertebrae found in the holotype of ''Annakacygna hajimei'' (Aves, Anseriformes, Cygnini) revealed the adaptive morphology of vertebral column linked to the mode of life of the "ultimate bird" |journal=Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History |year=2024 |volume=28 |pages=15–44 |url=https://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin28_02.pdf }}</ref>
* A case for the validity of ''[[Miotadorna|Miotadorna catrionae]]'' is presented by Tennyson ''et al.'' (2024),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tennyson |first1=Alan J. D. |last2=Greer |first2=Liam |last3=Lubbe |first3=Pascale |last4=Marx |first4=Felix G. |last5=Giovanardi |first5=Simone |last6=Rawlence |first6=Nicolas J. |title=A response to Worthy ''et al.'' 2022. A swan-sized fossil anatid (Aves: Anatidae) from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand. ''Zootaxa'', 5168 (1), 39–50. |journal=Zootaxa |date=2024 |volume=5453 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5453.1.8}}</ref> in response to Worthy ''et al.'' (2022)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Worthy |first1=Trevor H. |last2=Scofield |first2=R. Paul |last3=Hand |first3=Suzanne J. |last4=De Pietri |first4=Vanesa L. |last5=Archer |first5=Michael |title=A swan-sized fossil anatid (Aves: Anatidae) from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand |journal=Zootaxa |date=2022 |volume=5168 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5168.1.3|pmid=36101302 }}</ref> considering it a [[junior synonym]] of ''Miotadorna sanctibathansi''.
* Evidence from the study of mitogenomes of the extant [[Brazilian merganser]] and extinct [[Auckland Island merganser]], interpreted as indicating that the studied mergansers are not sister taxa and that their ancestors moved into the [[Southern Hemisphere]] in two separate colonization events at least 7 million years ago, is presented by Rawlence ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rawlence |first1=N. J. |last2=Verry |first2=A. J. F. |last3=Cole |first3=T. L. |last4=Shepherd |first4=L. D. |last5=Tennyson |first5=A. J. D. |last6=Williams |first6=M. |last7=Wood |first7=J. R. |last8=Mitchell |first8=K. J. |year=2024 |title=Ancient mitogenomes reveal evidence for the Late Miocene dispersal of mergansers to the Southern Hemisphere |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae040 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of [[Neoaves|neoavians]], as indicated by genomic data, is published by Wu ''et al.'' (2024), who argue that the initial diversification of the crown group of birds was correlated with the rise of flowering plants in the Cretaceous, that modern birds survived the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] relatively well, and that the [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]] had a significant impact on the diversification of the seabirds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu |first1=S. |last2=Rheindt |first2=F. E. |last3=Zhang |first3=J. |last4=Wang |first4=J. |last5=Zhang |first5=L. |last6=Quan |first6=C. |last7=Li |first7=Z. |last8=Wang |first8=M. |last9=Wu |first9=F. |last10=Qu |first10=Y. |last11=Edwards |first11=S. V. |last12=Zhou |first12=Z. |last13=Liu |first13=L. |year=2024 |title=Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=121 |issue=8 |at=e2319696121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2319696121 |pmid=38346181 |pmc=10895254 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PNAS..12119696W }}</ref>
* Zelenkov (2024) describes a fragmentary humerus of a [[buttonquail]] from the Lower Pleistocene strata from the Taurida Cave (Crimea), representing the first record of a member of the family Turnicidae from Eurasia from the Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene interval.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zelenkov |first=N. V. |year=2024 |title=Unexpected Find of a Buttonquail (Aves: Charadriiformes: Turnicidae) in the Lower Pleistocene of Crimea |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |volume=513 |issue=1 supplement |pages=S1–S4 |doi=10.1134/S0012496623600148 |pmid=38190042 |s2cid=266843308 }}</ref>
* A study on the internal structure and resistance to bending forces of [[Tarsometatarsus|tarsometatarsi]] of extant and Eocene penguins is published by Jadwiszczak, Krüger & Mörs (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jadwiszczak |first1=P. |last2=Krüger |first2=A. |last3=Mörs |first3=T. |title=Fossil and modern penguin tarsometatarsi: cavities, vascularity, and resilience |journal=Integrative Zoology |year=2024 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12852 |doi-access=free |pmid=38858828 }}</ref>
* A new specimen of ''[[Palaeeudyptes]]'' is described by Xia, Pei & Li (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xia |first1=Bo-Yang |last2=Pei |first2=Jun-Ling |last3=Li |first3=Quan-Guo |title=A new penguin fossil from Seymour Island and reassessment of taxonomy and diversity of Eocene Antarctic penguins |journal=Palaeoworld |date=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2024.04.007}}</ref>
* A study on the long limb bone microstructure of extant [[king penguin]]s throughout their ontogeny is published by Canoville, Robin & de Buffrénil (2024), who find evidence of substantial intraspecific variability regardless of the ontogenetic stage, and evidence indicating that limb bones of king penguins reach adult size early in the development while their microstructure continues to change until adulthood; on the basis of their findings the authors do not consider the conclusions of Cerda, Tambussi & Degrange (2014)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cerda |first1=I. A. |last2=Tambussi |first2=C. P. |last3=Degrange |first3=F. J. |year=2014 |title=Unexpected microanatomical variation among Eocene Antarctic stem penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=549–557 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.896907 |hdl=11336/41915 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and Ksepka ''et al.'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ksepka |first1=D. T. |last2=Werning |first2=S. |last3=Sclafani |first3=M. |last4=Boles |first4=Z. M. |year=2015 |title=Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=227 |issue=5 |pages=611–630 |doi=10.1111/joa.12367 |pmid=26360700 |pmc=4609197 }}</ref> about the paleobiology of fossil penguins to be properly supported by their data.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canoville |first1=A. |last2=Robin |first2=J.-P. |last3=de Buffrénil |first3=V. |title=Ontogenetic development of limb bone microstructure in the king penguin, ''Aptenodytes patagonicus'' (Miller, 1778), with considerations for palaeoecological inferences in Sphenisciformes |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2024 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae002 }}</ref>
* The evolutionary dynamics of [[microsatellite]]s in [[Adélie penguin]]s based on both modern and ancient genetic samples (up to 46.5 thousand years old) are studied by McComish ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McComish |first1=Bennet J |last2=Charleston |first2=Michael A |last3=Parks |first3=Matthew |last4=Baroni |first4=Carlo |last5=Salvatore |first5=Maria Cristina |last6=Li |first6=Ruiqiang |last7=Zhang |first7=Guojie |last8=Millar |first8=Craig D |last9=Holland |first9=Barbara R |last10=Lambert |first10=David M |title=Ancient and Modern Genomes Reveal Microsatellites Maintain a Dynamic Equilibrium Through Deep Time |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=2024 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=evae017 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evae017|pmid=38412309 |pmc=10972684 }}</ref>
* Leoni ''et al.'' (2024) describe the first fossil material of a [[turkey vulture]] from cave deposits in northeastern Brazil, which preserves trace marks likely produced by a felid and indicating that the vulture died in the cave it was discovered in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leoni |first1=R |last2=Alves-Silva |first2=L |last3=da Costa |first3=J |last4=de Araujo-Junior |first4=H |last5=Dantas |first5=M |date=2024 |title=First fossil record of a Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) in northeast of Brazil: Taxonomy, ichnology, and taphonomic history |url= |journal=South American Earth Sciences |volume= 136|issue= |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104831 |bibcode=2024JSAES.13604831L |s2cid=267602385 |access-date=}}</ref>
* The colonization of the [[Mediterranean Basin]] by [[Bonelli's eagle]] is studied by Moleón ''et al.'' (2024), drawing on data from environmental favorability, [[genetic structure]], the fossil record, and ecological relationships with [[golden eagle]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moleón |first1=Marcos |last2=Graciá |first2=Eva |last3=García |first3=Nuria |last4=Gil-Sánchez |first4=José M. |last5=Godinho |first5=Raquel |last6=Beja |first6=Pedro |last7=Palma |first7=Luís |last8=Real |first8=Joan |last9=Hernández-Matías |first9=Antonio |last10=Muñoz |first10=A. Román |last11=Arrondo |first11=Eneko |last12=Sánchez-Zapata |first12=José A. |title=Wildlife following people: A multidisciplinary assessment of the ancient colonization of the Mediterranean Basin by a long-lived raptor |journal=People and Nature |date=2024 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1303–1319 |doi=10.1002/pan3.10642|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PeoNa...6.1303M }}</ref>
* Acosta Hospitaleche & Jones (2024) describe fossil material of a large-bodied (with an estimated body mass of around 100 kg) [[Phorusrhacidae|phorusrhacid]] or phorusrhacid-like bird from the Eocene [[La Meseta Formation]] ([[Seymour Island]], [[Antarctica]]), interpreted by the authors as likely [[apex predator]] of Antarctica during the Eocene.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=C. |last2=Jones |first2=W. |title=Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island |year=2024 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=27.1.a13 |doi=10.26879/1340 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships and on the evolution of body size and cursoriality in phorusrhacids, providing evidence of niche partitioning and competitive exclusion that controlled phorusrhacid diversity, is published by LaBarge, Gardner & Organ (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=LaBarge |first1=T. W. |last2=Gardner |first2=J. D. |last3=Organ |first3=C. L. |year=2024 |title=The evolution and ecology of gigantism in terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2021 |at=20240235 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.0235 |pmid=38654650 |pmc=11040249 |pmc-embargo-date=April 24, 2025 }}</ref>
* Acosta Hospitaleche & Jones (2024) describe partial tibiotarsus of a [[Psilopterinae|psilopterine]] phorusrhacid from the Eocene (Lutetian) Sarmiento Formation (Argentina), interpreted as belonging to a bird with an estimated body mass of approximately 5 kg.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=C. |last2=Jones |first2=W. |year=2024 |title=Insights on the oldest terror bird (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the Eocene of Argentina |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2304592 |s2cid=267475903 }}</ref>
* A [[carpometacarpus]] of a [[Cuban macaw]] is described from the [[Pleistocene]] of El Abrón Cave ([[Cuba]]) by Zelenkov (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zelenkov |first1=N. V. |title=Cuban Macaw ''Ara tricolor'' in the Upper Pleistocene of Western Cuba |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |date=2024 |volume=516 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.1134/S0012496624700947|pmid=38538825 }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Wieslochia|Wieslochia weissi]]'', ''[[Crosnoornis|Crosnoornis nargizia]]'', ''[[Jamna (bird)|Jamna szybiaki]]'', ''[[Resoviaornis|Resoviaornis jamrozi]]'' and an unnamed passerine from the Oligocene of France described by Riamon, Tourment & Louchart (2020)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Riamon |first1=S. |last2=Tourment |first2=N. |last3=Louchart |first3=A. |year=2020 |title=The earliest Tyrannida (Aves, Passeriformes), from the Oligocene of France |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |at=9776 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66149-9 |pmid=32555197 |pmc=7299954 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9776R }}</ref> is published by Lowi-Merri ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lowi-Merri |first1=T. M. |last2=Gjevori |first2=M. |last3=Bocheński |first3=Z. M. |last4=Wertz |first4=K. |last5=Claramunt |first5=S. |year=2024 |title=Total-evidence dating and the phylogenetic affinities of early fossil passerines |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2356086 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2256086L }}</ref>
* Pöllath & Peters (2024) study the composition of early Holocene bird assemblages from southeast [[Turkey]], northern [[Syria]] and northern [[Iraq]], providing evidence of changes of bird species ranges related to climatic changes during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, aridification during the Holocene and human activities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pöllath |first1=N. |last2=Peters |first2=J. |year=2024 |title=Early Neolithic avifaunal remains from southeast Anatolia provide insight into Early Holocene species distributions and long-term shifts in their range |journal=Ibis |doi=10.1111/ibi.13341 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Pterosaurs ==

=== New pterosaur taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
| ''[[Ceoptera]]''<ref name="Ceoptera">{{Cite journal |last1=Martin-Silverstone |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Unwin |first2=David M. |last3=Cuff |first3=Andrew R. |last4=Brown |first4=Emily E. |last5=Allington-Jones |first5=Lu |last6=Barrett |first6=Paul M. |date=2024-02-05 |title=A new pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland and the early diversification of flying reptiles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2298741 |issn=0272-4634|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Gen. et sp. nov
| Valid
| Martin-Silverstone ''et al.''
| [[Middle Jurassic]]
| [[Kilmaluag Formation]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A [[darwinoptera]]n. The type species is ''C. evansae''.
|
|-
|
''[[Haliskia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pentland |first1=A. H. |last2=Poropat |first2=S. F. |last3=Duncan |first3=R. J. |last4=Kellner |first4=A. W. A. |last5=Bantim |first5=R. A. M. |last6=Bevitt |first6=J. J. |last7=Tait |first7=A. M. |last8=Grice |first8=K. |title=''Haliskia peterseni'', a new anhanguerian pterosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Australia |year=2024 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=11789 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-60889-8 |doi-access=free |pmid=38866826 |pmc=11169243 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1411789P }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Pentland ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Albian)
|
[[Toolebuc Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Australia}}
|
A member of [[Anhangueria]]. The type species is ''H. peterseni''.
|[[File:Haliskia Life Restoration.png|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Torukjara]]''<ref name="Torukjara">{{Cite journal |last1=Pêgas |first1=Rodrigo V. |date=2024-06-10 |title=A taxonomic note on the tapejarid pterosaurs from the Pterosaur Graveyard site (Caiuá Group, ?Early Cretaceous of Southern Brazil): evidence for the presence of two species |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–22 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381306918 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2355664 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|Valid
|Pêgas
|[[Early Cretaceous]]
|[[Caiuá Group]]
| {{flag|Brazil}}
|A [[Tapejaridae|tapejarid]]. The type species is ''T. bandeirae.''
|[[File:Torukjara_CP.V_8175.png|frameless]]
|}

=== Pterosaur research ===
* A study on the cervical osteology of ''[[Anhanguera (pterosaur)|Anhanguera piscator]]'', ''[[Azhdarcho|Azhdarcho lancicollis]]'' and ''[[Rhamphorhynchus|Rhamphorhynchus muensteri]]'', aiming to reconstruct the cervical arthrology of pterosaurs and the position of the pterosaur neck at rest, is published by Buchmann & Rodrigues (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buchmann |first1=R. |last2=Rodrigues |first2=T. |year=2024 |title=Arthrological reconstructions of the pterosaur neck and their implications for the cervical position at rest |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e16884 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16884 |pmc=10893864 |doi-access=free |pmid=38406270 }}</ref>
* A study on the palate structure in ''[[Kunpengopterus]]'', ''[[Hongshanopterus]]'', ''[[Hamipterus]]'' and ''[[Dsungaripterus]]'', providing new information on the relations between the [[Palatine bone|palatine]], ectopterygoid, [[maxilla]] and [[Pterygoid bone|pterygoid]] in the studied pterosaurs resulting in reinterpretation of the main palatal openings, and identifying an opening bordered anteriorly by the maxilla and posteriorly by the palatine that is unique within [[Diapsid]]a and might be a [[Apomorphy and synapomorphy|synapomorphy]] of Pterosauria, is published by Chen ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen |first1=H. |last2=Jiang |first2=S. |last3=Kellner |first3=A. W. A. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |year=2024 |title=New insights into pterosaur cranial anatomy: X-ray imaging reveals palatal structure and evolutionary trends |journal=Communications Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |at=456 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06132-6 |pmid=38609453 |pmc=11014945 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the aerodynamic impact of large heads and head crests of pterosaurs is published by Henderson (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson |first=D. M. |year=2024 |title=Using your head — cranial steering in pterosaurs |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=111 |issue=3 |at=29 |doi=10.1007/s00114-024-01915-7 |pmid=38713269 |bibcode=2024SciNa.111...29H }}</ref>
* Yun (2024) uses geometric morphometric analyses to investigate the relationships of pterosaur specimens from the Early Cretaceous [[Jinju Formation|Jinju]] and [[Hasandong Formation|Hasandong]] formations (South Korea), and suggests that the material likely cannot be assigned to the [[Boreopteridae]], as had previously been assumed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yun|first=Chan-Gyu|year=2024|title=Geometric morphometric approach to establish phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic pterosaur specimens from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae|volume=20|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.06|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* So, Kim & Won (2024) describe a nearly complete skeleton of a probable member of the genus ''[[Jeholopterus]]'' from the Lower Cretaceous [[Sinuiju Formation]], representing the first pterosaur recond from [[North Korea]] reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=So |first1=K. S. |last2=Kim |first2=P. H. |last3=Won |first3=C. G. |year=2024 |title=First Articulated Rhamphorhynchoid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=57 |issue=1 supplement |pages=S90–S94 |doi=10.1134/S003103012360018X }}</ref>
* Heredia ''et al.'' (2024) describe new tracks of [[Pterodactyloidea|pterodactyloid]] pterosaurs from the [[Cenomanian]] [[Candeleros Formation]] (Argentina) with a different morphology from previously recorded tracks from this formation, interpreted as more likely produced by individuals of different ages rather than different species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heredia |first1=A. M. |last2=Díaz-Martínez |first2=I. |last3=Pazos |first3=P. J. |last4=de Valais |first4=S. |year=2024 |title=Pterosaur tracks from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Candeleros Formation of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina: Ichnotaxonomic and palaeoecological perspectives from Gondwana |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=650 |at=112338 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112338 }}</ref>
* Partial finger [[Phalanx bone|phalanx]] of a member of [[Ctenochasmatoidea]] with an estimated wingspan of at least 3 m, representing one of the first records of Jurassic pterodactyloids from the [[United Kingdom]], is described from the [[Kimmeridge Clay]] of Abingdon, Oxfordshire by Etienne ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Etienne |first1=J. L. |last2=Smith |first2=R. E. |last3=Unwin |first3=D. M. |last4=Smyth |first4=R. S. H. |last5=Martill |first5=D. M. |year=2024 |title=A 'giant' pterodactyloid pterosaur from the British Jurassic |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=335–348 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.05.002 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PrGA..135..335E }}</ref>
* Description of the anatomy of the ankle of ''[[Pterodaustro|Pterodaustro guinazui]]'' is published by Burlot ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burlot |first1=R. |last2=Codorniú |first2=L. |last3=Defend |first3=L. |last4=Laurin |first4=M. |year=2024 |title=The ankle joint of ''Pterodaustro guinazui'' |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=329–350 |doi=10.4202/app.01097.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Redescription and a study on the affinities of ''[[Haopterus|Haopterus gracilis]]'' is published by Xu, Jiang & Wang (2024), who recover ''H. gracilis'' as a member of [[Istiodactyliformes]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu |first1=Y. |last2=Jiang |first2=S. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |year=2024 |title=The restudy of ''Haopterus gracilis'' from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=162 |at=105933 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105933 }}</ref>
* Ciaffi & Bellardini (2024) describe isolated teeth of indeterminate members of [[Ornithocheiriformes]] from the [[Lohan Cura Formation]] ([[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]), providing evidence of a more abundant and diversified ornithocheiriform fauna in the south of the Neuquén Basin (at least in the [[Albian]]) than previously known.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ciaffi |first1=A. |last2=Bellardini |first2=F. |year=2024 |title=Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.4202/app.01122.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Jung & Huh (2024) describe pterosaur tracks from the [[Turonian]] Jangdong Formation ([[South Korea]]), interpreted as likely produced by small-bodied or immature [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchids]] and as probable evidence of gregariousness of the trackmakers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jung |first1=J. |last2=Huh |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=New Pterosaur Tracks from the Hwasun Seoyuri Tracksite (Turonian) of South Korea: Implications for their Ecological Niche and Habitat |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=645 |at=112218 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112218 |bibcode=2024PPP...64512218J }}</ref>

== Other archosaurs ==

=== Other archosaur research ===
* Garcia ''et al.'' (2024) describe two new [[Lagerpetidae|lagerpetid]] specimens from the [[Carnian]] strata of the upper [[Santa Maria Formation]] ([[Brazil]]), interpreted as indicative of a [[Sympatry|sympatric]] occurrence of lagerpetids representing different morphotypes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=M. S. |last2=Fonseca |first2=A. O. |last3=Doering |first3=M. |last4=da Rosa |first4=Á. A. S. |last5=Müller |first5=R. T. |year=2024 |title=A new sympatric occurrence of lagerpetids (Pan-Aves, Pterosauromorpha) in the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=140 |at=104897 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104897 |bibcode=2024JSAES.14004897G }}</ref>
* Agnolín ''et al.'' (2024) revise the anatomy of the pelvic girdle of ''[[Lagerpeton|Lagerpeton chanarensis]]'', reinterpreting it as likely to have a sprawling gait.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=F. L. |last2=Novas |first2=F. E. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |last4=Miner |first4=S. |last5=Müller |first5=R. T. |year=2024 |title=Comments on the pelvic girdle anatomy of ''Lagerpeton chanarensis'' Romer, 1971 (Archosauria) and its implications on the posture and gait of early pterosauromorphs |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=1001–1010 |doi=10.1002/ar.25389 |pmid=38263641 |s2cid=267197820 }}</ref>

== General research ==
* A study on the evolution of locomotion in [[Archosauromorpha|archosauromorph]] reptiles is published by Shipley ''et al.'' (2024), who interpret their findings as indicative of greater range in limb form and locomotor modes of dinosaurs compared to other archosauromorph groups, and argue that the ability to adopt a wider variety of limb forms and modes might have given dinosaurs a competitive advantage over pseudosuchians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shipley |first1=A. E. |last2=Elsler |first2=A. |last3=Singh |first3=S. A. |last4=Stubbs |first4=T. L. |last5=Benton |first5=M. J. |year=2024 |title=Locomotion and the early Mesozoic success of Archosauromorpha |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=11 |issue=2 |at=231495 |doi=10.1098/rsos.231495 |pmid=38328568 |pmc=10846959 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024RSOS...1131495S }}</ref>
* A study on the body size evolution of non-avian dinosaurs and Mesozoic birds is published by Wilson ''et al.'' (2024), who find no evidence that [[Bergmann's rule]] applied to the studied taxa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson |first1=L. N. |last2=Gardner |first2=J. D. |last3=Wilson |first3=J. P. |last4=Farnsworth |first4=A. |last5=Perry |first5=Z. R. |last6=Druckenmiller |first6=P. S. |last7=Erickson |first7=G. M. |last8=Organ |first8=C. L. |year=2024 |title=Global latitudinal gradients and the evolution of body size in dinosaurs and mammals |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |at=2864 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46843-2 |pmid=38580657 |pmc=10997647 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2864W }}</ref>
* Knoll, Ishikawa & Kawabe (2024) present a new method which can be used to determine the brain volume of extinct archosaurs on the basis their endocranial cavity volume.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Knoll |first1=F. |last2=Ishikawa |first2=A. |last3=Kawabe |first3=S. |year=2024 |title=A proxy for brain-to-endocranial cavity index in non-neornithean dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=532 |issue=3 |at=e25597 |doi=10.1002/cne.25597 |pmid=38588163 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Malafaia ''et al.'' (2024) revise fossils from [[Portugal]] that were historically assigned to ''[[Megalosaurus]]'', and find that the majority of this fossil material represents bones of members of different theropod groups, but also that the studied material includes stegosaurian, iguanodontian, sauropod and thalattosuchian bones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malafaia |first1=E. |last2=Mocho |first2=P. |last3=Escaso |first3=F. |last4=Narvaéz |first4=I. |last5=Ortega |first5=F. |year=2024 |title=Taxonomic and stratigraphic update of the material historically attributed to ''Megalosaurus'' from Portugal |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=127–171 |doi=10.4202/app.01113.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Dinosaur and probable crocodylomorph tracks, including some of the largest sauropod tracks worldwide, are described from the [[Bathonian]] strata in the El Mers area ([[Morocco]]) by Amzil ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amzil |first1=M. |last2=Oukassou |first2=M. |last3=Lallensack |first3=J. N. |last4=Klein |first4=H. |last5=Zafaty |first5=O. |last6=Saber |first6=H. |last7=Charrière |first7=A. |last8=Meyer |first8=C. |last9=Gierliński |first9=G. D. |year=2024 |title=New dinosaur tracks from the Middle Jurassic red beds of the Middle Atlas (Morocco): Application of photogrammetry to ichnology and conservation of geological heritage |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.06.004 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Archosaurs]]
[[Category:2024 in paleontology]]

2024 in archosaur paleontology

2024-07-10T00:45:38Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* New dinosaur taxa */

{{Short description|none}} 

{{Year nav topic5|2024|archosaur paleontology|reptile paleontology|paleontology|science}}
This article records new [[taxa]] of every kind of [[fossil]] [[archosaur]] that are scheduled to be [[Species description|described]] during 2024, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to the [[paleontology]] of archosaurs that will be published in 2024.
{{Portal|Paleontology|History of science|dinosaurs}}

== Pseudosuchians ==

=== New pseudosuchian taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
''[[Aphaurosuchus|Aphaurosuchus kaiju]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martins |first1=K. C. |last2=Queiroz |first2=M. V. |last3=Ruiz |first3=J. V. |last4=Langer |first4=M. C. |last5=Montefeltro |first5=F. C. |year=2024 |title=A new Baurusuchidae (Notosuchia, Crocodyliformes) from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), with a revised phylogenetic analysis of Baurusuchia |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=153 |at=105680 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105680 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15305680M |s2cid=261182849 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Martins ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Adamantina Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A [[Baurusuchidae|baurusuchid]]. Announced in 2023; the final article version was published in 2024.
|
|-
|
''[[Asiatosuchus|Asiatosuchus oenotriensis]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Narváez |first1=I. |last2=de Celis |first2=A. |last3=Escaso |first3=F. |last4=Martín de Jesús |first4=S. |last5=Pérez-García |first5=A. |last6=Ortega |first6=F. |title=A new Crocodyloidea from the middle Eocene of Zamora (Duero Basin, Spain) |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25422 |pmid=38444286 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
|
Narváez ''et al.''
|
Eocene (Lutetian)
|
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of [[Crocodyloidea]].
|
|-
|
''[[Caipirasuchus|Caipirasuchus catanduvensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iori |first1=F. V. |last2=Ghilardi |first2=A. M. |last3=Fernandes |first3=M. A. |last4=Dias |first4=W. A. F. |year=2024 |title=A new species of vocalizing crocodyliform (Notosuchia, Sphagesauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2364332 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
|
Iori ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Adamantina Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
|
|-
|
''[[Garzapelta]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reyes |first1=W. A. |last2=Martz |first2=J. W. |last3=Small |first3=B. J. |title=''Garzapelta muelleri'' gen. et sp. nov., a new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Late Triassic (middle Norian) middle Cooper Canyon Formation, Dockum Group, Texas, USA, and its implications on our understanding of the morphological disparity of the aetosaurian dorsal carapace |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=1271–1299 |doi=10.1002/ar.25379 |pmid=38206046 |s2cid=266931123 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Reyes, Martz & Small
|
Late Triassic (Norian)
|
[[Cooper Canyon Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|Texas}})
|
An [[aetosaur]]. The type species is ''G. muelleri''.
|
|-
|
''[[Ophiussasuchus]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=López-Rojas |first1=V. |last2=Mateus |first2=S. |last3=Marinheiro |first3=J. |last4=Mateus |first4=O. |last5=Puértolas-Pascual |first5=E. |title=A new goniopholidid crocodylomorph from the Late Jurassic of Portugal |year=2024 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=27.1.5a |doi=10.26879/1316 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
López-Rojas ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)
|
[[Lourinhã Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Portugal}}
|
A [[Goniopholididae|goniopholidid]] crocodylomorph. The type species is ''O. paimogonectes''.
|
|-
|''[[Parvosuchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Rodrigo T. |date=2024-06-20 |title=A new small-sized predatory pseudosuchian archosaur from the Middle-Late Triassic of Southern Brazil |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=12706 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-63313-3 |pmid=38902259 |pmc=11189902 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1412706M |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|
|Müller
|Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian)
|Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|A [[Gracilisuchidae|gracilisuchid]] pseudosuchian. The type species is ''P. aurelioi.''
|[[File:Parvosuchus skull.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Schultzsuchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Desojo |first1=J. B. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. M. |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic ''"Prestosuchus" loricatus'' (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=974–1000 |doi=10.1002/ar.25401 |pmid=38344898 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
|
Desojo & Rauhut
|
Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian)
|
Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A member of [[Paracrocodylomorpha]], probably belonging to the group [[Poposauroidea]]. The type species is ''"Prestosuchus" loricatus'' von Huene (1938).
|
|-
|
''[[Varanosuchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pochat-Cottilloux |first1=Yohan |last2=Lauprasert |first2=Komsorn |last3=Chanthasit |first3=Phornphen |last4=Manitkoon |first4=Sita |last5=Adrien |first5=Jérôme |last6=Lachambre |first6=Joël |last7=Amiot |first7=Romain |last8=Martin |first8=Jeremy E. |date=2024-01-09 |title=New Cretaceous neosuchians (Crocodylomorpha) from Thailand bridge the evolutionary history of atoposaurids and paralligatorids |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=In press |pages= 1–27 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad195 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad195/7513556 }}</ref>
|
Gen et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Pochat-Cottilloux ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous
|
[[Sao Khua Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Thailand}}
|
An [[atoposaurid]]. The type species is ''V. sakonnakhonensis''.
|
|}

=== General pseudosuchian research ===
* Sennikov (2024) interprets [[Ornithosuchidae|ornithosuchids]] as macrophagous predators with specialized jaw apparatus, and notes analogs between them and saber-toothed [[therapsid]]s (including mammals).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sennikov |first=A. G. |year=2024 |title=Ornithosuchidae—Early Archosaurs with a Hyperspecialized Jaw Apparatus |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124010064 |bibcode=2024PalJ...58....1S }}</ref>
* A study on the locomotion of ''[[Riojasuchus|Riojasuchus tenuisceps]]'' is published by von Baczko ''et al.'' (2024), who reconstruct ''R. tenuisceps'' as having an erect posture and parasagittal gait, but do not conclusively resolve whether it was bipedal or quadrupedal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=von Baczko |first1=M. B. |last2=Zariwala |first2=J. |last3=Ballentine |first3=S. E. |last4=Desojo |first4=J. B. |last5=Hutchinson |first5=J. R. |year=2024 |title=Biomechanical modeling of musculoskeletal function related to the terrestrial locomotion of ''Riojasuchus tenuisceps'' (Archosauria: Ornithosuchidae) |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25528 |doi-access=free |pmid=38943347 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the skull and on the neurology of ''[[Tarjadia|Tarjadia ruthae]]'' is published by Desojo ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desojo |first1=J. B. |last2=von Baczko |first2=M. B. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |last4=Fiorelli |first4=L. E. |last5=Martinelli |first5=A. G. |last6=Bona |first6=P. |last7=Trotteyn |first7=M. J. |last8=Lacerda |first8=M. |year=2024 |title=Cranial osteology and paleoneurology of ''Tarjadia ruthae'': An erpetosuchid pseudosuchian from the Triassic Chañares Formation (late Ladinian-?early Carnian) of Argentina |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=890–924 |doi=10.1002/ar.25382 |pmid=38263705 |s2cid=267198765 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Shuvosaurus|Shuvosaurus inexpectatus]]'' is published by [[Sterling Nesbitt|Nesbitt]] & [[Sankar Chatterjee|Chatterjee]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nesbitt |first1=S. J. |last2=Chatterjee |first2=S. |year=2024 |title=The osteology of ''Shuvosaurus inexpectatus'', a shuvosaurid pseudosuchian from the Upper Triassic Post Quarry, Dockum Group of Texas, USA |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=1175–1238 |doi=10.1002/ar.25376 |pmid=38258540 |doi-access=free |hdl=10919/117738 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Mastrantonio ''et al.'' (2024) describe the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of the most complete specimen of ''[[Prestosuchus|Prestosuchus chiniquensis]]'' reported to date, and revise the diagnosis for ''P. chiniquensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mastrantonio |first1=B. M. |last2=Lacerda |first2=M. B. |last3=de Farias |first3=B. D. M. |last4=Pretto |first4=F. A. |last5=Rezende |first5=L. O. |last6=Desojo |first6=J. B. |last7=Schultz |first7=C. L. |year=2024 |title=Postcranial anatomy of ''Prestosuchus chiniquensis'' (Archosauria: Loricata) from the Triassic of Brazil |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=925–956 |doi=10.1002/ar.25383 |pmid=38299218 |s2cid=267362910 }}</ref>

=== Aetosaur research ===

=== Crocodylomorph research ===
* Woodward ''et al.'' (2024) note correlation between alligator femur volume and body mass, and use femur volume to determine body mass of [[Goniopholididae|goniopholidids]], [[Dyrosauridae|dyrosaurs]], [[notosuchia]]ns and [[thalattosuchia]]ns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Woodward |first1=H. N. |last2=Aubier |first2=P. |last3=Sena |first3=M. V. A. |last4=Cubo |first4=J. |year=2024 |title=Evaluating extinct pseudosuchian body mass estimates using a femur volume-based model |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25452 |pmid=38634509 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphological diversity of the pelvic girdle of thalattosuchians and dyrosaurids throughout their evolutionary history is published by Scavezzoni ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scavezzoni |first1=I. |last2=Fischer |first2=V. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. M. |last4=Jouve |first4=S. |title=Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes) |year=2024 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=135–326 |doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a6 |hdl=2268/308796 |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/46/6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Young ''et al.'' (2024) provide higher level systematization for Thalattosuchia under both the [[PhyloCode]] and the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]], naming new taxa [[Neothalattosuchia]], [[Euthalattosuchia]] and [[Dakosaurina]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Young |first1=M. T. |last2=Wilberg |first2=E. W. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. M. |last4=Herrera |first4=Y. |last5=Brandalise de Andrade |first5=M. |last6=Brignon |first6=A. |last7=Sachs |first7=S. |last8=Abel |first8=P. |last9=Foffa |first9=D. |last10=Fernández |first10=M. S. |last11=Vignaud |first11=P. |last12=Cowgill |first12=T. |last13=Brusatte |first13=S. L. |year=2024 |title=The history, systematics, and nomenclature of Thalattosuchia (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=200 |issue=2 |pages=547–617 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad165 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad165/7513652 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of [[osteoderm]]s of ''[[Indosinosuchus]]'' and an unnamed member of [[Mesoeucrocodylia]] from the Late Jurassic Phu Noi excavation site ([[Thailand]]) is published by Bhuttarach ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhuttarach |first1=S. |last2=Deesri |first2=U. |last3=Warapeang |first3=P. |last4=Taesuk |first4=N. |last5=Lauprasert |first5=K. |year=2024 |title=Morphology of teleosaurid osteoderms from the Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=109 |issue=4 |at=102653 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2023.102653 |s2cid=267691380 }}</ref>
* Weryński ''et al.'' (2024) identify a [[Teleosauroidea|teleosauroid]] rostrum from the Częstochowa Sponge Limestone Formation ([[Poland]]) as belonging to a non-[[Machimosaurini|machimosaurin]] [[Machimosauridae|machimosaurid]] feeding on large prey, with morphological similarities to ''[[Neosteneosaurus|Neosteneosaurus edwardsi]]'' and ''[[Proexochokefalos|Proexochokefalos heberti]]'', providing evidence that such teleosauroids were present outside of Western Europe during the [[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weryński |first1=Ł. |last2=Błażejowski |first2=B. |last3=Szczygielski |first3=T. |last4=Young |first4=M. T. |year=2024 |title=The first occurrence of machimosaurid crocodylomorphs from the Oxfordian of south-central Poland provides new insights into the distribution of macrophagous teleosauroids |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17153 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17153 |pmid=38560470 |pmc=10981889 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Scheyer ''et al.'' (2024) describe teleosauroid tooth crowns associated with ichthyosaur remains (with scavenging traces also produced by a teleosauroid) from the [[Bajocian]] [[Hauptrogenstein Formation]] ([[Switzerland]]), representing the oldest fossil material of a member of the tribe Machimosaurini reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scheyer |first1=T. M. |last2=Johnson |first2=M. M. |last3=Bastiaans |first3=D. |last4=Miedema |first4=F. |last5=Maxwell |first5=E. E. |last6=Klug |first6=C. |year=2024 |title=Oldest record of Machimosaurini (Thalattosuchia, Teleosauroidea): teeth and scavenging traces from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Switzerland |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=11 |issue=4 |at=240071 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240071 |pmid=38601027 |pmc=11004672 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024RSOS...1140071S }}</ref>
* Hua, Liston & Tabouelle (2024) describe a specimen of ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'' [[cf.]] ''superciliosus'' from the [[Callovian]] strata from the "Vaches Noires" cliffs of Villers-sur-Mer ([[France]]), preserved with gastric contents that include remains of the gill apparatus of ''[[Leedsichthys]]'', and interpret the studied specimen as providing evidence of ''Metriorhynchus'' scavenging on the remains of ''Leedsichthys''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hua |first1=S. |last2=Liston |first2=J. |last3=Tabouelle |first3=J. |title=The Diet of ''Metriorhynchus'' (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae): Additional Discoveries and Paleoecological Implications |year=2024 |journal=Fossil Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.3390/fossils2010002 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the bone histology of ''[[Araripesuchus|Araripesuchus buitreraensis]]'', providing evidence of generally slow, annually interrupted growth rate, is published by Navarro ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Navarro |first1=T. G. |last2=Cerda |first2=I. A. |last3=Fernández Dumont |first3=M. L. |last4=Apesteguía |first4=S. |last5=Pol |first5=D. |year=2024 |title=New data on the bone histology of ''Araripesuchus buitreraensis'' (Crocodylomorpha: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Argentinean Patagonia |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2301140 |s2cid=266948988 }}</ref>
* Evidence of a continuous and coordinated tooth replacement in ''[[Armadillosuchus|Armadillosuchus arrudai]]'', ensuring that the animal would not lose too many teeth simultaneously and that its feeding abilities were not affected by tooth loss, is presented by Borsoni, Carvalho & Marinho (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borsoni |first1=B. T. |last2=Carvalho |first2=I. S. |last3=Marinho |first3=T. S. |title=''Armadillosuchus arrudai'' (Sphagesauridae, Crocodyliformes), Adamantina Formation (Turonian - Santonian), Bauru Basin, southeastern Brazil: Dental development aspects |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105838 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105838 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805838D |s2cid=267077357 }}</ref>
* Dos Santos ''et al.'' (2024) describe the skeletal anatomy of the most complete juvenile [[Baurusuchidae|baurusuchid]] specimen reported to date, and report evidence of differences in skull ornamentation and muscle development between juvenile and adult baurusuchid specimens which might be indicative of [[Ontogeny|ontogenetic]] [[niche partition]]ing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=dos Santos |first1=D. M. |last2=de Carvalho |first2=J. C. |last3=de Oliveira |first3=C. E. M. |last4=de Andrade |first4=M. B. |last5=Santucci |first5=R. M. |title=Cranial and postcranial anatomy of a juvenile baurusuchid (Notosuchia, Crocodylomorpha) and the taxonomical implications of ontogeny |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25419 |pmid=38429867 |s2cid=268121558 }}</ref>
* Fossil material of a [[Goniopholididae|goniopholidid]], interpreted as a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] form that shared several anatomical traits with derived members of the group, is described from the Lower Cretaceous [[Kitadani Formation]] ([[Japan]]) by Obuse & Shibata (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Obuse |first1=S. |last2=Shibata |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=New goniopholidid specimens from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation, Tetori Group, Japan |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=110 |issue=1 |at=102661 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2023.102661 |bibcode=2024AnPal.11002661O |s2cid=268190726 }}</ref>
* Forêt ''et al.'' (2024) study factors driving [[tethysuchia]]n evolution, reporting evidence of a turnover after the [[Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event]] when a dyrosaurid-dominated fauna replaced a [[Pholidosauridae|pholidosaurid]]-dominated one, of increased tethysuchian biodiversity after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], and of a positive correlation between body length and temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Forêt |first1=T. |last2=Aubier |first2=P. |last3=Jouve |first3=S. |last4=Cubo |first4=J. |year=2024 |title=Biotic and abiotic factors and the phylogenetic structure of extinction in the evolution of Tethysuchia |journal=Paleobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=285–307 |doi=10.1017/pab.2024.5 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Pbio...50..285F }}</ref>
* Rocchi & Vila (2024) describe fossil material of ''[[Allodaposuchus]]'' [[cf.]] ''subjuniperus'' from the lower [[Maastrichtian]] deposits of the Suterranya-Mina de lignit locality ([[La Posa Formation]]; Lleida, [[Spain]]), providing evidence of the presence of a third early Maastrichtian species of ''Allodaposuchus'' (in addition to ''A. palustris'' and ''A. hulki'') in the Tremp Group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rocchi |first1=R. |last2=Vila |first2=B. |year=2024 |title=New eusuchian cranial remains from the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Pyrenees |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2350551 }}</ref>
* Yates & Stein (2024) interpret ''[[Ultrastenos|Ultrastenos willisi]]'' and ''"Baru" huberi'' as [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]], but maintain ''Ultrastenos'' as a distinct [[Mekosuchinae|mekosuchine]] genus, resulting in a new combination ''Ultrastenos huberi''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yates |first1=A. M. |last2=Stein |first2=M. |title=A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of ''Ultrastenos willisi'' Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia |year=2024 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=27.1.a22 |doi=10.26879/1355 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Redescription of ''[[Arambourgia|Arambourgia gaudryi]]'' is published by Conedera ''et al.'' (2024), who recover ''A. gaudryi'' as an [[Alligatorinae|alligatorine]], and interpret it as a semi-terrestrial animal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Conedera |first1=D. |last2=Pochat-Cottilloux |first2=Y. |last3=Rinder |first3=N. |last4=Adrien |first4=J. |last5=Martin |first5=J. E. |year=2024 |title=An anatomical reappraisal of the dwarf crocodylian ''Arambourgia gaudryi'' from the Eocene of Quercy (France) using CT data and its implications for the phylogeny and paleoecology of basally branching alligatoroids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2313612 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2313612 }}</ref>
* Redescription of ''[[Crocodylus palaeindicus]]'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of members of [[Crocodyloidea]] is published by Chabrol ''et al.'' (2024), who consider ''Crocodylus sivalensis'' to be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''C. palaeindicus'', find evidence of a close relationship of ''[[Crocodylus checchiai]]'' and ''[[Crocodylus falconensis]]'' with extant American crocodiles, recover ''[[Kinyang (reptile)|Kinyang]]'' as a [[Crocodylinae|crocodyline]] rather than [[Osteolaeminae|osteolaemine]], recover ''[[Albertosuchus|Albertosuchus knudsenii]]'', ''[[Prodiplocynodon|Prodiplocynodon langi]]'' and ''[["Crocodylus" affinis]]'' outside Crocodyloidea, and consider an [[Alligatoroidea|alligatoroid]] placement for the clade [[Orientalosuchina]] to be highly labile.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chabrol |first1=N. |last2=Jukar |first2=A. M. |last3=Patnaik |first3=R. |last4=Mannion |first4=P. D. |year=2024 |title=Osteology of ''Crocodylus palaeindicus'' from the late Miocene–Pleistocene of South Asia and the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2313133 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2313133 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2213133C }}</ref>

== Non-avian dinosaurs ==

=== New dinosaur taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
''[[Baiyinosaurus]]''<ref name="Baiyinosaurus">{{Cite journal |last1=Ning |first1=Li |last2=Maidment |first2=Susannah C. R. |author-link2=Susannah Maidment |last3=Daqing |first3=Li |last4=Hailu |first4=You |last5=Guangzhao |first5=Peng |date=2024-07-02 |title=A new stegosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Middle Jurassic of Gansu Province, China |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15241 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-66280-x |pmid=38956140 |pmc=11219857 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1415241N |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Ning ''et al.''
|
Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)
|
[[Wangjiashan Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[stegosauria]]n. The type species is ''B. baojiensis''.
|[[File:Baiyinosaurus baojiensis.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Chakisaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alvarez Nogueira |first1=R. |last2=Rozadilla |first2=S. |last3=Agnolín |first3=F. L. |last4=Garcia Marsà |first4=J. A. |last5=Motta |first5=M. J. |last6=Novas |first6=F. E. |title=A new ornithopod from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Implications on elasmarian postcranial anatomy |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=159 |at=105874 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105874 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15905874N }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Alvarez Nogueira ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|
[[Huincul Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
An [[elasmaria]]n ornithopod. The type species is ''C. nekul''.
|[[File:Chakisaurus UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Comptonatus]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Datai]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xing |first1=L. |last2=Niu |first2=K. |last3=Mallon |first3=J. |last4=Miyashita |first4=T. |year=2024 |title=A new armored dinosaur with double cheek horns from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern China |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Paleontology |volume=11 |pages=113–132 |doi=10.18435/vamp29396 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29396 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Xing ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Turonian-Early Coniacian)
|
[[Zhoutian Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
An [[ankylosaurid]]. The type species is ''D. yingliangis''.
|[[File:Datai (type specimen block).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Diuqin]]''<ref name=Diuqin>{{Cite journal |last1=Porfiri |first1=Juan D. |last2=Baiano |first2=Mattia A. |last3=dos Santos |first3=Domenica D. |last4=Gianechini |first4=Federico A. |last5=Pittman |first5=Michael |last6=Lamanna |first6=Matthew C. |date=2024-06-14 |title=''Diuqin lechiguanae'' gen. et sp. nov., a new unenlagiine (Theropoda: Paraves) from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Neuquén Group, Upper Cretaceous) of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=77 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02247-w |doi-access=free |pmid=38872101 |pmc=11177497 |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...77P |issn=2730-7182}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Porfiri ''et al''.
|
Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
|
[[Bajo de la Carpa Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[unenlagiine]] theropod. The type species is ''D. lechiguanae''.
|[[File:Diuqin humerus (MUCPv 1401-4).png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Dornraptor]]''<ref name="Dornraptor">{{Cite journal |last=Baron |first=Matthew G. |date=2024-04-29 |title=A new name for old bones: A reassessment of Early Jurassic theropod remains from Dorset, England |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5067-on-an-early-jurassic-theropod |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.26879/1346 |issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Baron
|
Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian)
|
[[Blue Lias Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
An [[averostra]]n theropod. The type species is ''D. normani''.
|[[File:Merosaurus.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Eoneophron]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Atkins-Weltman |first1=K. L. |last2=Simon |first2=D. J. |last3=Woodward |first3=H. N. |last4=Funston |first4=G. F. |last5=Snively |first5=E. |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the end-Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of North America |year=2024 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=1 |at=e0294901 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0294901 |pmid=38266012 |pmc=10807829 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1994901A }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Atkins-Weltman ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|
[[Hell Creek Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|South Dakota}})
|
A [[Caenagnathidae|caenagnathid]] theropod. The type species is ''E. infernalis''.
|[[File:Eoneophron infernalis.png|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Fona]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avrahami |first1=Haviv M. |last2=Makovicky |first2=Peter J. |last3=Tucker |first3=Ryan T. |last4=Zanno |first4=Lindsay E. |date=2024-07-09 |title=A new semi-fossorial thescelosaurine dinosaur from the Cenomanian-age Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah |url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25505 |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |doi=10.1002/ar.25505 |issn=1932-8486}}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|
|Avrahami ''et al.''
|Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
|[[Cedar Mountain Formation]]
|{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|Utah}})
|A [[Thescelosauridae|thescelosaurid]] ornithischian. The type species is ''F. herzogae.''
|
|-
|
''[[Gandititan]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han |first1=F. |last2=Yang |first2=L. |last3=Lou |first3=F. |last4=Sullivan |first4=C. |last5=Xu |first5=X. |last6=Qiu |first6=W. |last7=Liu |first7=H. |last8=Yu |first8=J. |last9=Wu |first9=R. |last10=Ke |first10=Y. |last11=Xu |first11=M. |last12=Hu |first12=J. |last13=Lu |first13=P. |year=2024 |title=A new titanosaurian sauropod, ''Gandititan cavocaudatus'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2293038 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2293038H |s2cid=267107071 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Han ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|[[Zhoutian Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''G. cavocaudatus''.
|[[File:Gandititan UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Hesperonyx]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rotatori |first1=F. M. |last2=Ferrari |first2=L. |last3=Sequero |first3=C. |last4=Camilo |first4=B. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Moreno-Azanza |first6=M. |title=An unexpected early-diverging iguanodontian dinosaur (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2310066 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2310066 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Rotatori ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic
|
[[Lourinhã Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Portugal}}
|
An early diverging [[iguanodontia]]n ornithopod, possibly a [[dryomorpha]]n. The type species is ''H. martinhotomasorum''.
|[[File:Hesperonyx UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Inawentu]]''<ref name="Inawentu">{{Cite journal |last1=Filippi |first1=Leonardo S. |last2=Juárez Valieri |first2=Rubén D. |last3=Gallina |first3=Pablo A. |last4=Méndez |first4=Ariel H. |last5=Gianechini |first5=Federico A. |last6=Garrido |first6=Alberto C. |date=2024 |title=A rebbachisaurid-mimicking titanosaur and evidence of a Late Cretaceous faunal disturbance event in South-West Gondwana |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=154 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105754 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15405754F |s2cid=264792693 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Filippi ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
|
[[Bajo de la Carpa Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''I. oslatus''. Announced in 2023; the final article version was published in 2024.
|[[File:Inawentu oslatus.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Jingiella]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ren |first1=X.-X. |last2=Wang |first2=X.-R. |last3=Ji |first3=Y.-N. |last4=Guo |first4=Z. |last5=Ji |first5=Q. |year=2024 |title=The first mamenchisaurid from the Upper Jurassic Dongxing Formation of Guangxi, southernmost China |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2309287 |s2cid=267947729 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Ren ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic
|
[[Dongxing Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Mamenchisauridae|mamenchisaurid]] sauropod. The type species is ''J. dongxingensis''. The initially proposed name is preoccupied by ''[[Jingia]]'' Chen, 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/heliothinae/jingia/ | title=Jingia }}</ref> The replacement name was published in an addendum.<ref name="Addendum">{{Cite journal |date=2024-04-15 |title=Addendum |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2024.2325806 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |pages=1 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2325806 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|[[File:Jingiella UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Kiyacursor]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Averianov |first1=A. O. |last2=Skutschas |first2=P. P. |last3=Atuchin |first3=A. A. |last4=Slobodin |first4=D. A. |last5=Feofanova |first5=O. A. |last6=Vladimirova |first6=O. N. |year=2024 |title=The last ceratosaur of Asia: a new noasaurid from the Early Cretaceous Great Siberian Refugium |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2023 |at=20240537 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.0537 |pmid=38747705 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Averianov ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
|
[[Ilek Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Russia}} ({{Flag|Kemerovo Oblast}})
|
A [[Noasauridae|noasaurid]] theropod. The type species is ''K. longipes''.
|
[[File:Kiyacursor PM (white bg).png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Koleken]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pol |first1=Diego |last2=Baiano |first2=Mattia Antonio |last3=Černý |first3=David |last4=Novas |first4=Fernando E. |last5=Cerda |first5=Ignacio A. |last6=Pittman |first6=Michael |date=2024-05-21 |title=A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria |journal=Cladistics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=307–356 |language=en |doi=10.1111/cla.12583 |pmid=38771085 |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Pol ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
|
[[La Colonia Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
An [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] theropod. The type species is ''K. inakayali.''
|
|-
|
''[[Lokiceratops]]''<ref name="Lokiceratops">{{Cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=Mark A. |last2=Sertich |first2=Joseph J. W. |last3=Sampson |first3=Scott |author-link3=Scott D. Sampson |last4=O’Connor |first4=Jingmai K. |author-link4=Jingmai O'Connor |last5=Carpenter |first5=Savhannah |last6=Sisson |first6=Brock |last7=Øhlenschlæger |first7=Anna |last8=Farke |first8=Andrew A. |last9=Makovicky |first9=Peter J. |last10=Longrich |first10=Nick |last11=Evans |first11=David C. |author-link11=David C. Evans (paleontologist) |date=2024-06-20 |title=''Lokiceratops rangiformis'' gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana reveals rapid regional radiations and extreme endemism within centrosaurine dinosaurs |journal=[[PeerJ]] |language=en |volume=12 |pages=e17224 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17224 |doi-access=free |pmid=38912046 |pmc=11193970 |issn=2167-8359 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Loewen ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
|
[[Judith River Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|Montana}})
|
An [[centrosaurine]] ceratopsian. The type species is ''L. rangiformis.''
|
[[File:Lokiceratops rangiformis.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Minqaria]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Longrich |first1=N. R. |last2=Pereda-Suberbiola |first2=X. |last3=Bardet |first3=N. |last4=Jalil |first4=N.-E. |title=A new small duckbilled dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Morocco and dinosaur diversity in the late Maastrichtian of North Africa |year=2024 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=3665 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-53447-9 |pmid=38351204 |pmc=10864364 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.3665L }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Longrich ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
|
[[Ouled Abdoun Basin]]
|
{{Flag|Morocco}}
|
A [[Lambeosaurinae|lambeosaurine]] [[Hadrosauridae|hadrosaurid]] belonging to the tribe [[Arenysaurini]]. The type species is ''M. bata''.
|[[File:Minqaria.png|frameless]]
|-
| ''[[Musankwa]]''<ref name="Musankwa">{{Cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Paul M. |author-link1=Paul Barrett (palaeobiologist) |last2=Chapelle |first2=Kimberley E.J. |last3=Sciscio |first3=Lara |last4=Broderick |first4=Timothy J. |last5=Zondo |first5=Michel |last6=Munyikwa |first6=Darlington |last7=Choiniere |first7=Jonah N. |title=A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe |journal=[[Acta Palaeontologica Polonica]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=227–241 |doi=10.4202/app.01100.2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Gen. et sp. nov
|
| Barrett ''et al.''
| [[Late Triassic]] ([[Norian]])
| [[Pebbly Arkose Formation]]
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| A [[massopoda]]n sauropodomorph. The type species is ''M. sanyatiensis''.
|[[File:Musankwa Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Riojavenatrix]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isasmendi |first1=E. |last2=Cuesta |first2=E. |last3=Díaz-Martínez |first3=I. |last4=Company |first4=J. |last5=Sáez-Benito |first5=P. |last6=Viera |first6=L. I. |last7=Torices |first7=A. |last8=Pereda-Suberbiola |first8=P. |year=2024 |title=Increasing the theropod record of Europe: a new basal spinosaurid from the Enciso Group of the Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain). Evolutionary implications and palaeobiodiversity |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad193 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad193/7564790 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Isasmendi ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian)
|
[[Enciso Group]]
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A [[Spinosauridae|spinosaurid]] theropod. The type species is ''R. lacustris''.
|[[File:Riojavenatrix UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Sidersaura]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lerzo |first1=Lucas Nicolás |last2=Gallina |first2=Pablo Ariel |last3=Canale |first3=Juan Ignacio |last4=Otero |first4=Alejandro |last5=Carballido |first5=José Luis |last6=Apesteguía |first6=Sebastián |last7=Makovicky |first7=Peter Juraj |date=2024-01-03 |title=The last of the oldies: a basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2297914 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2297914 |s2cid=266865502 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Lerzo ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)
|
[[Huincul Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[Rebbachisauridae|rebbachisaurid]] sauropod. The type species is ''S. marae''.
|[[File:Sidersaura UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Thyreosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zafaty |first1=Omar |last2=Oukassou |first2=Mostafa |last3=Riguetti |first3=Facundo |last4=Company |first4=Julio |last5=Bendrioua |first5=Saad |last6=Tabuce |first6=Rodolphe |last7=Charrière |first7=André |last8=Pereda-Suberbiola |first8=Xabier |date=2024-03-29 |title=A new stegosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) with a remarkable dermal armour from the Middle Jurassic of North Africa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X24000674 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=131 |pages=344–362 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.03.009 |bibcode=2024GondR.131..344Z |issn=1342-937X}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Zafaty ''et al.''
|
Middle Jurassic
|
[[El Mers Group]]
|
{{Flag|Morocco}}
|
A [[stegosauria]]n. The type species is ''T. atlasicus.''
|[[File:Thyreosaurus Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Tiamat valdecii|Tiamat]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pereira |first1=P. V. L. G. C. |last2=Bandeira |first2=K. L. N. |last3=Vidal |first3=L. S. |last4=Ribeiro |first4=T. B. |last5=Candeiro |first5=C. R. A. |last6=Bergqvist |first6=L. P. |title=A new sauropod species from north-western Brazil: biomechanics and the radiation of Titanosauria (Sauropoda: Somphospondyli) |year=2024 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae054 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Pereira ''et al.''
|
Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)
|
[[Açu Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''T. valdecii''.
|[[File:Tiamat Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
| ''[[Tietasaura]]''<ref name=Bandeira />
| Gen. et sp. nov
|
| Bandeira ''et al.''
| Early Cretaceous ([[Valanginian]]–[[Hauterivian]])
| [[Marfim Formation]]
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| An elasmarian ornithopod. The type species is ''T. derbyiana''.
|[[File:Tietasaura Skeletal.svg|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Titanomachya]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Moreno |first1=A. |last2=Salgado |first2=L. |last3=Carballido |first3=J. L. |last4=Otero |first4=A. |last5=Pol |first5=D. |year=2024 |title=A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
|
Pérez-Moreno ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
|
[[La Colonia Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is ''T. gimenezi''.
|
|-
|
''[[Tyrannosaurus#Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis|Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dalman |first1=S. G |last2=Loewen |first2=M. A. |last3=Pyron |first3=R. A. |last4=Jasinski |first4=S. E. |last5=Malinzak |first5=D. E. |last6=Lucas |first6=S. G. |last7=Fiorillo |first7=A. R. |last8=Currie |first8=P. J. |last9=Longrich |first9=N. R. |date=2024 |title=A giant tyrannosaur from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of southern North America and the evolution of tyrannosaurid gigantism |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |at=Article number 22124 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-47011-0 |pmid=38212342 |pmc=10784284 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Dalman ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)
|
[[Hall Lake Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}} ({{Flag|New Mexico}})
|
A [[tyrannosaurine]]; a species of ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.
|
[[File:Tyrannosaurus_mcraeensis_(skull_reconstruction).png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Udelartitan]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Soto |first1=M. |last2=Carballido |first2=J. L. |last3=Langer |first3=M. C. |last4=Silva Junior |first4=J. C. G. |last5=Montenegro |first5=F. |last6=Perea |first6=D. |title=Phylogenetic relationships of a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Uruguay |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=160 |at=105894 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105894 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16005894S }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Soto ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Guichón Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
A titanosaur sauropod belonging to the group [[Saltasauroidea]]. The type species is ''U. celeste''.
|[[File:Udelartitan UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Vectidromeus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Longrich |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |last3=Munt |first3=Martin |last4=Green |first4=Mick |last5=Penn |first5=Mark |last6=Smith |first6=Shaun |date=2024 |title=Vectidromeus insularis, a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123002355 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=154 |pages=105707 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105707 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15405707L |s2cid=261933503 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Longrich ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
|
[[Wessex Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
A [[hypsilophodont]]id. The type species is ''V. insularis.'' Announced in 2023; the final article version was published in 2024.
|
[[File:Vectidromeus UDL.png|frameless]]
|-
|
''[[Yanbeilong]]''<ref name="Yanbeilong2">{{Cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Lei |last2=Li |first2=Ning |last3=Dong |first3=Liyang |last4=Shi |first4=Jianru |last5=Kang |first5=Zhishuai |last6=Wang |first6=Suozhu |last7=Xu |first7=Shichao |last8=You |first8=Hailu |date=2024-01-31 |title=A new stegosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2308214 |s2cid=267465456 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Jia ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Albian)
|
[[Zuoyun Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A stegosaurian. The type species is ''Y. ultimus''.
|[[File:Yanbeilong ultimus.png|frameless]]
|}

=== General non-avian dinosaur research ===
* Review of studies on the phylogenetic relationships of main dinosaur groups from the preceding years is published by Lovegrove, Upchurch & Barrett (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lovegrove |first1=J. |last2=Upchurch |first2=P. |last3=Barrett |first3=P. M. |year=2024 |title=Untangling the tree or unravelling the consensus? Recent developments in the quest to resolve the broad-scale relationships within Dinosauria |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2345333 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2345333 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JSPal..2245333L }}</ref>
* Evidence indicating that the evolution of rostral keratin cover was associated with partial tooth reduction throughout the evolutionary history of dinosaurs, but does not explain the complete loss of teeth in dinosaur lineages, is presented by Aguilar-Pedrayes, Gardner & Organ (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Pedrayes |first1=I. |last2=Gardner |first2=J. D. |last3=Organ |first3=C. L. |year=2024 |title=The coevolution of rostral keratin and tooth distribution in dinosaurs |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2015 |at=20231713 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1713 |doi-access=free |pmid=38229513 |pmc=10792295 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary rates of biting mechanics in herbivorous dinosaurs is published by Kunz and Sakamoto (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that biomechanic evolution rates can reveal ecological signatures in different lineages and ontogenetic stages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kunz |first1=C |last2=Sakamoto |first2=M |date=2024 |title=Elevated evolutionary rates of biting biomechanics reveal patterns of extraordinary craniodental adaptations in some herbivorous dinosaurs |url= |journal=Palaeontology |volume= 67|issue= 1|page=12689 |doi=10.1111/pala.12689 |access-date=|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Palgy..6712689K }}</ref>
* Caspar ''et al.'' (2024) present revised estimates of [[encephalization]] and [[telencephalic]] [[neuron]] counts in dinosaurs, contesting neuron count and relative brain size estimates presented in the study of [[Suzana Herculano-Houzel|Herculano-Houzel]] (2023),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herculano-Houzel |first=S.|title=Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons|journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology|year=2023|volume=531|issue=9|pages=962–974|doi=10.1002/cne.25453|pmid=36603059|s2cid=249994109 }}</ref> and in particular contesting estimates of exceptional neuron counts and relative brain size in large-bodied theropods compared to other dinosaurs presented by the cited author.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caspar |first1=K. R. |last2=Gutiérrez-Ibáñez |first2=C. |last3=Bertrand |first3=O. C. |last4=Carr |first4=T. |last5=Colbourne |first5=J. A. D. |last6=Erb |first6=A. |last7=George |first7=H. |last8=Holtz |first8=T. R. |last9=Naish |first9=D. |last10=Wylie |first10=D. R. |last11=Hurlburt |first11=G. R. |year=2024 |title=How smart was ''T. rex''? Testing claims of exceptional cognition in dinosaurs and the application of neuron count estimates in palaeontological research |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25459 |doi-access=free |pmid=38668805 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the dinosaurian climatic niche landscape throughout the Mesozoic is published by Chiarenza ''et al.'' (2024), who report that the distribution of sauropodomorphs indicates their preference for warm environments, while ornithischians and theropods explored a broader range of environments with varied climates, and interpret the colonization of areas with colder climates by theropods since the Early Jurassic as likely related to the evolution of endothermy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chiarenza |first1=A. A. |last2=Cantalapiedra |first2=J. L. |last3=Jones |first3=L. A. |last4=Gamboa |first4=S. |last5=Galván |first5=S. |last6=Farnsworth |first6=A. J. |last7=Valdes |first7=P. J. |last8=Sotelo |first8=G. |last9=Varela |first9=S. |title=Early Jurassic origin of avian endothermy and thermophysiological diversity in dinosaurs |year=2024 |journal=Current Biology |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2517–2527.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.051 |pmid=38754424 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Putative bone fragments of large-bodied dinosaurs from [[Rhaetian]] strata in [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[United Kingdom]] are reinterpreted as fossil material of large-bodied [[ichthyosaur]]s by Perillo & Sander (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perillo |first1=M. |last2=Sander |first2=P. M. |year=2024 |title=The dinosaurs that weren't: osteohistology supports giant ichthyosaur affinity of enigmatic large bone segments from the European Rhaetian |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17060 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17060 |pmid=38618574 |pmc=11011611 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Romilio ''et al''. (2024) describe dinosaur tracks from the Early Jurassic ([[Sinemurian]]) [[Razorback Beds]] (Australia), representing the oldest dinosaur tracks from the country to date.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Romilio|first1= A.|last2= Dick|first2=R.|last3=Skinner|first3=H.|last4= Millar|first4=J.|year=2024|title= Uncovering hidden footprints: revision of the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) Razorback Beds – home to Australia's earliest reported dinosaur trackway|journal= Historical Biology|pages= 1–8|doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2320184|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Troiano ''et al.'' (2024) report the discovery of an association of Early Cretaceous dinosaur tracks and [[petroglyph]]s from the Serrote do Letreiro Site ([[Brazil]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Troiano |first1=L. P. |last2=dos Santos |first2=H. B. |last3=Aureliano |first3=T. |last4=Ghilardi |first4=A. M. |year=2024 |title=A remarkable assemblage of petroglyphs and dinosaur footprints in Northeast Brazil |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=6528 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-56479-3 |pmid=38499621 |pmc=10948842 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.6528T }}</ref>
* Review of the fossil record of Late Triassic and Jurassic dinosaurs from [[India]] is published by Khosla & [[Spencer G. Lucas|Lucas]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khosla |first1=A. |last2=Lucas |first2=S. G. |year=2024 |title=Triassic-Jurassic dinosaurs from India, their ages and palaeobiogeographic significance |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2336992 }}</ref>
*[[Susannah Maidment|Maidment]] (2024) describes the diversity of dinosaurs from the upper [[Morrison Formation]] (United States) in time and space, and finds evidence supporting [[cladogenesis]] as a means of increasing [[diplodocine]] diversity over time, as well as spatial segregation of ''[[Allosaurus]]'' and ''[[Camarasaurus]]'' species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maidment|first=S.C.R.|year=2024|title=Diversity through time and space in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|at= e2326027|doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027}}</ref>
* Bandeira ''et al.'' (2024) revise dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous Massacará and Ilhas groups (Recôncavo Basin, [[Brazil]]) collected between 1859 and 1906, and interpret the studied fossils as indicative of the presence of an Early Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage including theropods, sauropods and ornithopods.<ref name=Bandeira>{{Cite journal|last1=Bandeira |first1=K. L. N. |last2=Navarro |first2=B. A. |last3=Pêgas |first3=R. V. |last4=Brilhante |first4=N. S. |last5=Brum |first5=A. S. |last6=de Souza |first6=L. G. |last7=da Silva |first7=R. C. |last8=Gallo |first8=V. |year=2024 |title=A reassessment of the historical fossil findings from Bahia State (Northeast Brazil) reveals a diversified dinosaur fauna in the Lower Cretaceous of South America |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[James I. Kirkland|Kirkland]] ''et al''. (2024) describe the biodiversity of Cretaceous dinosaurs from [[Utah]] (United States).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirkland|first1=J.I.|last2=Sertich|first2=J.J.W.|last3=Titus|first3=A.L.|year=2024|title=Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Nonmarine Cretaceous of Utah|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=545|issue=1 |page=211 |doi=10.1144/SP545-2023-211|bibcode=2024GSLSP.545..211K }}</ref>
* A study on the diversification of non-avian dinosaurs, inferred from available dinosaur phylogenies, is published by Allen ''et al.'' (2024), who find it impossible to decisively conclude whether dinosaurs experienced a decline in diversity before the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] on the basis of available data, noting the impact of the phylodynamic models used in the study (specifically their assumptions about sampling and changes in the number of species through time) on estimates of dinosaur evolutionary rates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=B. J. |last2=Volkova Oliveira |first2=M. V. |last3=Stadler |first3=T. |last4=Vaughan |first4=T. G. |last5=Warnock |first5=R. C. M. |year=2024 |title=Mechanistic phylodynamic models do not provide conclusive evidence that non-avian dinosaurs were in decline before their final extinction |journal=Cambridge Prisms: Extinction |volume=2 |at=e6 |doi=10.1017/ext.2024.5 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/669070 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Saurischian research ===
* A study on the [[Femur|femoral]] histology of amniotes from the Triassic [[Ischigualasto Formation]] ([[Argentina]]), including early dinosaurs ''[[Chromogisaurus|Chromogisaurus novasi]]'', ''[[Eodromaeus|Eodromaeus murphi]]'', ''[[Eoraptor|Eoraptor lunensis]]'', ''[[Herrerasaurus|Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis]]'' and ''[[Sanjuansaurus|Sanjuansaurus gordilloi]]'', is published by [[Kristina Curry Rogers|Curry Rogers]] ''et al.'' (2024), who find that early dinosaurs known from this formation grew at least as quickly as sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs from the later Mesozoic, and that their elevated growth rates did not set them apart from other amniotes living at the same time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curry Rogers |first1=K. |last2=Martínez |first2=R. N. |last3=Colombi |first3=C. |last4=Rogers |first4=R. R. |last5=Alcober |first5=O. |title=Osteohistological insight into the growth dynamics of early dinosaurs and their contemporaries |year=2024 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=4 |at=e0298242 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0298242 |pmid=38568908 |pmc=10990230 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1998242C }}</ref>
* Paio et al. (2024) describe a new [[rib]] fragment from the Campanian–Maastrichtian aged [[Marília Formation]] ([[Brazil]]), and interpret it as representing an indeterminate [[saurischian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paio |first1=Vinícius José Maróstica |last2=Jurigan |first2=Isabela |last3=Delcourt |first3=Rafael |last4=de Faria |first4=Rafael Souza |last5=Batezelli |first5=Alessandro |last6=Ricardi-Branco |first6=Fresia |date=2024-08-01 |title=Taphonomy and paleohistology of a dinosaur rib from Marília Formation, Bauru Group, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667124000727 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=160 |pages=105899 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105899 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16005899P |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>

==== Theropod research ====
* A study on the femoral shape variation in theropods, providing evidence of evolution of similar adaptations to gigantism in large-bodied theropods regardless of their phylogenetic affinities, is published by Pintore ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pintore |first1=R. |last2=Hutchinson |first2=J. R. |last3=Bishop |first3=P. J. |last4=Tsai |first4=H. P. |last5=Houssaye |first5=A. |year=2024 |title=The evolution of femoral morphology in giant non-avian theropod dinosaurs |journal=Paleobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=308–329 |doi=10.1017/pab.2024.6 |doi-access=free |pmid=38846629 |pmc=7616063 |pmc-embargo-date=November 1, 2024 |bibcode=2024Pbio...50..308P }}</ref>
* Dridi ''et al.'' (2024) describe tracks of medium to large-sized theropods from the Lower Cretaceous ([[Hauterivian]]–[[Barremian]]) strata from the Jebel Kebar locality (Bouhedma Formation, [[Tunisia]]), extending known geographic range of non-avian theropods to higher latitudes within [[Gondwana]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dridi |first1=J. |last2=Houla |first2=Y. |last3=Salhi |first3=I. |last4=Zagrarni |first4=M. F. |year=2024 |title=Evidence of theropod dinosaurs in the upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian of Jebel Kebar (central Tunisia): paleobiogeographic implications |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=216 |at=105306 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105306 |bibcode=2024JAfES.21605306D }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of shed tooth crowns of theropods from the [[Turonian]]-[[Coniacian]] [[Portezuelo Formation]] (Argentina), providing evidence of a previously undocumented diversity of theropods from this formation, is published by Meso ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meso |first1=J. G. |last2=Gianechini |first2=F. |last3=Gomez |first3=K. L. |last4=Muci |first4=L. |last5=Baiano |first5=M. A. |last6=Pol |first6=D. |last7=Kaluza |first7=J. |last8=Garrido |first8=A. |last9=Pittman |first9=M. |year=2024 |title=Shed teeth from Portezuelo formation at Sierra del Portezuelo reveal a higher diversity of predator theropods during Turonian-Coniacian times in northern Patagonia |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=59 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02249-8 |pmid=38730384 |pmc=11083846 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...59M }}</ref>
* Isasmendi ''et al.'' (2024) describe new and revise known theropod teeth from the [[Maastrichtian]] strata from the South Pyrenean Basin ([[Spain]]), expanding known diversity of theropods from this basin and reporting evidence of theropod turnover during the Maastrichtian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isasmendi |first1=E. |last2=Pérez-Pueyo |first2=M. |last3=Moreno-Azanza |first3=M. |last4=Alonso |first4=A. |last5=Puértolas-Pascual |first5=E. |last6=Bádenas |first6=B. |last7=Canudo |first7=J. I. |title=Theropod teeth palaeodiversity from the uppermost Cretaceous of the South Pyrenean Basin (NE Iberia) and the intra-Maastrichtian faunal turnover |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=162 |at=105952 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105952 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* McLarty & Esperante (2024) describe theropod tracks from the Maastrichtian strata from the Carreras Pampa tracksite ([[Bolivia]]) interpreted as likely preserving evidence of the trackmakers pausing during movement, bypassing an obstacle and crouching.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McLarty |first1=J. A. |last2=Esperante |first2=R. |year=2024 |title=Stops and Turns: Uncommonly Preserved Theropod Locomotive Behavior Patterns in an Upper Cretaceous Tracksite from Torotoro National Park, Bolivia |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=143 |at=105011 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.105011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Mohabey ''et al.'' (2024) review and redescribe ''[[Laevisuchus|Laevisuchus indicus]]'', ''[[Jubbulpuria|Jubbulpuria tenuis]]'' and ''[[Compsosuchus|Compsosuchus solus]]'', and describe a new [[Noasauridae|noasaurid]] dentary from central [[India]] with procumbent dentition similar to the one present in ''[[Masiakasaurus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mohabey |first1=D. M. |last2=Samant |first2=B. |last3=Vélez-Rosado |first3=K. I. |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=J. A. |year=2024 |title=A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=3 |at=e2288088 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of isolated theropod teeth from the [[Kem Kem Group]] ([[Morocco]]) is published by Hendrickx ''et al.'' (2024), who identify teeth of [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurids]], [[Spinosaurinae|spinosaurines]], [[Carcharodontosauridae|carcharodontosaurids]] and a non-[[Abelisauroidea|abelisauroid]] [[Ceratosauria|ceratosaur]] or a [[megaraptora]]n.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Trapman |first2=T. H. |last3=Wills |first3=S. |last4=Holwerda |first4=F. M. |last5=Stein |first5=K. H. W. |last6=Rauhut |first6=O. W. M. |last7=Melzer |first7=R. R. |last8=Van Woensel |first8=J. |last9=Reumer |first9=J. W. F. |year=2024 |title=A combined approach to identify isolated theropod teeth from the Cenomanian Kem Kem Group of Morocco: cladistic, discriminant, and machine learning analyses |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2311791 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2311791 }}</ref>
* A probable [[Ceratosauridae|ceratosaurid]] dentary is described from the [[Toarcian]] [[Cañadón Asfalto Formation]] ([[Argentina]]) by Pradelli, Pol & [[Martín Ezcurra|Ezcurra]] (2024), expanding known theropod diversity from this formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pradelli |first1=L. A. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |year=2024 |title=New dinosaur remains increase theropod diversity in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Lower Jurassic), Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2318262 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2318262 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2218262P }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of isolated theropod teeth from the Bauru Basin ([[Brazil]]) is published by Delcourt ''et al.'' (2024), who argue that the geographical distribution of abelisaurids in South America was influenced by climatic conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delcourt |first1=R. |last2=Brilhante |first2=N. S. |last3=Pires-Domingues |first3=R. A. |last4=Hendrickx |first4=C. |last5=Grillo |first5=O. N. |last6=Augusta |first6=B. G. |last7=Maciel |first7=B. S. |last8=Ghilardi |first8=A. M. |last9=Ricardi-Branco |first9=F. |year=2024 |title=Biogeography of theropod dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous: evidence from central South America |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184/7512651 }}</ref>
* Ribeiro ''et al.'' (2024) identify a theropod tooth from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous [[Missão Velha Formation]] ([[Brazil]]) as the oldest abelisaurid record in the South America reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ribeiro |first1=T. B. |last2=Cupello |first2=C. |last3=de Mayrink |first3=D. |last4=Pereira |first4=P. V. L. G. C. |last5=Brito |first5=P. M. |year=2024 |title=A theropod tooth from the Missão Velha Formation (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin: oldest Brazilian Abelisaurid record |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2336982 }}</ref>
* A study in the bone histology of a mid-sized abelisaurid from the Upper Cretaceous [[Serra da Galga Formation]] ([[Brazil]]) is published by Aureliano ''et al.'' (2024), who report that, despite living in a semiarid tropical environment, the studied specimen had a growth rate similar to those of the Patagonian abelisaurids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aureliano |first1=T. |last2=Ghilardi |first2=A. M. |last3=Fonseca |first3=P. H. M. |last4=Martinelli |first4=A. G. |last5=Marinho |first5=T. S. |year=2024 |title=The evolution and diversification of growth strategies in abelisauroid theropods |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=3 |at=e2298395 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2298395 }}</ref>
* A study on the skeletal pathologies affecting known specimens of [[brachyrostra]]n abelisaurids is published by Baiano ''et al.'' (2024), who diagnose the fusion of two caudal vertebrae of the [[holotype]] specimen of ''[[Aucasaurus|Aucasaurus garridoi]]'' as [[congenital malformation]] and diagnose partial fusion of five caudal vertebrae of the holotype of ''[[Elemgasem|Elemgasem nubilus]]'' as spondyloraptropathy, in both cases representing the first occurrences of the diagnosed pathologies among non-[[Tetanurae|tetanuran]] theropods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baiano |first1=M. A. |last2=Cerda |first2=I. A. |last3=Bertozzo |first3=F. |last4=Pol |first4=D. |year=2024 |title=New information on paleopathologies in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: a case study on South American abelisaurids |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=6 |doi=10.1186/s12862-023-02187-x |doi-access=free |pmid=38291378 |pmc=10829224 |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24....6B }}</ref>
* [[Andrea Cau|Cau]] (2024) reinterprets "[[Compsognathidae|compsognathid]]" theropod specimens as juveniles of members of non-[[Maniraptoriformes|maniraptoriform]] [[Tetanurae|tetanuran]] groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cau |first=A. |title=A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution |year=2024 |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4435/BSPI.2024.08 |url=https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/01_Cau_2024_BSPI_631.pdf }}</ref>
* Montealegre, Castillo-Visa & Sellés (2024) describe previously unpublished fossil material of theropods ([[cf.]] ''[[Protathlitis]]'' and a carcharodontosaurid which might be distinct from ''[[Concavenator]]'') from the [[Barremian]] [[Arcillas de Morella Formation]] ([[Spain]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Montealegre |first1=A. |last2=Castillo-Visa |first2=O. |last3=Sellés |first3=A. |year=2024 |title=New theropod remains from the late Barremian (Early Cretaceous) of Eastern Iberian Peninsula |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2308220 |s2cid=267374161 }}</ref>
* Yun (2024) identifies convergent similarities in craniodental anatomy between [[Spinosauridae|spinosaur]]s and [[phytosaur]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yun|first=Chan-gyu|year=2024|title=Spinosaurs as phytosaur mimics: a case of convergent evolution between two extinct archosauriform clades|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae|volume=20|issue=1|pages=17–29|doi=10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.02|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Nathan Myhrvold|Myhrvold]] ''et al''. (2024) use statistical analyses to reconsider previous descriptions by Fabbri ''et al''. (2022) of spinosaurs such as ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' as subaqueous foragers,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fabbri |first1=Matteo |last2=Navalón |first2=Guillermo |last3=Benson |first3=Roger B. J. |last4=Pol |first4=Diego |last5=O’Connor |first5=Jingmai |last6=Bhullar |first6=Bhart-Anjan S. |last7=Erickson |first7=Gregory M. |last8=Norell |first8=Mark A. |last9=Orkney |first9=Andrew |last10=Lamanna |first10=Matthew C. |last11=Zouhri |first11=Samir |last12=Becker |first12=Justine |last13=Emke |first13=Amanda |last14=Dal Sasso |first14=Cristiano |last15=Bindellini |first15=Gabriele |last16=Maganuco |first16=Simone |last17=Auditore |first17=Marco |last18=Ibrahim |first18=Nizar |date=2022-03-31 |title=Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7903 |pages=852–857 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..852F |pmid=35322229 |s2cid=247630374 |issn=0028-0836|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:264b7ca2-1190-4b76-ab93-074cedf897e1 }}</ref> and provide evidence that ''Spinosaurus'' was likely not an aquatic pursuit predator.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Myhrvold |first1=Nathan P. |last2=Baumgart |first2=Stephanie L. |last3=Vidal |first3=Daniel |last4=Fish |first4=Frank E. |last5=Henderson |first5=Donald M. |last6=Saitta |first6=Evan T. |last7=Sereno |first7=Paul C. |date=2024-03-06 |title=Diving dinosaurs? Caveats on the use of bone compactness and pFDA for inferring lifestyle |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=e0298957 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0298957 |doi-access=free |pmid=38446841 |pmc=10917332 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1998957M |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>
* Evidence from the study of patterns in skull shape, interpreted as indicating that ''Spinosaurus'' fed on aquatic prey and likely used the "stand-and-wait" predation strategy, is presented by Smart & Sakamoto (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smart |first1=S. |last2=Sakamoto |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=Using linear measurements to diagnose the ecological habitat of ''Spinosaurus'' |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17544 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17544 |doi-access=free |pmid=38881866 |pmc=11180429 }}</ref>
* [[Éric Buffetaut|Buffetaut]] & Tong (2024) reinterpret a purported ichthyosaur tooth from the [[Sao Khua Formation]] collected in 1962 and described in 1963 as a spinosaurid tooth and the first finding of a non-avian dinosaur fossil reported from [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buffetaut |first1=E. |last2=Tong |first2=H. |year=2024 |title=The first discovery of spinosaurid remains in Asia: Thailand, 1962 |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=110 |issue=1 |at=102664 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2024.102664 |bibcode=2024AnPal.11002664B }}</ref>
* Teeth of a probable [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[Tyrannosauroidea|tyrannosauroid]] are described from the Upper Jurassic [[Phu Kradung Formation]] ([[Thailand]]) by Chowchuvech ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chowchuvech |first1=W. |last2=Manitkoon |first2=S. |last3=Chanthasit |first3=P. |last4=Ketwetsuriya |first4=C. |title=The First Occurrence of a Basal Tyrannosauroid in Southeast Asia: Dental Evidence from the Upper Jurassic of Northeastern Thailand |year=2024 |journal=Tropical Natural History |volume=24 |pages=84–95 |url=https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tnh/article/view/261261 }}</ref>
* Xing ''et al.'' (2024) describe large tyrannosauroid teeth from the Maastrichtian [[Dalangshan Formation]], representing the southernmost record of tyrannosauroids in China reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xing |first1=L. |last2=Liang |first2=Z. |last3=Zhang |first3=K. |last4=Wang |first4=D. |last5=Zhang |first5=X. |last6=Persons |first6=W. S. |last7=Ren |first7=Z. |last8=Liang |first8=Z. |last9=Xian |first9=M. |last10=Zeng |first10=Q. |year=2024 |title=Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Guangdong Province, Southern China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=161 |at=105914 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105914 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16105914X }}</ref>
* Słowiak, [[Stephen L. Brusatte|Brusatte]] & Szczygielski (2024) reevaluate the fossil material attributed to ''[[Bagaraatan|Bagaraatan ostromi]]'', interpreting the holotype as an indeterminate juvenile [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], and reporting that some of the fossils originally attributed to ''B. ostromi'' are actually caenagnathid bones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Słowiak |first1=J. |last2=Brusatte |first2=S. L. |last3=Szczygielski |first3=T. |year=2024 |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur, ''Bagaraatan ostromi'' |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169/7609607 }}</ref>
* Yun (2024) estimates mandibular force profiles of ''[[Alioramus|Alioramus altai]]'' and ''[[Qianzhousaurus|Qianzhousaurus sinensis]]'', interpreting the mandibles of the studied theropods as likely unsuited for delivering powerful bites and enduring high stresses caused by capturing, holding and dismembering large prey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yun |first=C.-G. |title=Mandibular force profiles of Alioramini (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) with implications for palaeoecology of this unique lineage of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |year=2024 |journal=Lethaia |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.18261/let.57.2.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the affinities of [[Tyrannosaurinae|tyrannosaurines]] is published by Warshaw, Barrera Guevara & Fowler (2024), who contest the conclusions of the study of Scherer & Voiculescu-Holvad (2023),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scherer |first1=C. R. |last2=Voiculescu-Holvad |first2=C. |title=Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within ''Tyrannosaurus''-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae) |year=2023 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=155 |at=105780 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105780 |doi-access=free }}</ref> recovering recognized ''Daspletosaurus'' species as representing a single [[Anagenesis|anagenetic]] lineage ancestral to ''Tyrannosaurus''-line tyrannosaurines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warshaw |first1=E. A. |last2=Barrera Guevara |first2=D. |last3=Fowler |first3=D. W. |title=Anagenesis and the tyrant pedigree: a response to "Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within ''Tyrannosaurus''-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae)" |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |at=105957 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105957 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Longrich & Saitta (2024) review the taxonomic status of ''[[Nanotyrannus]]'' and argue that multiple lines of evidence support it as a distinct, small-bodied, possibly non-[[tyrannosaurid]] taxon, rather than an immature form of ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Longrich |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Saitta |first2=Evan T. |date=2024-03-01 |title=Taxonomic Status of ''Nanotyrannus lancensis'' (Dinosauria: Tyrannosauroidea)—A Distinct Taxon of Small-Bodied Tyrannosaur |journal=Fossil Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–65 |doi=10.3390/fossils2010001 |doi-access=free |eissn=2813-6284}}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Kinnareemimus|Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis]]'' is published by Samathi (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samathi |first=A. |year=2024 |title=Phylogenetic position of ''Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis'' (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5448 |issue=1 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5448.1.4 }}</ref>
* Description of the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Nothronychus|Nothronychus graffami]]'' and ''N. mckinleyi'', providing evidence of the presence of traits [[Convergent evolution|convergent]] with extant birds, ornithischian dinosaurs and titanosaur sauropods, is published by Smith & Gillette (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=D. K. |last2=Gillette |first2=D. D. |year=2024 |title=Osteology of the derived therizinosaur ''Nothronychus'' with evidence for convergence in dinosaurian evolution |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad148 }}</ref>
* Park ''et al.'' (2024) propose that early [[pennaraptora]]ns might have used their [[pennaceous feather]]s to flush hiding insects and to generate lift or drag during the pursuit of the flushed insects, and propose that such use of the pennaceous feathers might have contributed to the evolution of larger and stiffer feathers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=J. |last2=Son |first2=M. |last3=Park |first3=J. |last4=Bang |first4=S. Y. |last5=Ha |first5=J. |last6=Moon |first6=H. |last7=Lee |first7=Y.-N. |last8=Lee |first8=S. |last9=Jablonski |first9=P. G. |year=2024 |title=Escape behaviors in prey and the evolution of pennaceous plumage in dinosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=549 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50225-x |pmid=38272887 |pmc=10811223 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatSR..14..549P }}</ref>
* A characterization of how number and shape of flight feathers correlate with locomotory style in extant birds is published by Kiat & [[Jingmai O'Connor|O'Connor]] (2024). Extrapolating these patterns to Mesozoic [[pennaraptora]]ns, the authors suggest that ''[[Caudipteryx]]'' and [[Anchiornithidae|anchiornithines]] may have been secondarily [[flightless]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiat |first1=Yosef |last2=O’Connor |first2=Jingmai K. |title=Functional constraints on the number and shape of flight feathers |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2024 |volume=121 |issue=8 |pages=e2306639121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2306639121 |pmid=38346196 |pmc=10895369 |pmc-embargo-date=August 12, 2024 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12106639K |s2cid=267634048 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the [[pectoral girdle]] of pennaraptorans is published by Wu ''et al.'' (2024), who report evidence of modifications changing the range of motion of the forelimb that preceded the origin of flight in [[Paraves|paravians]], as well as evidence of subsequent flight adaptive modifications in [[Avialae|avialans]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu |first1=Q. |last2=O'Connor |first2=J. K. |last3=Wang |first3=S. |last4=Zhou |first4=Z. |year=2024 |title=Transformation of the pectoral girdle in pennaraptorans: critical steps in the formation of the modern avian shoulder joint |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e16960 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16960 |pmid=38436017 |pmc=10909347 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Meade ''et al.'' (2024) report evidence indicating that the ability of the skull to resist large mechanical stresses appeared early in [[Oviraptorosauria|oviraptorosaur]] evolution, before the appearance of the highly modified [[Oviraptoridae|oviraptorid]] cranial architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meade |first1=L. E. |last2=Pittman |first2=M. |last3=Balanoff |first3=A. |last4=Lautenschlager |first4=S. |year=2024 |title=Cranial functional specialisation for strength precedes morphological evolution in Oviraptorosauria |journal=Communications Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |at=436 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06137-1 |pmid=38600295 |pmc=11006937 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The first caenagnathid fossil material from the upper Campanian De-na-zin Member of the [[Kirtland Formation]] ([[New Mexico]], [[United States]]) is described by Funston, Williamson & [[Stephen L. Brusatte|Brusatte]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Funston |first1=G. F. |last2=Williamson |first2=T. E. |last3=Brusatte |first3=S. L. |year=2024 |title=A caenagnathid tibia (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the upper Campanian Kirtland Formation of New Mexico |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105856 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105856 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805856F |s2cid=267601272 }}</ref>
* Description of the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Oksoko avarsan]]'' is published by Funston (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston |first=G. F. |year=2024 |title=Osteology of the two-fingered oviraptorid ''Oksoko avarsan'' (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae011 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae011/7609522 }}</ref>
* Zhu, Wang & Wang (2024) study the microstructural variation of [[Elongatoolithidae|elongatoolithid]] eggs from China, and interpret the studied variation as indicating that not all elongatoolithid eggshells can be related to oviraptorosaurs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhu |first1=X. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |year=2024 |title=Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study of elongatoolithid eggs from China with microstructural and parataxonomic implications |journal=Paleobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=330–345 |doi=10.1017/pab.2024.9 |bibcode=2024Pbio...50..330Z }}</ref>
* A study on the skull shape and bite mechanics of [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurids]] is published by Tse, Miller & Pittman (2024), who interpret ''[[Deinonychus|Deinonychus antirrhopus]]'' as adapted to taking large vertebrate prey, and interpret ''[[Halszkaraptor|Halszkaraptor escuilliei]]'' as unlikely to feed on fish, and more likely to have a feeding ecology similar to those of extant waterfowl.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tse |first1=Y. T. |last2=Miller |first2=C. V. |last3=Pittman |first3=M. |year=2024 |title=Morphological disparity and structural performance of the dromaeosaurid skull informs ecology and evolutionary history |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=39 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02222-5 |pmid=38622512 |pmc=11020771 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...39T }}</ref>
* Possible dromaeosaurid eggs are described from the Upper Cretaceous Lianhe Formation (China) by Wu ''et al.'' (2024), who name a new [[Egg fossil#Classification|ootaxon]] ''[[Gannanoolithus|Gannanoolithus yingliangi]]'', and interpret the discovery of paired eggs of ''Gannanoolithus'' as possible evidence that dromaeosaurids had paired functional [[oviduct]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu |first1=R. |last2=Niu |first2=K. |last3=Zhang |first3=S. |last4=Xue |first4=Y. |last5=Han |first5=F. |year=2024 |title=A new ootype of putative dromaeosaurid eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=161 |at=105909 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105909 |bibcode=2024CrRes.16105909W }}</ref>
* Gianechini, Colli & Makovicky (2024) present a reconstruction of the pelvic and hindlimb musculature of ''[[Buitreraptor|Buitreraptor gonzalezorum]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gianechini |first1=F. A. |last2=Colli |first2=L. |last3=Makovicky |first3=P. J. |year=2024 |title=Pelvic and hindlimb muscular reconstruction of the paravian theropod ''Buitreraptor gonzalezorum'' and its palaeobiological implications |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2301674 |s2cid=266994137 }}</ref>
* Based on comparisons to extant birds, joint poses in the foot of ''Deinonychus'' during its [[walking|walk cycle]] are reconstructed by Manafzadeh, Gatesy & Bhullar (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manafzadeh |first1=Armita R. |last2=Gatesy |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Bhullar |first3=Bhart-Anjan S. |title=Articular surface interactions distinguish dinosaurian locomotor joint poses |journal=Nature Communications |date=2024 |volume=15 |issue=1 |at=854 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-44832-z |pmid=38365765 |pmc=10873393 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..854M }}</ref>
* Description of the braincase and cranial [[endocast]] of ''[[Sinovenator|Sinovenator changii]]'', interpreted as morphologically intermediate between basal theropods and extant birds, is published by Yu ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yu |first1=C. |last2=Watanabe |first2=A. |last3=Qin |first3=Z. |last4=King |first4=J. L. |last5=Witmer |first5=L. M. |last6=Ma |first6=Q. |last7=Xu |first7=X. |year=2024 |title=Avialan-like brain morphology in ''Sinovenator'' (Troodontidae, Theropoda) |journal=Communications Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |at=168 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-05832-3 |pmid=38341492 |pmc=10858883 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Xing ''et al.'' (2024) describe tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Shaxian Formation (Fujian, China) which might have been produced by a large-bodied (estimated hip height of over 1.8 m) [[Troodontidae|troodontid]], and name a new ichnotaxon ''[[Fujianipus|Fujianipus yingliangi]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xing |first1=L. |last2=Niu |first2=K. |last3=Lockley |first3=M. G. |last4=Romilio |first4=A. |last5=Deng |first5=K. |last6=Persons |first6=W. S. |title=Deinonychosaur trackways in southeastern China record a possible giant troodontid |journal=iScience |year=2024 |volume=27 |issue=5 |at=109598 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2024.109598 |doi-access=free |pmid=38799075 |pmc=11123545 |bibcode=2024iSci...27j9598X }}</ref>

==== Sauropodomorph research ====
* Silva ''et al.'' (2024) describe fossil material of a member or a relative of the group [[Bagualosauria]] from the Vila Botucaraí site (Candelária Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence, [[Brazil]]), representing the first sauropodomorph reported from this site.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=F. O. |last2=Martinelli |first2=A. G. |last3=Pretto |first3=F. |last4=Ferigolo |first4=J. |last5=Ribeiro |first5=A. M. |title=First Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria) for the Vila Botucaraí site (''Hyperodapedon'' Assemblage Zone, Candelária Sequence), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |year=2024 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=140 |at=104927 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104927 |bibcode=2024JSAES.14004927O }}</ref>
* Evidence of variability of the pneumacity patterns of the cervical and dorsal vertebra in ''[[Plateosaurus]]'' is presented by Regalado Fernández (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regalado Fernández |first=O. R. |title=Variability of vertebral laminae in eight specimens of ''Plateosaurus'' (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) |year=2024 |journal=Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=85–100 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378971323 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the [[holotype]] and a study on the affinities of ''Plateosaurus trossingensis'' is published by Schaeffer (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schaeffer |first=J. |year=2024 |title=Osteological redescription of the holotype of ''Plateosaurus trossingensis'' (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Upper Triassic of SW Germany and its phylogenetic implications |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2335387 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2335387 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JSPal..2235387S }}</ref>
* Zhao ''et al'' (2024) describe a new juvenile–subadult [[Massospondylidae|massospondylid]] specimen from the Lower Jurassic [[Lufeng Formation]] (Yunnan, China), increasing known diversity of massospondylids from Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao |first1=R. |last2=Zhang |first2=S. |last3=You |first3=H. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |last5=Zhang |first5=Q. |last6=Wang |first6=T. |year=2024 |title=A new specimen of the early-branching sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Chuanjie Basin, Lufeng, Yunnan Province |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Sinica |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=102–111 |doi=10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023030 |url=http://gswxb.cnjournals.cn/gswxb/article/abstract/20240108 }}</ref>
* ''"Gyposaurus" sinensis'' is interpreted as a probable [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''[[Lufengosaurus|Lufengosaurus huenei]]'' by Wang, Zhao & You (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=Y.-M. |last2=Zhao |first2=Q. |last3=You |first3=H.-L. |title=Reassessment of ''{{‘}}Gyposaurus{{’}} sinensis'' Young, 1941 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Early Jurassic Lufeng Basin, Yunnan Province, China |year=2024 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae032 }}</ref>
* Barrett & Choiniere (2024) redescribe the skeletal anatomy of ''[[Melanorosaurus|Melanorosaurus readi]]'' and designate the [[lectotype]] of this species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=P. M. |last2=Choiniere |first2=J. N. |year=2024 |title=''Melanorosaurus readi'' Haughton, 1924 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of South Africa: osteology and designation of a lectotype |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2337802 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2337802 }}</ref>
*Using ''[[Spinophorosaurus]]'' as an example, Vidal (2024) explains how virtual 3D models of sauropods have enabled an understanding of their biomechanics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vidal|first = D.|year= 2024|title= Virtual sauropods: A revolution in the study of long-necked dinosaurs|journal= Metode Science Studies Journal|volume= 14|pages= 77–83|doi=10.7203/metode.14.24689|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Agustí, Alcalá & Santos-Cubedo (2024) propose that sauropod gigantism was an adaptation that increased the ability of sauropods to travel great distances, necessitated by pronounced seasonal changes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agustí |first1=J. |last2=Alcalá |first2=L. |last3=Santos-Cubedo |first3=A. |year=2024 |title=Did large foraging migrations favor the enormous body size of giant sauropods? The case of ''Turiasaurus'' |journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.7203/sjp.28176 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Richard J. Butler|Butler]] ''et al.'' (2024) describe an assemblage of tracks produced by large-bodied sauropods passing through coastal lagoonal environment from the earliest Cretaceous strata of the [[Durlston Formation]] (Dorset, [[United Kingdom]]), representing the largest dinosaur track site accessible within the [[Purbeck Group]] reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butler |first1=R. J. |last2=Edgar |first2=K. M. |last3=Haller |first3=L. |last4=Meade |first4=L. E. |last5=Jones |first5=H. T. |last6=Hill |first6=O. |last7=Scriven |first7=S. |last8=Reedman |first8=C. |year=2024 |title=Sauropod dinosaur tracks from the Purbeck Group (Early Cretaceous) of Spyway Quarry, Dorset, UK |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=11 |issue=7 |at=240583 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240583 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Boisvert ''et al.'' (2024) describe a new specimen of ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'' sp. from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry ([[Colorado]], [[United States]]), extending known range of the genus into the true Brushy Basin Member of the [[Morrison Formation]], and likely representing the geologically youngest occurrence of ''Haplocanthosaurus'' on the Colorado Plateau.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boisvert |first1=C. |last2=Curtice |first2=B. |last3=Wedel |first3=M. |last4=Wilhite |first4=R. |title=Description of a new specimen of ''Haplocanthosaurus'' from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry |year=2024 |journal=The Anatomical Record |doi=10.1002/ar.25520 |pmid=38887924 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* King ''et al.'' (2024) report evidence of a previously unknown form of [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumaticity]] in a rib of a member of the genus ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', and propose that rib pneumaticity among [[Apatosaurinae|apatosaurines]] is individually variable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King |first1=J. L. |last2=McHugh |first2=J. B. |last3=Wedel |first3=M. J. |last4=Curtice |first4=B. |title=A previously unreported form of dorsal rib pneumaticity in ''Apatosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and implications for pneumatic variation among diplodocid dorsal ribs |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2316665 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2316665 }}</ref>
* Windholz ''et al.'' (2024) describe a new [[Rebbachisauridae|rebbachisaurid]] caudal vertebra from the Cenomanian [[Candeleros Formation]] ([[Argentina]]), providing new information on the caudal anatomy and pneumaticity in rebbachisaurids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Windholz |first1=G. J. |last2=Porfiri |first2=J. D. |last3=Dos Santos |first3=D. |last4=Bellardini |first4=F. |last5=Wedel |first5=M. J. |year=2024 |title=A well-preserved vertebra provides new insights into rebbachisaurid sauropod caudal anatomical and pneumatic features |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.4202/app.01104.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Beeston ''et al.'' (2024) describe new sauropod material from the [[Winton Formation]] ([[Australia]]), and interpret ''[[Australotitan|Australotitan cooperensis]]'' as an indeterminate [[diamantinasauria]]n that is likely a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''[[Diamantinasaurus|Diamantinasaurus matildae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beeston |first1=S. L. |last2=Poropat |first2=S. F. |last3=Mannion |first3=P. D. |last4=Pentland |first4=A. H. |last5=Enchelmaier |first5=M. J. |last6=Sloan |first6=T. |last7=Elliott |first7=D. A. |year=2024 |title=Reappraisal of sauropod dinosaur diversity in the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, through 3D digitisation and description of new specimens |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e17180 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17180 |pmid=38618562 |pmc=11011616 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Filippi ''et al.'' (2024) study fossil material of sauropods from the Cerro Overo – La Invernada area ([[Bajo de la Carpa Formation]]; [[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]), interpreted as suggestive of the presence of a diverse fauna of [[Titanosauriformes|titanosauriforms]] coexisting in the environment during the [[Santonian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Filippi |first1=L. S. |last2=Bellardini |first2=F. |last3=Carballido |first3=J. L. |last4=Pérez-Moreno |first4=A. |last5=Garrido |first5=A. C. |year=2024 |title=Sauropod diversity (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) of Cerro Overo – La Invernada (Bajo de la Carpa Formation, Santonian), northeastern Neuquén Basin, and paleoecological implications for Upper Cretaceous sauropod faunas |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.5710/PEAPA.24.02.2024.484 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the [[taphonomy]] of the fossil material of ''[[Kaijutitan|Kaijutitan maui]]'' and on its bone histology is published by Filippi, Previtera & Garrido (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Filippi |first1=L. S. |last2=Previtera |first2=E. |last3=Garrido |first3=A. C. |year=2024 |title=''Kaijutitan maui'', a sauropod titanosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Sierra Barrosa Formation, Neuquén Basin) of northern Patagonia Argentina: histological and taphonomic considerations |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=129–148 |doi=10.5710/PEAPA/26.02.2024.481 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A description and study of the morphological variability of sauropod [[Appendicular skeleton|appendicular]] remains from Maastrichtian sites of the Hațeg, Transylvanian, and Rusca Montană basins ([[Romania]]) is published by Mocho, Pérez-García & Codrea (2024), who interpret the studied remains as indicative of the presence of four or five sauropod taxa on the [[Hațeg Island]] during the Maastrichtian, including a titanosaur lineage with an extremely elongated [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mocho |first1=P. |last2=Pérez-García |first2=A. |last3=Codrea |first3=V. A. |title=New sauropod appendicular remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania: accessing the morphological variability |year=2024 |journal=Cretaceous Research |at=105936 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105936 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* An overview of the largest known sauropods from Argentina is published by Calvo (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Calvo |first = J.O|year= 2024|title= What is the most giant sauropod from Argentina? Diversity of large titanosaurs from Patagonia|journal= Metode Science Studies Journal|volume= 14| issue=14 |pages= 65–75|doi=10.7203/metode.14.24556|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Ornithischian research ===
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ornithischians is published by Fonseca ''et al.'' (2024), who name the new clades [[Pyrodontia]] and [[Tenontosauridae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fonseca |first1=A. O. |last2=Reid |first2=I. J. |last3=Venner |first3=A. |last4=Duncan |first4=R. J. |last5=Garcia |first5=M. S. |last6=Müller |first6=R. T. |year=2024 |title=A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2346577 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2246577F }}</ref>
* A study on the taxonomic affinities of isolated ornithischian teeth from [[Bathonian]] microvertebrate sites in the [[United Kingdom]], providing evidence of the presence of a previously unknown, diverse ornithischian fauna, is published by Wills, Underwood & [[Paul Barrett (palaeobiologist)|Barrett]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wills |first1=S. |last2=Underwood |first2=C. J. |last3=Barrett |first3=P. M. |title=A hidden diversity of ornithischian dinosaurs: U.K. Middle Jurassic microvertebrate faunas shed light on a poorly represented period |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2323646 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2323646 }}</ref>
* A study on tooth replacement pattern in ''[[Jeholosaurus|Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis]]'', providing evidence that teeth replacement rate slowed during ontogeny, is published by Hu ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu |first1=J. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |last3=Li |first3=F. |last4=Han |first4=F |year=2024 |title=Tooth replacement in the early-diverging neornithischian ''Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis'' and implications for dental evolution and herbivorous adaptation in Ornithischia |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=46 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02233-2 |pmid=38627692 |pmc=11020315 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...46H }}</ref>
* Redescription of the skeletal anatomy and a study on the affinities of ''[[Oryctodromeus|Oryctodromeus cubicularis]]'' is published by Krumenacker ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krumenacker |first1=L. J. |last2=Varricchio |first2=D. J. |last3=Organ |first3=C. |last4=Gardner |first4=J. D. |last5=Britt |first5=B. B. |last6=Boyd |first6=C. |year=2024 |title=Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the mid-Cretaceous neornithischian dinosaur ''Oryctodromeus cubicularis'' Varricchio, 2007 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2330581 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2330581 }}</ref>
* An osteology and phylogenetic analysis on ''[[Ajkaceratops kozmai]]'', suggesting the initial classification of the species as a [[ceratopsian]] as uncertain and thus regarded as an enigmatic ornithischian, was published by Czepiński and Madzia (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Czepiński |first1=L. |last2= Madzia |first2=D. |year=2024 |title=Osteology, phylogenetic affinities, and palaeobiogeographic significance of the bizarre ornithischian dinosaur ''Ajkaceratops kozmai'' from the Late Cretaceous European archipelago |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae048 }}</ref>
* Lee et al., (2024) described the single pedal phalanx of the basal neornithischian (NHCG 10972) from the Lower Cretaceous [[Tando beds]] of South Korea, which is most similar to [[Jeholosauridae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sang-Yoon |last2=Lee |first2=Yuong-Nam |last3=Jung |first3=Seung-Ho |title=A neornithischian phalanx from the Lower Cretaceous Tando beds of Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of Korea |date=1 June 2024 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=135–142 |doi=10.14770/jgsk.2024.010}}</ref>

==== Thyreophoran research ====
* Satchell (2024) reidentified the proximal femur fragment (BELUM K3998) from the [[Lias Group]] of [[Northern Ireland]] as an indeterminate dinosaur remain, not a potential specimen of ''[[Scelidosaurus]]'' or an ornithischian.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Satchell|first=K.G.|year=2024|title=A re-evaluation of ''Scelidosaurus'' remains from Ireland and the importance of apomorphy-based identifications|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=349–351 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.03.002|bibcode=2024PrGA..135..349S }}</ref>
* Castanera, Mampel & Cobos (2024) describe new stegosaur tracks from the Upper Jurassic [[Villar del Arzobispo Formation]] ([[Spain]]), providing evidence of gregarious behavior in stegosaurs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Castanera |first1=D. |last2=Mampel |first2=L. |last3=Cobos |first3=A. |title=The complexity of tracking stegosaurs and their gregarious behavior |year=2024 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=14833 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-64298-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38961126 |pmc=11222438 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1414833C }}</ref>
* Sánchez-Fenollosa, Escaso & Cobos (2024) describe a new specimen of ''[[Dacentrurus|Dacentrurus armatus]]'' from the Upper Jurassic [[Villar del Arzobispo Formation]] ([[Spain]]), propose a new diagnosis for this species, and interpret ''[[Miragaia longicollum]]'' as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''D. armatus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Fenollosa |first1=S. |last2=Escaso |first2=F. |last3=Cobos |first3=A. |year=2024 |title=A new specimen of ''Dacentrurus armatus'' Owen, 1875 (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Spain and its taxonomic relevance in the European stegosaurian diversity |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074 }}</ref>
* The first stegosaurian fossil material from Gansu ([[China]]), assigned to ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' sp., is described from the Lower Cretaceous [[Hekou Group]] by Li ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li |first1=N. |last2=Li |first2=D. |last3=Peng |first3=G. |last4=You |first4=H. |year=2024 |title=The first stegosaurian dinosaur from Gansu Province, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105852 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105852 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805852L |s2cid=267286799 }}</ref>
* Cross and [[Victoria Arbour|Arbour]] (2024) describe an ankylosaur femur from the Cenomanian [[Dunvegan Formation]] ([[British Columbia]], Canada).<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Cross|first1= E.C|last2=Arbour|first2= V.M|year= 2024|title= An ankylosaur femur from the mid-Cretaceous of the Peace Region of northeastern British Columbia|journal= Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume= 61|issue= 6|pages= 678–685|doi=10.1139/cjes-2023-0118|bibcode= 2024CaJES..61..678C|s2cid= 267961368}}</ref>
* Soto Acuña, Vargas & Kaluza (2024) redescribe the holotype specimen of ''[[Antarctopelta]]'' from the [[Snow Hill Island Formation]] (Antarctica), and provide support for its phylogenetic position within the [[Parankylosauria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soto Acuña |first1=Sergio |last2=Vargas |first2=Alexander O. |last3=Kaluza |first3=Jonatan |date=2024 |title=A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of ''Antarctopelta oliveroi'' (Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria) |journal=Advances in Polar Science |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=78–107 |doi=10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Cerapod research ====
*A review of Early Cretaceous Spanish [[Styracosterna|styracosterns]] from the Maestrat Basin published by Santos-Cubedo (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Santos-Cubedo|first=A.|year=2024 |title=The dinosaurs of the Maestrat Basin: Evolution of hadrosauriforms in the eastern Iberian Peninsula |journal=Metode Science Studies Journal |volume=14|pages=57–63 |doi=10.7203/metode.14.24534|doi-access=free|hdl=10234/207308|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Escanero-Aguilar ''et al.'' (2024) describe skull material of a [[Hadrosauriformes|hadrosauriform]] ornithopod from the Lower Cretaceous [[Castrillo de la Reina Formation]] ([[Spain]]), interpreted as more derived than ''[[Iguanodon]]'' but more [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] than ''[[Proa valdearinnoensis|Proa]]'', and expanding known diversity of ornithopods from the Cameros Basin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Escanero-Aguilar |first1=D. |last2=Torcida Fernández-Baldor |first2=F. |last3=Pereda-Suberbiola |first3=X. |last4=Huerta |first4=P. |year=2024 |title=Skull material of an Early Cretaceous hadrosauriform dinosaur (Ornithopoda) from Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=50 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1007/s41513-023-00227-5 }}</ref>
* Nikolov, Dochev, & [[Stephen L. Brusatte|Brusatte]] (2024) test the [[ontogenetic]] age of small [[hadrosauroid]] bones from the Late Cretaceous ([[Maastrichtian]]) [[Kaylaka Formation]] (Bulgaria), and determine that the specimen likely belonged to a late juvenile or young subadult, rather than a [[Insular dwarfism|dwarved]] adult, and suggest that large terrestrial animals were able to populate some European islands via a cyclically appearing or short-lived dispersal route.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikolov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Dochev |first2=Docho |last3=Brusatte |first3=Stephen L. |date=2024-01-01 |title=The ontogenetic status of a small hadrosauroid dinosaur from the uppermost Cretaceous of Bulgaria, and implications for the paleobiogeography and assembly of European island faunas |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123003476 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=157 |issue=In press |language=en |at=105819 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105819|bibcode=2024CrRes.15705819N |s2cid=266738171 }}</ref>
* The first described hadrosaurid footprints from the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] are described by Powers ''et al.'' (2024), who assign them to the ichnospecies ''[[Hadrosauropodus]] langstoni''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mark J. Powers|author2=Matthew M. Rhodes|author3=Aaron D. Dyer|author4=Steven E. Mendonca|author5=Ryan Wilkinson|author6=Michael Naylor Hudgins|author7=Matthew J. Pruden|author8=Philip J. Currie|author9=Gregory F. Funston|year=2024|title=The first hadrosaurid trackway from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Campanian/Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada|journal=Ichnos|volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=179–206 |doi=10.1080/10420940.2024.2307069|s2cid=267489605 }}</ref>
* Evidence from the study of a skull of a juvenile hadrosaurine from the Campanian [[Dinosaur Park Formation]] (Alberta, Canada), interpreted as indicative of differences in the dental battery development between hadrosaurid species which might have been related to dietary differences during early ontogeny, is presented by Warnock-Juteau ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Warnock-Juteau |first1=T. M. |last2=Ryan |first2=M. J. |last3=Patterson |first3=R. T. |last4=Mallon |first4=J. C. |year=2024 |title=Computed tomographic investigation of a hatchling skull reveals ontogenetic changes in the dentition and occlusal surface morphology of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |volume=11 |pages=133–150 |doi=10.18435/vamp29395 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29395 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Sharpe ''et al.'' (2024) describe fossil material of a probable immature specimen of ''[[Edmontosaurus regalis]]'' from the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]], and interpret its similarities to ''[[Ugrunaaluk|Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis]]'' as supporting the referral of the Alaskan saurolophine material to ''Edmontosaurus'' [[cf.]] ''regalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharpe |first1=H. S. |last2=Powers |first2=M. J. |last3=Dyer |first3=A. D. |last4=Rhodes |first4=M. M. |last5=McIntosh |first5=A. P. |last6=Garros |first6=C. W. |last7=Currie |first7=P. J. |last8=Funston |first8=G. F. |title=Craniomandibular anatomy of a juvenile specimen of ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' Lambe, 1917 clarifies issues in ontogeny and biogeography |year=2024 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2326644 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326644 }}</ref>
* Description of the morphology of the skull and endocranium of ''[[Psittacosaurus|Psittacosaurus sibiricus]]'', based on the study of both juvenile and adult specimens, is published by Podlesnov ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Podlesnov |first1=A. V. |last2=Averianov |first2=A. O. |last3=Burukhin |first3=A. A. |last4=Feofanova |first4=O. A. |last5=Vladimirova |first5=O. N. |year=2024 |title=New Data on Skull Morphology of ''Psittacosaurus sibiricus'' (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Using Micro-Computed Tomography |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=1128–1187 |doi=10.1134/S0031030123100040 |s2cid=267537898 }}</ref>
*A description endocranial anatomy of the ''[[Psittacosaurus|Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis]]'' published by Sakagami ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sakagami |first1 = R.|last2= Kawabe|first2= S.|last3=Hattori|first3= S.|last4=Zheng|first4=W.|last5=Jin|first5=X.|year= 2024|title= Endocranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur ''Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis'' and its bearing on sensory and locomotor abilities. |journal= Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum|volume= 22|pages= 1–12|url=https://www.dinosaur.pref.fukui.jp/archive/memoir/memoir022-001.pdf}}</ref>
* Yang ''et al.'' (2024) describe a well-preserved scaled skin of a specimen of ''Psittacosaurus'' from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of China, providing evidence of preservation of epidermal layers, corneocytes and melanosomes, and interpret the studied specimen as indicative of co-occurrence of feathers and reptile-type skin in non-feathered regions of the skin in ''Psittacosaurus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang |first1=Z. |last2=Jiang |first2=B. |last3=Xu |first3=J. |last4=McNamara |first4=M. E. |year=2024 |title=Cellular structure of dinosaur scales reveals retention of reptile-type skin during the evolutionary transition to feathers |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |at=4063 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-48400-3 |doi-access=free |pmid=38773066 |pmc=11109146 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.4063Y }}</ref>
* [[Mark P. Witton|Witton]] & Hing (2024) argue that there is no compelling evidence indicating that the development of the idea of the [[griffin]] was inspired by the discovery of fossils of ''[[Protoceratops]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Witton |first1=M. P. |last2=Hing |first2=R. A. |year=2024 |title=Did the horned dinosaur ''Protoceratops'' inspire the griffin? |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |doi=10.1177/03080188241255 |doi-broken-date=2024-06-23 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Barrera Guevara ''et al.'' (2024) reinterpret fossil material of ''[[Coahuilaceratops|Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna]]'' as derived from [[Cerro Huerta Formation]] (and representing the first dinosaur taxon described from this formation) rather than from [[Cerro del Pueblo Formation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barrera Guevara |first1=M. P. |last2=Espinosa Chávez |first2=B. |last3=Serrano Brañas |first3=C. I. |last4=de León Dávila |first4=C. |last5=Posada Martinez |first5=D. |last6=Freedman Fowler |first6=E. |last7=Fowler |first7=D. |year=2024 |title=Stratigraphic Reassessment of the Mexican Chasmosaurine ''Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna'' as the First Diagnostic Dinosaur Remains from the Cerro Huerta Formation (Lower Maastrichtian) Supporting the Southern Origin of the Triceratopsini |journal=Diversity |volume=16 |issue=7 |at=390 |doi=10.3390/d16070390 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Birds ==
=== New bird taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
''[[Ardenna buchananbrowni]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tennyson |first1=A. J. D. |last2=Salvador |first2=R. B. |last3=Tomotani |first3=B. M. |last4=Marx |first4=F. G. |title=A New Diving Pliocene ''Ardenna'' Shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand |year=2024 |journal=Taxonomy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=237–249 |doi=10.3390/taxonomy4020012 |doi-access=free |hdl=10037/33366 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Tennyson ''et al.''
|
[[Pliocene]] ([[Waipipian]])
|
[[Tangahoe Formation]]
|
{{Flag|New Zealand}}
|
A species of ''[[Ardenna]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Chloephaga dabbenei]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=F. L. |last2=Álvarez Herrera |first2=G. P. |last3=Tomassini |first3=R. |title=Pleistocene record of ''Chloephaga'' Eyton, 1838 (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in the Argentine Pampas, with the description of a new species |year=2024 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=23 |issue=18 |pages=241–255 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a18 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Agnolín, Álvarez Herrera & Tomassini
|
Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A species of ''[[Chloephaga]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Enkuria]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zelenkov |first=N. V. |year=2024 |title=Gray Partridges (Phasianidae: Genera ''Perdix'' and ''Enkuria'' gen. nov.) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea and Remarks on the Evolution of the Genus ''Perdix'' |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=335–352 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124700084 |bibcode=2024PalJ...58..335Z }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Zelenkov
|
Pliocene and Pleistocene
|
|
Crimea
|
A relative of the [[grey partridge]]. The type species is ''E. voinstvenskyi''; genus also includes ''"Phasianus" etuliensis'' Bocheński & Kurochkin (1987) from [[Moldova]].
|
|-
|''[[Eocypselus|Eocypselus geminus]]''<ref name=Eocypselus>{{cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=G.|last2=Kitchener|first2=A.C.|year=2024|title=New fossils of ''Eocypselus'' and ''Primapus'' from the British London Clay reveal a high taxonomic and ecological diversity of early Eocene swift-like apodiform birds|journal=Ibis|issue=advance online publication|doi=10.1111/ibi.13323|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| Sp. nov
| In press
| Mayr & Kitchener
| [[Eocene]]
| [[London Clay]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A species of ''Eocypselus''.
|
|-
|''[[Eocypselus|Eocypselus grandissimus]]''<ref name=Eocypselus />
| Sp. nov
| In press
| Mayr & Kitchener
| [[Eocene]]
| [[London Clay]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A species of ''Eocypselus''.
|
|-
|''[[Eocypselus|Eocypselus paulomajor]]''<ref name=Eocypselus />
| Sp. nov
| In press
| Mayr & Kitchener
| [[Eocene]]
| [[London Clay]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A species of ''Eocypselus''.
|
|-
|''[[Fluvioviridavis michaeldanielsi]]''<ref name="FluvioviridavisSpp.">{{Cite journal |last1=Mayr |first1=Gerald |last2=Kitchener |first2=Andrew C. |date=2024-06-07 |title=The non-apodiform Strisores (potoos, nightjars and allied birds) from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |language=en |doi=10.1007/s12549-024-00610-9 |issn=1867-1594|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PdPe..tmp...21M }}</ref>
|Sp. nov
|
|Mayr & Kitchener
|[[Eocene]]
|[[London Clay]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|A species of ''Fluvioviridavis''.
|
|-
|''[[Fluvioviridavis nazensis]]''<ref name="FluvioviridavisSpp."/>
|Sp. nov
|
|Mayr & Kitchener
|[[Eocene]]
|[[London Clay]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|A species of ''Fluvioviridavis''.
|
|-
|
''[[Imparavis]]''<ref name=Imparavis>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaoli |last2=Clark |first2=Alexander D. |last3=O'Connor |first3=Jingmai K. |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiangyu |last5=Wang |first5=Xing |last6=Zheng |first6=Xiaoting |last7=Zhou |first7=Zhonghe |date=2024-02-27 |title=First Edentulous Enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Avifauna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667124000405 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=159 |issue=in press |pages=105867 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105867 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15905867W |s2cid=268103010 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Wang ''et al.''
|
[[Early Cretaceous]]
|
[[Jiufotang Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
An [[enantiornithine]]. The type species is ''I. attenboroughi''.
|
|-
|
''[[Paralyra]]''<ref name=PJ581>{{cite journal|last=Zelenkov |first=N. V. |year=2024 |title=Grouse (Aves: Phasianidae: Tetraonini) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea, and the Taxonomic Status of ''Lagopus atavus'' |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=112–123 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124010106 |bibcode=2024PalJ...58..112Z |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379874555 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Zelenkov
|
Pliocene and Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Poland}}
|
A grouse; a new genus for ''"Lagopus lagopus" atavus'' Jánossy (1974), originally described from the Rębielice Królewskie 1 locality in Poland, subsequently also described from the Taurida Cave in [[Crimea]].<ref name=PJ581 />
|
|-
| ''[[Phalacrocorax bakonyiensis]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Horváth, I.|author2=Futó, J.|author3=Kessler, J.|year=2024|title=''Phalacrocorax bakonyiensis'' n. sp., a new species of cormorant from the Late Miocene of Hungary|journal=Ornis Hungarica|volume=32|pages=222–230|doi=10.2478/orhu-2024-0016|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| Sp. nov
| Valid
| Horváth, Futó, & Kessler
| [[Miocene]]
|
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| A [[cormorant]]; a species of ''[[Phalacrocorax]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Pristineanis]]''<ref name=Pristineanis>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayr |first1=G. |last2=Kitchener |first2=A. C. |title=The Picocoraciades (hoopoes, rollers, woodpeckers, and allies) from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze |year=2024 |journal=PalZ |volume=98 |issue=2 |page=291 |doi=10.1007/s12542-024-00687-9 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PalZ...98..291M }}</ref>
|
Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Mayr & Kitchener
|
Eocene
|
London Clay
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}} 
{{Flag|United States}}
|
A possible member of [[Piciformes]]. The type species is ''P. minor''; genus also includes new species ''P. major'', as well as ''"Neanis" kistneri'' Feduccia (1973).
|
|-
|
''[[Septencoracias|Septencoracias simillimus]]''<ref name=Pristineanis />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mayr & Kitchener
|
Eocene (Ypresian)
|
London Clay
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
A [[Crown group#Stem groups|stem group]] [[Coraciidae|roller]] belonging or related to the family [[Primobucconidae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Waltonirrisor]]''<ref name=Pristineanis />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mayr & Kitchener
|
Eocene (Ypresian)
|
London Clay
|
{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
A member of [[Upupiformes]]. The type species is ''W. tendringensis''.
|
|-
|
''[[Wunketru]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Mendoza |first1=Ricardo Santiago |last2=Degrange |first2=Federico Javier |last3=Tambussi |first3=Claudia Patricia |title=An assessment of the anseriform affinities of ''"Telmabates" howardae'' |year=2024 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=135 |at=104786 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104786 |bibcode=2024JSAES.13504786D |s2cid=267159455 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981124000087}}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
In press
|
De Mendoza, Degrange & Tambussi
|
[[Eocene]]
|
[[Las Flores Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of [[Anseriformes]] of uncertain affinites; a new genus for ''"[[Telmabates]]" howardae''.
|
|-
|}

=== Avian research ===
* A study performing quantitative functional imaging of the brain during rest and flight in [[rock dove]]s with implications for the evolution of avian flight is published by Balanoff ''et al.'' (2024). They found increased neural activity in the [[cerebellum]] during flight, and through comparisons with cranial [[endocast]]s of extinct theropods, suggest that cerebellar expansion underlying such activity occurred at the base of [[Maniraptora]], prior to the origin of avian flight.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balanoff |first1=Amy |last2=Ferrer |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Saleh |first3=Lemise |last4=Gignac |first4=Paul M. |last5=Gold |first5=M. Eugenia L. |last6=Marugán-Lobón |first6=Jesús |last7=Norell |first7=Mark |last8=Ouellette |first8=David |last9=Salerno |first9=Michael |last10=Watanabe |first10=Akinobu |last11=Wei |first11=Shouyi |last12=Bever |first12=Gabriel |last13=Vaska |first13=Paul |title=Quantitative functional imaging of the pigeon brain: implications for the evolution of avian powered flight |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=2024 |volume=291 |issue=2015 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.2172 |pmid=38290541 |pmc=10827418 |pmc-embargo-date=January 31, 2025 }}</ref>
* The [[Cretaceous]] fossil record of [[avialan]]s from [[China]] is reviewed by Zhou & Wang (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhonghe |last2=Wang |first2=Min |title=Cretaceous fossil birds from China |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2024 |volume=544 |issue=1 |doi=10.1144/SP544-2023-129|s2cid=267184802 }}</ref>
* Evidence of gradual and sequential moult of wing flight feathers in two probable members of [[Confuciusornithiformes]] from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) is presented by Wang ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=X. |last2=O'Connor |first2=J. |last3=Zheng |first3=X. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |last5=Kiat |first5=Y. |title=Earliest evidence of avian primary feather moult |year=2024 |journal=Biology Letters |volume=20 |issue=7 |at=20240106 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2024.0106 |pmid=38955226 }}</ref>
* A [[Morphometrics|morphometric]] study of a large sample of specimens of ''[[Confuciusornis|Confuciusornis sanctus]]'' is published by Zhou ''et al.'' (2024), who interpret their findings as indicative of the presence of [[sexual dimorphism]] in this species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou |first1=Y. |last2=Pan |first2=Y. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |last5=Zheng |first5=X. |last6=Zhou |first6=Z. |year=2024 |title=Fossil evidence sheds light on sexual selection during the early evolution of birds |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=121 |issue=3 |at=e2309825120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2309825120 |pmid=38190528 |pmc=10801838 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12109825Z |s2cid=266871669 }}</ref>
* The fossil record of [[avialan]]s from the Upper Cretaceous [[Maastricht Formation]] ([[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]) is reviewed by Field ''et al.'' (2024), who additionally present new data on the bone [[histology]] and hindlimb length of ''[[Asteriornis maastrichtensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Benito |first2=Juan |last3=Werning |first3=Sarah |last4=Chen |first4=Albert |last5=Kuo |first5=Pei-Chen |last6=Crane |first6=Abi |last7=Widrig |first7=Klara E. |last8=Ksepka |first8=Daniel T. |last9=Jagt |first9=John W.M. |title=Remarkable insights into modern bird origins from the Maastrichtian type area (north-east Belgium, south-east Netherlands) |journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences |date=2024 |volume=103 |doi=10.1017/njg.2024.11|bibcode=2024NJGeo.103E..15F }}</ref>
* Stoicescu ''et al.'' (2024) describe partial femur of an avialan belonging or related to the species ''[[Elopteryx|Elopteryx nopcsai]]'' from the Maastrichtian strata at the Nălaț-Vad locality ([[Romania]]), interpret ''E. nopcsai'' as a probable secondarily flightless avialan, and argue that ''[[Balaur bondoc]]'' might be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''E. nopcsai''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stoicescu |first1=V. |last2=Codrea |first2=V. A. |last3=Bordeianu |first3=M. |last4=Solomon |first4=A. A. |title=''Elopteryx'' at Nălaț-Vad: new theropod material described from the Hațeg Basin (Romania) |year=2024 |journal=North-Western Journal of Zoology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–80 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381164730 }}</ref>
* A study the relationship between the morphology of cervical vertebrae and dietary modes in extant and extinct birds is published by Liu ''et al.'' (2024), who report that ''[[Bohaiornis]]'', ''[[Brevirostruavis]]'' and ''[[Longipteryx]]'' had cervical morphologies resembling those of extant insectivorous or raptorial birds, while ''[[Yanornis]]'' and ''[[Iteravis]]'' had cervical morphologies closer to those of extant generalist or herbivorous birds, falling into the ecological niches of aquatic or semiaquatic birds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu |first1=B.-Y. |last2=Stidham |first2=T. A. |last3=Wang |first3=X.-P. |last4=Li |first4=Z.-H. |last5=Zhou |first5=Z.-H. |year=2024 |title=Morphometric analysis of the cervical vertebral series in extant birds with implications for Mesozoic avialan feeding ecology |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.240305 |url=https://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.240305 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the diets of members of the family [[Bohaiornithidae]] is published by Miller ''et al.'' (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that the family included taxa adapted to diverse diets, and predict the ancestral member of Enantiornithes to have been a generalist which ate a wide variety of foods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Case Vincent |last2=Bright |first2=Jen A |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaoli |last4=Zheng |first4=Xiaoting |last5=Pittman |first5=Michael |title=Synthetic analysis of trophic diversity and evolution in Enantiornithes with new insights from Bohaiornithidae |journal=eLife |date=2024 |volume=12 |at=RP89871 |doi=10.7554/eLife.89871.3|doi-access=free |pmid=38687200 |pmc=11060716 }}</ref>
* A study on the limb bone histology and growth dynamics of ''[[Musivavis|Musivavis amabilis]]'' is published by Kundrát ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kundrát |first1=M. |last2=Horváth |first2=D. |last3=Wang |first3=Z. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |year=2024 |title=Developmental distribution of osteocyte lacunae in the limb bone cortex of ''Musivavis amabilis'' with a review of bone microstructure adaptations in Enantiornithes |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=158 |at=105839 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105839 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15805839K |s2cid=267250890 }}</ref>
* The [[Cretaceous]] fossil record of [[avialan]]s from [[Antarctica]] is reviewed by Acosta Hospitaleche ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=Carolina |last2=Irazoqui |first2=Facundo |last3=Bona |first3=Paula |last4=Paulina-Carabajal |first4=Ariana |title=Review of the Cretaceous avian diversity of Antarctica: a changing scenario for the evolution of early Neornithine birds |journal=Advances in Polar Science |date=2024 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.12429/j.advps.2023.0025}}</ref>
* A study on the antiquity of the [[crown group]] of birds is published by Brocklehurst & Field (2024), who argue that the crown group originated between 110.5 and 90.3 million years ago, and that the majority of higher-order diversification within the crown group either spanned or postdated the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=N. |last2=Field |first2=D. J. |year=2024 |title=Tip dating and Bayes factors provide insight into the divergences of crown bird clades across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2016 |at=20232618 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.2618 |pmid=38351798 |pmc=10865003 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Widrig, Navalón & Field (2024) describe the external and internal morphology of the braincase of ''[[Lithornis|Lithornis vulturinus]]'', interpret its neuroanatomy as likely similar to the neuroanatomy of the ancestral crown bird, and interpret ''L. vulturinus'' as a diurnal bird that likely was reliant on visual cues and had a well-developed sense of smell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Widrig |first1=K. E. |last2=Navalón |first2=G. |last3=Field |first3=D. J. |year=2024 |title=Paleoneurology of stem palaeognaths clarifies the plesiomorphic condition of the crown bird central nervous system |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=285 |issue=6 |at=e21710 |doi=10.1002/jmor.21710 |doi-access=free |pmid=38760949 }}</ref>
* The [[histochemistry]] of an [[ostrich]] eggshell from the [[Miocene]] [[Liushu Formation]] ([[China]]) is examined by Wu ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Qian |last2=Pan |first2=Yan-Hong |last3=Li |first3=Zhi-Heng |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhong-He |last5=Bailleul |first5=Alida M. |year=2024 |title=First histochemical examination of a Miocene ostrich eggshell with the oldest mineral-bound peptides |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=120–134 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.240329}}</ref>
* Schroeter (2024) presents a characterization of diagenetiforms in a moa proteome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schroeter |first1=E |date=2024 |title=Characterization of Diagenetiforms in an Expanded Proteome of the Extinct Moa (Dinornithidae): Identifying Biological, Diagenetic, Experimental Artifact, and Mislabeled Modifications in Degraded Tissues |url= |journal=Minerals |volume= 14|issue= 2|page=137 |doi=10.3390/min14020137 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Mine...14..137S |access-date=}}</ref>
* A draft [[genome]] of the [[little bush moa]] is presented by Edwards ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=Scott V. |last2=Cloutier |first2=Alison |last3=Cockburn |first3=Glenn |last4=Driver |first4=Robert |last5=Grayson |first5=Phil |last6=Katoh |first6=Kazutaka |last7=Baldwin |first7=Maude W. |last8=Sackton |first8=Timothy B. |last9=Baker |first9=Allan J. |title=A nuclear genome assembly of an extinct flightless bird, the little bush moa |journal=Science Advances |date=2024 |volume=10 |issue=21 |pages=eadj6823 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adj6823|pmid=38781323 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024SciA...10J6823E }}</ref>
* Fossil material of a possible member of [[Galloanserae]] is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) [[Lance Formation]] ([[Wyoming]], [[United States]]) by Brownstein (2024), who interprets this finding as supporting a cosmopolitan distribution of early crown birds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brownstein |first=C. D. |year=2024 |title=A juvenile bird with possible crown-group affinities from a dinosaur-rich Cretaceous ecosystem in North America |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=1 |at=20 |doi=10.1186/s12862-024-02210-9 |pmid=38336630 |pmc=10858573 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BMCEE..24...20B }}</ref>
* McInerney, Blokland & [[Trevor Worthy|Worthy]] (2024) redescribe the skull morphology of ''[[Genyornis|Genyornis newtoni]]'' and study its phylogenetic affinities, recovering the family [[Dromornithidae]] as more likely to be members of [[Anseriformes]] related to [[screamer]]s than close relatives of the family [[Gastornithidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McInerney |first1=P. L. |last2=Blokland |first2=J. C. |last3=Worthy |first3=T. H. |year=2024 |title=Skull morphology of the enigmatic ''Genyornis newtoni'' Stirling and Zeitz, 1896 (Aves, Dromornithidae), with implications for functional morphology, ecology, and evolution in the context of Galloanserae |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1093–1165 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024HBio...36.1093M }}</ref>
* A study on the vertebral column of ''[[Annakacygna|Annakacygna hajimei]]'' is published by Matsuoka, Seoka & Hasegawa (2024), who reconstruct the neck of this bird with a curve at its base that increased the buoyancy and stability of the bird's body when it was in the water by helping it to put the base of the neck with its air sacs below the water surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matsuoka |first1=H. |last2=Seoka |first2=R. |last3=Hasegawa |first3=Y. |title=Reexamination of the prepelvic vertebrae found in the holotype of ''Annakacygna hajimei'' (Aves, Anseriformes, Cygnini) revealed the adaptive morphology of vertebral column linked to the mode of life of the "ultimate bird" |journal=Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History |year=2024 |volume=28 |pages=15–44 |url=https://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin28_02.pdf }}</ref>
* A case for the validity of ''[[Miotadorna|Miotadorna catrionae]]'' is presented by Tennyson ''et al.'' (2024),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tennyson |first1=Alan J. D. |last2=Greer |first2=Liam |last3=Lubbe |first3=Pascale |last4=Marx |first4=Felix G. |last5=Giovanardi |first5=Simone |last6=Rawlence |first6=Nicolas J. |title=A response to Worthy ''et al.'' 2022. A swan-sized fossil anatid (Aves: Anatidae) from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand. ''Zootaxa'', 5168 (1), 39–50. |journal=Zootaxa |date=2024 |volume=5453 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5453.1.8}}</ref> in response to Worthy ''et al.'' (2022)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Worthy |first1=Trevor H. |last2=Scofield |first2=R. Paul |last3=Hand |first3=Suzanne J. |last4=De Pietri |first4=Vanesa L. |last5=Archer |first5=Michael |title=A swan-sized fossil anatid (Aves: Anatidae) from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand |journal=Zootaxa |date=2022 |volume=5168 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5168.1.3|pmid=36101302 }}</ref> considering it a [[junior synonym]] of ''Miotadorna sanctibathansi''.
* Evidence from the study of mitogenomes of the extant [[Brazilian merganser]] and extinct [[Auckland Island merganser]], interpreted as indicating that the studied mergansers are not sister taxa and that their ancestors moved into the [[Southern Hemisphere]] in two separate colonization events at least 7 million years ago, is presented by Rawlence ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rawlence |first1=N. J. |last2=Verry |first2=A. J. F. |last3=Cole |first3=T. L. |last4=Shepherd |first4=L. D. |last5=Tennyson |first5=A. J. D. |last6=Williams |first6=M. |last7=Wood |first7=J. R. |last8=Mitchell |first8=K. J. |year=2024 |title=Ancient mitogenomes reveal evidence for the Late Miocene dispersal of mergansers to the Southern Hemisphere |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae040 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of [[Neoaves|neoavians]], as indicated by genomic data, is published by Wu ''et al.'' (2024), who argue that the initial diversification of the crown group of birds was correlated with the rise of flowering plants in the Cretaceous, that modern birds survived the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] relatively well, and that the [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]] had a significant impact on the diversification of the seabirds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu |first1=S. |last2=Rheindt |first2=F. E. |last3=Zhang |first3=J. |last4=Wang |first4=J. |last5=Zhang |first5=L. |last6=Quan |first6=C. |last7=Li |first7=Z. |last8=Wang |first8=M. |last9=Wu |first9=F. |last10=Qu |first10=Y. |last11=Edwards |first11=S. V. |last12=Zhou |first12=Z. |last13=Liu |first13=L. |year=2024 |title=Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=121 |issue=8 |at=e2319696121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2319696121 |pmid=38346181 |pmc=10895254 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PNAS..12119696W }}</ref>
* Zelenkov (2024) describes a fragmentary humerus of a [[buttonquail]] from the Lower Pleistocene strata from the Taurida Cave (Crimea), representing the first record of a member of the family Turnicidae from Eurasia from the Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene interval.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zelenkov |first=N. V. |year=2024 |title=Unexpected Find of a Buttonquail (Aves: Charadriiformes: Turnicidae) in the Lower Pleistocene of Crimea |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |volume=513 |issue=1 supplement |pages=S1–S4 |doi=10.1134/S0012496623600148 |pmid=38190042 |s2cid=266843308 }}</ref>
* A study on the internal structure and resistance to bending forces of [[Tarsometatarsus|tarsometatarsi]] of extant and Eocene penguins is published by Jadwiszczak, Krüger & Mörs (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jadwiszczak |first1=P. |last2=Krüger |first2=A. |last3=Mörs |first3=T. |title=Fossil and modern penguin tarsometatarsi: cavities, vascularity, and resilience |journal=Integrative Zoology |year=2024 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12852 |doi-access=free |pmid=38858828 }}</ref>
* A new specimen of ''[[Palaeeudyptes]]'' is described by Xia, Pei & Li (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xia |first1=Bo-Yang |last2=Pei |first2=Jun-Ling |last3=Li |first3=Quan-Guo |title=A new penguin fossil from Seymour Island and reassessment of taxonomy and diversity of Eocene Antarctic penguins |journal=Palaeoworld |date=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2024.04.007}}</ref>
* A study on the long limb bone microstructure of extant [[king penguin]]s throughout their ontogeny is published by Canoville, Robin & de Buffrénil (2024), who find evidence of substantial intraspecific variability regardless of the ontogenetic stage, and evidence indicating that limb bones of king penguins reach adult size early in the development while their microstructure continues to change until adulthood; on the basis of their findings the authors do not consider the conclusions of Cerda, Tambussi & Degrange (2014)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cerda |first1=I. A. |last2=Tambussi |first2=C. P. |last3=Degrange |first3=F. J. |year=2014 |title=Unexpected microanatomical variation among Eocene Antarctic stem penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=549–557 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.896907 |hdl=11336/41915 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and Ksepka ''et al.'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ksepka |first1=D. T. |last2=Werning |first2=S. |last3=Sclafani |first3=M. |last4=Boles |first4=Z. M. |year=2015 |title=Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=227 |issue=5 |pages=611–630 |doi=10.1111/joa.12367 |pmid=26360700 |pmc=4609197 }}</ref> about the paleobiology of fossil penguins to be properly supported by their data.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canoville |first1=A. |last2=Robin |first2=J.-P. |last3=de Buffrénil |first3=V. |title=Ontogenetic development of limb bone microstructure in the king penguin, ''Aptenodytes patagonicus'' (Miller, 1778), with considerations for palaeoecological inferences in Sphenisciformes |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2024 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae002 }}</ref>
* The evolutionary dynamics of [[microsatellite]]s in [[Adélie penguin]]s based on both modern and ancient genetic samples (up to 46.5 thousand years old) are studied by McComish ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McComish |first1=Bennet J |last2=Charleston |first2=Michael A |last3=Parks |first3=Matthew |last4=Baroni |first4=Carlo |last5=Salvatore |first5=Maria Cristina |last6=Li |first6=Ruiqiang |last7=Zhang |first7=Guojie |last8=Millar |first8=Craig D |last9=Holland |first9=Barbara R |last10=Lambert |first10=David M |title=Ancient and Modern Genomes Reveal Microsatellites Maintain a Dynamic Equilibrium Through Deep Time |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=2024 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=evae017 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evae017|pmid=38412309 |pmc=10972684 }}</ref>
* Leoni ''et al.'' (2024) describe the first fossil material of a [[turkey vulture]] from cave deposits in northeastern Brazil, which preserves trace marks likely produced by a felid and indicating that the vulture died in the cave it was discovered in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leoni |first1=R |last2=Alves-Silva |first2=L |last3=da Costa |first3=J |last4=de Araujo-Junior |first4=H |last5=Dantas |first5=M |date=2024 |title=First fossil record of a Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) in northeast of Brazil: Taxonomy, ichnology, and taphonomic history |url= |journal=South American Earth Sciences |volume= 136|issue= |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104831 |bibcode=2024JSAES.13604831L |s2cid=267602385 |access-date=}}</ref>
* The colonization of the [[Mediterranean Basin]] by [[Bonelli's eagle]] is studied by Moleón ''et al.'' (2024), drawing on data from environmental favorability, [[genetic structure]], the fossil record, and ecological relationships with [[golden eagle]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moleón |first1=Marcos |last2=Graciá |first2=Eva |last3=García |first3=Nuria |last4=Gil-Sánchez |first4=José M. |last5=Godinho |first5=Raquel |last6=Beja |first6=Pedro |last7=Palma |first7=Luís |last8=Real |first8=Joan |last9=Hernández-Matías |first9=Antonio |last10=Muñoz |first10=A. Román |last11=Arrondo |first11=Eneko |last12=Sánchez-Zapata |first12=José A. |title=Wildlife following people: A multidisciplinary assessment of the ancient colonization of the Mediterranean Basin by a long-lived raptor |journal=People and Nature |date=2024 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1303–1319 |doi=10.1002/pan3.10642|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PeoNa...6.1303M }}</ref>
* Acosta Hospitaleche & Jones (2024) describe fossil material of a large-bodied (with an estimated body mass of around 100 kg) [[Phorusrhacidae|phorusrhacid]] or phorusrhacid-like bird from the Eocene [[La Meseta Formation]] ([[Seymour Island]], [[Antarctica]]), interpreted by the authors as likely [[apex predator]] of Antarctica during the Eocene.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=C. |last2=Jones |first2=W. |title=Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island |year=2024 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=27.1.a13 |doi=10.26879/1340 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships and on the evolution of body size and cursoriality in phorusrhacids, providing evidence of niche partitioning and competitive exclusion that controlled phorusrhacid diversity, is published by LaBarge, Gardner & Organ (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=LaBarge |first1=T. W. |last2=Gardner |first2=J. D. |last3=Organ |first3=C. L. |year=2024 |title=The evolution and ecology of gigantism in terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=291 |issue=2021 |at=20240235 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.0235 |pmid=38654650 |pmc=11040249 |pmc-embargo-date=April 24, 2025 }}</ref>
* Acosta Hospitaleche & Jones (2024) describe partial tibiotarsus of a [[Psilopterinae|psilopterine]] phorusrhacid from the Eocene (Lutetian) Sarmiento Formation (Argentina), interpreted as belonging to a bird with an estimated body mass of approximately 5 kg.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=C. |last2=Jones |first2=W. |year=2024 |title=Insights on the oldest terror bird (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the Eocene of Argentina |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2304592 |s2cid=267475903 }}</ref>
* A [[carpometacarpus]] of a [[Cuban macaw]] is described from the [[Pleistocene]] of El Abrón Cave ([[Cuba]]) by Zelenkov (2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zelenkov |first1=N. V. |title=Cuban Macaw ''Ara tricolor'' in the Upper Pleistocene of Western Cuba |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |date=2024 |volume=516 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.1134/S0012496624700947|pmid=38538825 }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Wieslochia|Wieslochia weissi]]'', ''[[Crosnoornis|Crosnoornis nargizia]]'', ''[[Jamna (bird)|Jamna szybiaki]]'', ''[[Resoviaornis|Resoviaornis jamrozi]]'' and an unnamed passerine from the Oligocene of France described by Riamon, Tourment & Louchart (2020)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Riamon |first1=S. |last2=Tourment |first2=N. |last3=Louchart |first3=A. |year=2020 |title=The earliest Tyrannida (Aves, Passeriformes), from the Oligocene of France |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |at=9776 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66149-9 |pmid=32555197 |pmc=7299954 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9776R }}</ref> is published by Lowi-Merri ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lowi-Merri |first1=T. M. |last2=Gjevori |first2=M. |last3=Bocheński |first3=Z. M. |last4=Wertz |first4=K. |last5=Claramunt |first5=S. |year=2024 |title=Total-evidence dating and the phylogenetic affinities of early fossil passerines |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2356086 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2256086L }}</ref>
* Pöllath & Peters (2024) study the composition of early Holocene bird assemblages from southeast [[Turkey]], northern [[Syria]] and northern [[Iraq]], providing evidence of changes of bird species ranges related to climatic changes during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, aridification during the Holocene and human activities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pöllath |first1=N. |last2=Peters |first2=J. |year=2024 |title=Early Neolithic avifaunal remains from southeast Anatolia provide insight into Early Holocene species distributions and long-term shifts in their range |journal=Ibis |doi=10.1111/ibi.13341 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Pterosaurs ==

=== New pterosaur taxa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center"
!Name
!Novelty
!Status
!Authors
!Age
!Type locality
!Country
!Notes
!Images
|-
| ''[[Ceoptera]]''<ref name="Ceoptera">{{Cite journal |last1=Martin-Silverstone |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Unwin |first2=David M. |last3=Cuff |first3=Andrew R. |last4=Brown |first4=Emily E. |last5=Allington-Jones |first5=Lu |last6=Barrett |first6=Paul M. |date=2024-02-05 |title=A new pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland and the early diversification of flying reptiles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2298741 |issn=0272-4634|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| Gen. et sp. nov
| Valid
| Martin-Silverstone ''et al.''
| [[Middle Jurassic]]
| [[Kilmaluag Formation]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| A [[darwinoptera]]n. The type species is ''C. evansae''.
|
|-
|
''[[Haliskia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pentland |first1=A. H. |last2=Poropat |first2=S. F. |last3=Duncan |first3=R. J. |last4=Kellner |first4=A. W. A. |last5=Bantim |first5=R. A. M. |last6=Bevitt |first6=J. J. |last7=Tait |first7=A. M. |last8=Grice |first8=K. |title=''Haliskia peterseni'', a new anhanguerian pterosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Australia |year=2024 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |at=11789 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-60889-8 |doi-access=free |pmid=38866826 |pmc=11169243 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1411789P }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Pentland ''et al.''
|
Early Cretaceous (Albian)
|
[[Toolebuc Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Australia}}
|
A member of [[Anhangueria]]. The type species is ''H. peterseni''.
|[[File:Haliskia Life Restoration.png|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Torukjara]]''<ref name="Torukjara">{{Cite journal |last1=Pêgas |first1=Rodrigo V. |date=2024-06-10 |title=A taxonomic note on the tapejarid pterosaurs from the Pterosaur Graveyard site (Caiuá Group, ?Early Cretaceous of Southern Brazil): evidence for the presence of two species |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–22 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381306918 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2355664 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|Valid
|Pêgas
|[[Early Cretaceous]]
|[[Caiuá Group]]
| {{flag|Brazil}}
|A [[Tapejaridae|tapejarid]]. The type species is ''T. bandeirae.''
|[[File:Torukjara_CP.V_8175.png|frameless]]
|}

=== Pterosaur research ===
* A study on the cervical osteology of ''[[Anhanguera (pterosaur)|Anhanguera piscator]]'', ''[[Azhdarcho|Azhdarcho lancicollis]]'' and ''[[Rhamphorhynchus|Rhamphorhynchus muensteri]]'', aiming to reconstruct the cervical arthrology of pterosaurs and the position of the pterosaur neck at rest, is published by Buchmann & Rodrigues (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buchmann |first1=R. |last2=Rodrigues |first2=T. |year=2024 |title=Arthrological reconstructions of the pterosaur neck and their implications for the cervical position at rest |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |at=e16884 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16884 |pmc=10893864 |doi-access=free |pmid=38406270 }}</ref>
* A study on the palate structure in ''[[Kunpengopterus]]'', ''[[Hongshanopterus]]'', ''[[Hamipterus]]'' and ''[[Dsungaripterus]]'', providing new information on the relations between the [[Palatine bone|palatine]], ectopterygoid, [[maxilla]] and [[Pterygoid bone|pterygoid]] in the studied pterosaurs resulting in reinterpretation of the main palatal openings, and identifying an opening bordered anteriorly by the maxilla and posteriorly by the palatine that is unique within [[Diapsid]]a and might be a [[Apomorphy and synapomorphy|synapomorphy]] of Pterosauria, is published by Chen ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen |first1=H. |last2=Jiang |first2=S. |last3=Kellner |first3=A. W. A. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |year=2024 |title=New insights into pterosaur cranial anatomy: X-ray imaging reveals palatal structure and evolutionary trends |journal=Communications Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |at=456 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06132-6 |pmid=38609453 |pmc=11014945 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the aerodynamic impact of large heads and head crests of pterosaurs is published by Henderson (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson |first=D. M. |year=2024 |title=Using your head — cranial steering in pterosaurs |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=111 |issue=3 |at=29 |doi=10.1007/s00114-024-01915-7 |pmid=38713269 |bibcode=2024SciNa.111...29H }}</ref>
* Yun (2024) uses geometric morphometric analyses to investigate the relationships of pterosaur specimens from the Early Cretaceous [[Jinju Formation|Jinju]] and [[Hasandong Formation|Hasandong]] formations (South Korea), and suggests that the material likely cannot be assigned to the [[Boreopteridae]], as had previously been assumed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yun|first=Chan-Gyu|year=2024|title=Geometric morphometric approach to establish phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic pterosaur specimens from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae|volume=20|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.06|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* So, Kim & Won (2024) describe a nearly complete skeleton of a probable member of the genus ''[[Jeholopterus]]'' from the Lower Cretaceous [[Sinuiju Formation]], representing the first pterosaur recond from [[North Korea]] reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=So |first1=K. S. |last2=Kim |first2=P. H. |last3=Won |first3=C. G. |year=2024 |title=First Articulated Rhamphorhynchoid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=57 |issue=1 supplement |pages=S90–S94 |doi=10.1134/S003103012360018X }}</ref>
* Heredia ''et al.'' (2024) describe new tracks of [[Pterodactyloidea|pterodactyloid]] pterosaurs from the [[Cenomanian]] [[Candeleros Formation]] (Argentina) with a different morphology from previously recorded tracks from this formation, interpreted as more likely produced by individuals of different ages rather than different species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heredia |first1=A. M. |last2=Díaz-Martínez |first2=I. |last3=Pazos |first3=P. J. |last4=de Valais |first4=S. |year=2024 |title=Pterosaur tracks from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Candeleros Formation of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina: Ichnotaxonomic and palaeoecological perspectives from Gondwana |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=650 |at=112338 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112338 }}</ref>
* Partial finger [[Phalanx bone|phalanx]] of a member of [[Ctenochasmatoidea]] with an estimated wingspan of at least 3 m, representing one of the first records of Jurassic pterodactyloids from the [[United Kingdom]], is described from the [[Kimmeridge Clay]] of Abingdon, Oxfordshire by Etienne ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Etienne |first1=J. L. |last2=Smith |first2=R. E. |last3=Unwin |first3=D. M. |last4=Smyth |first4=R. S. H. |last5=Martill |first5=D. M. |year=2024 |title=A 'giant' pterodactyloid pterosaur from the British Jurassic |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=335–348 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.05.002 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PrGA..135..335E }}</ref>
* Description of the anatomy of the ankle of ''[[Pterodaustro|Pterodaustro guinazui]]'' is published by Burlot ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burlot |first1=R. |last2=Codorniú |first2=L. |last3=Defend |first3=L. |last4=Laurin |first4=M. |year=2024 |title=The ankle joint of ''Pterodaustro guinazui'' |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=329–350 |doi=10.4202/app.01097.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Redescription and a study on the affinities of ''[[Haopterus|Haopterus gracilis]]'' is published by Xu, Jiang & Wang (2024), who recover ''H. gracilis'' as a member of [[Istiodactyliformes]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu |first1=Y. |last2=Jiang |first2=S. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |year=2024 |title=The restudy of ''Haopterus gracilis'' from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=162 |at=105933 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105933 }}</ref>
* Ciaffi & Bellardini (2024) describe isolated teeth of indeterminate members of [[Ornithocheiriformes]] from the [[Lohan Cura Formation]] ([[Neuquén Province]], [[Argentina]]), providing evidence of a more abundant and diversified ornithocheiriform fauna in the south of the Neuquén Basin (at least in the [[Albian]]) than previously known.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ciaffi |first1=A. |last2=Bellardini |first2=F. |year=2024 |title=Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.4202/app.01122.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Jung & Huh (2024) describe pterosaur tracks from the [[Turonian]] Jangdong Formation ([[South Korea]]), interpreted as likely produced by small-bodied or immature [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchids]] and as probable evidence of gregariousness of the trackmakers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jung |first1=J. |last2=Huh |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=New Pterosaur Tracks from the Hwasun Seoyuri Tracksite (Turonian) of South Korea: Implications for their Ecological Niche and Habitat |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=645 |at=112218 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112218 |bibcode=2024PPP...64512218J }}</ref>

== Other archosaurs ==

=== Other archosaur research ===
* Garcia ''et al.'' (2024) describe two new [[Lagerpetidae|lagerpetid]] specimens from the [[Carnian]] strata of the upper [[Santa Maria Formation]] ([[Brazil]]), interpreted as indicative of a [[Sympatry|sympatric]] occurrence of lagerpetids representing different morphotypes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=M. S. |last2=Fonseca |first2=A. O. |last3=Doering |first3=M. |last4=da Rosa |first4=Á. A. S. |last5=Müller |first5=R. T. |year=2024 |title=A new sympatric occurrence of lagerpetids (Pan-Aves, Pterosauromorpha) in the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=140 |at=104897 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104897 |bibcode=2024JSAES.14004897G }}</ref>
* Agnolín ''et al.'' (2024) revise the anatomy of the pelvic girdle of ''[[Lagerpeton|Lagerpeton chanarensis]]'', reinterpreting it as likely to have a sprawling gait.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=F. L. |last2=Novas |first2=F. E. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |last4=Miner |first4=S. |last5=Müller |first5=R. T. |year=2024 |title=Comments on the pelvic girdle anatomy of ''Lagerpeton chanarensis'' Romer, 1971 (Archosauria) and its implications on the posture and gait of early pterosauromorphs |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=307 |issue=4 |pages=1001–1010 |doi=10.1002/ar.25389 |pmid=38263641 |s2cid=267197820 }}</ref>

== General research ==
* A study on the evolution of locomotion in [[Archosauromorpha|archosauromorph]] reptiles is published by Shipley ''et al.'' (2024), who interpret their findings as indicative of greater range in limb form and locomotor modes of dinosaurs compared to other archosauromorph groups, and argue that the ability to adopt a wider variety of limb forms and modes might have given dinosaurs a competitive advantage over pseudosuchians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shipley |first1=A. E. |last2=Elsler |first2=A. |last3=Singh |first3=S. A. |last4=Stubbs |first4=T. L. |last5=Benton |first5=M. J. |year=2024 |title=Locomotion and the early Mesozoic success of Archosauromorpha |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=11 |issue=2 |at=231495 |doi=10.1098/rsos.231495 |pmid=38328568 |pmc=10846959 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024RSOS...1131495S }}</ref>
* A study on the body size evolution of non-avian dinosaurs and Mesozoic birds is published by Wilson ''et al.'' (2024), who find no evidence that [[Bergmann's rule]] applied to the studied taxa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson |first1=L. N. |last2=Gardner |first2=J. D. |last3=Wilson |first3=J. P. |last4=Farnsworth |first4=A. |last5=Perry |first5=Z. R. |last6=Druckenmiller |first6=P. S. |last7=Erickson |first7=G. M. |last8=Organ |first8=C. L. |year=2024 |title=Global latitudinal gradients and the evolution of body size in dinosaurs and mammals |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |at=2864 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46843-2 |pmid=38580657 |pmc=10997647 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2864W }}</ref>
* Knoll, Ishikawa & Kawabe (2024) present a new method which can be used to determine the brain volume of extinct archosaurs on the basis their endocranial cavity volume.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Knoll |first1=F. |last2=Ishikawa |first2=A. |last3=Kawabe |first3=S. |year=2024 |title=A proxy for brain-to-endocranial cavity index in non-neornithean dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=532 |issue=3 |at=e25597 |doi=10.1002/cne.25597 |pmid=38588163 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Malafaia ''et al.'' (2024) revise fossils from [[Portugal]] that were historically assigned to ''[[Megalosaurus]]'', and find that the majority of this fossil material represents bones of members of different theropod groups, but also that the studied material includes stegosaurian, iguanodontian, sauropod and thalattosuchian bones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malafaia |first1=E. |last2=Mocho |first2=P. |last3=Escaso |first3=F. |last4=Narvaéz |first4=I. |last5=Ortega |first5=F. |year=2024 |title=Taxonomic and stratigraphic update of the material historically attributed to ''Megalosaurus'' from Portugal |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=127–171 |doi=10.4202/app.01113.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Dinosaur and probable crocodylomorph tracks, including some of the largest sauropod tracks worldwide, are described from the [[Bathonian]] strata in the El Mers area ([[Morocco]]) by Amzil ''et al.'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amzil |first1=M. |last2=Oukassou |first2=M. |last3=Lallensack |first3=J. N. |last4=Klein |first4=H. |last5=Zafaty |first5=O. |last6=Saber |first6=H. |last7=Charrière |first7=A. |last8=Meyer |first8=C. |last9=Gierliński |first9=G. D. |year=2024 |title=New dinosaur tracks from the Middle Jurassic red beds of the Middle Atlas (Morocco): Application of photogrammetry to ichnology and conservation of geological heritage |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.06.004 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Archosaurs]]
[[Category:2024 in paleontology]]

Gastonia, North Carolina

2024-07-02T23:04:38Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Arts and culture */

{{distinguish|Gaston, North Carolina}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gastonia
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Gastonia Downtown Aerial.jpg
| image_caption = Downtown Gastonia
| image_seal = Gastonia, NC City Seal.jpg
| nickname = Spindle City
| motto = "Great Place. Great People. Great Promise."
| named_for = [[William Gaston]]
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = North Carolina#USA
| coordinates = {{coord|35|14|57|N|81|11|08|W|region:US-NC_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in North Carolina|County]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North Carolina]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gaston County, North Carolina|Gaston]]
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cityofgastonia.com/government/departments/city-manager.html|title=City of Gastonia - City Manager|publisher=City of Gastonia|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Richard Franks ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Walker E. Reid III, Gastonia mayor, dies. The ‘spirit to serve’ drove him |url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/gastonia-first-black-mayor-walker-215158743.html |website=Yahoo Finance |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en-CA |date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| total_type = Total
| unit_pref = Imperial
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1877
| area_total_km2 = 135.24
| area_total_sq_mi = 52.22
| area_land_km2 = 134.65
| area_land_sq_mi = 51.99
| area_water_km2 = 0.59
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.23
| area_water_percent = 0.44
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 738
| population_total = 80411
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est = 83942
| pop_est_as_of = 2023
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 597.17
| population_density_sq_mi = 1546.66
| population_metro =
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code = 28052-28056
| area_code = [[Area codes 704 and 980|704, 980]]
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.cityofgastonia.com}}
| footnotes =
| population_urban = 176897 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|208th]])<ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications|title=2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications|author=United States Census Bureau|website=Federal Register|date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 548.2
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 1420.0
| timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 37-25580<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2011-05-14 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 2403684<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2403684}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
| image_blank_emblem = Gastonia, NC City Logo.png
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_flag = Gastonia, NC City Flag.gif
}}

'''Gastonia''' is the most populous city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Gaston County, North Carolina]], United States. It is the second-largest [[satellite city]] of the [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] area, behind [[Concord, North Carolina|Concord]]. The population was 80,411 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], up from 71,741 in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Gastonia%20city,%20North%20Carolina |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref name="2020CensusQuickFacts"/> Gastonia is the [[List of municipalities in North Carolina|13th-most populous city]] in North Carolina. It is part of the [[Charlotte metropolitan area|Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is part of the [[Charlotte metropolitan area|Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC Combined Statistical Area]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2012 |title=Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC Combined Statistical Area |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/econ/ec2012/csa/EC2012_330M200US172M.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2023 |website=www2.census.gov}}</ref>

The city is a historic center for textile manufacturing and was the site of the [[Loray Mill Strike]] of 1929, which became a key event in the labor movement. While manufacturing remains important to the local economy, the city also has well-developed healthcare, education, and government sectors.

==History==
Gastonia is named for [[William Gaston]], a jurist and [[United States Representative]] from [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n134 135]}}</ref>

[[File:Girls running warping machines in Loray Mill, Gastonia, N.C. Many boys and girls much younger. Boss carefully avoided... - NARA - 523104.jpg|thumb|[[Child labor]] at Loray Mill in Gastonia, 1908. Photo by [[Lewis Hine]].]]
The [[Loray Mill strike]] occurred in Gastonia in 1929. The role of organizers for Communist Party-affiliated National Textile Workers Union (NTWU) alienated religious leaders in Gastonia, who denounced the organizers' ideology, undermining support for the strike.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Millhands and Preachers: A Study of Gastonia|last=Pope|first=Liston|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1965|isbn=978-0300001822|edition=5th|location=New Haven|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/millhandspreache00pope}}</ref> The strike collapsed after the death of Gastonia's police chief, Orville Alderholt, led to a murder trial of several militants including NTWU chief organizer [[Fred Beal]].<ref>Salmond, John A. ''Gastonia'' ''1929'': ''The Story of the Loray Mill Strike'', (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1995)</ref> Beal was convicted in the killing but fled to the Soviet Union. The strike largely failed in attaining its goals of better working conditions and wages, and the American labor movement was never able to gain a foothold among textile workers in Gastonia. The strike, however, became for a while an international cause célèbre, figuring in several novels published in the 1930s.

===National Register of Historic Places===
[[File:Gastonia Bank.jpg|thumb|Citizens National Bank in Downtown Gastonia]]
[[File:Gaston Music & Pawn.jpg|thumb|Intersection on East Franklin Boulevard]]
The [[City Hospital-Gaston Memorial Hospital]], [[Craig Farmstead]], [[Downtown Gastonia Historic District]], [[First National Bank Building (Gastonia, North Carolina)|First National Bank Building]], Gaston County Courthouse, [[Gastonia High School]], [[David Jenkins House]], [[Loray Mill Historic District]], [[Robinson-Gardner Building]], [[Third National Bank Building]], and [[William J. Wilson House]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref><ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20111216.htm|title=National Register of Historic Places Listings|date=2011-12-16|work=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties:12/05/11 through 12/09/11|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{maplink|frame=yes|zoom=10|id=Q943775|type=shape-inverse|text=Interactive map of Gastonia}}
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|52.22|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|51.99|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|0.23|sqmi}} (0.44%) is water.<ref name="TigerWebMapServer"/> Gastonia occupies 14% of the total area of Gaston County. Gastonia is approximately {{convert|21|mi}} west of [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], {{convert|22|mi}} east of [[Shelby, North Carolina|Shelby]], and {{convert|37|mi}} south of [[Hickory, North Carolina|Hickory]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 236
|1890= 1033
|1900= 4610
|1910= 5759
|1920= 12871
|1930= 17093
|1940= 21313
|1950= 23069
|1960= 37276
|1970= 47322
|1980= 47218
|1990= 54732
|2000= 66277
|2010= 71741
|2020= 80411
|estyear=2023
|estimate=83942
|estref=<ref name="2020CensusQuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/gastoniacitynorthcarolina|title=QuickFacts: Gastonia city, North Carolina|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015 }}</ref>
}}

===Population===
====2020 census====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Gastonia, North Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition''' {{nobold|''Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}
!Race / Ethnicity (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Gastonia city, North Carolina|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US0680238&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Gastonia city, North Carolina|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0680238&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Gastonia city, North Carolina|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0680238&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|44,615
|42,614
|style='background: #ffffe6; |40,855
|67.32%
|59.40%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |50.81%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|16,520
|19,661
|style='background: #ffffe6; |24,334
|24.93%
|27.41%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |30.26%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|118
|201
|style='background: #ffffe6; |216
|0.18%
|0.28%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.27%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|765
|956
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,389
|1.15%
|1.33%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.73%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|13
|7
|style='background: #ffffe6; |17
|0.02%
|0.01%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.02%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|67
|145
|style='background: #ffffe6; |329
|0.10%
|0.20%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.41%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|566
|1,256
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3,100
|0.85%
|1.75%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.86%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|3,613
|6,901
|style='background: #ffffe6; |10,171
|5.45%
|9.62%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |12.65%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''66,277'''
|'''74,741'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''80,411'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 80,411 people, 27,796 households, and 18,361 families residing in the city.

====2010 census====
At the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]],<ref name="GR8">{{cite web |title=Community Facts |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=May 21, 2020 |work=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> there were 71,741 people, 27,770 households, and 18,599 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1,420.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 31,238 housing units at an average density of {{convert|618.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial composition of the city was 62.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 27.5% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[African American]], 2.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.4% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 5.2% [[Race (United States Census)|some other race]], and 3.0% [[Multiracial American|two or more races]]. 9.7% of the population were [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino American]] of any race.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US3725580| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054926/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US3725580| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Gastonia city, North Carolina| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |website=American FactFinder| access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref>

As of the 2010 census, there were 27,770 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were headed by [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52, and the average family size was 3.05.<ref name="Census 2010"/>

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.<ref name="Census 2010"/>

In 2011 the estimated median income for a household in the city was $36,881, and the median income for a family was $44,576. Male full-time workers had a median income of $38,151 versus $29,590 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $19,277. 20.9% of the population and 18.3% of families were below the [[poverty line]]. 32.5% of those under the age of 18 and 6.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/11_1YR/DP03/1600000US3725580| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212084832/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/11_1YR/DP03/1600000US3725580| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates (DP03): Gastonia city, North Carolina| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |website=American FactFinder| access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref>

===Crime===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Offense
! Gastonia (2009)
! per 100,000 people<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/city/Gastonia-North-Carolina.html|title=Gastonia, North Carolina (NC) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders|website=www.city-data.com}}</ref>
|-
| Murder
| 5
| 7.2
|-
| Rape
| 28
| 38.8
|-
| Robbery
| 220
| 118.1
|-
| Assault
| 345
| 854.6
|-
| Burglary
| 1,059
| 831.6
|-
| Theft
| 3,187
| 3,383.9
|-
| Arson
| 35
| 14.4
|}

==Economy==
Many shutdowns and job losses have plagued Gastonia over the past decade. Gastonia maintains a relatively strong manufacturing workforce, but many workers are laid off and many more are facing job losses. The city had an unemployment rate of 7.9% as of 2010; 12,536 of the 71,341 residents lived and worked in the city, with a daytime population change of +10,610. The city is the international corporate headquarters for textile company Parkdale Mills, the number one manufacturer of [[Yarn|spun yarn]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Parkdale Mills |url=https://www.parkdalemills.com/about/ |website=www.parkdalemills.com}}</ref> The company also operated two production facilities in Gastonia and several in surrounding communities. Parkdale, like many other companies, has closed plants and moved production to other countries.

Other manufacturers in Gastonia include Wix Filtration Corp., [[Freightliner Trucks]], Stabilus, [[Curtiss-Wright]] Controls Engineered Systems and [[Radici Group]]. Other major employers include the City of Gastonia and Gaston County governments, the [[Gaston County Schools]] system, [[CaroMont Regional Medical Center]], and retailers [[Walmart]] and [[Advance Auto Parts]], with two and six stores (plus a distribution center) respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edis.commerce.state.nc.us/docs/topEmployers/topEmp_37071.pdf |title=Gaston County Employers - 4th Quarter 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910085549/https://edis.commerce.state.nc.us/docs/topEmployers/topEmp_37071.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-10 |access-date=2008-07-29}} Source: NC Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information, Top 10 Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Employers for each NC county.</ref>

==Arts and culture==
[[File:Gastonia Downtown.jpg|thumb|upright|Storefronts on West Main Avenue]]
Gastonia and the surrounding areas feature several notable attractions.

The [[Schiele Museum of Natural History]] features a number of permanent exhibits, including the Hall of North Carolina Natural History and the Henry Hall of the American Indian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schielemuseum.org/permanent_galleries.php |title=Permanent Galleries |publisher=The Schiele Museum of Natural History |access-date=June 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605123215/http://www.schielemuseum.org/permanent_galleries.php |archive-date=2012-06-05 }}</ref> The museum is also home to the James H. Lynn Planetarium, the only [[planetarium]] in the Charlotte area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schielemuseum.org/planetarium.php |title=James H. Lynn Planetarium |publisher=The Schiele Museum of Natural History |access-date=June 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609022936/http://www.schielemuseum.org/planetarium.php |archive-date=2012-06-09 }}</ref>

The [[Daniel Stowe Botanical Garden]] is located just southeast of the city in [[Belmont, North Carolina|Belmont]] on [[North Carolina Highway 279|NC 279]].

The [[U.S. National Whitewater Center]] (on the [[Catawba River]]) is located east of the city in neighboring [[Mecklenburg County, North Carolina|Mecklenburg County]].

[[Crowders Mountain State Park]] is located west of the city, near [[Kings Mountain, North Carolina|Kings Mountain]]. The park offers a number of hiking trails, as well as campgrounds, picnic areas, rock climbing, and fishing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crowders Mountain State Park |url=https://www.ncparks.gov/crowders-mountain-state-park/home |website=www.ncparks.gov}}</ref>

===Retail===
[[Eastridge Mall (Gastonia)|Eastridge Mall]], located at exit 20 on North New Hope Road, is the only indoor regional mall in the area. The mall is home to two anchors and over 80 specialty stores, a full-service food court and other services.

[[Downtown Gastonia Historic District]] has undergone a revitalization with many locally owned businesses. This has created a unique atmosphere of local shopping experiences with events centered around the community.

There are also a few more shopping centers across the city with other well-known national and local retailers.

==Sports==
The [[Gastonia Baseball Club]] of the [[Atlantic League of Professional Baseball]], a partner of [[Major League Baseball]], began to play in 2024 at [[CaroMont Health Park]], which is part of the Franklin Urban Sports and Entertainment (FUSE) District. The [[Gastonia Honey Hunters]], also in the Atlantic League, played there from 2021 to 2023. Before the Honey Hunters' arrival, the [[Gastonia Grizzlies]], a [[Coastal Plain League]] summer collegiate wood-bat team, played at [[Sims Legion Park]] from 2002 to 2020.

Gastonia was home to [[minor league baseball]], hosting the [[Gastonia Cardinals]]. The Cardinals played as members of the [[Class D (baseball)|Class D]] level 1938 [[North Carolina State League]] and the [[Tar Heel League]] in 1939 and 1940, winning the 1939 league championship. Decades later, a second Cardinals team played from 1977 to 1982 as members of the [[Class A (baseball)|Class A]] level [[Western Carolinas League]] and [[South Atlantic League]], winning the 1977 league championship.<ref name="encyc">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball |editor-first1=Lloyd |editor-last1=Johnson |editor-first2=Miles |editor-last2=Wolff |edition=Third |publisher=[[Baseball America]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-1932391176}}</ref> The Cardinals teams hosted home games from 1938 to 1940 at the [[Gastonia High School]] Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-961|title=Gastonia High School Stadium in Gastonia, NC minor league baseball history and teams on StatsCrew.com|website=Stats Crew}}</ref> and Sims Legion Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-962|title=Sims Legion Park in Gastonia, NC minor league baseball history and teams on StatsCrew.com|website=Stats Crew}}</ref>

The Gastonia Gargoyles play [[rugby football|rugby]] at Gaston County's North Belmont Park. The team is part of the Carolinas Geographical Union (CGU) and plays Division IV men's social rugby. The club plays in the fall (August - November) and spring (Feb - May) seasons. The club also hosts an annual rugby 7's tournament in [[Clover, South Carolina]], during the Clover Scottish Games on the first or second Saturday in June.

Gastonia's two [[roller derby]] teams are the G*Force (senior team) and Mini*Gs (junior team). Bouts take place at Kate's Skating Rink on Hudson Blvd.<ref>{{cite web | title = G*Force Presents Roller Derby | publisher = WBTV.com | date = June 9, 2014 | url = http://events.wbtv.com/G_Force_Presents_Roller_Derby/300114840.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164945/http://events.wbtv.com/G_Force_Presents_Roller_Derby/300114840.html | archive-date = July 14, 2014 }}</ref>

==Government==
[[File:Gastonia City Plaza.jpg|thumb|Gastonia City Hall (James B. Garland Municipal Business Center)]]

===Law enforcement===
The city is served by the [[Gastonia Police Department]], the [[Gaston County Police Department]], and the [[Gaston County Sheriff's Office]].

===Fire and rescue===
The Gastonia Fire Department consists of eight fire house spread throughout the communities within the City limits. The Gastonia Fire Department maintains 130 full-time firefighters working 3- to 24-hour shifts. The Life Safety division has a Fire Marshal and four inspectors, the Administration consists of the Fire Chief, Deputy Chief, Assistant Chief, Training Chief, and two Administrative assistants.
Gaston County EMS (GEMS) is the county ambulance service.

==Education==
===K–12===
All public K–12 schools in Gaston County, including the city of Gastonia, are part of the [[Gaston County Schools]] (GCS). GCS operates schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels.

There are four public high schools in Gastonia: [[Ashbrook High School]], [[Forestview High School]], [[Hunter Huss High School]], and [[Highland School of Technology]]. Students from outlying parts of Gastonia also attend [[Stuart W. Cramer High School]], [[North Gaston High School]], and [[Bessemer City High School (North Carolina)|Bessemer City High School]].

Private schools are also available in the city. Gaston Day School, [[Gaston Christian School]] are among various private schools offered in the Gastonia area.

Gastonia also has a charter school, Piedmont Community Charter School, that serves K–12 grade students. Currently the school has an Elementary campus along with a Secondary campus. A new High School campus is presently under construction. The new campus is set to open for the 2020–2021 school year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piedmont Community Charter School |url=https://pccharter.org/ |website=pccharter.org}}</ref>

===College and university===
Although there are no colleges or universities within the city limits of Gastonia, higher education is well represented in the greater Gastonia area. Gaston County is home to [[Belmont Abbey College]] (Belmont; four-year) and [[Gaston College]] ([[Dallas, North Carolina|Dallas]], [[Lincolnton, North Carolina|Lincolnton]] (Lincoln County), and Belmont; two-year).

===Library===
The Gaston County Public Library has three locations in the city.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gaston County Public Library | publisher = Gaston county Public Library | url = http://gastonlibrary.org/ | access-date = January 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Media==
===Newspaper===
''[[The Gaston Gazette]]'' is Gastonia's main newspaper. It is published daily, and covers Gastonia city, Gaston County, and surrounding areas. ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]'' (North Carolina's largest newspaper) is also available, citywide.

===Radio===
Gastonia is served by numerous FM and AM radio stations, mainly based in nearby Charlotte. The city has one licensed AM station: [[WGNC (AM)|WGNC]] 1450 AM; it has two licensed FM stations: WGNC 101.1FM and [[WBAV]] 101.9 FM.

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
====Highways and major city thoroughfares====
[[Interstate 85 in North Carolina|Interstate 85]] (I-85) links Gastonia directly with [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]], [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], and [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]]/[[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] (to the northeast) and [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg]], [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]], [[Atlanta]] and [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]] (to the southwest). Gastonia's transportation network is supplemented by one additional freeway ([[U.S. Route 321 in North Carolina|US 321]]), the freeway portion of which directly connects Gastonia with transcontinental [[Interstate 40 in North Carolina|I-40]] and the city of [[Hickory, North Carolina|Hickory]], {{convert|35|mi}} north of Gastonia.

Gastonia is also served by three federal highways: [[U.S. Route 29 in North Carolina|US 29]], [[U.S. Route 74 in North Carolina|US 74]] (US 29 and US 74 follow the same route through the city), and US 321. US 29 parallels I-85 through the Carolinas, while US 74 provides direct east–west links to Charlotte and [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] (east), and [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]] and [[Cherokee, North Carolina|Cherokee]] (to the west). US 321 links Gastonia to central South Carolina and the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] in northwest North Carolina. State highways include: [[North Carolina Highway 7|NC 7]], [[North Carolina Highway 274|NC 274]], [[North Carolina Highway 275|NC 275]] and [[North Carolina Highway 279|NC 279]].

Franklin Boulevard, Garrison Boulevard, Hudson Boulevard and Ozark/Long/Airline/Gaston Avenues are major east–west city thoroughfares. New Hope Road, Chester Street/York Road, and Marietta Street/Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, are major north–south city thoroughfares.

====Bus (local)====
[[Gastonia Transit]] (GT) is Gastonia's city transit provider. The bus service operates on a fixed-route system covering most of the city and stops are clearly visible around town. Buses run Monday-Saturday, and transfer downtown Gastonia at the [[Bradley Station]]. Regular fare is $1.00, transfers are free.

====Bus (regional)====
[[Charlotte Area Transit System]] (CATS) is Gastonia's commuter provider to Charlotte. The Gastonia Express (Route 85X) offers Monday-Friday bus service to/from uptown Charlotte, via the Bradley Station. One-way fare to/from uptown Charlotte is $4.40; transfer is free when transferring to any other CATS services.

====Bus (national)====
[[Greyhound Lines]] serves the city. Alongside Gastonia Transit, Greyhound utilizes downtown's Bradley Station.

====Rail (Amtrak)====
[[File:Gastonia North Carolina Amtrak Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gastonia station|Gastonia Amtrak station]]]]
[[Amtrak]]'s [[Crescent (train)|''Crescent'']] (trains 19, 20) connects Gastonia (GAS) with the cities of (to the north) [[New York City|New York]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], and Charlotte, and (to the south) Atlanta, [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], and [[New Orleans]]. The unmanned [[Gastonia station|Amtrak station]] is situated at 350 Hancock Street.

====Airports====
General service: [[Gastonia Municipal Airport]] (AKH) handles most of the city's private air service needs. It is located in the southeast part of the city on Gaston Day School Road, off NC 274 (Union Road).

Commercial service: [[Charlotte/Douglas International Airport]] (CLT) provides the city with a major domestic/international gateway and is located {{convert|18|mi}} east, in Charlotte. [[American Airlines]] has the airline's second largest hub operation at Charlotte.

==Notable people==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ernest Angley]], [[televangelist]]
* [[Darrell Armstrong]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
* [[R. B. Babington]], businessman, telecommunications pioneer, banker, and alderman of Gastonia
* [[John T. Biggers]], [[African-American]] [[muralist]]
* [[Wally Bryson]], Lead guitarist of the pop group The Raspberries, born in Gastonia
* [[Cliff Cash]], stand-up comedian
* [[Wiley Cash]], author
* [[Clyde Caldwell]], fantasy artist
* [[R. Gregg Cherry]], 61st Governor of the state of North Carolina from 1945 to 1949
* [[Rufus Crawford]], [[National Football League|NFL]] and [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] player
* [[Crash Davis]], [[Major League Baseball]] player who graduated from Gastonia HS
* [[Glenn Dunaway]], [[NASCAR]] driver
* [[Harold Dunaway]], NASCAR driver
* [[Fred Durst]], frontman and lyricist of the nu metal group [[Limp Bizkit]]
* [[Sleepy Floyd|Eric "Sleepy" Floyd]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
* [[Jamie Fraley]], missing woman
* [[Gary M. Green]], musician, author, television host, gaming consultant and entrepreneur
* [[Leonard Hamilton]], [[Florida State University]] men's basketball head coach; born in Gastonia
* [[Sylvia Hatchell]], women's basketball coach ([[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]])
* [[Wes Helms|Wesley Ray "Wes" Helms]], [[Major League Baseball]] player
* [[Lamar Holmes]], [[NFL]] player
* [[Charlie Hughes (audio engineer)|Charlie Hughes]], [[Invention|inventor]] and [[Audio engineering|audio engineer]]
* [[John Boy and Billy|Billy James]], radio talk show host of ''The John Boy and Billy Show''
* [[Evan Karagias]], wrestler and actor
* [[Buddy Lewis]], [[Major League Baseball]] player
* [[Lillian M. Lowery]], Superintendent of the Maryland State Department of Education, born in Gastonia
* [[Mel Melton]], musician and chef
* [[Kevin Millwood]], [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher
* [[Joe Pacheco]], [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] fighter<ref>[https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Joe-Pacheco-83492 Joe "The Juggernaut" Pacheco]. ''sherdog.com''. Retrieved October 13, 2020.</ref>
* [[Buddy Parrott]], [[NASCAR]] crew chief
* [[Ricky Rainey]], [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] fighter
* [[Marshall Rauch]], longest-serving Jewish state Senator in North Carolina history
* [[Diane Ray]], singer of the early 1960s
* [[Mary Reynolds (baseball)|Mary Reynolds]], baseball player in the [[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League]]
* [[Dave Robbins (basketball)|Dave Robbins]], college basketball coach and NCAA Hall of Fame member
* [[Koren Robinson]], professional football player
* [[Lionel Shriver]], author of ''[[We Need to Talk About Kevin]]''
* [[Michal Smolen]], [[Canoe slalom|slalom canoeist]] and Olympian<ref>Pells, Eddie. (May 28, 2016). [https://www.gastongazette.com/article/20160528/sports/160528975 Patience pays off for Gastonia’s Michal Smolen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815050719/https://www.gastongazette.com/article/20160528/sports/160528975 |date=August 15, 2021 }}. ''Gaston Gazette''. Retrieved August 15, 2021.</ref>
* [[Thomas Sowell]], political commentator and economist; born in Gastonia, raised in New York City
* [[Melvin Stewart]], former world record-holder in [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] who won two [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medals and one bronze
* [[Harold Varner III]], professional golfer
* [[Hassan Whiteside]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
* [[James Worthy]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player and member of [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Basketball Hall of Fame]]

{{div col end}}

==Sister cities==
Gastonia has two [[sister city|sister cities]]:
* {{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Gotha]], [[Thuringia]], Germany<ref name=sci>{{cite web|title=Interactive City Directory|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Gastonia,%20North%20Carolina|work=[[Sister Cities International]]|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312012226/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Gastonia,%20North%20Carolina|archive-date=12 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Peru}} [[Santiago de Surco]], [[Lima]], Peru<ref name=sci/>

Gotha was Gastonia's first sister city in 1994. Santiago de Surco became an official partner in March 2004. Mayor Jennie Stultz visited Gotha in 2007. In December 2007, the mayor of Santiago de Surco visited for the annual lighting of the Christmas tree in the Rotary Pavilion. He was invited to light the tree along with one of the city's councilmen.

==See also==
* [[List of municipalities in North Carolina]]
* [[Garden Parkway]], formerly proposed toll road in south Gaston and Mecklenburg counties

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Gastonia|Gastonia}}
* {{osmrelation|179733}}
* {{official website|1=http://www.cityofgastonia.com}}

{{Gaston County, North Carolina}}
{{Charlotte TV}}
{{Charlotte Radio}}
{{Charlotte/Metrolina}}
{{North Carolina}}
{{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}}
{{North Carolina county seats}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Gastonia, North Carolina| ]]
[[Category:County seats in North Carolina]]

List of zoos in Canada

2024-07-02T22:34:45Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Manitoba */

{{Short description|none}}
Most [[Zoo]]s in [[Canada]] are committed to education, science and conservation.

For aquariums, see [[List of aquaria in Canada]].

{{TOC right}}

==[[Alberta]]==
*[[Edmonton Valley Zoo]] - [[Edmonton]]
*[[Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo]] - [[Calgary]]

==[[British Columbia]]==
*[[British Columbia Wildlife Park]] - [[Kamloops]]
*[[Greater Vancouver Zoo]] - [[Aldergrove, British Columbia|Aldergrove]]
*[[Victoria Bug Zoo]] - [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
*[[Victoria Butterfly Gardens]] - [[Brentwood Bay, British Columbia|Brentwood Bay]]

==[[Manitoba]]==
*[[Assiniboine Park Zoo]] - [[Winnipeg]]
*Westman Reptile Gardens - [[Douglas, Manitoba|Douglas]]

==[[New Brunswick]]==
*[[Magnetic Hill Zoo]] - [[Moncton]]

==[[Nova Scotia]]==
*[[Shubenacadie Wildlife Park]] - [[Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia|Shubenacadie]]

==[[Ontario]]==
*[[African Lion Safari]] - [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
*[[Bird Kingdom]] - [[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara Falls]]
*[[Cochrane Polar Bear Habitat]], [[Cochrane, Ontario|Cochrane]]
*[[Colasanti's Tropical Gardens]] - [[Kingsville, Ontario|Kingsville]]
*[[Elmvale Jungle Zoo]] - [[Elmvale, Ontario|Elmvale]]
*[[Greenview Aviaries Park & Zoo]] - [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario]]
*[[High Park|High Park Zoo]] - [[Toronto]]
*[[Indian River Reptile and Dinosaur Park]] - [[Indian River, Ontario|Indian River]]
*[[Jungle Cat World]] - [[Orono, Ontario|Orono]]
*[[Little Ray’s Reptile Zoo]], [[Ottawa, Canada|Ottawa]]
*[[Marineland of Canada|Marineland]], [[Niagara Falls, Canada|Niagara Falls]]
*[[Oshawa Zoo and Fun Farm]] - [[Oshawa]]
*[[Papanack Park Zoo]] - [[Wendover, Ontario|Wendover]]
*[[Reptilia (zoo)|Reptilia]] - [[Vaughan, ON|Vaughan]] and [[Whitby, Ontario|Whitby]]
*[[Riverdale Farm]] - [[Toronto]]
*[[Riverview Park & Zoo]] - [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]]
*[[Saunders Country Critters]] - [[Kemptville, Ontario|Kemptville]]
*[[Safari Niagara]] - [[Stevensville, Ontario|Stevensville]]
*[[Toronto Zoo]] - [[Toronto]]
*[[Twin Valley zoo]] - [[Brant, Ontario|Brant]]
*[[Turda Farms]] - [[Mono, Ontario|Mono]]
*[[West Perth Animal Park]] - [[Mitchell, Ontario|Mitchell]]

==[[Quebec]]==
*[[Ecomuseum Zoo]] - [[Montreal]]
*[[Familizoo]] - [[Saint-Calixte, Quebec|Saint-Calixte]]
*[[Granby Zoo]] - [[Granby, Quebec|Granby]]
*[[Miller Zoo]] - [[Frampton, Quebec|Frampton]]
*[[Montreal Biodome]] - [[Montreal]]
*[[Montreal Insectarium]] - [[Montreal]]
*[[Parc Omega]], [[Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours, Quebec| Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours]]
*[[Parc Safari]] - [[Hemmingford, Quebec (township)|Hemmingford]]
*[[Zoo Animalia]] - [[Saint-Édouard-de-Maskinongé, Quebec|Saint-Édouard-de-Maskinongé]]
*[[Zoo de Falardeau]] - [[Saint-David-de-Falardeau]]
*[[Zoo Sauvage de St-Félicien]] - [[Saint-Félicien, Quebec|Saint-Félicien]]

==[[Saskatchewan]]==
*[[Forestry Farm Park and Zoo]], [[Saskatoon]]

== Closed ==

=== British Columbia ===

* [[Okanagan Game Farm]] - [[Kaleden, British Columbia|Kaleden]] (opened 1967, closed 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michaels |first=Katy |date=August 29, 2020 |title=Remember when rhinos and giraffes roamed the Okanagan? |url=https://infotel.ca/newsitem/remember-when-rhinos-and-giraffes-roamed-the-okanagan/it65075 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=INFOnews}}</ref>
* [[Stanley Park|Stanley Park Zoo]] - [[Stanley Park]] (closed 1994)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Meagan |date=2021-05-14 |title=Stanley Park Once Had A Zoo And Here's What It Was Like |url=https://604now.com/stanley-park-zoo-vancouver-british-columbia-history/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=604 Now |language=en-CA}}</ref>

=== New Brunswick ===

* [[Rockwood Park (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Cherry Brook Zoo]] - [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] (opened 1974, closed 2020)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Hadeel |date=Apr 30, 2020 |title=Cherry Brook Zoo announces permanent closure |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/cherry-brook-zoo-closed-permanently-1.5550910}}</ref>

=== Nova Scotia ===

* [[Downs' Zoological Gardens]] - [[Fairview, Nova Scotia|Fairview]] (closed 1872)
* [[Maritime Reptile Zoo]] - [[Dartmouth, Nova Scotia|Dartmouth]] (opened 2012, closed 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debison |first=Amanda |date=2015-04-02 |title=The Maritime Reptile Zoo closes its doors after 'harsh winter' |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/the-maritime-reptile-zoo-closes-it-s-doors-after-harsh-winter-1.2309214 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Atlantic CTV |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Oaklawn Farm Zoo]] - [[Aylesford, Nova Scotia|Aylesford]] (closed 2024)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aalders |first=Celina |date=December 26, 2023 |title=Beloved Oaklawn Farm Zoo closes its doors after 4 decades in business |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/beloved-oaklawn-farm-zoo-closes-its-doors-after-4-decades-in-business-1.7069527}}</ref>
* [[Upper Clements Parks|Upper Clements Wildlife Park]] - [[Upper Clements, Nova Scotia|Upper Clements]] (closed 2007)

=== Ontario ===

* [[Bowmanville Zoo]] - [[Clarington, Ontario|Clarington]] (opened 1919, closed in 2016)<ref name="Shah">Shah, Maryam. [http://www.torontosun.com/2016/10/10/bowmanville-zoo-closes-its-doors-for-good "Bowmanville Zoo closes its doors for good"]. ''Toronto Sun'', 10 October 2016.</ref>

=== Quebec ===

* [[Jardin Zoologique du Québec]] - [[Quebec City]] (opened 1931, closed 2006)

== See also ==
*[[List of CAZA member zoos and aquariums]]
*[[List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums]]
*[[List of zoos]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Zoos In Canada}}
[[Category:Zoos in Canada| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Canada|Zoos]]
[[Category:Lists of zoos by country|Canada]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Canada|Zoos]]

Folklore of the Low Countries

2024-06-22T21:41:45Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Legendary creatures */

{{Short description|none}} 
{{about|legends of the Low Countries after Christianization|pre-Christian legends|Mythology in the Low Countries}}
[[File:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[Netherlandish Proverbs]]'' (1559), by artist [[Pieter Brueghel the Elder]], showing peasant scenes illustrating several [[proverb]]s|350x350px]]

'''Folklore of the Low Countries''', often just referred to as '''Dutch folklore''', includes the [[Epic poetry|epics]], [[legend]]s, [[fairy tale]]s and oral traditions of the people of [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]]. Traditionally this folklore is written or spoken in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] or in one of the regional languages of these countries.

==Folk traditions==
The folklore of the Low Countries encompasses the folk traditions of the Benelux countries: Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. This includes the folklore of Flanders, the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium, [[Frisia]], [[Luxembourg]] and [[Wallonia]].

==Fairy tales==
Many folk tales are derived from pre-Christian Gaulish and Germanic culture; as such, many are similar to French and German versions.
In 1891, schoolteacher Jules Lemoine and folklorist Auguste Gittée published ''Folk Tales from the Walloon Country''. They focused on strictly transcribing and translating tales from original Walloon manuscripts, mostly from [[Hainaut Province|Hainaut]] and [[Namur]].<ref>https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k887153n/f7.item</ref> In 1918 [[William Elliot Griffis]] published ''Dutch Fairy Tales for Young Folks'':<ref>[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/books/dutch/griffis.html Griffis, William Elliot. ''Dutch Fairy Tales for Young Folks'', 1918]</ref> This was followed in 1919 by ''Belgian Fairy Tales''.<ref name=belgianft>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj2wCgAAQBAJ&q=Folklore+of+the+Low+Countries Griffis, William Elliot, ''Belgian Fairy Tales'', 1919]</ref>
Also in 1918, Belgian writer [[Jean de Bosschère]] published ''Folk Tales of Flanders'' (published in English as ''Beasts and Men''). The Belgian tale "Karl Katz" is similar to both the German folk tale "[[Peter Klaus]]" and [[Washington Irving]]'s "[[Rip Van Winkle]]". [[Charles Deulin]] was a French writer, born near the Belgian border. He wrote stories based on the folk tales of the countryside.<ref name="Malarte-Feldman">{{cite book |editor1-last=Duggan |editor1-first=Anne E. |editor2-last=Haase |editor2-first=Donald |last=Malarte-Feldman |first=Claire L. |title=Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from around the World |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXWACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-1-61069-254-0 |oclc=923255058 |page=262}}</ref> [[The Nettle Spinner]] is a Flemish fairy tale later included in [[Andrew Lang]]'s 1890 [[Lang's Fairy Books#The Red Fairy Book (1890)|The Red Fairy Book]].

===''Dutch Fairy Tales for Young Folks''===
[[File:Jheronimus Bosch 023.jpg|thumb|''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]'' by [[Hieronymus Bosch|Heronimus Bosch]] showing folklorist elements<ref>Gombrich, E. H. "Bosch's 'Garden of Earthly Delights': A Progress Report". ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'', Volume 32, 1969: 162–170</ref>|350x350px]]
Among the stories are:
* ''The Entangled Mermaid''
* ''The Boy Who Wanted More Cheese''
* ''Prince Spin Head and Miss Snow White''
* ''The Boar with Golden Bristles''
* ''The Ice King and His Wonderful Grandchild''
* ''The Elves and Their Antics''
* ''The Kabouters and the Bells''
* ''The Woman with Three Hundred and Sixty-Six Children''
* ''The Oni on His Travels''
* ''The Curly-Tailed Lion''
* ''Brabo and the Giant''
* ''The Farm that Ran Away and Came Back''
* ''Sinterklaas and Black Pete''
* ''The Goblins Turned to Stone''
* ''The Mouldy Penny''
* ''The Golden Helmet''
* ''When Wheat Worked Woe'' – a version of ''[[Lady of Stavoren]]'', or ''The Most Precious Thing in the World''
* ''Why the Stork Loves Holland''

"The Little Dutch Boy" is commonly thought to be a Dutch legend or fairy tale, but is in fact a fictional story, ''[[Hans Brinker or the Silver Skates]]'', written by American author [[Mary Mapes Dodge]], and not known in the Netherlands as traditional folklore.<ref>[https://www.meertens.knaw.nl/meertensnet/file/peterjanm/20050203/The_Netherlands,_in_World_Encyclopedia_on_Folklore.pdf Margry, Peter Jan. "Ethnology and Folklore in the Netherlands", ''World Encyclopedia on Folklore'', 2005]</ref>

===Themes===
Some old stories reflect the Celtic belief in the sacredness of trees.{{cn|date=March 2022|reason=Neither tree worship nor the Low Countries are particularly Celtic; this dubious claim therefore requires some kind of source}} The oak as a venerable tree is a theme seen in the stories. In ''The Princess with Twenty Petticoats'', a wise old oak counsels the king; in ''The Legend of the Wooden Shoe'', another consoles a carpenter.

[[File:Het Vrouwtje van Stavoren.jpg|thumb|The Vrouwtje van Stavoren]]
Dutch folk tales from the [[Middle Ages]] are strong on tales about flooded cities and the sea. Legends surround the sunken cities lost to [[Floods in the Netherlands|epic floods in the Netherlands]]: From [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)|Saint Elisabeth's Flood of 1421]], comes the legend of [[Kinderdijk]] that a baby and a cat were found floating in a cradle after the city flooded, the cat keeping the cradle from tipping over. They were the only survivors of the flood. The town of Kinderdijk is named for the place where the cradle came ashore.<ref name="Meder, Theo">Meder, Theo.</ref> The story is told in ''The Cat and the Cradle''.

The [[Saeftinghe legend]], says that once glorious city was flooded and ruined by sea waters due to the [[All Saints' Flood (1570)|All Saints' flood]], that was flooded in 1584, due to a [[mermaid]] being captured and mistreated, and mentions the [[bell tower]] still rings. This is much like the story {{ill|The Mermaid of Westenschouwen|nl|De zeemeermin van Westenschouwen}} ([[Westenschouwen]]) which also concerns the mistreated mermaid, followed by a curse and flood.<ref name="Meder, Theo"/> In some flood legends, the church bells or clock bells of sunken cities still can be heard ringing underwater.

''[[Brendan the Navigator#Early Dutch version|De Reis van Sint Brandaen]]'' (Dutch for ''The Voyage of Saint Brandan'') is a sort of a [[Christianity|Christianized]] [[Odyssey]], written in the 12th century that describes the legend of [[Brendan the Navigator|Sint Brandaen]], a monk from Galway, and his voyage around the world for nine years. Scholars believe the Dutch legend derived from a now lost middle High German text combined with Celtic elements from Ireland and combines Christian and fairy tale elements. The journey was begun as a punishment by an angel. The angel saw Brandaen did not believe the truth of a book on the miracles of creation and saw Brandaen throw it into the fire. The angel tells him that truth has been destroyed. On his journeys Brandaen encounters the wonders and horrors of the world, people in distant lands with swine heads, dog legs and wolf teeth carrying bows and arrows, and an enormous fish that encircles the ship by holding its tail in its mouth. The English poem ''Life of Saint Brandan'' is an English derivative.<ref>Meijer 1971:9.</ref>

Sea folklore includes the legend of [[Brendan the Navigator#Early Dutch version|Sint Brandaen]] and later the legend of [[Lady of Stavoren]] about the ruined port city of [[Stavoren]].

===Flemish Fairy Tales===
* ''Farmer Brooms, Farmer Blisters and Farmer Iron''

==In literature==
===Romances===
The first written folklore of the Low Countries [[Carolingian]] romances about [[Charlemagne]] ("Karel" in Dutch). ''[[Karel ende Elegast]]'' (''Charlemagne and Elegast'') is a Middle Dutch epic poem written around the end of the 12th century or early 13th century. It is a Frankish romance of [[Charlemagne]] ("Karel") as an exemplary Christian [[Mythological king|king]] and his friend [[Elegast]], whose name means "elf spirit" or "elf guest." Elegast has supernatural powers such as the ability to talk to animals and may be an [[Elf]]. He lives in the forest as a thief. The two go out on an adventure and uncover and do away with Eggeric, as a traitor to Charlemagne.<ref>Meijer 1971:7-8.</ref>

===Fables===
''[[Van den vos Reynaerde]]'' (''About [[Reynard the Fox]]'') is the Dutch version of the story of the [[Reynard]] the fox by [[Willem die Madoc maecte|Willem]], that derives and expands from the French poem ''Roman de Renart.'' However, the first fragments of the tale were found written in Belgium. It is an [[anthropomorphic]] [[fable]] of a fox, [[trickster god|trickster]]. The Dutch version is considered a masterpiece, it regards the animals' attempts to bring Reynard to King Nobel's court, Reynard the fox outwits everyone in avoiding being hung on the gallows.<ref>Meijer 1971:3-4, 23-24.</ref> The animals in the Dutch version include: Reinaerde or Reynaerde the fox, Bruun the Bear, Tybeert the Cat, Grimbeert the badger, Nobel the lion and Cuwaert the Hare.

Dutch folklore also concerned the Christian saints and British themes of King Arthur [[chivalry]] and [[quest]]s:

===Tales of saints and miracles===
Biographies of Christian saints and stories of [[Christianity|Christian]] miracles were important genre in the Middle Ages. Original Dutch works of the genre are:
* ''Het Leven van Sint Servaes'' (Dutch for ''The Life of [[Saint Servatius]]''), was a poem written circa 1160-1170 by [[Hendrik van Veldeke]], a Limbourg nobleman, is notably the first literature on record written in Dutch. This is an adaptation of the Latin, ''Vita et Miracula.''<ref>Meijer 1971:4.</ref>
* ''[[Beatrijs]]'' (Dutch for ''Beatrice''), written in the last quarter of the 13th century, possibly by {{ill|Diederik van Assenede|nl}}, is an original poem about the existing folklore of a nun who deserts her convent for the love of a man, and lives with him for seven years and has two children. When he deserts her, she becomes a prostitute to support her children. Then she learns that [[Mary (mother of Jesus)]] has been acting in her role at the convent and she can return without anyone knowing of her absence. This legend is the Dutch adaptation of the Latin, ''Dialogus Miraculorum'' of 1223 and ''Libri Octo Miraculorum'' of 1237.<ref>Meijer 1971:20-21.</ref>
* ''[[Mariken van Nieumeghen]] is an early 16th century Dutch text that tells the story of Mariken who is seduced by the devil (named Moenen). He promises to teach her all the languages of the world and the 7 arts (music, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, grammar, logic, and rhetoric). Later she repents and performs acts of penitence.

According to Griffis, mythology of [[Woden|Wodan]] on the [[Wild Hunt]] sailing through the sky, is thought to have been one of the tales that changed into tales of Christian [[Sinterklaas]] traveling the sky.<ref name=belgianft/> [[Zwarte Piet]] (Dutch for Black Pete) is his assistant.

=== Arthurian romance ===
* ''{{ill|Roman van Walewein|nl|Roman van Walewein en het schaakspel}}'' is a notably original poem written in Dutch by two authors {{ill|Penninc|nl}} and {{ill|Pieter Vostaert|nl}}<ref>Meijer 1971:11.</ref> and is a story of Walewein (Dutch for "Gawain"), one of King Arthur's knights on a series of quests to find a magical chessboard for [[King Arthur]].
* ''Lancelot'' is a translation from British Arthurian romance.
* ''Perceval'' is a translation from British Arthurian romance.
* ''Graalqueeste'' (Dutch for ''Quest of the Grail'') is a translation from British Arthurian romance.
* ''Arthurs Dood'' (Dutch for ''Arthur's Death'') is a translation from British Arthurian romance.

==Folk art==
Folk art can also be seen in puppet and marionette theatres. The story of [[Genevieve of Brabant]], a virtuous wife wrongfully accused of infidelity, was first presented in 1716 in [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]]. In the mid-18th century, it became very popular among traveling puppet companies.<ref>[https://wepa.unima.org/en/genevieve-de-brabant/ "Geneviève de Brabant", World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts]</ref>

==Customs==
"Dutch ethnologists view community festivals and holidays as the most active and conspicuous living tradition in the Low Countries."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TwSiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Folklore+of+the+Low+Countries&pg=PT311 Bronner, Simon J., "Dutch Tolerance and Tension in Folklore", ''The Practice of Folklore'', Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2019]{{ISBN|9781496822642}}</ref>

The gift of a pewter or silver spoon to commemorate the birth of a child was traditional.<ref>[https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/new-netherland-legacy/customs-cooking-and-folklore/ "Customs, Cooking, and Folklore", New Netherland Institute]</ref>

==Folk songs==

The subject matter of the oldest Dutch [[folk song]]s (also called [[ballads]], popular songs or romances) is very old and can go back to ancient fairy tales and legends. In fact, apart from ancient tales embedded in the 13th century Dutch folk songs, and some evidence of [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] and [[Germanic paganism|Germanic mythology]] in the naming of [[Week-day names|days of the week]] and landmarks (see for example the 2nd century inscription to goddess [[Vagdavercustis]]), the folk tales of the ancient Dutch people were not written down in the first written literature of the 12th century, and thus lost to us.

One of the older folk tales to be in a song is ''[[Heer Halewijn]]'' (also known as Van Here Halewijn and in English The Song of Lord Halewijn), one of the oldest Dutch folk songs to survive, from the 13th century, and is about a prototype of a [[bluebeard]]. This song contains elements [[mytheme]]s of Germanic legend, notably in "a magic song" within a song, that compares to the song of the Scandinavian [[Neck (water spirit)|Nix]] (strömkarlen), a male water spirit who played enchanted songs on the violin, luring women and children to drown.<ref>Meijer, page 35.</ref>

Other folk songs from the Netherlands with various origins include: ''The Snow-White Bird, Fivelgoer Christmas Carol, O Now this Glorious Eastertide, Who will go with me to [[Wieringen]], What Time is It'' and ''A Peasant would his Neighbor See.'' Folk songs from Belgium in Dutch include: ''All in a Stable, Maying Song ("Arise my Love, Shake off this Dream") '' and ''In Holland Stands a House.''<ref>These songs are collected with the melody score in ''Folk Songs of Europe'' edited by Karpeles.</ref>

==Folklore from the Middle Ages==
[[File:Mad meg.jpg|thumb|[[Dull Gret|Dulle Griet]], painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, circa 1562]]
The paintings of [[Pieter Brueghel the Elder]] from [[North Brabant]], show many other circulating folk tales, such as the legend of ''[[Dull Gret|Dulle Griet (Mad Meg)]]'', 1562.
[[Jheronimus Bosch]] (or Jeroen Bosch) is a world famous draughtsman and painter from [[North Brabant]]. He painted several mythical figures that he placed in heaven or hell. Examples are the tree man, The Ears with the knife, The Devil on the chair, The Choir Devil and The Egg monster.

==Legendary people==
[[File:Alaert du Hamel 002.jpg|thumb|Dieske, hero of 's-Hertogenbosch, by Alaert du Hamel]]
[[File:Grutte Pier (Pier Gerlofs Donia), 1622, book illustration.JPG|thumb|Painting of [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]], the 7.5 feet tall freedom fighter]]
* [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop]] (The Arumer Black Gang), a select group of highly specialized and legendary warriors, led by [[Grutte Pier]]
* Baron and Baroness of Ever – a fictional title in the Langstraat region; nationally known by the former amusement park 'Land van Ooit'
* [[Beatrijs]] – an errant nun alleged to be saved by Mary (mother of Jesus). See tales of saints & miracles
* [[Brendan the Navigator|Brandaen]] – a monk from Galway who takes a voyage around the world for 9 years (epic poetry)
* [[Dieske]] – a legend in the city of 's Hertogenbosch; he alerts the arrival of the enemy, while he was urinating in the canal
* [[Dull Gret|Dulle Griet (Mad Meg)]] – the legendary mad woman
* [[Ellert and Brammert]] - giant highway robbers.
* [[Finn (Frisian)]] – Frisian lord, son of [[Folcwald]]
* [[Flying Dutchman]] – a pirate and his ghost ship that can never go home, but are doomed to sail "the seven seas" forever; note this legend originated in England theater; according to some sources, the 17th century Dutch captain [[Bernard Fokke]] is the model for the captain
* Giant Brothers Dan, Toen, Ooit and Nu – Many stories exist around these 4 giants. They enjoy national fame through the premiere amusement park 'Land van Ooit'.
* [[Governor of ever]] – a fictional character in the Langstraat region
* Jan Klaassen – a trumpet player from the army from the village [[Andel (Netherlands)|Andel]]
* Jan van Hunks – alleged Dutch pirate whose soul was taken by the devil after beating the devil at pipe-smoking contest on [[Table Mountain]], and [[Devil's Peak (Cape Town)]], South Africa. Whenever a cloud appears of Table Mountain it is said that van Hunks and the devil are at it again.
* [[Jarpisser]] – a historical figure from the city of Tilburg who collects his urine in a jar for the ammonia
* Jokie de Pretneus – the fictional jester famous of the cartoons in [[The Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]
* [[Knight Granite]] – a strong fictional Knight from the Langstraat region
* Ing (Ingwaz, [[Yngvi]]) – founder of the [[Ingaevones]], son of [[Mannus]]
* Istaev, founder of the [[Istvaeones]], son of [[Mannus]]
* Kloontje The Giant Child – a fictional Giant Child who eats a huge amount of ice cream
* [[Kobus van der Schlossen]], a Robin Hood-like character
* Little Father Bidou
* [[Lohengrin]] – the son of [[Parzival]] (Percival), in Arthurian legend
* [[Liudger]] – a missionary among the Frisians and Saxons
* [[Mannus]] – ancestor of a number of Germanic tribes, son of [[Tuisto]]
* [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin of Tours]]
* [[Pardoes]] – a fictional jester and wizard who has enjoyed national fame since 1989, immortalized in a statue in amusement park the [[Efteling]]
* [[Pardijn]] – a fictional jester and Princes, who has enjoyed national fame since 1990
* [[The Gang of the White Feather]] – a former real-life robber gang from the [[North Brabant]] 'Langstraat region' is still often mentioned in stories
* The Gang of Oss – a real robber gang was active from 1888 until 1934. The gang is mostly romanticized in the [[North Brabant]] and some compare it with [[Robin Hood]]'s gang
* [[The Peat ship of Breda]] – this ship's ruse was used to recapture [[Breda]] from de Spanish empire
* [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] "Grutte Pier" – a Frisian pirate and freedom fighter (known for wielding a 2.15 meter sword, and able to behead several enemies at the same time), who was around 7.5 feet in tall
* [[Reintje The Fox]] or [[Reinaart the fox]] – a fox from fables, fairy tales, rhymes and songs; a statue stands in Zealand, in the town of Hulst
* [[Saint Radboud]] – bishop of Utrecht from 900 to 917, grandson of the last King of the Frisians
* [[Saint-Jutte]] – a fictional saint; the priest of Breda said: "Carnival will return to Breda during the Mass of Saint Jutte," which actually meant that it would 'never' come back.
* [[Tuisto]] (Tuisco) – the mythical ancestor of all Germanic tribes
* [[The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak|Thyl Uylenspiegel]] – 1867 novel by Charles De Coster recounts the adventures of a Flemish prankster during the Reformation wars in the Netherlands
* [[Gawain|Walewein]] (Dutch for "Gawain") – a knight in Arthurian legend
* [[Witte Wieven]] - stories of "wise women" date back at least to the 600s. In some places they were known as Juffers or Joffers ("ladies"). Historically, the witte wieven are thought to be wise women, herbalists and medicine healers.
* [[Zwarte Piet]]

==Legendary creatures==
[[File:Droomvlucht5.JPG|thumb|Oberon 'King of Elves']]
[[File:Brabo antwerp.jpg|thumb|[[Silvius Brabo|Brabo]] and the [[Druon Antigoon|giant]]'s hand; sculpture in the [[Grote Markt (Antwerp)|Grote Markt]], Antwerp]]
[[File:Klaas Vaak Bosrijk Efteling.JPG|thumb|Klaas Vaak]]
[[File:Antwerp Belgium Lange-Wapper-01.jpg|thumb|Lange Wapper, [[Het Steen]] in Antwerp]]
* [[Alves (mythology)|Alves]] – Small nature spirits or earth men; according to the myths they would live on the surface; usually they are shown squatting and walking on hands and feet.
* [[Beeldwit]] – a good witch without evil intentions; mostly found on wheat fields
* [[Elves]] – female winged light spirits originating from Germanic and Norwegian mythology. [[Moss people|Moss Maidens]] were known as tree spirits or wood elves.
* [[Bogeyman|Boeman]] – the [[bogeyman]] of the Netherlands
* [[Druon Antigoon]] – a giant from ''Brabo and the Giant''<ref name="ReferenceA">Dutch Fairy Tales for Young Folks by William Elliot Griffis</ref>
* [[dwarf (mythology)|Dwarfs]] – a short, stocky humanoid creature
* [[Gnome]]s – dwarf-like beings who instruct the kabouters in smithing and construction. They design the first [[carillon]]s (groups of bells) of the Netherlands – from ''The Kabouters and the Bells''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[Goblin]]s – or sooty elves, have both dwarf and goblin traits, from ''The Goblins Turned to Stone''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[Kabouter]] – (Dutch for [[gnome]]) short, strong workers. They build the first [[carillon]]s (groups of bells) of the Netherlands – from ''The Kabouters and the Bells''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Nuton - (Walloon for [[Kabouter]] but with similar linguistic roots to [[lutin]]). Nutons share the same origins as elves, but caves, caverns and underground tunnels form the bulk of their habitat according to local folklore, more alike to the dwarves of the Germanic world.
* [[Sandman|Klaas Vaak]] (Dutch version of the "[[Sandman (folklore)|Sandman]]")
* [[Lange Wapper]] (also known locally as the "Longue Schlongue") is a Flemish legendary giant and trickster whose folk tales were told especially in the city of Antwerp and its neighbouring towns.
* The Mark – a night demon of [[Wallonia|Walloon]] areas of Belgium and Flander's borders
* [[Mara (folklore)|Mara]] – from Scandinavian countries, a malignant female wraith who causes nightmares
* [[Macralle]] – Macralle is a word from [[Liège]] Walloon designing a witch. Also a malignant female, she is said to be responsible for many painfull events, such as winter.
* [[Nixie (folklore)|Nicker]] – a water spirit
* [[Nightmare]]s – female horses who sit on people's bellies at night after they've eaten toasted cheese; female goblins in their true form; from ''The Goblins Turned to Stone''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Ossaert – a mocking water spirit – invented by adults to keep children safely away from water
* [[Pig-faced women]]
* Plaaggeesten – a kind of teasing ghosts without human souls; demonic beings that have always existed
* [[Puck (mythology)|Puk]] (Dutch for [[puck (mythology)|puck]])
* Staalkaar – Stall Elves who live in animal stalls<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Styf – an elf who invents starch, from ''The Elves and Their Antics''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[Light elves|Dwaallichten]] – from ''The Elves and Their Antics''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Waterwolf – an example of animalisation (link lifeless things to a dangerous animal). The rough waves from the sea, which is a constant threat to the low country, is given the name 'Waterwolf'.
* Werewolf – the Germanic and Norwegian variant of the Greek Lycan; the Werewolf would need the full moon to change shape. There are stories about Werewolfs in the towns of [[Loosbroek]] and [[Vught (plaats)|Vught]].<ref>''Oe toch, spookjes en sprookjes uit het Brabantse Maasland'', Gerard Ulijn, {{ISBN|90 6486 010 6}}.</ref> In some stories a connection is made with the [[Beeldwit]].
* [[Witte Wieven]] (dialectal, meaning "white women") – similar to [[völva]], herbalists and wise women

==Mythological deities==
{{Main|Mythology in the Low Countries}}
From ancient regional mythology, names of ancient gods and goddesses in this region come from Roman, [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] and [[Germanic mythology|Germanic]] origins.

==Legendary places==
* [[Cockaigne]] (also called ''Luilekkerland'') – Dutch for "lazy luscious land", a "land of plenty".
* [[Saeftinghe legend]]
* The legend of [[St Gotthard Pass]] – a [[Devil's Bridge]] folktale

==Other folklore==
* [[dead-cakes|Doed-koecks]] (Dutch for ''dead-cakes'') – a food closely related to the folklore of funeral customs
* [[Dutch doughnut|Oliebollen]] (Dutch doughnut) – a Yule food related to the folklore of [[Berchta]]
* [[Public holidays in the Netherlands]]
* [[Wellerism]]

==See also==
* [[Folklore of Belgium]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
;Studies:
* ''Encyclopedia Mythica''.
* {{cite book |title=Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties |editor1-first=Ton |editor1-last=Dekker |editor2-first=Jurjen van der |editor2-last=Kooi |editor3-first=Theo |editor3-last=Meder |location=Kritak |publisher=Sun |date=1997 |lang=NL}}
* {{cite book |title=Volksverhalen in [[Friesland]]: lectuur en mondelinge overlevering: een typencatalogus |first=Jurjen van der |last=Kooi |publisher=Stichting Ffyrug/Stichting Sasland |date=1984 |lang=NL |author-link=Jurjen van der Kooi}}
* Meder, Theo. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141101165613/http://members.chello.nl/m.jong9/map12/hansbrinker.html Dutch folk narrative]''. Meertens Instituut, Amsterdam. File retrieved 3-11-2007.
* Meijer, Reinder. ''Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium.'' New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971.
* {{ill|Meyer, Maurits de|nl|Maurits De Meyer}}. ''[https://archive.org/details/lescontespopulai37meye Les contes populaires de la Flandre: apercu général de l'étude du conte populaire en Flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contes types par A. Aarne]''. Folklore Fellows Communications n:º 37. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 1921.

;Compilations of tales:
* {{cite book |author1-link=:nl:Alfons de Cock |last1=de Cock |first1=Alfons |author2-link=Charles Polydore de Mont |last2=de Mont |first2=Pol |title=Dit zijn Vlaamsche wondersprookjes, het volk naverteld |location=Gent |publisher=A. Siffer |date=1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5t2QE5cYR0C&dq=%22Van+Schaapsvel%22&pg=PA153}}
* {{cite book |title=Vlämische Sagen: Legenden und Volksmärchen; mit 16 alten Ansichten |first=Georg |last=Goyert |publisher=E. Diederichs |date=1917 |lang=DE |url=https://digital.ub.uni-leipzig.de/mirador/index.php}}
* Griffis, William Elliot. ''[https://archive.org/details/dutchfairytalesf00grif Dutch Fairy Tales For Young Folks]''. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1918. (English). Available online by [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/books/dutch/griffis.html SurLaLane Fairy Tales]. File retrieved 1-17-2007.
* Griffis, William Elliot. ''[https://archive.org/details/belgianfairytale00grifiala Belgian fairy tales]''. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell company. [1919?]
* Karpeles, Maud, editor. ''Folk Songs of Europe.'' New York: Oak Publications, 1964.
* de Meyere, Victor. ''De Vlaamsche vertelselschat''. Vol. I, II, III, and IV (Animal Tales). 1925-1933 (1ste druk).
* Ridder, André de. ''[https://archive.org/details/christmastalesof00ridd_0/page/75/mode/1up Christmas tales of Flanders]''. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1917.
* Wolf, Johann Wilhelm. ''Deutsche Märchen und Sagen''. Leipzig: 1845.
{{refend}}

{{Europe topic|Folklore of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Folklore Of The Low Countries}}
[[Category:History of the Low Countries]]
[[Category:Belgian folklore]]
[[Category:Dutch folklore]]
[[Category:Flemish literature]]
[[Category:Belgian literature]]
[[Category:Dutch literature]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Belgium]]
[[Category:Cultural history of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Netherlandic studies]]
[[Category:Flanders]]
[[Category:West Frisia]]
[[Category:Folklore by region|Low Countries]]

Protoceratops

2024-06-21T23:00:26Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Possible Influence on Griffin Legend */

{{Short description|Genus of reptiles (fossil)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], ([[Campanian]]) ~{{fossil range|75|71}}
| image = Protoceratops-skeleton.jpg
| image_caption = Mounted ''P. andrewsi'' skeleton, [[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Protoceratops
| authority = [[Walter W. Granger|Granger]] & [[W.K. Gregory|Gregory]], 1923
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Protoceratops andrewsi'''''
| type_species_authority = Granger & Gregory, 1923
| subdivision_ranks = Other species
| subdivision =
* {{extinct}}'''''P. hellenikorhinus''''' Lambert ''et al.'', 2001
}}

'''''Protoceratops''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|əʊ|t|oʊ|ˈ|s|ɛr|ə|t|ɒ|p|s}}; {{lit|first horned face}})<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colbert |first1=Edwin H. (Edwin Harris) |last2=Knight |first2=Charles Robert |title=The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives |date=1951 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |page=153 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of small [[protoceratopsid]] [[dinosaur]]s that lived in [[Asia]] during the [[Late Cretaceous]], around 75 to 71 million years ago. The genus ''Protoceratops'' includes two species: '''''P. andrewsi''''' and the larger '''''P. hellenikorhinus'''''. The former was described in 1923 with fossils from the Mongolian [[Djadokhta Formation]], and the latter in 2001 with fossils from the Chinese [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]]. ''Protoceratops'' was initially believed to be an ancestor of [[ankylosauria]]ns and larger ceratopsians, such as ''[[Triceratops]]'' and relatives, until the discoveries of other protoceratopsids. Populations of ''P. andrewsi'' may have [[evolved]] into ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' through [[anagenesis]].

''Protoceratops'' were small ceratopsians, up to {{convert|2|-|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and around {{convert|62|-|104|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in body mass. While adults were largely [[quadrupedal]], juveniles had the capacity to walk around [[Facultative bipedalism|bipedally if necessary]]. They were characterized by a proportionally large [[skull]], short and stiff neck, and [[neck frill]]. The frill was likely used for [[Display (zoology)|display]] or [[intraspecific combat]], as well as [[protection]] of the neck and anchoring of jaw muscles. A horn-like structure was present over the nose, which varied from a single structure in ''P. andrewsi'' to a double, paired structure in ''P. hellenikorhinus''. The "horn" and frill were highly variable in shape and size across individuals of the same species, but there is no evidence of [[sexual dimorphism]]. They had a prominent [[parrot]]-like beak at the tip of the jaws. ''P. andrewsi'' had a pair of cylindrical, blunt [[teeth]] near the tip of the upper jaw. The forelimbs had five [[Digit (anatomy)|fingers]] of which only the first three bore wide and flat [[ungual]]s. The [[Pes (anatomy)|feet]] were wide and had four toes with flattened, shovel-like unguals, which would have been useful for [[Fossorial|digging]] through the sand. The hindlimbs were longer than the forelimbs. The tail was long and had an enigmatic [[Neural spine sail|sail]]-like structure, which may have been used for display, [[Aquatic locomotion|swimming]], or [[metabolic]] reasons.

''Protoceratops'', like many other ceratopsians, were [[herbivore]]s equipped with prominent jaws and teeth suited for chopping [[foliage]] and other [[plant]] material. They are thought to have lived in highly [[social behavior|sociable]] groups of mixed ages. They appear to have [[parental care|cared for their young]]. They laid soft-shelled [[egg]]s, a rare occurrence in dinosaurs. During maturation, the skull and neck frill underwent rapid growth. ''Protoceratops'' were hunted by ''[[Velociraptor]]'', and one particularly famous specimen (the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]]) preserves a pair of them locked in combat. ''Protoceratops'' used to be characterized as [[nocturnal]] because of the large [[sclerotic ring]] around the eye, but they are now thought to have been [[cathemeral]] (active at dawn and dusk).

==History of discovery==
[[File:Bayanzag.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Flaming Cliffs]] of Mongolia. This highly [[fossil]]iferous locality of the [[Gobi Desert]] yielded the first known remains of ''Protoceratops'']]
In 1900 [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] suggested that Central Asia may have been the center of origin of most animal species, [[Peking Man#"Out of Asia" theory|including humans]], which caught the attention of [[explorer]] and [[zoologist]] [[Roy Chapman Andrews]]. This idea later gave rise to the First (1916 to 1917), Second (1919) and Third (1921 to 1930) Central Asiatic Expeditions to [[China]] and [[Mongolia]], organized by the [[American Museum of Natural History]] under the direction of Osborn and field leadership of Andrews. The team of the third expedition arrived in [[Beijing]] in 1921 for the final preparations and started working in the field in 1922. During late 1922 the expedition explored the famous [[Flaming Cliffs]] of the Shabarakh Usu region of the [[Djadokhta Formation]], [[Gobi Desert]], now known as the Bayn Dzak region. On September 2, the photographer [[James B. Shackelford]] discovered a partial juvenile skull—which would become the [[holotype]] specimen (AMNH 6251) of ''Protoceratops''—in reddish [[sandstone]]s. It was subsequently analyzed by the paleontologist [[Walter W. Granger]] who identified it as [[reptilia]]n. On September 21, the expedition returned to Beijing, and even though it was set up to look for remains of human ancestors, the team collected numerous [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s and thus provided insights into the rich fossil record of Asia. Back in Beijing, the skull Shackelford had found was sent back to the American Museum of Natural History for further study, after which Osborn reached out to Andrews and team via cable, notifying them about the importance of the specimen.<ref name=Granger1923>{{cite journal|last1=Granger|first1=W. W.|last2=Gregory|first2=W. K.|date=1923|title=Protoceratops andrewsi, a pre-ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia|journal=American Museum of Natural History Novitates|number=72|page=1−9|hdl=2246/4670|hdl-access=free|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4670//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0072.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref name=Andrews1932>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=R. C.|year=1932|editor-last1=Reeds|editor-first1=C. A.|title=The New Conquest of Central Asia: a Narrative of the Explorations of the Central Asiatic Expeditions in Mongolia and China, 1921-1930|edition=1st|volume=1|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|location=New York|pages=1−549|oclc=766770|url=https://ia800207.us.archive.org/30/items/newconquestofcen00andr/newconquestofcen00andr.pdf}}</ref>

In 1923 the expedition prospected the Flaming Cliffs again, this time discovering even more specimens of ''Protoceratops'' and also the first remains of ''[[Oviraptor]]'', ''[[Saurornithoides]]'' and ''[[Velociraptor]]''. Most notably, the team discovered the first fossilized dinosaur [[egg]]s near the holotype of ''Oviraptor'' and given how abundant ''Protoceratops'' was, the nest was attributed to this [[taxon]].<ref name=Andrews1932/> This would later result in the interpretation of ''Oviraptor'' as an [[Egg predation|egg-thief]].<ref name=Osborn1924>{{cite journal|last1=Osborn|first1=H. F.|date=1924|title=Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=144|pages=1−12|hdl=2246/3223|hdl-access=free|oclc=40272928|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/3223//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0144.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> In the same year, Granger and William K. Gregory formally described the new genus and species ''Protoceratops andrewsi'' based on the holotype skull. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''andrewsi'', is in honor of Andrews for his prominent leadership during the expeditions. They identified ''Protoceratops'' as an [[ornithischia]]n dinosaur closely related to ceratopsians representing a possible common ancestor between [[ankylosaur]]s and [[ceratopsia]]ns. Since ''Protoceratops'' was more primitive than any other known ceratopsian at that time, Granger and Gregory coined the new family [[Protoceratopsidae]], mostly characterized by the lack of horns. The co-authors also agreed with Osborn that Asia, if more thoroughly explored, could solve many major evolutionary gaps in the fossil record.<ref name=Granger1923/> Although not stated in the original description, the [[Genus#Use|generic name]], ''Protoceratops'', is intended to mean "first horned face" as it was believed that ''Protoceratops'' represented an early ancestor of [[ceratopsid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gregory|first1=W. K.|date=1927|title=Gaps in the Mongolian Life Record|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=24|issue=2|pages=169−181|jstor=7818|bibcode=1927SciMo..24..169G }}</ref> Other researchers immediately noted the importance of the ''Protoceratops'' finds, and the genus was hailed as the "long-sought ancestor of ''Triceratops''". Most fossils were in an excellent state of preservation with even [[sclerotic ring]]s (delicate ocular bones) preserved in some specimens, quickly making ''Protoceratops'' one of the best-known dinosaurs from Asia.<ref name=Andrews1932/><ref name=Brown1940>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=B.|last2=Schlaikjer|first2=E. M.|date=1940|title=The Structure and Relationships of Protoceratops|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=40|number=3|pages=133−266|bibcode=1940NYASA..40..133B|doi=10.1111/j.2164-0947.1940.tb00068.x|oclc=1673730|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EM9A8LG5eqbQ5_Ho16QJx0_MebAqLjLQ/view}}</ref>
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi AMNH 6251.jpg|thumb|left|Holotype skull of ''P. andrewsi'', collected during the Third Central Asiatic Expedition]]
After spending much of 1924 making plans for the next fieldwork seasons, in 1925 Andrews and team explored the Flaming Cliffs yet again. During this year more eggs and nests were collected, alongside well-preserved and complete specimens of ''Protoceratops''. By this time, ''Protoceratops'' had become one of the most abundant dinosaurs of the region with more than 100 specimens known, including skulls and skeletons of multiple individuals at different growth stages. Though more remains of ''Protoceratops'' were collected in later years of the expeditions, they were most abundant in the 1922 to 1925 seasons.<ref name=Andrews1932/><ref name=Brown1940/> Gregory and [[Charles C. Mook]] published another description of ''Protoceratops'' in 1925, discussing its anatomy and relationships. Thanks to the large collection of skulls found in the expeditions, they concluded that ''Protoceratops'' represented a ceratopsian more primitive than ceratopsids and not an ankylosaur-ceratopsian ancestor.<ref name=Greggory1925>{{cite journal|last1=Gregory|first1=W. K.|last2=Mook|first2=C. C.|date=1925|title=On Protoceratops, a primitive ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=156|pages=1−10|hdl=2246/4515|hdl-access=free|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4515//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0156.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> In 1940, [[Barnum Brown]] and [[Erich Maren Schlaikjer]] described the anatomy of ''P. andrewsi'' in extensive detail using newly prepared specimens from the Asiatic expeditions.<ref name=Brown1940/>

In 1963, the Mongolian paleontologist [[Demberelyin Dashzeveg]] reported the discovery of a new fossiliferous locality of the Djadokhta Formation: Tugriken Shireh. Like the neighbouring Bayn Dzak, this new locality contained an abundance of ''Protoceratops'' fossils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dashzeveg|first1=D.|date=1963|title=Яйца динозавров|trans-title=Dinosaur eggs|journal=Priroda|volume=9|pages=100|language=ru}}</ref> During the [[1960s]] to [[1970s]], [[Poland|Polish]]-Mongolian and [[Russia]]n-Mongolian paleontological expeditions collected new, partial to complete specimens of ''Protoceratops'' at this locality, making this dinosaur species a common occurrence in Tugriken Shireh.<ref name=Jaworowska1972/><ref name=Mary1975/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurochkin|first1=E. N.|last2=Barsbold|first2=R.|date=2000|chapter=The Russian-Mongolian expeditions and research in vertebrate palaeontology|chapter-url=https://artscimedia.case.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/2017/05/17211722/13.-Kurochkin_Barsbold-Russian-Mongolian-expeditions.pdf|editor-last1=Benton|editor-first1=M. J.|editor-last2=Shishkin|editor-first2=M. A.|editor-last3=Unwin|editor-first3=D. M.|editor-last4=Kurochkin|editor-first4=E. N.|title=The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=235−255}}</ref> Since its discovery, the Tugriken Shireh locality has yielded some of the most significant specimens of ''Protoceratops'', such as the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]],<ref name=Jaworowska1972/> ''[[in situ]]'' individuals—a preservation condition also known as "standing" individuals or specimens in some cases—,<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993>{{cite journal|last1=Jerzykiewicz|first1=T.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Eberth|first3=D. A.|last4=Johnston|first4=P. A.|last5=Koster|first5=E. H.|last6=Zheng|first6=J.-J.|date=1993|title=Djadokhta Formation correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=30|number=10|pages=2180−2195|bibcode=1993CaJES..30.2180J|doi=10.1139/e93-190|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237174446}}</ref> authentic nests,<ref name=Fastovsky2011/> and small herd-like groups.<ref name=Hone2014/> Specimens from this locality are usually found in articulation, suggesting possible mass mortality events.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>

[[Stephan N. F. Spiekman]] and colleagues reported a partial ''P. andrewsi'' skull (RGM 818207) in the collections of the [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]], [[Netherlands]] in 2015. Since ''Protoceratops'' fossils are only found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and this specimen was likely discovered during the Central Asiatic Expeditions, the team concluded that this skull was probably acquired by [[Delft University]] between 1940 and 1972 as part of a collection transfer.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Spiekman|first1=S. N .F|last2=Bastiaans|first2=D.|last3=Schulp|first3=A. S.|date=2015|title=A partial skull of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Central Asiatic Expeditions in the Naturalis collections (Leiden, the Netherlands)|conference=European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280101760}}</ref>

===Species and synonyms===
[[File:Protoceratops hellenikorhinus holotype skull.jpg|thumb|Holotype skull of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' at the [[Inner Mongolia Museum]]]]
Protoceratopsid remains were recovered in the 1970s from the Khulsan locality of the [[Barun Goyot Formation]], Mongolia, during the work of several Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions. In 1975, Polish paleontologists [[Teresa Maryańska]] and [[Halszka Osmólska]] described a second species of ''Protoceratops'' which they named ''P. kozlowskii''. This new species was based on the Khulsan material, mostly consisting of juvenile skull specimens. The specific name, ''kozlowskii'', is in tribute to the Polish paleontologist [[Roman Kozłowski]]. They also named the new genus and species of protoceratopsid ''[[Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi]]'', known from specimens of the nearby Hermiin Tsav locality.<ref name=Mary1975>{{cite journal|last1=Maryańska|first1=T.|last2=Osmólska|first2=H.|date=1975|title=Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia|journal=Palaeontologia Polonica|volume=33|page=134−143|url=http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1975-33_133-181_36-50.pdf|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921083509/http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1975-33_133-181_36-50.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1990 the Russian paleontologist [[Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov]] referred additional material from Hermiin Tsav to ''P. kozlowskii''. However, he noted that there were enough differences between ''P. andrewsi'' and ''P. kozlowskii'', and erected the new genus and combination ''[[Breviceratops kozlowskii]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kurzanov|first1=S. M.|date=1990|title=Новый род протоцератопсид из позднего мела Монголии|trans-title=A new Late Cretaceous protoceratopsid genus from Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|number=4|pages=91−97|language=ru|url=https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-paleontologicaljournal1990-4.pdf}}</ref> Though ''Breviceratops'' has been regarded as a [[synonym]] and juvenile stage of ''Bagaceratops'',<ref name=Sereno2000>{{cite book|last1=Sereno|first1=P. C.|date=2000|chapter=The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia|chapter-url=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/paulsereno/i/docs/00-Marginocephalia.pdf|editor-last1=Benton|editor-first1=M. J.|editor-last2=Shishkin|editor-first2=M. A.|editor-last3=Unwin|editor-first3=D. M.|editor-last4=Kurochkin|editor-first4=E. N.|title=The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=489−492}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|year=2001|chapter=A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/242/mode/2up?q=montanoceratops|editor-last1=Tanke|editor-first1=D. H.|editor-last2=Carpenter|editor-first2=K.|title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life|series=Life of the Past|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=243−262|isbn=978-0-253-33907-2}}</ref> [[Łukasz Czepiński]] in 2019 concluded that the former has enough anatomical differences to be considered as a separate [[taxon]].<ref name=Czepiński19>{{cite journal|last1=Czepiński|first1=Ł.|date=2019|title=Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert|journal=Historical Biology|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1394–1421|doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404|s2cid=132780322|url=http://dinosaurmailinglist.cmnh.org/2019Apr/pdfzmfpMk1aO4.pdf|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708144840/http://dinosaurmailinglist.cmnh.org/2019Apr/pdfzmfpMk1aO4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2001 [[Oliver Lambert (paleontologist)|Oliver Lambert]] with colleagues named a new and distinct species of ''Protoceratops'', ''P. hellenikorhinus''. The first known remains of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' were collected from the Bayan Mandahu locality of the [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]], [[Inner Mongolia]], in 1995 and 1996 during [[China|Sino]]-[[Belgium|Belgian]] paleontological expeditions. The holotype (IMM 95BM1/1) and [[paratype]] (IMM 96BM1/4) specimens consist of large skulls lacking body remains. The holotype skull was found facing upwards, a pose that has been reported in ''Protoceratops'' specimens from Tugriken Shireh. The specific name, ''hellenikorhinus'', is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] hellenikos (meaning Greek) and rhis (meaning nose) in reference to its broad and angular snout, which is reminiscent of the straight profiles of [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek sculptures]].<ref name=Helleniko2001>{{cite journal|last1=Lambert|first1=O.|last2=Godefroit|first2=P.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Shang|first4=C.-Y.|last5=Dong|first5=Z.|date=2001|title=A new Species of Protoceratops (Dinosauria, Neoceratopsia) from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P. R. China)|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre|volume=71|pages=5−28|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/71-sup-2001/irscnb_p4087_01ec08x_71-sup_bulletin-1.pdf}}</ref> In 2017 abundant protoceratopsid material was reported from [[Alxa League|Alxa]] near Bayan Mandahu,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=S.|last2=Zhang|first2=L.|last3=Lu|first3=L.|last4=Hao|first14=J.|date=2017|title=The First Discovery of the Late Cretaceous Protoceratopsid Fauna from Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China|journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)|volume=91|issue=5|pages=1908−1909|doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13421|s2cid=134276217 |url=http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbcn/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=2017endzxb05027&year_id=2017&quarter_id=5&falg=1}}</ref> and it may be referable to ''P. hellenikorhinus''.<ref name=Czepiński19/>

[[Viktor Tereshchenko]] and [[Vladimir R. Alifanov]] in 2003 named a new protoceratopsid dinosaur from the Bayn Dzak locality, ''Bainoceratops efremovi ''. This genus was based on a few dorsal (back) vertebrae that were stated to differ from those of ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereshchenko|first1=V.|last2=Alifanov|first2=V. R.|date=2003|title=Bainoceratops efremovi, a New Protoceratopid Dinosaur (Protoceratopidae, Neoceratopsia) from the Bain-Dzak Locality (South Mongolia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=37|issue=3|pages=293–302|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288557787}}</ref> In 2006 [[North America]]n paleontologists [[Peter Makovicky]] and [[Mark A. Norell]] suggested that ''Bainoceratops'' may be synonymous with ''Protoceratops'' as most of the traits used to separate the former from the latter have been reported from other ceratopsians including ''Protoceratops'' itself, and they are more likely to fall within the wide intraspecific variation range of the concurring ''P. andrewsi''.<ref name=Makovicky2006>{{cite journal|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|date=2006|title=Yamaceratops dorngobiensis, a New Primitive Ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3530|pages=1–42|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3530[1:YDANPC]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5808|hdl-access=free|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5808//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3530.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> The authors [[Brenda J. Chinnery]] and [[Jhon R. Horner]] in 2007 during their description of ''[[Cerasinops]]'' stated that ''Bainoceratops'', along with other dubious genera, was determined to be either a variant or immature specimen of other genera. Based on this reasoning, they excluded ''Bainoceratops'' from their phylogenetic analysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chinnery|first1=B. J.|last2=Horner|first2=J. R.|date=2007|title=A new neoceratopsian dinosaur linking North American and Asian taxa|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=625–641|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[625:ANNDLN]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86091277 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24240715}}</ref>

===Eggs and nests===
[[File:Protoceratops nest model 2.jpg|thumb|left|Model of ''Protoceratops'' hatchlings based on the ''Oviraptor'' [[nest]] AMNH 6508. This nest was originally thought to represent ''Protoceratops'' eggs]]
As part of the Third Central Asiatic Expedition of 1923, Andrews and team discovered the holotype specimen of ''[[Oviraptor]]'' in association with some of the first known fossilized dinosaur eggs (nest AMNH 6508), in the Djadokhta Formation. Each egg was elongated and hard-shelled, and due to the proximity and high abundance of ''Protoceratops'' in the [[Geological formation|formation]], these eggs were believed at the time to belong to this dinosaur. This resulted in the interpretation of the contemporary ''Oviraptor'' as an egg predatory animal, an interpretation also reflected in its generic name.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Osborn|first1=H. F.|date=1924|title=The discovery of an unknown continent|journal=Natural History|volume=24|issue=2|pages=133−149}}</ref><ref name=Osborn1924/> In [[1975 in paleontology|1975]], the Chinese paleontologist [[Zhao Zikui]] named the new [[oogenera]] ''[[Elongatoolithus]]'' and ''[[Macroolithus]]'', including them in a new [[oofamily]]: the [[Elongatoolithidae]]. As the name implies, they represent elongated dinosaur eggs, including some of referred ones to ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao|first1=Z. K.|date=1975|title=The microstructures of the dinosaurian eggshells of Nanxiong Basin, Guandong province. On the classification of dinosaur eggs|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume=13|issue=2|pages=105−117|language=Chinese|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200905/W020090813377364004471.pdf}}</ref>

In 1994 the Russian paleontologist Konstantin E. Mikhailov named the new oogenus ''[[Protoceratopsidovum]]'' from the [[Barun Goyot Formation|Barun Goyot]] and Djadokhta formations, with the type species ''P. sincerum'' and additional ''P. fluxuosum'' and ''P. minimum''. This [[ootaxon]] was firmly stated as belonging to protoceratopsid dinosaurs since they were the predominant dinosaurs where the eggs were found and some skeletons of ''Protoceratops'' were found in close proximity to ''Protoceratopsidovum'' eggs. More specifically, Mikhailov stated that ''P. sincerum'' and ''P. minimum'' were laid by ''Protoceratops'', and ''P. fluxuosum'' by ''Breviceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikhailov|first1=K. E.|date=1994|title=Theropod and protoceratopsian dinosaur eggs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia and Kazakhstan|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=28|issue=2|pages=101−120|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285873142}}</ref>
[[File:Citipatibcn4.JPG|thumb|Oviraptorid embryo MPC-D 100/971, a specimen that shed light on the identity of elongatoolithid eggs]]
However, also during 1994, Norell and colleagues reported and briefly described a fossilized [[theropod]] [[embryo]] inside an egg (MPC-D 100/971) from the Djadokhta Formation. They identified this embryo as an [[oviraptorid]] dinosaur and the eggshell, upon close examination, turned out be that of elongatoolithid eggs and thereby the oofamily Elongatoolithidae was concluded to represent the eggs of oviraptorids. This find proved that the nest AMNH 6508 belonged to ''Oviraptor'' and rather than an egg-thief, the holotype was actually a mature individual that perished brooding the eggs.<ref name=Norell1994>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Clark|first2=J. M.|last3=Dashzeveg|first3=D.|last4=Barsbold|first4=R.|last5=Chiappe|first5=L. M.|last6=Davidson|first6=A. R.|last7=McKenna|first7=M. C.|last8=Altangerel|first8=P.|last9=Novacek|first9=M. J.|date=1994|title=A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs Dinosaur eggs|journal=Science|volume=266|issue=5186|pages=779−782|bibcode=1994Sci...266..779N|doi=10.1126/science.266.5186.779|pmid=17730398|jstor=2885545|s2cid=22333224 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6110932}}</ref> Moreover, [[phylogenetic analyses]] published in 2008 by Darla K. Zelenitsky and François Therrien have shown that ''Protoceratopsidovum'' represents the eggs of a [[maniraptora]]n more derived than oviraptorids and not ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zelenitsky|first1=D. K.|last2=Therrien|first2=F.|date=2008|title=Phylogenetic analysis of reproductive traits of maniraptoran theropods and its implications for egg parataxonomy|journal=Palaeontology|volume=51|issue=4|pages=807−816|doi=10.1111/J.1475-4983.2008.00770.x|bibcode=2008Palgy..51..807Z |s2cid=84859809 |doi-access=}}</ref> The description of the eggshell of ''Protoceratopsidovum'' has further confirmed that they in fact belong to a maniraptoran, possibly [[deinonychosaur]] taxon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=S.|last2=Barta|first2=D. E.|last3=Moreno-Azanza|first3=M.|last4=Kim|first4=N-H.|last5=Shaw|first5=C. A.|last6=Varricchio|first6=D. J.|date=2022|title=Microstructural description of the maniraptoran egg Protoceratopsidovum|journal=Papers in Palaeontology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e1430|doi=10.1002/spp2.1430|s2cid=248337010 }}</ref>

Nevertheless, in 2011 an authentic nest of ''Protoceratops'' was reported and described by David E. Fastovsky and colleagues. The nest (MPC-D 100/530) containing 15 articulated juveniles was collected from the Tugriken Shireh locality of the Djadokhta Formation during the work of Mongolian-[[Japan]]ese paleontological expeditions.<ref name=Fastovsky2011/> Gregory M. Erickson and team in 2017 reported an embryo-bearing egg clutch (MPC-D 100/1021) of ''Protoceratops'' from the also fossiliferous Ukhaa Tolgod locality, discovered during paleontological expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History and [[Mongolian Academy of Sciences]]. This clutch comprises at least 12 eggs and embryos with only 6 embryos preserving nearly complete skeletons.<ref name=Erickson2017/> Norell with colleagues in 2020 examined fossilized remains around the eggs of this clutch which indicate a soft-shelled composition.<ref name=Norell2020S/>

===Fighting Dinosaurs===
[[File:'Fighting dinosaurs'Tugrugeen Shireh, Gobi Desert, 1971.jpg|thumb|left|Fossil of the Fighting Dinosaurs as found in the field, 1971]]
The [[Fighting Dinosaurs]] specimen preserves a ''Protoceratops'' (MPC-D 100/512) and ''Velociraptor'' (MPC-D 100/25) fossilized in combat and provides an important window regarding direct evidence of predator-prey behavior in non-avian dinosaurs.<ref name=Jaworowska1972>{{cite journal|last1=Kielan-Jaworowska|first1=Z.|last2=Barsbold|first2=R.|date=1972|title=Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions, 1967-1971|journal=Palaeontologia Polonica|volume=27|pages=1−12|url=http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1972-27_5-13_1-2.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Barsbolld1974/> In the 1960s and early 1970s, many Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions were conducted to the Gobi Desert with the objective of fossil findings. In 1971, the expedition explored several localities of the Djadokhta and [[Nemegt Formation|Nemegt]] formations. On August 3 several fossils of ''Protoceratops'' and ''Velociraptor'' were found including a block containing two of them at the Tugriken Shire locality (Djadokhta Formation) during fieldworks of the expedition. The individuals of this block were identified as a ''P. andrewsi'' and ''V. mongoliensis''. Although it was not fully understood the conditions surrounding their burial, it was clear that they died simultaneously in struggle.<ref name=Jaworowska1972/>

The specimen shortly became notorious and was nicknamed the Fighting Dinosaurs. It has been examined and studied by numerous researchers and paleontologists, debating on how the animals got buried and preserved altogether. Though a drowning scenario has been proposed by Barsbold,<ref name=Barsbolld1974/> such hypothesis is considered unlikely given the arid paleoenvironments or settings of the Djadokhta Formation. It is generally accepted that they were buried alive by either a collapsed [[dune]] or sandstorm.<ref name=Osmolska1993/><ref name=Unwin1995/><ref name=Barsbold2016/>

===Skin impressions and footprints===
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|image1 = Protoceratops with possible skin impressions.jpg
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|footer = AMNH 6418 specimen with possible skin impressions (left), and line diagram of footprint associated with specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3 (right)
}}
During the Third Central Asiatic Expedition in 1923, a nearly complete ''Protoceratops'' skeleton (specimen AMNH 6418) was collected at the Flaming Cliffs. Unlike other specimens, it was discovered in a rolled-up position with its [[skull]] preserving a thin, hard, and wrinkled layer of [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]] (surrounding [[sediments]]). This specimen was later described in 1940 by Brown and Schlaikjer, who discussed the nature of the matrix portion. They stated that this layer had a very [[skin]]-like texture and covered mostly the left side of the skull from the [[snout]] to the [[neck frill]]. Brown and Schlaikjer discarded the idea of possible skin impressions as this skin-like layer was likely a product of the [[Decomposition|decay]] and burial of the individual, making the sediments become highly attached to the skull.<ref name=Brown1940/>

The potential importance of these remains were not recognized and given attention, and by 2020 the specimen has already been completely prepared losing all traces of this skin-like layer. Some elements were damaged in the process such as the [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]].<ref name=Green2022>{{cite web|last1=Greenfield|first1=T.|date=2022|title=The lost Protoceratops mummy - Addendum|website=Incertae Sedis|publisher=WordPress|url=https://incertaesedisblog.wordpress.com/2020/04/11/the-lost-protoceratops-mummy/}}</ref> In 2022 Phil R. Bell and colleagues briefly described these potential soft tissues based on the photographs provided by Brown and Schlaikjer, as well as other ceratopsian soft tissues.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=P. R.|last2=Hendrickx|first2=C.|last3=Pittman|first3=M.|last4=Kaye|first4=T. G.|last5=Mayr|first5=G.|date=2022|title=The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs|journal=Communications Biology|volume=5|number=809|page=809 |doi=10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3|doi-access=free|pmc=9374759|pmid=35962036}}</ref> However, although the initial perception was that the entire skin-like layer had been removed, photographs shared by Czepiński during the same year have revealed that the right side of the skull remains intact, retaining much of this layer and pending further analysis.<ref name=Green2022/>

Also from the context of the Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions, in 1965 an articulated subadult ''Protoceratops'' skeleton (specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3) was collected from the Bayn Dzak locality of the Djadokhta Formation. In the 2000s during the [[Fossil preparation|preparation]] of the specimen, a fossilized cast of a four-toed [[digitigrade]] footprint was found below the pelvic girdle. This footprint was described in 2012 by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki and colleagues who considered it to represent one of the first reported finds of a dinosaur footprint in association with an articulated skeleton, and also the first one reported for ''Protoceratops''.<ref name=Nied2012>{{cite journal|last1=Niedźwiedzki|first1=G.|last2=Singer|first2=T.|last3=Gierliński|first3=G. D.|last4=Lockley|first4=M. G.|date=2012|title=A protoceratopsid skeleton with an associated track from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=33|issue=1 |pages=7−10|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.07.001|bibcode=2012CrRes..33....7N |url=https://juraparkbaltow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Niedzwiedzki-Singer-Gierlinski-and-Lockley-2011.pdf}}</ref> The limb elements of the skeleton of ZPAL Mg D-II/3 were described in 2019 by paleontologists Justyna Słowiak, Victor S. Tereshchenko and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik.<ref name=Justyna2019>{{cite journal|last1=Słowiak|first1=J.|last2=Tereshchenko|first2=V. S.|last3=Fostowicz-Frelik|first3=Ł.|date=2019|title=Appendicular skeleton of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): comparative morphology, ontogenetic changes, and the implications for non-ceratopsid ceratopsian locomotion|journal=PeerJ|volume=7|pages=e7324|doi=10.7717/peerj.7324|doi-access=free|pmc=6657679|pmid=31367485}}</ref> Tereshchenko in 2021 fully described the axial skeleton of this specimen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereshchenko|first1=V. S.|date=2021|title=Axial Skeleton of Subadult Protoceratops andrewsi from Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1408–1457|doi=10.1134/S0031030121120030|bibcode=2021PalJ...55.1408T |s2cid=247387644 }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Protoceratops size.png|thumb|left|Size comparison of two ''Protoceratops'' species]]
''Protoceratops'' was a relatively small-sized [[ceratopsia]]n, with both ''P. andrewsi'' and ''P. hellenikorhinus'' estimated up to {{convert|2|-|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holtz|first1=T. R.|last2=Rey|first2=L. V.|year=2007|title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780375824197}} [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Genus List for Holtz 2012] [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/appendix.html Weight Information]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Paul|first1=G. S.|year=2016|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691167664|edition=2nd|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=282}}</ref> and around {{convert|62|-|104|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in body mass.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Campione|first1=N. E.|last2=Evans|first2=D. C.|date=2020|title=The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=95|issue=6|pages=1759–1797|doi=10.1111/brv.12638|pmid=32869488|s2cid=221404013|doi-access=free}} [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12638#SupportingInformation Supporting Information]</ref> Although similar in overall body size, the latter had a relatively greater skull length.<ref name=Helleniko2001/> Both species can be differentiated by the following characteristics:

* '''''P. andrewsi''''' – Two teeth were present at the premaxilla; the snout was low and long; the nasal horn was a single, pointed structure; the bottom edge of the dentary was slightly curved.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>
* '''''P. hellenikorhinus''''' – Absence of premaxillary teeth; the snout was tall and broad; the nasal horn was divided into two pointed ridges; the bottom edge of the dentary was straight.<ref name=Helleniko2001/>

===Skull===
{{multiple image
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|image1=Protoceratops MPC-D 100 551 skull.png
|caption1=Skull of ''P. andrewsi'' (MPC-D 100/551) in left lateral (A1-A2), dorsal (A3-A4), and right lateral (A5-A6) views

|image2=Protoceratops MPC-D 100 505 skull.png
|caption2=Skull of ''P. andrewsi'' (MPC-D 100/505) in right lateral (A1) and left lateral (A2) views

}}
The [[skull]] of ''Protoceratops'' was relatively large compared to its body and robustly built. The skull of the type species, ''P. andrewsi'', had an average total length of nearly {{convert|50|cm|mm|abbr=on}}. On the other hand ''P. hellenikorhinus'' had a total skull length of about {{convert|70|cm|mm|abbr=on}}. The rear of the skull gave form to a pronounced [[neck frill]] (also known as "parietal frill") mostly composed of the {{dinogloss|parietal}} and {{dinogloss|squamosal}} bones. The exact size and shape of the frill varied by individual; some had short, compact frills, while others had frills nearly half the length of the skull. The squamosal touched the {{dinogloss|jugal}} (cheekbone) and was very enlarged and high having a curved end that built the borders of the frill. The parietals were the posteriormost bones of the skull and major elements of the frill. In a top view they had a triangular shape and were joined by the {{dinogloss|frontal|frontals}} (bones of the [[skull roof]]). Both parietals were [[coossified]] (fused), creating a long ridge on the center of the frill. The jugal was deep and sharply developed and along with the {{dinogloss|quadratojugal}} they formed a horn-like extension that pointed to below at the lateral sides of the skull. The {{dinogloss|epijugal}} (tip region of the jugal) was separated from the jugal by a prominent [[Suture (anatomy)|suture]]; this suture was more noticeable in adults. The surfaces around the epijugal were coarse, indicating that it was covered by a [[Keratin|horny]] sheath. Unlike the much derived [[ceratopsids]], the frontal and [[postorbital]] bones of ''Protoceratops'' were flat and lacked horn cores or supraorbital horns. The {{dinogloss|palpebral}} (small spur-like bone) joined the prefrontal over the front of the [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] (eye socket). In ''P. hellenikorhinus'' the palpebral protruded upwards from the {{dinogloss|prefrontal}}, just above the orbit and slightly meeting the frontal, creating a small horn-like structure. The {{dinogloss|lacrimal}} was a near-rectangular bone located in front of the orbit, contributing to the shape of the latter. The [[sclerotic ring]] (structure that supports the [[eyeball]]), found inside the orbit, was circular in shape and formed by consecutive bony plates.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>

The [[snout]] was formed by the {{dinogloss|nasal}}, {{dinogloss|maxilla}}r, {{dinogloss|premaxilla}}r and {{dinogloss|rostral}} bones. The nasal was generally rounded but some individuals had a sharp nasal boss (a feature that has been called "nasal horn"). In ''P. hellenikorhinus'' this boss was divided in two sharp and long ridges. The maxilla was very deep and had up to 15 [[Dental alveolus|alveoli]] ([[tooth]] sockets) on its underside or teeth bearing surface. The premaxilla had two alveoli on its lower edge—a character that was present at least on ''P. andrewsi''. The rostral bone was devoid of teeth, high and triangular in shape. It had a sharp end and rough texture, which reflects that a [[rhamphotheca]] (horny [[beak]]) was present. As a whole, the skull had four pairs of [[Fenestra (anatomy)|fenestra]]e (skull openings). The foremost hole, the [[nares]] (nostril opening), was oval-shaped and considerably smaller than the nostrils seen in ceratopsids. ''Protoceratops'' had large orbits, which measured around {{convert|5|cm|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter and had irregular shapes depending on the individual. The forward facing and closely located orbits combined with a narrow snout, gave ''Protoceratops'' a well-developed [[binocular vision]]. Behind the eye was a slightly smaller fenestra known as the [[infratemporal fenestra]], formed by the curves of the jugal and squamosal. The last openings of the skull were two parietal fenestrae (holes in the frill).<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>
{{multiple image
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|image1=Protoceratops andrewsi (1).jpg

|caption1=''P. andrewsi'' skull

|image2=Protoceratops hellenikorhinus 1.jpg

|caption2=''P. hellenikorhinus'' skull}}
The lower jaw of ''Protoceratops'' was a large element composed of the {{dinogloss|predentary}}, {{dinogloss|dentary}}, {{dinogloss|coronoid}}, {{dinogloss|angular}} and {{dinogloss|surangular}}. The predentary (frontmost bone) was very pointed and elongated, having a V-shaped [[symphyseal]] (bone union) region at the front. The dentary (teeth-bearing bone) was robust, deep, slightly recurved, and fused to the angular and surangular. A large and thick ridge ran along the lateral surface of the dentary that connected the coronoid [[Process (anatomy)|process]]—a bony projection that extends upwards from the upper surface of the lower jaw behind the tooth row—and surangular. It bore up to 12-14 alveoli on its top margin. Both predentary and dentary had a series of foramina (small pits), the latter mostly on its anterior end. The coronoid (highest point of the lower jaw) was blunt-shaped and touched by the coronoid process of the dentary, being obscured by the jugal. The surangular was near triangular in shape and in old individuals it was coossified together with the coronoid process. The angular was located below the two latter bones and behind the dentary. It was a large and somewhat rounded bone that complemented the curvature of the dentary. On its inner surface it was attached to the {{dinogloss|articular}}. The articular was a smaller bone and had a concavity on its inner surface for the articulation with the quadrate.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>

''Protoceratops'' had leaf-shaped dentary and maxillary teeth that bore several [[Denticle (tooth feature)|denticles]] (serrations) on their respective edges. The [[Crown (tooth)|crowns]] (upper exposed part) had two faces or lobes that were divided by a central ridge-like structure (also called "primary ridge"). The teeth were packed into a single row that created a shearing surface. Both dentary and maxillary teeth presented marked [[homodont]]y—a dental condition where the teeth share a similar shape and size. ''P. andrewsi'' bore two small, peg to spike-like teeth that were located on the underside of each premaxilla. The second premaxillary tooth was larger than the first one. Unlike dentary and maxillary teeth, the premaxillary dentition was devoid of denticles, having a relatively smooth surface. All teeth had a single root (lower part inserted in the alveoli).<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Yannicke1988/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanoue|first1=K.|last2=You|first2=H.-L.|last3=Dodson|first3=P.|date=2009|title=Comparative anatomy of selected basal ceratopsian dentitions|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=46|number=6|pages=425–439 |doi=10.1139/E09-030|bibcode=2009CaJES..46..425S |s2cid=58910055 }}</ref>

===Postcranial skeleton===
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi skeletal.png|thumb|Skeletal reconstruction of ''P. andrewsi'']]

The [[vertebral column]] of ''Protoceratops'' had nine cervical (neck), 12 dorsal (back), eight sacral (pelvic) and over 40 caudal (tail) vertebrae. The [[centra]] (centrum; body of the vertebrae) of the first three cervicals were coossified together ({{dinogloss|atlas}}, {{dinogloss|axis}} and third cervical respectively) creating a rigid structure. The neck was rather short and had poor flexibility. The atlas was the smallest cervical and consisted mainly of the centrum because the {{dinogloss|neural arch}} (upper, and pointy vertebral region) was a thin, narrow bar of bone that extended upwards and backwards to the base of the axis neural {{dinogloss|neural spine|spine}}. The capitular facet (attachment site for [[Haemal arch|chevron]]s; also known as cervical ribs) was formed by a low projection located near the base of the neural arch. The anterior facet of the atlas centrum was highly concave for the articulation of the {{dinogloss|occiput|occipital condyle}} of the skull. The neural arch and spine of the axis were notably larger than the atlas itself and any other cervical. The axial neural spine was broad and backwards developed being slightly connected to that of the third cervical. From the fourth to the ninth all cervicals were relatively equal in size and proportions. Their neural spines were smaller than the first three vertebrae and the development of the capitular facet diminished from the fourth cervical onwards.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Tereschenkko2007>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschenko|first1=V. S.|date=2007|title=Key to Protoceratopoid Vertebrae (Ceratopsia, Dinosauria) from Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=41|number=2|pages=175−188|doi=10.1134/S0031030107020086|bibcode=2007PalJ...41..175T |s2cid=84954199 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226106749}}</ref><ref name=Kuznetsov2010>{{cite journal|last1=Kuznetsov|first1=A. N.|last2=Tereschenko|first2=V. S.|date=2010|title=A Method for Estimation of Lateral and Vertical Mobility of Platycoelous Vertebrae of Tetrapods|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=44|number=2|pages=209−225|doi=10.1134/S0031030110020139|bibcode=2010PalJ...44..209K |s2cid=84321442 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225123163}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 left humerus.png

|image2 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 radius & ulna.png

|image3 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 right ilium.png

|image4 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 ischia.png

|image5 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 right femur.png

|image6 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 right fibula & tibia.png

|image7 = Protoceratops hands.png

|image8 = Protoceratops feet.png

|footer = Forelimb (top), pelvic (middle), and hindlimb fossil bones (bottom) of specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3
}}
The {{dinogloss|dorsals|dorsal vertebrae}} were similar in shape and size. Their neural spines were elongated and sub-rectangular in shape with a tendency to become more elongated in posterior vertebrae. The centra were large and predominantly amphiplatian (flat on both facets) and circular when seen from the front. Sometimes in old individuals the last dorsal vertebra was somewhat coosified to the first sacral. The {{dinogloss|sacrals|sacral vertebrae}} were firmly coosified giving form to the sacrum, which was connected to the inner sides of both ilia. Their neural spines were broad, not coosified, and rather consistent in length. The centra were mainly opisthocoelous (concave on the posterior facet and convex on the anterior one) and their size became smaller towards the end. The {{dinogloss|caudals|caudal vertebrae}} decreased in size progressively towards the end and had very elongated neural spines in the mid-series, forming a [[Neural spine sail|sail]]-like structure. This elongation started from the first to the fourteenth caudal. The centra were {{dinogloss|centrum|heterocoelous}} (saddle-shaped at both facets). On the anterior caudals they were broad, however, from the twenty-fifth onwards the centra became elongated alongside the neural spines. On the underside of the caudal vertebrae a series of chevrons were attached, giving form to the lower part of the tail. The first chevron was located at the union of the third and fourth caudals. Chevrons three to nine were the largest and from the tenth onwards they became smaller.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Tereschenkko2007/><ref name=Kuznetsov2010/><ref name=Tereschhenko20133>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|last2=Singer|first2=T.|date=2013|title=Structural Features of Neural Spines of the Caudal Vertebrae of Protoceratopoids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=47|issue=6|pages=618−630|doi=10.1134/S0031030113060105|bibcode=2013PalJ...47..618T |s2cid=84639150 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263677535}}</ref>

All vertebrae of ''Protoceratops'' had ribs attached on the lateral sides, except for the series of caudals. The first five cervical ribs (sometimes called chevrons) were some of the shortest ribs, and among them the first two were longer than the rest. The third to the sixth dorsal (thoracic) ribs were the longest ribs in the skeleton of ''Protoceratops'', the following ribs became smaller in size as they progressed toward the end of the vertebral column. The two last dorsal ribs were the smallest, and the last of them was in contact with the internal surfaes of the ilium. Most of the sacral ribs were fused into the sacrum, and had a rather curved shape.<ref name=Brown1940/>
{{multiple image
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|image1=Protoceratops andrewsi Restoration.png

|image2=Protoceratops hellenikorhinus Restoration.png

|footer=[[Paleoart|Life restorations]] of ''P. andrewsi'' (top) and ''P. hellenikorhinus'' (bottom)
}}
The [[pectoral girdle]] of ''Protoceratops'' was formed by the {{dinogloss|scapulocoracoid}} (fusion of the coracoid and scapula) and clavicle. The {{dinogloss|scapula|scapulae}} (shoulder blades) were relatively large and rounded on their inner sides. At their upper region, the scapulae were wide. At their lower region, the scapulae meet the coracoids. The {{dinogloss|coracoid|coracoids}} were relatively elliptical, and sometimes coosified (fused) to the scapulae. The clavicle of ''Protoceratops'' was an U to slightly V-shaped element that joined to the upper border of the scapulocoracoid. In its general form, the forelimbs of ''Protoceratops'' were shorted than the hindlimbs, and composed by the humerus, radius, and ulna. The {{dinogloss|humerus}} (upper arm bone) was large and slender, and at the lower part it meet with both radius and ulna. The {{dinogloss|radius}} had a slightly recurved shape and was longer than the ulna. A concavity was present on its upper part, serving as the connection with the humerus and forming the [[elbow]]. The {{dinogloss|ulna}} was a rather short bone with a straight shape. The [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]] (hand) of ''Protoceratops'' had five [[Digit (anatomy)|digits]] (fingers). The first three fingers had [[ungual]]s (claw bones) and were the largest digits. The last two were devoid of unguals and had a small size, mostly [[vestigial]] (retained, but without important function). Both hand and feet unguals were flat, blunt and hoof-like.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Justyna2019/>

The [[pelvic girdle]] was formed by the {{dinogloss|ilium}}, {{dinogloss|pubis}}, and {{dinogloss|ischium}}. The ilium was a large element, having a narrow preacetabular process (anterior end) and a wide postacetabular process (posterior end). The pubis was the smallest element of the pelvic girdle and it had an irregular shape, although its lower end was developed into a pointed bony projection downwards. The ischium was the longest bone of the pelvic girdle. It had an elongated shaft with a somewhat wide lower end. The hindlimbs of ''Protoceratops'' were rather long, with a slighter longer tibia (lower leg bone) than femur (thigh bone). The {{dinogloss|femur}} (thighbone) was robust and had a rather rounded and pronounced [[greater trochanter]], which was slightly recurved into the inner sides. The {{dinogloss|tibia}} (shinbone) was long and slender with a wide lower end. On its upper region a concavity was developed for the joint with the smaller {{dinogloss|fibula}}. The [[Pes (anatomy)|pes]] (foot) were composed of four {{dinogloss|metatarsal}} and four toes which bore shovel-like pedal unguals. The first metatarsal and toe were the smallest, while the other elements were of similar shape and length.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Justyna2019/>

==Classification==
[[File:The dinosaur book - the ruling reptiles and their relatives (1951) (20213832929).jpg|thumb|left|Early interpretation of the evolutionary relationships of ''Protoceratops'' with [[ceratopsids]] upon its discovery; a notion now obsolete]]
''Protoceratops'' was in 1923 placed within the newly named [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Protoceratopsidae]] as the representative species by Granger and Gregory. This family was characterized by their overall primitive morphology in comparison to the more derived [[Ceratopsidae]], such as lack of well-developed horn cores and relative smaller body size. ''Protoceratops'' itself was considered by the authors to be somehow related to [[ankylosauria]]ns based on skull traits, with a more intensified degree to ''[[Triceratops]]'' and relatives.<ref name=Granger1923/> Gregory and Charles C. Mook in 1925 upon a more deeper analysis of ''Protoceratops'' and its overall morphology, concluded that this [[taxon]] represents a ceratopsian more primitive than ceratopsids and not an ankylosaur-ceratopsian ancestor.<ref name=Greggory1925/> In 1951 Edwin H. Colbert considered ''Protoceratops'' to represent a key ancestor for the ceratopsid lineage, suggesting that it ultimately led to the evolution of large-bodied ceratopsians such as ''[[Styracosaurus]]'' and ''Triceratops''. Such lineage was suggested to have started from the primitive ceratopsian ''[[Psittacosaurus]]''. He also regarded ''Protoceratops'' as one of the first "frilled" ceratopsians to appear in the fossil record.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colbert|first1=E. H.|date=1951|chapter=The Kinds of Dinosaurs|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The Dinosaur Book: The Ruling Reptiles and Their Relatives|pages=79−83|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.}}</ref>

However, in 1975 Maryanska and Osmolska argued that it is very unlikely that protoceratopsids evolved from [[psittacosaurid]]s, and also unlikely that they gave rise to the highly derived (advanced) ceratopsids. The first point was supported by the numerous anatomical differences between protoceratopsids and psittacosaurids, most notably the extreme reduction of some hand digits in the latter group—a trait much less pronounced in protoceratopsids. The second point was explained on the basis of the already derived anatomy in protoceratopsids like ''Bagaceratops'' or ''Protoceratops'' (such as the jaw morphology). Maryanska and Osmolska also emphasized that some early members of the Ceratopsidae reflect a much older evolutionary history.<ref name=Mary1975/> In 1998, paleontologist [[Paul Sereno]] formally defined Protoceratopsidae as the [[Taxonomic rank|branch]]-based [[clade]] including all [[coronosaurs]] closer to ''Protoceratops'' than to ''Triceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sereno|first1=P. C.|date=1998|title=A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|volume=210|issue=1|pages=41−83|doi=10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41|url=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/paulsereno/i/docs/98-NJrbPalaeAbh-PhyloDefs.pdf?mtime=1591820269}}</ref>
[[File:Ceratops.gif|thumb|''Protoceratops'' (A, D, E) compared to other ceratopsians]]
Furthermore, with the re-examinations of ''[[Turanoceratops]]'' in 2009 and ''[[Zuniceratops]]''—two critical ceratopsian taxa regarding the evolutionary history of ceratopsids—in 2010 it was concluded that the origin of ceratopsids is unrelated to, and older than the fossil record of ''Protoceratops'' and relatives.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sues|first1=H.-C.|last2=Averianov|first2=A.|date=2009|title=Turanoceratops tardabilis—the first ceratopsid dinosaur from Asia|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=96|issue=5 |pages=645–652|bibcode=2009NW.....96..645S|doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0518-9|pmid=19277598|s2cid=21951969 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5744203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolfe|first1=D. G.|last2=Kirkland|first2=J. I.|last3=Smith|first3=D.|last4=Poole|first4=K.|last5=Chinnery-Allgeier|first5=B.|last6=McDonald|first6=A.|date=2010|chapter=Zuniceratops christopheri: The North American Ceratopsid Sister Taxon Reconstructed on the Basis of New Data|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDnYPBjTkaIC&q=Zuniceratops|editor1-last=Ryan |editor1-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor2-first=B. J.|editor3-last=Eberth|editor3-first=D. A.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|pages=91−98|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35358-0}}</ref> In most recent/modern phylogenetic analyses ''Protoceratops'' and ''Bagaceratops'' are commonly recovered as [[sister taxa]], leaving the interpretations proposing direct relationships with more derived ceratopsians unsupported.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yiming He |author2=Peter J. Makovicky |author3=Kebai Wang |author4=Shuqing Chen |author5=Corwin Sullivan |author6=Fenglu Han |author7=Xing Xu |author8=Michael J. Ryan |author9=David C. Evans |author10=Philip J. Currie |author11=Caleb M. Brown |author12=Don Brinkman |year=2015 |title=A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia) with a Unique Ischium from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0144148 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144148 |pmid=26701114 |pmc=4689537 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1044148H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2019 Czepiński analyzed a vast majority of referred specimens to the ceratopsians ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' and ''[[Breviceratops]]'', and concluded that most were in fact specimens of the former. Although the genera ''Gobiceratops'', ''Lamaceratops'', ''Magnirostris'', and ''Platyceratops'', were long considered valid and distinct taxa, and sometimes placed within Protoceratopsidae, Czepiński found the diagnostic (identifier) features used to distinguish these taxa to be largely present in ''Bagaceratops'' and thus becoming synonyms of this genus. Under this reasoning, Protoceratopsidae consists of ''Bagaceratops'', ''Breviceratops'', and ''Protoceratops''. Below are the proposed relationships among Protoceratopsidae by Czepiński:<ref name=Czepiński19/>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Protoceratopsidae]]
|1={{clade
|label1='''''Protoceratops andrewsi'''''
|1={{clade
|1='''''Protoceratops hellnikorhinus'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Breviceratops|Breviceratops kozlowskii]]''
|2=''[[Bagaceratops|Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi]]'' }} }} }} }}

In 2019 Bitnara Kim and colleagues described a relatively well-preserved ''Bagaceratops'' skeleton from the [[Barun Goyot Formation]], noting numerous similarities with ''Protoceratops''. Even though their respective skull anatomy had substantial differences, their postcranial skeleton was virtually the same. The [[phylogenetic analysis]] performed by the team recovered both protoceratopsids as sister taxa, indicating that ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' were anatomically and [[Systematics|systematically]] related. Below is the obtained [[cladogram]], showing the position of ''Protoceratops'' and ''Bagaceratops'':<ref name=Kim2019/>
[[File:Protoceratopsidae size comparison.png|thumb|Size of ''Protoceratops'' (1, 3) compared with other protoceratopsids]]
{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Coronosauria]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Graciliceratops]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Protoceratopsidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bagaceratops]]''
|2=''Protoceratops'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Zuniceratops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Turanoceratops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ceratopsidae]] }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Leptoceratopsidae]] }} }} }}

===Evolution===
[[File:Bagaceratops & Protoceratops evolution.png|thumb|left|Hypothesized transition from ''P. andrewsi'' to ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'']]
Longrich and team in 2010 indicated that highly derived morphology of ''P. hellenikorhinus''—when compared to ''P. andrewsi''—indicates that this species may represent a lineage of ''Protoceratops'' that had a longer evolutionary history compared to ''P. andrewsi'', or simply a direct descendant of ''P. andrewsi''. The difference in morphologies between ''Protoceratops'' also suggests that the nearby [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] is slightly younger than the Djadokhta Formation.<ref name=Longrich2010>{{cite journal|last1=Longrich|first1=N. R.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Dong|first3=Z.|date=2010|title=A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia|journal=Palaeontology|volume=53|issue=5|pages=945−960|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x|bibcode=2010Palgy..53..945L |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2020, Czepiński analyzed several long-undescribed protoceratopsid specimens from the Udyn Sayr and Zamyn Khondt localities of the Djadokhta Formation. One specimen (MPC-D 100/551B) was shown to present skull traits that are intermediate between ''Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi'' (which is native to adjacent Bayan Mandahu and [[Barun Goyot]]) and ''P. andrewsi''. The specimen hails from the Udyn Sayr locality, where ''Protoceratops'' remains are dominant, and given the lack of more conclusive anatomical traits, Czepiński assigned the specimen as ''Bagaceratops'' sp. He explained that the presence of this ''Bagaceratops'' specimen in such unusual locality could be solved by: (1) the coexistence and [[sympatric]] (altogether) evolution of both ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' at this one locality; (2) the rise of ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'' in a different region and eventual migration to Udyn Sayr; (3) [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between the two protoceratopsids given the near placement of both Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta; (4) [[anagenetic]] (proggressive evolution) evolutionary transition from ''P. andrewsi'' to ''B. rozhdestvenskyi''. Among scenarios, an anagenetic transition was best supported by Czepiński given the fact that no definitive ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'' fossils are found in Udyn Sayr, as expected from a hybridization event; MPC-D 100/551B lacks a well-developed accessory antorbital fenestra (hole behind the nostril openings), a trait expected to be present if ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'' had migrated to the area; and many specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' recovered at Udyn Sayr already feature a decrease in the presence of primitive premaxillary teeth, hence supporting a growing change in the populations.<ref name=Czepiński2020>{{cite journal|last1=Czepiński|first1=Ł.|date=2020|title=New protoceratopsid specimens improve the age correlation of the Upper Cretaceous Gobi Desert strata|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=65|issue=3|pages=481−497|doi=10.4202/app.00701.2019|doi-access=free|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app65/app007012019.pdf}}</ref>

==Paleobiology==
===Feeding===
In 1955, paleontologist [[Georg Haas (paleontologist)|Georg Haas]] examined the overall skull shape of ''Protoceratops'' and attempted to reconstruct its [[Muscles of mastication|jaw musculature]]. He suggested that the large [[neck frill]] was likely an attachment site for masticatory muscles. Such placement of the muscles may have helped to anchor the lower jaws, useful for feeding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haas|first1=G.|date=1955|title=The Jaw Musculature in Protoceratops and in Other Ceratopsians|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=1729|pages=1−24|hdl=2246/2444|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2444//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1729.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Yannicke Dauphin and colleagues in 1988 described the [[Tooth enamel|enamel]] microstructure of ''Protoceratops'', observing a non-prismatic outer layer. They concluded that enamel shape does not relate to the [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or function of the [[teeth]] as most animals do not necessarily use teeth to process food. The maxillary teeth of ceratopsians were usually packed into a [[dental battery]] that formed vertical shearing blades which probably chopped the [[leaves]]. This feeding method was likely more efficient in protoceratopsids as the enamel surface of ''Protoceratops'' was coarsely-textured and the tips of the micro-serrations developed on the basis of the teeth, probably helping to crumble vegetation. Based on their respective peg-like shape and reduced microornamentation, Dauphin and colleagues suggested that the premaxillary teeth of ''Protoceratops'' had no specific function.<ref name=Yannicke1988>{{cite journal|last1=Dauphin|first1=Y.|last2=Jaeger|first2=J.-J.|last3=Osmólska|first3=H.|date=1988|title=Enamel microstructure of ceratopsian teeth (Reptilia, Archosauria)|journal=Geobios|volume=21|issue=3|pages=319−327|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(88)80056-1|bibcode=1988Geobi..21..319D }}</ref>

In 1991, the paleontologist [[Gregory S. Paul]] stated that contrary to the popular view of ornithischians as obligate [[herbivore]]s, some groups may have been opportunistic [[Carnivore|meat-eater]]s, including the members of Ceratopsidae and Protoceratopsidae. He pointed out that their prominent parrot-like beaks and shearing teeth along with powerful muscles on the jaws suggest an omnivore diet instead, much like [[pig]]s, [[Warthog|hog]]s, [[boar]]s and [[entelodont]]s. Such scenario indicates a possible competition with the more predatory [[theropods]] over [[Carrion|carcasses]], however, as the animal tissue ingestion was occasional and not the bulk of their diet, the [[Energy flow (ecology)|energy flow]] in [[ecosystem]]s was relatively simple.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paul|first1=G. S.|date=1991|title=The many myths, some old, some new, of dinosaurology|journal=Modern Geology|volume=16|pages=69−99|url=http://gspauldino.com/Myths.pdf}}</ref> You Hailu and Peter Dodson in 2004 suggested that the premaxillary teeth of ''Protoceratops'' may have been useful for selective cropping and feeding.<ref name=Hailu2004>{{cite book|last1=Hailu|first1=Y.|last2=Dodson|first2=P.|year=2004|chapter=Basal Ceratopsia|chapter-url=https://content.ucpress.edu/pages/2601001/2601001.ch22.pdf|editor-last1=Weishampel|editor-first1=D. B.|editor-last2=Dodson|editor-first2=P.|editor-last3=Osmólska|editor-first3=H.|title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd|page=493|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520941434}}</ref>

In 2009, Kyo Tanque and team suggested that basal ceratopsians, such as protoceratopsids, were most likely low [[Browsing (herbivory)|browsers]] due to their relatively small body size. This low-browsing method would have allowed to feed on [[foliage]] and [[fruit]]s within range, and large basal ceratopsians may have consumed tougher [[seed]]s or [[plant]] material not available to smaller basal ceratopsians.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanoue|first1=K.|last2=Grandstaff|first2=B. S.|last3=You|first3=H.-L.|last4=Dodson|first4=P.|date=2009|title=Jaw Mechanics in Basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria)|journal=The Anatomical Record|volume=292|issue=9|pages=1352−1369|doi=10.1002/ar.20979|doi-access=free|pmid=19711460}}</ref>

[[David J. Button]] and [[Lindsay E. Zanno]] in 2019 performed a large phylogenetic analysis based on skull [[Biomechanics|biomechanical]] characters—provided by 160 [[Mesozoic]] dinosaur species—to analyze the multiple emergences of herbivory among non-avian dinosaurs. Their results found that herbivorous dinosaurs mainly followed two distinct modes of feeding, either processing food in the gut—characterized by relatively gracile skulls and low [[Bite force quotient|bite forces]]—or the mouth, which was characterized by features associated with extensive processing such as high bite forces and robust jaw musculature. Ceratopsians (including protoceratopsids), along with ''[[Euoplocephalus]]'', ''[[Hungarosaurus]]'', [[parkosaurid]], [[ornithopod]] and [[heterodontosaurine]] dinosaurs, were found to be in the former category, indicating that ''Protoceratops'' and relatives had strong bite forces and relied mostly on its jaws to process food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Button|first1=D. J.|last2=Zanno|first2=L. E.|date=2019|title=Repeated Evolution of Divergent Modes of Herbivory in Non-avian Dinosaurs|journal=Current Biology|volume=30|issue=1|pages=158−168|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.050|doi-access=free|pmid=31813611|s2cid=208652510|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)31390-9.pdf}}</ref>

===Ontogeny===
{{multiple image
|align=left
|perrow=1

|image1=Protoceratops growth series.jpg

|image2=Protoceratops skulls at AMNH (3).jpg

|footer=''P. andrewsi'' growth series, featuring the changes in the neck frill
}}
Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 upon their large description and revision of ''Protoceratops'' remarked that the orbits, frontals, and lacrimals suffered a shrinkage in relative size as the animal aged; the top border of the nostrils became more vertical; the nasal bones progressively became elongated and narrowed; and the [[neck frill]] as a whole also increases in size with age. The neck frill specifically, underwent a dramatic change from a small, flat, and almost rounded structure in juveniles to a large, fan-like one in fully mature ''Protoceratops'' individuals.<ref name=Brown1940/> In 2001, Lambert and colleagues considered the development of the two nasal "horns" of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' to be a trait that was delayed in relation to the appearance of [[sex]]ual-discriminant traits. This was based on the fact that one small specimen (IMM 96BM2/1) has a skull size slightly larger than a presumed sexually mature ''P. andrewsi'' skull (AMNH 6409), and yet it lacks double nasal horns present in fully mature ''P. hellenikorhinus''.<ref name=Helleniko2001/>

Makovicky and team in 2007 conducted a [[histological]] analysis on several specimens of ''Protoceratops'' from the [[American Museum of Natural History]] collections in order to provide insights into the life history of ''Protoceratops''. The examined fossil bones indicated that ''Protoceratops'' slowed its [[ontogeny]] (growth) around 9–10 years of life, and it ceased around 11–13 years. They also observed that the maximum or latest stage of development of the neck frill and nasal horn occurred in the oldest ''Protoceratops'' individuals, indicating that such traits were ontogenically variable (meaning that they varied with age). Makovicky and team also stated that as the maximum/radical changes on the neck frill and nasal horn were present in most adult individuals, trying to differentiate [[sexual dimorphism]] (anatomical differences between sexes) in adult ''Protoceratops'' may not be a good practice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|last2=Sadler|first2=R.|last3=Dodson|first3=P.|last4=Erickson|first4=G. M.|last5=Norell|first5=M. A.|date=2007|title=Life history of Protoceratops andrewsi from Bayn Zag, Mongolia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=27|issue=supp. 003|pages=109A|doi=10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458|s2cid=220411226 }}</ref>

David Hone and colleagues in 2016 upon their analysis of ''P. andrewsi'' neck frills, found that the frill of ''Protoceratops'' was disproportionally smaller in juveniles, grew at a rapid rate than the rest of the animal during its ontogeny, and reached a considerable size only in large adult individuals. Other changes during ontogeny include the elongation of the premaxillary teeth that are smaller in juveniles and enlarged in adults, and the enlargement of middle neural spines in the tail or caudal vertebrae, which appear to grow much taller when approaching [[adult]]hood.<ref name=Hone2016/>
[[File:Protoceratops ontogeny sizes.png|thumb|Four growth stages of ''Protoceratops'', from left to right: adult, sub-adult, juvenile and small juvenile (near [[perinate]]). Scale bar is {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}]]
In 2017, Mototaka Saneyoshi with team analyzed several ''Protoceratops'' specimens from the [[Djadokhta Formation]], noting that from [[perinate]]/juvenile to subadult individuals, the parietal and squamosal bones increased their sides to posterior sides of the skull. From subadult to adult individuals, the squamosal bone increased in size more than the parietal bone, and the frill expanded to a top direction. The team concluded that the frill of ''Protoceratops'' can be characterized by these ontogenetic changes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saneyoshi|first1=M.|last2=Mishima|first2=S.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Mainbayar|first4=B.|date=2017|title=Morphological changes of Protoceratops andrewsi skull with ontogenetic processes|journal=Naturalistae|number=21|pages=1−6|language=ja|url=http://www1.ous.ac.jp/garden/kenkyuhoukoku/21/Naturalistae-2017feb-1-6.pdf}}</ref>

In 2018, paleontologists Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik and Justyna Słowiak studied the bone histology of several specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' through cross-sections, in order to analyze the growth changes in this dinosaur. The sampled elements consisted of neck frill, femur, tibia, fibula, ribs, humerus and radius bones, and showed that the histology of ''Protoceratops'' remained rather uniform throughout ontogeny. It was characterized by simple fibrolamellar bone—bony tissue with an irregular, [[Fiber|fibrous]] texture and filled with [[blood vessel]]s—with prominent [[Bone#Composition|woven]]-fibered bone and low [[bone remodeling]]. Most bones of ''Protoceratops'' preserve a large abundance of bone fibers (including [[Sharpey's fibres]]), which likely gave strength to the [[Organ (biology)|organ]] and enhanced its elasticity. The team also find that the growth rate of the femur increased at the subadult stage, suggesting changes in bone proportions, such as the elongation of the hindlimbs. This growth rate is mostly similar to that of other small herbivorous dinosaurs such as primitive ''Psittacosaurus'' or ''[[Scutellosaurus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fostowicz-Frelik|first1=Ł.|last2=Słowiak|first2=J.|date=2018|title=Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=63|issue=3|pages=503−517|doi=10.4202/app.00463.2018|doi-access=free|url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app004632018.pdf}}</ref>

===Movement===
[[File:Protoceratops juvenile and adult differences.jpg|thumb|left|Key differences between ''Protoceratops'' adults and juveniles]]
In 1996, Tereshchenko reconstructed the walking model of ''Protoceratops'' where he considered the most likely scenario to be ''Protoceratops'' as an obligate [[quadruped]] given the proportions of its limbs. The main gait of ''Protoceratops'' was probably [[trot]]-like mostly using its hindlimbs and it is unlikely to have used an asymmetric gait. If trapped in a specific situation (like danger or foraging), ''Protoceratops'' could have employed a rapid, [[facultative bipedalism]]. He also noted that the flat and wide pedal unguals of ''Protoceratops'' may have allowed efficient walking through loose terrain, such as [[sand]] which was common on its surroundings. Tereshchenko using [[speed]] [[equation]]s also estimated the average maximum walking speed of ''Protoceratops'' at about 3 km/h ([[kilometres per hour]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|date=1996|title=A Reconstruction of the Locomotion of Protoceratops|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=30|issue=2|pages=232−245|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288362836}}</ref>

Upon the analysis of the forelimbs of several ceratopsians, Phil Senter in 2007 suggested that the hands of ''Protoceratops'' could reach the ground when the hindlimbs were upright, and the overall forelimb morphology and range of motion may reflect that it was at least a facultative (optional) quadruped. The forelimbs of ''Protoceratops'' could sprawl laterally but not for quadrupedal locomotion, which was accomplished with the [[elbow]]s tucked in.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Senter|first1=P.|date=2007|title=Analysis of forelimb function in basal ceratopsians|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=273|issue=3|pages=305−314|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00329.x}}</ref> In 2010 Alexander Kuznetsov and Tereshchenko analyzed several vertebrae series of ''Protoceratops'' in order to estimate overall mobility, and concluded that ''Protoceratops'' had greater lateral mobility in the presacral (pre-hip) vertebrae series and reduced vertical mobility in the cervical (neck) region.<ref name=Kuznetsov2010/> The fossilized footprint associated with the specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3 described by Niedźwiedzki in 2012 indicates that ''Protoceratops'' was [[digitigrade]], meaning that it walked with its [[toe]]s supporting the body weight.<ref name=Nied2012/>

In 2019 however, Słowiak and team described the limb elements of ZPAL Mg D-II/3, which represents a sub-adult individual, and noted a mix of characters typical of [[bipedal]] ceratopsians such as a narrow glenoid with scapular blade and an arched femur. The absence of these traits in mature individuals indicates that young ''Protoceratops'' were capable of facultative bipedal locomotion and adults had an obligate quadrupedal stance. Even though adult ''Protoceratops'' were stocky and quadruped, their tibia-femur length ratio—the tibia being longer than femur, a trait present in bipedal ceratopsians—suggests the ability to occasionally stand on their hindlimbs. Słowiak and team also suggested that the flat and wide hand unguals (claw bone) of ''Protoceratops'' may have been useful for moving on loose terrain (such as sand) without sinking.<ref name=Justyna2019/>

===Digging behavior===
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi right leg.jpg|thumb|Fossil cast of ''P. andrewsi'' showing left hindlimb, equipped with large, flat, shovel-like unguals]]
Longrich in 2010 proposed that ''Protoceratops'' may have used its hindlimbs to [[Fossorial|dig burrows]] or take shelter under [[bushes]] and/or scrapes in order to escape the hottest [[temperature]]s of the [[Daytime|day]]. A digging action with the hindlimbs was likely facilitated by the strong [[caudofemoralis]] muscle and its large feet equipped with flat, shovel-like unguals. As this behavior would have been common in ''Protoceratops'', it predisposed individuals to become entombed alive during the sudden collapse of their [[burrow]]s and high energy sand-bearing events—such as [[sandstorm]]s—and thus explaining the standing ''[[in-situ]]'' posture of some specimens. Additionally, Longrich suggested that a backward burrowing could explain the preservation of some specimens pointing forward with curved tails.<ref name=Longriich20110/>

In 2019, Victoria M. Arbour and David C. Evans cited the robusticity of the ulna of ''[[Ferrisaurus]]'' as a useful feature for digging, which may have been also true for ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=V. M.|last2=Evans|first2=D. C.|date=2019|title=A new leptoceratopsid dinosaur from Maastrichtian-aged deposits of the Sustut Basin, northern British Columbia, Canada|journal=PeerJ|volume=7|pages=e7926|doi=10.7717/peerj.7926|doi-access=free|pmc=6842559|pmid=31720103}}</ref>

===Tail function===
[[File:Protoceratops tail spines (2).jpg|thumb|left|Elevated neural spines of the caudal (tail) vertebrae of an assigned ''Protoceratops'' specimen]]
Gregory and Mook in 1925 suggested that ''Protoceratops'' was partially [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] because of its large feet—being larger than the hands—and the very long neural spines found in the caudal (tail) vertebrae.<ref name=Greggory1925/> Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 indicated that the expansion of the distal (lower) ischial end may reflect a strong ischiocaudalis muscle, which together with the high tail neural spines were used for [[Aquatic locomotion|swimming]].<ref name=Brown1940/> Barsbold in his brief 1974 description of the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]] specimen accepted this hypothesis and suggested that ''Protoceratops'' was amphibious (water-adapted) and had well-developed swimming capacities based on its side to side flattened tail with very high neural spines.<ref name=Barsbolld1974/>

Jack Bowman Bailey in 1997 disagreed with previous aquatic hypotheses and indicated that the high caudal neural spines were instead more reminiscent of bulbous tails of some [[desert]] [[lizard]] species (such as ''[[Heloderma]]'' or ''[[Uromastyx]]''), which are related to store [[fat]] with [[metabolic water]] in the tail. He considered a swimming adaptation unlikely given the [[arid]] settings of the Djadokhta Formation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. B.|date=1997|title=Neural Spine Elongation in Dinosaurs: Sailbacks or Buffalo-Backs?|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=71|issue=6|pages=1124−1146|doi=10.1017/S0022336000036076|jstor=1306608|bibcode=1997JPal...71.1124B |s2cid=130861276 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280721656}}</ref>

In 2008, based on the occurrence of some ''Protoceratops'' specimens in [[fluvial]] (river-deposited) [[sediment]]s from the Djadokhta Formation and {{dinogloss|centrum|heterocoelous}} (vertebral centra that are saddle-shaped at both ends) caudal vertebrae of protoceratopsids, Tereshchenko concluded that the elevated caudal spines are a swimming adaptation. He proposed that protoceratopsids moved through [[water]] using their laterally-flattened tails as a [[Webbed foot|paddle]] to aid in swimming. According to Tereschenko, ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' was fully aquatic while ''Protoceratops'' was only partially aquatic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|date=2008|title=Adaptive Features of Protoceratopsids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=3|pages=50−64|doi=10.1134/S003103010803009X|bibcode=2008PalJ...42..273T |s2cid=84366476 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226432157}}</ref> Longrich in 2010 argued that the high tail and frill of ''Protoceratops'' may have helped it to shed excess [[heat]] during the day—acting as large-surface structures—when the animal was active in order to survive in the relatively arid environments of the Djadokhta Formation without highly developed [[Cooling down|cooling mechanisms]].<ref name=Longriich20110>{{cite book|last1=Longrich|first1=N. R.|date=2010|chapter=The Function of Large Eyes in Protoceratops: A Nocturnal Ceratopsian?|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWpQW_WhPAsC&pg=PA308|editor1-last=Ryan |editor1-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor2-first=B. J.|editor3-last=Eberth|editor3-first=D. A.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|pages=308−327|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35358-0}}</ref>
[[File:Koreaceratops_NT.jpg|thumb|''Koreaceratops'' restored in a swimming behavior. This hypothesis has not yet reached a consensus]]
In 2011, during the description of ''[[Koreaceratops]]'', Yuong-Nam Lee and colleagues found the above swimming hypotheses hard to prove based on the abundance of ''Protoceratops'' in [[Aeolian processes|eolian]] (wind-deposited) sediments that were deposited in prominent arid environments. They also pointed out that while taxa such as ''[[Leptoceratops]]'' and ''[[Montanoceratops]]'' are recovered from fluvial sediments, they are estimated to be some of the poorest swimmers. Lee and colleagues concluded that even though the tail morphology of ''Koreaceratops''—and other basal ceratopsians—does not argues against swimming habits, the cited evidence for it is insufficient.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Y.-N.|last2=Ryan|first2=M. J.|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Y.|date=2011|title=The first ceratopsian dinosaur from South Korea|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=98|issue=1|pages=39−49|bibcode=2011NW.....98...39L|doi=10.1007/s00114-010-0739-y|pmid=21085924|s2cid=23743082|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/31549/files/PAL_E590.pdf}}</ref>

Tereschhenko in 2013 examined the structure of the caudal vertebrae spines of ''Protoceratops'', concluding that it had adaptations for [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] and aquatic habits. Observations made found that the high number of caudal vertebrae may have been useful for swimming and use the tail to counter-balance weight. He also indicated that the anterior caudals were devoid of high neural spines and had increased mobility—a mobility that stars to decrease towards the high neural spines—, which suggest that the tail could be largely raised from its base. It is likely that ''Protoceratops'' raised its tail as a signal ([[Display (zoology)|display]]) or females could use this method during [[Oviparity|egg laying]] in order to expand and relax the [[cloaca]].<ref name=Tereschhenko20133/>

In 2016, Hone and team indicated that the tail of ''Protoceratops'', particularly the mid region with elevated neural spines, could have been used in display to impress potential mates and/or for species recognition. The tail may have been related with structures like the frill for displaying behavior.<ref name=Hone2016/>

Kim with team in 2019 cited the elongated tail spines as well-suited for swimming. They indicated that both ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' may have used their tails in a similar fashion during similar situations, such as swimming, given how similar their postcranial skeletons were. The team also suggested that a swimming adaptation could have been useful to avoid aquatic predators, such as [[crocodylomorphs]].<ref name=Kim2019>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=B.|last2=Yun|first2=H.|last3=Lee|first3=Y.-N.|date=2019|title=The postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) from the Baruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hermiin Tsav of southwestern Gobi, Mongolia|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of Korea|volume=55|number=2|pages=179−190|doi=10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.2.179|s2cid=150321203 |doi-access=|url=http://www.jgsk.or.kr/_common/do.php?a=current&b=21&bidx=1526&aidx=19356#JGSK_2019_v55n2_179_B19}}</ref>

===Social behavior===
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|caption1=''P. andrewsi'' specimen MPC-D 100/526

|image2=Protoceratops specimen MPC-D 100 534.png

|caption2=''P. andrewsi'' specimen MPC-D 100/534
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Tomasz Jerzykiewiczz in 1993 reported several [[monospecific]] (containing only one dominant species) death assemblages of ''Protoceratops'' from the Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta formations. A group of five medium-sized and adult ''Protoceratops'' was observed at the Bayan Mandahu locality. Individuals within this assemblage were lying on their bellies with their heads facing upwards, side by side parallel-aligned, and inclined about 21 [[Degree symbol|degrees]] from the horizontal plane. Two other groups were found at the Tugriken Shireh locality; one group containing six individuals and another group of about 12 skeletons.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>

In 2014, David W. E. Hone and colleagues reported and described two blocks containing death assemblages of ''P. andrewsi'' from Tugriken Shireh. The first block (MPC-D 100/526) comprises four juvenile individuals in close proximity with their heads pointing upwards, and the second block (MPC-D 100/534) is composed of two sub-adults with a horizontal orientation. Based on previous assemblages and the two blocks, the team determined that ''Protoceratops'' was a [[Social behavior|social dinosaur]] that formed [[herd]]s throughout its life and such herds would have varied in composition, with some including adults, sub-adults, siblings from a single nest or local members of a herd joining shortly after hatching. However, as the group could have loss members by [[predation]] or other factors, the remnants individuals would [[Sociality|aggregate]] into larger groups to increase their survival. Hone and colleagues in particular suggested that juveniles would aggregate primarily as a [[Anti-predator adaptation|defense against predators]] and an increased protection from the multiple adults within the group. The team also indicated that, while ''Protoceratops'' provides direct evidence for the formation of single cohort aggregations throughout its lifespan, it cannot be ruled out the possibility that some ''Protoceratops'' were solitary.<ref name=Hone2014>{{cite journal|last1=Hone|first1=D. W. E.|last2=Farke|first2=A. A.|last3=Watabe|first3=M.|last4=Shigeru|first4=S.|last5=Tsogtbaatar|first5=K.|date=2014|title=A New Mass Mortality of Juvenile Protoceratops and Size-Segregated Aggregation Behaviour in Juvenile Non-Avian Dinosaurs|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e113306|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0113306|doi-access=free|pmc=4245121|pmid=25426957|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k3306H }}</ref>

===Sexual dimorphism and display===
[[File:Protoceratops variation.png|thumb|Diagram featuring specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' and ''P. hellenikorhinus'']]
Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 upon their large analysis of ''Protoceratops'' noted the potential presence of [[sexual dimorphism]] among specimens in ''P. andrewsi'', concluding that this condition could be entirely subjective or represent actual differences between [[sex]]es. Individuals with a high nasal horn, massive prefrontals, and frontoparietal depression were tentatively determined as [[male]]s. [[Female]]s were mostly characterized by the lack of well-developed nasal horns.<ref name=Brown1940/> In 1972 Kurzanov made comparisons between ''P. andrewsi'' skulls from Bayn Dzak and Tugriken Shireh, noting differences on the nasal horn within populations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kurzanov|first1=S. M.|date=1972|title=Sexual dimorphism in protoceratopsians|journal=Paleontological Journal|issue=1|pages=91−97|language=ru}}</ref>

[[Peter Dodson]] in 1996 used anatomical characters of the skull in ''P. andrewsi'' in order to quantify areas subject to ontogenic changes and sexual dimorphism. In total, 40 skull characters were measured and compared, including regions like the frill and nasal horn. Dodson found most of these characters to be highly variable across specimens, especially the frill which he interpreted to have had a bigger role in [[Display (zoology)|displaying behavior]] than simply serving as a site of masticatory muscles. He considered unlikely such interpretation based on the relative fragility of some frill bones and the large individual variation, which may have affected the development of those muscles. The length of the frill was found by Dodson to have a rather irregular growth in specimens, as juvenile AMNH 6419 was observed with a frill length smaller than other juveniles. He agreed with Brown and Schlaikjer in that a high, well-developed nasal horn represents a male trait and the opposite indicates females. In addition, Dodson suggested that traits like the nasal horn and frill in male ''Protoceratops'' may have been important visual displays for attracting females and repelling other males, or even predators. Lastly, he noted that both males and females had not significant disparity in body size, and that [[sexual maturity]] in ''Protoceratops'' could be recognised at the moment when males can be distinguished from females.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dodson|first1=P.|date=1976|title=Quantitative Aspects of Relative Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in Protoceratops|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=50|issue=5|pages=929−940|jstor=1303590}}</ref>

In 2001, Lambert and team upon the description of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' also noted variation within individuals. For instance, some specimens (e.g., holotype IMM 95BM1/1) preserve high nasal bones with a pair of horns; relatively short antorbital length; and vertically oriented nostrils. Such traits were regarded as representing male ''P. hellenikorhinus''. The other group of skulls is characterized by low nasals that have undeveloped horns; a relatively longer antorbital length; and more oblique nostrils. These individuals were considered as females. The team however, was not able to produce deeper analysis regarding sexual dimorphism in ''P. hellenikorhinus'' due to the lack of complete specimens.<ref name=Helleniko2001/> Also in 2001, Tereschhenko analized several specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' in order to evaluate sexual dimorphism. He found 19 anatomical differences in the [[vertebral column]] and [[pelvic region]] of regarded male and female ''Protoceratops'' individuals, which he considered to represent actual sexual characters.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|date=2001|title=Sexual Dimorphism in the Postcranial Skeleton of Protoceratopsids (Neoceratopsia, Protoceratopsidae) from Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=35|issue=4|pages=415−425|hdl=123456789/25744|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272152287}}</ref>

In 2012, Naoto Handa and colleagues described four specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' from the Udyn Sayr locality of the Djadokhta Formation. They indicated that sexual dimorphism in this population was marked by a prominent nasal horn in males—trait also noted by other authors—relative wider nostrils in females, and a wider neck frill in males. Despite maintaining the skull morphology of most ''Protoceratops'' specimens (such as premaxillary teeth), the neck frill in this population was straighter with a near triangular shape. Handa and team in addition found variation across this Udyn Sayr sample and classified them in three groups. First group includes individuals with a well-developed bony ridge on the lateral surface of the squamosal bone, and the posterior border of the squamosal is backwards oriented. Second group had a fairly rounded posterior border of the squamosal, and a long and well-developed bony ridge on the posterior border of the parietal bone. Lastly, the third group was characterized by a curved posterior border of the squamosal and a notorious rugose texture on the top surface of the parietal. Such skull traits were regarded as marked [[Genetic variability|intraspecific variation]] within ''Protoceratops'', and they differ from other populations across the Djadokhta Formation (like Tugriken Shireh), being unique to the Udyn Sayr region. These neck frill morphologies differ from those of ''Protoceratops'' from the Djadokhta Formation in the adjacent dinosaur locality Tugrikin Shire. The morphological differences among the Udyn Sayr specimens may indicate intraspecific variation of ''Protoceratops''.<ref name=Handa2012>{{cite journal|last1=Handa|first1=N.|last2=Watabe|first2=M.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|date=2012|title=New Specimens of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Upper Cretaceous in Udyn Sayr, Southern Gobi Area, Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Research|volume=16|issue=3|pages=179−198|doi=10.2517/1342-8144-16.3.179|s2cid=130903035 }}</ref> A large and well-developed bony ridge on the parietal has been observed on another ''P. andrewsi'' specimen, MPC-D 100/551, also from Udyn Sayr.<ref name=Czepiński2020/>
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi male & femake.png|thumb|left|Hypothetical male (left, AMNH 6438) and female (AMNH 6466) ''P. andrewsi'' compared]]
However, Leonardo Maiorino with team in 2015 performed a large [[Morphometrics#Landmark-based geometric morphometrics|geometric morphometric]] analysis using 29 skulls of ''P. andrewsi'' in order to evaluate actual sexual dimorphism. Obtained results indicated that other than the nasal horn—which remained as the only skull trait with potential sexual dimorphism—all previously suggested characters to differentiate hyphotetical males from females were more linked to ontogenic changes and intraspecific variation independent of sex, most notably the neck frill. The geometrics showed no consistent morphological differences between specimens that were regarded as males and females by previous authors, but also a slight support for differences in the rostrum across the sample. Maiorino and team nevertheless, cited that the typical regarded ''Protoceratops'' male, AMNH 6438, pretty much resembles the rostrum morphology of AMNH 6466, a typical regarded female. However, they suggested that authentic differences between sexes could be still present in the postcranial skeleton. Although previously suggested for ''P. hellenikorhinus'', the team argued that the sample used for this species was not sufficient, and given that sexual dimorphism was not recovered in ''P. andrewsi'', it is unlikely that it occurred in ''P. hellenikorhinus''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maiorino|first1=L.|last2=Farke|first2=A. A.|last3=Kotsakis|first3=T.|last4=Piras|first4=P.|date=2015|title=Males Resemble Females: Re-Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism in Protoceratops andrewsi (Neoceratopsia, Protoceratopsidae)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0126464|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0126464|doi-access=free|pmc=4423778|pmid=25951329}}</ref>

In 2016, Hone and colleagues analyzed 37 skulls of ''P. andrewsi'', finding that the neck frill of ''Protoceratops'' (in both length and width) underwent positive allometry during ontongeny, that is, a faster growth/development of this region than the rest of the animal. The jugal bones also showed a trend towards an increase in relative size. These results suggest that they functioned as socio-sexual dominance signals, or, they were mostly used in display. The use of the frill as a displaying structure may be related to other anatomical features of ''Protoceratops'' such as the premaxillary teeth (at least for ''P. andrewsi'') which could have been used in display or [[intraspecific combat]], or the high neural spines of tail. On the other hand, Hone and team argued that if neck frills were instead used for [[Protection|protective]] purposes, a large frill may have acted as an [[aposematic]] (warning) signal to predators. However, such strategies are most effective when the taxon is rare in the overall environment, opposed to ''Protoceratops'' which appears to be an extremely [[Abundance (ecology)|abundant]] and medium-sized dinosaur.<ref name=Hone2016>{{cite journal|last1=Hone|first1=D. W. E.|last2=Wood|first2=D.|last3=Knell|first3=R. J.|date=2016|title=Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|number=19.1.5A|pages=1−13|doi=10.26879/591|doi-access=free|url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/591.pdf}}</ref>

Tereschenko in 2018 examined the cervical vertebrae series of six ''P. andrewsi'' specimens. Most of them had differences in the same exact vertebra, such as the shape and proportions of the vertebral centra and orientation of neural arches. According these differences, four groups were identified, concluding that individual variation was extended to the vertebral column of ''Protoceratops''.<ref name=Tereschenko2018/>

In 2020 nevertheless, Andrew C. Knapp and team conducted morphometric analyses of a large sample of ''P. andrewsi'' specimens, primarily confluding that the neck frill of ''Protoceratops'' has no indicators or evidence for being sexually dimorphic. Obtained results showed instead that several regions of the skull of ''Protoceratops'' independently varied in their rate of growth, ontogenetic shape and morphology; a high growth of the frill during ontogeny in relation to other body regions; and a large variability of the neck frill independent of size. Knapp and team noted that results of the frill indicate that this structure had a major role in [[Animal communication|signaling]] within the species, consistent with [[Mate choice|selection of potential mates]] with quality [[Biological ornament|ornamentation]] and hence [[reproductive success]], or [[dominance signal]]ing. Such use of the frill may suggest that intraspecific [[social behavior]] was highly important for ''Protoceratops''. Results also support the general hypothesis that the neck frill of ceratopsians functioned as a socio-sexual signal structure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knapp|first1=A. C.|last2=Knell|first2=R. J.|last3=Hone|first3=D. W. E.|date=2021|title=Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skull of Protoceratops andrewsi supports a socio-sexual signalling role for the ceratopsian frill|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=288|number=1944|doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2938|doi-access=free|pmid=33529562|pmc=7893235 }}</ref>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Protoceratops & juveniles.jpg|thumb|Skeletal mount of ''Protoceratops'' with juveniles]]
In 1989, Walter P. Coombs concluded that [[crocodilian]]s, [[ratite]] and [[megapode]] birds were suitable modern analogs for dinosaur [[Nesting instinct|nesting behavior]]. He largely considered [[elongatoolithid]] eggs to belong to ''Protoceratops'' because adult skeletons were found in close proximity to [[nest]]s, interpreting this as an evidence for [[parental care]]. Furthermore, Coombs considered the large concentration of ''Protoceratops'' eggs at small regions as an indicator of marked [[Philopatry|philopatric nesting]] (nesting in the same area). The nest of ''Protoceratops'' would have been excavated with the hindlimbs and was built in a mound-like, [[Impact crater|crater]]-shaped center structure with the eggs arranged in semicircular fashion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coombs|first1=W. P.|year=1989|chapter=Modern analogs for dinosaur nesting and parental behavior|editor-last1=Farlow|editor-first1=J. O.|title=Paleobiology of the dinosaurs|series=Geological Society of America Special Papers |publisher=Boulder|location=Colorado|volume=Geological Society of America Special Paper 238|pages=21−54|doi=10.1130/SPE238-p21|isbn=0-8137-2238-1 }}</ref> Richard A. Thulborn in 1992 analyzed the different types of eggs and nests—the majority of them, in fact, elongatoolithid—referred to ''Protoceratops'' and their structure. He identified types A and B, both of them sharing the elongated shape. Type A eggs differed from type B eggs in having a pinched end. Based on comparisons with other ornithischian dinosaurs such as ''[[Maiasaura]]'' and ''[[Orodromeus]]''—known from more complete nests—Thulborn concluded that most depictions of ''Protoceratops'' nests were based on incompletely preserved clutches and mostly on type A eggs, which were more likely to have been laid by an ornithopod. He concluded that nests were built in a shallow mound with the eggs laid radially, contrary to popular restorations of crater-like ''Protoceratops'' nests.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thulborn|first1=R. A.|date=1992|title=Nest of the dinosaur Protoceratops|journal=Lethaia|volume=25|issue=2|pages=145−149|doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1992.tb01379.x|url=https://www.academia.edu/1049650}}</ref>
[[File:Protoceratops nest MPC-D 100 530 line.png|thumb|left|''Protoceratops'' nest MPC-D 100/530. Scale bar is {{convert|10|cm|mm|abbr=on}}]]
In 2011, the first authentic nest of ''Protoceratops'' (MPC-D 100/530) from the Tugriken Shireh locality was described by David E. Fastovsky and team. As some individuals are closely appressed along the well-defined margin of the nest, it may have had a circular or semi-circular shape—as previously hypothetized—with a diameter of {{convert|70|cm|mm|abbr=on}}. Most of the individuals within the nest had nearly the same age, size and growth, suggesting that they belonged to a single nest, rather than an aggregate of individuals. Fastovsky and team also suggested that even though the individuals were young, they were not [[perinate]]s based on the absence of [[eggshell]] fragments and their large size compared to even more smaller juveniles from this locality. The fact that the individuals likely spend some time in the nest after hatching for growth suggests that ''Protoceratops'' parents might have cared for their young at nests during at least the early stages of life. As ''Protoceratops'' was a relatively [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (primitive) ceratopsian, the finding may imply that other ceratopsians provided care for their young as well.<ref name=Fastovsky2011>{{cite journal|last1=Fastovsky|first1=D. E.|last2=Weishampel|first2=D. B.|last3=Watabe|first3=M.|last4=Barsbold|first4=R.|last5=Tsogtbaatar|first5=K.|last6=Narmandakh|first6=P.|date=2011|title=A nest of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=85|issue=6|page=1035−1041|doi=10.1666/11-008.1|jstor=41409110|s2cid=129085129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261971168}}</ref>

In 2017, Gregory M. Erickson and colleagues determined the [[Egg incubation|incubation]] periods of ''P. andrewsi'' and ''[[Hypacrosaurus]]'' by using [[lines of arrested growth]] (LAGS; lines of growth) of the teeth in [[embryo]]nic specimens (''Protoceratops'' egg clutch MPC-D 100/1021). The results suggests a mean embryonic tooth replacement period of 30.68 days and relatively [[Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy|plesiomorphically]] (ancestral-shared) long incubation times for ''P. andrewsi'', with a minimum incubation time of 83.16 days.<ref name=Erickson2017>{{cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=G. M.|last2=Zelenitsky|first2=D. K.|last3=Kay|first3=D. I.|last4=Norrell|first4=M. A.|date=2017|title=Dinosaur incubation periods directly determined from growth-line counts in embryonic teeth show reptilian-grade development|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=3|pages=540−545|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613716114|doi-access=free|pmid=28049837|pmc=5255600|bibcode=2017PNAS..114..540E }}</ref> Norell and team in 2020 analyzed again this clutch and concluded that ''Protoceratops'' laid soft-shelled eggs. Most embryos within this clutch have a flexed position and the outlines of eggs are also present, suggesting that they were buried ''[[in ovo]]'' (in the egg). The outlines of eggs and embryos indicates ellipsoid-shaped eggs in life with dimensions about {{convert|12|cm|mm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6|cm|mm|abbr=on}} wide. Several of the embryos were associated with a black to white halo (circumference). Norell and team performed histological examinations to its [[chemical composition]], finding traces of [[protein]]aceous eggshells, and when compared to other [[sauropsid]]s the team concluded that they were not [[Biomineralization|biomineralized]] in life and thus soft-shelled. Given that soft-shelled eggs are more vulnerable to [[Desiccation|deshydratation]] and crushing, ''Protoceratops'' may have buried its eggs in [[Moisture|moisturized]] sand or [[soil]]. The growing embryos therefore relied on external heat and parental care.<ref name=Norell2020S>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Wiemann|first2=J.|last3=Fabbri|first3=M.|last4=Yu|first4=C.|last5=Marsicano|first5=C. A.|last6=Moore-Nall|first6=A.|last7=Varricchio|first7=D. J.|last8=Pol|first8=D.|last9=Zelenitsky|first9=D. K.|date=2020|title=The first dinosaur egg was soft|journal=Nature|volume=583|issue=7816|pages=406−410|bibcode=2020Natur.583..406N|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2412-8|pmid=32555457|s2cid=219730449 |url=http://staff.mef.org.ar/images/investigadores/diego_pol/papers/108.pdf}}</ref>

===Paleopathology===
In 2018, Tereshchenko examined and described several articulated cervical vertebrae of ''P. andrewsi'' and reported the presence of two abnormally fused vertebrae (specimen PIN 3143/9). The fusion of the vertebrae was likely a product of [[disease]] or [[Injury|external damage]].<ref name=Tereschenko2018>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschenko|first1=V. S.|date=2018|title=On Polymorphism of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger et Gregory, 1923 (Protoceratopidae, Neoceratopsia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=52|number=4|pages=429−444|doi=10.1134/S0031030118040135|bibcode=2018PalJ...52..429T |s2cid=92796229 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327422182}}</ref>

===Predator–prey interactions===
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|footer = Fossil cast of the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen (left) and life restoration of same depicting the fight (right)
}}
Barsbold in 1974 shortly described the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]] specimen and discussed possible scenarios. The ''Velociraptor'' has its right leg pinned under the ''Protoceratops'' body with its left sickle claw oriented into the throat region. The ''Protoceratops'' bit the right hand of the predator, implying that it was unable to escape. Barsbold suggested that both animals drowned as they fell into a [[swamp]]-like [[body of water]] or, the relatively [[quicksand]]-like bottom of a [[lake]] could have kept them together during the last moments of their fight.<ref name=Barsbolld1974>{{cite journal|last1=Barsbold|first1=R.|date=1974|title=Поединок динозавров|trans-title=Dueling dinosaurs|journal=Priroda|volume=2|pages=81−83|language=ru}}</ref>

Osmólska in 1993 proposed another two hypotheses in order to explain their preservation. During the death struggle, a large [[dune]] may have collapsed simultaneously burying both ''Protoceratops'' and ''Velociraptor''. Another proposal is that the ''Velociraptor'' was [[scavenging]] an already dead ''Protoceratops'' when it got buried and eventually killed by indeterminate circumstances.<ref name=Osmolska1993>{{cite journal|last1=Osmólska|first1=H.|date=1993|title=Were the Mongolian Fighting Dinosaurs really fighting?|journal=Rev. Paleobiol.|volume=7|pages=161−162}}</ref>

In 1995, David M. Unwin and colleagues cast doubt on previous explanations especially a scavenging hypothesis as there were numerous indications of a concurrent death event. For instance, the ''Protoceratops'' has a semi-erect stance and its skull is nearly horizontal, which could have not been possible if the animal was already dead. The ''Velociraptor'' has its right hand trapped within the jaws of the ''Protoceratops'' and the left one grasping the ''Protoceratops'' skull. Moreover, it lies on the floor with its feet directed to the prey's belly and throat areas, indicating that this ''Velociraptor'' was not scavenging. Unwin and colleagues examined the [[sediment]]s surrounding the specimen and suggested that the two were buried alive by a powerful [[sandstorm]]. They interpreted the interaction as the ''Protoceratops'' being grasped and dispatched with kicks delivered by the low-lying ''Velociraptor''. They also considered possible that populations of ''Velociraptor'' were aware of crouching behaviors in ''Protoceratops'' during high-energy sandstorms and used it for successful hunts.<ref name=Unwin1995>{{cite journal|last1=Unwin|first1=D. M.|last2=Perle|first2=A.|last3=Trueman|first3=C.|date=1995|title=Protoceratops and Velociraptor preserved in association: Evidence from predatory behavior in predatory dinosaurs?|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=15|issue=supp. 003|page=57A|doi=10.1080/02724634.1995.10011277}}</ref>
[[File:Fighting Dinosaurs size.png|thumb|left|Size of the Fighting Dinosaurs]]
[[Kenneth Carpenter]] in 1998 considered the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen to be conclusive evidence for theropods as active [[predator]]s and not scavengers. He suggested another scenario where the multiple [[wound]]s delivered by the ''Velociraptor'' on the ''Protoceratops'' throat had the latter animal [[bleeding]] to death. As a last effort, the ''Protoceratops'' bit the right hand of the predator and trapped it beneath its own weight, causing the eventual death and [[desiccation]] of the ''Velociraptor''. The missing limbs of the ''Protoceratops'' were afterwards taken by scavengers. Lastly, both animals were buried by sand. Given that the ''Velociraptor'' is relatively complete, Carpenter suggested that it may have been completely or partially buried by sand.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=K.|date=1998|title=Evidence of predatory behavior by carnivorous dinosaurs|journal=Gaia|volume=15|pages=135−144|url=http://www.arca.museus.ul.pt/ArcaSite/obj/gaia/MNHNL-0000778-MG-DOC-web.PDF}}</ref>

In 2010, David Hone with team reported a new interaction between ''Velociraptor'' and ''Protoceratops'' based on [[Trace fossil|tooth marks]]. Several fossils were collected at the Gate locality of the [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] in 2008, including teeth and body remains of protoceratopsid and [[velociraptorine]] dinosaurs. The team referred these elements to ''Protoceratops'' and ''Velociraptor'' mainly based on their abundance across the unit, although they admitted that reported remains could represent different, yet related taxa (in this case, ''[[Linheraptor]]'' instead of ''Velociraptor''). At least eight body fossils of ''Protoceratops'' present active teeth marks, which were interpreted as feeding traces. Much in contrast to the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen, the tooth marks are inferred to have been produced by the dromaeosaurid during late-stage [[Carrion|carcass]] consumption either during scavenging or following a [[Pack hunter|group kill]]. The team stated that feeding by ''Velociraptor'' upon ''Protoceratops'' was probably a relatively common occurrence in these environments, and that this ceratopsian actively formed part of the diet of ''Velociraptor''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hone|first1=D.|last2=Choiniere|first2=J.|last3=Sullivan|first3=C.|last4=Xu|first4=X.|last5=Pittman|first5=M.|last6=Tan|first6=Q.|date=2010|title=New evidence for a trophic relationship between the dinosaurs Velociraptor and Protoceratops|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=291|issue=3–4|pages=488−492|bibcode=2010PPP...291..488H|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.028}}</ref>

In 2016, Barsbold re-examined the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen and found several anomalies within the ''Protoceratops'' individual: both coracoids have small bone fragments indicatives of a [[Bone fracture|breaking]] of the pectoral girdle; the right forelimb and scapulocoracoid are torn off to the left and backwards relative to its [[torso]]. He concluded that the prominent displacement of pectoral elements and right forelimb was caused by an external force that tried to tear them out. Since this event likely occurred after the death of both animals or during a point where movement was not possible, and the ''Protoceratops'' is missing other body elements, Barsbold suggested that scavengers were the most likely authors. Because ''Protoceratops'' is considered to have been a [[herd]]ing animal, another hypothesis is that members of a herd tried to pull out the already buried ''Protoceratops'', causing the [[joint dislocation]] of limbs. However, Barsbold pointed out that there are no related traces within the overall specimen in order to support this latter interpretation. Lastly, he restored the course of the fight with the ''Protoceratops'' power-slamming the ''Velociraptor'', which used its feet claws to damage the throat and belly regions and its hand claws to grasp the herbivore's head. Before their burial, the deathmatch ended up on the ground with the ''Velociraptor'' lying on its back right under the ''Protoceratops''. After burial, either ''Protoceratops'' herd or scavengers tore off the buried ''Protoceratops'' to the left and backwards, making both predator and prey to be slightly separated.<ref name=Barsbold2016>{{cite journal|last1=Barsbold|first1=R.|date=2016|title=The Fighting Dinosaurs: The position of their bodies before and after death|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=50|issue=12|pages=1412−1417|doi=10.1134/S0031030116120042|bibcode=2016PalJ...50.1412B |s2cid=90811750 }}</ref>

===Daily activity===
[[File:Protoceratops AMNH 6466 skull.jpg|thumb|Skull of ''P. andrewsi'' AMNH 6466, preserving sclerotic ring]]
In 2010, Nick Longrich examined the relatively large [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] ratio and [[sclerotic ring]] of ''Protoceratops'', which he suggested as evidence for a [[nocturnal]] lifestyle. Based on the size of its sclerotic ring, ''Protoceratops'' had an unusually large [[Eye|eyeball]] among protoceratopsids. In [[bird]]s, a medium-sized sclerotic ring indicates that the animal is a predator, a large sclerotic ring indicates that it is nocturnal, and the largest ring size indicates it is an active nocturnal predator. Eye size is an important adaptation in predators and nocturnal animals because a larger eye ratio poses a higher sensitivity and resolution. Because of the energy necessary to maintain a larger eyeball and the weakness of the skull that corresponds with a larger orbit, Longrich argues that this structure may have been an adaptation for a nocturnal lifestyle. The jaw morphology of ''Protoceratops''—more suitable for processing plant material—and its extreme [[Abundance (ecology)|abundance]] indicate it was not a predator, so if it was a [[Diurnality|diurnal]] animal, then it would have been expected to have a much smaller sclerotic ring size.<ref name=Longriich20110/>

However, in 2011, Lars Schmitz and Ryosuke Motani measured the dimensions of the sclerotic ring and eye socket in fossil specimens of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as well as some living species. They noted that whereas photopic (diurnal) animals have smaller sclerotic rings, scotopic (nocturnal) animals tend to have more enlarged rings. Mesopic ([[cathemeral]]) animals—which are irregularly active throughout the day and night—are between these two ranges. Schmitz and Motani separated [[ecological]] and [[phylogenetic]] factors and by examining 164 living species and noticed that eye measurements are quite accurate when inferring diurnality, cathemerality, or nocturnality in extinct [[tetrapods]]. The results indicated that ''Protoceratops'' was a cathemeral herbivore and ''Velociraptor'' primarily nocturnal, suggesting that the Fighting Dinosaurs deathmatch may have occurred at [[twilight]] or under low-light conditions. Lastly, Schmitz and Motani concluded that [[ecological niche]] was a potential main driver in the development of daily activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schmitz|first1=L.|last2=Motani|first2=R.|date=2011|title=Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology|journal=Science|volume=332|issue=6030|pages=705−708|bibcode=2011Sci...332..705S|doi=10.1126/science.1200043|pmid=21493820|s2cid=33253407}}</ref> However, a subsequent study in 2021 found that ''Protoceratops'' had a greater capability of nocturnal vision than did ''Velociraptor''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choiniere |first1=Jonah N. |last2=Neenan |first2=James M. |last3=Schmitz |first3=Lars |last4=Ford |first4=David P. |last5=Chapelle |first5=Kimberley E. J. |last6=Balanoff |first6=Amy M. |last7=Sipla |first7=Justin S. |last8=Georgi |first8=Justin A. |last9=Walsh |first9=Stig A. |last10=Norell |first10=Mark A. |last11=Xu |first11=Xing |last12=Clark |first12=James M. |last13=Benson |first13=Roger B. J. |title=Evolution of vision and hearing modalities in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Science |date=7 May 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=610–613 |doi=10.1126/science.abe7941 |pmid=33958472 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..610C |s2cid=233872840 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe7941 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

==Paleoenvironment==
===Bayan Mandahu Formation===
[[File:Protoceratops in Bayan Mandahu.png|thumb|left|Restoration of a ''P. hellenikorhinus'' pair in the Bayan Mandahu Formation]]
Based on general similarities between the vertebrate fauna and sediments of Bayan Mandahu and the Djadokhta Formation, the [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] is considered to be [[Late Cretaceous]] in age, roughly [[Campanian]]. The dominant [[lithology]] is reddish-brown, poorly cemented, fine grained [[sandstone]] with some [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]], and [[caliche]]. Other facies include [[alluvial]] ([[stream]]-deposited) and [[Aeolian processes|eolian]] ([[wind]]-deposited) [[sediment]]s. It is likely that sediments at Bayan Mandahu were deposited by short-lived [[river]]s and [[lake]]s on an alluvial plain (flat land consisting of sediments deposited by highland rivers) with a combination of [[dune]] field paleoenvironments, under a [[semi-arid climate]]. The formation is known for its vertebrate fossils in life-like poses, most of which are preserved in unstructured sandstone, indicating a catastrophic rapid burial.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eberth|first1=D. A.|date=1993|title=Depositional environments and facies transitions of dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China)|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=30|number=10|pages=2196−2213|doi=10.1139/e93-191|bibcode=1993CaJES..30.2196E }}</ref>

The [[Fauna|paleofauna]] of Bayan Mandahu is very similar in composition to the nearby Djadokhta Formation, with both formations sharing several of the same genera, but differing in the exact species. In this formation, ''P. hellenikorhinus'' is the representative species, and it shared its paleoenvironment with numerous [[dinosaur]]s such as [[dromaeosaurid]]s ''[[Linheraptor]]'' and ''[[Velociraptor]] osmolskae'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Godefroit|first1=P.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Shang|first4=C. Y.|last5=Dong|first5=Z.-M.|date=2008|title=A new species of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=432–438|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[432:ANSOVD]2.0.CO;2|jstor=20490961|s2cid=129414074 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=X.|last2=Choinere|first2=J. N.|last3=Pittman|first3=M.|last4=Tan|first4=Q. W.|last5=Xiao|first5=D.|last6=Li|first6=Z. Q.|last7=Tan|first7=L.|last8=Clark|first8=J. M.|last9=Norell|first9=M. A.|last10=Hone|first10=D. W. E|last11=Sullivan|first11=C.|date= 2010|title=A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2403|number=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2403.1.1|doi-access=free|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02403p009.pdf}}</ref> [[oviraptorids]] ''[[Machairasaurus]]'' and ''[[Wulatelong]]'';<ref name=Longrich2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=X.|last2=Qing-Wei|first2=T.|last3=Shuo|first3=W.|last4=Sullivan|first4=C.|last5=Hone|first5=D. W. E.|last6=Feng-Lu|first6=H.|last7=Qing-Yu|first7=M.|last8=Lin|first8=T.|last9=Dong|first9=T.|date=2013|title=A new oviraptorid from the Upper Cretaceous of Nei Mongol,China, and its stratigraphic implications|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume=51|issue=2|pages=85–101|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201305/P020130507385115746165.pdf}}</ref> and [[troodontid]]s ''[[Linhevenator]]'', ''[[Papiliovenator]]'', and ''[[Philovenator]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pei|first1=R.|last2=Qin|first2=Yuying|last3=Wen|first3=Aishu|last4=Zhao|first4=Q.|last5=Wang|first5=Z.|last6=Liu|first6=Z.|last7=Guo|first7=W.|last8=Liu|first8=P.|last9=Ye|first9=W.|last10=Wang|first10=L.|last11=Yin|first11=Z.|last12=Dai|first12=R.|last13=Xu|first13=X.|date=2022|title=A new troodontid from the Upper Cretaceous Gobi Basin of inner Mongolia, China|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=130|number=105052|page=105052 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105052|bibcode=2022CrRes.13005052P |s2cid=244186762 }}</ref> Other dinosaur members include the [[alvarezsaurid]] ''[[Linhenykus]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=X.|last2=Sullivan|first2=Corwin|last3=Pittman|first3=M.|last4=Choiniere|first4=J. N.|last5=Hone|first5=D. W. E.|last6=Upchurch|first6=P.|last7=Tan|first7=Q.|last8=Xiao|first8=Dong|last9=Lin|first9=Tan|last10=Han|first10=F.|date=2011 |title=A monodactyl nonavian dinosaur and the complex evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=108|number=6|pages=2338–2342|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2338X|doi=10.1073/pnas.1011052108|doi-access=free|pmc=3038769|pmid=21262806}}</ref> [[ankylosaurid]] ''[[Pinacosaurus]] mephistocephalus'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Godefroit|first1=P.|last2=Pereda-Suberbiola|first2=X.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Dong|first4=Z. M.|date=1999|title=A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P.R. China)|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre|volume=69|issue=supp. B|pages=17–36|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/69-sup-b-1999/bulletin69supb-article2.pdf}}</ref><ref name=CurrieP2011>{{cite journal|last1=Currie|first1=P. J.|last2=Badamgarav|first2=D.|last3=Koppelhus|first3=E. B.|last4=Sissons|first4=R.|last5=Vickaryous|first5=M. K.|date=2011|title=Hands, feet and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=56|issue=3|pages=489–504|doi=10.4202/app.2010.0055|s2cid=129291148|doi-access=free|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app56/app20100055.pdf}}</ref> and closely related [[protoceratopsid]] ''[[Bagaceratops]]''.<ref name=Czepiński19/> Additional fauna from this unit comprises [[nanhsiungchelyid]]s turtles,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brinkman|first1=D. B.|last2=Tong|first2=H.-Y.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Sun|first4=Y.|last5=Zhang|first5=J.-S.|last6=Godefroit|first6=P.|last7=Zhang|first7=Z.-M.|date=2015|title=New exceptionally well-preserved specimens of "Zangerlia" neimongolensis from Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, and their taxonomic significance|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=14|issue=6–7|pages=577−587|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2014.12.005|bibcode=2015CRPal..14..577B |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a variety of [[squamates]] and [[mammal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=K.|last2=Hou|first2=L.|date=1996|title=Systematics and taxonomic diversity of squamates from the Upper Cretaceous Djadochta Formation, Bayan Mandahu, Gobi Desert, People's Republic of China|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=33|issue=4|pages=578−598|bibcode=1996CaJES..33..578G|doi=10.1139/e96-043}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wible|first1=J. R.|last2=Shelley|first2=S. L.|last3=Bi|first3=S.|date=2019|title=New Genus and Species of Djadochtatheriid Multituberculate (Allotheria, Mammalia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayan Mandahu Formation of Inner Mongolia|journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum|volume=85|issue=4|pages=285–327|doi=10.2992/007.085.0401|s2cid=210840006|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338202993}}</ref>

===Djadokhta Formation===
[[File:Protoceratops in Djadokhta.png|thumb|Restoration of a ''P. andrewsi'' group in the Djadokhta Formation]]
''Protoceratops'' is known from most localities of the [[Djadokhta Formation]] in [[Mongolia]], which dates back to the Late Cretaceous about 71 million to 75 million years ago, being deposited during a rapid sequence of polarity
changes in the late part of the Campanian stage.<ref name=Dashzeveg2005>{{cite journal|last1=Dashzeveg|first1=D.|last2=Dingus|first2=L.|last3=Loope|first3=D. B.|last4=Swisher III|first4=C. C.|last5=Dulam|first5=T.|last6=Sweeney|first6=M. R.|date=2005|title=New Stratigraphic Subdivision, Depositional Environment, and Age Estimate for the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Southern Ulan Nur Basin, Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3498|pages=1−31|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)498[0001:NSSDEA]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5667|s2cid=55836458 |hdl-access=free|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5667/N3498.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Dominant sediments at Djadokhta include dominant reddish-orange and pale orange to light gray, medium to fine-grained [[sand]]s and sandstones, caliche, and sparse [[fluvial]] (river-deposited) processes. Based on these components, the paleoenvironments of the Djadokhta Formation are interpreted as having a hot, semiarid climate with large dune fields/sand dunes and several short-lived [[water bodies]], similar to the modern [[Gobi Desert]]. It is estimated that at the end of the Campanian age and into the [[Maastrichtian]] the climate would shift to the more [[Mesic habitat|mesic]] (humid/wet) conditions seen in the [[Nemegt Formation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jerzykiewicz|first1=T.|year=1997|chapter=Djadokhta Formation|editor-last1=Currie|editor-first1=P. J.|editor-last2=Padian|editor-first2=K.|title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|url-access=limited|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075/page/n218 188]−191|isbn=978-0-12-226810-6|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075}}</ref><ref name=Dingus2008>{{cite journal|last1=Dingus|first1=L.|last2=Loope|first2=D. B.|last3=Dashzeveg|first3=D.|last4=Swisher III|first4=C. C.|last5=Minjin|first5=C.|last6=Novacek|first6=M. J.|last7=Norell|first7=M. A.|date=2008|title=The Geology of Ukhaa Tolgod (Djadokhta Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3616|pages=1−40|doi=10.1206/442.1|hdl=2246/5916|s2cid=129735494 |hdl-access=free|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/189860633.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Chinzoorig2017>{{cite journal|last1=Chinzorig|first1=T.|last2=Kobayashi|first2=Y.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Currie|first4=P. J.|last5=Watabe|first5=M.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|date=2017|title=First Ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=5835|page=5835 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.5835C|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-05272-6|doi-access=free|pmc=5517598|pmid=28724887}}</ref>

The Djadokhta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and upper Turgrugyin Member. ''Protoceratops'' is largely known from both members, having ''P. andrewsi'' as a dominant and representative species in the overall formation.<ref name=Dashzeveg2005/><ref name=Dingus2008/> The Bayn Dzak member (mostly the Bayn Dzak locality) has yielded the dromaeosaurids ''[[Halszkaraptor]]'' and ''Velociraptor mongoliensis'';<ref name=Norel1999>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Makovicky|first2=P. J.|date=1999|title=Important Features of the Dromaeosaurid Skeleton II: Information from Newly Collected Specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3282|pages=1−45|hdl=2246/3025|hdl-access=free|oclc=802169086}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cau|first1=A.|last2=Beyrand|first2=V.|last3=Voeten|first3=D. F. A. E.|last4=Fernandez|first4=V.|last5=Tafforeau|first5=P.|last6=Stein|first6=K.|last7=Barsbold|first7=R.|last8=Tsogtbaatar|first8=K.|last9=Currie|first9=P. J.|last10=Godefroit|first10=P.|date=2017|title=Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs|journal=Nature|volume=552|issue=7685|pages=395−399|bibcode=2017Natur.552..395C|doi=10.1038/nature24679|pmid=29211712|s2cid=4471941 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321609878}}</ref> oviraptorid ''[[Oviraptor]]'';<ref name=Osborn1924/> ankylosaurid ''Pinacosaurus grangeri'';<ref name=CurrieP2011/> and troodontid ''[[Saurornithoides]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Makovicky|first2=P. J.|last3=Bever|first3=G. S.|last4=Balanoff|first4=A. M.|last5=Clark|first5=J. M.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|last7=Rowe|first7=T.|date=2009|title=A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae, Theropoda)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3654|pages=1−63|doi=10.1206/648.1|hdl=2246/5973|hdl-access=free|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/itempdf/280747}}</ref> Ukhaa Tolgod, a highly fossiliferous locality is also included in the Bayn Dzak member.<ref name=Dingus2008/> and its dinosaur paleofauna is composed of alvarezsaurids ''[[Kol (dinosaur)|Kol]]'' and ''[[Shuvuuia]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=S.|last2=Chiappe|first2=L. M.|last3=Dyke|first3=G. J.|last4=Watabe|first4=M.|last5=Barsbold|first5=R.|last6=Tsogtbaatar|first6=K.|date=2002|title=A New Specimen of Shuvuuia deserti Chiappe et al., 1998, from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous with a Discussion of the Relationships of Alvarezsaurids to Other Theropod Dinosaurs|journal=Contributions in Science|volume=494|pages=1−18|doi=10.5962/p.226791|s2cid=135344028 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=A. H.|last1=Turner|first2=S. J.|last2=Nesbitt|first3=M. A.|last3=Norell|date=2009|title=A Large Alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3648|pages=1–14|doi=10.1206/639.1|hdl=2246/5967|hdl-access=free|s2cid=59459861|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5967/N3648.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> ankylosaurid ''[[Minotaurasaurus]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alicea|first1=J.|last2=Loewen|first2=M.|date=2013|title=New Minotaurasaurus material from the Djodokta Formation establishes new taxonomic and stratigraphic criteria for the taxon|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=Program and Abstracts|page=76|url=http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Future-Past-Meetings/MeetingPdfs/SVP-2013-merged-book-10-15-2013.aspx}}</ref> [[bird]]s ''[[Apsaravis]]'' and ''[[Gobipteryx]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chiappe|first1=L. M.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Clark|first3=J.|date=2001|title=A New Skull of Gobipteryx minuta (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3346|pages=1−15|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2001)346<0001:ANSOGM>2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/2899|s2cid=51857603 |hdl-access=free|url=https://archive.org/download/newskullgobipte3346chia/newskullgobipte3346chia.pdf}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=J. A.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|date=2002|title=The Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of Apsaravis ukhaana from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3387|pages=1−46|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2002)387<0001:TMAPPO>2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/2876|s2cid=52971055 |hdl-access=free|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2876//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3387.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> dromaeosaurid ''[[Tsaagan]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Clark|first2=J. M.|last3=Turner|first3=A. H.|last4=Makovicky|first4=P. J.|last5=Barsbold|first5=R.|last6=Rowe|first6=T.|date=2006|title=A New Dromaeosaurid Theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3545|pages=1–51|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5823|hdl-access=free|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232678611}}</ref> oviraptorids ''[[Citipati]]'' and ''[[Khaan]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=J. M.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Barsbold|first3=R.|date=2001|title=Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous Djadokta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=209–213|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0209:TNOTOU]2.0.CO;2|jstor=20061948|s2cid=86076568 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232685671}}</ref> troodontids ''[[Almas ukhaa|Almas]]'' and ''[[Byronosaurus]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Clark|first3=J. M.|last4=Rowe|first4=T. E.|date=2003|title=Osteology and Relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3402|pages=1–32|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)402<0001:oarobj>2.0.co;2|hdl=2246/2828|s2cid=51824767 |hdl-access=free|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2828//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3402.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pei|first1=R.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Barta|first3=D. E|last4=Bever|first4=G. S.|last5=Pittman|first5=M.|last6=Xu|first6=X.|date=2017|title=Osteology of a New Late Cretaceous Troodontid Specimen from Ukhaa Tolgod, Ömnögovi Aimag, Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3889|pages=1–47|doi=10.1206/3889.1|hdl=2246/6818|hdl-access=free|s2cid=90883541|url=https://ia903007.us.archive.org/27/items/osteologynewlat00peir/osteologynewlat00peir.pdf}}</ref> and a new, unnamed protoceratopsid closely related to ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prieto-Márquez|first1=A.|last2=Garcia-Porta|first2=J.|last3=Joshi|first3=S. H.|last4=Norell|first4=M. A.|last5=Makovicky|first5=P. J.|date=2020|title=Modularity and heterochrony in the evolution of the ceratopsian dinosaur frill|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=13|pages=6288–6309|doi=10.1002/ece3.6361|doi-access=free|pmc=7381594|pmid=32724514}}</ref> In the Turgrugyin Member (mainly Tugriken Shireh locality), ''P. andrewsi'' shared its paleoenvironment with the bird ''[[Elsornis]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chiappe|first1=L. M.|last2=Suzuki|first2=S.|last3=Dyke|first3=G. J.|last4=Watabe|first4=M.|last5=Tsogtbaatar|first5=K.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|date=2007|title=A new Enantiornithine bird from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=193−208|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001969|bibcode=2007JSPal...5..193C |s2cid=85391743}}</ref> dromaeosaurids ''[[Mahakala omnogovae|Mahakala]]'' and ''Velociraptor mongoliensis'';<ref name=Norel1999/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=A. H.|last2=Pol|first2=D.|last3=Clarke|first3=J. A.|last4=Erickson|first4=G. M.|last5=Norell|first5=M. A.|date=2007|title=A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5843|pages=1378−1381|bibcode=2007Sci...317.1378T|doi=10.1126/science.1144066|doi-access=free|pmid=17823350}}</ref> and [[ornithomimid]] ''[[Aepyornithomimus]]''.<ref name=Chinzoorig2017/> ''P. andrewsi'' is also abundant at Udyn Sayr,<ref name=Handa2012/><ref name=Czepiński2020/> where ''[[Avimimus]]'' and ''[[Udanoceratops]]'' have been recovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kurzanov|first1=S. M.|date=1992|title=A giant protoceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|pages=81−93|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watabe|first1=M.|last2=Suzuki|first2=S.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|date=2006|title=Geological and geographical distribution of bird-like theropod, Avimimus in Mongolia|journal =Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=supp. 003|pages=136A−137A|doi=10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069|s2cid=220413406}}</ref>

The relatively low dinosaur paleodiversity, small body size of most dinosaurs, and [[arid]] settings of the Djadokhta Formation compared to those of the Nemegt Formation, suggest that ''Protoceratops'' and contemporaneous biota lived in a [[Stress (biology)|stressed]] paleoenvironment (physical factors that generate adverse impacts on the ecosystem).<ref name=Longriich20110/> In addition, the high occurrence of protoceratopsid fossils in arid-deposited formations indicates that these ceratopsians preferred warm environments.<ref name=Longrich2010/><ref name=Longriich20110/> Although ''P. andrewsi'' was the predominant protoceratopsid on this formation, tentative remains of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' have been reported from the Udyn Sayr and Bor Tolgoi localities, suggesting that both species co-existed. Whereas ''P. andrewsi'' is found in aeolian sediments (Bayn Dzak or Tugriken Shireh), ''P. hellenikorhinus'' is found in the aeolian-fluvial sediments. As the latter type of sediments is also found in the Bayan Mandahu Formation, it is likely that ''P. hellenikorhinus'' preferred environments combining [[Mesic habitat|humid]] and arid conditions.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Chiba|first1=K.|last2=Ryan|first2=M. J.|last3=Saneyoshi|first3= M.|last4=Konishi|first4=S.|last5=Yamamoto|first5=Y.|last6=Mainbayar|first6=B.|last7=Tsogtbaatar|first7=K.|date=October 12-16, 2020|title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) specimens from Udyn Sayr, Mongolia|conference=The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting|url=https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP_2020_Program-Abstracts-Volume-FINAL-for-Publishing-1.27.2021.pdf|page = 104}}</ref>

===Taphonomy===
{{multiple image
|align=left
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|image1=Standing Protoceratops - Tugrugeen Shireh, Gobi Desert 1971 2.jpg

|image2=Protoceratops specimen block MPC-D 100 526 individual B.png

|footer=''P. andrewsi'' individuals from Tugriken Shireh in a upwards crouched death pose; left specimen is also known as the "Standing Protoceratops"<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>
}}
In 1993 Jerzykiewiczz suggested that many articulated ''Protoceratops'' specimens died in the process of trying to free themselves from massive sand bodies that trapped them during sandstorms events and were not transported by environmental factors. He cited the distinctive posture of some ''Protoceratops'' involving the body and head arched upwards with forelimbs tucked in at their sides—a condition known as "standing" in particular cases—the absence of sedimentary structures in sediments preserving the individuals, and the Fighting Dinosaurs [[taphonomic]] history itself as evidence for this catastrophic preservation. Given that this posture is exhibited by populations from both Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta formations, Jerzykiewiczz indicated that this behavior was not unique to any locality. He also considered it unlikely that these ''Protoceratops'' individuals died after burying themselves in the sand given that these specimens are only found in structureless sandstones; an arched posture would pose hard [[breathing]] conditions; and [[Fossorial|burrowers]] are known to excavate headfirst and sub horizontally.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>

Fastovsky in 1997 examined the [[geology]] at Tugriken Shireh providing insights into the taphonomy of ''Protoceratops''. He agreed in that the preservation of ''Protoceratops'' specimens indicate that they underwent a catastrophic event such as desert storms, and carcasses were not relocated by scavengers or environmental factors. Several isolated burrows found in sediments at this locality have also been reported penetrating in the bone surface of some buried ''Protoceratops'' individuals. Fastovsky pointed out these two factors combined indicate that this site was host to high biotic activity, mainly composed of [[arthropod]] scavengers who were also involved in the recycling of ''Protoceratops'' [[Carrion|carcasses]]. The flexed position of most buried ''Protoceratops'' is indicative of [[desiccation]] and shrinking of [[ligament]]s/[[tendon]]s in the legs, necks, and tails after death.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fastovsky|first1=D. E.|date=1997|title=The Paleoenvironments of Tugrikin-Shireh (Gobi Desert, Mongolia) and Aspects of the Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Ornithishichia)|journal=PALAIOS|volume=12|number=1|pages=59−70|bibcode=1997Palai..12...59F|doi=10.2307/3515294
|jstor=3515294}}</ref>
[[File:Fox site Protoceratops (5).jpg|thumb|Cast of the Fox site ''Protoceratops'', a largely bored ''P. andrewsi'' (note reconstructed [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]])]]
In 1998 during a conference abstract at the [[Society of Vertebrate Paleontology]], [[James I. Kirkland]] and team reported multiple arthropod pupae casts and borings (tunnels) on a largely articulated ''Protoceratops'' specimen from Tugriken Shireh, found in 1997. A notorious amount of [[pupa]]e were found in clusters and singly along the bone surfaces, mostly in the joint areas, where the trace makers would have feed on dried ligaments, tendons and [[cartilage]]. The examined pupae from the specimen are more cylindrical structures with rounded ends. The pupae found in this ''Protoceratops'' individual were reported as measuring as much a {{convert|2.5|cm|mm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|cm|mm|abbr=on}} wide and compare best with pupae attributed to [[Hunting wasp|solitary wasps]]. Additionally, the reported borings have a structure that differs from traces made by [[dermestid]] [[beetles]]. The team indicated that both pupae and boring traces reflect a marked [[ecological]] relationship between dinosaur carcasses and a relatively large [[necrophagous]] [[insect]] taxon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirkland|first1=J. I.|last2=Delgado|first2=C. R.|last3=Chimedtseren|first3=A.|last4=Hasiotis|first4=S. T.|last5=Fox|first5=E. J.|date=1998|title=Insect? bored dinosaur skeletons and associated pupae from the Djadokhta Fm. (Cretaceous, Campanian), Mongolia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=18|issue=supp. 003|page=56A|doi=10.1080/02724634.1998.10011116|jstor=i406883|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301626260}}</ref>

Later in 2010, Kirkland and Kenneth Bader redescribed and discussed the numerous feeding traces from this ''Protoceratops'' specimen, which they nicknamed Fox Site ''Protoceratops''. They found at least three types of feeding traces on this individual; nearly circular borings—which they found instead to correlate best with feeding traces made by dermestid beetles—of {{convert|0.6|-|1|cm|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter; semicircular shaped notches at the edge of bones; and destruction of articular surfaces, mostly at the [[joint]]s of the limbs. The co-workers also noted that the Fox Site ''Protoceratops'' preserves associated traces in the encasing sediment, indicative of necrophagous activity after the animal was buried. Kirkland and Bader concluded that adults of a large [[beetle]] taxon would detect [[Decomposition|decaying]] carcasses buried below the sand and dig down in order to feed and lay their eggs. After emerging from the eggs, [[larvae]] would have fed on the carcass prior to pupating. The last larvae to emerge would have feed on the dried tendons and cartilage in the joint areas—thereby explaining the notorious poor preservation of these areas in the specimen—and subsequently chewing on the bone itself, prior to pupating. After reaching full maturity, adult beetles would have then dig back to the surface, most likely leaving borings through bones, and finally beginning to search for new carcasses and thus continuing the recycling of ''Protoceratops'' carcasses.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=J. I.|last2=Bader|first2=K.|year=2010|chapter=Insect Trace Fossils Associated with Protoceratops Carcasses in the Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia: Forensic Entomology in the Upper Cretaceous|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/228136|editor-last1=Ryan|editor-first1=M. J.|editor-last2=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor-first2=B. J.|editor-last3=Eberth|editor-first3=D. A.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=509–519|jstor=j.ctt16gzgng|isbn=9780253353580 }}</ref>

[[File:Protoceratops specimen MPC-D 100 534 skull.png|thumb|left|''P. andrewsi'' specimen MPC-D 100/534; note borings on the rostrum]]

In 2010 the paleontologists Yukihide Matsumoto and Mototaka Saneyoshi reported multiple borings and bite traces on joint areas of articulated ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' specimens from the Tugriken Shireh locality of the [[Djadokhta Formation]] and Hermiin Tsav locality of the [[Barun Goyot Formation]], respectively. They interpreted the damaged areas in the ''Protoceratops'' specimen as product of active feeding by burrowing arthropods, most likely insects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matsumoto|first1=Y.|last2=Saneyoshi|first2=M.|date=2010|title=Bored dinosaur skeletons|journal=The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan|volume=116|number=1|pages=I-II|doi=10.5575/geosoc.116.1.I_II|doi-access=free|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geosoc/116/1/116_116.1.I_II/_pdf}}</ref> These specimens were formally described and discussed in 2011 by Saneyoshi and team, including fossils from ''[[Velociraptor]]'' and an [[ankylosaurid]]. Reported traces were identified as pits, notches, borings, and channels across the skeletons, most notably at limb joint areas. The team indicated that it is very likely that these were made by scavenging insects, however, relatively large borings (about {{convert|3|cm|mm|abbr=on}} wide) in the ribs and scapulae of one ''Protoceratops'' specimen (MPC-D100/534) indicates that insects were not the only scavengers involved in the bone damage, but also [[mammal]]s. Given the dry/harsh paleoenvironmental conditions of units like the Djadokhta Formation, medium to large-sized dinosaur carcasses may have been an important source of [[nutrition]] for small animals. Saneyoshi and team emphasized that the high frequency of feeding traces at the limb joints of numerous specimens and reports of previous studies, indicates that small animals may have targeted the [[collagen]] found in the joint cartilage of dried dinosaur carcasses as a source of [[nitrogen]], which was low in the desert-dry conditions of these dinosaur fossils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saneyoshi|first1=M.|last2=Watabe|first2=M.|last3=Suzuki|first3=S.|last4=Tsogtbaatar|first4=K.|date=2011|title=Trace fossils on dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous eolian deposits in Mongolia: Taphonomic interpretation of paleoecosystems in ancient desert environments|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=311|issue=1–2|pages=38−47|bibcode=2011PPP...311...38S|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.024|url=https://www.academia.edu/27857932}}</ref>

[[File:Protoceratops specimen block MPC-D 100 526 individual C.png|thumb|Juvenile from MPC-D 100/526; black arrow points to larvae borings]]

In 2011 Fastovsky with colleagues concluded that the juveniles within the nest MPC-D 100/530 were rapidly overwhelmed by a strong sand-bearing event and entombed alive. The sediments of the nest suggest a deposition through a dune-shift or strong sandstorms, and the orientation of the individuals indicates that sediments were brought from a prevailing west-southwest [[wind]]. Most individuals are preserved with their forelimbs splayed and hindlimbs are extended, an arrangement that suggests that young ''Protoceratops'' tried to push against the powerful airstream in the initially loose sand. Prior to or during burial, some may have tried to climb on top of others. Because it is generally accepted that most fossil specimens at Tugriken Shireh were preserved by rapidly migrating dunes and sandstorms, Fastovsky with colleagues suggested that the lee side borders of the nest would have been the area where air was sand-free and consequently, all young ''Protoceratops'' may have struggled to reach this area, resulting in their final burial and eventual death.<ref name=Fastovsky2011/>

Hone and colleagues in 2014 indicated that two assemblages of ''Protoceratops'' at Tugriken Shireh (MPC-D 100/526 and 100/534) suggest that individuals died simultaneously, rather than accumulating over time. For instance, the block of four juveniles preserves the individuals with near-identical postures, spatial positions, and all of them have their heads facing upwards, which indicates that they were alive at the time of burial. During burial, the animals were most likely not completely restricted in their movements at all, given that the individuals of MPC-D 100/526 are in relatively normal life positions and have not been disturbed. At least two individuals within this block are preserved with their arms at a level above the legs, suggestive of attempts of trying to move upwards with the purpose of free themselves. The team also noted the presence of borings on the skulls and skeletons of both assemblages, and these may have been produced by insect larvae after the animals died.<ref name=Hone2014/>

In 2016 Meguru Takeuchi and team reported numerous fossilized feeding traces preserved on skeletons of ''Protoceratops'' from the Bayn Dzak, Tugriken Shireh, and Udyn Sayr localities, and also from other dinosaurs. Preserved traces were reported as pits, notches, borings, and tunnels, which they attributed to scavengers. The diameter of the feeding traces preserved on a ''Protoceratops'' skull from Bayn Dzak was bigger than traces reported among other specimens, indicating that the scavengers responsible for these traces were notoriously different from other trace makers preserved on specimens.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takeuchi|first1=M.|last2=Saneyoshi|first2=M.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Mainbayar|first4=B.|last5=Ulziitseren|first5=S.|date=2016|title=Trace fossils on dinosaur skeletons from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi desert, Mongolia|journal=Bulletin of Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science|number=46|pages=1−6|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d1h9glLjUnyUSPhE1Kky9HRq7Tnmiud7/view}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
===Possible Influence on Griffin Legend===
The folklorist and historian of science [[Adrienne Mayor]] of [[Stanford University]] has suggested that the exquisitely preserved fossil skeletons of ''Protoceratops'', ''[[Psittacosaurus]]'' and other beaked dinosaurs, found by ancient [[Scythian]] nomads who mined gold in the [[Tian Shan]] and [[Altai Mountains]] of [[Central Asia]], may have played a role in the image of the mythical creature known as the [[griffin]]. Griffins were described as wolf- or lion-sized quadrupeds with large claws and a raptor-bird-like beak; they laid their eggs in nests on the ground.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mayor|first1=A.|date=1994|title=Guardians of the Gold|journal=Archaeology|volume=47|issue=6|pages=53–58}}</ref>

Dodson in 1996 pointed out Greek writers began describing the griffin around 675 B.C., at the time the first Greek writings about Scythia nomads appeared, although contact with Scythian nomads would have occurred earlier, in the Bronze Age when Greeks imported tin from Afghanistan, transported on the caravan routes across the Gobi and other deserts. Griffins were described as "guarding" the gold deposits in the arid hills and red sandstone formations of the wilderness below the Tien Shan and Altai mountains. The region of [[Mongolia]] and [[China]], where many ''Protoceratops'' and other dinosaur fossils are found, is rich in placer gold runoff from the neighboring mountains, lending some credence to the theory that these fossils played a role in griffin descriptions of the seventh century BC to Roman times.<ref name=Dodson1996>{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=P.|year=1996|title=The Horned Dinosaurs|url=https://archive.org/details/horneddinosaursn00dods_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/horneddinosaursn00dods_0/page/200 200−234]|isbn=978-0-691-05900-6}}</ref>

Mayor in 2001 and 2011 refined the hypothesis of ''Protoceratops'' as an influence on the griffin legend by analyzing written details and artistic imagery. She also cited some other Greek histories about mythological creatures may have been influenced by fossil discoveries by ancient people, such as [[cyclopes]] and [[Giants (Greek mythology)|giants]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=A.|year=2000|title=The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times|edition=1st|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=1−384|jstor=j.ctt7s6mm|isbn=978-0-691-05863-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=A.|year=2011|title=The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times|edition=2nd|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=1−400|isbn=978-0-691-15013-0}}</ref>

In 2016 this hypothesis was criticized by the [[British people|British]] paleontologist and [[paleoart]]ist [[Mark P. Witton]], as it ignores pre-Greek "griffin art and accounts." (No written accounts of griffins are known before ca 675 BC, when the word gryps/griffin is first attested.) Witton goes on to point out that the wings of traditional griffins are positioned above the shoulder blades, not behind the neck as the frills of ''Protoceratops'', that the bodies of griffins much more closely resemble the bodies of modern big cats than they do those of ''Protoceratops'', and that the gold deposits of central Asia occur hundreds of kilometers from the known ''Protoceratops'' fossil remains, among many other inconsistencies. It is simpler, he argues, to understand the griffin as a mythical combination of well-known extant animal species than as an ancient misunderstanding of fossilized collections of bones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Witton |first1=M. P. |date=April 4, 2016 |title=Why Protoceratops almost certainly wasn't the inspiration for the griffin legend |url=http://markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2016/04/why-protoceratops-almost-certainly.html |website=Mark Witton Blog |publisher=Blogger}}</ref> Witton later co-published with Richard Hing a 2024 paper expanding on his points regarding the lack of possibility between griffins and ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witton |first=Mark P. |last2=Hing |first2=Richard A. |date=2024-06-20 |title=Did the horned dinosaur Protoceratops inspire the griffin? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03080188241255543 |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |language=en |doi=10.1177/03080188241255543 |issn=0308-0188}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Wenceslas Hollar - A griffin (cleaned background).jpg|A traditional depiction of the [[griffin]]
File:Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg|[[Adrienne Mayor]] has speculated that the discovery of ''Protoceratops'' fossils may have inspired or influenced stories of griffins
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs|Paleontology}}
* [[List of dinosaur specimens with documented taphonomic histories]]
* [[Timeline of ceratopsian research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Protoceratops|''Protoceratops''}}
{{Wikispecies|Protoceratops|''Protoceratops''}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0B0bgvUu1E&t=63s Footage from the Third Central Asiatic Expedition] at [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.artstation.com/artwork/kDLrL0 3D models of ''Protoceratops andrewsi''] at [[ArtStation]]
* [https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/protoceratops-skull-6ffad6a3f9a746f48110fb13f4721d71 3D skull model of ''Protoceratops andrewsi''] at [[Sketchfab]]
* [https://www.facebook.com/djadokhta.diorama.boban.filipovic/photos/ms.c.eJw1yskNADAIA8GOIg4Dpv~;GIoXwHO2iBG6MBNosDsY5xrpdNUh~_t45z7e~;XGrtIFy3ga7wueQHuhxaA.bps.a.470432833115894/470432856449225/ Restored ''Protoceratops andrewsi'' nest] at [[Facebook]]
* [https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net/project_modules/disp/4a148824021161.5632d46f00175.jpg Photograph of current AMNH 6418] at [[Behance]]

{{Marginocephalia|C.}}
{{Cretaceous Footer}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14506}}

[[Category:Ceratopsians of Asia]]
[[Category:Djadochta fauna]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1923]]
[[Category:Fossils of China]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Walter W. Granger]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William King Gregory]]
[[Category:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Campanian genera]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous ceratopsians]]

Protoceratops

2024-06-21T22:59:29Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Cultural significance */

{{Short description|Genus of reptiles (fossil)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], ([[Campanian]]) ~{{fossil range|75|71}}
| image = Protoceratops-skeleton.jpg
| image_caption = Mounted ''P. andrewsi'' skeleton, [[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Protoceratops
| authority = [[Walter W. Granger|Granger]] & [[W.K. Gregory|Gregory]], 1923
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Protoceratops andrewsi'''''
| type_species_authority = Granger & Gregory, 1923
| subdivision_ranks = Other species
| subdivision =
* {{extinct}}'''''P. hellenikorhinus''''' Lambert ''et al.'', 2001
}}

'''''Protoceratops''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|əʊ|t|oʊ|ˈ|s|ɛr|ə|t|ɒ|p|s}}; {{lit|first horned face}})<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colbert |first1=Edwin H. (Edwin Harris) |last2=Knight |first2=Charles Robert |title=The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives |date=1951 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |page=153 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of small [[protoceratopsid]] [[dinosaur]]s that lived in [[Asia]] during the [[Late Cretaceous]], around 75 to 71 million years ago. The genus ''Protoceratops'' includes two species: '''''P. andrewsi''''' and the larger '''''P. hellenikorhinus'''''. The former was described in 1923 with fossils from the Mongolian [[Djadokhta Formation]], and the latter in 2001 with fossils from the Chinese [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]]. ''Protoceratops'' was initially believed to be an ancestor of [[ankylosauria]]ns and larger ceratopsians, such as ''[[Triceratops]]'' and relatives, until the discoveries of other protoceratopsids. Populations of ''P. andrewsi'' may have [[evolved]] into ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' through [[anagenesis]].

''Protoceratops'' were small ceratopsians, up to {{convert|2|-|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and around {{convert|62|-|104|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in body mass. While adults were largely [[quadrupedal]], juveniles had the capacity to walk around [[Facultative bipedalism|bipedally if necessary]]. They were characterized by a proportionally large [[skull]], short and stiff neck, and [[neck frill]]. The frill was likely used for [[Display (zoology)|display]] or [[intraspecific combat]], as well as [[protection]] of the neck and anchoring of jaw muscles. A horn-like structure was present over the nose, which varied from a single structure in ''P. andrewsi'' to a double, paired structure in ''P. hellenikorhinus''. The "horn" and frill were highly variable in shape and size across individuals of the same species, but there is no evidence of [[sexual dimorphism]]. They had a prominent [[parrot]]-like beak at the tip of the jaws. ''P. andrewsi'' had a pair of cylindrical, blunt [[teeth]] near the tip of the upper jaw. The forelimbs had five [[Digit (anatomy)|fingers]] of which only the first three bore wide and flat [[ungual]]s. The [[Pes (anatomy)|feet]] were wide and had four toes with flattened, shovel-like unguals, which would have been useful for [[Fossorial|digging]] through the sand. The hindlimbs were longer than the forelimbs. The tail was long and had an enigmatic [[Neural spine sail|sail]]-like structure, which may have been used for display, [[Aquatic locomotion|swimming]], or [[metabolic]] reasons.

''Protoceratops'', like many other ceratopsians, were [[herbivore]]s equipped with prominent jaws and teeth suited for chopping [[foliage]] and other [[plant]] material. They are thought to have lived in highly [[social behavior|sociable]] groups of mixed ages. They appear to have [[parental care|cared for their young]]. They laid soft-shelled [[egg]]s, a rare occurrence in dinosaurs. During maturation, the skull and neck frill underwent rapid growth. ''Protoceratops'' were hunted by ''[[Velociraptor]]'', and one particularly famous specimen (the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]]) preserves a pair of them locked in combat. ''Protoceratops'' used to be characterized as [[nocturnal]] because of the large [[sclerotic ring]] around the eye, but they are now thought to have been [[cathemeral]] (active at dawn and dusk).

==History of discovery==
[[File:Bayanzag.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Flaming Cliffs]] of Mongolia. This highly [[fossil]]iferous locality of the [[Gobi Desert]] yielded the first known remains of ''Protoceratops'']]
In 1900 [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] suggested that Central Asia may have been the center of origin of most animal species, [[Peking Man#"Out of Asia" theory|including humans]], which caught the attention of [[explorer]] and [[zoologist]] [[Roy Chapman Andrews]]. This idea later gave rise to the First (1916 to 1917), Second (1919) and Third (1921 to 1930) Central Asiatic Expeditions to [[China]] and [[Mongolia]], organized by the [[American Museum of Natural History]] under the direction of Osborn and field leadership of Andrews. The team of the third expedition arrived in [[Beijing]] in 1921 for the final preparations and started working in the field in 1922. During late 1922 the expedition explored the famous [[Flaming Cliffs]] of the Shabarakh Usu region of the [[Djadokhta Formation]], [[Gobi Desert]], now known as the Bayn Dzak region. On September 2, the photographer [[James B. Shackelford]] discovered a partial juvenile skull—which would become the [[holotype]] specimen (AMNH 6251) of ''Protoceratops''—in reddish [[sandstone]]s. It was subsequently analyzed by the paleontologist [[Walter W. Granger]] who identified it as [[reptilia]]n. On September 21, the expedition returned to Beijing, and even though it was set up to look for remains of human ancestors, the team collected numerous [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s and thus provided insights into the rich fossil record of Asia. Back in Beijing, the skull Shackelford had found was sent back to the American Museum of Natural History for further study, after which Osborn reached out to Andrews and team via cable, notifying them about the importance of the specimen.<ref name=Granger1923>{{cite journal|last1=Granger|first1=W. W.|last2=Gregory|first2=W. K.|date=1923|title=Protoceratops andrewsi, a pre-ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia|journal=American Museum of Natural History Novitates|number=72|page=1−9|hdl=2246/4670|hdl-access=free|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4670//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0072.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref name=Andrews1932>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=R. C.|year=1932|editor-last1=Reeds|editor-first1=C. A.|title=The New Conquest of Central Asia: a Narrative of the Explorations of the Central Asiatic Expeditions in Mongolia and China, 1921-1930|edition=1st|volume=1|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|location=New York|pages=1−549|oclc=766770|url=https://ia800207.us.archive.org/30/items/newconquestofcen00andr/newconquestofcen00andr.pdf}}</ref>

In 1923 the expedition prospected the Flaming Cliffs again, this time discovering even more specimens of ''Protoceratops'' and also the first remains of ''[[Oviraptor]]'', ''[[Saurornithoides]]'' and ''[[Velociraptor]]''. Most notably, the team discovered the first fossilized dinosaur [[egg]]s near the holotype of ''Oviraptor'' and given how abundant ''Protoceratops'' was, the nest was attributed to this [[taxon]].<ref name=Andrews1932/> This would later result in the interpretation of ''Oviraptor'' as an [[Egg predation|egg-thief]].<ref name=Osborn1924>{{cite journal|last1=Osborn|first1=H. F.|date=1924|title=Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=144|pages=1−12|hdl=2246/3223|hdl-access=free|oclc=40272928|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/3223//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0144.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> In the same year, Granger and William K. Gregory formally described the new genus and species ''Protoceratops andrewsi'' based on the holotype skull. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''andrewsi'', is in honor of Andrews for his prominent leadership during the expeditions. They identified ''Protoceratops'' as an [[ornithischia]]n dinosaur closely related to ceratopsians representing a possible common ancestor between [[ankylosaur]]s and [[ceratopsia]]ns. Since ''Protoceratops'' was more primitive than any other known ceratopsian at that time, Granger and Gregory coined the new family [[Protoceratopsidae]], mostly characterized by the lack of horns. The co-authors also agreed with Osborn that Asia, if more thoroughly explored, could solve many major evolutionary gaps in the fossil record.<ref name=Granger1923/> Although not stated in the original description, the [[Genus#Use|generic name]], ''Protoceratops'', is intended to mean "first horned face" as it was believed that ''Protoceratops'' represented an early ancestor of [[ceratopsid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gregory|first1=W. K.|date=1927|title=Gaps in the Mongolian Life Record|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=24|issue=2|pages=169−181|jstor=7818|bibcode=1927SciMo..24..169G }}</ref> Other researchers immediately noted the importance of the ''Protoceratops'' finds, and the genus was hailed as the "long-sought ancestor of ''Triceratops''". Most fossils were in an excellent state of preservation with even [[sclerotic ring]]s (delicate ocular bones) preserved in some specimens, quickly making ''Protoceratops'' one of the best-known dinosaurs from Asia.<ref name=Andrews1932/><ref name=Brown1940>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=B.|last2=Schlaikjer|first2=E. M.|date=1940|title=The Structure and Relationships of Protoceratops|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=40|number=3|pages=133−266|bibcode=1940NYASA..40..133B|doi=10.1111/j.2164-0947.1940.tb00068.x|oclc=1673730|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EM9A8LG5eqbQ5_Ho16QJx0_MebAqLjLQ/view}}</ref>
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi AMNH 6251.jpg|thumb|left|Holotype skull of ''P. andrewsi'', collected during the Third Central Asiatic Expedition]]
After spending much of 1924 making plans for the next fieldwork seasons, in 1925 Andrews and team explored the Flaming Cliffs yet again. During this year more eggs and nests were collected, alongside well-preserved and complete specimens of ''Protoceratops''. By this time, ''Protoceratops'' had become one of the most abundant dinosaurs of the region with more than 100 specimens known, including skulls and skeletons of multiple individuals at different growth stages. Though more remains of ''Protoceratops'' were collected in later years of the expeditions, they were most abundant in the 1922 to 1925 seasons.<ref name=Andrews1932/><ref name=Brown1940/> Gregory and [[Charles C. Mook]] published another description of ''Protoceratops'' in 1925, discussing its anatomy and relationships. Thanks to the large collection of skulls found in the expeditions, they concluded that ''Protoceratops'' represented a ceratopsian more primitive than ceratopsids and not an ankylosaur-ceratopsian ancestor.<ref name=Greggory1925>{{cite journal|last1=Gregory|first1=W. K.|last2=Mook|first2=C. C.|date=1925|title=On Protoceratops, a primitive ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=156|pages=1−10|hdl=2246/4515|hdl-access=free|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4515//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0156.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> In 1940, [[Barnum Brown]] and [[Erich Maren Schlaikjer]] described the anatomy of ''P. andrewsi'' in extensive detail using newly prepared specimens from the Asiatic expeditions.<ref name=Brown1940/>

In 1963, the Mongolian paleontologist [[Demberelyin Dashzeveg]] reported the discovery of a new fossiliferous locality of the Djadokhta Formation: Tugriken Shireh. Like the neighbouring Bayn Dzak, this new locality contained an abundance of ''Protoceratops'' fossils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dashzeveg|first1=D.|date=1963|title=Яйца динозавров|trans-title=Dinosaur eggs|journal=Priroda|volume=9|pages=100|language=ru}}</ref> During the [[1960s]] to [[1970s]], [[Poland|Polish]]-Mongolian and [[Russia]]n-Mongolian paleontological expeditions collected new, partial to complete specimens of ''Protoceratops'' at this locality, making this dinosaur species a common occurrence in Tugriken Shireh.<ref name=Jaworowska1972/><ref name=Mary1975/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurochkin|first1=E. N.|last2=Barsbold|first2=R.|date=2000|chapter=The Russian-Mongolian expeditions and research in vertebrate palaeontology|chapter-url=https://artscimedia.case.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/2017/05/17211722/13.-Kurochkin_Barsbold-Russian-Mongolian-expeditions.pdf|editor-last1=Benton|editor-first1=M. J.|editor-last2=Shishkin|editor-first2=M. A.|editor-last3=Unwin|editor-first3=D. M.|editor-last4=Kurochkin|editor-first4=E. N.|title=The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=235−255}}</ref> Since its discovery, the Tugriken Shireh locality has yielded some of the most significant specimens of ''Protoceratops'', such as the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]],<ref name=Jaworowska1972/> ''[[in situ]]'' individuals—a preservation condition also known as "standing" individuals or specimens in some cases—,<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993>{{cite journal|last1=Jerzykiewicz|first1=T.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Eberth|first3=D. A.|last4=Johnston|first4=P. A.|last5=Koster|first5=E. H.|last6=Zheng|first6=J.-J.|date=1993|title=Djadokhta Formation correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=30|number=10|pages=2180−2195|bibcode=1993CaJES..30.2180J|doi=10.1139/e93-190|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237174446}}</ref> authentic nests,<ref name=Fastovsky2011/> and small herd-like groups.<ref name=Hone2014/> Specimens from this locality are usually found in articulation, suggesting possible mass mortality events.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>

[[Stephan N. F. Spiekman]] and colleagues reported a partial ''P. andrewsi'' skull (RGM 818207) in the collections of the [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]], [[Netherlands]] in 2015. Since ''Protoceratops'' fossils are only found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and this specimen was likely discovered during the Central Asiatic Expeditions, the team concluded that this skull was probably acquired by [[Delft University]] between 1940 and 1972 as part of a collection transfer.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Spiekman|first1=S. N .F|last2=Bastiaans|first2=D.|last3=Schulp|first3=A. S.|date=2015|title=A partial skull of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Central Asiatic Expeditions in the Naturalis collections (Leiden, the Netherlands)|conference=European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280101760}}</ref>

===Species and synonyms===
[[File:Protoceratops hellenikorhinus holotype skull.jpg|thumb|Holotype skull of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' at the [[Inner Mongolia Museum]]]]
Protoceratopsid remains were recovered in the 1970s from the Khulsan locality of the [[Barun Goyot Formation]], Mongolia, during the work of several Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions. In 1975, Polish paleontologists [[Teresa Maryańska]] and [[Halszka Osmólska]] described a second species of ''Protoceratops'' which they named ''P. kozlowskii''. This new species was based on the Khulsan material, mostly consisting of juvenile skull specimens. The specific name, ''kozlowskii'', is in tribute to the Polish paleontologist [[Roman Kozłowski]]. They also named the new genus and species of protoceratopsid ''[[Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi]]'', known from specimens of the nearby Hermiin Tsav locality.<ref name=Mary1975>{{cite journal|last1=Maryańska|first1=T.|last2=Osmólska|first2=H.|date=1975|title=Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia|journal=Palaeontologia Polonica|volume=33|page=134−143|url=http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1975-33_133-181_36-50.pdf|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921083509/http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1975-33_133-181_36-50.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1990 the Russian paleontologist [[Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov]] referred additional material from Hermiin Tsav to ''P. kozlowskii''. However, he noted that there were enough differences between ''P. andrewsi'' and ''P. kozlowskii'', and erected the new genus and combination ''[[Breviceratops kozlowskii]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kurzanov|first1=S. M.|date=1990|title=Новый род протоцератопсид из позднего мела Монголии|trans-title=A new Late Cretaceous protoceratopsid genus from Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|number=4|pages=91−97|language=ru|url=https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-paleontologicaljournal1990-4.pdf}}</ref> Though ''Breviceratops'' has been regarded as a [[synonym]] and juvenile stage of ''Bagaceratops'',<ref name=Sereno2000>{{cite book|last1=Sereno|first1=P. C.|date=2000|chapter=The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia|chapter-url=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/paulsereno/i/docs/00-Marginocephalia.pdf|editor-last1=Benton|editor-first1=M. J.|editor-last2=Shishkin|editor-first2=M. A.|editor-last3=Unwin|editor-first3=D. M.|editor-last4=Kurochkin|editor-first4=E. N.|title=The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=489−492}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|year=2001|chapter=A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/242/mode/2up?q=montanoceratops|editor-last1=Tanke|editor-first1=D. H.|editor-last2=Carpenter|editor-first2=K.|title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life|series=Life of the Past|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=243−262|isbn=978-0-253-33907-2}}</ref> [[Łukasz Czepiński]] in 2019 concluded that the former has enough anatomical differences to be considered as a separate [[taxon]].<ref name=Czepiński19>{{cite journal|last1=Czepiński|first1=Ł.|date=2019|title=Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert|journal=Historical Biology|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1394–1421|doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404|s2cid=132780322|url=http://dinosaurmailinglist.cmnh.org/2019Apr/pdfzmfpMk1aO4.pdf|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708144840/http://dinosaurmailinglist.cmnh.org/2019Apr/pdfzmfpMk1aO4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2001 [[Oliver Lambert (paleontologist)|Oliver Lambert]] with colleagues named a new and distinct species of ''Protoceratops'', ''P. hellenikorhinus''. The first known remains of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' were collected from the Bayan Mandahu locality of the [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]], [[Inner Mongolia]], in 1995 and 1996 during [[China|Sino]]-[[Belgium|Belgian]] paleontological expeditions. The holotype (IMM 95BM1/1) and [[paratype]] (IMM 96BM1/4) specimens consist of large skulls lacking body remains. The holotype skull was found facing upwards, a pose that has been reported in ''Protoceratops'' specimens from Tugriken Shireh. The specific name, ''hellenikorhinus'', is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] hellenikos (meaning Greek) and rhis (meaning nose) in reference to its broad and angular snout, which is reminiscent of the straight profiles of [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek sculptures]].<ref name=Helleniko2001>{{cite journal|last1=Lambert|first1=O.|last2=Godefroit|first2=P.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Shang|first4=C.-Y.|last5=Dong|first5=Z.|date=2001|title=A new Species of Protoceratops (Dinosauria, Neoceratopsia) from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P. R. China)|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre|volume=71|pages=5−28|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/71-sup-2001/irscnb_p4087_01ec08x_71-sup_bulletin-1.pdf}}</ref> In 2017 abundant protoceratopsid material was reported from [[Alxa League|Alxa]] near Bayan Mandahu,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=S.|last2=Zhang|first2=L.|last3=Lu|first3=L.|last4=Hao|first14=J.|date=2017|title=The First Discovery of the Late Cretaceous Protoceratopsid Fauna from Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China|journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)|volume=91|issue=5|pages=1908−1909|doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13421|s2cid=134276217 |url=http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbcn/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=2017endzxb05027&year_id=2017&quarter_id=5&falg=1}}</ref> and it may be referable to ''P. hellenikorhinus''.<ref name=Czepiński19/>

[[Viktor Tereshchenko]] and [[Vladimir R. Alifanov]] in 2003 named a new protoceratopsid dinosaur from the Bayn Dzak locality, ''Bainoceratops efremovi ''. This genus was based on a few dorsal (back) vertebrae that were stated to differ from those of ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereshchenko|first1=V.|last2=Alifanov|first2=V. R.|date=2003|title=Bainoceratops efremovi, a New Protoceratopid Dinosaur (Protoceratopidae, Neoceratopsia) from the Bain-Dzak Locality (South Mongolia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=37|issue=3|pages=293–302|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288557787}}</ref> In 2006 [[North America]]n paleontologists [[Peter Makovicky]] and [[Mark A. Norell]] suggested that ''Bainoceratops'' may be synonymous with ''Protoceratops'' as most of the traits used to separate the former from the latter have been reported from other ceratopsians including ''Protoceratops'' itself, and they are more likely to fall within the wide intraspecific variation range of the concurring ''P. andrewsi''.<ref name=Makovicky2006>{{cite journal|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|date=2006|title=Yamaceratops dorngobiensis, a New Primitive Ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3530|pages=1–42|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3530[1:YDANPC]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5808|hdl-access=free|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5808//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3530.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> The authors [[Brenda J. Chinnery]] and [[Jhon R. Horner]] in 2007 during their description of ''[[Cerasinops]]'' stated that ''Bainoceratops'', along with other dubious genera, was determined to be either a variant or immature specimen of other genera. Based on this reasoning, they excluded ''Bainoceratops'' from their phylogenetic analysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chinnery|first1=B. J.|last2=Horner|first2=J. R.|date=2007|title=A new neoceratopsian dinosaur linking North American and Asian taxa|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=625–641|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[625:ANNDLN]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86091277 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24240715}}</ref>

===Eggs and nests===
[[File:Protoceratops nest model 2.jpg|thumb|left|Model of ''Protoceratops'' hatchlings based on the ''Oviraptor'' [[nest]] AMNH 6508. This nest was originally thought to represent ''Protoceratops'' eggs]]
As part of the Third Central Asiatic Expedition of 1923, Andrews and team discovered the holotype specimen of ''[[Oviraptor]]'' in association with some of the first known fossilized dinosaur eggs (nest AMNH 6508), in the Djadokhta Formation. Each egg was elongated and hard-shelled, and due to the proximity and high abundance of ''Protoceratops'' in the [[Geological formation|formation]], these eggs were believed at the time to belong to this dinosaur. This resulted in the interpretation of the contemporary ''Oviraptor'' as an egg predatory animal, an interpretation also reflected in its generic name.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Osborn|first1=H. F.|date=1924|title=The discovery of an unknown continent|journal=Natural History|volume=24|issue=2|pages=133−149}}</ref><ref name=Osborn1924/> In [[1975 in paleontology|1975]], the Chinese paleontologist [[Zhao Zikui]] named the new [[oogenera]] ''[[Elongatoolithus]]'' and ''[[Macroolithus]]'', including them in a new [[oofamily]]: the [[Elongatoolithidae]]. As the name implies, they represent elongated dinosaur eggs, including some of referred ones to ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao|first1=Z. K.|date=1975|title=The microstructures of the dinosaurian eggshells of Nanxiong Basin, Guandong province. On the classification of dinosaur eggs|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume=13|issue=2|pages=105−117|language=Chinese|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200905/W020090813377364004471.pdf}}</ref>

In 1994 the Russian paleontologist Konstantin E. Mikhailov named the new oogenus ''[[Protoceratopsidovum]]'' from the [[Barun Goyot Formation|Barun Goyot]] and Djadokhta formations, with the type species ''P. sincerum'' and additional ''P. fluxuosum'' and ''P. minimum''. This [[ootaxon]] was firmly stated as belonging to protoceratopsid dinosaurs since they were the predominant dinosaurs where the eggs were found and some skeletons of ''Protoceratops'' were found in close proximity to ''Protoceratopsidovum'' eggs. More specifically, Mikhailov stated that ''P. sincerum'' and ''P. minimum'' were laid by ''Protoceratops'', and ''P. fluxuosum'' by ''Breviceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikhailov|first1=K. E.|date=1994|title=Theropod and protoceratopsian dinosaur eggs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia and Kazakhstan|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=28|issue=2|pages=101−120|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285873142}}</ref>
[[File:Citipatibcn4.JPG|thumb|Oviraptorid embryo MPC-D 100/971, a specimen that shed light on the identity of elongatoolithid eggs]]
However, also during 1994, Norell and colleagues reported and briefly described a fossilized [[theropod]] [[embryo]] inside an egg (MPC-D 100/971) from the Djadokhta Formation. They identified this embryo as an [[oviraptorid]] dinosaur and the eggshell, upon close examination, turned out be that of elongatoolithid eggs and thereby the oofamily Elongatoolithidae was concluded to represent the eggs of oviraptorids. This find proved that the nest AMNH 6508 belonged to ''Oviraptor'' and rather than an egg-thief, the holotype was actually a mature individual that perished brooding the eggs.<ref name=Norell1994>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Clark|first2=J. M.|last3=Dashzeveg|first3=D.|last4=Barsbold|first4=R.|last5=Chiappe|first5=L. M.|last6=Davidson|first6=A. R.|last7=McKenna|first7=M. C.|last8=Altangerel|first8=P.|last9=Novacek|first9=M. J.|date=1994|title=A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs Dinosaur eggs|journal=Science|volume=266|issue=5186|pages=779−782|bibcode=1994Sci...266..779N|doi=10.1126/science.266.5186.779|pmid=17730398|jstor=2885545|s2cid=22333224 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6110932}}</ref> Moreover, [[phylogenetic analyses]] published in 2008 by Darla K. Zelenitsky and François Therrien have shown that ''Protoceratopsidovum'' represents the eggs of a [[maniraptora]]n more derived than oviraptorids and not ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zelenitsky|first1=D. K.|last2=Therrien|first2=F.|date=2008|title=Phylogenetic analysis of reproductive traits of maniraptoran theropods and its implications for egg parataxonomy|journal=Palaeontology|volume=51|issue=4|pages=807−816|doi=10.1111/J.1475-4983.2008.00770.x|bibcode=2008Palgy..51..807Z |s2cid=84859809 |doi-access=}}</ref> The description of the eggshell of ''Protoceratopsidovum'' has further confirmed that they in fact belong to a maniraptoran, possibly [[deinonychosaur]] taxon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=S.|last2=Barta|first2=D. E.|last3=Moreno-Azanza|first3=M.|last4=Kim|first4=N-H.|last5=Shaw|first5=C. A.|last6=Varricchio|first6=D. J.|date=2022|title=Microstructural description of the maniraptoran egg Protoceratopsidovum|journal=Papers in Palaeontology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e1430|doi=10.1002/spp2.1430|s2cid=248337010 }}</ref>

Nevertheless, in 2011 an authentic nest of ''Protoceratops'' was reported and described by David E. Fastovsky and colleagues. The nest (MPC-D 100/530) containing 15 articulated juveniles was collected from the Tugriken Shireh locality of the Djadokhta Formation during the work of Mongolian-[[Japan]]ese paleontological expeditions.<ref name=Fastovsky2011/> Gregory M. Erickson and team in 2017 reported an embryo-bearing egg clutch (MPC-D 100/1021) of ''Protoceratops'' from the also fossiliferous Ukhaa Tolgod locality, discovered during paleontological expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History and [[Mongolian Academy of Sciences]]. This clutch comprises at least 12 eggs and embryos with only 6 embryos preserving nearly complete skeletons.<ref name=Erickson2017/> Norell with colleagues in 2020 examined fossilized remains around the eggs of this clutch which indicate a soft-shelled composition.<ref name=Norell2020S/>

===Fighting Dinosaurs===
[[File:'Fighting dinosaurs'Tugrugeen Shireh, Gobi Desert, 1971.jpg|thumb|left|Fossil of the Fighting Dinosaurs as found in the field, 1971]]
The [[Fighting Dinosaurs]] specimen preserves a ''Protoceratops'' (MPC-D 100/512) and ''Velociraptor'' (MPC-D 100/25) fossilized in combat and provides an important window regarding direct evidence of predator-prey behavior in non-avian dinosaurs.<ref name=Jaworowska1972>{{cite journal|last1=Kielan-Jaworowska|first1=Z.|last2=Barsbold|first2=R.|date=1972|title=Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions, 1967-1971|journal=Palaeontologia Polonica|volume=27|pages=1−12|url=http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1972-27_5-13_1-2.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Barsbolld1974/> In the 1960s and early 1970s, many Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions were conducted to the Gobi Desert with the objective of fossil findings. In 1971, the expedition explored several localities of the Djadokhta and [[Nemegt Formation|Nemegt]] formations. On August 3 several fossils of ''Protoceratops'' and ''Velociraptor'' were found including a block containing two of them at the Tugriken Shire locality (Djadokhta Formation) during fieldworks of the expedition. The individuals of this block were identified as a ''P. andrewsi'' and ''V. mongoliensis''. Although it was not fully understood the conditions surrounding their burial, it was clear that they died simultaneously in struggle.<ref name=Jaworowska1972/>

The specimen shortly became notorious and was nicknamed the Fighting Dinosaurs. It has been examined and studied by numerous researchers and paleontologists, debating on how the animals got buried and preserved altogether. Though a drowning scenario has been proposed by Barsbold,<ref name=Barsbolld1974/> such hypothesis is considered unlikely given the arid paleoenvironments or settings of the Djadokhta Formation. It is generally accepted that they were buried alive by either a collapsed [[dune]] or sandstorm.<ref name=Osmolska1993/><ref name=Unwin1995/><ref name=Barsbold2016/>

===Skin impressions and footprints===
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|image1 = Protoceratops with possible skin impressions.jpg
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|footer = AMNH 6418 specimen with possible skin impressions (left), and line diagram of footprint associated with specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3 (right)
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During the Third Central Asiatic Expedition in 1923, a nearly complete ''Protoceratops'' skeleton (specimen AMNH 6418) was collected at the Flaming Cliffs. Unlike other specimens, it was discovered in a rolled-up position with its [[skull]] preserving a thin, hard, and wrinkled layer of [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]] (surrounding [[sediments]]). This specimen was later described in 1940 by Brown and Schlaikjer, who discussed the nature of the matrix portion. They stated that this layer had a very [[skin]]-like texture and covered mostly the left side of the skull from the [[snout]] to the [[neck frill]]. Brown and Schlaikjer discarded the idea of possible skin impressions as this skin-like layer was likely a product of the [[Decomposition|decay]] and burial of the individual, making the sediments become highly attached to the skull.<ref name=Brown1940/>

The potential importance of these remains were not recognized and given attention, and by 2020 the specimen has already been completely prepared losing all traces of this skin-like layer. Some elements were damaged in the process such as the [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]].<ref name=Green2022>{{cite web|last1=Greenfield|first1=T.|date=2022|title=The lost Protoceratops mummy - Addendum|website=Incertae Sedis|publisher=WordPress|url=https://incertaesedisblog.wordpress.com/2020/04/11/the-lost-protoceratops-mummy/}}</ref> In 2022 Phil R. Bell and colleagues briefly described these potential soft tissues based on the photographs provided by Brown and Schlaikjer, as well as other ceratopsian soft tissues.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=P. R.|last2=Hendrickx|first2=C.|last3=Pittman|first3=M.|last4=Kaye|first4=T. G.|last5=Mayr|first5=G.|date=2022|title=The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs|journal=Communications Biology|volume=5|number=809|page=809 |doi=10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3|doi-access=free|pmc=9374759|pmid=35962036}}</ref> However, although the initial perception was that the entire skin-like layer had been removed, photographs shared by Czepiński during the same year have revealed that the right side of the skull remains intact, retaining much of this layer and pending further analysis.<ref name=Green2022/>

Also from the context of the Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions, in 1965 an articulated subadult ''Protoceratops'' skeleton (specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3) was collected from the Bayn Dzak locality of the Djadokhta Formation. In the 2000s during the [[Fossil preparation|preparation]] of the specimen, a fossilized cast of a four-toed [[digitigrade]] footprint was found below the pelvic girdle. This footprint was described in 2012 by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki and colleagues who considered it to represent one of the first reported finds of a dinosaur footprint in association with an articulated skeleton, and also the first one reported for ''Protoceratops''.<ref name=Nied2012>{{cite journal|last1=Niedźwiedzki|first1=G.|last2=Singer|first2=T.|last3=Gierliński|first3=G. D.|last4=Lockley|first4=M. G.|date=2012|title=A protoceratopsid skeleton with an associated track from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=33|issue=1 |pages=7−10|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2011.07.001|bibcode=2012CrRes..33....7N |url=https://juraparkbaltow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Niedzwiedzki-Singer-Gierlinski-and-Lockley-2011.pdf}}</ref> The limb elements of the skeleton of ZPAL Mg D-II/3 were described in 2019 by paleontologists Justyna Słowiak, Victor S. Tereshchenko and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik.<ref name=Justyna2019>{{cite journal|last1=Słowiak|first1=J.|last2=Tereshchenko|first2=V. S.|last3=Fostowicz-Frelik|first3=Ł.|date=2019|title=Appendicular skeleton of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): comparative morphology, ontogenetic changes, and the implications for non-ceratopsid ceratopsian locomotion|journal=PeerJ|volume=7|pages=e7324|doi=10.7717/peerj.7324|doi-access=free|pmc=6657679|pmid=31367485}}</ref> Tereshchenko in 2021 fully described the axial skeleton of this specimen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereshchenko|first1=V. S.|date=2021|title=Axial Skeleton of Subadult Protoceratops andrewsi from Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1408–1457|doi=10.1134/S0031030121120030|bibcode=2021PalJ...55.1408T |s2cid=247387644 }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Protoceratops size.png|thumb|left|Size comparison of two ''Protoceratops'' species]]
''Protoceratops'' was a relatively small-sized [[ceratopsia]]n, with both ''P. andrewsi'' and ''P. hellenikorhinus'' estimated up to {{convert|2|-|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holtz|first1=T. R.|last2=Rey|first2=L. V.|year=2007|title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780375824197}} [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Genus List for Holtz 2012] [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/appendix.html Weight Information]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Paul|first1=G. S.|year=2016|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691167664|edition=2nd|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=282}}</ref> and around {{convert|62|-|104|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in body mass.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Campione|first1=N. E.|last2=Evans|first2=D. C.|date=2020|title=The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=95|issue=6|pages=1759–1797|doi=10.1111/brv.12638|pmid=32869488|s2cid=221404013|doi-access=free}} [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12638#SupportingInformation Supporting Information]</ref> Although similar in overall body size, the latter had a relatively greater skull length.<ref name=Helleniko2001/> Both species can be differentiated by the following characteristics:

* '''''P. andrewsi''''' – Two teeth were present at the premaxilla; the snout was low and long; the nasal horn was a single, pointed structure; the bottom edge of the dentary was slightly curved.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>
* '''''P. hellenikorhinus''''' – Absence of premaxillary teeth; the snout was tall and broad; the nasal horn was divided into two pointed ridges; the bottom edge of the dentary was straight.<ref name=Helleniko2001/>

===Skull===
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|image1=Protoceratops MPC-D 100 551 skull.png
|caption1=Skull of ''P. andrewsi'' (MPC-D 100/551) in left lateral (A1-A2), dorsal (A3-A4), and right lateral (A5-A6) views

|image2=Protoceratops MPC-D 100 505 skull.png
|caption2=Skull of ''P. andrewsi'' (MPC-D 100/505) in right lateral (A1) and left lateral (A2) views

}}
The [[skull]] of ''Protoceratops'' was relatively large compared to its body and robustly built. The skull of the type species, ''P. andrewsi'', had an average total length of nearly {{convert|50|cm|mm|abbr=on}}. On the other hand ''P. hellenikorhinus'' had a total skull length of about {{convert|70|cm|mm|abbr=on}}. The rear of the skull gave form to a pronounced [[neck frill]] (also known as "parietal frill") mostly composed of the {{dinogloss|parietal}} and {{dinogloss|squamosal}} bones. The exact size and shape of the frill varied by individual; some had short, compact frills, while others had frills nearly half the length of the skull. The squamosal touched the {{dinogloss|jugal}} (cheekbone) and was very enlarged and high having a curved end that built the borders of the frill. The parietals were the posteriormost bones of the skull and major elements of the frill. In a top view they had a triangular shape and were joined by the {{dinogloss|frontal|frontals}} (bones of the [[skull roof]]). Both parietals were [[coossified]] (fused), creating a long ridge on the center of the frill. The jugal was deep and sharply developed and along with the {{dinogloss|quadratojugal}} they formed a horn-like extension that pointed to below at the lateral sides of the skull. The {{dinogloss|epijugal}} (tip region of the jugal) was separated from the jugal by a prominent [[Suture (anatomy)|suture]]; this suture was more noticeable in adults. The surfaces around the epijugal were coarse, indicating that it was covered by a [[Keratin|horny]] sheath. Unlike the much derived [[ceratopsids]], the frontal and [[postorbital]] bones of ''Protoceratops'' were flat and lacked horn cores or supraorbital horns. The {{dinogloss|palpebral}} (small spur-like bone) joined the prefrontal over the front of the [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] (eye socket). In ''P. hellenikorhinus'' the palpebral protruded upwards from the {{dinogloss|prefrontal}}, just above the orbit and slightly meeting the frontal, creating a small horn-like structure. The {{dinogloss|lacrimal}} was a near-rectangular bone located in front of the orbit, contributing to the shape of the latter. The [[sclerotic ring]] (structure that supports the [[eyeball]]), found inside the orbit, was circular in shape and formed by consecutive bony plates.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>

The [[snout]] was formed by the {{dinogloss|nasal}}, {{dinogloss|maxilla}}r, {{dinogloss|premaxilla}}r and {{dinogloss|rostral}} bones. The nasal was generally rounded but some individuals had a sharp nasal boss (a feature that has been called "nasal horn"). In ''P. hellenikorhinus'' this boss was divided in two sharp and long ridges. The maxilla was very deep and had up to 15 [[Dental alveolus|alveoli]] ([[tooth]] sockets) on its underside or teeth bearing surface. The premaxilla had two alveoli on its lower edge—a character that was present at least on ''P. andrewsi''. The rostral bone was devoid of teeth, high and triangular in shape. It had a sharp end and rough texture, which reflects that a [[rhamphotheca]] (horny [[beak]]) was present. As a whole, the skull had four pairs of [[Fenestra (anatomy)|fenestra]]e (skull openings). The foremost hole, the [[nares]] (nostril opening), was oval-shaped and considerably smaller than the nostrils seen in ceratopsids. ''Protoceratops'' had large orbits, which measured around {{convert|5|cm|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter and had irregular shapes depending on the individual. The forward facing and closely located orbits combined with a narrow snout, gave ''Protoceratops'' a well-developed [[binocular vision]]. Behind the eye was a slightly smaller fenestra known as the [[infratemporal fenestra]], formed by the curves of the jugal and squamosal. The last openings of the skull were two parietal fenestrae (holes in the frill).<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>
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|image1=Protoceratops andrewsi (1).jpg

|caption1=''P. andrewsi'' skull

|image2=Protoceratops hellenikorhinus 1.jpg

|caption2=''P. hellenikorhinus'' skull}}
The lower jaw of ''Protoceratops'' was a large element composed of the {{dinogloss|predentary}}, {{dinogloss|dentary}}, {{dinogloss|coronoid}}, {{dinogloss|angular}} and {{dinogloss|surangular}}. The predentary (frontmost bone) was very pointed and elongated, having a V-shaped [[symphyseal]] (bone union) region at the front. The dentary (teeth-bearing bone) was robust, deep, slightly recurved, and fused to the angular and surangular. A large and thick ridge ran along the lateral surface of the dentary that connected the coronoid [[Process (anatomy)|process]]—a bony projection that extends upwards from the upper surface of the lower jaw behind the tooth row—and surangular. It bore up to 12-14 alveoli on its top margin. Both predentary and dentary had a series of foramina (small pits), the latter mostly on its anterior end. The coronoid (highest point of the lower jaw) was blunt-shaped and touched by the coronoid process of the dentary, being obscured by the jugal. The surangular was near triangular in shape and in old individuals it was coossified together with the coronoid process. The angular was located below the two latter bones and behind the dentary. It was a large and somewhat rounded bone that complemented the curvature of the dentary. On its inner surface it was attached to the {{dinogloss|articular}}. The articular was a smaller bone and had a concavity on its inner surface for the articulation with the quadrate.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Helleniko2001/>

''Protoceratops'' had leaf-shaped dentary and maxillary teeth that bore several [[Denticle (tooth feature)|denticles]] (serrations) on their respective edges. The [[Crown (tooth)|crowns]] (upper exposed part) had two faces or lobes that were divided by a central ridge-like structure (also called "primary ridge"). The teeth were packed into a single row that created a shearing surface. Both dentary and maxillary teeth presented marked [[homodont]]y—a dental condition where the teeth share a similar shape and size. ''P. andrewsi'' bore two small, peg to spike-like teeth that were located on the underside of each premaxilla. The second premaxillary tooth was larger than the first one. Unlike dentary and maxillary teeth, the premaxillary dentition was devoid of denticles, having a relatively smooth surface. All teeth had a single root (lower part inserted in the alveoli).<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Yannicke1988/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanoue|first1=K.|last2=You|first2=H.-L.|last3=Dodson|first3=P.|date=2009|title=Comparative anatomy of selected basal ceratopsian dentitions|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=46|number=6|pages=425–439 |doi=10.1139/E09-030|bibcode=2009CaJES..46..425S |s2cid=58910055 }}</ref>

===Postcranial skeleton===
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi skeletal.png|thumb|Skeletal reconstruction of ''P. andrewsi'']]

The [[vertebral column]] of ''Protoceratops'' had nine cervical (neck), 12 dorsal (back), eight sacral (pelvic) and over 40 caudal (tail) vertebrae. The [[centra]] (centrum; body of the vertebrae) of the first three cervicals were coossified together ({{dinogloss|atlas}}, {{dinogloss|axis}} and third cervical respectively) creating a rigid structure. The neck was rather short and had poor flexibility. The atlas was the smallest cervical and consisted mainly of the centrum because the {{dinogloss|neural arch}} (upper, and pointy vertebral region) was a thin, narrow bar of bone that extended upwards and backwards to the base of the axis neural {{dinogloss|neural spine|spine}}. The capitular facet (attachment site for [[Haemal arch|chevron]]s; also known as cervical ribs) was formed by a low projection located near the base of the neural arch. The anterior facet of the atlas centrum was highly concave for the articulation of the {{dinogloss|occiput|occipital condyle}} of the skull. The neural arch and spine of the axis were notably larger than the atlas itself and any other cervical. The axial neural spine was broad and backwards developed being slightly connected to that of the third cervical. From the fourth to the ninth all cervicals were relatively equal in size and proportions. Their neural spines were smaller than the first three vertebrae and the development of the capitular facet diminished from the fourth cervical onwards.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Tereschenkko2007>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschenko|first1=V. S.|date=2007|title=Key to Protoceratopoid Vertebrae (Ceratopsia, Dinosauria) from Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=41|number=2|pages=175−188|doi=10.1134/S0031030107020086|bibcode=2007PalJ...41..175T |s2cid=84954199 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226106749}}</ref><ref name=Kuznetsov2010>{{cite journal|last1=Kuznetsov|first1=A. N.|last2=Tereschenko|first2=V. S.|date=2010|title=A Method for Estimation of Lateral and Vertical Mobility of Platycoelous Vertebrae of Tetrapods|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=44|number=2|pages=209−225|doi=10.1134/S0031030110020139|bibcode=2010PalJ...44..209K |s2cid=84321442 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225123163}}</ref>
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|image1 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 left humerus.png

|image2 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 radius & ulna.png

|image3 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 right ilium.png

|image4 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 ischia.png

|image5 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 right femur.png

|image6 = Protoceratops ZPAL MgD-II 3 right fibula & tibia.png

|image7 = Protoceratops hands.png

|image8 = Protoceratops feet.png

|footer = Forelimb (top), pelvic (middle), and hindlimb fossil bones (bottom) of specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3
}}
The {{dinogloss|dorsals|dorsal vertebrae}} were similar in shape and size. Their neural spines were elongated and sub-rectangular in shape with a tendency to become more elongated in posterior vertebrae. The centra were large and predominantly amphiplatian (flat on both facets) and circular when seen from the front. Sometimes in old individuals the last dorsal vertebra was somewhat coosified to the first sacral. The {{dinogloss|sacrals|sacral vertebrae}} were firmly coosified giving form to the sacrum, which was connected to the inner sides of both ilia. Their neural spines were broad, not coosified, and rather consistent in length. The centra were mainly opisthocoelous (concave on the posterior facet and convex on the anterior one) and their size became smaller towards the end. The {{dinogloss|caudals|caudal vertebrae}} decreased in size progressively towards the end and had very elongated neural spines in the mid-series, forming a [[Neural spine sail|sail]]-like structure. This elongation started from the first to the fourteenth caudal. The centra were {{dinogloss|centrum|heterocoelous}} (saddle-shaped at both facets). On the anterior caudals they were broad, however, from the twenty-fifth onwards the centra became elongated alongside the neural spines. On the underside of the caudal vertebrae a series of chevrons were attached, giving form to the lower part of the tail. The first chevron was located at the union of the third and fourth caudals. Chevrons three to nine were the largest and from the tenth onwards they became smaller.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Tereschenkko2007/><ref name=Kuznetsov2010/><ref name=Tereschhenko20133>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|last2=Singer|first2=T.|date=2013|title=Structural Features of Neural Spines of the Caudal Vertebrae of Protoceratopoids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=47|issue=6|pages=618−630|doi=10.1134/S0031030113060105|bibcode=2013PalJ...47..618T |s2cid=84639150 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263677535}}</ref>

All vertebrae of ''Protoceratops'' had ribs attached on the lateral sides, except for the series of caudals. The first five cervical ribs (sometimes called chevrons) were some of the shortest ribs, and among them the first two were longer than the rest. The third to the sixth dorsal (thoracic) ribs were the longest ribs in the skeleton of ''Protoceratops'', the following ribs became smaller in size as they progressed toward the end of the vertebral column. The two last dorsal ribs were the smallest, and the last of them was in contact with the internal surfaes of the ilium. Most of the sacral ribs were fused into the sacrum, and had a rather curved shape.<ref name=Brown1940/>
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|image1=Protoceratops andrewsi Restoration.png

|image2=Protoceratops hellenikorhinus Restoration.png

|footer=[[Paleoart|Life restorations]] of ''P. andrewsi'' (top) and ''P. hellenikorhinus'' (bottom)
}}
The [[pectoral girdle]] of ''Protoceratops'' was formed by the {{dinogloss|scapulocoracoid}} (fusion of the coracoid and scapula) and clavicle. The {{dinogloss|scapula|scapulae}} (shoulder blades) were relatively large and rounded on their inner sides. At their upper region, the scapulae were wide. At their lower region, the scapulae meet the coracoids. The {{dinogloss|coracoid|coracoids}} were relatively elliptical, and sometimes coosified (fused) to the scapulae. The clavicle of ''Protoceratops'' was an U to slightly V-shaped element that joined to the upper border of the scapulocoracoid. In its general form, the forelimbs of ''Protoceratops'' were shorted than the hindlimbs, and composed by the humerus, radius, and ulna. The {{dinogloss|humerus}} (upper arm bone) was large and slender, and at the lower part it meet with both radius and ulna. The {{dinogloss|radius}} had a slightly recurved shape and was longer than the ulna. A concavity was present on its upper part, serving as the connection with the humerus and forming the [[elbow]]. The {{dinogloss|ulna}} was a rather short bone with a straight shape. The [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]] (hand) of ''Protoceratops'' had five [[Digit (anatomy)|digits]] (fingers). The first three fingers had [[ungual]]s (claw bones) and were the largest digits. The last two were devoid of unguals and had a small size, mostly [[vestigial]] (retained, but without important function). Both hand and feet unguals were flat, blunt and hoof-like.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Justyna2019/>

The [[pelvic girdle]] was formed by the {{dinogloss|ilium}}, {{dinogloss|pubis}}, and {{dinogloss|ischium}}. The ilium was a large element, having a narrow preacetabular process (anterior end) and a wide postacetabular process (posterior end). The pubis was the smallest element of the pelvic girdle and it had an irregular shape, although its lower end was developed into a pointed bony projection downwards. The ischium was the longest bone of the pelvic girdle. It had an elongated shaft with a somewhat wide lower end. The hindlimbs of ''Protoceratops'' were rather long, with a slighter longer tibia (lower leg bone) than femur (thigh bone). The {{dinogloss|femur}} (thighbone) was robust and had a rather rounded and pronounced [[greater trochanter]], which was slightly recurved into the inner sides. The {{dinogloss|tibia}} (shinbone) was long and slender with a wide lower end. On its upper region a concavity was developed for the joint with the smaller {{dinogloss|fibula}}. The [[Pes (anatomy)|pes]] (foot) were composed of four {{dinogloss|metatarsal}} and four toes which bore shovel-like pedal unguals. The first metatarsal and toe were the smallest, while the other elements were of similar shape and length.<ref name=Brown1940/><ref name=Justyna2019/>

==Classification==
[[File:The dinosaur book - the ruling reptiles and their relatives (1951) (20213832929).jpg|thumb|left|Early interpretation of the evolutionary relationships of ''Protoceratops'' with [[ceratopsids]] upon its discovery; a notion now obsolete]]
''Protoceratops'' was in 1923 placed within the newly named [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Protoceratopsidae]] as the representative species by Granger and Gregory. This family was characterized by their overall primitive morphology in comparison to the more derived [[Ceratopsidae]], such as lack of well-developed horn cores and relative smaller body size. ''Protoceratops'' itself was considered by the authors to be somehow related to [[ankylosauria]]ns based on skull traits, with a more intensified degree to ''[[Triceratops]]'' and relatives.<ref name=Granger1923/> Gregory and Charles C. Mook in 1925 upon a more deeper analysis of ''Protoceratops'' and its overall morphology, concluded that this [[taxon]] represents a ceratopsian more primitive than ceratopsids and not an ankylosaur-ceratopsian ancestor.<ref name=Greggory1925/> In 1951 Edwin H. Colbert considered ''Protoceratops'' to represent a key ancestor for the ceratopsid lineage, suggesting that it ultimately led to the evolution of large-bodied ceratopsians such as ''[[Styracosaurus]]'' and ''Triceratops''. Such lineage was suggested to have started from the primitive ceratopsian ''[[Psittacosaurus]]''. He also regarded ''Protoceratops'' as one of the first "frilled" ceratopsians to appear in the fossil record.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colbert|first1=E. H.|date=1951|chapter=The Kinds of Dinosaurs|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The Dinosaur Book: The Ruling Reptiles and Their Relatives|pages=79−83|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.}}</ref>

However, in 1975 Maryanska and Osmolska argued that it is very unlikely that protoceratopsids evolved from [[psittacosaurid]]s, and also unlikely that they gave rise to the highly derived (advanced) ceratopsids. The first point was supported by the numerous anatomical differences between protoceratopsids and psittacosaurids, most notably the extreme reduction of some hand digits in the latter group—a trait much less pronounced in protoceratopsids. The second point was explained on the basis of the already derived anatomy in protoceratopsids like ''Bagaceratops'' or ''Protoceratops'' (such as the jaw morphology). Maryanska and Osmolska also emphasized that some early members of the Ceratopsidae reflect a much older evolutionary history.<ref name=Mary1975/> In 1998, paleontologist [[Paul Sereno]] formally defined Protoceratopsidae as the [[Taxonomic rank|branch]]-based [[clade]] including all [[coronosaurs]] closer to ''Protoceratops'' than to ''Triceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sereno|first1=P. C.|date=1998|title=A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|volume=210|issue=1|pages=41−83|doi=10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41|url=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/paulsereno/i/docs/98-NJrbPalaeAbh-PhyloDefs.pdf?mtime=1591820269}}</ref>
[[File:Ceratops.gif|thumb|''Protoceratops'' (A, D, E) compared to other ceratopsians]]
Furthermore, with the re-examinations of ''[[Turanoceratops]]'' in 2009 and ''[[Zuniceratops]]''—two critical ceratopsian taxa regarding the evolutionary history of ceratopsids—in 2010 it was concluded that the origin of ceratopsids is unrelated to, and older than the fossil record of ''Protoceratops'' and relatives.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sues|first1=H.-C.|last2=Averianov|first2=A.|date=2009|title=Turanoceratops tardabilis—the first ceratopsid dinosaur from Asia|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=96|issue=5 |pages=645–652|bibcode=2009NW.....96..645S|doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0518-9|pmid=19277598|s2cid=21951969 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5744203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolfe|first1=D. G.|last2=Kirkland|first2=J. I.|last3=Smith|first3=D.|last4=Poole|first4=K.|last5=Chinnery-Allgeier|first5=B.|last6=McDonald|first6=A.|date=2010|chapter=Zuniceratops christopheri: The North American Ceratopsid Sister Taxon Reconstructed on the Basis of New Data|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDnYPBjTkaIC&q=Zuniceratops|editor1-last=Ryan |editor1-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor2-first=B. J.|editor3-last=Eberth|editor3-first=D. A.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|pages=91−98|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35358-0}}</ref> In most recent/modern phylogenetic analyses ''Protoceratops'' and ''Bagaceratops'' are commonly recovered as [[sister taxa]], leaving the interpretations proposing direct relationships with more derived ceratopsians unsupported.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yiming He |author2=Peter J. Makovicky |author3=Kebai Wang |author4=Shuqing Chen |author5=Corwin Sullivan |author6=Fenglu Han |author7=Xing Xu |author8=Michael J. Ryan |author9=David C. Evans |author10=Philip J. Currie |author11=Caleb M. Brown |author12=Don Brinkman |year=2015 |title=A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia) with a Unique Ischium from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0144148 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144148 |pmid=26701114 |pmc=4689537 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1044148H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2019 Czepiński analyzed a vast majority of referred specimens to the ceratopsians ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' and ''[[Breviceratops]]'', and concluded that most were in fact specimens of the former. Although the genera ''Gobiceratops'', ''Lamaceratops'', ''Magnirostris'', and ''Platyceratops'', were long considered valid and distinct taxa, and sometimes placed within Protoceratopsidae, Czepiński found the diagnostic (identifier) features used to distinguish these taxa to be largely present in ''Bagaceratops'' and thus becoming synonyms of this genus. Under this reasoning, Protoceratopsidae consists of ''Bagaceratops'', ''Breviceratops'', and ''Protoceratops''. Below are the proposed relationships among Protoceratopsidae by Czepiński:<ref name=Czepiński19/>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Protoceratopsidae]]
|1={{clade
|label1='''''Protoceratops andrewsi'''''
|1={{clade
|1='''''Protoceratops hellnikorhinus'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Breviceratops|Breviceratops kozlowskii]]''
|2=''[[Bagaceratops|Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi]]'' }} }} }} }}

In 2019 Bitnara Kim and colleagues described a relatively well-preserved ''Bagaceratops'' skeleton from the [[Barun Goyot Formation]], noting numerous similarities with ''Protoceratops''. Even though their respective skull anatomy had substantial differences, their postcranial skeleton was virtually the same. The [[phylogenetic analysis]] performed by the team recovered both protoceratopsids as sister taxa, indicating that ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' were anatomically and [[Systematics|systematically]] related. Below is the obtained [[cladogram]], showing the position of ''Protoceratops'' and ''Bagaceratops'':<ref name=Kim2019/>
[[File:Protoceratopsidae size comparison.png|thumb|Size of ''Protoceratops'' (1, 3) compared with other protoceratopsids]]
{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Coronosauria]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Graciliceratops]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Protoceratopsidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bagaceratops]]''
|2=''Protoceratops'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Zuniceratops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Turanoceratops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ceratopsidae]] }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Leptoceratopsidae]] }} }} }}

===Evolution===
[[File:Bagaceratops & Protoceratops evolution.png|thumb|left|Hypothesized transition from ''P. andrewsi'' to ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'']]
Longrich and team in 2010 indicated that highly derived morphology of ''P. hellenikorhinus''—when compared to ''P. andrewsi''—indicates that this species may represent a lineage of ''Protoceratops'' that had a longer evolutionary history compared to ''P. andrewsi'', or simply a direct descendant of ''P. andrewsi''. The difference in morphologies between ''Protoceratops'' also suggests that the nearby [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] is slightly younger than the Djadokhta Formation.<ref name=Longrich2010>{{cite journal|last1=Longrich|first1=N. R.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Dong|first3=Z.|date=2010|title=A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia|journal=Palaeontology|volume=53|issue=5|pages=945−960|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x|bibcode=2010Palgy..53..945L |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2020, Czepiński analyzed several long-undescribed protoceratopsid specimens from the Udyn Sayr and Zamyn Khondt localities of the Djadokhta Formation. One specimen (MPC-D 100/551B) was shown to present skull traits that are intermediate between ''Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi'' (which is native to adjacent Bayan Mandahu and [[Barun Goyot]]) and ''P. andrewsi''. The specimen hails from the Udyn Sayr locality, where ''Protoceratops'' remains are dominant, and given the lack of more conclusive anatomical traits, Czepiński assigned the specimen as ''Bagaceratops'' sp. He explained that the presence of this ''Bagaceratops'' specimen in such unusual locality could be solved by: (1) the coexistence and [[sympatric]] (altogether) evolution of both ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' at this one locality; (2) the rise of ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'' in a different region and eventual migration to Udyn Sayr; (3) [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between the two protoceratopsids given the near placement of both Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta; (4) [[anagenetic]] (proggressive evolution) evolutionary transition from ''P. andrewsi'' to ''B. rozhdestvenskyi''. Among scenarios, an anagenetic transition was best supported by Czepiński given the fact that no definitive ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'' fossils are found in Udyn Sayr, as expected from a hybridization event; MPC-D 100/551B lacks a well-developed accessory antorbital fenestra (hole behind the nostril openings), a trait expected to be present if ''B. rozhdestvenskyi'' had migrated to the area; and many specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' recovered at Udyn Sayr already feature a decrease in the presence of primitive premaxillary teeth, hence supporting a growing change in the populations.<ref name=Czepiński2020>{{cite journal|last1=Czepiński|first1=Ł.|date=2020|title=New protoceratopsid specimens improve the age correlation of the Upper Cretaceous Gobi Desert strata|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=65|issue=3|pages=481−497|doi=10.4202/app.00701.2019|doi-access=free|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app65/app007012019.pdf}}</ref>

==Paleobiology==
===Feeding===
In 1955, paleontologist [[Georg Haas (paleontologist)|Georg Haas]] examined the overall skull shape of ''Protoceratops'' and attempted to reconstruct its [[Muscles of mastication|jaw musculature]]. He suggested that the large [[neck frill]] was likely an attachment site for masticatory muscles. Such placement of the muscles may have helped to anchor the lower jaws, useful for feeding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haas|first1=G.|date=1955|title=The Jaw Musculature in Protoceratops and in Other Ceratopsians|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=1729|pages=1−24|hdl=2246/2444|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2444//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1729.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Yannicke Dauphin and colleagues in 1988 described the [[Tooth enamel|enamel]] microstructure of ''Protoceratops'', observing a non-prismatic outer layer. They concluded that enamel shape does not relate to the [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or function of the [[teeth]] as most animals do not necessarily use teeth to process food. The maxillary teeth of ceratopsians were usually packed into a [[dental battery]] that formed vertical shearing blades which probably chopped the [[leaves]]. This feeding method was likely more efficient in protoceratopsids as the enamel surface of ''Protoceratops'' was coarsely-textured and the tips of the micro-serrations developed on the basis of the teeth, probably helping to crumble vegetation. Based on their respective peg-like shape and reduced microornamentation, Dauphin and colleagues suggested that the premaxillary teeth of ''Protoceratops'' had no specific function.<ref name=Yannicke1988>{{cite journal|last1=Dauphin|first1=Y.|last2=Jaeger|first2=J.-J.|last3=Osmólska|first3=H.|date=1988|title=Enamel microstructure of ceratopsian teeth (Reptilia, Archosauria)|journal=Geobios|volume=21|issue=3|pages=319−327|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(88)80056-1|bibcode=1988Geobi..21..319D }}</ref>

In 1991, the paleontologist [[Gregory S. Paul]] stated that contrary to the popular view of ornithischians as obligate [[herbivore]]s, some groups may have been opportunistic [[Carnivore|meat-eater]]s, including the members of Ceratopsidae and Protoceratopsidae. He pointed out that their prominent parrot-like beaks and shearing teeth along with powerful muscles on the jaws suggest an omnivore diet instead, much like [[pig]]s, [[Warthog|hog]]s, [[boar]]s and [[entelodont]]s. Such scenario indicates a possible competition with the more predatory [[theropods]] over [[Carrion|carcasses]], however, as the animal tissue ingestion was occasional and not the bulk of their diet, the [[Energy flow (ecology)|energy flow]] in [[ecosystem]]s was relatively simple.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paul|first1=G. S.|date=1991|title=The many myths, some old, some new, of dinosaurology|journal=Modern Geology|volume=16|pages=69−99|url=http://gspauldino.com/Myths.pdf}}</ref> You Hailu and Peter Dodson in 2004 suggested that the premaxillary teeth of ''Protoceratops'' may have been useful for selective cropping and feeding.<ref name=Hailu2004>{{cite book|last1=Hailu|first1=Y.|last2=Dodson|first2=P.|year=2004|chapter=Basal Ceratopsia|chapter-url=https://content.ucpress.edu/pages/2601001/2601001.ch22.pdf|editor-last1=Weishampel|editor-first1=D. B.|editor-last2=Dodson|editor-first2=P.|editor-last3=Osmólska|editor-first3=H.|title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd|page=493|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520941434}}</ref>

In 2009, Kyo Tanque and team suggested that basal ceratopsians, such as protoceratopsids, were most likely low [[Browsing (herbivory)|browsers]] due to their relatively small body size. This low-browsing method would have allowed to feed on [[foliage]] and [[fruit]]s within range, and large basal ceratopsians may have consumed tougher [[seed]]s or [[plant]] material not available to smaller basal ceratopsians.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanoue|first1=K.|last2=Grandstaff|first2=B. S.|last3=You|first3=H.-L.|last4=Dodson|first4=P.|date=2009|title=Jaw Mechanics in Basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria)|journal=The Anatomical Record|volume=292|issue=9|pages=1352−1369|doi=10.1002/ar.20979|doi-access=free|pmid=19711460}}</ref>

[[David J. Button]] and [[Lindsay E. Zanno]] in 2019 performed a large phylogenetic analysis based on skull [[Biomechanics|biomechanical]] characters—provided by 160 [[Mesozoic]] dinosaur species—to analyze the multiple emergences of herbivory among non-avian dinosaurs. Their results found that herbivorous dinosaurs mainly followed two distinct modes of feeding, either processing food in the gut—characterized by relatively gracile skulls and low [[Bite force quotient|bite forces]]—or the mouth, which was characterized by features associated with extensive processing such as high bite forces and robust jaw musculature. Ceratopsians (including protoceratopsids), along with ''[[Euoplocephalus]]'', ''[[Hungarosaurus]]'', [[parkosaurid]], [[ornithopod]] and [[heterodontosaurine]] dinosaurs, were found to be in the former category, indicating that ''Protoceratops'' and relatives had strong bite forces and relied mostly on its jaws to process food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Button|first1=D. J.|last2=Zanno|first2=L. E.|date=2019|title=Repeated Evolution of Divergent Modes of Herbivory in Non-avian Dinosaurs|journal=Current Biology|volume=30|issue=1|pages=158−168|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.050|doi-access=free|pmid=31813611|s2cid=208652510|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)31390-9.pdf}}</ref>

===Ontogeny===
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|image1=Protoceratops growth series.jpg

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|footer=''P. andrewsi'' growth series, featuring the changes in the neck frill
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Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 upon their large description and revision of ''Protoceratops'' remarked that the orbits, frontals, and lacrimals suffered a shrinkage in relative size as the animal aged; the top border of the nostrils became more vertical; the nasal bones progressively became elongated and narrowed; and the [[neck frill]] as a whole also increases in size with age. The neck frill specifically, underwent a dramatic change from a small, flat, and almost rounded structure in juveniles to a large, fan-like one in fully mature ''Protoceratops'' individuals.<ref name=Brown1940/> In 2001, Lambert and colleagues considered the development of the two nasal "horns" of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' to be a trait that was delayed in relation to the appearance of [[sex]]ual-discriminant traits. This was based on the fact that one small specimen (IMM 96BM2/1) has a skull size slightly larger than a presumed sexually mature ''P. andrewsi'' skull (AMNH 6409), and yet it lacks double nasal horns present in fully mature ''P. hellenikorhinus''.<ref name=Helleniko2001/>

Makovicky and team in 2007 conducted a [[histological]] analysis on several specimens of ''Protoceratops'' from the [[American Museum of Natural History]] collections in order to provide insights into the life history of ''Protoceratops''. The examined fossil bones indicated that ''Protoceratops'' slowed its [[ontogeny]] (growth) around 9–10 years of life, and it ceased around 11–13 years. They also observed that the maximum or latest stage of development of the neck frill and nasal horn occurred in the oldest ''Protoceratops'' individuals, indicating that such traits were ontogenically variable (meaning that they varied with age). Makovicky and team also stated that as the maximum/radical changes on the neck frill and nasal horn were present in most adult individuals, trying to differentiate [[sexual dimorphism]] (anatomical differences between sexes) in adult ''Protoceratops'' may not be a good practice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|last2=Sadler|first2=R.|last3=Dodson|first3=P.|last4=Erickson|first4=G. M.|last5=Norell|first5=M. A.|date=2007|title=Life history of Protoceratops andrewsi from Bayn Zag, Mongolia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=27|issue=supp. 003|pages=109A|doi=10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458|s2cid=220411226 }}</ref>

David Hone and colleagues in 2016 upon their analysis of ''P. andrewsi'' neck frills, found that the frill of ''Protoceratops'' was disproportionally smaller in juveniles, grew at a rapid rate than the rest of the animal during its ontogeny, and reached a considerable size only in large adult individuals. Other changes during ontogeny include the elongation of the premaxillary teeth that are smaller in juveniles and enlarged in adults, and the enlargement of middle neural spines in the tail or caudal vertebrae, which appear to grow much taller when approaching [[adult]]hood.<ref name=Hone2016/>
[[File:Protoceratops ontogeny sizes.png|thumb|Four growth stages of ''Protoceratops'', from left to right: adult, sub-adult, juvenile and small juvenile (near [[perinate]]). Scale bar is {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}]]
In 2017, Mototaka Saneyoshi with team analyzed several ''Protoceratops'' specimens from the [[Djadokhta Formation]], noting that from [[perinate]]/juvenile to subadult individuals, the parietal and squamosal bones increased their sides to posterior sides of the skull. From subadult to adult individuals, the squamosal bone increased in size more than the parietal bone, and the frill expanded to a top direction. The team concluded that the frill of ''Protoceratops'' can be characterized by these ontogenetic changes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saneyoshi|first1=M.|last2=Mishima|first2=S.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Mainbayar|first4=B.|date=2017|title=Morphological changes of Protoceratops andrewsi skull with ontogenetic processes|journal=Naturalistae|number=21|pages=1−6|language=ja|url=http://www1.ous.ac.jp/garden/kenkyuhoukoku/21/Naturalistae-2017feb-1-6.pdf}}</ref>

In 2018, paleontologists Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik and Justyna Słowiak studied the bone histology of several specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' through cross-sections, in order to analyze the growth changes in this dinosaur. The sampled elements consisted of neck frill, femur, tibia, fibula, ribs, humerus and radius bones, and showed that the histology of ''Protoceratops'' remained rather uniform throughout ontogeny. It was characterized by simple fibrolamellar bone—bony tissue with an irregular, [[Fiber|fibrous]] texture and filled with [[blood vessel]]s—with prominent [[Bone#Composition|woven]]-fibered bone and low [[bone remodeling]]. Most bones of ''Protoceratops'' preserve a large abundance of bone fibers (including [[Sharpey's fibres]]), which likely gave strength to the [[Organ (biology)|organ]] and enhanced its elasticity. The team also find that the growth rate of the femur increased at the subadult stage, suggesting changes in bone proportions, such as the elongation of the hindlimbs. This growth rate is mostly similar to that of other small herbivorous dinosaurs such as primitive ''Psittacosaurus'' or ''[[Scutellosaurus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fostowicz-Frelik|first1=Ł.|last2=Słowiak|first2=J.|date=2018|title=Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=63|issue=3|pages=503−517|doi=10.4202/app.00463.2018|doi-access=free|url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app004632018.pdf}}</ref>

===Movement===
[[File:Protoceratops juvenile and adult differences.jpg|thumb|left|Key differences between ''Protoceratops'' adults and juveniles]]
In 1996, Tereshchenko reconstructed the walking model of ''Protoceratops'' where he considered the most likely scenario to be ''Protoceratops'' as an obligate [[quadruped]] given the proportions of its limbs. The main gait of ''Protoceratops'' was probably [[trot]]-like mostly using its hindlimbs and it is unlikely to have used an asymmetric gait. If trapped in a specific situation (like danger or foraging), ''Protoceratops'' could have employed a rapid, [[facultative bipedalism]]. He also noted that the flat and wide pedal unguals of ''Protoceratops'' may have allowed efficient walking through loose terrain, such as [[sand]] which was common on its surroundings. Tereshchenko using [[speed]] [[equation]]s also estimated the average maximum walking speed of ''Protoceratops'' at about 3 km/h ([[kilometres per hour]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|date=1996|title=A Reconstruction of the Locomotion of Protoceratops|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=30|issue=2|pages=232−245|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288362836}}</ref>

Upon the analysis of the forelimbs of several ceratopsians, Phil Senter in 2007 suggested that the hands of ''Protoceratops'' could reach the ground when the hindlimbs were upright, and the overall forelimb morphology and range of motion may reflect that it was at least a facultative (optional) quadruped. The forelimbs of ''Protoceratops'' could sprawl laterally but not for quadrupedal locomotion, which was accomplished with the [[elbow]]s tucked in.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Senter|first1=P.|date=2007|title=Analysis of forelimb function in basal ceratopsians|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=273|issue=3|pages=305−314|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00329.x}}</ref> In 2010 Alexander Kuznetsov and Tereshchenko analyzed several vertebrae series of ''Protoceratops'' in order to estimate overall mobility, and concluded that ''Protoceratops'' had greater lateral mobility in the presacral (pre-hip) vertebrae series and reduced vertical mobility in the cervical (neck) region.<ref name=Kuznetsov2010/> The fossilized footprint associated with the specimen ZPAL Mg D-II/3 described by Niedźwiedzki in 2012 indicates that ''Protoceratops'' was [[digitigrade]], meaning that it walked with its [[toe]]s supporting the body weight.<ref name=Nied2012/>

In 2019 however, Słowiak and team described the limb elements of ZPAL Mg D-II/3, which represents a sub-adult individual, and noted a mix of characters typical of [[bipedal]] ceratopsians such as a narrow glenoid with scapular blade and an arched femur. The absence of these traits in mature individuals indicates that young ''Protoceratops'' were capable of facultative bipedal locomotion and adults had an obligate quadrupedal stance. Even though adult ''Protoceratops'' were stocky and quadruped, their tibia-femur length ratio—the tibia being longer than femur, a trait present in bipedal ceratopsians—suggests the ability to occasionally stand on their hindlimbs. Słowiak and team also suggested that the flat and wide hand unguals (claw bone) of ''Protoceratops'' may have been useful for moving on loose terrain (such as sand) without sinking.<ref name=Justyna2019/>

===Digging behavior===
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi right leg.jpg|thumb|Fossil cast of ''P. andrewsi'' showing left hindlimb, equipped with large, flat, shovel-like unguals]]
Longrich in 2010 proposed that ''Protoceratops'' may have used its hindlimbs to [[Fossorial|dig burrows]] or take shelter under [[bushes]] and/or scrapes in order to escape the hottest [[temperature]]s of the [[Daytime|day]]. A digging action with the hindlimbs was likely facilitated by the strong [[caudofemoralis]] muscle and its large feet equipped with flat, shovel-like unguals. As this behavior would have been common in ''Protoceratops'', it predisposed individuals to become entombed alive during the sudden collapse of their [[burrow]]s and high energy sand-bearing events—such as [[sandstorm]]s—and thus explaining the standing ''[[in-situ]]'' posture of some specimens. Additionally, Longrich suggested that a backward burrowing could explain the preservation of some specimens pointing forward with curved tails.<ref name=Longriich20110/>

In 2019, Victoria M. Arbour and David C. Evans cited the robusticity of the ulna of ''[[Ferrisaurus]]'' as a useful feature for digging, which may have been also true for ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arbour|first1=V. M.|last2=Evans|first2=D. C.|date=2019|title=A new leptoceratopsid dinosaur from Maastrichtian-aged deposits of the Sustut Basin, northern British Columbia, Canada|journal=PeerJ|volume=7|pages=e7926|doi=10.7717/peerj.7926|doi-access=free|pmc=6842559|pmid=31720103}}</ref>

===Tail function===
[[File:Protoceratops tail spines (2).jpg|thumb|left|Elevated neural spines of the caudal (tail) vertebrae of an assigned ''Protoceratops'' specimen]]
Gregory and Mook in 1925 suggested that ''Protoceratops'' was partially [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] because of its large feet—being larger than the hands—and the very long neural spines found in the caudal (tail) vertebrae.<ref name=Greggory1925/> Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 indicated that the expansion of the distal (lower) ischial end may reflect a strong ischiocaudalis muscle, which together with the high tail neural spines were used for [[Aquatic locomotion|swimming]].<ref name=Brown1940/> Barsbold in his brief 1974 description of the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]] specimen accepted this hypothesis and suggested that ''Protoceratops'' was amphibious (water-adapted) and had well-developed swimming capacities based on its side to side flattened tail with very high neural spines.<ref name=Barsbolld1974/>

Jack Bowman Bailey in 1997 disagreed with previous aquatic hypotheses and indicated that the high caudal neural spines were instead more reminiscent of bulbous tails of some [[desert]] [[lizard]] species (such as ''[[Heloderma]]'' or ''[[Uromastyx]]''), which are related to store [[fat]] with [[metabolic water]] in the tail. He considered a swimming adaptation unlikely given the [[arid]] settings of the Djadokhta Formation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. B.|date=1997|title=Neural Spine Elongation in Dinosaurs: Sailbacks or Buffalo-Backs?|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=71|issue=6|pages=1124−1146|doi=10.1017/S0022336000036076|jstor=1306608|bibcode=1997JPal...71.1124B |s2cid=130861276 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280721656}}</ref>

In 2008, based on the occurrence of some ''Protoceratops'' specimens in [[fluvial]] (river-deposited) [[sediment]]s from the Djadokhta Formation and {{dinogloss|centrum|heterocoelous}} (vertebral centra that are saddle-shaped at both ends) caudal vertebrae of protoceratopsids, Tereshchenko concluded that the elevated caudal spines are a swimming adaptation. He proposed that protoceratopsids moved through [[water]] using their laterally-flattened tails as a [[Webbed foot|paddle]] to aid in swimming. According to Tereschenko, ''[[Bagaceratops]]'' was fully aquatic while ''Protoceratops'' was only partially aquatic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|date=2008|title=Adaptive Features of Protoceratopsids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=3|pages=50−64|doi=10.1134/S003103010803009X|bibcode=2008PalJ...42..273T |s2cid=84366476 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226432157}}</ref> Longrich in 2010 argued that the high tail and frill of ''Protoceratops'' may have helped it to shed excess [[heat]] during the day—acting as large-surface structures—when the animal was active in order to survive in the relatively arid environments of the Djadokhta Formation without highly developed [[Cooling down|cooling mechanisms]].<ref name=Longriich20110>{{cite book|last1=Longrich|first1=N. R.|date=2010|chapter=The Function of Large Eyes in Protoceratops: A Nocturnal Ceratopsian?|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWpQW_WhPAsC&pg=PA308|editor1-last=Ryan |editor1-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor2-first=B. J.|editor3-last=Eberth|editor3-first=D. A.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|pages=308−327|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35358-0}}</ref>
[[File:Koreaceratops_NT.jpg|thumb|''Koreaceratops'' restored in a swimming behavior. This hypothesis has not yet reached a consensus]]
In 2011, during the description of ''[[Koreaceratops]]'', Yuong-Nam Lee and colleagues found the above swimming hypotheses hard to prove based on the abundance of ''Protoceratops'' in [[Aeolian processes|eolian]] (wind-deposited) sediments that were deposited in prominent arid environments. They also pointed out that while taxa such as ''[[Leptoceratops]]'' and ''[[Montanoceratops]]'' are recovered from fluvial sediments, they are estimated to be some of the poorest swimmers. Lee and colleagues concluded that even though the tail morphology of ''Koreaceratops''—and other basal ceratopsians—does not argues against swimming habits, the cited evidence for it is insufficient.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Y.-N.|last2=Ryan|first2=M. J.|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Y.|date=2011|title=The first ceratopsian dinosaur from South Korea|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=98|issue=1|pages=39−49|bibcode=2011NW.....98...39L|doi=10.1007/s00114-010-0739-y|pmid=21085924|s2cid=23743082|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/31549/files/PAL_E590.pdf}}</ref>

Tereschhenko in 2013 examined the structure of the caudal vertebrae spines of ''Protoceratops'', concluding that it had adaptations for [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] and aquatic habits. Observations made found that the high number of caudal vertebrae may have been useful for swimming and use the tail to counter-balance weight. He also indicated that the anterior caudals were devoid of high neural spines and had increased mobility—a mobility that stars to decrease towards the high neural spines—, which suggest that the tail could be largely raised from its base. It is likely that ''Protoceratops'' raised its tail as a signal ([[Display (zoology)|display]]) or females could use this method during [[Oviparity|egg laying]] in order to expand and relax the [[cloaca]].<ref name=Tereschhenko20133/>

In 2016, Hone and team indicated that the tail of ''Protoceratops'', particularly the mid region with elevated neural spines, could have been used in display to impress potential mates and/or for species recognition. The tail may have been related with structures like the frill for displaying behavior.<ref name=Hone2016/>

Kim with team in 2019 cited the elongated tail spines as well-suited for swimming. They indicated that both ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' may have used their tails in a similar fashion during similar situations, such as swimming, given how similar their postcranial skeletons were. The team also suggested that a swimming adaptation could have been useful to avoid aquatic predators, such as [[crocodylomorphs]].<ref name=Kim2019>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=B.|last2=Yun|first2=H.|last3=Lee|first3=Y.-N.|date=2019|title=The postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) from the Baruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hermiin Tsav of southwestern Gobi, Mongolia|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of Korea|volume=55|number=2|pages=179−190|doi=10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.2.179|s2cid=150321203 |doi-access=|url=http://www.jgsk.or.kr/_common/do.php?a=current&b=21&bidx=1526&aidx=19356#JGSK_2019_v55n2_179_B19}}</ref>

===Social behavior===
{{multiple image
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|image1=Protoceratops specimen block MPC-D 100 526.png

|caption1=''P. andrewsi'' specimen MPC-D 100/526

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|caption2=''P. andrewsi'' specimen MPC-D 100/534
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Tomasz Jerzykiewiczz in 1993 reported several [[monospecific]] (containing only one dominant species) death assemblages of ''Protoceratops'' from the Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta formations. A group of five medium-sized and adult ''Protoceratops'' was observed at the Bayan Mandahu locality. Individuals within this assemblage were lying on their bellies with their heads facing upwards, side by side parallel-aligned, and inclined about 21 [[Degree symbol|degrees]] from the horizontal plane. Two other groups were found at the Tugriken Shireh locality; one group containing six individuals and another group of about 12 skeletons.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>

In 2014, David W. E. Hone and colleagues reported and described two blocks containing death assemblages of ''P. andrewsi'' from Tugriken Shireh. The first block (MPC-D 100/526) comprises four juvenile individuals in close proximity with their heads pointing upwards, and the second block (MPC-D 100/534) is composed of two sub-adults with a horizontal orientation. Based on previous assemblages and the two blocks, the team determined that ''Protoceratops'' was a [[Social behavior|social dinosaur]] that formed [[herd]]s throughout its life and such herds would have varied in composition, with some including adults, sub-adults, siblings from a single nest or local members of a herd joining shortly after hatching. However, as the group could have loss members by [[predation]] or other factors, the remnants individuals would [[Sociality|aggregate]] into larger groups to increase their survival. Hone and colleagues in particular suggested that juveniles would aggregate primarily as a [[Anti-predator adaptation|defense against predators]] and an increased protection from the multiple adults within the group. The team also indicated that, while ''Protoceratops'' provides direct evidence for the formation of single cohort aggregations throughout its lifespan, it cannot be ruled out the possibility that some ''Protoceratops'' were solitary.<ref name=Hone2014>{{cite journal|last1=Hone|first1=D. W. E.|last2=Farke|first2=A. A.|last3=Watabe|first3=M.|last4=Shigeru|first4=S.|last5=Tsogtbaatar|first5=K.|date=2014|title=A New Mass Mortality of Juvenile Protoceratops and Size-Segregated Aggregation Behaviour in Juvenile Non-Avian Dinosaurs|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e113306|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0113306|doi-access=free|pmc=4245121|pmid=25426957|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k3306H }}</ref>

===Sexual dimorphism and display===
[[File:Protoceratops variation.png|thumb|Diagram featuring specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' and ''P. hellenikorhinus'']]
Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 upon their large analysis of ''Protoceratops'' noted the potential presence of [[sexual dimorphism]] among specimens in ''P. andrewsi'', concluding that this condition could be entirely subjective or represent actual differences between [[sex]]es. Individuals with a high nasal horn, massive prefrontals, and frontoparietal depression were tentatively determined as [[male]]s. [[Female]]s were mostly characterized by the lack of well-developed nasal horns.<ref name=Brown1940/> In 1972 Kurzanov made comparisons between ''P. andrewsi'' skulls from Bayn Dzak and Tugriken Shireh, noting differences on the nasal horn within populations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kurzanov|first1=S. M.|date=1972|title=Sexual dimorphism in protoceratopsians|journal=Paleontological Journal|issue=1|pages=91−97|language=ru}}</ref>

[[Peter Dodson]] in 1996 used anatomical characters of the skull in ''P. andrewsi'' in order to quantify areas subject to ontogenic changes and sexual dimorphism. In total, 40 skull characters were measured and compared, including regions like the frill and nasal horn. Dodson found most of these characters to be highly variable across specimens, especially the frill which he interpreted to have had a bigger role in [[Display (zoology)|displaying behavior]] than simply serving as a site of masticatory muscles. He considered unlikely such interpretation based on the relative fragility of some frill bones and the large individual variation, which may have affected the development of those muscles. The length of the frill was found by Dodson to have a rather irregular growth in specimens, as juvenile AMNH 6419 was observed with a frill length smaller than other juveniles. He agreed with Brown and Schlaikjer in that a high, well-developed nasal horn represents a male trait and the opposite indicates females. In addition, Dodson suggested that traits like the nasal horn and frill in male ''Protoceratops'' may have been important visual displays for attracting females and repelling other males, or even predators. Lastly, he noted that both males and females had not significant disparity in body size, and that [[sexual maturity]] in ''Protoceratops'' could be recognised at the moment when males can be distinguished from females.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dodson|first1=P.|date=1976|title=Quantitative Aspects of Relative Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in Protoceratops|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=50|issue=5|pages=929−940|jstor=1303590}}</ref>

In 2001, Lambert and team upon the description of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' also noted variation within individuals. For instance, some specimens (e.g., holotype IMM 95BM1/1) preserve high nasal bones with a pair of horns; relatively short antorbital length; and vertically oriented nostrils. Such traits were regarded as representing male ''P. hellenikorhinus''. The other group of skulls is characterized by low nasals that have undeveloped horns; a relatively longer antorbital length; and more oblique nostrils. These individuals were considered as females. The team however, was not able to produce deeper analysis regarding sexual dimorphism in ''P. hellenikorhinus'' due to the lack of complete specimens.<ref name=Helleniko2001/> Also in 2001, Tereschhenko analized several specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' in order to evaluate sexual dimorphism. He found 19 anatomical differences in the [[vertebral column]] and [[pelvic region]] of regarded male and female ''Protoceratops'' individuals, which he considered to represent actual sexual characters.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschhenko|first1=V. S.|date=2001|title=Sexual Dimorphism in the Postcranial Skeleton of Protoceratopsids (Neoceratopsia, Protoceratopsidae) from Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=35|issue=4|pages=415−425|hdl=123456789/25744|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272152287}}</ref>

In 2012, Naoto Handa and colleagues described four specimens of ''P. andrewsi'' from the Udyn Sayr locality of the Djadokhta Formation. They indicated that sexual dimorphism in this population was marked by a prominent nasal horn in males—trait also noted by other authors—relative wider nostrils in females, and a wider neck frill in males. Despite maintaining the skull morphology of most ''Protoceratops'' specimens (such as premaxillary teeth), the neck frill in this population was straighter with a near triangular shape. Handa and team in addition found variation across this Udyn Sayr sample and classified them in three groups. First group includes individuals with a well-developed bony ridge on the lateral surface of the squamosal bone, and the posterior border of the squamosal is backwards oriented. Second group had a fairly rounded posterior border of the squamosal, and a long and well-developed bony ridge on the posterior border of the parietal bone. Lastly, the third group was characterized by a curved posterior border of the squamosal and a notorious rugose texture on the top surface of the parietal. Such skull traits were regarded as marked [[Genetic variability|intraspecific variation]] within ''Protoceratops'', and they differ from other populations across the Djadokhta Formation (like Tugriken Shireh), being unique to the Udyn Sayr region. These neck frill morphologies differ from those of ''Protoceratops'' from the Djadokhta Formation in the adjacent dinosaur locality Tugrikin Shire. The morphological differences among the Udyn Sayr specimens may indicate intraspecific variation of ''Protoceratops''.<ref name=Handa2012>{{cite journal|last1=Handa|first1=N.|last2=Watabe|first2=M.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|date=2012|title=New Specimens of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Upper Cretaceous in Udyn Sayr, Southern Gobi Area, Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Research|volume=16|issue=3|pages=179−198|doi=10.2517/1342-8144-16.3.179|s2cid=130903035 }}</ref> A large and well-developed bony ridge on the parietal has been observed on another ''P. andrewsi'' specimen, MPC-D 100/551, also from Udyn Sayr.<ref name=Czepiński2020/>
[[File:Protoceratops andrewsi male & femake.png|thumb|left|Hypothetical male (left, AMNH 6438) and female (AMNH 6466) ''P. andrewsi'' compared]]
However, Leonardo Maiorino with team in 2015 performed a large [[Morphometrics#Landmark-based geometric morphometrics|geometric morphometric]] analysis using 29 skulls of ''P. andrewsi'' in order to evaluate actual sexual dimorphism. Obtained results indicated that other than the nasal horn—which remained as the only skull trait with potential sexual dimorphism—all previously suggested characters to differentiate hyphotetical males from females were more linked to ontogenic changes and intraspecific variation independent of sex, most notably the neck frill. The geometrics showed no consistent morphological differences between specimens that were regarded as males and females by previous authors, but also a slight support for differences in the rostrum across the sample. Maiorino and team nevertheless, cited that the typical regarded ''Protoceratops'' male, AMNH 6438, pretty much resembles the rostrum morphology of AMNH 6466, a typical regarded female. However, they suggested that authentic differences between sexes could be still present in the postcranial skeleton. Although previously suggested for ''P. hellenikorhinus'', the team argued that the sample used for this species was not sufficient, and given that sexual dimorphism was not recovered in ''P. andrewsi'', it is unlikely that it occurred in ''P. hellenikorhinus''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maiorino|first1=L.|last2=Farke|first2=A. A.|last3=Kotsakis|first3=T.|last4=Piras|first4=P.|date=2015|title=Males Resemble Females: Re-Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism in Protoceratops andrewsi (Neoceratopsia, Protoceratopsidae)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0126464|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0126464|doi-access=free|pmc=4423778|pmid=25951329}}</ref>

In 2016, Hone and colleagues analyzed 37 skulls of ''P. andrewsi'', finding that the neck frill of ''Protoceratops'' (in both length and width) underwent positive allometry during ontongeny, that is, a faster growth/development of this region than the rest of the animal. The jugal bones also showed a trend towards an increase in relative size. These results suggest that they functioned as socio-sexual dominance signals, or, they were mostly used in display. The use of the frill as a displaying structure may be related to other anatomical features of ''Protoceratops'' such as the premaxillary teeth (at least for ''P. andrewsi'') which could have been used in display or [[intraspecific combat]], or the high neural spines of tail. On the other hand, Hone and team argued that if neck frills were instead used for [[Protection|protective]] purposes, a large frill may have acted as an [[aposematic]] (warning) signal to predators. However, such strategies are most effective when the taxon is rare in the overall environment, opposed to ''Protoceratops'' which appears to be an extremely [[Abundance (ecology)|abundant]] and medium-sized dinosaur.<ref name=Hone2016>{{cite journal|last1=Hone|first1=D. W. E.|last2=Wood|first2=D.|last3=Knell|first3=R. J.|date=2016|title=Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|number=19.1.5A|pages=1−13|doi=10.26879/591|doi-access=free|url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/591.pdf}}</ref>

Tereschenko in 2018 examined the cervical vertebrae series of six ''P. andrewsi'' specimens. Most of them had differences in the same exact vertebra, such as the shape and proportions of the vertebral centra and orientation of neural arches. According these differences, four groups were identified, concluding that individual variation was extended to the vertebral column of ''Protoceratops''.<ref name=Tereschenko2018/>

In 2020 nevertheless, Andrew C. Knapp and team conducted morphometric analyses of a large sample of ''P. andrewsi'' specimens, primarily confluding that the neck frill of ''Protoceratops'' has no indicators or evidence for being sexually dimorphic. Obtained results showed instead that several regions of the skull of ''Protoceratops'' independently varied in their rate of growth, ontogenetic shape and morphology; a high growth of the frill during ontogeny in relation to other body regions; and a large variability of the neck frill independent of size. Knapp and team noted that results of the frill indicate that this structure had a major role in [[Animal communication|signaling]] within the species, consistent with [[Mate choice|selection of potential mates]] with quality [[Biological ornament|ornamentation]] and hence [[reproductive success]], or [[dominance signal]]ing. Such use of the frill may suggest that intraspecific [[social behavior]] was highly important for ''Protoceratops''. Results also support the general hypothesis that the neck frill of ceratopsians functioned as a socio-sexual signal structure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knapp|first1=A. C.|last2=Knell|first2=R. J.|last3=Hone|first3=D. W. E.|date=2021|title=Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skull of Protoceratops andrewsi supports a socio-sexual signalling role for the ceratopsian frill|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=288|number=1944|doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2938|doi-access=free|pmid=33529562|pmc=7893235 }}</ref>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Protoceratops & juveniles.jpg|thumb|Skeletal mount of ''Protoceratops'' with juveniles]]
In 1989, Walter P. Coombs concluded that [[crocodilian]]s, [[ratite]] and [[megapode]] birds were suitable modern analogs for dinosaur [[Nesting instinct|nesting behavior]]. He largely considered [[elongatoolithid]] eggs to belong to ''Protoceratops'' because adult skeletons were found in close proximity to [[nest]]s, interpreting this as an evidence for [[parental care]]. Furthermore, Coombs considered the large concentration of ''Protoceratops'' eggs at small regions as an indicator of marked [[Philopatry|philopatric nesting]] (nesting in the same area). The nest of ''Protoceratops'' would have been excavated with the hindlimbs and was built in a mound-like, [[Impact crater|crater]]-shaped center structure with the eggs arranged in semicircular fashion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coombs|first1=W. P.|year=1989|chapter=Modern analogs for dinosaur nesting and parental behavior|editor-last1=Farlow|editor-first1=J. O.|title=Paleobiology of the dinosaurs|series=Geological Society of America Special Papers |publisher=Boulder|location=Colorado|volume=Geological Society of America Special Paper 238|pages=21−54|doi=10.1130/SPE238-p21|isbn=0-8137-2238-1 }}</ref> Richard A. Thulborn in 1992 analyzed the different types of eggs and nests—the majority of them, in fact, elongatoolithid—referred to ''Protoceratops'' and their structure. He identified types A and B, both of them sharing the elongated shape. Type A eggs differed from type B eggs in having a pinched end. Based on comparisons with other ornithischian dinosaurs such as ''[[Maiasaura]]'' and ''[[Orodromeus]]''—known from more complete nests—Thulborn concluded that most depictions of ''Protoceratops'' nests were based on incompletely preserved clutches and mostly on type A eggs, which were more likely to have been laid by an ornithopod. He concluded that nests were built in a shallow mound with the eggs laid radially, contrary to popular restorations of crater-like ''Protoceratops'' nests.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thulborn|first1=R. A.|date=1992|title=Nest of the dinosaur Protoceratops|journal=Lethaia|volume=25|issue=2|pages=145−149|doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1992.tb01379.x|url=https://www.academia.edu/1049650}}</ref>
[[File:Protoceratops nest MPC-D 100 530 line.png|thumb|left|''Protoceratops'' nest MPC-D 100/530. Scale bar is {{convert|10|cm|mm|abbr=on}}]]
In 2011, the first authentic nest of ''Protoceratops'' (MPC-D 100/530) from the Tugriken Shireh locality was described by David E. Fastovsky and team. As some individuals are closely appressed along the well-defined margin of the nest, it may have had a circular or semi-circular shape—as previously hypothetized—with a diameter of {{convert|70|cm|mm|abbr=on}}. Most of the individuals within the nest had nearly the same age, size and growth, suggesting that they belonged to a single nest, rather than an aggregate of individuals. Fastovsky and team also suggested that even though the individuals were young, they were not [[perinate]]s based on the absence of [[eggshell]] fragments and their large size compared to even more smaller juveniles from this locality. The fact that the individuals likely spend some time in the nest after hatching for growth suggests that ''Protoceratops'' parents might have cared for their young at nests during at least the early stages of life. As ''Protoceratops'' was a relatively [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (primitive) ceratopsian, the finding may imply that other ceratopsians provided care for their young as well.<ref name=Fastovsky2011>{{cite journal|last1=Fastovsky|first1=D. E.|last2=Weishampel|first2=D. B.|last3=Watabe|first3=M.|last4=Barsbold|first4=R.|last5=Tsogtbaatar|first5=K.|last6=Narmandakh|first6=P.|date=2011|title=A nest of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=85|issue=6|page=1035−1041|doi=10.1666/11-008.1|jstor=41409110|s2cid=129085129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261971168}}</ref>

In 2017, Gregory M. Erickson and colleagues determined the [[Egg incubation|incubation]] periods of ''P. andrewsi'' and ''[[Hypacrosaurus]]'' by using [[lines of arrested growth]] (LAGS; lines of growth) of the teeth in [[embryo]]nic specimens (''Protoceratops'' egg clutch MPC-D 100/1021). The results suggests a mean embryonic tooth replacement period of 30.68 days and relatively [[Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy|plesiomorphically]] (ancestral-shared) long incubation times for ''P. andrewsi'', with a minimum incubation time of 83.16 days.<ref name=Erickson2017>{{cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=G. M.|last2=Zelenitsky|first2=D. K.|last3=Kay|first3=D. I.|last4=Norrell|first4=M. A.|date=2017|title=Dinosaur incubation periods directly determined from growth-line counts in embryonic teeth show reptilian-grade development|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=3|pages=540−545|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613716114|doi-access=free|pmid=28049837|pmc=5255600|bibcode=2017PNAS..114..540E }}</ref> Norell and team in 2020 analyzed again this clutch and concluded that ''Protoceratops'' laid soft-shelled eggs. Most embryos within this clutch have a flexed position and the outlines of eggs are also present, suggesting that they were buried ''[[in ovo]]'' (in the egg). The outlines of eggs and embryos indicates ellipsoid-shaped eggs in life with dimensions about {{convert|12|cm|mm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6|cm|mm|abbr=on}} wide. Several of the embryos were associated with a black to white halo (circumference). Norell and team performed histological examinations to its [[chemical composition]], finding traces of [[protein]]aceous eggshells, and when compared to other [[sauropsid]]s the team concluded that they were not [[Biomineralization|biomineralized]] in life and thus soft-shelled. Given that soft-shelled eggs are more vulnerable to [[Desiccation|deshydratation]] and crushing, ''Protoceratops'' may have buried its eggs in [[Moisture|moisturized]] sand or [[soil]]. The growing embryos therefore relied on external heat and parental care.<ref name=Norell2020S>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Wiemann|first2=J.|last3=Fabbri|first3=M.|last4=Yu|first4=C.|last5=Marsicano|first5=C. A.|last6=Moore-Nall|first6=A.|last7=Varricchio|first7=D. J.|last8=Pol|first8=D.|last9=Zelenitsky|first9=D. K.|date=2020|title=The first dinosaur egg was soft|journal=Nature|volume=583|issue=7816|pages=406−410|bibcode=2020Natur.583..406N|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2412-8|pmid=32555457|s2cid=219730449 |url=http://staff.mef.org.ar/images/investigadores/diego_pol/papers/108.pdf}}</ref>

===Paleopathology===
In 2018, Tereshchenko examined and described several articulated cervical vertebrae of ''P. andrewsi'' and reported the presence of two abnormally fused vertebrae (specimen PIN 3143/9). The fusion of the vertebrae was likely a product of [[disease]] or [[Injury|external damage]].<ref name=Tereschenko2018>{{cite journal|last1=Tereschenko|first1=V. S.|date=2018|title=On Polymorphism of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger et Gregory, 1923 (Protoceratopidae, Neoceratopsia)|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=52|number=4|pages=429−444|doi=10.1134/S0031030118040135|bibcode=2018PalJ...52..429T |s2cid=92796229 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327422182}}</ref>

===Predator–prey interactions===
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Fighting dinosaurs (1).jpg
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|image2 = Velociraptor v. Protoceratops (fixed).jpg
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|footer = Fossil cast of the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen (left) and life restoration of same depicting the fight (right)
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Barsbold in 1974 shortly described the [[Fighting Dinosaurs]] specimen and discussed possible scenarios. The ''Velociraptor'' has its right leg pinned under the ''Protoceratops'' body with its left sickle claw oriented into the throat region. The ''Protoceratops'' bit the right hand of the predator, implying that it was unable to escape. Barsbold suggested that both animals drowned as they fell into a [[swamp]]-like [[body of water]] or, the relatively [[quicksand]]-like bottom of a [[lake]] could have kept them together during the last moments of their fight.<ref name=Barsbolld1974>{{cite journal|last1=Barsbold|first1=R.|date=1974|title=Поединок динозавров|trans-title=Dueling dinosaurs|journal=Priroda|volume=2|pages=81−83|language=ru}}</ref>

Osmólska in 1993 proposed another two hypotheses in order to explain their preservation. During the death struggle, a large [[dune]] may have collapsed simultaneously burying both ''Protoceratops'' and ''Velociraptor''. Another proposal is that the ''Velociraptor'' was [[scavenging]] an already dead ''Protoceratops'' when it got buried and eventually killed by indeterminate circumstances.<ref name=Osmolska1993>{{cite journal|last1=Osmólska|first1=H.|date=1993|title=Were the Mongolian Fighting Dinosaurs really fighting?|journal=Rev. Paleobiol.|volume=7|pages=161−162}}</ref>

In 1995, David M. Unwin and colleagues cast doubt on previous explanations especially a scavenging hypothesis as there were numerous indications of a concurrent death event. For instance, the ''Protoceratops'' has a semi-erect stance and its skull is nearly horizontal, which could have not been possible if the animal was already dead. The ''Velociraptor'' has its right hand trapped within the jaws of the ''Protoceratops'' and the left one grasping the ''Protoceratops'' skull. Moreover, it lies on the floor with its feet directed to the prey's belly and throat areas, indicating that this ''Velociraptor'' was not scavenging. Unwin and colleagues examined the [[sediment]]s surrounding the specimen and suggested that the two were buried alive by a powerful [[sandstorm]]. They interpreted the interaction as the ''Protoceratops'' being grasped and dispatched with kicks delivered by the low-lying ''Velociraptor''. They also considered possible that populations of ''Velociraptor'' were aware of crouching behaviors in ''Protoceratops'' during high-energy sandstorms and used it for successful hunts.<ref name=Unwin1995>{{cite journal|last1=Unwin|first1=D. M.|last2=Perle|first2=A.|last3=Trueman|first3=C.|date=1995|title=Protoceratops and Velociraptor preserved in association: Evidence from predatory behavior in predatory dinosaurs?|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=15|issue=supp. 003|page=57A|doi=10.1080/02724634.1995.10011277}}</ref>
[[File:Fighting Dinosaurs size.png|thumb|left|Size of the Fighting Dinosaurs]]
[[Kenneth Carpenter]] in 1998 considered the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen to be conclusive evidence for theropods as active [[predator]]s and not scavengers. He suggested another scenario where the multiple [[wound]]s delivered by the ''Velociraptor'' on the ''Protoceratops'' throat had the latter animal [[bleeding]] to death. As a last effort, the ''Protoceratops'' bit the right hand of the predator and trapped it beneath its own weight, causing the eventual death and [[desiccation]] of the ''Velociraptor''. The missing limbs of the ''Protoceratops'' were afterwards taken by scavengers. Lastly, both animals were buried by sand. Given that the ''Velociraptor'' is relatively complete, Carpenter suggested that it may have been completely or partially buried by sand.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=K.|date=1998|title=Evidence of predatory behavior by carnivorous dinosaurs|journal=Gaia|volume=15|pages=135−144|url=http://www.arca.museus.ul.pt/ArcaSite/obj/gaia/MNHNL-0000778-MG-DOC-web.PDF}}</ref>

In 2010, David Hone with team reported a new interaction between ''Velociraptor'' and ''Protoceratops'' based on [[Trace fossil|tooth marks]]. Several fossils were collected at the Gate locality of the [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] in 2008, including teeth and body remains of protoceratopsid and [[velociraptorine]] dinosaurs. The team referred these elements to ''Protoceratops'' and ''Velociraptor'' mainly based on their abundance across the unit, although they admitted that reported remains could represent different, yet related taxa (in this case, ''[[Linheraptor]]'' instead of ''Velociraptor''). At least eight body fossils of ''Protoceratops'' present active teeth marks, which were interpreted as feeding traces. Much in contrast to the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen, the tooth marks are inferred to have been produced by the dromaeosaurid during late-stage [[Carrion|carcass]] consumption either during scavenging or following a [[Pack hunter|group kill]]. The team stated that feeding by ''Velociraptor'' upon ''Protoceratops'' was probably a relatively common occurrence in these environments, and that this ceratopsian actively formed part of the diet of ''Velociraptor''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hone|first1=D.|last2=Choiniere|first2=J.|last3=Sullivan|first3=C.|last4=Xu|first4=X.|last5=Pittman|first5=M.|last6=Tan|first6=Q.|date=2010|title=New evidence for a trophic relationship between the dinosaurs Velociraptor and Protoceratops|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=291|issue=3–4|pages=488−492|bibcode=2010PPP...291..488H|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.028}}</ref>

In 2016, Barsbold re-examined the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen and found several anomalies within the ''Protoceratops'' individual: both coracoids have small bone fragments indicatives of a [[Bone fracture|breaking]] of the pectoral girdle; the right forelimb and scapulocoracoid are torn off to the left and backwards relative to its [[torso]]. He concluded that the prominent displacement of pectoral elements and right forelimb was caused by an external force that tried to tear them out. Since this event likely occurred after the death of both animals or during a point where movement was not possible, and the ''Protoceratops'' is missing other body elements, Barsbold suggested that scavengers were the most likely authors. Because ''Protoceratops'' is considered to have been a [[herd]]ing animal, another hypothesis is that members of a herd tried to pull out the already buried ''Protoceratops'', causing the [[joint dislocation]] of limbs. However, Barsbold pointed out that there are no related traces within the overall specimen in order to support this latter interpretation. Lastly, he restored the course of the fight with the ''Protoceratops'' power-slamming the ''Velociraptor'', which used its feet claws to damage the throat and belly regions and its hand claws to grasp the herbivore's head. Before their burial, the deathmatch ended up on the ground with the ''Velociraptor'' lying on its back right under the ''Protoceratops''. After burial, either ''Protoceratops'' herd or scavengers tore off the buried ''Protoceratops'' to the left and backwards, making both predator and prey to be slightly separated.<ref name=Barsbold2016>{{cite journal|last1=Barsbold|first1=R.|date=2016|title=The Fighting Dinosaurs: The position of their bodies before and after death|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=50|issue=12|pages=1412−1417|doi=10.1134/S0031030116120042|bibcode=2016PalJ...50.1412B |s2cid=90811750 }}</ref>

===Daily activity===
[[File:Protoceratops AMNH 6466 skull.jpg|thumb|Skull of ''P. andrewsi'' AMNH 6466, preserving sclerotic ring]]
In 2010, Nick Longrich examined the relatively large [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] ratio and [[sclerotic ring]] of ''Protoceratops'', which he suggested as evidence for a [[nocturnal]] lifestyle. Based on the size of its sclerotic ring, ''Protoceratops'' had an unusually large [[Eye|eyeball]] among protoceratopsids. In [[bird]]s, a medium-sized sclerotic ring indicates that the animal is a predator, a large sclerotic ring indicates that it is nocturnal, and the largest ring size indicates it is an active nocturnal predator. Eye size is an important adaptation in predators and nocturnal animals because a larger eye ratio poses a higher sensitivity and resolution. Because of the energy necessary to maintain a larger eyeball and the weakness of the skull that corresponds with a larger orbit, Longrich argues that this structure may have been an adaptation for a nocturnal lifestyle. The jaw morphology of ''Protoceratops''—more suitable for processing plant material—and its extreme [[Abundance (ecology)|abundance]] indicate it was not a predator, so if it was a [[Diurnality|diurnal]] animal, then it would have been expected to have a much smaller sclerotic ring size.<ref name=Longriich20110/>

However, in 2011, Lars Schmitz and Ryosuke Motani measured the dimensions of the sclerotic ring and eye socket in fossil specimens of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as well as some living species. They noted that whereas photopic (diurnal) animals have smaller sclerotic rings, scotopic (nocturnal) animals tend to have more enlarged rings. Mesopic ([[cathemeral]]) animals—which are irregularly active throughout the day and night—are between these two ranges. Schmitz and Motani separated [[ecological]] and [[phylogenetic]] factors and by examining 164 living species and noticed that eye measurements are quite accurate when inferring diurnality, cathemerality, or nocturnality in extinct [[tetrapods]]. The results indicated that ''Protoceratops'' was a cathemeral herbivore and ''Velociraptor'' primarily nocturnal, suggesting that the Fighting Dinosaurs deathmatch may have occurred at [[twilight]] or under low-light conditions. Lastly, Schmitz and Motani concluded that [[ecological niche]] was a potential main driver in the development of daily activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schmitz|first1=L.|last2=Motani|first2=R.|date=2011|title=Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology|journal=Science|volume=332|issue=6030|pages=705−708|bibcode=2011Sci...332..705S|doi=10.1126/science.1200043|pmid=21493820|s2cid=33253407}}</ref> However, a subsequent study in 2021 found that ''Protoceratops'' had a greater capability of nocturnal vision than did ''Velociraptor''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choiniere |first1=Jonah N. |last2=Neenan |first2=James M. |last3=Schmitz |first3=Lars |last4=Ford |first4=David P. |last5=Chapelle |first5=Kimberley E. J. |last6=Balanoff |first6=Amy M. |last7=Sipla |first7=Justin S. |last8=Georgi |first8=Justin A. |last9=Walsh |first9=Stig A. |last10=Norell |first10=Mark A. |last11=Xu |first11=Xing |last12=Clark |first12=James M. |last13=Benson |first13=Roger B. J. |title=Evolution of vision and hearing modalities in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Science |date=7 May 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=610–613 |doi=10.1126/science.abe7941 |pmid=33958472 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..610C |s2cid=233872840 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe7941 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

==Paleoenvironment==
===Bayan Mandahu Formation===
[[File:Protoceratops in Bayan Mandahu.png|thumb|left|Restoration of a ''P. hellenikorhinus'' pair in the Bayan Mandahu Formation]]
Based on general similarities between the vertebrate fauna and sediments of Bayan Mandahu and the Djadokhta Formation, the [[Bayan Mandahu Formation]] is considered to be [[Late Cretaceous]] in age, roughly [[Campanian]]. The dominant [[lithology]] is reddish-brown, poorly cemented, fine grained [[sandstone]] with some [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]], and [[caliche]]. Other facies include [[alluvial]] ([[stream]]-deposited) and [[Aeolian processes|eolian]] ([[wind]]-deposited) [[sediment]]s. It is likely that sediments at Bayan Mandahu were deposited by short-lived [[river]]s and [[lake]]s on an alluvial plain (flat land consisting of sediments deposited by highland rivers) with a combination of [[dune]] field paleoenvironments, under a [[semi-arid climate]]. The formation is known for its vertebrate fossils in life-like poses, most of which are preserved in unstructured sandstone, indicating a catastrophic rapid burial.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eberth|first1=D. A.|date=1993|title=Depositional environments and facies transitions of dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China)|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=30|number=10|pages=2196−2213|doi=10.1139/e93-191|bibcode=1993CaJES..30.2196E }}</ref>

The [[Fauna|paleofauna]] of Bayan Mandahu is very similar in composition to the nearby Djadokhta Formation, with both formations sharing several of the same genera, but differing in the exact species. In this formation, ''P. hellenikorhinus'' is the representative species, and it shared its paleoenvironment with numerous [[dinosaur]]s such as [[dromaeosaurid]]s ''[[Linheraptor]]'' and ''[[Velociraptor]] osmolskae'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Godefroit|first1=P.|last2=Currie|first2=P. J.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Shang|first4=C. Y.|last5=Dong|first5=Z.-M.|date=2008|title=A new species of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=432–438|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[432:ANSOVD]2.0.CO;2|jstor=20490961|s2cid=129414074 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=X.|last2=Choinere|first2=J. N.|last3=Pittman|first3=M.|last4=Tan|first4=Q. W.|last5=Xiao|first5=D.|last6=Li|first6=Z. Q.|last7=Tan|first7=L.|last8=Clark|first8=J. M.|last9=Norell|first9=M. A.|last10=Hone|first10=D. W. E|last11=Sullivan|first11=C.|date= 2010|title=A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2403|number=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2403.1.1|doi-access=free|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02403p009.pdf}}</ref> [[oviraptorids]] ''[[Machairasaurus]]'' and ''[[Wulatelong]]'';<ref name=Longrich2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=X.|last2=Qing-Wei|first2=T.|last3=Shuo|first3=W.|last4=Sullivan|first4=C.|last5=Hone|first5=D. W. E.|last6=Feng-Lu|first6=H.|last7=Qing-Yu|first7=M.|last8=Lin|first8=T.|last9=Dong|first9=T.|date=2013|title=A new oviraptorid from the Upper Cretaceous of Nei Mongol,China, and its stratigraphic implications|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume=51|issue=2|pages=85–101|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201305/P020130507385115746165.pdf}}</ref> and [[troodontid]]s ''[[Linhevenator]]'', ''[[Papiliovenator]]'', and ''[[Philovenator]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pei|first1=R.|last2=Qin|first2=Yuying|last3=Wen|first3=Aishu|last4=Zhao|first4=Q.|last5=Wang|first5=Z.|last6=Liu|first6=Z.|last7=Guo|first7=W.|last8=Liu|first8=P.|last9=Ye|first9=W.|last10=Wang|first10=L.|last11=Yin|first11=Z.|last12=Dai|first12=R.|last13=Xu|first13=X.|date=2022|title=A new troodontid from the Upper Cretaceous Gobi Basin of inner Mongolia, China|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=130|number=105052|page=105052 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105052|bibcode=2022CrRes.13005052P |s2cid=244186762 }}</ref> Other dinosaur members include the [[alvarezsaurid]] ''[[Linhenykus]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xing|first1=X.|last2=Sullivan|first2=Corwin|last3=Pittman|first3=M.|last4=Choiniere|first4=J. N.|last5=Hone|first5=D. W. E.|last6=Upchurch|first6=P.|last7=Tan|first7=Q.|last8=Xiao|first8=Dong|last9=Lin|first9=Tan|last10=Han|first10=F.|date=2011 |title=A monodactyl nonavian dinosaur and the complex evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=108|number=6|pages=2338–2342|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2338X|doi=10.1073/pnas.1011052108|doi-access=free|pmc=3038769|pmid=21262806}}</ref> [[ankylosaurid]] ''[[Pinacosaurus]] mephistocephalus'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Godefroit|first1=P.|last2=Pereda-Suberbiola|first2=X.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Dong|first4=Z. M.|date=1999|title=A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P.R. China)|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre|volume=69|issue=supp. B|pages=17–36|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/69-sup-b-1999/bulletin69supb-article2.pdf}}</ref><ref name=CurrieP2011>{{cite journal|last1=Currie|first1=P. J.|last2=Badamgarav|first2=D.|last3=Koppelhus|first3=E. B.|last4=Sissons|first4=R.|last5=Vickaryous|first5=M. K.|date=2011|title=Hands, feet and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=56|issue=3|pages=489–504|doi=10.4202/app.2010.0055|s2cid=129291148|doi-access=free|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app56/app20100055.pdf}}</ref> and closely related [[protoceratopsid]] ''[[Bagaceratops]]''.<ref name=Czepiński19/> Additional fauna from this unit comprises [[nanhsiungchelyid]]s turtles,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brinkman|first1=D. B.|last2=Tong|first2=H.-Y.|last3=Li|first3=H.|last4=Sun|first4=Y.|last5=Zhang|first5=J.-S.|last6=Godefroit|first6=P.|last7=Zhang|first7=Z.-M.|date=2015|title=New exceptionally well-preserved specimens of "Zangerlia" neimongolensis from Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, and their taxonomic significance|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=14|issue=6–7|pages=577−587|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2014.12.005|bibcode=2015CRPal..14..577B |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a variety of [[squamates]] and [[mammal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=K.|last2=Hou|first2=L.|date=1996|title=Systematics and taxonomic diversity of squamates from the Upper Cretaceous Djadochta Formation, Bayan Mandahu, Gobi Desert, People's Republic of China|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=33|issue=4|pages=578−598|bibcode=1996CaJES..33..578G|doi=10.1139/e96-043}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wible|first1=J. R.|last2=Shelley|first2=S. L.|last3=Bi|first3=S.|date=2019|title=New Genus and Species of Djadochtatheriid Multituberculate (Allotheria, Mammalia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayan Mandahu Formation of Inner Mongolia|journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum|volume=85|issue=4|pages=285–327|doi=10.2992/007.085.0401|s2cid=210840006|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338202993}}</ref>

===Djadokhta Formation===
[[File:Protoceratops in Djadokhta.png|thumb|Restoration of a ''P. andrewsi'' group in the Djadokhta Formation]]
''Protoceratops'' is known from most localities of the [[Djadokhta Formation]] in [[Mongolia]], which dates back to the Late Cretaceous about 71 million to 75 million years ago, being deposited during a rapid sequence of polarity
changes in the late part of the Campanian stage.<ref name=Dashzeveg2005>{{cite journal|last1=Dashzeveg|first1=D.|last2=Dingus|first2=L.|last3=Loope|first3=D. B.|last4=Swisher III|first4=C. C.|last5=Dulam|first5=T.|last6=Sweeney|first6=M. R.|date=2005|title=New Stratigraphic Subdivision, Depositional Environment, and Age Estimate for the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Southern Ulan Nur Basin, Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3498|pages=1−31|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)498[0001:NSSDEA]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5667|s2cid=55836458 |hdl-access=free|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5667/N3498.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Dominant sediments at Djadokhta include dominant reddish-orange and pale orange to light gray, medium to fine-grained [[sand]]s and sandstones, caliche, and sparse [[fluvial]] (river-deposited) processes. Based on these components, the paleoenvironments of the Djadokhta Formation are interpreted as having a hot, semiarid climate with large dune fields/sand dunes and several short-lived [[water bodies]], similar to the modern [[Gobi Desert]]. It is estimated that at the end of the Campanian age and into the [[Maastrichtian]] the climate would shift to the more [[Mesic habitat|mesic]] (humid/wet) conditions seen in the [[Nemegt Formation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jerzykiewicz|first1=T.|year=1997|chapter=Djadokhta Formation|editor-last1=Currie|editor-first1=P. J.|editor-last2=Padian|editor-first2=K.|title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|url-access=limited|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075/page/n218 188]−191|isbn=978-0-12-226810-6|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075}}</ref><ref name=Dingus2008>{{cite journal|last1=Dingus|first1=L.|last2=Loope|first2=D. B.|last3=Dashzeveg|first3=D.|last4=Swisher III|first4=C. C.|last5=Minjin|first5=C.|last6=Novacek|first6=M. J.|last7=Norell|first7=M. A.|date=2008|title=The Geology of Ukhaa Tolgod (Djadokhta Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3616|pages=1−40|doi=10.1206/442.1|hdl=2246/5916|s2cid=129735494 |hdl-access=free|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/189860633.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Chinzoorig2017>{{cite journal|last1=Chinzorig|first1=T.|last2=Kobayashi|first2=Y.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Currie|first4=P. J.|last5=Watabe|first5=M.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|date=2017|title=First Ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=5835|page=5835 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.5835C|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-05272-6|doi-access=free|pmc=5517598|pmid=28724887}}</ref>

The Djadokhta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and upper Turgrugyin Member. ''Protoceratops'' is largely known from both members, having ''P. andrewsi'' as a dominant and representative species in the overall formation.<ref name=Dashzeveg2005/><ref name=Dingus2008/> The Bayn Dzak member (mostly the Bayn Dzak locality) has yielded the dromaeosaurids ''[[Halszkaraptor]]'' and ''Velociraptor mongoliensis'';<ref name=Norel1999>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Makovicky|first2=P. J.|date=1999|title=Important Features of the Dromaeosaurid Skeleton II: Information from Newly Collected Specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3282|pages=1−45|hdl=2246/3025|hdl-access=free|oclc=802169086}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cau|first1=A.|last2=Beyrand|first2=V.|last3=Voeten|first3=D. F. A. E.|last4=Fernandez|first4=V.|last5=Tafforeau|first5=P.|last6=Stein|first6=K.|last7=Barsbold|first7=R.|last8=Tsogtbaatar|first8=K.|last9=Currie|first9=P. J.|last10=Godefroit|first10=P.|date=2017|title=Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs|journal=Nature|volume=552|issue=7685|pages=395−399|bibcode=2017Natur.552..395C|doi=10.1038/nature24679|pmid=29211712|s2cid=4471941 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321609878}}</ref> oviraptorid ''[[Oviraptor]]'';<ref name=Osborn1924/> ankylosaurid ''Pinacosaurus grangeri'';<ref name=CurrieP2011/> and troodontid ''[[Saurornithoides]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Makovicky|first2=P. J.|last3=Bever|first3=G. S.|last4=Balanoff|first4=A. M.|last5=Clark|first5=J. M.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|last7=Rowe|first7=T.|date=2009|title=A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae, Theropoda)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3654|pages=1−63|doi=10.1206/648.1|hdl=2246/5973|hdl-access=free|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/itempdf/280747}}</ref> Ukhaa Tolgod, a highly fossiliferous locality is also included in the Bayn Dzak member.<ref name=Dingus2008/> and its dinosaur paleofauna is composed of alvarezsaurids ''[[Kol (dinosaur)|Kol]]'' and ''[[Shuvuuia]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=S.|last2=Chiappe|first2=L. M.|last3=Dyke|first3=G. J.|last4=Watabe|first4=M.|last5=Barsbold|first5=R.|last6=Tsogtbaatar|first6=K.|date=2002|title=A New Specimen of Shuvuuia deserti Chiappe et al., 1998, from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous with a Discussion of the Relationships of Alvarezsaurids to Other Theropod Dinosaurs|journal=Contributions in Science|volume=494|pages=1−18|doi=10.5962/p.226791|s2cid=135344028 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=A. H.|last1=Turner|first2=S. J.|last2=Nesbitt|first3=M. A.|last3=Norell|date=2009|title=A Large Alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3648|pages=1–14|doi=10.1206/639.1|hdl=2246/5967|hdl-access=free|s2cid=59459861|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5967/N3648.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> ankylosaurid ''[[Minotaurasaurus]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alicea|first1=J.|last2=Loewen|first2=M.|date=2013|title=New Minotaurasaurus material from the Djodokta Formation establishes new taxonomic and stratigraphic criteria for the taxon|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=Program and Abstracts|page=76|url=http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Future-Past-Meetings/MeetingPdfs/SVP-2013-merged-book-10-15-2013.aspx}}</ref> [[bird]]s ''[[Apsaravis]]'' and ''[[Gobipteryx]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chiappe|first1=L. M.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Clark|first3=J.|date=2001|title=A New Skull of Gobipteryx minuta (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3346|pages=1−15|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2001)346<0001:ANSOGM>2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/2899|s2cid=51857603 |hdl-access=free|url=https://archive.org/download/newskullgobipte3346chia/newskullgobipte3346chia.pdf}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=J. A.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|date=2002|title=The Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of Apsaravis ukhaana from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3387|pages=1−46|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2002)387<0001:TMAPPO>2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/2876|s2cid=52971055 |hdl-access=free|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2876//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3387.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> dromaeosaurid ''[[Tsaagan]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=M. A.|last2=Clark|first2=J. M.|last3=Turner|first3=A. H.|last4=Makovicky|first4=P. J.|last5=Barsbold|first5=R.|last6=Rowe|first6=T.|date=2006|title=A New Dromaeosaurid Theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3545|pages=1–51|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5823|hdl-access=free|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232678611}}</ref> oviraptorids ''[[Citipati]]'' and ''[[Khaan]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=J. M.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Barsbold|first3=R.|date=2001|title=Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous Djadokta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=209–213|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0209:TNOTOU]2.0.CO;2|jstor=20061948|s2cid=86076568 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232685671}}</ref> troodontids ''[[Almas ukhaa|Almas]]'' and ''[[Byronosaurus]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makovicky|first1=P. J.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Clark|first3=J. M.|last4=Rowe|first4=T. E.|date=2003|title=Osteology and Relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3402|pages=1–32|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)402<0001:oarobj>2.0.co;2|hdl=2246/2828|s2cid=51824767 |hdl-access=free|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2828//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3402.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pei|first1=R.|last2=Norell|first2=M. A.|last3=Barta|first3=D. E|last4=Bever|first4=G. S.|last5=Pittman|first5=M.|last6=Xu|first6=X.|date=2017|title=Osteology of a New Late Cretaceous Troodontid Specimen from Ukhaa Tolgod, Ömnögovi Aimag, Mongolia|journal=American Museum Novitates|number=3889|pages=1–47|doi=10.1206/3889.1|hdl=2246/6818|hdl-access=free|s2cid=90883541|url=https://ia903007.us.archive.org/27/items/osteologynewlat00peir/osteologynewlat00peir.pdf}}</ref> and a new, unnamed protoceratopsid closely related to ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prieto-Márquez|first1=A.|last2=Garcia-Porta|first2=J.|last3=Joshi|first3=S. H.|last4=Norell|first4=M. A.|last5=Makovicky|first5=P. J.|date=2020|title=Modularity and heterochrony in the evolution of the ceratopsian dinosaur frill|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=13|pages=6288–6309|doi=10.1002/ece3.6361|doi-access=free|pmc=7381594|pmid=32724514}}</ref> In the Turgrugyin Member (mainly Tugriken Shireh locality), ''P. andrewsi'' shared its paleoenvironment with the bird ''[[Elsornis]]'';<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chiappe|first1=L. M.|last2=Suzuki|first2=S.|last3=Dyke|first3=G. J.|last4=Watabe|first4=M.|last5=Tsogtbaatar|first5=K.|last6=Barsbold|first6=R.|date=2007|title=A new Enantiornithine bird from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=193−208|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001969|bibcode=2007JSPal...5..193C |s2cid=85391743}}</ref> dromaeosaurids ''[[Mahakala omnogovae|Mahakala]]'' and ''Velociraptor mongoliensis'';<ref name=Norel1999/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=A. H.|last2=Pol|first2=D.|last3=Clarke|first3=J. A.|last4=Erickson|first4=G. M.|last5=Norell|first5=M. A.|date=2007|title=A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5843|pages=1378−1381|bibcode=2007Sci...317.1378T|doi=10.1126/science.1144066|doi-access=free|pmid=17823350}}</ref> and [[ornithomimid]] ''[[Aepyornithomimus]]''.<ref name=Chinzoorig2017/> ''P. andrewsi'' is also abundant at Udyn Sayr,<ref name=Handa2012/><ref name=Czepiński2020/> where ''[[Avimimus]]'' and ''[[Udanoceratops]]'' have been recovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kurzanov|first1=S. M.|date=1992|title=A giant protoceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia|journal=Paleontological Journal|pages=81−93|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watabe|first1=M.|last2=Suzuki|first2=S.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|date=2006|title=Geological and geographical distribution of bird-like theropod, Avimimus in Mongolia|journal =Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=supp. 003|pages=136A−137A|doi=10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069|s2cid=220413406}}</ref>

The relatively low dinosaur paleodiversity, small body size of most dinosaurs, and [[arid]] settings of the Djadokhta Formation compared to those of the Nemegt Formation, suggest that ''Protoceratops'' and contemporaneous biota lived in a [[Stress (biology)|stressed]] paleoenvironment (physical factors that generate adverse impacts on the ecosystem).<ref name=Longriich20110/> In addition, the high occurrence of protoceratopsid fossils in arid-deposited formations indicates that these ceratopsians preferred warm environments.<ref name=Longrich2010/><ref name=Longriich20110/> Although ''P. andrewsi'' was the predominant protoceratopsid on this formation, tentative remains of ''P. hellenikorhinus'' have been reported from the Udyn Sayr and Bor Tolgoi localities, suggesting that both species co-existed. Whereas ''P. andrewsi'' is found in aeolian sediments (Bayn Dzak or Tugriken Shireh), ''P. hellenikorhinus'' is found in the aeolian-fluvial sediments. As the latter type of sediments is also found in the Bayan Mandahu Formation, it is likely that ''P. hellenikorhinus'' preferred environments combining [[Mesic habitat|humid]] and arid conditions.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Chiba|first1=K.|last2=Ryan|first2=M. J.|last3=Saneyoshi|first3= M.|last4=Konishi|first4=S.|last5=Yamamoto|first5=Y.|last6=Mainbayar|first6=B.|last7=Tsogtbaatar|first7=K.|date=October 12-16, 2020|title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) specimens from Udyn Sayr, Mongolia|conference=The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting|url=https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP_2020_Program-Abstracts-Volume-FINAL-for-Publishing-1.27.2021.pdf|page = 104}}</ref>

===Taphonomy===
{{multiple image
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|image1=Standing Protoceratops - Tugrugeen Shireh, Gobi Desert 1971 2.jpg

|image2=Protoceratops specimen block MPC-D 100 526 individual B.png

|footer=''P. andrewsi'' individuals from Tugriken Shireh in a upwards crouched death pose; left specimen is also known as the "Standing Protoceratops"<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>
}}
In 1993 Jerzykiewiczz suggested that many articulated ''Protoceratops'' specimens died in the process of trying to free themselves from massive sand bodies that trapped them during sandstorms events and were not transported by environmental factors. He cited the distinctive posture of some ''Protoceratops'' involving the body and head arched upwards with forelimbs tucked in at their sides—a condition known as "standing" in particular cases—the absence of sedimentary structures in sediments preserving the individuals, and the Fighting Dinosaurs [[taphonomic]] history itself as evidence for this catastrophic preservation. Given that this posture is exhibited by populations from both Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta formations, Jerzykiewiczz indicated that this behavior was not unique to any locality. He also considered it unlikely that these ''Protoceratops'' individuals died after burying themselves in the sand given that these specimens are only found in structureless sandstones; an arched posture would pose hard [[breathing]] conditions; and [[Fossorial|burrowers]] are known to excavate headfirst and sub horizontally.<ref name=Jerzykiewiczz1993/>

Fastovsky in 1997 examined the [[geology]] at Tugriken Shireh providing insights into the taphonomy of ''Protoceratops''. He agreed in that the preservation of ''Protoceratops'' specimens indicate that they underwent a catastrophic event such as desert storms, and carcasses were not relocated by scavengers or environmental factors. Several isolated burrows found in sediments at this locality have also been reported penetrating in the bone surface of some buried ''Protoceratops'' individuals. Fastovsky pointed out these two factors combined indicate that this site was host to high biotic activity, mainly composed of [[arthropod]] scavengers who were also involved in the recycling of ''Protoceratops'' [[Carrion|carcasses]]. The flexed position of most buried ''Protoceratops'' is indicative of [[desiccation]] and shrinking of [[ligament]]s/[[tendon]]s in the legs, necks, and tails after death.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fastovsky|first1=D. E.|date=1997|title=The Paleoenvironments of Tugrikin-Shireh (Gobi Desert, Mongolia) and Aspects of the Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Ornithishichia)|journal=PALAIOS|volume=12|number=1|pages=59−70|bibcode=1997Palai..12...59F|doi=10.2307/3515294
|jstor=3515294}}</ref>
[[File:Fox site Protoceratops (5).jpg|thumb|Cast of the Fox site ''Protoceratops'', a largely bored ''P. andrewsi'' (note reconstructed [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]])]]
In 1998 during a conference abstract at the [[Society of Vertebrate Paleontology]], [[James I. Kirkland]] and team reported multiple arthropod pupae casts and borings (tunnels) on a largely articulated ''Protoceratops'' specimen from Tugriken Shireh, found in 1997. A notorious amount of [[pupa]]e were found in clusters and singly along the bone surfaces, mostly in the joint areas, where the trace makers would have feed on dried ligaments, tendons and [[cartilage]]. The examined pupae from the specimen are more cylindrical structures with rounded ends. The pupae found in this ''Protoceratops'' individual were reported as measuring as much a {{convert|2.5|cm|mm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|cm|mm|abbr=on}} wide and compare best with pupae attributed to [[Hunting wasp|solitary wasps]]. Additionally, the reported borings have a structure that differs from traces made by [[dermestid]] [[beetles]]. The team indicated that both pupae and boring traces reflect a marked [[ecological]] relationship between dinosaur carcasses and a relatively large [[necrophagous]] [[insect]] taxon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirkland|first1=J. I.|last2=Delgado|first2=C. R.|last3=Chimedtseren|first3=A.|last4=Hasiotis|first4=S. T.|last5=Fox|first5=E. J.|date=1998|title=Insect? bored dinosaur skeletons and associated pupae from the Djadokhta Fm. (Cretaceous, Campanian), Mongolia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=18|issue=supp. 003|page=56A|doi=10.1080/02724634.1998.10011116|jstor=i406883|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301626260}}</ref>

Later in 2010, Kirkland and Kenneth Bader redescribed and discussed the numerous feeding traces from this ''Protoceratops'' specimen, which they nicknamed Fox Site ''Protoceratops''. They found at least three types of feeding traces on this individual; nearly circular borings—which they found instead to correlate best with feeding traces made by dermestid beetles—of {{convert|0.6|-|1|cm|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter; semicircular shaped notches at the edge of bones; and destruction of articular surfaces, mostly at the [[joint]]s of the limbs. The co-workers also noted that the Fox Site ''Protoceratops'' preserves associated traces in the encasing sediment, indicative of necrophagous activity after the animal was buried. Kirkland and Bader concluded that adults of a large [[beetle]] taxon would detect [[Decomposition|decaying]] carcasses buried below the sand and dig down in order to feed and lay their eggs. After emerging from the eggs, [[larvae]] would have fed on the carcass prior to pupating. The last larvae to emerge would have feed on the dried tendons and cartilage in the joint areas—thereby explaining the notorious poor preservation of these areas in the specimen—and subsequently chewing on the bone itself, prior to pupating. After reaching full maturity, adult beetles would have then dig back to the surface, most likely leaving borings through bones, and finally beginning to search for new carcasses and thus continuing the recycling of ''Protoceratops'' carcasses.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=J. I.|last2=Bader|first2=K.|year=2010|chapter=Insect Trace Fossils Associated with Protoceratops Carcasses in the Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia: Forensic Entomology in the Upper Cretaceous|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/228136|editor-last1=Ryan|editor-first1=M. J.|editor-last2=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor-first2=B. J.|editor-last3=Eberth|editor-first3=D. A.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=509–519|jstor=j.ctt16gzgng|isbn=9780253353580 }}</ref>

[[File:Protoceratops specimen MPC-D 100 534 skull.png|thumb|left|''P. andrewsi'' specimen MPC-D 100/534; note borings on the rostrum]]

In 2010 the paleontologists Yukihide Matsumoto and Mototaka Saneyoshi reported multiple borings and bite traces on joint areas of articulated ''Bagaceratops'' and ''Protoceratops'' specimens from the Tugriken Shireh locality of the [[Djadokhta Formation]] and Hermiin Tsav locality of the [[Barun Goyot Formation]], respectively. They interpreted the damaged areas in the ''Protoceratops'' specimen as product of active feeding by burrowing arthropods, most likely insects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matsumoto|first1=Y.|last2=Saneyoshi|first2=M.|date=2010|title=Bored dinosaur skeletons|journal=The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan|volume=116|number=1|pages=I-II|doi=10.5575/geosoc.116.1.I_II|doi-access=free|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geosoc/116/1/116_116.1.I_II/_pdf}}</ref> These specimens were formally described and discussed in 2011 by Saneyoshi and team, including fossils from ''[[Velociraptor]]'' and an [[ankylosaurid]]. Reported traces were identified as pits, notches, borings, and channels across the skeletons, most notably at limb joint areas. The team indicated that it is very likely that these were made by scavenging insects, however, relatively large borings (about {{convert|3|cm|mm|abbr=on}} wide) in the ribs and scapulae of one ''Protoceratops'' specimen (MPC-D100/534) indicates that insects were not the only scavengers involved in the bone damage, but also [[mammal]]s. Given the dry/harsh paleoenvironmental conditions of units like the Djadokhta Formation, medium to large-sized dinosaur carcasses may have been an important source of [[nutrition]] for small animals. Saneyoshi and team emphasized that the high frequency of feeding traces at the limb joints of numerous specimens and reports of previous studies, indicates that small animals may have targeted the [[collagen]] found in the joint cartilage of dried dinosaur carcasses as a source of [[nitrogen]], which was low in the desert-dry conditions of these dinosaur fossils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saneyoshi|first1=M.|last2=Watabe|first2=M.|last3=Suzuki|first3=S.|last4=Tsogtbaatar|first4=K.|date=2011|title=Trace fossils on dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous eolian deposits in Mongolia: Taphonomic interpretation of paleoecosystems in ancient desert environments|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=311|issue=1–2|pages=38−47|bibcode=2011PPP...311...38S|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.024|url=https://www.academia.edu/27857932}}</ref>

[[File:Protoceratops specimen block MPC-D 100 526 individual C.png|thumb|Juvenile from MPC-D 100/526; black arrow points to larvae borings]]

In 2011 Fastovsky with colleagues concluded that the juveniles within the nest MPC-D 100/530 were rapidly overwhelmed by a strong sand-bearing event and entombed alive. The sediments of the nest suggest a deposition through a dune-shift or strong sandstorms, and the orientation of the individuals indicates that sediments were brought from a prevailing west-southwest [[wind]]. Most individuals are preserved with their forelimbs splayed and hindlimbs are extended, an arrangement that suggests that young ''Protoceratops'' tried to push against the powerful airstream in the initially loose sand. Prior to or during burial, some may have tried to climb on top of others. Because it is generally accepted that most fossil specimens at Tugriken Shireh were preserved by rapidly migrating dunes and sandstorms, Fastovsky with colleagues suggested that the lee side borders of the nest would have been the area where air was sand-free and consequently, all young ''Protoceratops'' may have struggled to reach this area, resulting in their final burial and eventual death.<ref name=Fastovsky2011/>

Hone and colleagues in 2014 indicated that two assemblages of ''Protoceratops'' at Tugriken Shireh (MPC-D 100/526 and 100/534) suggest that individuals died simultaneously, rather than accumulating over time. For instance, the block of four juveniles preserves the individuals with near-identical postures, spatial positions, and all of them have their heads facing upwards, which indicates that they were alive at the time of burial. During burial, the animals were most likely not completely restricted in their movements at all, given that the individuals of MPC-D 100/526 are in relatively normal life positions and have not been disturbed. At least two individuals within this block are preserved with their arms at a level above the legs, suggestive of attempts of trying to move upwards with the purpose of free themselves. The team also noted the presence of borings on the skulls and skeletons of both assemblages, and these may have been produced by insect larvae after the animals died.<ref name=Hone2014/>

In 2016 Meguru Takeuchi and team reported numerous fossilized feeding traces preserved on skeletons of ''Protoceratops'' from the Bayn Dzak, Tugriken Shireh, and Udyn Sayr localities, and also from other dinosaurs. Preserved traces were reported as pits, notches, borings, and tunnels, which they attributed to scavengers. The diameter of the feeding traces preserved on a ''Protoceratops'' skull from Bayn Dzak was bigger than traces reported among other specimens, indicating that the scavengers responsible for these traces were notoriously different from other trace makers preserved on specimens.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takeuchi|first1=M.|last2=Saneyoshi|first2=M.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Mainbayar|first4=B.|last5=Ulziitseren|first5=S.|date=2016|title=Trace fossils on dinosaur skeletons from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi desert, Mongolia|journal=Bulletin of Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science|number=46|pages=1−6|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d1h9glLjUnyUSPhE1Kky9HRq7Tnmiud7/view}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
===Possible Influence on Griffin Legend===
The folklorist and historian of science [[Adrienne Mayor]] of [[Stanford University]] has suggested that the exquisitely preserved fossil skeletons of ''Protoceratops'', ''[[Psittacosaurus]]'' and other beaked dinosaurs, found by ancient [[Scythian]] nomads who mined gold in the [[Tian Shan]] and [[Altai Mountains]] of [[Central Asia]], may have played a role in the image of the mythical creature known as the [[griffin]]. Griffins were described as wolf- or lion-sized quadrupeds with large claws and a raptor-bird-like beak; they laid their eggs in nests on the ground.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mayor|first1=A.|date=1994|title=Guardians of the Gold|journal=Archaeology|volume=47|issue=6|pages=53–58}}</ref>

Dodson in 1996 pointed out Greek writers began describing the griffin around 675 B.C., at the time the first Greek writings about Scythia nomads appeared, although contact with Scythian nomads would have occurred earlier, in the Bronze Age when Greeks imported tin from Afghanistan, transported on the caravan routes across the Gobi and other deserts. Griffins were described as "guarding" the gold deposits in the arid hills and red sandstone formations of the wilderness below the Tien Shan and Altai mountains. The region of [[Mongolia]] and [[China]], where many ''Protoceratops'' and other dinosaur fossils are found, is rich in placer gold runoff from the neighboring mountains, lending some credence to the theory that these fossils played a role in griffin descriptions of the seventh century BC to Roman times.<ref name=Dodson1996>{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=P.|year=1996|title=The Horned Dinosaurs|url=https://archive.org/details/horneddinosaursn00dods_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/horneddinosaursn00dods_0/page/200 200−234]|isbn=978-0-691-05900-6}}</ref>

Mayor in 2001 and 2011 refined the hypothesis of ''Protoceratops'' as an influence on the griffin legend by analyzing written details and artistic imagery. She also cited some other Greek histories about mythological creatures may have been influenced by fossil discoveries by ancient people, such as [[cyclopes]] and [[Giants (Greek mythology)|giants]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=A.|year=2000|title=The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times|edition=1st|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=1−384|jstor=j.ctt7s6mm|isbn=978-0-691-05863-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=A.|year=2011|title=The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times|edition=2nd|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=1−400|isbn=978-0-691-15013-0}}</ref>

In 2016 this hypothesis was criticized by the [[British people|British]] paleontologist and [[paleoart]]ist [[Mark P. Witton]], as it ignores pre-Greek "griffin art and accounts." (No written accounts of griffins are known before ca 675 BC, when the word gryps/griffin is first attested.) Witton goes on to point out that the wings of traditional griffins are positioned above the shoulder blades, not behind the neck as the frills of ''Protoceratops'', that the bodies of griffins much more closely resemble the bodies of modern big cats than they do those of ''Protoceratops'', and that the gold deposits of central Asia occur hundreds of kilometers from the known ''Protoceratops'' fossil remains, among many other inconsistencies. It is simpler, he argues, to understand the griffin as a mythical combination of well-known extant animal species than as an ancient misunderstanding of fossilized collections of bones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Witton |first1=M. P. |date=April 4, 2016 |title=Why Protoceratops almost certainly wasn't the inspiration for the griffin legend |url=http://markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2016/04/why-protoceratops-almost-certainly.html |website=Mark Witton Blog |publisher=Blogger}}</ref> Witton later co-published a paper expanding on his points regarding the lack of possibility between griffins and ''Protoceratops''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witton |first=Mark P. |last2=Hing |first2=Richard A. |date=2024-06-20 |title=Did the horned dinosaur Protoceratops inspire the griffin? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03080188241255543 |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |language=en |doi=10.1177/03080188241255543 |issn=0308-0188}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Wenceslas Hollar - A griffin (cleaned background).jpg|A traditional depiction of the [[griffin]]
File:Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg|[[Adrienne Mayor]] has speculated that the discovery of ''Protoceratops'' fossils may have inspired or influenced stories of griffins
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs|Paleontology}}
* [[List of dinosaur specimens with documented taphonomic histories]]
* [[Timeline of ceratopsian research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Protoceratops|''Protoceratops''}}
{{Wikispecies|Protoceratops|''Protoceratops''}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0B0bgvUu1E&t=63s Footage from the Third Central Asiatic Expedition] at [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.artstation.com/artwork/kDLrL0 3D models of ''Protoceratops andrewsi''] at [[ArtStation]]
* [https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/protoceratops-skull-6ffad6a3f9a746f48110fb13f4721d71 3D skull model of ''Protoceratops andrewsi''] at [[Sketchfab]]
* [https://www.facebook.com/djadokhta.diorama.boban.filipovic/photos/ms.c.eJw1yskNADAIA8GOIg4Dpv~;GIoXwHO2iBG6MBNosDsY5xrpdNUh~_t45z7e~;XGrtIFy3ga7wueQHuhxaA.bps.a.470432833115894/470432856449225/ Restored ''Protoceratops andrewsi'' nest] at [[Facebook]]
* [https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net/project_modules/disp/4a148824021161.5632d46f00175.jpg Photograph of current AMNH 6418] at [[Behance]]

{{Marginocephalia|C.}}
{{Cretaceous Footer}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14506}}

[[Category:Ceratopsians of Asia]]
[[Category:Djadochta fauna]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1923]]
[[Category:Fossils of China]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Walter W. Granger]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William King Gregory]]
[[Category:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Campanian genera]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous ceratopsians]]

Knuthenborg Safaripark

2024-06-21T22:25:54Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Dinosaur forest and Museum of Evolution */

{{Short description|Safari park in Denmark}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Knuthenborg Safaripark
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|image = Knuthenborg Safaripark entrance.jpg
|image_width = 200px
|image_caption = Knuthenborg Safaripark entrance
|date_opened = {{start date|1950}} (deer park) {{start date|1969}} (exotic animals)
|date_opening =
|date_closed =
|location = near [[Bandholm]], [[Lolland]], [[Denmark]]
|area = {{convert|660|ha|acre}}<ref name=size/>
|coordinates = {{Coord|54|49|25|N|11|30|21|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:DK}}
|num_animals = 1000<ref name=hp/>
|num_species = 40+<ref name=hp/>
|annual_visitors = 310,000 (2019)<ref name=AtLi2019/>
|members = [[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria|EAZA]],<ref name=eazalist>
{{ZooOrg|eaza|zoos|accessdate=10 April 2015}}</ref> [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums|WAZA]]<ref name=wazalist>
{{ZooOrg|waza|zoos|accessdate=10 April 2015}}</ref>
|exhibits =
|website = {{URL|https://knuthenborg.dk/en/}}
}}

''' Knuthenborg Safaripark''' is a [[safari park]] on the island of [[Lolland]] in the southeast of [[Denmark]]. It is located {{cvt|5|km}} to the north of [[Maribo]], near [[Bandholm]]. It is one of Lolland's major tourist attractions with over 300,000 visitors annually, and is the largest safari park in northern Europe. Among others, it houses a drive-through safari park, a monkey forest, large enclosures for [[Siberian tiger]]s and [[African bush elephant]]s, a [[dinosaur]] forest with full-scale models, the Museum of Evolution with fossils of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals, an [[arboretum]], and the largest nature playground in Denmark.<ref name=Safari>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.knuthenborg.dk/|title=The best day out of the year!| publisher=Knuthenborg Safari Park|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Elliott2007">{{cite book|last=Elliott|first=Mark|title=Lonely Planet Scandinavian Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msR6s6ZCNRIC&pg=PA67|access-date=25 May 2013|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-553-6|page=67}}</ref><ref name=Park>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/denmark/zealand/sights/other/knuthenborg-safari-park#ixzz2UaZSpDw7|title= Lonely Planet review for Knuthenborg Safari Park|access-date=28 May 2013|publisher=Lonely Planet.com}}</ref><ref name=Ritzau15Nov2022>{{cite news | date=15 November 2022 | title=Knuthenborg Safaripark åbner sin største satsning nogensinde | url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/knuthenborg-safaripark-abner-sin-storste-satsning-nogensinde?publisherId=13560971&releaseId=13664363 | publisher=Ritzau | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref> Knuthenborg covers a total of {{convert|660|ha|acre}}, including the {{convert|400|ha|acre|adj=on}} Safaripark.<ref name=size>Knuthenborg: ''[http://www.knuthenborg.dk/oplevelser.htm Oplevelser til en hel dag...og meget mere!]'' Retrieved 10 April 2015.</ref> The park is viewable on [[Google Street View]].

==History==
The park is set in [[Knuthenborg]], previously known as the medieval manor of Årsmarke, which was Denmark's largest private estate.<ref name="BainBooth2008">{{cite book|last1=Bain|first1=Carolyn|last2=Booth|first2=Michael|last3=Parnell|first3=Fran|title=Denmark 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_gT1lQpZEAC&pg=PA180|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-669-4|pages=180–}}</ref> In 1714, it became part of the new [[Counties of Denmark|county]] of Knuthenborg. The park has its origins in 1867 when [[Eggert Christoffer Knuth]] (1838-1874) built a sturdy {{convert|7.4|km|abbr=on}} wall around his property with stones fished out of the [[Smålandsfarvandet]].<ref name=hp>Heidi Pfeffer and Ove H. Nielsen (ed.), ''Lolland-Falster: historier in landskabet''. 2012, Lolland-Falsters Historiske Samfund, pages 122–123. {{ISBN|978-87-91059-12-4}}. {{in lang|da}}.</ref> He then hired English landscape architect [[Edward Milner]] who, on the basis of plans completed in 1870, laid out a park for his world collection of rare botanical plants as well as the many [[rhododendron]]s which are also a great attraction to tourists. There are several hundred species of exotic shrubs and trees.<ref name=Safari/><ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://uk.knuthenborg.dk/about_knuthenborg.htm|title=History of Knuthenborg|publisher=Knuthenborg Safari Park|access-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318125628/http://uk.knuthenborg.dk/about_knuthenborg.htm|archive-date=18 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1926, the park became protected under a preservation order. An enclosed zoological garden was established in 1950 adjacent to Swan Lake (Svanesøen) with 70 deer.<ref name="History"/> In 1969, Count Adam W. Knuth added the first exotic animals to the park;<ref name="History"/> [[antelope]]s, [[plains zebra]]s and [[ostrich]]es were the first to be acquired from [[Kenya]] followed by [[white rhino]]s.<ref name=Zoo>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goodzoos.com/Resteurope/Knuthenborg.htm|title=Knuthenborg Safari Park|access-date=28 May 2013|publisher=Good Zoos.com}}</ref>

==Attractions==
===Safari park===
{{multiple image
|direction = vertical
|align = right
|width = 175
|footer =
|image1 = Knuthenborg Safaripark - næsehorn.jpg
|alt1 =
|caption1 = [[White rhinoceros]]es at the Knuthenborg Safaripark
|image2 = Knuthenborg Safaripark - tiger.jpg
|alt2 =
|caption2 = [[Siberian tiger]] in Knuthenborg Safaripark
|image3 = Knuthenborg Safaripark Eland giraf baggrund.jpg
|alt3 =
|caption3 = [[Common eland|Elands]], [[Chapman's zebra|zebras]] and [[Rothschild's giraffe|giraffes]] at the Knuthenborg Safaripark
}}
Over the past 40 years, the number of animals in the park has grown to about a thousand of more than forty species, with a primary focus on mammals.<ref name=hp/> [[Bactrian camel]]s, antelopes, [[Rothschild's giraffe]]s, white rhinoceroses, [[Chapman's zebra]]s, [[blue wildebeest]], [[moose]], [[American bison]] and ostriches are some of the animals on view in the safari sections of Knuthenborg. The park also includes enclosures for African bush elephants (the largest elephant enclosure in northern Europe<ref name=DR15July2020>{{cite news | date=15 May 2020 | title=Det sidste punktum er sat for Danmarks elefanter: I dag rykker Ramboline, Lara, Djungla og Jenny til Knuthenborg | url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/sjaelland/det-sidste-punktum-er-sat-danmarks-elefanter-i-dag-rykker-ramboline-lara | publisher=DR | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref>) and tigers (the largest enclosure for the species in Europe<ref>{{cite news | date=1 June 2021 | title=Europas største tigeranlæg er åbnet i Knuthenborg Safaripark | url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/europas-storste-tigeranlaeg-er-abnet-i-knuthenborg-safaripark?publisherId=11749177&releaseId=13622960 | publisher=Reuters | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref>), walk-through enclosures with [[lemur]]s and [[Red-necked wallaby|red-necked wallabies]], and an [[arboretum]]. In recent years, a number of animals from places no longer able to house them have been moved to the Safaripark, including African bush elephants in 2019 (after wild animals were banned from [[circus]]es in Denmark) and [[lion]]s in 2022 (moved from a Ukrainian zoo due to [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|the war]] with Russia).<ref name=DR15July2020/><ref>{{cite news | date=2 January 2023 | title=Tre løver evakueret fra Ukraine til Knuthenborg Safaripark | url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/tre-lover-evakueret-fra-ukraine-til-knuthenborg-safaripark?publisherId=11749177&releaseId=13667642 | publisher=Ritzau | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref> Prior to this, neither species was kept at Knuthenborg. In the areas with [[domestic animal]]s such as [[West African dwarf goat]]s, visitors can touch the animals if they allow it.<ref name=Safari/>

===Dinosaur forest and Museum of Evolution===
[[File:Allosaurus in Knuthenborg.jpg|thumb|The skeleton of the ''[[Allosaurus]]'' "Big Joe" in the Museum of Evolution]]

In addition to living animals, Knuthenborg Safaripark is home to a [[dinosaur]] forest with a large number of full-scale models of dinosaurs and [[pterosaur]]s. It opened in 2018 and some of the models are [[animatronic]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Axelholm | first=L.B. | date=26 April 2018 | title=Dinosaurskoven: Lollands svar på Jurassic Park er klar til at jage dig en skræk i livet | url=https://turisme.nu/dinosaurskoven-skraek/ | website=turisme.nu | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref>

The Museum of Evolution, which opened in 2023, houses fossils of prehistoric animals, such as one of the largest ({{cvt|9|m|disp=sqbr}} long) and most complete (more than 95% preserved) ''[[Allosaurus]]'' skeletons named "Big Joe", a ''[[Torosaurus]]'' named "Adam" with the largest known dinosaur skull, ''[[Lokiceratops]]'', [[dinosaur egg]]s, ''[[Dimetrodon]]'' and several other [[Permian]] animals, the giant ground sloth ''[[Eremotherium]]'' and one of only twelve known [[Specimens of Archaeopteryx|specimens of ''Archaeopteryx'']].<ref name=Ritzau15Nov2022/><ref>{{cite news| title=Knuthenborgs sjældne dinosauræg undersøgt - svaret overrasker | url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2023-10-17-knuthenborgs-sjaeldne-dinosauraeg-undersoegt-svaret-overrasker | date=17 October 2023 | publisher=TV2 | access-date=17 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Museum of Evolution | url=https://www.museumofevolution.com/ | publisher=Knuthenborg Safaripark | access-date=1 July 2023 }}</ref>

===Amusement park===
An amusement park section houses Denmark's largest nature playground, a water playground, [[trampoline]]s, a family [[roller coaster]] (height requirement minimum {{cvt|1|m|disp=sqbr}}) and a [[Water coaster (roller coaster)|water coaster]] (height requirement minimum {{cvt|1.2|m|disp=sqbr}}).<ref name=BainBooth2008 /><ref>{{cite web | title=Limpopoland | url=https://knuthenborg.dk/limpopoland/ | publisher=Ritzau | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref>

==Visitors==
In 2012, there were some 223,000 visitors to Knuthenborg Safaripark representing a 10% increase over the previous year. The increase has been ascribed to new attractions and facilities for children.<ref name=visitors>[http://www.tv2east.dk/artikler/stadig-flere-besoeger-knuthenborg "Stadig flere besøger Knuthenborg"], ''TV2 Øst'', 30 October 2012. {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 29 May 2013.</ref> In 2019, there were 310,000 visitors, making it the 29th most visited tourist attraction in Denmark.<ref name=AtLi2019>{{cite web| title=Attraktionslisten 2019 | url=https://www.visitdenmark.dk/sites/visitdenmark.com/files/2020-07/Attraktionslisten%202019.pdf | date=1 July 2020 | publisher=VisitDenmark | access-date=1 July 2023 }}</ref>

The safari park, dinosaur forest, Museum of Evolution and amusement park are all covered by a single entry ticket (cannot be visited separately).<ref name=KNFA>{{cite web| title=FAQ Generelt | url=https://knuthenborg.dk/faq-generelt-2/ | website=knuthenborg.dk | access-date=1 July 2023 | language=da }}</ref> The park is open to visitors every day during the spring, summer and fall, but closed in winter.<ref>[http://uk.knuthenborg.dk/Your+visit/OPENING+HOURS+%26+PRICES/opening_hours.htm "Opening times and prices"], Knuthenborg.dk. Retrieved 10 May 2015.</ref> Although some distances can be large (the full road system inside the park is {{cvt|23|km|disp=sqbr}} long), much of the Safaripark is [[bicycle]] or walk-friendly, but the African [[savannah]], and sections housing moose, American bison and [[Arctic wolf]] are accessible only by those in a closed motor vehicle (own car or a bus); however parts of the African savannah are also viewable from outside the enclosure. [[Holiday house]]s and [[Glamping|luxury tents]] overlooking some of the animal enclosures allow visitors to stay overnight.<ref name=KNFA/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Knuthenborg Safaripark}}
*[https://knuthenborg.dk/en/ Official site]

{{Zoos of Denmark}}
{{Lolland}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Safari parks]]
[[Category:Parks in Denmark]]
[[Category:Zoos in Denmark]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in Denmark]] 
[[Category:Fossil museums]] 
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lolland Municipality]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Knuth family]]

Eothoracosaurus

2024-06-15T22:50:49Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Discovery and naming */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|72.6|66|ref=<ref name="Rio2021">{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=6 September 2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 |pages=e12094 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmid=34567843 |pmc=8428266 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
| image = Eothoracosaurus size.png
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Eothoracosaurus
| authority = {{harvnb|Brochu|2004}}
| type_species = '''''Eothoracosaurus mississippiensis'''''
| type_species_authority = {{harvnb|Brochu|2004}}
}}

'''''Eothoracosaurus''''' is an [[extinct]] [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[eusuchia]]n [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorphs]] found in [[Eastern United States]] which existed during the [[Late Cretaceous]] period. ''Eothoracosaurus'' is considered to belong to an informally named [[clade]] called the "thoracosaurs", named after the closely related ''[[Thoracosaurus]]''. Thoracosaurs in general were traditionally thought to be related to the modern [[false gharial]], largely because the nasal bones contact the [[premaxillae]], but [[phylogenetic]] work starting in the 1990s instead supported affinities within [[Gavialoidea|gavialoid]] exclusive of such forms. Even more recent phylogenetic studies suggest that thoracosaurs might instead be non-crocodilian [[eusuchian]]s.<ref name="LeeYates2018"/>

==Discovery and naming==
[[Fossil]]s are known from the [[Ripley Formation]] in [[Mississippi]] and date back to the early [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]]. Some fragmentary material from the [[Coon Creek Formation]] of western [[Tennessee]] dating back to the late [[Campanian]] (slightly older than the specimens from Mississippi) has been referred to ''Eothoracosaurus'' as well. The [[holotype]] specimen of ''Eothoracosaurus'' ([[Mississippi State University|MSU]] 3293, a skull and associated postcrania in the collection of the university's Dunn-Seiler Museum) was originally discovered in 1931 and first described by [[Kenneth Carpenter]] in 1983 and initially referred to ''[[Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]''.<ref name=Kenneth>{{Cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=K.|year=1983|title=Thoracosaurus neocesariensis (De Kay , 1842) (Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) from the Late Cretaceous Ripley Formation of Mississippi|url=https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Vol_4_1.pdf|journal=Mississippi Geology|volume=4|issue=1}}</ref> The material was eventually reexamined by [[Christopher Brochu]] in 2004, taking note of substantial differences to other thoracosaurs and finding them severe enough to warrant a separate genus: '''''Eothoracosaurus'''''.<ref name="Brochu2004"/>

The name derives from the genus ''Thoracosaurus'' (chest lizard) and the [[prefix]] "eos" meaning dawn, chosen to reflect the fact that ''Eothoracosaurus'' appeared earlier in the fossil record than its relative. The species name ''mississippiensis'' represents the state of [[Mississippi]], where the [[holotype]] was discovered.

==Description==
Like in the modern [[gharial]], the skull of ''Eothoracosaurus'' is strongly elongated with the head growing notably broader further back. The external [[nares]] are entirely surrounded by the [[premaxilla]], which extends between the [[maxilla]] as far back as the approximate position of the fourth maxillary tooth on the dorsal surface and up to the third tooth when viewed from below. Each premaxilla contains 5 teeth, with the first four roughly equal in size while the fifth is notably smaller. There is a small lateral notch between the premaxilla and maxilla. The maxillae contain 21 to 22 teeth on each side. The first tooth is smaller than those following it, with the size of the successive teeth remaining roughly uniform until the last 7 teeth, which grow progressively smaller. The preserved teeth show they were slender and conical and fairly evenly spaced. Although the skull overall widens, the width of the maxilla stays approximately the same regardless. The paired [[nasal bones]] extend over most of the [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]], creating a small wedge been the premaxilla. They run parallel to the maxilla up to the eleventh tooth, at which point they expand until roughly their contact with the [[lacrimal bones]]. The back of the nasal is contacted by the elongated and slender frontal process of the [[frontal bone]]. In ''Eothoracosaurus'', the frontal process is twice as long as the main body, while in ''[[Thoracosaurus]]'' the ratio is closer to 1:1. In [[gharial]]s, the process is even shorter. The interfenestral bar of the [[parietal bone]] is another key trait that differentiates ''Eothoracosaurus'', being relatively wider (around half the length of one fenestra), while in ''Thoracosaurus'', the width varies between less than a third or a fourth depending on the species. The width of the bar varies in modern gharials based on age, but is also generally smaller relative to the width of the fenestra.<ref name="Brochu2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Brochu |first1=Christopher A. |year=2004 |title=A new Late Cretaceous gavialoid crocodylian from eastern North America and the phylogenetic relationships of thoracosaurs |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40662929 |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=610–633 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0610:ANLCGC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=131176447 }}</ref>

==Phylogeny==
The relationship between thoracosaurs and modern [[crocodylia]]ns is traditionally uncertain and commonly debated. Early research into the matter linked thoracosaurs to the [[Tomistominae]], the extant [[false gharial]] and relatives, which at the time were believed to form a distinct clade within [[Crocodylidae]]. In his 2004 redescription, Brochu instead recovered thoracosaurs as a [[paraphyletic]] [[evolutionary grade|grade]] at the base of [[Gavialidae]]. The study notes that most characters linking thoracosaurs and tomistomines are [[plesiomorphic]] in nature and that, even if ''[[Tomistoma]]'' and ''[[Gavialis]]'' were more closely related then assumed in the [[phylogenetic]] tree, ''Eothoracosaurus'' would still clade closer with ''Gavialis''.<ref name="Brochu2004"/> This possibility would eventually be repeatedly supported by molecular studies that recovered tomistomines as a paraphyletic grade at the base of [[Gavialoidea]].<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmid=30051855 |pmc=6030529 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The below [[cladogram]] is an example of thoracosaurs as [[basal (phylogeny)|basal]] gavialoids as recovered by Rio and Mannion (2021) based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] data alone. Although the anatomy matches gavialoid affinities, the authors note that those synapomorphies are generally ambiguous and possibly related to convergent evolution caused by the independent evolution of a longirostrine skull morphology. <ref name="Rio2021"/>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Gavialidae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Tomistominae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Paratomistoma courti]]''
|2=''Tomistoma schlegelii'', '''[[false gharial]]'''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Penghusuchus pani]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Tomistoma cairense|"Tomistoma" cairense]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Thoracosaurus isorhynchus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Eosuchus minor]]''
|2={{extinct}}''[[Eosuchus lerichei]]''
}}}}}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Portugalosuchus azenhae]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]''
|2={{extinct}}'''''Eothoracosaurus mississippiensis'''''
}}}}
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Tomistoma dowsoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Eogavialis africanum]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Aktiogavialis caribesi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Argochampsa krebsi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Piscogavialis jugaliperforatus]]''

|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Siquisiquesuchus venezuelensis]]''
|2={{extinct}}''[[Ikanogavialis gameroi]]''
}}}}
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Dadagavialis gunai]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Gryposuchus pachakamue]]''
|2={{extinct}}''[[Gryposuchus colombianus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Gryposuchus neogaeus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Gryposuchus croizati]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Gavialis lewisi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Gavialis browni]]''
|2=''Gavialis gangeticus'', '''[[gharial]]'''
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

Alternatively, recent [[phylogenetic]] studies combining morphological, molecular and [[stratigraphic]] data argue that rather than being gavialoids, thoracosaurs were basal, non-crocodylian [[Eusuchians]],<ref name="LeeYates2018"/><ref name=Darlim>{{Cite journal|last1=Darlim|first1=G.|last2=Lee|first2=M.S.Y.|last3=Walter|first3=J.| last4=Rabi| first4=M.|year=2022|title=The impact of molecular data on the phylogenetic position of the putative oldest crown crocodilian and the age of the clade|journal=The Royal Society|volume=18|issue=2|doi= 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0603|pmid=35135314 |pmc=8825999}}</ref> as shown in the cladogram below:<ref name="LeeYates2018"/>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Allodaposuchus palustris]]''
|2=''[[Lohuecosuchus megadontos]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Borealosuchus sternbergii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Borealosuchus formidabilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Borealosuchus acutidentatus]]''
|2=''[[Borealosuchus wilsoni]]''
}}}}}}
|label2=Thoracosaurs
|2={{clade
|1='''''Eothoracosaurus mississippiensis'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Thoracosaurus neocesariensis]]''
|2=''[[Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Argochampsa krebsi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eogavialis africanum]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eosuchus minor]]''
|2=''[[Eosuchus lerichei]]''
}}}}}}}}}}}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Planocraniidae]]
|label2='''[[Crocodylia]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Alligatoridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Gavialidae]]
|2=[[Crocodylidae]]
}}}}}}}}}}}}

==Paleoenvironment==
Thoracosaurs such as ''Eothoracosaurus'' are typically associated with marine environments and coastal habitats and are thought to have lived in and around shallow marine areas. They are likely to have eaten fish and ''[[cephalopods]]''. The [[Coon Creek Formation]] yielded oceanic fauna such as the [[shark]]s ''[[Otodus]]'' and ''[[Squalicorax]]'', the [[sea turtle]] ''[[Toxochelys]]'', and [[mosasaur]]s including ''[[Plioplatecarpus]]'' and ''[[Globidens]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gibson | first1 = M. A | year = 2008 | title = Review of vertebrate diversity in the Coon Creek Formation lagerstätte (Late Cretaceous) of western Tennessee | journal = Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs | volume = 40 | issue = 3| page = 8 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neosuchia|E.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2099933}}

[[Category:Neosuchians]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of North America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous crocodylomorphs]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America]]
[[Category:Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera]]

Augerino

2024-06-12T23:25:20Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

The '''augerino''' is a [[legendary creature]] present in the [[Folklore|folk tale]]s of [[lumberjack]] and [[ranching]] communities in the western [[United States]].<ref name=rose>Carol Rose, ''Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend and Myth''. Norton, 2001, pp. 30-31. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=GKrACS_n86wC&dq=augerino&pg=PA30 Google Books link])</ref> Tales of the augerino described it as a [[wikt:underground|subterranean]] creature which inhabited the drier regions of [[Colorado]].<ref name=rose/> The augerino required a dry environment to survive and would bore holes in dams and [[irrigation]] ditches to let the water drain out. Some accounts described the augerino as a type of worm,<ref>Ernest W. Baughman, ''Type and Motif-Index of the Folktales of England and North America''. Walter De Gruyter, 1966, p. 534. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=uk-W8g_68b8C&dq=augerino&pg=PA534 Google Books link])</ref> though tales differ on the exact physical description of the creature.<ref name=rose/> The name appears to derive from the diminutive of the common hand tool, the [[auger (drill)|auger]].

A 1941 investigation of the folk tales of [[Middle Park (Colorado basin)|Middle Park, Colorado]] uncovered stories of the augerino describing it as a gigantic, corkscrew-shaped, indestructible wormlike creature which lined its burrows with a [[silica]] substance to keep them from collapsing.<ref name=ives>Ronald L. Ives, "Folklore of Eastern Middle Park, Colorado". ''Journal of American Folklore'' 54 (1941), pp. 24-43, at pp. 29-30.</ref> Some residents apparently believed the creature was authentic, remarking, "Hell, the ditches still leak, don't they?"<ref name=ives/> Folklorist Ronald L. Ives suggested that genuine belief in the creature may have come from misinterpretations of [[paleontology|paleontological]] finds; excavated specimens of the snail ''[[laxispira]]'' were sometimes known as "Devil's corkscrews" or "fossil augerinos".<ref name=ives/> Ives had also published a fictional short story based on tales of the augerino in 1938.<ref>Ronald L. Ives, "The Augerino Oil Company". ''Coronet'' (Chicago), June 1938, pp. 53-57.</ref> In 2008, a new helical fossil found in [[New Mexico]] was named ''[[Augerinoichnus]] helicoidalis'' in honor of the augerino.<ref>Nicholas J. Minter ''et al''. "Augerinoichnus Helicoidalis, a New Helical Trace Fossil from the Nonmarine Permian of New Mexico". ''Journal of Paleontology'' 82:6 (2008), pp. 1201-1206.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Palaeocastor]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:American legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Colorado culture]]
[[Category:Colorado folklore]]

Rochester, Indiana

2024-06-09T22:29:48Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* History */

{{Short description|City in Indiana}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = City of Rochester, Indiana
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname =
| motto = "The City of Friendship and Pride"<ref name="City of Rochester Indiana">{{cite web|url= http://www.rochester.in.us/|title= City of Rochester Indiana|publisher= City of Rochester Indiana |access-date= September 29, 2012}}</ref>
| image_skyline = Rochester-indiana-downtown.jpg
| imagesize = 310px
| image_caption = Rochester business district
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map = File:Fulton County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Rochester Highlighted 1865214.svg
| mapsize = 290px
| map_caption = Location of Rochester in Fulton County, Indiana
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Indiana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Ted Denton<ref>{{cite web|title=Rochester, Indiana Homepage|url=http://www.rochester.in.us|publisher=rochester.in.us|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| established_title = [[Settled]]
| established_date = {{start date and age|1835}}<ref name="History of Rochester">{{cite web|url= http://www.rochester.in.us/id1.html|title= History of Rochester|publisher= City of Rochester Indiana|access-date= January 22, 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823094427/http://www.rochester.in.us/id1.html|archive-date= August 23, 2013}}</ref>
| established_title2 = Incorporated [[Town]]
| established_date2 = {{start date and age|1853|06|11|mf=y}}<ref name="History of Rochester"/>
| established_title3 = Incorporated [[City]]
| established_date3 = {{start date and age|1909|10|11|mf=y}}<ref name="History of Rochester"/>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_18.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 14.71
| area_total_sq_mi = 5.68
| area_land_km2 = 11.84
| area_land_sq_mi = 4.57
| area_water_km2 = 2.87
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.11
| area_water_percent = 19.14
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="wwwcensusgov"/>
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_total = 6270
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = 506.19
| population_density_sq_mi = 1311.02
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_urban =
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| coordinates = {{coord|41|03|33|N|86|11|46|W|region:US-IN_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 784
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 46975
| website = [http://www.rochester.in.us/ http://www.rochester.in.us/]
| area_code = [[Area code 574|574]]
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 18-65214<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 2396394<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2396394}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Imperial
}}

'''Rochester''' is a city in, and the [[county seat]] of, [[Fulton County, Indiana]], United States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The population was 6,270 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].

==History==
Rochester was laid out in 1835. The founder Alexander Chamberlain named it for his former hometown of [[Rochester, New York]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Ronald L.|title=From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History|url=https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake|url-access=registration|date=October 1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32866-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake/page/283 283]|quote=Alexander Chamberlain...came here from the area around Rochester, New York...}}</ref> The Rochester post office was established in 1836.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Fulton&searchtext=&pagenum=2 | title=Fulton County | publisher=Jim Forte Postal History | access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

The [[Potawatomi Trail of Death]] came through the town in 1838.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rochsent.com/main.asp?SectionID=45 |title=Places to see, things to do in Fulton Co. |publisher=The Rochester Sentinel |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127090712/http://rochsent.com/main.asp?SectionID=45 |archive-date=November 27, 2013 }}</ref>

Rochester was incorporated as a city in 1853.<ref name="City of Rochester Indiana"/>

The [[Lyman M. Brackett House]], [[Fulton County Courthouse (Indiana)|Fulton County Courthouse]], [[Rochester Downtown Historic District]], and [[John W. Smith House]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref> The formerly listed [[Germany Bridge]] was located nearby. The [[List of round barns|Wideman-Gerig Round Barn]] is in use at the Round Barn Golf Club in Rochester.

In 1967, the most complete known specimen of the extinct bear ''[[Arctodus]]'' was found in a cornfield.<ref name="Richards-1995">{{Cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Ronald L. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3480 |title=Giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus yukonensis) remains from Fulton County, northern Indiana |last2=Neiburger |first2=Ellis J. |last3=Turnbull |first3=William D. |date=1995 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |location=Chicago, Ill.}}</ref><ref name="Stark-2022">{{Cite book |last=Stark |first=Mike |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2br108d |title=Chasing the Ghost Bear: On the Trail of America's Lost Super Beast |date=2022 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-2902-1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2br108d |jstor=j.ctv2br108d |s2cid=247872305}}</ref>

In early April, 1974 Indiana was one of the states that were impacted by the super outbreak. On a Sunday, sometime in April, 1974, an F4 tornado formed a few miles outside of Rochester. The tornado reportedly hit multiple houses in Rochester, Also damaging Riddle Elementary, the tornado continued and killed a couple people before dissipating.

==Geography==
According to the 2010 census, Rochester has a total area of {{convert|5.801|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|4.69|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 80.85%) is land and {{convert|1.111|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 19.15%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1865214
|title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1
|access-date=2015-07-29
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213045144/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1865214
|archive-date=2020-02-13
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Rochester, Indiana (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–1916, 1924–present)
| Jan record high F = 69
| Feb record high F = 73
| Mar record high F = 86
| Apr record high F = 93
| May record high F = 96
| Jun record high F = 105
| Jul record high F = 109
| Aug record high F = 102
| Sep record high F = 103
| Oct record high F = 91
| Nov record high F = 81
| Dec record high F = 70
| year record high F =

|Jan avg record high F = 54.8
|Feb avg record high F = 57.2
|Mar avg record high F = 70.7
|Apr avg record high F = 79.8
|May avg record high F = 87.7
|Jun avg record high F = 92.2
|Jul avg record high F = 92.7
|Aug avg record high F = 91.6
|Sep avg record high F = 89.8
|Oct avg record high F = 82.3
|Nov avg record high F = 68.2
|Dec avg record high F = 57.3
|year avg record high F = 94.7

| Jan high F = 31.9
| Feb high F = 35.8
| Mar high F = 47.1
| Apr high F = 60.0
| May high F = 71.3
| Jun high F = 80.2
| Jul high F = 83.2
| Aug high F = 81.5
| Sep high F = 76.0
| Oct high F = 63.5
| Nov high F = 48.9
| Dec high F = 37.0
| year high F = 59.7
| Jan mean F = 24.6
| Feb mean F = 27.7
| Mar mean F = 37.7
| Apr mean F = 49.3
| May mean F = 60.6
| Jun mean F = 70.1
| Jul mean F = 73.0
| Aug mean F = 71.2
| Sep mean F = 64.6
| Oct mean F = 53.0
| Nov mean F = 40.5
| Dec mean F = 30.1
| year mean F = 50.2
| Jan low F = 17.3
| Feb low F = 19.7
| Mar low F = 28.3
| Apr low F = 38.6
| May low F = 49.9
| Jun low F = 59.9
| Jul low F = 62.8
| Aug low F = 61.0
| Sep low F = 53.3
| Oct low F = 42.5
| Nov low F = 32.2
| Dec low F = 23.2
| year low F = 40.7

|Jan avg record low F = -3.8
|Feb avg record low F = 1.0
|Mar avg record low F = 12.4
|Apr avg record low F = 24.6
|May avg record low F = 35.7
|Jun avg record low F = 46.0
|Jul avg record low F = 50.8
|Aug avg record low F = 50.5
|Sep avg record low F = 40.1
|Oct avg record low F = 29.1
|Nov avg record low F = 18.8
|Dec avg record low F = 5.3
|year avg record low F = -7.3

| Jan record low F = -24
| Feb record low F = -21
| Mar record low F = -7
| Apr record low F = 8
| May record low F = 24
| Jun record low F = 35
| Jul record low F = 36
| Aug record low F = 35
| Sep record low F = 28
| Oct record low F = 14
| Nov record low F = -4
| Dec record low F = -30
| year record low F =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 2.83
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.28
| Mar precipitation inch = 2.62
| Apr precipitation inch = 3.87
| May precipitation inch = 4.40
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.27
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.44
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.13
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.20
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.20
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.08
| Dec precipitation inch = 2.43
| year precipitation inch = 40.75
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 9.7
| Feb precipitation days = 7.8
| Mar precipitation days = 9.3
| Apr precipitation days = 10.7
| May precipitation days = 11.4
| Jun precipitation days = 10.0
| Jul precipitation days = 8.7
| Aug precipitation days = 8.7
| Sep precipitation days = 7.8
| Oct precipitation days = 9.4
| Nov precipitation days = 9.1
| Dec precipitation days = 9.4
| year precipitation days = 112.0
| Jan snow inch = 10.7
| Feb snow inch = 8.0
| Mar snow inch = 3.3
| Apr snow inch = 0.5
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.0
| Nov snow inch = 1.3
| Dec snow inch = 6.3
| year snow inch = 30.1
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 4.6
| Feb snow days = 3.2
| Mar snow days = 1.4
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.6
| Dec snow days = 2.7
| year snow days = 12.7
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="NOWData">{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=iwx
|title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = November 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NCEI">{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00127482&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = November 18, 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 283 |1850n =<ref name="1850pop">{{cite book |last1=DeBow |first1=J.D.B. |title=The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 |date=1853 |publisher=Robert Armstrong |location=Washington |page=1021 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1850/1850a/1850a-49.pdf#page=7 |access-date=18 May 2021}} The population figure for 1850 is an approximation provided in the appendix of the [https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1853/dec/1850a.html official volume of the Seventh Census].</ref>
|1860= 651
|1870= 1528
|1880= 1869
|1890= 2467
|1900= 3421
|1910= 3364
|1920= 3720
|1930= 3518
|1940= 3835
|1950= 4673
|1960= 4883
|1970= 4631
|1980= 5050
|1990= 5969
|2000= 6414
|2010= 6218
|2020= 6270
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 250
|image1=Fulton County Courthouse 2014.jpg
|alt1=
|image2=Fulton County Courthouse in Rochester.jpg
|alt2=Magnapop performing in a record store with flyers for their album tacked on the wall behind them
|caption2=Rochester's Romanesque styled historic courthouse is guarded by stone lions.}}

===2010 census===
As of the census<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 6,218 people, 2,702 households, and 1,650 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|1325.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 3,211 housing units at an average density of {{convert|684.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census|racial makeup]] of the city was 95.9% White, 0.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.4% of the population.

Of the 2,702 households 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 33.8% of households were one person and 16.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age was 41.6 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 19.5% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

===2000 census===
At the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] there were 6,414 people, 2,757 households, and 1,734 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|1,407.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 3,188 housing units at an average density of {{convert|699.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census|racial makeup]] of the city was 96.24% White, 0.59% Native American, 0.45% African American, 0.84% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.86%.<ref name="GR2" />

Of the 2,757 households 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 32.2% of households were one person and 16.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 23.6% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

The median household income was $33,424 and the median family income was $41,949. Males had a median income of $31,446 versus $20,796 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,866. About 7.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.

==Parks and recreation==
Located on the east side of Rochester, [[Lake Manitou, Indiana|Lake Manitou]] is a popular place in the summer for boating and other water-related activities. City Park is located on the western side of Rochester, near the high school.

==Education==
Rochester has a public library, a branch of the Fulton County Public Library.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fulco.lib.in.us/branches/ | title=Branches | publisher=Fulton County Public Library | access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> The Rochester Community School Corporation is housed in Rochester, operating two elementary level schools (Columbia, PK-grade 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://columbia.zebras.net/|title=Columbia Elementary School|website=columbia.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and Riddle, grades 2–4<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://riddle.zebras.net/index.php|title=Riddle Elementary School|website=riddle.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>), Rochester Middle School (grades 5–7)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rms.zebras.net/|title=Rochester Middle School|website=rms.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and Rochester Community High School (grades 8–12).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rhs.zebras.net/|title=Rochester High School|website=rhs.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
(Rochester Learning Center)| zebras.net

== Historic structures ==
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Indiana]]
* [[Rochester Downtown Historic District]]
* [[Fulton County Courthouse (Indiana)]]
* [[Lyman M. Brackett House]]
* [[John W. Smith House]]

==Notable people==
* [[Nicole Gale Anderson]], actress
* [[Jorge Argüello]], 2011-13 Ambassador of Argentina to the United States
* [[Margret Holmes Bates]] (1844-1927), author
* [[Otis R. Bowen]], fourth [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]]; born nearby
* [[John Angus Chamberlain]], sculptor
* [[Thurman C. Crook]], one-term U.S. congressman
* [[Gene DeWeese]], science fiction writer; born in Rochester
* [[Ron Herrell]], former member of the [[Indiana House of Representatives]]
* [[Elmo Lincoln]], film actor and subject of the biography ''My Father, Elmo Lincoln: The Original Tarzan''
* [[Ray Mowe]], shortstop for the 1913 [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]
* [[Clyde Short]], Chairman of the Kansas Democratic Party, 1934-1936

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q991186|commons=category:Rochester, Indiana|voy=Rochester (Indiana)|b=no|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|q=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|s=no}}
* [http://www.rochester.in.us/ City website]
* [http://www.contactrochester.org/ Rochester and Lake Manitou Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.city-data.com/city/Rochester-Indiana.html City-Data.com]

{{Fulton County, Indiana}}
{{County Seats of Indiana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Indiana]]
[[Category:Cities in Fulton County, Indiana]]
[[Category:County seats in Indiana]]

Rochester, Indiana

2024-06-09T22:26:41Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* History */

{{Short description|City in Indiana}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = City of Rochester, Indiana
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname =
| motto = "The City of Friendship and Pride"<ref name="City of Rochester Indiana">{{cite web|url= http://www.rochester.in.us/|title= City of Rochester Indiana|publisher= City of Rochester Indiana |access-date= September 29, 2012}}</ref>
| image_skyline = Rochester-indiana-downtown.jpg
| imagesize = 310px
| image_caption = Rochester business district
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map = File:Fulton County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Rochester Highlighted 1865214.svg
| mapsize = 290px
| map_caption = Location of Rochester in Fulton County, Indiana
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Indiana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Ted Denton<ref>{{cite web|title=Rochester, Indiana Homepage|url=http://www.rochester.in.us|publisher=rochester.in.us|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| established_title = [[Settled]]
| established_date = {{start date and age|1835}}<ref name="History of Rochester">{{cite web|url= http://www.rochester.in.us/id1.html|title= History of Rochester|publisher= City of Rochester Indiana|access-date= January 22, 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823094427/http://www.rochester.in.us/id1.html|archive-date= August 23, 2013}}</ref>
| established_title2 = Incorporated [[Town]]
| established_date2 = {{start date and age|1853|06|11|mf=y}}<ref name="History of Rochester"/>
| established_title3 = Incorporated [[City]]
| established_date3 = {{start date and age|1909|10|11|mf=y}}<ref name="History of Rochester"/>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_18.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 14.71
| area_total_sq_mi = 5.68
| area_land_km2 = 11.84
| area_land_sq_mi = 4.57
| area_water_km2 = 2.87
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.11
| area_water_percent = 19.14
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="wwwcensusgov"/>
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_total = 6270
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = 506.19
| population_density_sq_mi = 1311.02
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_urban =
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| coordinates = {{coord|41|03|33|N|86|11|46|W|region:US-IN_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 784
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 46975
| website = [http://www.rochester.in.us/ http://www.rochester.in.us/]
| area_code = [[Area code 574|574]]
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 18-65214<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 2396394<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2396394}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Imperial
}}

'''Rochester''' is a city in, and the [[county seat]] of, [[Fulton County, Indiana]], United States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The population was 6,270 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].

==History==
Rochester was laid out in 1835. The founder Alexander Chamberlain named it for his former hometown of [[Rochester, New York]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Ronald L.|title=From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History|url=https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake|url-access=registration|date=October 1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32866-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake/page/283 283]|quote=Alexander Chamberlain...came here from the area around Rochester, New York...}}</ref> The Rochester post office was established in 1836.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Fulton&searchtext=&pagenum=2 | title=Fulton County | publisher=Jim Forte Postal History | access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

The [[Potawatomi Trail of Death]] came through the town in 1838.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rochsent.com/main.asp?SectionID=45 |title=Places to see, things to do in Fulton Co. |publisher=The Rochester Sentinel |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127090712/http://rochsent.com/main.asp?SectionID=45 |archive-date=November 27, 2013 }}</ref>

Rochester was incorporated as a city in 1853.<ref name="City of Rochester Indiana"/>

The [[Lyman M. Brackett House]], [[Fulton County Courthouse (Indiana)|Fulton County Courthouse]], [[Rochester Downtown Historic District]], and [[John W. Smith House]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref> The formerly listed [[Germany Bridge]] was located nearby. The [[List of round barns|Wideman-Gerig Round Barn]] is in use at the Round Barn Golf Club in Rochester.

In 1967, the most complete specimen of the extinct bear ''[[Arctodus]]'' was found in a cornfield.<ref name="Richards-1995">{{Cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Ronald L. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3480 |title=Giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus yukonensis) remains from Fulton County, northern Indiana |last2=Neiburger |first2=Ellis J. |last3=Turnbull |first3=William D. |date=1995 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |location=Chicago, Ill.}}</ref><ref name="Stark-2022">{{Cite book |last=Stark |first=Mike |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2br108d |title=Chasing the Ghost Bear: On the Trail of America's Lost Super Beast |date=2022 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-2902-1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2br108d |jstor=j.ctv2br108d |s2cid=247872305}}</ref>

In early April, 1974 Indiana was one of the states that were impacted by the super outbreak. On a Sunday, sometime in April, 1974, an F4 tornado formed a few miles outside of Rochester. The tornado reportedly hit multiple houses in Rochester, Also damaging Riddle Elementary, the tornado continued and killed a couple people before dissipating.

==Geography==
According to the 2010 census, Rochester has a total area of {{convert|5.801|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|4.69|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 80.85%) is land and {{convert|1.111|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 19.15%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1865214
|title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1
|access-date=2015-07-29
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213045144/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1865214
|archive-date=2020-02-13
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Rochester, Indiana (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–1916, 1924–present)
| Jan record high F = 69
| Feb record high F = 73
| Mar record high F = 86
| Apr record high F = 93
| May record high F = 96
| Jun record high F = 105
| Jul record high F = 109
| Aug record high F = 102
| Sep record high F = 103
| Oct record high F = 91
| Nov record high F = 81
| Dec record high F = 70
| year record high F =

|Jan avg record high F = 54.8
|Feb avg record high F = 57.2
|Mar avg record high F = 70.7
|Apr avg record high F = 79.8
|May avg record high F = 87.7
|Jun avg record high F = 92.2
|Jul avg record high F = 92.7
|Aug avg record high F = 91.6
|Sep avg record high F = 89.8
|Oct avg record high F = 82.3
|Nov avg record high F = 68.2
|Dec avg record high F = 57.3
|year avg record high F = 94.7

| Jan high F = 31.9
| Feb high F = 35.8
| Mar high F = 47.1
| Apr high F = 60.0
| May high F = 71.3
| Jun high F = 80.2
| Jul high F = 83.2
| Aug high F = 81.5
| Sep high F = 76.0
| Oct high F = 63.5
| Nov high F = 48.9
| Dec high F = 37.0
| year high F = 59.7
| Jan mean F = 24.6
| Feb mean F = 27.7
| Mar mean F = 37.7
| Apr mean F = 49.3
| May mean F = 60.6
| Jun mean F = 70.1
| Jul mean F = 73.0
| Aug mean F = 71.2
| Sep mean F = 64.6
| Oct mean F = 53.0
| Nov mean F = 40.5
| Dec mean F = 30.1
| year mean F = 50.2
| Jan low F = 17.3
| Feb low F = 19.7
| Mar low F = 28.3
| Apr low F = 38.6
| May low F = 49.9
| Jun low F = 59.9
| Jul low F = 62.8
| Aug low F = 61.0
| Sep low F = 53.3
| Oct low F = 42.5
| Nov low F = 32.2
| Dec low F = 23.2
| year low F = 40.7

|Jan avg record low F = -3.8
|Feb avg record low F = 1.0
|Mar avg record low F = 12.4
|Apr avg record low F = 24.6
|May avg record low F = 35.7
|Jun avg record low F = 46.0
|Jul avg record low F = 50.8
|Aug avg record low F = 50.5
|Sep avg record low F = 40.1
|Oct avg record low F = 29.1
|Nov avg record low F = 18.8
|Dec avg record low F = 5.3
|year avg record low F = -7.3

| Jan record low F = -24
| Feb record low F = -21
| Mar record low F = -7
| Apr record low F = 8
| May record low F = 24
| Jun record low F = 35
| Jul record low F = 36
| Aug record low F = 35
| Sep record low F = 28
| Oct record low F = 14
| Nov record low F = -4
| Dec record low F = -30
| year record low F =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 2.83
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.28
| Mar precipitation inch = 2.62
| Apr precipitation inch = 3.87
| May precipitation inch = 4.40
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.27
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.44
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.13
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.20
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.20
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.08
| Dec precipitation inch = 2.43
| year precipitation inch = 40.75
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 9.7
| Feb precipitation days = 7.8
| Mar precipitation days = 9.3
| Apr precipitation days = 10.7
| May precipitation days = 11.4
| Jun precipitation days = 10.0
| Jul precipitation days = 8.7
| Aug precipitation days = 8.7
| Sep precipitation days = 7.8
| Oct precipitation days = 9.4
| Nov precipitation days = 9.1
| Dec precipitation days = 9.4
| year precipitation days = 112.0
| Jan snow inch = 10.7
| Feb snow inch = 8.0
| Mar snow inch = 3.3
| Apr snow inch = 0.5
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.0
| Nov snow inch = 1.3
| Dec snow inch = 6.3
| year snow inch = 30.1
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 4.6
| Feb snow days = 3.2
| Mar snow days = 1.4
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.6
| Dec snow days = 2.7
| year snow days = 12.7
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="NOWData">{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=iwx
|title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = November 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NCEI">{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00127482&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = November 18, 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 283 |1850n =<ref name="1850pop">{{cite book |last1=DeBow |first1=J.D.B. |title=The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 |date=1853 |publisher=Robert Armstrong |location=Washington |page=1021 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1850/1850a/1850a-49.pdf#page=7 |access-date=18 May 2021}} The population figure for 1850 is an approximation provided in the appendix of the [https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1853/dec/1850a.html official volume of the Seventh Census].</ref>
|1860= 651
|1870= 1528
|1880= 1869
|1890= 2467
|1900= 3421
|1910= 3364
|1920= 3720
|1930= 3518
|1940= 3835
|1950= 4673
|1960= 4883
|1970= 4631
|1980= 5050
|1990= 5969
|2000= 6414
|2010= 6218
|2020= 6270
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 250
|image1=Fulton County Courthouse 2014.jpg
|alt1=
|image2=Fulton County Courthouse in Rochester.jpg
|alt2=Magnapop performing in a record store with flyers for their album tacked on the wall behind them
|caption2=Rochester's Romanesque styled historic courthouse is guarded by stone lions.}}

===2010 census===
As of the census<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 6,218 people, 2,702 households, and 1,650 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|1325.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 3,211 housing units at an average density of {{convert|684.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census|racial makeup]] of the city was 95.9% White, 0.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.4% of the population.

Of the 2,702 households 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 33.8% of households were one person and 16.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age was 41.6 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 19.5% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

===2000 census===
At the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] there were 6,414 people, 2,757 households, and 1,734 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|1,407.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 3,188 housing units at an average density of {{convert|699.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census|racial makeup]] of the city was 96.24% White, 0.59% Native American, 0.45% African American, 0.84% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.86%.<ref name="GR2" />

Of the 2,757 households 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 32.2% of households were one person and 16.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 23.6% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

The median household income was $33,424 and the median family income was $41,949. Males had a median income of $31,446 versus $20,796 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,866. About 7.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.

==Parks and recreation==
Located on the east side of Rochester, [[Lake Manitou, Indiana|Lake Manitou]] is a popular place in the summer for boating and other water-related activities. City Park is located on the western side of Rochester, near the high school.

==Education==
Rochester has a public library, a branch of the Fulton County Public Library.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fulco.lib.in.us/branches/ | title=Branches | publisher=Fulton County Public Library | access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> The Rochester Community School Corporation is housed in Rochester, operating two elementary level schools (Columbia, PK-grade 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://columbia.zebras.net/|title=Columbia Elementary School|website=columbia.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and Riddle, grades 2–4<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://riddle.zebras.net/index.php|title=Riddle Elementary School|website=riddle.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>), Rochester Middle School (grades 5–7)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rms.zebras.net/|title=Rochester Middle School|website=rms.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and Rochester Community High School (grades 8–12).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rhs.zebras.net/|title=Rochester High School|website=rhs.zebras.net|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
(Rochester Learning Center)| zebras.net

== Historic structures ==
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Indiana]]
* [[Rochester Downtown Historic District]]
* [[Fulton County Courthouse (Indiana)]]
* [[Lyman M. Brackett House]]
* [[John W. Smith House]]

==Notable people==
* [[Nicole Gale Anderson]], actress
* [[Jorge Argüello]], 2011-13 Ambassador of Argentina to the United States
* [[Margret Holmes Bates]] (1844-1927), author
* [[Otis R. Bowen]], fourth [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]]; born nearby
* [[John Angus Chamberlain]], sculptor
* [[Thurman C. Crook]], one-term U.S. congressman
* [[Gene DeWeese]], science fiction writer; born in Rochester
* [[Ron Herrell]], former member of the [[Indiana House of Representatives]]
* [[Elmo Lincoln]], film actor and subject of the biography ''My Father, Elmo Lincoln: The Original Tarzan''
* [[Ray Mowe]], shortstop for the 1913 [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]
* [[Clyde Short]], Chairman of the Kansas Democratic Party, 1934-1936

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q991186|commons=category:Rochester, Indiana|voy=Rochester (Indiana)|b=no|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|q=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|s=no}}
* [http://www.rochester.in.us/ City website]
* [http://www.contactrochester.org/ Rochester and Lake Manitou Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.city-data.com/city/Rochester-Indiana.html City-Data.com]

{{Fulton County, Indiana}}
{{County Seats of Indiana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Indiana]]
[[Category:Cities in Fulton County, Indiana]]
[[Category:County seats in Indiana]]

Tupandactylus

2024-06-09T00:31:57Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* History */

{{Short description|Genus of tapejarid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|112}}
| image = Tupandactylus skeleton - Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstructed ''T. imperator'' skeleton, [[National Museum of Brazil]]
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Tupandactylus
| authority = [[Alexander Kellner|Kellner]] & Campos, 2007
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Tapejara imperator'''''
| type_species_authority = Campos & Kellner, 1997
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
* {{extinct}}'''''Tupandactylus imperator''''' (Campos & Kellner, 1997)
* {{extinct}}'''''Tupandactylus navigans''''' (Frey, Martill & Buchy, 2003)
| synonyms =
{{collapsible list|title=List of synonyms|
{{collapsible list|title=Genus synonymy|
* ''Ingridia'' Unwin & Martill, 2007
}}
{{collapsible list|title=Synonyms of ''T. imperator''|
* ''[[Tapejara (pterosaur)|Tapejara]] imperator'' Campos & Kellner, 1997
* ''Ingridia imperator'' (Campos & Kellner, 1997)
}}
{{collapsible list|title=Synonyms of ''T. navigans''|
* ''Tapejara navigans'' Frey, Martill & Buchy, 2003
* ''Ingridia navigans'' (Frey, Martill & Buchy, 2003)
}}
}}
}}

'''''Tupandactylus''''' (meaning "Tupan finger", in reference to the [[Tupi people|Tupi]] thunder god) is a [[genus]] of [[tapejarid]] [[pterodactyloid]] [[pterosaur]] from the [[Early Cretaceous]] [[Crato Formation]] of [[Brazil]].

==History==
[[File:Tupandactylus navigans skeleton.PNG|thumb|left|''T. navigans'' skeleton showing soft tissue crest impression]]
''Tupandactylus imperator'' is known from four nearly complete skulls. The [[holotype]] specimen is [[Earth Sciences Museum|MCT]] 1622-R, a skull and partial lower jaw, found in the [[Crato Formation]], dating to the boundary of the [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] stages of the early [[Cretaceous]] period, about 112 Ma ago.<ref name=martilletal2007>Martill, D.M., Bechly, G. and Loveridge, R.F. (2007). ''The Crato fossil beds of Brazil: window into an ancient world.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-85867-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85867-0}}</ref> It was initially described as a [[species]] of ''[[Tapejara wellnhoferi|Tapejara]]'',<ref name="CK97">{{cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=D.A. |last2=Kellner |first2=A.W.A. |author-link2=Alexander Kellner |year=1997 |title=Short note on the first occurrence of Tapejaridae in the Crato Member (Aptian), Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=83–87}}</ref> but later research has indicated it warrants its own genus. The skull was toothless and had a prominent sagittal crest, only the base of which was bony: the front of the crest featured a tall bony rod extending up and back, and the rear of the crest had a long prong of bone projecting behind it. The bulk of the crest was made up of soft tissue similar to [[keratin]], supported by the two bony struts.<ref name="KC07">{{cite journal |last1=Kellner |first1=A.W.A. |author-link=Alexander Kellner |last2=Campos |first2=D.A. |year=2007 |title=Short note on the ingroup relationships of the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea |journal=Boletim do Museu Nacional |volume=75 |pages=1–14}}</ref> An additional skull described in 2011, specimen CPCA 3590, preserved more of the lower jaw, showing that like ''Tapejara'', ''T. imperator'' had a large, asymmetrical "keel"-like crest on the underside of the lower jaw tip.

A 2021 study describing a very complete ''T. navigans'' specimen suggested that the two species might represent different sexes of one [[sexually dimorphic]] species, but cautioned that further study was needed to test this.<ref name="Beccari&co2021">{{cite journal |last1=Beccari |first1=Victor |last2=Pinheiro |first2=Felipe Lima |last3=Nunes |first3=Ivan |last4=Anelli |first4=Luiz Eduardo |last5=Mateus |first5=Octávio |last6=Costa |first6=Fabiana Rodrigues |title=Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2021 |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=e0254789 |pmid=34432814|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254789|pmc=8386889 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654789B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Filaments of Tupandactylus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Life restoration]] showing distribution of filaments preserved in a ''T. imperator'' specimen]]
''Tupandactylus'' is notable for its large cranial crest, composed partly of bone and partly of soft tissue. The genus ''Tupandactylus'' possibly contains two species, both bearing differently sized/shaped crests that may have been used to signal and display for other ''Tupandactylus'', much as [[toucans]] use their bright bills to signal to one another.

[[File:Tapejarines mmartyniuk.png|thumb|Profile concepts of ''Tupandactylus imperator'' (C), ''Tupandactylus navigans'' (B), and ''Tapejara wellnhoferi'' (A)]]
''Tupandactylus'' crests consisted of a semicircular crest over the snout, and in the case of the [[type species]] ''T. imperator'', a bony prong which extended back behind the head. A second species, ''T. navigans'', lacked this prong, and had a much more vertical crest.

Soft tissue impressions also show that the small bony crests were extended by a much larger structure made of a keratinous material. The complete crest of ''T. navigans'' rose in a sharp, sail-like "dome" high above the rest of the skull.

Some ''Tupandactylus'' specimens preserve evidence of a keratinous beak at the jaw tips. However, this was restricted to the crested portion of the lower jaw, as one specimen also preserves [[pycnofibres]] (simple feather-like filaments) covering the jaws further back.<ref name=pinheiroetal2011/>

''T. imperator'' is estimated to have had a wingspan about {{convert|3 to 4|m|ft|sp=us}}, while ''T. navigans'' is smaller, with a wingspan of {{convert|2.7|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name="Beccari&co2021"/><ref name="pinheiroetal2011"/>

A 2022 study reported vaned feathers near the base of the crest of a ''T.'' cf. ''imperator'' specimen.<ref name="Filaments">{{cite journal |last1=Cincotta |first1=Aude |last2=Nicolaï |first2=Michaël |last3=Campos |first3=Hebert Bruno Nascimento |last4=McNamara |first4=Maria |last5=D’Alba |first5=Liliana |last6=Shawkey |first6=Matthew D. |last7=Kischlat |first7=Edio-Ernst |last8=Yans |first8=Johan |last9=Carleer |first9=Robert |last10=Escuillié |first10=François |last11=Godefroit |first11=Pascal |title=Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers |journal=Nature |date=2022 |volume=604 |issue=7907 |pages=684–688 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04622-3 |pmid=35444275|s2cid=248298392 |doi-access=free |pmc=9046085 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..684C |hdl=1942/37293 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Classification==
[[File:Cast of Tupandactylus imperator - Pterosaurs Flight in the Age of Dinosaurs.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''T. imperator'' skull model]]
Beginning in 2006, several researchers, including Kellner and Campos (who named ''Tupandactylus''), had found that the three species traditionally assigned to the genus ''Tapejara'' (''T. wellnhofferi'', ''T. imperator'', and ''T. navigans'') are in fact distinct both in anatomy and in their relationships to other tapejarid pterosaurs, and thus needed to be given new [[genus|generic]] names. However, just how the species should be split proved controversial. Kellner and Campos considered only ''T. imperator'' to warrant a new name, creating ''Tupandactylus''.<ref name=KC07/> However, another study published in 2007 by Unwin and Martill found that ''T. navigans'', previously assigned to ''Tapejara'', was actually most closely related to ''T. imperator'' and belonged with it in a new genus separate from ''Tapejara''. In 2007, at a symposium held in honor of renowned pterosaur researcher [[Peter Wellnhofer]], Unwin and Martill announced the new genus name '''''Ingridia''''', in honor of Wellnhofer's late wife Ingrid. However, when they published this name in a 2007 volume, they assigned ''imperator'' as the [[type species]] of their new genus, rather than ''navigans'', which they also included as a species of ''Ingridia''.<ref name="unwin&martill2007">Unwin, D. M. and Martill, D. M. (2007). "Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation." In Martill, D. M., Bechly, G. and Loveridge, R. F. (eds), ''The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World.'' Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), pp. 475–524.</ref> Furthermore, Unwin and Martill's paper was not published until several months after the similar paper by Kellner and Campos. Therefore, because both sets of authors used ''imperator'' as the type, ''Ingridia'' is considered a [[junior objective synonym]] of ''Tupandactylus''.<ref name="naishtetzooingridia2008">[[Darren Naish|Naish, D.]] (2008). "Crato Formation fossils and the new tapejarids." Weblog entry. ''Tetrapod Zoology''. January 18, 2008. Accessed January 31, 2008 ({{cite web |title=Tetrapod Zoology : Crato Formation fossils and the new tapejarids |url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/01/crato_formation_tapejarids.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706033647/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/01/crato_formation_tapejarids.php |archive-date=July 6, 2008 |access-date=November 15, 2008}}).</ref> It was not until 2011 that ''T. navigans'' was formally reclassified in the genus ''Tupandactylus'', in a subsequent study supporting the conclusions of Unwin and Martill in 2007.<ref name=pinheiroetal2011>{{cite journal|last1=Pinheiro|first1=Felipe L.|last2=Fortier|first2=Daniel C.|last3=Schultz|first3=Cesar L.|last4=De Andrade|first4=José Artur F.G.|last5=Bantim|first5=Renan A.M. |year=2011 |title=New information on ''Tupandactylus imperator'', with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae (Pterosauria) |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=56|issue=3 |pages=567–580 |doi=10.4202/app.2010.0057|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The cladogram below follows the 2014 [[phylogenetic analysis]] by Brian Andres and colleagues. They found both ''T. navigans'' and ''T. imperator'' within the tribe [[Tapejarini]], which in turn was within the larger group [[Tapejaridae]].<ref name=kryptodrakon>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030| title = The earliest pterodactyloid and the origin of the group| journal = Current Biology | year = 2014| last1 = Andres | first1 = B. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J. | last3 = Xu | first3 = X. |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1011–1016 | pmid=24768054| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2014CBio...24.1011A}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1= [[Azhdarchoidea]] 
|1={{clade
|1=[[Neoazhdarchia]]
|label2=[[Tapejaromorpha]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bennettazhia oregonensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eopteranodon lii]]''
|2={{clade
|1="''[[Sinopterus]]''" ''[[Sinopterus|gui]]''
|2=''[[Nemicolopterus crypticus]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Huaxiapterus jii]]''
|label2=[[Tapejaridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Sinopterus dongi]]''
|label2=[[Tapejarinae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1="''[[Huaxiapterus]]''" ''[[Huaxiapterus|benxiensis]]''
|2="''[[Huaxiapterus]]''" ''[[Huaxiapterus|corollatus]]'' }}
|label2=[[Tapejarini]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''Tupandactylus navigans'''''
|2='''''Tupandactylus imperator''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bakonydraco galaczi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Europejara olcadesorum]]''
|2=''[[Tapejara wellnhoferi]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleobiology==
[[File:Tapejara weln DB2.jpg|250px|thumb|Artist's reconstruction of ''T. navigans'']]

''Tupandactylus navigans'' may have largely been a terrestrial forager. Examination of the specimen GP/2E 9266 suggests that the pterosaur was capable of flight, but seemingly spent much of its time on the ground thanks to its large crest, longer forelimbs and neck, only taking short flights to possibly escape from predators. Simultaneously, it was not adapted to the same terrestrial stalking lifestyle as [[azhdarchids]] are believed to have utilized.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade|first1=Victor|last1=Beccari|first2=Felipe Lima|last2=Pinheiro|first3=Ivan|last3=Nunes|first4=Luiz Eduardo|last4=Anelli|first5=Octávio|last5=Mateus|first6=Fabiana Rodrigues|last6=Costa|date=August 25, 2021|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=8|pages=e0254789|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254789|pmid=34432814 |pmc=8386889|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654789B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A plundered pterosaur reveals the extinct flyer's extreme headgear|date=August 25, 2021|journal=Nature|volume=597 |issue=7874 |page=10 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02283-2|bibcode=2021Natur.597R..10. |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Pterodrone unmanned aerial vehicle ===
A research team consisting of paleontologist [[Sankar Chatterjee]] of [[Texas Tech University]], aeronautical engineer Rick Lind of the [[University of Florida]], and their students Andy Gedeon and Brian Roberts sought to mimic the physical and biological characteristics of this pterosaur—skin, blood vessels, muscles, tendons, nerves, cranial plate, skeletal structure, and more—to develop an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] that not only flies but also walks and sails just like the original, to be called a Pterodrone.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2, 2008 |title=Pterodactyl-Inspired Robot To Master Air, Ground And Sea |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081002103649.htm |access-date=July 1, 2012 |work=Geological Society of America |publisher=ScienceDaily}}</ref>
The large, thin rudder-like sail on its head functioned as a sensory organ that acted similarly to a flight computer in a modern-day aircraft and also helped with the animal's turning agility. "These animals take the best parts of bats and birds," Chatterjee said. "They had the maneuverability of a bat, but could glide like an albatross. Nothing alive today compares to the performance and agility of these animals. They lived for 160 million years, so they were not stupid animals. The skies were darkened by flocks of them. They were the dominant flying animals of their time." "[W]e've found they could actually sail on the wind for very long periods as they flew over the oceans.... By raising their wings like sails on a boat, they could use the slightest breeze in the same way a catamaran moves across water. They could take off quickly and fly long distances with little effort."<ref>{{cite web |date=October 13, 2008 |title=Ancient Airways: Flying Drone Design Based On Prehistoric Flying Reptile |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081013140010.htm |access-date=July 1, 2012 |work=Texas Tech University |publisher=ScienceDaily}}</ref>

The accuracy of these studies has been contested by paleontologist Mark Witton, however. It has been noted that tapejarids had short wings, about as suited for soaring as those of [[Galliformes]], which are indeed consistent with adaptations for terrestriality and climbing. Likewise, no evidence for an aerodynamic function of the crest has been perceived,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pterosaur-net.blogspot.com/2011/01/what-despair-pterosaurs-and-david.html|title=Pterosaur.net Blog: What despair, pterosaurs and David Attenborough have in common|first=Mark|last=Witton|date=January 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>Witton, Mark P. ''Pterosaurs: Natural History, Anatomy, Evolution''</ref> and [[Sankar Chatterjee]] seemingly ignored more recent aerodynamic studies in pterosaurs for these conclusions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pterosaur-net.blogspot.com/2012/11/how-giant-pterosaurs-are-struggling-to.html|title=Pterosaur.net Blog: How giant pterosaurs are struggling to take off from the sinking ship of science journalism|first=Mark|last=Witton|date=November 11, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of pterosaur genera]]
* [[Timeline of pterosaur research]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Pterosauria|Az.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2118470}}
{{Portal bar|Paleontology|Brazil}}

[[Category:Tapejaromorphs]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Aptian life]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]
[[Category:Crato Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2007]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Alexander Kellner]]

Cape hare

2024-06-03T22:28:13Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Relationship with humans */

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Expand Romanian|topic=scitech|Iepure african|date=May 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Lepus capensis (cropped).jpg
| name = Cape hare
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Johnston, C.H. |author2=Robinson, T.J. |author3=Child, M.F. |author4=Relton, C. |date=2019 |title=''Lepus capensis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T41277A45186750 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41277A45186750.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Lepus
| species = capensis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = Lepus capensis distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Geographic range
}}
{{Infobox hieroglyphs|
|title=Cape hare
|name = <hiero>wn</hiero>
|name transcription = ''wn''
|name explanation ="Cape/desert hare" in [[Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs]] }}
The '''Cape hare''' ('''''Lepus capensis'''''), also called the '''brown hare''' and the '''desert hare''', is a [[hare]] native to [[Africa]] and [[Arabia]] extending into [[India]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==Taxonomy==
The Cape hare was one of the many [[Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|mammal species originally described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']], where it was given the binomial name of ''Lepus capensis''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link= Carl Linnaeus |title= Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis |publisher= (Laurentii Salvii) |location= [[Stockholm|Holmiae]] |volume= I |edition= 10th revised |language= la |year= 1758 |page= 58 |url= https://archive.org/details/carolilinnaeisy00gesegoog/page/n67/mode/1up?view=theater |via= The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

The taxon is part of a [[species complex]]. ''[[Lepus tolai]]'' and ''[[Lepus tibetanus]]'' were moved out based on geographic distribution and molecular characteristics. The current remaining grouping of ''Lepus capensis sensu lato'' remains paraphyletic.<ref name="pmid6972951">{{cite journal |last1=Lado |first1=S |last2=Alves |first2=PC |last3=Islam |first3=MZ |last4=Brito |first4=JC |last5=Melo-Ferreira |first5=J |title=The evolutionary history of the Cape hare (Lepus capensis sensu lato): insights for systematics and biogeography. |journal=Heredity |date=November 2019 |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=634–646 |doi=10.1038/s41437-019-0229-8 |pmid=31073237 |pmc=6972951}}</ref>

==Description==
The Cape hare is a typical hare, with well-developed legs for leaping and running, and large eyes and ears to look for threats from its environment. Usually, a white ring surrounds the eye. It has a fine, soft coat which varies in colour from light brown to reddish to sandy grey. Unusually among mammals, the female is larger than the male, an example of [[sexual dimorphism]].

==Distribution and habitat==
The Cape hare inhabits [[macchia]]-type vegetation, [[grassland]], [[bushveld]], the Sahara Desert and [[semi-desert]] areas. It is also common in parts of the [[Ethiopian highlands]], such as [[Degua Tembien]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aerts |first1=R. |chapter=Forest and woodland vegetation in the highlands of Dogu’a Tembien |editor1=Nyssen J. |editor2=Jacob, M. |editor3=Frankl, A. |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains: The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=9783030049546}}</ref>

==Feeding==
[[File:Kushki & rubit.jpg|right|thumb|A Cape hare caught by an [[Asiatic cheetah]] in [[Miandasht Wildlife Refuge]], [[Iran]].]]
The Cape hare is a [[nocturnal]] [[herbivore]], feeding on grass and various shrubs. [[Coprophagy]], the consumption of an organism's own fecal material to double the amount of time food spends in the digestive tract, is a common behaviour amongst rabbits and hares. This habit allows the animal to extract the maximum nourishment from its diet, and microbes present in the pellets also provide nutrients.

Like other hares, they run fast. The only predator which is capable of outrunning them is the [[cheetah]]. All other predators are [[ambush predator|ambush]] and/or opportunistic hunters; examples of these are [[leopard]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[black-backed jackal]]s.

==Breeding==
After a 42-day-long pregnancy, the female gives birth to from one to three young, termed [[:wikt:leveret|leverets]], per litter and may have as many as 4 litters per year. A characteristic of hares which differentiates them from rabbits is that the young are born [[precocial]]; that is, the young are born with eyes open and are able to move about shortly after birth. The Cape hare is no exception in this regard.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Lepus capensis arabicus-cropped.jpg|Cape hare (''Lepus capensis arabicus'') photographed at Watba Camel Race Track, [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
File:Edfu51.JPG|Cape hare hieroglyph depicted at the [[Temple of Edfu]]</gallery>

==Relationship with humans==
An example of an ancient Egyptian mummified ''Lepus capensis'' has been recorded in a tomb near [[Dendera]].<ref name=Gautier>{{cite journal |last1=Gautier |first1=Achilles |date=2005 |title=Animal Mummies and Remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt) |url=https://revistas.uam.es/archaeofauna/article/view/7441 |journal=archaeofauna |volume=14 |pages=139-170 |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref> The egyptian god [[Unut|Wenet]] was s cape hare.

==Taxonomy==
Currently, 12 subspecies are recognised:<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Hoffmann | pages = 196–197 |id=13500139}}</ref>
* ''[[Lepus capensis capensis]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis aquilo]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis carpi]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis granti]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis aegyptius]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis hawkeri]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis isabellinus]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis sinaiticus]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis arabicus]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis atlanticus]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis whitakeri]]''
* ''[[Lepus capensis schlumbergi]]''

==References==
{{Commons category|Lepus capensis}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Lagomorpha|L.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q748185}}

[[Category:Lepus|Cape hare]]
[[Category:Mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of West Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of East Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of North Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Sahara]]
[[Category:Fauna of Egypt]]
[[Category:Fauna of Iran]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758|Cape hare]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Cape hare]]

Cathartesaura

2024-05-30T12:30:40Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Description */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Cenomanian]] ~{{Fossil range|97|93}}
| image = Cathartesaura posterior cervical.png
| image_caption = A posterior cervical vertebra from the holotype of ''Cathartesaura''
| genus = Cathartesaura
| parent_authority = Gallina & Apesteguía 2005
| species = anaerobica
| authority = Gallina & Apesteguía 2005
}}

'''''Cathartesaura''''' is a [[genus]] of [[rebbachisaurid]] [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]] hailing from the [[Late Cretaceous]] strata of the [[Huincul Formation]], at the "La Buitrera" locality, in the [[Neuquén Basin]] of [[Río Negro Province]], [[Argentina]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gallina|first=Pablo A.|last2=Apesteguía|first2=Sebastián|date=2005|title=''Cathartesaura anaerobica'' gen. et sp. nov.,a new rebbachisaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Huincul Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Rio Negro, Argentina|url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/128593/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |series=Nueva Series|volume=7|issue=2|pages=153–166|doi=10.22179/REVMACN.7.332|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[fossil]] remains, described by Gallina and Apesteguía in 2005, consist of a partial skeleton including [[vertebrae]] and limb bones. These were found at the base of the [[Formation (stratigraphy)|formation]], which spans the [[Cenomanian]] and [[Coniacian]] [[Geological time scale|epochs]], in [[mudstone]] and [[sandstone]] levels.

== Etymology ==
The [[name of a biological genus|generic name]] is composed of ''[[Cathartes]]'', the [[New World vulture]] [[genus]] and ''-saura'', feminine declination of the [[Greek language|Greek]] term ''sauros'', "lizard". It also implies the juxtaposition of the components of the [[scientific name]] of the [[turkey vulture]], ''Cathartes aura'', whose [[Spanish language|Spanish]] name, "''buitre''", named the locality where the fossil was found due to the abundance of such [[birds]] there. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] honors the Argentinian [[adhesive]] company Anaeróbicos for providing field and laboratory support during the extraction and preparation of the fossils.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
''Cathartesaura'' is a medium-sized [[herbivorous]] dinosaur with a long, lightly built, well-muscled neck albeit with a somewhat limited range of dorso-ventral movement. ''C. anaerobica'' has distinguishing characteristics in the vertebrae that ally it with Rebbachisauridae, such as the bony laminae association and the pneumatic chambers in the cervical series. Being found in early Late Cretaceous sediments, along with other rebbachisaurids, the only diplodocoid group of the time, this find helps cement the notion that a subsequent [[extinction]] event wiped out these remaining [[Diplodocoidea|diplodocoid]] dinosaurs leaving saltasaurine [[Titanosauria|titanosaurs]] to occupy the vacant [[ecological niche]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sauropodomorpha|D.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q135219}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs}}

[[Category:Rebbachisaurids]]
[[Category:Cenomanian life]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Huincul Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]

Operation Blockbuster

2024-05-29T22:08:08Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* In popular culture */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Operation Blockbuster
|partof= the [[Western Allied invasion of Germany]] in the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] of the [[European theatre of World War II]]|European theatre]] of [[World War II]]
|image=[[File:Veritable grenade.png|300 px]]
|caption= Operation Blockbuster (yellow)
|date= 26 February – 3 March 1945
|place=[[Lower Rhine region]] [[Germany]]
|result=Allied victory
|combatant1={{flag|Canada|1921}} {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|combatant2={{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}
|commander1={{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Harry Crerar]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Brian Horrocks]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} [[Alfred Schlemm]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
| campaignbox =
{{Campaignbox Central Europe}}
{{Campaignbox Western Europe (1944-1945)}}
}}

'''Operation Blockbuster''' was the completion of the larger [[Operation Veritable]] by the [[First Canadian Army]], reinforced by the [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]] from the British [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] from late February to early March, 1945. Veritable had been slower and more costly than expected and the Canadian commander, General [[Harry Crerar]], had decided on a fresh start for the operation. Three British and Canadian divisions advanced south-eastwards, capturing unprepared German positions in the {{Interlanguage link multi|Uedemer Hochwald|de|3=Uedemer Hochwald|lt=Hochwald forested ridge}}, before advancing on [[Xanten]]. They linked up with the [[Ninth United States Army|Ninth US Army]] at Berendonk, near [[Geldern]] on 3 March.

==Battle honours==
Attached to the [[10th Canadian Infantry Brigade]], [[4th Canadian Division#4th Canadian (Armoured) Division|4th Canadian (Armoured) Division]], the Canadian infantry and armoured [[regiment]]s to earn battle honours for actions during Operation Blockbuster, emblazoned on their regimental colours as '''The Hochwald''', include:
* [[The Algonquin Regiment#Second World War 2|Algonquin Regiment]]
* [[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)|Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada]]
* [[Lake Superior Scottish Regiment#The Second World War 2|Lake Superior Regiment (Motor)]]
* [[Lincoln and Welland Regiment]]
* [[Sherbrooke Fusiliers Regiment]]
* [[South Alberta Regiment]]
* [[South Saskatchewan Regiment#Second World War|The South Saskatchewan Regiment]]
* [[British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)]]

==In popular culture==
The Battle of the Hochwald Gap was the topic of an episode of the documentary series ''[[Greatest Tank Battles]].'' Veterans on both sides gave testimonies on the violence of the campaign. The Canadians in particular spoke of the tenacity of German soldiers in the Rhineland while former German soldiers gave testimonies on their own experiences with the Canadians.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[Canada in World War II]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first1=Major L. F. |last1=Ellis |first2=Lieutenant-Colonel A. E. |last2=with Warhurst |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=Victory in the West: The Defeat of Germany |volume=II |publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2004 |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1968 |isbn=978-1-84574-059-7 |name-list-style=amp}}
*''The Dukes'', D.E. Harker p179-181.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Operation Blockbuster}}
* [http://canadianheroes.org/loren/hochwald.htm "The Hochwald Gap" at Canadianheroes.org]
* Official history of the Canadian Army (Chapter XIX): [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/Victory/Victory-19.html ''The Battle of the Rhineland. Part II: Operation "BLOCKBUSTER"'']
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blockbuster}}
[[Category:February 1945 events in Europe]]
[[Category:March 1945 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Western Allied invasion of Germany]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Canada]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Blockbuster]]

{{World-War-II-stub}}

History of paleontology in the United States

2024-05-14T20:08:39Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* 19th century */

[[File:C W Peale - The Exhumation of the Mastadon.jpeg|thumb|''Exhuming the First American Mastodon'', oil on canvas by [[Charles Willson Peale]] (1806).]]
The '''history of paleontology in the United States''' refers to the developments and discoveries regarding fossils found within or by people from the United States of America. Local paleontology began informally with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], who have been familiar with fossils for thousands of years. They both told [[myths]] about them and applied them to practical purposes. [[Slavery in the United States|African slaves]] also contributed their knowledge; the first reasonably accurate recorded identification of vertebrate fossils in the new world was made by slaves on a South Carolina plantation who recognized the [[elephant]] affinities of [[mammoth]] [[molars]] uncovered there in 1725. The first major fossil discovery to attract the attention of formally trained scientists were the Ice Age fossils of Kentucky's [[Big Bone Lick]]. These fossils were studied by eminent intellectuals like France's [[George Cuvier]] and local statesmen and frontiersman like [[Daniel Boone]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[George Washington]]. By the end of the 18th century possible dinosaur fossils had already been found.

By the beginning of the 19th, [[Dinosaur footprints|their]] [[fossil footprints]] definitely had. Later in the century as more dinosaur fossils were uncovered eminent paleontologists [[Edward Drinker Cope]] and [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] were embroiled in a bitter rivalry to collect the most fossils and name the most new prehistoric species. Early in the 20th century major finds continued, like the Ice Age mammals of the [[La Brea Tar Pits]], the Oligocene [[bonebeds]] of South Dakota, and the Triassic bonebeds of New Mexico. Mid-to-late twentieth century discoveries in the United States triggered the [[Dinosaur Renaissance]] as the discovery of the bird-like ''[[Deinonychus]]'' overturned misguided notions of dinosaurs as plodding [[lizard]]-like animals, cemented their sophisticated [[Dinosaur physiology|physiology]] and relationship with [[birds]]. Other notable finds include ''[[Maiasaura]]'', which provided early evidence for parental care in dinosaurs and "''[[Seismosaurus]]''" the largest known dinosaur.

==Indigenous interpretations==
[[Image:Thunderbird on Totem Pole.jpg|thumb|125px|right|Fossils of large [[Quaternary glaciation|Ice Age]] birds like ''[[Teratornis]]'' may have inspired [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]] legends.]]
The [[indigenous people of the United States]] interpreted the [[fossil record]] through a [[mythological]] lens. Some of the tactics they used to understand the fossil record were nevertheless similar to [[Scientific method|scientific approaches]]. Native American fossil legends often derived from observation and rational speculation based on fossil finds. The indigenous people of the United States also frequently attempted to verify and modify interpretations of the fossil record in order to make sense of new discoveries.<ref name="mayor-preface-xxv" /> Although imperfect, Native American [[oral histories]] can preserve accurate information for extended periods of time. Since contact with Europeans, the ensuing epidemics, colonial violence, the Indian Wars, and forced displacement of Native peoples to reservations has resulted in the loss of much of their fossil-related culture.<ref name="mayor-preface-xxxi" /> According to [[folklorist]] [[Adrienne Mayor]], a common theme in indigenous American fossil legends is "the eternal struggle for natural balance among earth, water and sky forces". Indigenous fossil legends also frequently show motifs resembling major themes in scientific paleontology like [[deep time]], [[extinction]], [[Evolution|change over time]] and [[Common descent|relationships between different life forms]].<ref name="mayor-preface-xxxv" /> Fossils have been used by Native Americans for [[Paleontology|evidence about the past]], healing, personal protection, and trade.<ref name="mayor-culture-299" /> Fossil sites were often chosen as the setting of vision quests.<ref name="mayor-vision-329" /> Modern [[Comanche]] in Oklahoma still use [[dinosaur]] and [[mammoth]] bones for [[medicinal]] purposes.<ref name="mayor-culture-299" /> Since the 18th century, numerous dinosaur and other specimens have been gathered from lands that belonged to indigenous peoples without any form of authorization or reimbursement. The removal of the fossils, which are worth millions of dollars, from reservations has been carried out by federal agencies, museums, and academic scientists, who often refused to recognize the ownership rights and cultural significance of the fossils to local communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mayor |first=Adrienne |date=1–2 November 2007 |title=Fossils in Native American Lands Whose Bones, Whose Story? |url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Mayorwhosebones.pdf |journal=History of Society Annual Meeting}}</ref>

==18th century==
[[File:Cuvier elephant jaw.jpg|thumb|right|upright|George Cuvier's illustration comparing the lower jaw of a [[wooly mammoth]] (above) and an [[Indian elephant]] (below).]]
The first reasonably correct identification of a vertebrate fossil in North America was made in 1725, at a South Carolina [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] called [[Stono (South Carolina)|Stono]].<ref name="mayor-jefferson-56" /> There [[African slavery|slaves]] had uncovered several large fossil teeth while digging in a [[swamp]]. The slaves unanimously identified the teeth as [[elephant]] [[molars]], which they would have recognized from life in Africa. In the early 19th century, [[Georges Cuvier]] authored an 1806 translated account of the discovery at Stono. He remarked that the African slaves understood the similarity between [[mammoth]] remains and elephants before European naturalists.<ref name="mayor-jefferson-56" />

The first major vertebrate fossil discovery in North America to attract the attention of formally trainer scientists occurred just a few decades later. In July 1739 a [[France|French]] military expedition comprising 123 French soldiers and 319 [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] warriors left [[Quebec]] under the command of [[Charles III Le Moyne]] (2nd Baron Charles de Longueuil) to help defend [[New Orleans]] from the [[Chickasaw]], who were attacking the city on behalf of [[England]]. While on their journey down the [[Ohio River]] towards the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], they camped in what is now Kentucky. Some of the expedition's Native members formed a hunting party and embarked to acquire that evening's meal. When they returned that evening their canoes were laden with massive fossils including long tusks, massive teeth, and a thighbone almost as tall as a person.<ref name="mayor-intro-1-2" /> The source of their fossils was the site now known as Big Bone Lick.<ref name="mayor-intro-4" />

Near the end of 1740, Baron Charles de Longueuil departed from New Orleans to France, carrying with him fossils from Big Bone Lick. Longueuil left the remains at the ''Cabinet du Roi''. This ''Cabinet du Roi'' (not to be confused with the [[Cabinet du Roi|administration personnel ''cabinet'' of the same name]]) was a collection of curiosities stored in the chateau of the king's botanical garden<ref name="hedeen-gathering-33" /> (which is nowadays the ''[[Jardin des plantes]]'', in Paris, main seat of the [[National Museum of Natural History (France)|French National Museum of Natural History]]). These fossils were first speculated on by eminent French scientists like [[Jean-Etienne Guettard]]<ref name="hedeen-gathering-35" /> and [[Georges Cuvier]].<ref name="hedeen-clark-96" /> A few years later, in 1762, [[Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton|Louis Daubenton]] read his paper before the [[French Academy of Sciences|French Royal Academy of Science]] showing that the bones and tusks belonged to an elephant-like species and that the teeth belonged to some kind of carnivorous hippopotamus. In fact the teeth belonged to the same individual, in the present day identified as an American mastodon (''[[Mastodon|Mammut americanum]]'').<ref>Adrienne Mayor, ''Fossil Legends of the First Americans'', Princeton University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-691-11345-9}}</ref>

In 1767 George Crogan (an Indian agent<ref name="hedeen-indian-accounts-24" />) sent several fossils from Big Bone Lick to [[Benjamin Franklin]].<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-46" /> Benjamin Franklin wrote back to express his amazement that the tusks resembled those of an [[elephant]], yet the molars resembled those of a [[carnivorous]] animal.<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-46" /> Franklin also wondered at the fact that the elephant-like fossils of Big Bone Lick were found in places so much colder than places modern elephants live. He speculated that maybe earth was in a different position in the past and its climate correspondingly different.<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-46-47" /> Soon after the fossils attracted the attention of other major American figures like George Washington,<ref name="hedeen-jefferson-57" /> Thomas Jefferson,<ref name="hedeen-jefferson-65" /> Daniel Boone,<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-51" /> William Henry Harrison,<ref name="hedeen-tusks-76" /> and James Taylor.<ref name="hedeen-tusks-75-76" /> The mammoth quickly became a symbol of American patriotism and equality with the Old World.<ref name="hedeen-jefferson-65" />

One of the earliest notable events in American dinosaur paleontology occurred on October 5, 1787. [[Caspar Wistar (physician)|Caspar Wistar]] and [[Timothy Matlack]] gave a presentation to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in [[Philadelphia]] regarding "'a large thigh bone'" from some mysterious ancient creature found in [[Late Cretaceous]] rocks near [[Woodbury Creek]], New Jersey. Modern scientist suspect this bone was actually a metatarsal from a duck-billed dinosaur, which are known from the same sediments.<ref name="eastcoast-earlybones-56-57" />

==19th century==
[[File:Grallator.jpg|thumb|125px|right|A negative footprint of ''[[Grallator]]'' showing skin impressions.]]
Among the earliest major fossil discoveries in America occurred in Massachusetts during the spring of 1802. At that time a boy named Pliny Moody uncovered a piece of reddish sandstone with bird-like three toed footprints while ploughing on his father's farm in South Hadley.<ref name="eastcoast-stone-58" /> This was the first recorded dinosaur footprint discovery in North America.<ref name="eastcoast-portland-106" /> A short while later, [[Lewis and Clark]] expedition of 1804 through 1806 made several fossil discoveries along its journey, including the first documented fossils from what is now North Dakota.<ref name="50states-northdakota-225" /> However, only a fish jawbone from Iowa remains of the fossils they collected along the way.<ref name="oceans-fishkansas-75" /> Another significant, but unrelated event from the early 19th century was the 1817 organization of the [[Lyceum of Natural History of New York]] by [[Samuel L. Mitchill]].<ref name="eastcoast-inst-78" /> In 1869 the [[American Museum of Natural History]] was organized out of the Lyceum.<ref name="eastcoast-inst-79" />

During the Late 1830s Increase Allen Lapham found a variety of [[fossils]] in great abundance in some rocky hills near [[Milwaukee]].<ref name="reefs-abstract-7" /> Lapham sent a sizable sampling of the local fossils to James Hall of New York in 1846.<ref name="hayes-increase-2" /> Hall began researching the area and in 1862 recognized the local [[reefs]] for what they were. The [[Silurian]]-aged reefs of the Milwaukee area were the first [[Paleozoic]] reefs in the world to be described for the scientific literature.<ref name="reefs-abstract-7" />

In [[1835 in paleontology|1835]] another major dinosaur track find occurred in Massachusetts. The town of Greenfield was paving its streets when residents noticed fossil footprints on the sandstone slabs that resembled turkey tracks. These rocks were taken from what would turn out to be the most productive dinosaur tracksite in the Connecticut Valley.<ref name="eastcoast-stone-58-59" /> Later that year, word of the find reached Amherst College geology professor [[Edward Hitchcock]].<ref name="eastcoast-stone-59" /> Hitchcock spent the rest of the summer traveling through the Connecticut Valley examining the fossil footprints.<ref name="eastcoast-stone-59-60" /> The next year Hitchcock wrote a scientific paper on the fossil footprints of the Connecticut Valley. He thought the tracks were made by giant birds.<ref name="eastcoast-stone-60" /> In [[1858 in paleontology|1858]], Hitchcock published again on the Connecticut Valley fossil footprints and still thought of them as bird tracks.<ref name="eastcoast-stone-60" />
[[Image:Basilosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|125px|''[[Basilosaurus]]''.]]
In 1842, fossils were found on a plantation owned by a man named Judge Creagh. Local doctors identified the fossils as belonging to an ancient [[marine reptile]], and called it ''[[Basilosaurus]]''. However, some of the fossils were shipped to [[Sir Richard Owen]] in [[England]]. After examining the remains Owen realized the bones actually belonged to a whale, rather than a reptile.<ref name="50states-alabama-85" /> [[Herman Melville]]'s narrator [[Ishmael (Moby-Dick)|Ishmael]] gives an account of the discovery in chapters 104–105 of ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851).

In 1849, land surveyor John Evans was given authority and funding by the U.S. Congress to explore the Badlands. Evans was a subagent of the U.S. geologist [[David Dale Owen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Owen |first=David Dale |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44565 |title=Report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota;and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory /Made under instructions from the United States Treasury Department. By David Dale Owen, United States geologist. |date=1852 |publisher=Lippincott, Grambo |location=Philadelphia |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.44565 }}</ref> Under his instruction, Evans devised a map of the Badlands, which included descriptive notes on geological beds and formations. He also secured a large amount of invertebrate and vertebrate fossils for an official report by Owen. These fossils were likely taken from Sioux land without the permission from the Tribe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hensel |first1=Hannah L. |last2=Olson |first2=Hunter C. |last3=Monarrez |first3=Pedro M. |last4=Bradley |first4=Lawrence |last5=Keane |first5=Christopher |last6=Carlson |first6=Sandra J. |date=2023-01-09 |title=History of Native American land and natural resource policy in the United States: impacts on the field of paleontology |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0094837322000410/type/journal_article |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1017/pab.2022.41 |issn=0094-8373|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Joseph Leidy]] of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences described and classified Owen’s fossil specimens.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Leidy, Joseph |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/3612665 |title=Cretaceous reptiles of the United States |date=1865 |publisher=[Smithsonian Institution] |oclc=3612665}}</ref> It can be argued that Leidy’s career and reputation were advanced by his studies of paleontological resources collected from Native American lands.<ref name=":1" />

In 1853 the [[Pacific Railroad Exploration]] survey became the first to document Arizona's [[petrified wood|petrified forest]].<ref name="50states-arizona-93" /> In 1900 the [[United States Geological Survey]] dedicated a report to the petrified forest and encouraged swift action to preserve the spectacular fossils before curiosity seekers removed them all.<ref name="50states-arizona-93" /> In 1906, protective action was taken and Petrified Forest officially became a [[national monument]].<ref name="50states-arizona-93" />
[[File:Hadrosaurus mount.jpg|thumb|125px|right|upright|[[Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins]]' mounted ''[[Hadrosaurus]]'', the first mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world.]]
In [[1858 in paleontology|1858]] the United States was home to the world's first "reasonably complete" dinosaur skeleton. A member of the Academy of Natural Sciences named [[William Parker Foulke|William Foulke]] heard about fossil bones that had been found on a local farm while spending the summer in [[Haddonfield, New Jersey|Haddonfield]].<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-68" /> That fall Foulke hired a team to reopen the marl pit the bones had been taken from. Roughly 10 feet down they found bones.<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-68" /> Paleontologist [[Joseph Leidy]] later formally described the fossils. He interpreted the fossils as the remains of a [[bipedal]] [[amphibian|amphibious]] [[reptile]] that had been swept out to sea by the river it lived alongside. Leidy called the creature ''[[Hadrosaurus foulkii]]'' after Foulke.<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-69-71" /> A decade later, in [[1868 in paleontology|1868]] Leidy worked with artist [[Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins]] to mount ''Hadrosaurus foulkii'' for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This became both the first mounted dinosaur skeleton ever mounted for public display but also one of the most popular exhibits in the history of the Academy. Estimates have the ''Hadrosaurus'' exhibit as increasing the number of visitors by up to 50%.<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-71" />

The year after the ''Hadrosaurus''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s fossils were first identified, [[1859 in paleontology|1859]], state [[agricultural]] [[chemist]] [[Philip T. Tyson]] found the first documented [[dinosaur]] fossils of the [[Arundel Formation]] in an [[iron]] pit at [[Bladensburg, Maryland]].<ref name="eastcoast-swamps-47" /> The discovery consisted of two fossil teeth. Tyson took the dinosaur teeth to a local doctor named Christopher Johnston. Johnston cut thin sections of one tooth to examine it under a microscope. Johnson named the teeth ''[[Astrodon]]''.<ref name="eastcoast-awakes-73" /> In [[1865 in paleontology|1865]] [[Joseph Leidy]] formally named the species ''[[Astrodon johnstoni]]'' after Christopher Johnston. This represents the first formal naming of a [[sauropod]] species in North America.<ref name="eastcoast-awakes-73" />

Two years later a chance find would bring instant fame to the fossils of the John Day region of Oregon.<ref name="50states-oregon-237" /> In 1861, a company of soldiers arrived in Oregon's [[Fort Dalles]] after visiting the [[Crooked River (Oregon)|Crooked River]] region brought back fossil bones and teeth, among which was a well-preserved [[rhinoceros]] jaw.<ref name="50states-oregon-237" /> The [[pastor]] of the fort's [[Congregational]] church, Thomas Condon, happened to be a [[paleontology]] enthusiast.<ref name="50states-oregon-237-238" /> In 1862, some soldiers were dispatched with supplies to [[Harney Valley]]. Condon went along with them and prospected for fossils when the troops passed back through the Crooked River area. He went fossil collecting again in 1863 and found rich fossil deposits north of [[Picture Gorge]] in the [[John Day River Valley]]. He realized that he had stumbled on a find of major scientific importance. Since he himself had no scientific qualifications or references to use in identifying fossils, Condon sent some fossils to [[O. C. Marsh]] of [[Yale University]]. Marsh replied with a request for Condon to guide and expedition to the area in which he found the fossils. Condon obliged and over the ensuing years a series of fossil hunting expeditions ventured into the John Day fossil beds.<ref name="50states-oregon-238" />
[[File:Laelaps-Charles Knight-1897.jpg|thumb|left|An early painting of ''[[Laelaps (dinosaur)|Laelaps]]''/''[[Dryptosaurus]]'' by [[Charles R. Knight]].]]
Later, [[1866 in paleontology|1866]] dinosaur remains were found in a marl pit near [[Barnsboro]] owned by the Wet Jersey Marl Company. He called it ''[[Laelaps aquilunguis]]''.<ref name="eastcoast-marshcope-75" /> Also that year, Cope gave [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] a tour of the marl pit where ''Laelaps'' was found. While there, Marsh secretly made arrangements with some of the workers for them to send any fossils they find to him at the [[Yale Peabody Museum]] instead of to Cope at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This may have been the "first shot" of the [[Bone Wars]], a bitter long-running feud between the two scientists.<ref name="eastcoast-marshcope-75" />

The next year a United States army surgeon named Dr. Theophilus Turner found a nearly complete plesiosaur skeleton in what is now Logan County while stationed at Fort Wallace. This was the first plesiosaur specimen of this caliber found in all of North America. Dr. Turner gave some of the vertebrae to a member of the Union Pacific railroad survey, [[John LeConte]]. He in turn gave the bones to paleontologist [[Edward Drinker Cope]], who identified them as the remains of a very large plesiosaur. Cope wrote a letter to Dr. Turner requesting that he send him the remainder of the skeleton. Turner obliged and in mid-March 1868 Cope received the remainder of the fossils.<ref name="everhart-elasmosaurs-121" /> Within two weeks of receiving the specimen, Cope made a presentation at the March 24th meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.<ref name="everhart-elasmosaurs-121-122" /> He named the creature Elasmosaurus platyurus, although in his hasty work he mistakenly reconstructed it with its head at the end of the tail instead of its neck.<ref name="everhart-elasmosaurs-122" /> Cope traversed many parts of Sioux Country during his career and collected important dinosaurian fossils from the Standing Rock Reservation.<ref name=":1" />

In 1869, excavation started at [[Gilboa Forest]], an extraordinary collection of [[Devonian]] plants regarded as one of the first [[forests]] to ever exist.<ref name="50states-newyork-212" /> Excavation of the Gilboa [[petrified wood|petrified forest]] continued on into the early twentieth century, but by [[1921 in paleontology|1921]] on-site field work had completed.<ref name="50states-newyork-212" />
[[File:Othniel Charles Marsh - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|125px|right|[[Othniel Charles Marsh]].]]
The next year, O. C. Marsh led a paleontological expedition into the western United States on behalf of Yale University. Late that November they visited the area around Fort Wallace.<ref name="everhart-ptranodons-195" /> Among the fossils found by Marsh's crew in western Kansas were the far ends of two pterosaur wing metacarpals. These were the first scientifically documented fossils of the pterosaur that would later be named Pteranodon.<ref name="everhart-ptranodons-196" /> This formal naming occurred six years later, in 1876.<ref name="everhart-ptranodons-199" />

In 1874 March's rival, Cope arrived at New Mexico accompanying the [[G. M. Wheeler Survey]]. While in the area he found the first known Eocene mammal from the southwestern United States, ''[[Coryphodon]]''.<ref name="50states-newmexico-208" /> In total he discovered about 90 species. This was a major boon to his reputation as his research was foundational to understanding that interval of American geologic history.<ref name="50states-newmexico-208-209" />

Around March 1877 a man named [[Oramel Lucas]] discovered sauropod bones in a valley called [[Garden Park]] located a few miles north of [[Canon City, Colorado]]. He wrote to both Cope and O. C. Marsh, the famous rival paleontologists of the [[bone wars]] to alert them about his discovery. Although Marsh never responded, Cope did, and Oramel Lucas and his brother Ira began digging up local fossils and sending them to Cope. By August of the same year, Cope had formally named the new species excavated by the Lucas brothers ''[[Camarasaurus supremus]]''. Later, a crew working on behalf of O. C. Marsh under [[Mudge]] and [[Samuel Wendell Williston|Williston]] started a quarry nearby. They made several important finds like the new species ''[[Allosaurus fragilis]]'' and ''[[Diplodocus longus]]''. Following the initial excavations in the quarry field work stopped until 1883. That year brothers [[Marshall Felch|Marshall]] and [[Henry Felch]] reopened excavations there, again on behalf of O. C. Marsh. They worked for five years collecting many dinosaurs already known from the formation, but also the new species ''[[Ceratosaurus nasicornis]]''.<ref name="foster-garden-73" />

Beginning in 1877, the plentiful dinosaur remains preserved in Wyoming came to the attention of scientists. Three men played a pivotal early role in bringing scientific attention to the area's dinosaurs. These were [[Colorado School of Mines]] professor [[Arthur Lakes]], teacher [[O. Lucas]], and Union Pacific Railroad foreman [[William H. Reed]]. In March 1877, Reed noticed fossil limbs and vertebrae at [[Como Bluff]]. He spent several weeks collecting fossils with foreman [[William E. Carlin]].<ref name="foster-como-66-67" /> In July, [[O. C. Marsh]] was informed of Reed and Carlin's fossil discoveries.<ref name="foster-cope-marsh-68" /> Marsh hired both of them to acquire more local fossils for him. They continued collecting into early 1878, uncovering several ''[[Camarasaurus]]'' specimens, one being a new species, ''[[Camarasaurus grandis]]''. Nearby they made another significant find, ''[[Dryolestes priscus]]'', the first Jurassic mammal known from North America.<ref name="foster-como-68" /> From 1877 to 1878 [[Princeton University|Princeton]] also sent a massive expedition to Wyoming. Major participants included [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]], [[W. E. Scott]], and [[Thomas Speer]].<ref name="50states-wyoming-295" /> Also around this time, [[Samuel Wendell Williston|Samuel W. Williston]] began periodic excavations.<ref name="50states-wyoming-294" />
[[File:Cope Edward Drinker 1840-1897.jpg|thumb|125px|left|[[Edward Drinker Cope]].]]
Late in 1877, Marsh's [[Bone Wars|scientific rival]] [[Edward Drinker Cope]] heard that fossils had been found at Como Bluff. He quickly dispatched his own fossil hunters into the area. Reed described his struggles to keep Cope's men away from his own hunting grounds in regular correspondence with Marsh. William Carlin quit working for Marsh and ended up joining Cope's efforts in the region. Since Carlin was in charge of the railway's station house he used his influence to keep Reed out. Marsh hired additional help for Reed, but none of his workers stayed on the job long term. Reed was essentially on his own by the spring of 1879, working hectically at excavating several quarries at once to recover the fossils before Cope's men.<ref name="foster-como-68" /> In the middle of May that same year Marsh directed [[Arthur Lakes]] to leave the Morrison, Colorado area and assist Reed at Como Bluff. The partnership would be fruitful that year and several major discoveries happened. They found a ninth site early in July that would be the most productive of any fossil site in the Morrison Formation.<ref name="foster-como-69" />

In September, they made another major discovery.<ref name="foster-como-69" /> By the end of the month, they had identified a new species of [[sauropod]], ''[[Brontosaurus excelsus]]'', that would end up mounted in the [[Yale Peabody Museum]].<ref name="foster-como-69-70" /> This species has since been reclassified as ''[[Apatosaurus excelsus]]''. In September they found a thirteenth quarry that produced more dinosaur skeletons than any of the others. ''[[Camptosaurus]]'' and Stegosaurus were the most common. New dinosaurs found here included ''[[Camarasaurus lentus]]'', ''[[Camptosaurus dispar]]'', and ''[[Coelurus fragilis]]''.<ref name="foster-como-71" /> By June 1889, fieldwork at Como Bluff had concluded after twelve years. Marsh's fieldwork in the area uncovered the greatest abundance of Jurassic fossils known in the world at the time.<ref name="foster-como-72" /> By the 1918 conclusion of Samuel W. Williston's work in Wyoming hundreds of tons of dinosaur bones had been recovered from Wyoming rocks.<ref name="50states-wyoming-294" />
[[File:Diceratherium cooki.jpg|thumb|right|125px|''[[Diceratherium cooki]]''.]]
A major Cenozoic fossil find also happened in 1877. That year, a scout and rancher named [[Captain James H. Cook]] found a [[Miocene]] [[bonebed]] in [[Sioux County, Nebraska]] now known as the [[Agate Springs Quarries]]. These rich deposits are so dense with bones that single forty foot slab of sandstone preserved more than 4300 bones from at least 1700 individual animals. The total number of fossils preserved here may number in the millions. The tiny [[rhinoceras]] ''[[Diceratherium cooki]]'' composed about one quarter of the remains in the Agate Springs beds. This was the first paleontological discovery to attract public attention to the fossils of Nebraska.<ref name="50states-nebraska-187" />

In late 1887 [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] sent [[John Bell Hatcher]] to look for dinosaur remains in the Arundel Clay.<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-82" /> While on this expedition, Hatcher found a fossiliferous iron mine on a farm near [[Muikirk, Maryland]].<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-82-83" /> Hatcher's excavation continued uncovering dinosaur fossils into the next year. Hatcher recovered hundreds of bones and teeth, which helped the region between Maryland and [[Paleontology in Washington D.C.|Washington D.C.]] become known as [[Dinosaur Alley]].<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-83" /><ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-83-84" />

==20th century==
[[File:Allosaurus and Barosaurus.jpg|thumb|175px|right|''[[Barosaurus]]'' and ''[[Allosaurus]]'' mounted at the [[American Museum of Natural History]].]]
Between 1906 and 1916 hundreds of thousands of [[Pleistocene]] fossils were [[La Brea tar pits|uncovered]] in central [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="50states-california-98" /> Just a few years after the La Brea tar pits were found, in 1908, paleontologist [[Earl Douglass]] was excavating fossils in Utah on behalf of the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]. The director of the museum visited Douglass's camp that year and suggested that Douglass search for [[Jurassic]] [[dinosaur]] fossils in the [[Uinta Mountains]] north of his camp. Douglass agreed and they set off to the Uinta Mountains the next day. They found so many fossils that Douglas built a home near the Green River and his family moved in from Pittsburgh. He spent the rest of his career in the area excavating fossils.<ref name="foster-dinomon-86" /> Among the local finds were ''[[Allosaurus]]'', ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', ''[[Barosaurus]]'', ''[[Camarasaurus]]'', ''[[Camptosaurus]]'', ''[[Diplodocus]]'', ''[[Dryosaurus]]'', ''[[Stegosaurus]]''.<ref name="foster-dinomon-86-87" /> In 1915 [[US president]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] declared the quarry and surrounding land [[Dinosaur National Monument]] in order to protect it from settlement.<ref name="foster-dinomon-88" /> Between 1909 and 1923 millions of tons of rocks and fossils had been excavated from the Dinosaur National Monument area.<ref name="50states-utah-271" />

In [[1909 in paleontology]] Massachusetts paleontologist Mignon Talbot became the first woman elected to the Paleontological Society.<ref name="eastcoast-lady-81" /> In an unrelated east coast discovery of 1912, workers digging in a cave for a railroad construction project near Cumberland, Maryland in [[Allegany County, Maryland|Allegany County]] uncovered many fossils in the course of their labor. However, eventually the scientific significance of the fossils was realized and paleontologist [[J. W. Gidley]] conducted fieldwork at the cave between 1912 and 1915.<ref name="50states-maryland-154" /> By 1938 report more than 50 different kinds of animals had been identified among the fossils.<ref name="50states-maryland-155" />
[[File:Norman Ross Brachyceratops mount.jpg|thumb|Norman Ross preparing the skeleton of a baby Brachyceratops for exhibition in 1921.]]

In 1938, Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History sent Roland T. Bird to Texas in search of dinosaur trackways reportedly uncovered by local moonshiners.<ref name="lonestar-range-4-5" /> At the town of Glen Rose local residents guided him to carnivorous dinosaur tracks preserved along the Paluxy River. While he was cleaning mud from these footprints, he noticed another kind of footprint, apparently left by a long-necked sauropod dinosaur.<ref name="lonestar-range-5" /> In 1940, Bird resumed his Texas fieldwork with the help of paleontologists from the Survey and labor employed by the Works Progress Administration.<ref name="lonestar-range-6" />

Later, in 1940, the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology collaborated with [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] on an expedition into the badlands of South Dakota. They uncovered tons of fossils from at least 175 different species of Oligocene life. The fossils were taken to the South Dakota School of Mines in [[Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City]]. Among the mammal discoveries were the remains of [[rhinoceroses]], [[tapirs]], three-toed [[horses]], pig-like animals, and [[rodents]].<ref name="50states-southdakota-256" /> In 1947 another major dinosaur discovery took place. An American Museum field party led by [[Edwin Harris Colbert]] found a [[bonebed]] including the skeletons of more than 1,000 ''[[Coelophysis]]'' at [[Ghost Ranch]].<ref name="lonestar-homestead-40" /> Later, in 1953 [[University of New Mexico]] graduate student [[William Chenoweth]] found three important sites where dinosaurs were preserved in [[Morrison Formation]] rocks. He found a fragmentary ''[[Allosaurus]]'', [[sauropod]]s, and ''[[Stegosaurus]]''.<ref name="50states-newmexico-205" />

A rare double-crested ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' fossil was taken from the Navajo Reservation in 1942. Navajo man, Jesse Williams, discovered the nearly complete fossil in 1940, to years before Sam Welles, the famous bone-hunter for [[University of California, Berkeley]], arrived. Welles dug up the fossil in a record 10 days and took it to Berkeley, where it remains as a prize specimen in the museum’s collection. The Navajo tribe has made formal requests for the return of this important fossil, but was repeatedly denied with the latest being in 1998.<ref name=":0" />

[[Image:Paluxy River.jpg|left|thumb|175px|[[Theropod]] and [[sauropod]] [[Dinosaur footprints|tracks]] under water in the [[Paluxy River]].]]
The famous Montanan Tertiary deposits of the [[Ruby Valley]] basin were also first studied in 1947. The early research was performed by Dr. [[Herman F. Becker]] on behalf of the [[New York Botanical Garden]]. These deposits from the southwestern part of the state are one of the best sources of plant and insect fossils in North America. In 1959 Becker's Ruby Valley excavations uncovered about 5,000 specimens of more than two hundred species of plants, insects, and fishes. Invertebrate finds included [[ant]]s, [[bee]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[earwig]]s, [[caddis flies]], [[crane flies]], [[damsel flies]], [[lantern flies]], [[may flies]], [[grasshopper]]s, [[leaf hopper]]s, [[mosquitoes]], [[snails]], and [[wasp]]s. Vertebrate remains included feathers, and, once in a while, a bird.<ref name="50states-montana-181" />

During the late 1950s [[Francis Tully]] found a fossil he could not identify at the strip mines near [[Braidwood, Illinois]]. He took the specimen to [[Chicago's Field Museum]] of [[Natural History]]. Researchers at the museum couldn't identify it either, and the specimen became known as Mr. Tully's monster. In 1966, [[Eugene Richardson]], the Curator of Fossil Invertebrates of the Field Museum formally named the Tully monster ''[[Tullimonstrum gregarium]]'' in honor of Tully.<ref name="tully-finds-2" />
[[File:Deinonychus BW-2.png|right|thumb|150px|The bird-like dinosaur ''[[Deinonychus]]'' instigated the [[Dinosaur Renaissance]].]]
In 1964, [[John Ostrom]] led an expedition that included his student [[Robert T. Bakker]] into the south-central part of Montana. The rocks they prospected were of the [[Cloverly Formation]], dating back to the [[Early Cretaceous]]. Among their finds were the first documented remains of a small carnivorous dinosaur that would be named ''[[Deinonychus antirrhopus]]''. This discovery helped ignite the [[Dinosaur Renaissance]].<ref name="bigsky-history-53" /> It exhibited important anatomical similarities to [[birds]] that helped scientists shed antiquated ideas interpreting dinosaurs as "overgrown [[lizards]]".<ref name="bigsky-history-53-54" />

In Spring, 1965 a major discovery of Devonian fossils occurred in [[Cuyahoga County]]. A collaboration between the state [[Highway Department]], [[Ohio Bureau of Public Roads]] and the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]] led by the [[Smithsonian]]'s [[David Dunkle]] uncovered as many as 50,000 fish fossils from a construction site. By the ensuing November 120 or more different species had been found there, with half previously unknown to science.<ref name="50states-ohio-233-234" /> That same year, in an unrelated development, the [[Florissant fossil beds]] of Colorado were proposed as a potential [[federal preserve]].<ref name="50states-colorado-107" />

[[File:Maiasaurusnest.jpg|left|thumb|150px|The [[hadrosaur]] ''[[Maisaura]]'' may have cared for its young.]]
In 1978 paleontologist [[William A. Clemens, Jr.|Bill Clemens]] alerted fellow paleontologists [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] and [[Bob Makela]] to the presence of unidentified dinosaur fossils in [[Bynum, Montana]]. Horner visited the town and recognized the remains as belonging to a [[Hadrosaur|duck-billed dinosaur]]. While in town the owner of a local rock shop, Marion Brandvold, showed him some tiny bones. Horner identified them as baby duck-bill bones. Horner also knew that this was an important find and convinced Brandvold to donate her fossils to a museum. She obliged and gave them to [[Princeton University]].<ref name="bigsky-history-56" /> Horner's team prospected in the area where Brandvold found the baby hadrosaur fossils. Their effort paid off with the discovery of the first scientifically documented [[dinosaur eggs]] of the Western Hemisphere and a new kind of duck-bill, ''[[Maiasaura peeblesorum]]''.<ref name="bigsky-history-56" />

The next year, 1979, two hikers found a series of gigantic articulated vertebrae fossils near [[San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico|San Ysidro]]. They reported the remains to [[David Gilette]] of the [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History]]. Gillette led an expedition into the region and used cutting edge technology to locate the remains while they were still entombed in sandstone. The team excavated a massive quarry and gradually recovered a significant portion of the rear half of a [[diplodocid]] sauropod dinosaur. In 1991 this dinosaur was formally described as the new genus ''[[Seismosaurus]]'' and estimated to be the longest dinosaur known to science at {{convert|52|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long.<ref name="foster-earthshaker-116" />

In 1992, a [[Tyrannosaurus]] fossil by the name of [[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]] was excavated by non-Indian fossil hunters on Indigenous land. This has become a notorious example of disputed ownership of a dinosaur fossil as the US government seized the fossil. Federal treaty law does not allow Native Americans to sell property held in trust for them by the government and thus a series of court decision decided the custody of the dinosaur. The fossil was auctioned by Sothebys in 1997 and within just 10 minutes of bidding the price reached $8.3 million. This was paid by the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in Chicago with the help of several corporations. This event spawned a soaring market for spectacular fossils among rich private collectors, leading to increased poaching from reservations and public lands.<ref name=":0" />

==21st century==
More recently, in the 2000s, ''Seismosaurus'' was found to be the same as ''[[Diplodocus]]'', a previously known dinosaur of similar age from the western United States.<ref name="seismosaurus-reappraisal" /> Dinosaur fossils continue to be found in new locations within the United States. It was not until 2004 that any [[dinosaur]] fossils were reported from Louisiana.<ref name="dinotooth-abstract" /> Currently, within the United States, dinosaur fossils are known from [[Paleontology in Alabama|Alabama]],<ref name="carr-williamson-schwimmer-abstract" /> [[Paleontology in Alaska|Alaska]],<ref name="alaska-paleoportal-general" /> [[Paleontology in Arizona|Arizona]],<ref name="lonestar-homestead-47" /> [[Paleontology in Arkansas|Arkansas]],<ref name="braden-arkansaurus-3" /> [[Paleontology in California|California]],<ref name="california-ankylosaurs-39" /> [[Paleontology in Colorado|Colorado]],<ref name="foster-garden-73" /> [[Paleontology in Connecticut|Connecticut]],<ref name="eastcoast-early-57" /> [[Paleontology in Delaware|Delaware]],<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-48" /> [[Paleontology in Georgia|Georgia]],<ref name="weishampel 1-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in Idaho|Idaho]],<ref name="weishampel 2-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in Iowa|Iowa]],<ref name="witzke-dinosaurs-2" /> [[Paleontology in Kansas|Kansas]],<ref name="oceans-dinosaurs-231" /> [[Paleontology in Louisiana|Louisiana]],<ref name="dinotooth-abstract" /> [[Paleontology in Maryland|Maryland]],<ref name="eastcoast-pennmary-90" /> [[Paleontology in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]],<ref name="eastcoast-lady-81" /> [[Paleontology in Minnesota|Minnesota]],<ref name="witzke-dinosaurs-2" /> [[Paleontology in Mississippi|Mississippi]],<ref name="weishampel 3-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in Missouri|Missouri]],<ref name="witzke-dinosaurs-2" /> [[Paleontology in Montana|Montana]],<ref name="bigsky-jurassic-62" /> [[Paleontology in Nebraska|Nebraska]],<ref name="witzke-dinosaurs-4" /> [[Paleontology in Nevada|Nevada]],<ref name="weishampel 7-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in New Jersey|New Jersey]],<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-69-71" /> [[Paleontology in New Mexico|New Mexico]],<ref name="50states-newmexico-205" /> [[Paleontology in New York|New York]],<ref name="eastcoast-pennjerseyyorkstock-90" /> [[Paleontology in North Carolina|North Carolina]],<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-49" /> [[Paleontology in North Dakota|North Dakota]],<ref name="weishampel 4-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]],<ref name="dinotracksna-eastchinle-91" /> [[Paleontology in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]],<ref name="eastcoast-pennox-90" /> [[Paleontology in South Carolina|South Carolina]],<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-49" /> [[Paleontology in South Dakota|South Dakota]],<ref name="weishampel 5-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in Tennessee|Tennessee]],<ref name="weishampel 6-distribution-2004" /> [[Paleontology in Texas|Texas]],<ref name="lonestar-range-5" /> [[Paleontology in Utah|Utah]],<ref name="dinotracksna-moab-152-153" /> [[Paleontology in Virginia|Virginia]],<ref name="eastcoast-vaman-89" /> [[Paleontology in Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="eastcoast-intro-2" /> [[Paleontology in Washington (state)|Washington state]] and [[Paleontology in Wyoming|Wyoming]],<ref name="50states-wyoming-293" /> but not in [[Paleontology in Florida|Florida]],<ref name="brown-dino-14" /> [[Paleontology in Hawaii|Hawaii]],<ref name="buffalo-discovering" /> [[Paleontology in Illinois|Illinois]],<ref name="build-dinosaurs-5" /> [[Paleontology in Indiana|Indiana]],<ref name="no-indiana-dinosaurs" /> [[Paleontology in Kentucky|Kentucky]],<ref name="fossils-bearing-1" /> [[Paleontology in Maine|Maine]],<ref name="eastcoast-intro-2" /> [[Paleontology in Michigan|Michigan]],<ref name="csi-mihelich-213" /> [[Paleontology in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]],<ref name="eastcoast-intro-2" /> [[Paleontology in Ohio|Ohio]],<ref name="briefsummary-1" /> [[Paleontology in Oregon|Oregon]],<ref name="madin-oregon" /> [[Paleontology in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]],<ref name="eastcoast-intro-2" /> [[Paleontology in Vermont|Vermont]],<ref name="50states-vermont-274" /><ref name="dinos-burke" /><ref name=dinos-pi/> [[Paleontology in West Virginia|West Virginia]],<ref name="eastcoast-intro-2" /> or [[Paleontology in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]].<ref name="jones-dinosaur-age" /> Washington is the latest state to have found their first dinosaur bone, it was recovered in 2012 but was not publicly identified until May 21, 2015. Some states contain rocks of the appropriate type and age to preserve dinosaur fossils, so the list of states with known dinosaur fossils is likely to increase in the future.<ref name="dinos-burke" /><ref name=dinos-pi/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Paleontology|History of Science|United States}}
* [[Paleontology in the United States]]
* [[History of paleontology]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|3|refs=
<ref name="mayor-preface-xxv">Mayor (2005); "Preface", page xxv.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-preface-xxxi">Mayor (2005); "Preface", page xxxi.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-preface-xxxv">Mayor (2005); "Preface", page xxxv.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-intro-1-2">Mayor (2005); "Introduction: Marsh Monsters of Big Bone Lick", pages 1-2.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-intro-4">Mayor (2005); "Introduction: Marsh Monsters of Big Bone Lick", page 4.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-culture-299">Mayor (2005); "Cultural and Historical Conflicts", page 299.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-vision-329">Mayor (2005); "Visionary Paleontology", page 329.</ref>
<ref name="oceans-fishkansas-75">Everhart (2005); "A Brief History of Fossil Fish Collecting in Kansas", page 75.</ref>
<ref name="everhart-elasmosaurs-121">Everhart (2005); "Where the Elasmosaurs Roamed", page 121.</ref>
<ref name="everhart-elasmosaurs-121-122">Everhart (2005); "Where the Elasmosaurs Roamed", pages 121-122.</ref>
<ref name="everhart-elasmosaurs-122">Everhart (2005); "Where the Elasmosaurs Roamed", page 122.</ref>
<ref name="everhart-ptranodons-195">Everhart (2005); "Pteranodons: Rulers of the Air", page 195.</ref>
<ref name="everhart-ptranodons-196">Everhart (2005); "Pteranodons: Rulers of the Air", page 196.</ref>
<ref name="everhart-ptranodons-199">Everhart (2005); "Pteranodons: Rulers of the Air", page 199.</ref>
<ref name="mayor-jefferson-56">Mayor (2005); "Thomas Jefferson's Paleontological Inquiries", page 56.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-indian-accounts-24">Hedeen (2008); "Indian Accounts of Great Buffalo", page 24.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-gathering-33">Hedeen (2008); "Gathering the Bones", page 33.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-gathering-35">Hedeen (2008); "Gathering the Bones", page 35.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-46">Hedeen (2008); "''Animal Incognitum''", page 46.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-46-47">Hedeen (2008); "''Animal Incognitum''", pages 46-47.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-incognitum-51">Hedeen (2008); "''Animal Incognitum''", page 51.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-jefferson-57">Hedeen (2008); "Thomas Jefferson Takes an Interest", page 57.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-jefferson-65">Hedeen (2008); "Thomas Jefferson Takes an Interest", page 65.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-tusks-75-76">Hedeen (2008); "A Question of Tusks", pages 75-76.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-tusks-76">Hedeen (2008); "A Question of Tusks", page 76.</ref>
<ref name="hedeen-clark-96">Hedeen (2008); "William Clark's Bountiful Collection", page 96.</ref>
<ref name="50states-arizona-93">Murray (1974); "Arizona", page 93.</ref>
<ref name="50states-northdakota-225">Murray (1974); "North Dakota", page 225.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-swamps-47">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Arundel Iron Swamps", page 47.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-earlybones-56-57">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Early American Bones", pages 56-57.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-stone-58">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Footprints in Stone", page 58.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-stone-58-59">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Footprints in Stone", pages 58-59.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-stone-59">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Footprints in Stone", page 59.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-stone-59-60">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Footprints in Stone", pages 59-60.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-stone-60">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Footprints in Stone", page 60.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-68">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Haddonfield ''Hadrosaurus''", page 68.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-69-71">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Haddonfield ''Hadrosaurus''", pages 69-71.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-haddonfieldhadro-71">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Haddonfield ''Hadrosaurus''", page 71.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-awakes-73">Weishampel and Young (1996); "The East Coast Awakes", page 73.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-marshcope-75">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Marsh and Cope", page 75.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-inst-78">Weishampel and Young (1996); "The Great Institutions", page 78.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-inst-79">Weishampel and Young (1996); "The Great Institutions", page 79.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-lady-81">Weishampel and Young (1996); "The Dinosaur Lady", page 81.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-82">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", page 82.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-82-83">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", pages 82-83.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-83">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", page 83.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-hatcherbibbins-83-84">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", pages 83-84.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-portland-106">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Connecticut/Massachusetts (Portland Formation)", page 106.</ref>
<ref name="reefs-abstract-7">Mikulic (2001); "Abstract", page 7.</ref>
<ref name="hayes-increase-2">Hayes (2001); page 2.</ref>
<ref name="50states-alabama-85">Murray (1974); "Alabama", page 85.</ref>
<ref name="50states-california-98">Murray (1974); "California", page 98.</ref>
<ref name="50states-colorado-107">Murray (1974); "Colorado", page 107.</ref>
<ref name="50states-maryland-154">Murray (1974); "Maryland", page 154.</ref>
<ref name="50states-maryland-155">Murray (1974); "Maryland", page 155.</ref>
<ref name="50states-montana-181">Murray (1974); "Montana", page 181.</ref>
<ref name="50states-nebraska-187">Murray (1974); "Nebraska", page 187.</ref>
<ref name="50states-newmexico-205">Murray (1974); "New Mexico", page 205.</ref>
<ref name="50states-newmexico-208">Murray (1974); "New Mexico", page 208.</ref>
<ref name="50states-newmexico-208-209">Murray (1974); "New Mexico", pages 208-209.</ref>
<ref name="50states-newyork-212">Murray (1974); "New York", page 212.</ref>
<ref name="50states-ohio-233-234">Murray (1974); "Ohio", pages 233-234.</ref>
<ref name="50states-oregon-237">Murray (1974); "Oregon", page 237.</ref>
<ref name="50states-oregon-237-238">Murray (1974); "Oregon", pages 237-238.</ref>
<ref name="50states-oregon-238">Murray (1974); "Oregon", page 238.</ref>
<ref name="50states-southdakota-256">Murray (1974); "South Dakota", page 256.</ref>
<ref name="50states-utah-271">Murray (1974); "Utah", page 271.</ref>
<ref name="50states-wyoming-294">Murray (1974); "Wyoming", page 294.</ref>
<ref name="50states-wyoming-295">Murray (1974); "Wyoming", page 295.</ref>
<ref name="foster-como-66-67">Foster (2007); "March 1877", pages 66-67.</ref>
<ref name="foster-cope-marsh-68">Foster (2007); "Cope and Marsh: The Fuel for the Fire", page 68.</ref>
<ref name="foster-como-68">Foster (2007); "Como Bluff (1877-1889)", page 68.</ref>
<ref name="foster-como-69">Foster (2007); "Como Bluff (1877-1889)", page 69.</ref>
<ref name="foster-como-69-70">Foster (2007); "Como Bluff (1877-1889)", pages 69-70.</ref>
<ref name="foster-como-71">Foster (2007); "Como Bluff (1877-1889)", page 71.</ref>
<ref name="foster-como-72">Foster (2007); "Como Bluff (1877-1889)", page 72.</ref>
<ref name="foster-garden-73">Foster (2007); "Garden Park (1877-1901)", page 73.</ref>
<ref name="foster-dinomon-86">Foster (2007); "Dinosaur National Monument", page 86.</ref>
<ref name="foster-dinomon-86-87">Foster (2007); "Dinosaur National Monument", pages 86-87.</ref>
<ref name="foster-dinomon-88">Foster (2007); "Dinosaur National Monument", page 88.</ref>
<ref name="foster-earthshaker-116">Foster (2007); "The Earth-Shaker Lizard and a New Mexico Renaissance", page 116.</ref>
<ref name="lonestar-range-4-5">Jacobs (1995); "Home on the Range", pages 4-5.</ref>
<ref name="lonestar-range-5">Jacobs (1995); "Home on the Range", page 5.</ref>
<ref name="lonestar-range-6">Jacobs (1995); "Home on the Range", page 6.</ref>
<ref name="lonestar-homestead-40">Jacobs (1995); "Chapter 2: The Original Homestead", page 40.</ref>
<ref name="bigsky-history-53">Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", page 53.</ref>
<ref name="bigsky-history-53-54">Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", pages 53-54.</ref>
<ref name="bigsky-history-56">Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", page 56.</ref>
<ref name="tully-finds-2">Mikulic and Kluessendorf (2004); "Mr. Tully Finds a Fossil", page 2.</ref>
<ref name="seismosaurus-reappraisal">Lucas et al. (2004); "Abstract".</ref>
<ref name="dinotooth-abstract">Schiebout, et al. (2004); "Abstract".</ref>
<ref name="carr-williamson-schwimmer-abstract">Carr, Williamson, and Schwimmer (2005); "Abstract", page 199.</ref>
<ref name="alaska-paleoportal-general">Gangloff, Rieboldt, Scotchmoor, Springer (2006); "Paleontology and geology".</ref>
<ref name="lonestar-homestead-47">Jacobs (1995); "Chapter 2: The Original Homestead", page 47.</ref>
<ref name="braden-arkansaurus-3">Braden (2007); "'Arkansaurus fridayi': The Arkansas Dinosaur", page 3.</ref>
<ref name="california-ankylosaurs-39">Hilton (2003); "Ankylosaurs", page 39.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-early-57">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Early American Bones", page 57.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-48">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Late Cretaceous Paradise", page 48.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 1-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.29 Georgia, United States", page 587.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 2-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.13 Idaho, United States", page 556.</ref>
<ref name="witzke-dinosaurs-2">Witzke (2001); page 2.</ref>
<ref name="oceans-dinosaurs-231">Everhart (2005); "Dinosaurs?", page 231.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-pennmary-90">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Pennsylvania/Maryland (Gettysburg Formation)", page 90.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 3-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.31 Mississippi, United States", page 587.</ref>
<ref name="bigsky-jurassic-62">Horner (2001); "Jurassic Time", page 62.</ref>
<ref name="witzke-dinosaurs-4">Witzke (2001); page 4.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 7-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.9 Nevada, United States", page 582.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-pennjerseyyorkstock-90">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Pennsylvania/New Jersey/New York (Stockton Formation)", page 90.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-latecretaceousparadise-49">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Late Cretaceous Paradise", page 49.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 4-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.14 North Dakota, United States", page 585.</ref>
<ref name="dinotracksna-eastchinle-91">Lockley and Hunt (1999); "The Eastern Region of the Chinle", page 91.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-pennox-90">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Pennsylvania (New Oxford Formation)", page 90.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 5-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.15 South Dakota, United States", pages 585-586.</ref>
<ref name="weishampel 6-distribution-2004">Weishampel, et al. (2004); "3.32 Tennessee, United States", page 587.</ref>
<ref name="dinotracksna-moab-152-153">Lockley and Hunt (1999); "The Mid-Jurassic and the Moab Megatracksite", pages 152-153.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-vaman-89">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Virginia (Manassas Sandstone)", page 89.</ref>
<ref name="eastcoast-intro-2">Weishampel and Young (1996); "Introduction", page 2.</ref>
<ref name="50states-wyoming-293">Murray (1974); "Wyoming", page 293.</ref>
<ref name="brown-dino-14">Brown (2008); "Florida: A Great Place to Find Fossils", page 14.</ref>
<ref name="buffalo-discovering">Buffalo News (2010); "Discovering Dinosaurs".</ref>
<ref name="build-dinosaurs-5">Vaiden (2004); "When Dinosaurs Ruled!", page 5.</ref>
<ref name="no-indiana-dinosaurs">Dinosaur Fossils are not found in Indiana.</ref>
<ref name="fossils-bearing-1">Greb (1999); "Fossil-Bearing Rocks", page 1.</ref>
<ref name="csi-mihelich-213">Mihelich (2006); page 1.</ref>
<ref name="briefsummary-1">Ohio Division of Geological Survey (2001); "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio", page 1.</ref>
<ref name="madin-oregon">Madin; "3. Early Sediments: Oregon's first coast".</ref>
<ref name="50states-vermont-274">Murray (1974); "Vermont", page 274.</ref>
<ref name="dinos-burke">{{cite web |url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/paleontology/faq|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=[[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]]|year=2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=dinos-pi>{{cite web |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/03/05/have-we-found-dinosaur-fossils-in-washington-state/|title=Wake Me When You Find a Dinosaur|publisher=Seattle's Big Blog|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="jones-dinosaur-age">Jones (2009).</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{Wikisource portal|Paleontology in the United States}}
* Braden, Angela K. The Arkansas Dinosaur "Arkansaurus fridayi". Arkansas Geologic Survey. 2007.
* "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio". ''GeoFacts''. Number 23. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. July 2001.
* {{cite book |title=Florida's Fossils: Guide to Location, Identification, and Enjoyment |author=Brown, R.C. |edition=third |publisher=Pineapple Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-56164-409-4 }}
* [http://www.buffalonews.com/life/next/article241552.ece Discovering Dinosaurs]. Minipage. Buffalo News. November 4, 2010. Accessed August 28, 2010.
* Carr, T.D., Williamson, T.E., & Schwimmer, D.R. 2005. A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 25(1): 119–143.
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/etext/hoosier/PA-11.html Dinosaur Fossils are not found in Indiana] ''Our Hoosier State Beneath Us: Paleontology''. Indiana Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources. Accessed August 2, 2012.
* Everhart, Michael J. ''Oceans Of Kansas: A Natural History Of The Western Interior Sea'' (Life of the Past). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. 322 pp.
* Foster, J. (2007). ''Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World.'' Indiana University Press. 389pp. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34870-8}}.
* Gangloff, Roland, Sarah Rieboldt, Judy Scotchmoor, Dale Springer. July 21, 2006. "[http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space&sectionnav=state&name=Alaska Alaska, US]." [http://www.paleoportal.org/ The Paleontology Portal]. Accessed September 21, 2012.
* Greb, Stephen. ''Fossils''. Fact Sheet No. 4. Kentucky Geological Survey. September, 1999.
* Hayes, Paul G. Increase Allen Lapham: Wisconsin's First Geologist. ''Geoscience Wisconsin''. Volume 18. 2001.
* Hedeen, S., 2008, Big Bone Lick: the Cradle of American Paleontology: Lexington, Kentucky, The University Press of Kentucky, 182 p.
* Hilton, Richard P. 2003. Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. Berkeley: University of California Press. 318 pp.
* Horner, John R. ''Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky''. Mountain Press Publishing Company. 2001. {{ISBN|0-87842-445-8}}.
* Jacobs, L. L., III. 1995. Lone Star Dinosaurs. Texas A&M University Press.
* Jones, Meg. [http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/44755302.html Rare Sample From Dinosaur Age Found in Wisconsin]. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal Sentinel Online. 2009. Accessed August 14, 2012.
* Lockley, Martin and Hunt, Adrian. '' Dinosaur Tracks of Western North America''. Columbia University Press. 1999.
* Lucas S, Herne M, Heckert A, Hunt A, and Sullivan R. [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77727.htm Reappraisal of ''Seismosaurus'', A Late Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaur from New Mexico.] The Geological Society of America, 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (November 7–10, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
* Mayor, Adrienne. ''Fossil Legends of the First Americans''. Princeton University Press. 2005. {{ISBN|0-691-11345-9}}.
* Madin, Ian P. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121128080344/http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/publications/IMS/ims-028/unit03.htm Oregon: A Geologic History]." Interpretive Map Series 28. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.
* Mihelich, Peggy.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603080512/http://articles.cnn.com/2006-08-25/tech/dino.detectives_1_dinosaur-bones-nels-peterson-john-jack-horner?_s=PM:TECH It's Real Life CSI for Dinosaur Detectives]. CNN Tech. August 25, 2006. Accessed July 31, 2012.
* Mikulic, Donald G. The Reefs that Made Milwaukee Famous. ''Geoscience Wisconsin''. Volume 18. 2001.
* Mikulic, D.G. and Kluessendorf, J. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130227122927/http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geobits/pdf-files/geobit5.pdf Illinois’ State Fossil— ''Tullimonstrum gregarium'']. Geobit 5. Illinois State Geological Survey. 2004. 2 pp. Accessed August 3, 2012.
* Murray, Marian. 1974. Hunting for Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States. Collier Books. 348 pp.
* Schiebout, J. A., Ting, S., Williams, M., Boardman, G., Gose, W., Wilhite, D. R., White, P. D., and Kilbourne, B. 2004. Paleofaunal & Environmental Research on Miocene Fossil Sites TVOR SE and TVOR S on Fort Polk, Louisiana, with Continued Survey, Collection, Processing, and Documentation of other Miocene localities. Louisiana. Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, Contract no. DACA63-00-D-006, Delivery Order no. 0015. Louisiana State University, 45 pp.
* Vaiden, Robert C. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525214714/http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/pdf-files/geonote4.pdf Build Illinois: The Last 500 Million Years]. Geonote 4. Illinois State Geological Survey. 2004. 12 pp. Accessed August 3, 2012.
* Weishampel, D.B. & L. Young. 1996. Dinosaurs of the East Coast. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.
* Witzke, Brian J. The Age of Dinosaurs in Iowa. ''Iowa Geology''. Number 26. 2001. Pages 2–7.

[[Category:History of paleontology]]
[[Category:Paleontology in the United States|*]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the United States|Paleontology]]

Arundel Formation

2024-05-14T20:06:21Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Dinosaurs */

{{Short description|Geological formation in Maryland}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Arundel Formation
| image = Dinosaur Park Laurel.jpg
| caption = Outdoor excavation on an exposed portion of the Arundel clays at [[Dinosaur Park (Prince George's County, Maryland)|Dinosaur Park]] at [[Laurel, Maryland]], [[United States|USA]]
| type = Geological Formation
| age = {{fossilrange|Aptian}}
| period = Aptian
| prilithology = [[Clay]]
| otherlithology = [[Siderite]] nodules
| namedfor = [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland]]
| namedby = W. B. Clark, 1897<ref name=Clark1897>Clark, W.B., 1897, Outline of present knowledge of the physical features of Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Volume Series, v. 1, pt. 3, p. 172-188. [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1557440W/Outline_of_present_knowledge_of_the_physical_features_of_Maryland]</ref>
| region = {{Flag|Maryland}}, [[Washington D. C.]]
| country = [[United States]]
| coordinates =
| unitof = [[Potomac Group]]
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Patapsco Formation]] ([[Unconformity]])
| overlies = [[Patuxent Formation]]
| thickness = up to {{Convert|125|ft|m|-1}}<ref name=Clark1897/>
| extent =
| area =
| map =
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Arundel Formation''', also known as the '''Arundel Clay''', is a [[clay]]-rich [[sedimentary]] [[geological formation|rock formation]], within the [[Potomac Group]], found in [[Maryland]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Geologic Map Legends|url=http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/geo/lgcp.html|work=Coastal Plain Rocks and Sediments|publisher=Maryland Geological Survey|access-date=27 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526061259/http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/geo/lgcp.html| archive-date= 26 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> of the [[United States of America]]. It is of [[Aptian]] age ([[Lower Cretaceous]]). This rock unit had been economically important as a source of [[iron ore]], but is now more notable for its [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s. It consists of clay lenses within depressions in the upper part of the [[Patuxent Formation]] that may represent [[Oxbow lake|oxbow]] swamp [[facies]].<ref name=kranz1998>{{cite book |last=Kranz |first=Peter M. |year=1998 |chapter=Mostly dinosaurs: a review of the vertebrates of the Potomac Group (Aptian Arundel Formation), USA |editor=Lucas, Spencer G. |editor-link=Spencer G. Lucas |editor2=Kirkland, James I. |editor2-link=James Kirkland (paleontologist) |editor3=Estep, J.W. |title=Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin '''14''' |pages=235–238 }}</ref> It is named for [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland]].<ref name="Geolex">{{Cite web |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/Units/Arundel_171.html |title=Geologic Unit: Arundel |website=National Geologic Map Database |publisher=USGS}}</ref>

==Vertebrate paleofauna==

===Dinosaurs===
Dinosaurs present include cf. ''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]'',<ref name=harris1998b>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Jerald D. |year=1998 |chapter=Large, Early Cretaceous theropods in North America |editor=Lucas, Spencer G. |editor-link=Spencer G. Lucas |editor2=Kirkland, James I. |editor2-link=James Kirkland (paleontologist) |editor3=Estep, J.W. |title=Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin '''14''' |pages=225–228}}</ref><ref name=lipka1998>{{cite book |last=Lipka |first=Thomas R. |year=1998 |chapter=The affinities of the enigmatic theropods of the Arundel Clay facies (Aptian), Potomac Formation, Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland |editor=Lucas, Spencer G. |editor-link=Spencer G. Lucas |editor2=Kirkland, James I. |editor2-link=James Kirkland (paleontologist) |editor3=Estep, J.W. |title=Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin '''14''' |pages=229–234 }}</ref> the possible [[ornithischia]]n ''[[List of informally named dinosaurs|Magulodon]]'',<ref name=harris1998b/> the poorly known theropods ''"[[Allosaurus]]" medius'', ''[[Capitalsaurus|"Creosaurus" potens]]'', and ''"[[Coelurus]]" gracilis'', the [[ornithomimosauria]]n ''"[[Dryosaurus]]" grandis'',<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brownstein|first1=Chase D.|title=Redescription of Arundel formation Ornithomimosaur material and a reinterpretation of Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni as an "Ostrich Dinosaur": Biogeographic implications|journal=PeerJ Preprints|volume=e2308v1}}</ref> as well as another indeterminate ornithomimosaurian (though it most likely is ''[[Nedcolbertia]]''),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gilmore|first1=Charles W.|title=An Ornithomimid Dinosaur in the Potomac of Maryland|journal=Science|date=24 October 1919|volume=50|issue=1295|pages=394–395|doi=10.1126/science.50.1295.394|pmid=17830121|bibcode=1919Sci....50..394G|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448231}}</ref> the sauropod ''[[Astrodon]]'', the [[nodosaurid]] ''[[Priconodon]]'',<ref name=DBWetal04>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |author-link=David B. Weishampel |author2=Barrett, Paul M.|author3=Coria, Rodolfo A.|author4=Le Loueff, Jean|author5=Xu Xing|author6=Zhao Xijin|author7=Sahni, Ashok|author8=Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.|author9= Noto, Christopher N. |editor=Weishampel, David B. |editor2=Dodson, Peter |editor3=Osmólska, Halszka |title=The Dinosauria |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis |url-access=limited |edition=2nd |year= 2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-24209-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis/page/n535 517]–606 |chapter=Dinosaur distribution }}</ref> a possible [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[ceratopsia]]n,<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last1=Chinnery|first1=Brenda J.|last2=Lipka|first2=Thomas R.|last3=Kirkland|first3=James I.|last4=Parrish|first4=Michael J.|last5=Brett-Surman|first5=Michael K.|title=Neoceratopsian teeth from the Lower to Middle Cretaceous of North America|url=http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~gdouglas/neoceratopsian/index.html|website=terpconnect.umd.edu/|publisher=Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin No. 14. 297-302 pp. |date=1998 |access-date=March 13, 2019}}</ref> and potentially the [[ornithopod]] ''[[Tenontosaurus]]''.<ref name=kranz1998/> Other [[vertebrate]]s are not as well known from the formation, but include a freshwater [[shark]], a [[lungfish]],<ref>Frederickson, J. A., Lipka, T. R., & Cifelli, R. L. (2016). A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1136316.</ref> at least three genera of [[turtle]]s, and at least one [[crocodilia]]n.<ref name=kranz1998/>

{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Dinosaur]]s reported from the Arundel Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]''<ref name="harris1998b" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Carrano |first=Matthew T. |date=2024-05-01 |title=First definitive record of Acrocanthosaurus (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) in the Lower Cretaceous of eastern North America |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123003427 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=157 |pages=105814 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105814 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
|''A.'' cf. ''atokensis<ref name=":4" />''
|
* Maryland<ref name=":1" />
|
|"Teeth",<ref name="harris1998b" /> "incomplete skeleton"<ref name=":4" />
|A large [[Carcharodontosauridae|carcharodontosaurid]] [[theropod]]. Presence long suspected but uncertain, but confirmed in 2024 following the discovery of more complete remains.<ref name=":4" />
|[[File:Acrocanthosaurus restoration.jpg|thumb|''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]'']]
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
<s>''Allosaurus''</s><ref name="arundel">"3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.</ref>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"A." ''medius''<ref name="arundel" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"Tooth."<ref name="table-4-1-78">"Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.</ref>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
An indeterminate theropod tooth.
| rowspan="101" |
[[File:Astrodon johnstoni.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Astrodon]]'']]
[[File:Deinonychus ewilloughby.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Deinonychus]]'']]
[[File:Tenontosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Tenontosaurus]]'']]
|-
|
''[[Astrodon]]''<ref name="both">"3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay" and "3.34 Washington D. C., United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.</ref>
|
''A. johnstoni''<ref name="both" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
* Washington D.C.<ref name="arundelDC">"3.34 Washington D. C., United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.</ref>
|
|
"Tooth."<ref name="table-13-1-270">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.</ref>
|
|-
|
"[[Capitalsaurus]]"<ref>Kranz, D. 1998. Mostly Dinosaurs: A Review of the Vertebrates of the Potomac Group (Aptian Arundel Formation), USA, in Lucas, Kirkland and Estep, eds., 1998: 235-238.</ref>
|
"C." ''potens''
|
* Washington D.C.<ref name="arundel" />
|
|
"Vertebra."<ref name="table-4-1-78"/>
|
A neotheropod possibly synonymous with ''Acrocanthosaurus.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Brownstein|first=Chase D.|date=2018|title=The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|pages=1–56|doi=10.26879/801|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
<s>''Coelurus''</s><ref name="arundel" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"C." ''[[Coelurus gracilis|gracilis]]''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"Manual ungual and teeth."<ref name="table-4-1-78"/>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
A dromaeosaurid synonymous with ''Deinonychus.''<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
<s>''Creosaurus''</s><ref name="arundel" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"C." ''potens''<ref name="arundel" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Reclassified as "Capitalsaurus" ''potens''
|-
|
cf. ''[[Deinonychus]]''<ref name="arundel" />
|
Indeterminate<ref name="arundel" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|
|
|
A dromaeosaurid
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
<s>''Dryosaurus''</s>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"D." ''[[Dryosaurus grandis|grandis]]''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"Limb elements."<ref name="table-6-1-139">"Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.</ref>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
An indeterminate member of Ornithomimosauria.
|-
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
''[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Magulodon|Magulodon]]''<ref name=":3">Kranz, P. (1996). Notes on the sedimentary iron ores of Maryland and their dinosaurian faunas. Maryland Geological Survey Special Publications 3:87–115.</ref>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
''M. muirkirkensis''<ref name=":3" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
* Maryland<ref name=":3" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"Tooth"<ref name=":3" />
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Likely an [[ornithischian]], this genus is a ''[[nomen nudum]]'' that has not been formally published.
|-
|[[Neoceratopsia]] indet.<ref name=":2" />
|Indeterminate<ref name=":2" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|
|"Teeth"<ref name=":2" />
|An indeterminate member of Neoceratopsia. Initially believed to have belonged to an indeterminate member of [[Dryosauridae]] or the genus ''[[Tenontosaurus]]''.
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
<s>''Ornithomimus''</s>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
"O." ''affinis''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Junior synonym of "''Dryosaurus''" ''grandis''
|-
| rowspan="2" |
''[[Pleurocoelus]]''<ref name="arundel" />
|
''P. altus''<ref name="arundel" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|
|
"Tibia [and] fibula."<ref name="table-13-1-266">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.</ref>
|Possibly synonymous with ''Astrodon.''
|-
|
''P. nanus''<ref name="arundel" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|
|
|Possibly synonymous with ''Astrodon.''
|-
|
''[[Priconodon]]''<ref name="arundel" />
|
''P. crassus''<ref name="arundel" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|
|
"Teeth, tibia."<ref name="table-17-1-368">"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 368.</ref>
|A large [[Nodosauridae|nodosaurid]].
|-
|
cf. ''[[Tenontosaurus]]''<ref name="tenonto">Listed as "?''Tenontosaurus'' sp." in "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.</ref>
|
Indeterminate<ref name="tenonto" />
|
* Maryland<ref name="arundel" />
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Pterosaurs===
Unassigned pteradactyloid tracks.<ref name="Lockleyetal2008">Lockley, M.; Harris, J.D.; and Mitchell, L. 2008. "A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and
time." ''Zitteliana''. B28. p. 187-198. {{ISSN|1612-4138}}.</ref>
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Pterosaur]]s of the Arundel Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Abundance
! Notes
! Images
|-
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
''[[Pteraichnus]]''<ref name="Lockleyetal2008"/>
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
<ref name="Lockleyetal2008" />
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|-
|}

==Other fossils==
[[William Bullock Clark]] (1897) described [[lignite|lignitized]] trunks of trees often found in upright positions with their roots still intact.<ref name=Clark1897/>

G. J. Brenner (1963) described spores and pollen within the formation.<ref>Brenner, Gilbert J., 1963, The spores and pollen of the Potomac Group of Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 27, 215 p. [https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.143.3608.795.c]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Paleontology|Dinosaurs||}}
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arundel Formation}}

{{Coord|39|3|N|76|38|W|region:US_scale:500000|display=title}}

[[Category:Lower Cretaceous Series of North America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Maryland]]
[[Category:Natural history of Maryland]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Maryland]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Aptian Stage]]

Aja'ib al-Makhluqat

2024-05-07T22:03:07Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|Seminal work on cosmography}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Wonders of Creatures
| image = Illustration of the moon in Al-qazwini's "The Wonders of Creation".jpg
| image_size =
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| alt =
| caption = An illustration depicting the moon in al-Qazwini's work, ''The Wonders of Creation''. Copy was made in 1537/944, probably in western India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic Medical Manuscripts, Natural History 3 |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/natural_hist3.html |website=www.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>
| author = [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات
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| country = Persia
| language = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
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| genre = [[Cosmography]]
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| published = 1203
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}}

''''''Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Mawjudat''''', ({{lang-ar|عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات}}, meaning ''The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation'') is an important work of [[cosmography]] by [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]], who was born in [[Qazwin]] (Iran) in the year 600 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]/1203 AD.

==Background to the work==
Qazwini's ''Aja'ib al-Makhluqat'' is criticized for being less than original. Substantial parts of his work are derivative of [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut]]'s ''[[Mu'jam al-Buldan]]''.<ref name=ency-Islamic-civ&rel/>

Qazwini mentions fifty names as his sources, the most important of whom are old geographers and historians such as [[al-Istakhri]], [[Ibn Fadlan]], [[Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī|al-Mas‘udi]], [[Ibn Hawqal]], [[al-Biruni]], [[Ibn al-Athir]], [[al-Maqdisi]], and al-Razi. Notwithstanding the fact that Qazwini's work is a compilation of known and unknown sources, it influenced later works of [[Islamic cosmology]] and [[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam|Islamic geography]] through its style and language. Qazwini's cosmography is not pure science but it also was intended to entertain its readers by enriching scientific explanations with stories and poetry.

==Framework==
[[File:manuscript qazwin.jpg|thumb|A manuscript of the treatise copied in the 14th century.]]

Qazwini's cosmography consists of two parts, the first part is celestial, dealing with the [[sphere]]s of the [[heaven]] with its inhabitants (the [[angels]]) and chronology. [[Astronomical]] knowledge of that time is compiled together with [[astrological]] ideas.<ref name=ency-Islamic-civ&rel/>

The second part discusses the terrestrial: the [[Classical element|four elements]], the seven climes, seas and rivers, a sort of [[bestiary]] on the animal kingdom (including mankind and the jinns), the plants, and minerals.<ref name="ency-Islamic-civ&rel" /> He discusses here man and the faculties of his [[Soul (spirit)|soul]], his character, weaknesses and illnesses.

Also, the cosmography of Ahmad al-Tusi (Aḥmad al-Ṭūsī{{Efn|Also Aḥmad-e Ṭūsī,{{sfnp|Guest|Ettinghausen|1961|p=52}} or Aḥmad-ī Ṭūsī.}}) is very similar and bears the same title;<ref>{{citation|title=al-Ḳazwini |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islām |volume=I |publisher=E. J. Brill ltd. |year=1938 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGQLAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> though the latter characterized by the concept of the [[Tawhid|unity of God]] and the unity of [[Creation myth|creation]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}.

==Celestial cosmography==
Qazwini tells that the earth was swinging in all directions, until God created an angel to bear it on his shoulders and steady it with his hands. A green [[Jacinth]] slab was placed underneath the angel, the slab borne by a gigantic bull [[Kujata (mythology)|Kuyūthā]],{{Efn|"الصخرة أن تدخل تحت قدمي الملك ثم لم يكن للصخرة قرار فخلق الله تعالى ثورا عظيما يقال له كيوثاء (..the rock to under the feet of the malak (angel), and as the rock was not steady, God created a great bull called Kuyūthā)"}} which in turn rested on the great swimming fish [[Bahamut|Bahamūt]].{{sfnp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|pp=213–216}}<ref>{{citation|title=Ḳāf |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islām |volume=7 |edition=new |publisher=E. J. Brill ltd. |year=1973 |page=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wüstenfeld|1849|p=145}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|A thesis by Chalyan-Daffner (2013) transcribes the bull's name in the Wüstenfeld edition as "Kīyūbān/Kibūthān",{{sfnp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=p. 214, note 195}} but it has been pointed out that this may be in a "corrupt Arabic form".<ref name="guest&ettinghausen"/> Hermann Ethé translated it as "Leviathan".{{sfnp|Ethé|1868|p=298}}}}

Qazwini's cosmography above have been compared to a similar entry in [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut]]'s ''[[Mu'jam al-Buldan]]''<ref name=yaqut/> and [[Ibn al-Wardi|Ibn al-Wardī]]'s ''Kharīdat al-'Ajā'ib'', with small differences noted.{{sfnp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|pp=213–216}}

===Time===
When discussing time, Qazwini makes parallel comparison of the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]], [[Roman calendar|Roman]] and [[Iranian calendar]]s. Thus he links the days of the week to the sacred history of [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]], e.g. the holy days Friday (Islamic day of congregational prayer/[[salah]]), Saturday ([[Jewish]] [[Shabbat|sabbath]]) and Sunday (Christian day of rest) and how they came to be regarded as [[holy]]. The days are also linked to lawful and unlawful things and acts.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

===Angelology===
[[File:Arabic-manuscript.jpg|thumb|An illustration from the manuscript depicting archangel [[Gabriel]]. Egypt/Syria c.1375-1425 CE]]
Qazwini shows that God created many things that are unknown to the people (Quran 16:8), and a fundamental part of this, with central importance, is God's [[Throne]], His [[footstool]] are the [[angels]] and the [[jinn]] ([[demons]], evil/good spirits).{{Efn|For some [[Muslims]] the footstool is the eighth and the Throne the ninth sphere. Furthermore, the [[Throne of God]] is the [[point of adoration]] for the inhabitants of the [[celestial spheres]], as is the [[Kaaba]] the [[qibla]] for people on earth.}}

The celestial spheres are inhabited by the angels. The angels are good perfect beings without negative feelings or passion, they are obedient and most importantly, they keep the order of the creation and govern everything on earth; the jinn and devils are bad and imperfect creatures who possess passion and wrath and are disobedient. Qazwini's work contains moreover [[angelology]] that has roots partly in the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]].

There are two types of angels in the Quran, the one being the guards of [[hell]] (96:18) and angels that nearest to God (4:170, 83:21). Qazwini also mentions the angels who carry the Throne of God (the idea goes back to the [[Jahiliyya]]): they are four in number in the form of a man, bull, eagle and lion. On the Day of [[Resurrection]] the Throne will be carried by "eight" (Quran 69:17), and this traditionally refers to eight angels. Next to these is the angel ar-Ruh or the Spirit, who is actually first in order and the greatest. His breath quickens the creatures and he knows the order of the spheres, planets, elements, [[minerals]] etc. He is the one who decides the movement and stillness of things by the will of God. This angel is followed by [[Israfil]]; he transmits the orders of God and blows the horn. He is not mentioned in the Quran but in hadith and linked to the Day of Resurrection. Israfil carries the "tablet" (lawh) and the "pen" (qalam). Whether the abovementioned angels or Gabriel, [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] or others all of them have a role in keeping the order of the creation. It is also believed that angels have about seventy wings each.

Then God sent angels who inhabited the earth. One sent in exile was young [[Azazil]] whom the angels educated. He acquired their knowledge and became like them and even their leader. But he fell into disgrace because he disobeyed God to prostrate himself before Adam as the vicegerent of God on earth. Azazil goes back to Judaism and is mentioned in the Quran (2:32 etc.) as [[Iblis]], the [[jinni]]. In [[Volksislam]] it is believed that Iblis is present in baths, bazaars, crossroads, intoxicating drinks, and is associated with flutes, poetry, tattoos, lies and illnesses.

God also persecuted and imprisoned many of the jinn and exiled them. Jin and ghuls are then considered terrestrial beings, occupying and a place between animals and mankind, and discussed in the second part of Al-qazwini's work.<ref name=ency-Islamic-civ&rel/>

==Terrestrial cosmography==

The earth, being part of the lower spheres, brings forth minerals, plants and living creatures such as animals and man. In Qazwini's classification there are seven types of living creatures – man, jinn, animals used for riding, animals that graze, beasts, birds and insects – and creatures that look strange or are [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]].

===Man===
[[File:Marvels of creatures and Strange things existing - Al-qazwini - Rhinoceros, bull and tree creatures.png|thumb|Page featuring humans and other creatures, painted in [[Shiraz]] around 1545]]
Man has the highest rank in the order of God's creation ([[macrocosm]]): he is its quintessence ([[Macrocosm and microcosm|microcosm]]) and can be both the embodiment of the angels and [[Satan]]. Man with his [[rational soul]] has the capacity to think and talk and the choice to ascend to the highest or lowest stations in life. Man's soul is immortal and he is created for immortality; he changes his place of living from the womb to the earth, and from there to [[paradise]] or [[hell]]fire.

Next to man are the [[jinn]] who were created from smokeless fire and can be in different forms. It is also believed that the jinn represent the rebellious among men or that angels were created from the light of the fire and the devils or jinn from its smoke. According to a legend the jinn were created before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] and lived on the land, sea, plains and mountains and that God's mercy for them was boundless. They had a government, prophets, religion and laws but they became disobedient and stubborn and broke the rules of the prophets which culminated in [[wikt:Chaos|chaos]] on earth. [[Solomon in Islam|Solomon]] became their lord whom they obeyed.{{Efn|[[Ya’juj and Ma’juj]] ([[Gog and Magog]]) dwells in the seventh clime according to Qazwini in another work (''Ātar al-belad''). Traditionally Islam assigns their homeland between the fifth and seventh climes.<ref name=van_donzel/>}}

===Bestiary===
[[File:Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - A Fabulous (Legendary) Bird Such as a Griffon or Simurgh - Walters W659133B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|[[Anqa]] or [[Simurgh]] ([[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]]). 1717 CE, Ottoman Empire]]
God created the birds because He knew that many people would deny the existence of flying creatures, especially the angels. Furthermore, Qazwini adds as proofs that God created birds with three wings, as He did the unicorn, the Indian ass with a horn or the bat without wings; why not angels? Among the birds Qazwini classifies the [[Anqa]] or [[Simurgh]] ([[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]]) as the most known bird and the kin of birds that lived alone on [[Mount Qaf]]. This idea goes as back as to the time of [[Zoroaster]]. In more recent traditions the Anqa is a wise bird with experience gained throughout many ages and gives admonitions and moral advice.

Long before Adam was created, this bird lived without procreation; he was single and the first and most powerful bird. The “[[golden age]]” of the Simurgh was the time of Solomon in which not only ministers were near his throne but also animals and birds with whom Solomon could speak; the Anqa also talked to him and was the most respected. The second bird that is also recurring in classical [[Persian literature]] and mentioned by Qazwini is the [[Huma bird|Homa]] ([[paradise]] bird). When it lands on someone's head, that person becomes the king of his land. Being also a bird used in Iranian mystical symbolism is the salamander or “fire bird”, which was not seen since the time of Muhammad. Qazwini talks about the [[hoopoe]] (hudhud) that has a central role in [[Iranian mysticism]] too, only in passing; here it is described as being able to see water from afar but not the mesh that is in front of its eyes.

So the hoopoe symbolizes fate: when it comes, the eyes of man are blinded, i.e. man is not able to predict his fate. Another exceptional bird in Qazwini's list is the [[eagle]] because [[lion]]s feared it and from his wings fire appears. Birds that were conceived as strange hybrids by Qazwini are the [[vulture]], having the claws of the [[rooster]], or the [[ostrich]] with the feet of a camel and the body of a bird; this bird eats stones and flames and can live in fire for ten years. He is also able to digest legs of a horse and birds but not date pits. The ostrich fears his own shadow and always walks against the sun. There are also other rare and strange birds, for example a big bird in [[Khuzistan]] that attacks [[camel]]s and [[elephant]]s and has eggs similar to [[crystal]]; the “purple bird”, a white bird that sits on a rock in the [[Chinese Sea]] and the person that looks at that rock must laugh to death, except that this bird lands on the rock; or a bird in Tabaristan which is seen in spring and carries one hundred sparrows on its tail and eats one each day.

===Lapidary===
Some [[Rock (geology)|stones]] are associated to jinn or are a remedy against ailments: the [[emerald|smaragd]] ([[zabarjad]] or [[zumrud]]) cures illnesses and repels devils; a stone called [[talk (stone)|talk]] is used for [[Amulet|talismans]] and [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] drinks; the [[amberstone]] was first discovered by Satan; [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] used the [[faylaq]] stone to protect his men from devils, or the [[manâtas]], according to [[Aristotle]] from whose “[[Book of Stones]]” Qazwini often quotes, nullifies the influence of magicians and devils and protects from jinn. One stone ([[bahtah]]) is described as being found at the edge of the utmost darkness where the sun has no effect, near the {{Interlanguage link|world ocean (mythology)|ru|Мировой океан (мифология)|lt=world ocean}}.

==Analysis==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2017}}

Called the “most precious cosmography of the Islamic culture” by [[Carl Brockelmann]], Qazwini's cosmography was one of the most read works in the [[Islamic]] world since numerous manuscripts and translations from [[Arabic]] into Islamic languages have survived. Scholars presented excerpts of it to Western readers.

In Qazwini's conception, the [[Universe]] is the manifestation of the absolute Truth or [[God]]. God's command "Be!" caused all things in the universe to have a place and a reciprocal relationship between themselves. Man in the Islamic tradition has the task to understand the wisdom of God's creation as much as possible. God is the ultimate goal of that cosmic structure.

Traditional Islamic sciences are connected with cosmology that has an essential role within the [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] system. Whereas cosmology deals with the spiritual side of the universe, cosmography concerns itself with the physical aspect and its processes. Qazwini states that it is important that man should exert himself to investigate the wondrous and wisely conceived creation of God, to reflect on it in astonishment and understand it as much as is possible to him. In this way, man will gain the delights in both this world and the hereafter. Next to this Qazwini explains important terminology in his book: 1) marvels are a phenomenon that confuses man because he is not able to grasp its cause and effects; 2) creation is everything except God, it is either essential (body, spiritual substance) or accidental (other); 3) the strange is something which is rare and differs from the known and familiar things and causes astonishment; 4) Creation is divided into several things: it has an unknown cause, man cannot grasp it and it is known in its entirety but not in its details (e.g. the [[celestial spheres]]).

Moreover, Qazwini informs us in the introduction of his book that he left his home and family to study books because he believed that a man's best companion on earth are books. He marvelled at the wondrous and strange things in God's creation and how perfect a creation it is, as stated in the Quran (50:6). In his explanation of created things in the powerful and vast universe (51:47), he describes the orbit of the sun based on statements of scientists but also quotes a tradition in which the angel [[Gabriel]] tells [[Muhammad]] that the sun moves forward 500 years or [[farsakh]]s (1 farsakh = c. 6 km) from the time Muhammad says “No” until the time he says “Yes” one after another.

In Qazwini's view wondrous things are in the heavens and the earth, as the Quran informs (10:101), and in the seas and at their shores since it was their beginning and end where not clarified; it was part of the unknown world, inhabited with wondrous and strange creatures. Following the [[Judeo-Islamic]] tradition, Qazwini confirms that in the beginning God created one substance, then He melted it and from the smoke became the heaven and the sediments were formed to earth; heaven and earth were first together and God divided them (Quran 21:31) and He completed his creation in six days. Altogether God made [[seven heavens]] and [[seven earths]] (Quran 65:12).

Whether known or unknown, every created thing has a sign of divine wisdom within itself and represents the unity of God. Based on Ptolemy's design of the universe, Qazwini talks about [[9 spheres]] in the heaven: the [[earth]], the [[Moon]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], the [[Sun]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]] and the [[Sphere of spheres]], which embraces all other spheres and causes day and night; they all have their own [[orbit]]. Whereas on the one hand to these and other [[star]]s Qazwini refers to the spheres or [[plants]] in [[scientific]] terms, on the other hand he supports the effects of the Moon, the [[North Pole]] and [[South Pole]] on [[man]] and [[animal]], such as having the power to cure illnesses, with sayings among people.

Man's purpose on earth is to achieve perfection and eschew bad habits and acts. The good character outweighs in this life and the next; bad character is a sin that can not be forgiven and through it man descends to the lowest of the low in hell. A man with a good character is thus angel-like and bad character is the feature of the despised Satan. Qazwini's concern here, so to speak, [[anthropology]].

==Later influence==

[[Ahmed Bican]] reworked Qazwini's cosmology in the year 1453, providing his Turkish readership with a much [[abridgement|abridged]] version (reduced to ca. one fifth of the original) in plain Turkish prose, with some new materials added.<ref>Laban Kaptein, ''Eindtijd en Antichrist'', p. 30. Leiden 1997. {{ISBN|90-73782-90-2}}</ref> Bican's rendering was later included by [[Giovanni Battista Donado|Donado]] in his ''Della Letteratura de Turchi'', Venice (1688), in a shortlist of Turkish works he felt merited translation into Italian.<ref>Laban Kaptein (ed.), ''Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu,'' Dürr-i Meknûn. ''Kritische Edition mit Kommentar'', p. 36ff. Asch 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-902140-8-5}}</ref>

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="guest&ettinghausen">
{{citation|last1=Guest |first1=Grace D. |last2=Ettinghausen |first2=Richard |title=The Iconography of a Kāshān Luster Plate |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=4|year=1961|jstor=4629133 |page=53, note 110}}
</ref>

<ref name=ency-Islamic-civ&rel>
{{citation|title=Al-Qazwini |editor-last=Netton|editor-first=Ian Richard |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6JlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT686 |page=686|isbn=9781135179670}}
</ref>

<ref name=van_donzel>
{{Cite book |last1=Van Donzel |first1=Emeri J. |last2=Schmidt |first2=Andrea Barbara |title=Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall |place= |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtxOXRlPMA0C |isbn=978-9004174160 |page=81}}
</ref>

<ref name=yaqut>
{{citation|editor-last=Jwaideh |editor-first=Wadie |title=The Introductory Chapters of Yāqūt's Muʻjam Al-Buldān|publisher=Brill Archive |year= 1987 |orig-year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA34 |pages=34–35|isbn=9004082697 }}
</ref>

}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Wüstenfeld|1849}}|last=al-Qazwini |first=Zakariya |editor-last=Wüstenfeld|editor-first=Ferdinand |title='Aja'ib al-makhluqat |trans-title=Kosmographie: Die Wunder der Schöpfung |volume=1 |place=Göttingen |publisher=Dieterich|year=1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCk-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PT152}} (edition of the Arabic text; [https://archive.org/details/kosmographie01qazw full text])
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Ethé|1868}}|last=al-Qazwini |first=Zakariya |editor-last=Wüstenfeld |editor-first=Ferdinand |title=Die Wunder der Schöpfung: Nach der Wüstenfeldschen Textausgabe, mit Benutzung und Beifügung der Reichhaltigen Anmerkungen und erbesserungen des Herrn Prof. Dr. Fleischer |volume=1 |place=Leipzig|publisher=Fues’s Verlag |year=1868 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA298}} (German translation)
*Ansbacher, Jonas. Die Abschnitte über die Geister und wunderbaren Geschِpfe aus Qazwînî's Kosmographie, in: Fuat Sezgin, Islamic Geography vol. 201.
*{{cite book|last1=Barati|first1=Parwiz|date=2009|title=کتاب عجایب ایرانی: روایت، شکل و ساختار فانتزی عجایب‌نامه‌ها به همراه متن عجایب نامه‌ای قرن هفتمی|location=Tehran|publisher=Nashr Afkar|language=fa}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. E.|author1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|last2=Afshar|first2=I.|date=1984–2011|title=ʿAjāʾeb al-Maḵlūqāt|editor1-last=Yarshater|editor1-first=Ehsan|editor1-link=Ehsan Yarshater|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ajaeb-al-makluqat}}
*{{cite thesis|type=Ph. D.|last=Chalyan-Daffner |first=Kristine |title=Natural Disasters in Mamlūk Egypt (1250–1517): Perceptions, Interpretations and Human Responses |publisher=Heidelberg University|year=2013 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/17711/1/Chalyan-Daffner.pdf |pages=213–252}}
*{{cite book|last1=Giese|first1=Alma|year=1986|title=Die Wunder des Himmels und der Erde|series=Bibliothek arabischer Klassiker|volume=11|location=Stuttgart and Vienna|publisher=Thienemann, Edition Erdmann|isbn=9783522621106|oclc=230831113}} (partial German translation)
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewicki|first1=T.|date=1960–2007|title=al-Ḳazwīnī|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P.|editor1-link=Peri Bearman|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4093}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Maqbul Ahmad|first1=S.|year=1981|chapter=al-Qazwīnī, Zakariyā ibn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd, Abū Yaḥyā|editor1-last=Gillispie|editor1-first=Charles Coulston|editor1-link=Charles Coulston Gillispie|title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribners’s Sons|volume=11|pages=230–233|chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/al-qazwin}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Richter-Bernburg|first1=Lutz|year=1998|title=al-Qazwīnī, Zakariyyā' ibn Muḥammad (c.600–82/c.1203–83)|editor1-last=Meisami|editor1-first=Julie Scott|editor2-last=Starkey|editor2-first=Paul|editor2-link=Paul Starkey|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature|volume=2|pages=637–638|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-06808-8}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Streck|first1=M.|date=1913–1936|title=al-Ḳazwīnī|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936)|editor1-last=Houtsma|editor1-first=M. Th.|editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma|editor2-last=Arnold|editor2-first=T. W.|editor3-last=Basset|editor3-first=R.|editor4-last=Hartmann|editor4-first=R.|doi=10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4034}}
*Ruska, Julius. Das Steinbuch aus der Kosmographie des Zakarijâ ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Kazwînî, in: Fuat Sezgin, Islamic Geography vol. 201.
*Von Müller, Johann. Auszüge aus dem persischen Werke Adschaibul-machlukat des Zacharia ben Mohammed Elkazwini in Sezgin Islamic Geography vol. 201.
*Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand, in: Fuat Sezgin, Islamic Geography, vol. 201.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt}}
*Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioQ.html#qazwini
**ibid, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/natural_hist2.html
**ibid, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/natural_hist3.html
**ibid, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/natural_hist4.html
**ibid, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/natural_hist5.html
**ibid, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/natural_hist6.html
*[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00003-00074/1 Full digitised version on Cambridge Digital Library]
*[https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ajaeb-al-makluqat Encyclopædia Iranica article]

{{wikisource|:ar:عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات|عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات}}
{{Arabic manuscripts}}
{{Islamic astronomy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajaib Al-Makhluqat Wa-Ghara'ib Al-Mawjudat}}
[[Category:13th-century Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:Persian literature]]
[[Category:Medieval Arabic literature]]
[[Category:Bestiaries]]
[[Category:Islamic cosmology]]

Smithsonian Affiliations

2024-05-04T00:49:04Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Alabama */

{{Advert|date=July 2023}}{{short description|American museum partnership organization}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Smithsonian Affiliations
| image = Smithsonian Affiliations color logo under Smithsonian Institution sunburst.tiff
| established = 1996
| location = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| director = Myriam Springuel<ref name="Director">{{cite web |title=Smithsonian Announces Director for Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service and Smithsonian Affiliations|date=June 12, 2018 |url=https://affiliations.si.edu/myriamspringuel/ |website=Smithsonian Affiliations |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://affiliations.si.edu}}
}}
'''Smithsonian Affiliations''' is a division of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] that establishes long-term partnerships with non-Smithsonian [[museums]] and educational and cultural organizations in order to share collections, exhibitions and educational strategies and conduct joint research.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=County's master plan would grow HistoryMiami Museum 50% |url=https://www.miamitodaynews.com/2022/08/30/countys-master-plan-would-grow-historymiami-museum-50/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Miami Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Partner organizations are known as "'''Smithsonian Affiliates'''".

==History==
The Smithsonian Affiliations program was established in 1996 by Smithsonian Secretary [[I. Michael Heyman]]<ref name="Ellis">{{cite news |last1=Ellis |first1=Lindsay |title=Obituary I. Michael Heyman Former College Trustee Heyman '51 dies at 81 |url=http://dartmouth.org/classes/51/ObituaryIMichaelHeymna.htm |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=Dartmouth Alumni |date=November 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Stromberg">{{cite web |last1=Stromberg |first1=Joseph |date= November 22, 2011 |title=Ira Michael Heyman, Former Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dies at 81 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/ira-michael-heyman-former-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution-dies-at-81-541564/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> with the approval of the Smithsonian Board of Regents, in response to several challenges the Institution faced at the time: a decrease in federal funding, limited storage space for expanding collections, and the need to make the Institution more reflective of the nation without operating additional museums outside of [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="refname4">{{cite speech|title= Speech|last=Heyman|first=I. Michael|date=May 17, 1996|event=American Law Institute Luncheon. Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C|location=Smithsonian Institution Archives}}</ref>

===Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution===
In 1993, the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution introduced the first proposal for initiatives promoting strategic, collections-based partnerships at the Institution. The Commission, composed of 22 members appointed by the Smithsonian Board of Regents, was charged with examining the Institution's ability to uphold [[James Smithson]]'s vision of an organization dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge" despite a changing society and increasing financial hardships. Of the four initiatives proposed by the Commission: Educate More of the Nation's People; Collections, Research and Exhibitions; Governance; and Assure the Future, two directly called for the creation of strategic partnerships and making artifacts in the collections accessible to other museums.<ref name=CommisionoftheFurtureoftheSmithsonianReport>{{cite web|title= E Pluribus Unum: This Divine Paradox Report on the Commission of the Future of the Smithsonian Institution|url=http://sirismm.si.edu/siahistory/pdfs/strategic_plans/1995_Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Future_of_SI001.pdf|work=Report|publisher=Smithsonian Press |accessdate=October 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-10-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085904/https://sirismm.si.edu/siahistory/pdfs/strategic_plans/1995_Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Future_of_SI001.pdf}}</ref>

'''To Educate More of the Nation's People''': "Build [[collaborative partnerships]] with other museums, research centers, and educational institutions throughout the nation."<ref name="CommisionoftheFurtureoftheSmithsonianReport" />

'''Collections, Research and Exhibitions''': "Shape a master plan for maintenance of the priceless collections, including the sharing of collections through long-term or permanent loans to partner institutions."<ref name="CommisionoftheFurtureoftheSmithsonianReport" />

Significant emphasis was placed on the benefits that partnerships with outside museums would create for the Institution. By dispersing artifacts to museums in a responsible way, the Commission believed it, "could make the Institution more reflective of our nation… [as well as] address the problem of storing, curating, studying, and exhibiting the constantly growing collections."<ref name="CommisionoftheFurtureoftheSmithsonianReport" />

===Creating Smithsonian Affiliations===
In 1996, during his second year as Secretary, Heyman observed several challenges facing the Institution. Closely aligned with the announcements presented by the "Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution" in 1993, Heyman was faced with the challenges of dwindling storage for expanding collections, decreasing funds, and the need to reinforce the Smithsonian's identity as the nation's museum. In addition, the Institution began to see increased interest from outside museums for partnerships and loans of artifacts that extended beyond standing practices. Although collaborative agreements in the form of traveling exhibitions, joint exhibition sponsorship, and loans had been entered in the past by different Smithsonian museums, no infrastructure existed to provide institution-wide oversight and coordination of such partnerships. Heyman responded to these challenges by creating the Smithsonian Affiliations program to oversee and manage collections-based partnerships with other museums. As stated by the minutes from the Smithsonian Board of Regents meeting housed in the [[Smithsonian Institution Archives]], the program was formally approved by the Board of Regents on September 15, 1996.

Using the occasion of the Smithsonian Institution's 150th Anniversary, Smithsonian Affiliations was one of several outreach initiatives introduced by Heyman to expand the Institution's national reach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former College Trustee Heyman '51 dies at 81|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2011/11/28/news/heyman|work=Article|publisher=The Dartmouth|accessdate=October 30, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/hf3R7|archive-date=September 23, 2013}}</ref> In addition to the Affiliations program, the Institution became more accessible through its presence on the [[World Wide Web]] and through the largest traveling exhibition Smithsonian ever mounted, ''America's Smithsonian''.<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Smithsonian Exhibition|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history|work=Article|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=October 21, 2012}}</ref> Secretary Heyman made formal announcements about the Affiliations program while delivering opening remarks for the Smithsonian's ''150th Birthday Party on the Mall'' and in a number of cities for the opening of ''America's Smithsonian'':

"The Smithsonian of the future must provide access to its collections and its vast resources. There is no value in being just the largest if we do not share the Smithsonian with as many people as possible. It means making sure those who cannot travel to Washington can somehow experience and enjoy the Smithsonian." – Secretary I. Michael Heyman <ref name="refname9">{{cite speech|title=Speech |last=Heyman|first=I. Michael|date=August 10, 1996|event=Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary, Washington, D.C.|location=Smithsonian Institution Archives}}</ref>

===Growth of the program===
At the end of the 1997 fiscal year, there were 21 organizations recognized as Affiliates.<ref>1997 Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, p. 55. Smithsonian Institution Archives.</ref> As of 2017, there were over 200 Affiliates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/about-us/affiliate-directory/|title=Smithsonian Affiliate Directory |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>

==Program overview==
Partner organizations are allowed to use the tag line "In Association with the Smithsonian Institution" and the approved Smithsonian Affiliations logo on their website, programming, and marketing material.<ref name="Muchnic">{{cite news |last1=Muchnic |first1=Suzanne |date=March 2, 2000 |title=Sharing the Smithsonian |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-mar-02-ca-4386-story.html |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Rockwell">{{cite web |title=Smithsonian Affiliate |url=https://rockwellmuseum.org/about-us/smithsonian-affiliate/ |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=The Rockwell Museum}}</ref> Any [[501(c)(3)]] nonprofit or publicly operated educational entity can apply to become a Smithsonian Affiliate.<ref name="refname1">{{cite web |title=Smithsonian Affiliations Fact Sheet |url=https://affiliations.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ProgramOverview2017.pdf |accessdate=October 20, 2012 |work=Article |publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations}}</ref>

Smithsonian Affiliations considers membership proposals from organizations that will advance the Smithsonian Institution's mission and strategic plan. Successful applicants are non-profit or publicly operated organizations whose missions are directed toward advancing research, knowledge, and education in science, history, and the arts. The guidelines of Smithsonian Affiliations establishes that the Smithsonian Institution maintain appropriate control over all collections loaned and that Affiliates cover all costs associated with borrowing and exhibiting objects.<ref name="Regents 1996, p. 52">Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents. "Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents Meeting Minutes, 15 September 1996, p. 52". Smithsonian Institution Archives.</ref> To qualify as an Affiliate, an organization must prove that it is able to properly care for, protect, and exhibit Smithsonian collections on a long-term basis. Strong applicants are organizations that are fiscally sound and capable of developing, installing, and evaluating professional exhibitions.

While serving as an Affiliate, organizations are required to grant Smithsonian Institution curators and personnel access to visit borrowed artifacts, provide the Smithsonian with reports and information necessary to monitor the state of the partnership, and uphold the integrity of the Board of Regents.<ref>Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents. "Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents Meeting Minutes, 15 September 1996, p. 57". Smithsonian Institution Archives.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Policies|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/DetailPage.Asp?MenuID=21|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 20, 2012}}</ref>

==Becoming an Affiliate==
To become an Affiliate, organizations submit an application package to Smithsonian Affiliations. Applicants provide documentation that confirms [[IRS]] status as a [[501(c)(3)]] entity and a narrative detailing how the agreement will be mutually beneficial. Applications must also include a copy of the institution's mission statement, an organizational chart, an annual report, and a facilities report that follows the [[American Alliance of Museums]] format. Once approved, Affiliates sign a Smithsonian Affiliations Agreement and are assigned a National Outreach Manager to oversee loans and projects. All loan agreements are set for defined period of time.<ref>{{cite web|title=How To Apply|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/DetailPage.Asp?MenuID=20|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 20, 2012}}</ref>

==Programs and professional development==
Affiliate organizations participate in a number of professional training, outreach, and programming initiatives coordinated by the Smithsonian Affiliations office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Initiatives|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/DetailPage.Asp?MenuID=18|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 20, 2012}}</ref>
* Smithsonian Affiliations National Conference: At the annual conference, professionals of Affiliate organizations participate in a number of workshops, lectures, and training sessions led by Smithsonian, Affiliate, and museum industry experts.
* Smithsonian Affiliations Visiting Professional Program: Professionals of Affiliate organizations receive training from Smithsonian officials while visiting and working in Washington, D.C.

==Educational collaborations==
The Smithsonian Affiliations program supports, develops, and organizes a number of collaborative programs to promote education in science, art, history, and culture.
* National Youth Summit: ''The 50th Anniversary of the Freedom Rides'' was an [[NEH]]-funded program with a panel of [[Freedom Riders]] at the [[National Museum of American History]]. The event was broadcast live to five Affiliate sites. Students across the country were able to engage panelists in dialogue about their experience as civil rights activists.<ref>{{cite web|title=50th Anniversary of the Freedom Rides|url= http://americanhistory.si.edu/freedomrides/|publisher=American History Museum|accessdate= November 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Places of Invention: The Places of Invention project is a collaboration between the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation ([[National Museum of American History]]) and Smithsonian Affiliations, supported by a grant from the [[National Science Foundation]]. The program asks six Affiliate organizations to conduct community research for the purpose of documenting their community as a "place of invention". The results of this research were planned to be included in the Lemelson Center's exhibition of the same name scheduled to open in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places of Invention|url=http://blog.invention.smithsonian.org/2012/07/20/and-were-off-the-places-of-invention-affiliate-pilot-project-kick-off-workshop/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Youth Capture the Colorful Cosmos: This program is a collaboration between Smithsonian Affiliations and the Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. It offers students the opportunity to research the composition of the universe and convert telescopic images into art projects. Thirteen Affiliate organizations participate in this collaboration, which teaches participants how to control MicroObservatory robotic telescopes over the internet and take astronomy images of the universe. Participant-generated images will be used in astrophotography exhibitions featuring the students' work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Capture the Colorful Cosmos|url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/yccc/index.html |publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Smithsonian Immigration/Migration Initiative: This large-scale initiative centered in the [[National Museum of American History]] and the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage recruited eight Affiliate partners to serve in its advisory group. This collaboration works to examine the ways young members of immigrant communities in the [[United States]] can tell their own story. The advisory group invites representatives to [[Washington, D.C.]] to discuss programs and collections that focus on immigration and migration in cities across the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smithsonian Immigration Migration|url= http://americanhistory.si.edu/simi/#|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Spark!Lab Outreach Kit: The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation created traveling kits featuring its most popular and effective hands-on invention activities from the Spark!Lab. These kits were sent to five Affiliate museums. Between April 2011 and January 2012, more than 20,000 visitors used the Spark!Lab kits at Affiliate sites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spark!Lab Outreach|url=http://sparklab.si.edu/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Let's Do History Tour: Educators from the [[National Museum of American History]] toured several cities for the purpose of influencing the way [[American history]] is taught by K-12 teachers. Smithsonian professionals introduced participants to teaching techniques, online tools, and educational content for use in classrooms. Affiliate organizations in the selected cities presented information on resources, in their collections and locally, that can be used when teaching [[American history]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Let's Do History Tour|url=http://historyexplorer.si.edu/dohistory/?pagekey=265|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Universal Design Webinar: This webinar was a collaboration between Smithsonian Affiliations, the [[American Alliance of Museums]], and the Smithsonian Accessibility Program. It was developed to promote dialogue on universal design issues in museums. Twenty-four Affiliate organizations served as host sites. The program was transcribed into an article in Museum magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Universal Design Webinar|url=http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/publication?i=62226|page=40|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=November 16, 2012}}</ref>

== List of Affiliates by state/country ==
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Affiliate Directory|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/affiliate-directory/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Smithsonian Affiliations|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Alabama ===

* [[Anniston Museum of Natural History]] ([[Anniston, Alabama|Anniston]])
* [[Birmingham Civil Rights Institute]] ([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])
* [[U.S. Space & Rocket Center|U.S. Space and Rocket Center]] ([[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]])
=== Alaska ===
* [[Anchorage Museum]] ([[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]])

=== Arizona ===
*[[Phelps Dodge General Office Building|Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum]] ([[Bisbee, Arizona|Bisbee]])
* [[Heard Museum]] ([[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]])
* [[Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)|Musical Instrument Museum]] (Phoenix)
* [[Western Spirit: Scottsdale's Museum of the West]] ([[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]])
* [[Arizona Historical Society]] ([[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]])
* [[Arizona State Museum]] (Tucson)
* Desert Caballeros Western Museum ([[Wickenburg, Arizona|Wickenburg]])

=== Arkansas ===
*[[Mid-America Science Museum]] ([[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]])
* [[Historic Arkansas Museum]] ([[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]])

=== California ===

* [[USS Hornet Museum|USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum]] ([[Alameda, California|Alameda]])
* [[Sam and Alfreda Maloof Foundation for Arts and Crafts]] ([[Alta Loma, Rancho Cucamonga, California|Alta Loma]])
* [[Cerritos Library]] ([[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]])
* [[Columbia Memorial Space Center]] ([[Downey, California|Downey]])
* [[Western Science Center]] ([[Hemet, California|Hemet]])
* [[Museum of Latin American Art]] ([[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]])
* [[California African American Museum]] ([[Los Angeles]])
* [[California Science Center]] (Los Angeles)
* [[Japanese American National Museum]] (Los Angeles)
* [[LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes]] (Los Angeles)
* [[Aerospace Museum of California]] ([[McClellan Park, California|McClellan Park]])
* [[Agua Caliente Cultural Museum]] ([[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]])
* [[California State Railroad Museum]] ([[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]])
* [[Hiller Aviation Museum]] ([[San Carlos, California|San Carlos]])
* [[Maritime Museum of San Diego]] ([[San Diego]])
* [[Museum of Us]] (San Diego)
* [[San Diego Air & Space Museum|San Diego Air and Space Museum]] (San Diego)
* [[San Diego History Center]] (San Diego)
* [[Aquarium of the Bay]] ([[San Francisco]])
* [[Museum of the African Diaspora]] (San Francisco)
* [[Mexican Museum (San Francisco)|The Mexican Museum]] (San Francisco)
* [[Museum of Sonoma County]] ([[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]])

=== Colorado ===
*[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] ([[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]])
*[[Denver Botanic Gardens]] ([[Denver]])
* [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]] ([[Denver]])
* [[History Colorado]] (Denver)
* Littleton Museum ([[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]])
* Pinhead Institute ([[Telluride, Colorado|Telluride]])
* Telluride Historical Museum (Telluride)

=== Connecticut ===
*[[Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center]] ([[Mashantucket, Connecticut|Mashantucket]])
* [[Mystic Seaport|Mystic Seaport Museum]] ([[Mystic, Connecticut|Mystic]])

=== Delaware ===

* [[Hagley Museum and Library]] ([[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]], [[Delaware]])

=== Florida ===

* [[Bishop Museum of Science and Nature]] ([[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]])
* The Museum of Arts and Sciences ([[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]])
* [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]] ([[Merritt Island, Florida|Merritt Island]])
* [[Polk Museum of Art|Polk Museum of Art at Florida Southern College]] ([[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]])
* [[Florida International University]] ([[Miami]])
* History Miami Museum (Miami)
* [[Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science]] (Miami)
* [[The Baker Museum|The Baker Museum / Artis—Naples]] ([[Naples, Florida|Naples]])
* [[Orange County Regional History Center]] ([[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]])
* [[Mennello Museum of American Art|The Mennello Museum of American Art]] (Orlando)
* [[Marie Selby Botanical Gardens]] ([[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]])
* [[St. Augustine Light#St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum|St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum]] ([[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]])
* [[Tampa Bay History Center]] ([[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]])

=== Georgia ===

* [[David J. Sencer CDC Museum]] ([[Atlanta]])
* [[Georgia Aquarium]] (Atlanta)
* [[Morris Museum of Art]] ([[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]])
* [[Booth Western Art Museum]] ([[Cartersville, Georgia|Cartersville]])
* [[Tellus Science Museum]] (Cartersville)
* [[Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History]] ([[Kennesaw, Georgia|Kennesaw]])
* Georgia's Old Governor's Mansion ([[Milledgeville, Georgia|Milledgeville]])

=== Hawaii ===

* [[Lyman House Memorial Museum|Lyman Museum and Mission House]] ([[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]])
* [[Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum]] ([[Honolulu]])
* Kona Historical Society ([[Kealakekua, Hawaii|Kealakekua]])

=== Illinois ===

* [[Aurora University#Schingoethe Center of Aurora University|Schingoethe Center of Aurora University]] ([[Aurora, Illinois|Aurora]])
* [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]])
* [[Adler Planetarium]] ([[Chicago]])
* [[DuSable Museum of African American History]] (Chicago)
* [[Shedd Aquarium]] (Chicago)
* Northwest Territory Historic Center ([[Dixon, Illinois|Dixon]])
* [[Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art]] ([[Oak Brook, Illinois|Oak Brook]])
* [[Peoria Riverfront Museum]] ([[Peoria, Illinois|Peoria]])

=== Indiana ===
* [[Conner Prairie|Conner Prairie Interactive History Park]] ([[Fishers, Indiana|Fishers]])
* [[Indiana Historical Society]] ([[Indianapolis]])

=== Iowa ===
*[[National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library]] ([[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]])
*[[Putnam Museum|The Putnam Museum & Science Center]] ([[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]])
*Dubuque Museum of Art ([[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]])
*[[National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium]] (Dubuque)
*[[Grinnell College]] ([[Grinnell, Iowa|Grinnell]])

=== Kansas ===

* [[Cosmosphere]] ([[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]])

=== Kentucky ===
* [[Kentucky Historical Society]] ([[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]])
* International Museum of the Horse ([[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]])
* [[Frazier History Museum|The Frazier History Museum]] ([[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]])

=== Louisiana ===

* [[The National WWII Museum|National World War II Museum]] ([[New Orleans]])
* Louisiana State Exhibit Museum ([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])

=== Maine ===

* [[Abbe Museum]] ([[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]])

=== Maryland ===
* Historic Annapolis ([[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]])
* [[B&O Railroad Museum]] ([[Baltimore]])
* [[National Museum of Dentistry|Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry]] (Baltimore)
* [[Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture|Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History and Culture]] (Baltimore)
* [[College Park Airport|College Park Aviation Museum]] ([[College Park, Maryland|College Park]])
* Annmarie Sculpture Garden and Arts Center ([[Solomons, Maryland|Solomons]])

=== Massachusetts ===
* [[USS Constitution Museum]] ([[Boston]])
* [[Framingham State University]] ([[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]])
* Lowell National Historical Park ([[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]])
* [[Plimoth Patuxet]] Museums ([[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]])
* [[Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts)|Springfield Museums]] ([[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]])

=== Michigan ===
*[[Yankee Air Museum]] ([[Belleville, Michigan|Belleville]])
*[[Arab American National Museum]] ([[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]])
*[[Michigan Science Center]] ([[Detroit]])
*[[Michigan State University Museum]] ([[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]])
*[[Air Zoo]] ([[Portage, Michigan|Portage]])
*[[Dennos Museum Center|The Dennos Museum Center]] ([[Traverse City, Michigan|Traverse City]])

=== Minnesota ===
* [[Bell Museum of Natural History|Bell Museum of Natural History - University of Minnesota]] ([[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]])

=== Mississippi ===
* [[Mississippi Department of Archives and History]] ([[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]])

=== Missouri ===
* [[American Jazz Museum]] ([[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]])
* [[Kansas City Union Station|Union Station Kansas City, Inc.]] (Kansas City)
* [[Saint Louis Science Center]] ([[St. Louis]])

=== Montana ===
* [[Museum of the Rockies]] ([[Bozeman, Montana|Bozeman]], [[Montana]])
* [[Montana Historical Society]] ([[Helena, Montana]])

=== Nebraska ===

* [[Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum]] ([[Ashland, Nebraska|Ashland]])
* [[University of Nebraska State Museum]] ([[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln]])
* [[Durham Museum, Omaha, Nebraska|Durham Museum]] ([[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]])

=== Nevada ===
* [[Las Vegas Natural History Museum]] ([[Las Vegas]])
* [[National Atomic Testing Museum]] (Las Vegas)

=== New Jersey ===
*[[Morris Museum]] ([[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]])

=== New Mexico ===
* [[New Mexico Museum of Space History]] ([[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]])
* [[National Museum of Nuclear Science & History]] ([[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]])
* [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science]] (Albuquerque)
* City of Las Cruces Museum System ([[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]])
* Hubbard Museum of the American West ([[Ruidoso, New Mexico|Ruidoso]])

=== New York ===
* [[Rockwell Museum]] ([[Corning (city), New York|Corning]])
*Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts ([[Flushing,_Queens|Flushing]], [[Queens]])
*[[Center for Jewish History]] (New York City)
*[[City Lore]] ([[Lower_East_Side|Lower East Side]], [[Manhattan]])
*[[Museum of American Finance]] (New York City)
*[[National Jazz Museum in Harlem]] (New York City)
*[[Sailors'_Snug_Harbor|Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden]] ([[Staten Island]], New York City)
*[[Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages|Long Island Museum]] ([[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]])

=== North Carolina ===
*[[Carolinas Aviation Museum]] ([[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]])
*Schiele Museum of Natural History ([[Gastonia, North Carolina|Gastonia]])
*Greensboro History Museum ([[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]])
*[[North Carolina Museum of History]] ([[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]])
*[[North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences]] (Raleigh)
*[[Cape Fear Museum of History and Science]] ([[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]])

=== Ohio ===

* Cummings Center for the History of Psychology ([[Akron, Ohio|Akron]])
* [[Cincinnati Museum Center]] ([[Cincinnati]])
* [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]] ([[Cincinnati]])
* Western Reserve Historical Society ([[Cleveland]])
* Ohio History Connection ([[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]])
* The Works: Ohio Center for History, Art and Technology ([[Newark, Ohio|Newark]])
* Springfield Museum of Art ([[Springfield, Ohio|Springfield]])

=== Oklahoma ===
* [[Oklahoma History Center]] ([[Oklahoma City]])
* [[Science Museum Oklahoma]] (Oklahoma City)
* [[Stafford Air & Space Museum]] (Weatherford)

=== Oregon ===
* [[High Desert Museum]] ([[Bend, Oregon|Bend]])
* [[Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals]] ([[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]])
* [[Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum]] ([[McMinnville, Oregon|McMinnville]])

=== Panama ===

* [[Biomuseo]] ([[Panama City]])
* Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá (Panama City)

=== Pennsylvania ===
* Historic Bethlehem Museums & Sites ([[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]])
* [[National Museum of Industrial History]] (Bethlehem)
* [[U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center|Army Heritage and Education Center]] ([[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]])
* [[Mercer Museum|Mercer Museum & Fonthill Castle]] ([[Doylestown, Pennsylvania|Doylestown]])
* [[Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor|Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor]] ([[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]])
* [[National Civil War Museum|The National Civil War Museum]] ([[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]])
* [[AACA Museum|Antique Automobile Club of America Museum]] ([[Hershey, Pennsylvania|Hershey]])
* [[African American Museum in Philadelphia]] ([[Philadelphia]])
* [[National Museum of American Jewish History]] (Philadelphia)
* [[Heinz History Center|Senator John Heinz History Center]] ([[Pittsburgh]])
* [[Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania]] ([[Strasburg, Pennsylvania|Strasburg]])

=== Puerto Rico ===
* [[Arecibo Observatory#Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor Center|Arecibo Observatory / Angel Ramos Foundation Science and Visitor Center]] ([[Arecibo, Puerto Rico|Arecibo]])
* [[Ana G. Méndez University|Universidad Ana G. Mendez]] ([[Gurabo, Puerto Rico|Gurabo]])
* [[Museum of Art of Puerto Rico|Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico]] ([[Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]])
=== Rhode Island ===

* [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] ([[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]])
* [[Rhode Island Historical Society]] ([[Woonsocket, Rhode Island|Woonsocket]])
=== South Carolina ===

* [[South Carolina State Museum]] ([[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]])
* The Children's Museum of the Upstate ([[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]])
* Upcountry History Museum – Furman University (Greenville)
* Coastal Discovery Museum ([[Hilton Head Island, South Carolina|Hilton Head Island]])
* York County Culture and Heritage Museums ([[Rock Hill, South Carolina|Rock Hill]])

=== South Dakota ===
* [[South Dakota State Historical Society]] ([[Pierre, South Dakota|Pierre]])
* [[National Music Museum]] ([[Vermillion, South Dakota|Vermillion]])
=== Tennessee ===

* [[Museum Center at Five Points|Museum Center at 5ive Points]] ([[Cleveland, Tennessee|Cleveland]])
* [[Museum of Appalachia]] ([[Clinton, Tennessee|Clinton]])
* International Storytelling Center ([[Jonesborough, Tennessee|Jonesborough]])
* [[McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture]] ([[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]])
* [[Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum|Memphis Rock 'N' Soul Museum]] ([[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]])
* [[National Civil Rights Museum]] (Memphis)
* [[American Museum of Science and Energy]] ([[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]])

=== Texas ===
* City of Austin Parks and Recreation Department ([[Austin, Texas|Austin]])
* [[Frontiers of Flight Museum]] ([[Dallas]])
* [[Perot Museum of Nature and Science]] (Dallas)
* [[Fort Worth Museum of Science and History]] ([[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]])
* [[National Museum of the Pacific War]] ([[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]])
* [[Space Center Houston]] ([[Houston]])

* [[The Health Museum]] (Houston)

* [[Irving Arts Center]] ([[Irving, Texas|Irving]])
* International Museum of Art and Science ([[McAllen, Texas|McAllen]])
* Ellen Noël Art Museum ([[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]])

* [[Witte Museum|The Witte Museum]] ([[San Antonio]])
* UTSA-Institute of Texan Cultures (San Antonio)
=== Vermont ===

* [[Sullivan Museum and History Center]] ([[Northfield, Vermont|Northfield]], [[Vermont]])

=== Virginia ===
* [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] ([[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]])
* [[Birthplace of Country Music Museum]] ([[Bristol, Virginia|Bristol]])
* [[Virginia Museum of Natural History]] ([[Martinsville, Virginia|Martinsville]])
* [[Mount Vernon|George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens]] ([[Mount Vernon, Virginia|Mount Vernon]])
* Hermitage Museum & Gardens ([[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]])
=== Washington ===

* [[Whatcom Museum]] ([[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]])
* [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]] ([[Seattle]])
* [[Museum of History & Industry|Museum of History and Industry]] (Seattle)
* [[Museum of Flight|The Museum of Flight]] (Seattle)
* [[Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience]] (Seattle)
* [[Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture]] ([[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]])

=== West Virginia ===
* [[Heritage Farm Museum and Village]] ([[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]])

=== Wisconsin ===
* [[Kenosha Public Museum]] ([[Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha]])
* [[Wisconsin Veterans Museum]] ([[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]])

=== Wyoming ===

* [[Buffalo Bill Center of the West]] ([[Cody, Wyoming|Cody]])

=== Former Affiliates ===

* [[Connecticut Museum of Culture and History]] ([[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Connecticut]])
* The Bakken Museum ([[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]])
* [[Wisconsin Maritime Museum]] ([[Manitowoc, Wisconsin|Manitowoc]], [[Wisconsin]])

==Outreach==
Affiliate organizations exchange ideas, professional research, and information about programming and exhibitions through a variety of activities including lecture, traveling exhibitions, workshops and reciprocal membership.

==Social media==
Affiliate organizations share research, exhibitions, and institutional updates through a variety of social media including the Smithsonian Affiliations website,<ref>{{cite web|title=Smithsonian Affiliations|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/mainpage.asp|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 29, 2012}}</ref> the Affiliate Blog,<ref>{{cite web|title=Smithsonian Affiliations Blog|url=http://www.blog-affiliations.org/|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 29, 2012}}</ref> the quarterly newsletter ''The Affiliate'',<ref>{{cite web|title=The Affiliate|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/DetailPage.Asp?MenuID=33|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 29, 2012}}</ref> the electronic newsletter ''E-Affiliate'',<ref>{{cite web|title=E-Affiliate|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/SecDetailPage.Asp?MenuID=138|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 29, 2012}}</ref> [[YouTube]], [[Flickr]], [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]].

==Loans and exhibitions==
The following are representative samples of loans of artifacts, works of art, and scientific specimens loaned by the Smithsonian Institution to Smithsonian Affiliate organizations.

The [[National Museum of American History]] loaned the [[Pioneer (locomotive)]], a [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era locomotive, to the [[B&O Railroad Museum]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] for the exhibit ''The War Came by Train''.<ref>{{cite web|title=B&O Railroad Museum Loan|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/images/forms/newsletter_spring_2012.pdf|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 24, 2012}}</ref>

[[Thomas Moran]]'s painting ''The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone'', in the collection of the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], was loaned to the [[Buffalo Bill Historical Center]] in [[Cody, Wyoming]]. The massive painting was on view from June 1, 2009 through October 31, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masterpiece visits Buffalo Bill Historical Center |url=http://affiliations.si.edu/eaffiliate/2009_06/Masterpiece_on_the_Move.pdf |publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= November 10, 2012}}</ref>

Artifacts from the Bisbee Mineral Collection at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] were loaned to the Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum in [[Bisbee, Arizona]] for use in the exhibit ''Digging In: Bisbee's Mineral Heritage''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Affiliate, Winter 2004, Vol. 4 No. 1|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/images/forms/NLW04.PDF |publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= November 10, 2012}}</ref>

Over 140 space objects, including the original [[Apollo 13]] command module and the space suit worn by commanding astronaut [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], were loaned to the [[Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center]] in [[Hutchinson, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliations Details|url= https://affiliations.si.edu/DetailPage.Asp?MenuID=32|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Durham Museum, Omaha, Nebraska|Durham Museum]] in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] borrowed 174 artifacts for the exhibit ''American Originals: Collections from the Smithsonian''. Borrowed artifacts included the jacket worn by [[Bob Keeshan]] while filming the children's television series, [[Captain Kangaroo]], a three-wheel [[Westcoaster Mailster]] used by the [[United States Postal Service]] in the 1960s, and two oil on canvass paintings of [[U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] and [[Seneca people|Seneca]] Chief [[Red Jacket]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Originals|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/images/forms/NLF04.PDF|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate= October 24, 2012}}</ref>

The [[National Museum of American History]] loaned [[Kermit the Frog]] to the [[National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium]] in [[Dubuque, Iowa]] for use in the exhibit ''Toadally Frogs!''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Affiliate|url=http://www.blog-affiliations.org/?tag=kermit-the-frog|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The Annmarie Sculpture Garden in [[Solomons, Maryland]] has over 20 sculptures on loan from the [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Works on Loan|url= http://www.annmariegarden.org/annmarie2/content/works-loan/|publisher=Annmarie Sculpture Garden|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[National Museum of Natural History]] loaned the Smithsonian Community Reef to the [[Putnam Museum]] and IMAX Theatre in [[Davenport, Iowa]]. The reef is composed of thousands of crocheted natural reef forms and was a highlight of the Sant Ocean Hall exhibit at the National Museum of Natural History .<ref>{{cite web|title=The Affiliate|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/images/forms/newsletter_fall_2011.pdf|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

"The Peoria Falcon," a sheet of copper stylized in the form of a falcon, was loaned to the [[Lakeview Museum of Arts and Sciences]] (now Peoria Riverfront Museum) in [[Peoria, Illinois]] by the [[National Museum of Natural History]]. The artifact was created during the [[Mississippian Period]] and excavated near Peoria, Illinois in the late 1850s.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Museum Day September 25|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/multimedia/photos/103551754.html?c=y&page=11/|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[National Postal Museum]] loaned the Railway Post Office to the [[North Carolina Transportation Museum]] in [[Spencer, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Smithsonian Affiliations Conference Orientation 2012|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/Conference2012/orientation.pdf|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[National Museum of Natural History]] loaned an 18-karat gold Monopoly set covered with precious gemstones to the [[Museum of American Finance]] in [[New York, New York]]. The board game was designed by artist [[Sidney Mobell]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum of American Finance |url=http://www.moaf.org/news/press_releases/000032|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[National Museum of Natural History]] loaned the skeleton of the racehorse, "Lexington," to the International Museum of the Horse in Lexington, Kentucky<ref>{{cite web|title=The Affiliate, Fall 2010|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/images/forms/newsletter_fall_2010.pdf|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The top hat worn by president [[Abraham Lincoln]] on the night of his assassination was loaned to the [[Blackhawk Museum]] in [[Danville, California]] by the [[National Museum of American History]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kermit the Frog, a Triceratops and a Horse Hit the Road|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date= August 23, 2006|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/08/23/kermit_the_frog_a_triceratops_and_a_horse_hit_the_road/|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The exhibit, ''Smithsonian Expeditions: Exploring Latin American and the Caribbean'' at the [[Miami Museum of Science]], borrowed several artifacts from the [[National Museum of Natural History]] including painted gourds and a 5-foot-tall monolith from the Nicaraguan island of Momotombito.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smithsonian Expeditions Exhibit|url=http://www.miamisci.org/expeditions/exhibits.html|publisher=Miami Museum of Science|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Historic Arkansas Museum]] borrowed over 40 artifacts from the [[National Museum of the American Indian]] for the exhibit ''We Walk in Two Worlds: The Caddo, Osage and Quapaw in Arkansas''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Affiliate|url=https://affiliations.si.edu/images/forms/newsletter_0106.pdf|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] loaned three [[José Campeche]] paintings to the [[Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico]] in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The E-Affiliate|url=http://www.blog-affiliations.org/?tag=museo-de-arte-de-puerto-rico|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The Senator John [[Heinz History Center]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania has on loan from the [[National Museum of American History]] a Bantam Jeep and a piece of the original [[Star Spangled Banner Flag]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The E-Affiliate|url=http://www.blog-affiliations.org/?tag=american-history-museum|publisher=Smithsonian Affiliations|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

Yokohama prints from the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] and the [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]] were loaned to the [[Japanese American National Museum]] in [[Los Angeles, California]] for the exhibit ''Japan After Perry: Views of Yokohama and Meiji Japan''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese American National Museum|url=http://www.janm.org/exhibits/perry/|publisher=Japanese American National Museum|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

The [[National Postal Museum]] loaned stamp designs and drawings created by president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to the [[Blackhawk Museum]] in [[Danville, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Postal Museum|url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/collection/3h2a_locations.html |publisher=National Postal Museum|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Smithsonian Institution}}

[[Category:Smithsonian Institution|Affiliations]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution affiliates|*]]

Jydegaard Formation

2024-05-03T22:43:33Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Jydegaard Formation
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Location of Bornholm
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Berriasian|Late Berriasian]]-[[Valanginian|early Valanginian]] ~{{fossil range|145|139}}
| period = Valanginian
| unitof = [[Nyker Group]]
| subunits = Rødbjerg & Tornhøj Members
| underlies = [[Arnager Greensand Formation]]
| overlies = [[Robbedale Formation]]
| region = [[Bornholm]]
| country = {{DNK}}
| prilithology = [[Claystone]], [[sandstone]]
| otherlithology =
| coordinates = {{coord|55.1|N|14.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|47.2|N|21.4|E|display=inline}}
| map = {{Location map+ | Denmark
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | Denmark
| lat_deg = 55.1
| lon_deg = 14.8
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
}}
The '''Jydegaard Formation''' (also spelled as 'Jydegård') is a [[geological formation]] dating to the [[Early Cretaceous]], about 145–139 million years ago. It is on the island of [[Bornholm]], [[Denmark]]. [[Vertebrate]] fossils have been found in the formation.<ref name=neilbonde2003>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00009-5 |title=New dinosaurs from Denmark |year=2003 |last1=Bonde |first1=Niels |last2=Christiansen |first2=Per |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2...13B }}</ref>

== Fossil content ==
Thin bone fragments have been uncovered that may belong to [[pterosaur]]s or [[bird]]s.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>

=== Dinosaurs ===
A tooth possibly belonging to a juvenile titanosaur has been found in the formation.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>

{|class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Material
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Dromaeosauroides]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
''D. bornholmensis''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
[[Robbedale]]<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
Two teeth and possible [[coprolite]]s.<ref name=nbonde12>{{cite journal|last=Milàn|first=J.|author2=Rasmussen, B. W.|author3=Bonde, N.|title=Coprolites with prey remains from the Lower Cretaceous (Late Berriasian) Jydegaard Formation of Bornholm, Denmark|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Bulletin|year=2012|volume=57|pages=235–240|url=http://publicationlist.org/data/jesper.milan/ref-129/2012%20-%20Mil%C3%A0n%20et%20al%202012%20-%20Coprolites%20from%20Bornholm.pdf|access-date=2013-09-25|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062817/http://publicationlist.org/data/jesper.milan/ref-129/2012%20-%20Mil%C3%A0n%20et%20al%202012%20-%20Coprolites%20from%20Bornholm.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|
[[File:Dromaeosauroides bornholmensis.jpg|thumb|100px|Holotype [[tooth]]]]
[[File:Dromaeosauroides.jpg|thumb|100px|Life Reconstruction]]
|-
|}

=== Crocodylomorphs ===
{|class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Material
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Pholidosaurus]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
unknown
|
Robbedale<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
A tooth tentatively referred to ''Pholidosaurus''<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Schwarz-Wings | first1 = D. | last2 = Rees | first2 = J. | last3 = Lindgren | first3 = J. | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2009.07.011 | title = Lower Cretaceous Mesoeucrocodylians from Scandinavia (Denmark and Sweden) | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 1345 | year = 2009 | bibcode = 2009CrRes..30.1345S }}</ref>
|
|
[[File:Pholidosaurus tooth.jpg|thumb|100px|Possible tooth]]
|-
|}

=== Fish ===
Fish remains have been found in coprolites possibly belonging to the dromaeosaur ''[[Dromaeosauroides]]'' or marine turtles. Also, unidentified [[pycnodont]] jaws and two small stem-[[teleostean]]s have been uncovered. [[Amioid]] scales have also been revealed.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>

{|class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Material
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Lepidotes]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
''L. sp''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
Robbedale<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
Teeth, jaws and scales<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
|
|-
|
''[[Hybodus]]''<ref name=nbonde12/>
|
unknown
|
Robbedale<ref name=nbonde12/>
|
Teeth and scales<ref name=nbonde12/>
|
|
|-
|
''[[Parvodus]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
''P. rugianus''<ref name=pdborg2>{{cite web|title=Parvodus rugianus|url=http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=251914|work=Paleobiology Database|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
|
Robbedale<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
Teeth, finspines and head "hooks"<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
|
|-
|
''[[Pleuropholis]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
''P. serrata''<ref name=pdborg>{{cite web|title=Pleuropholis serrata|url=http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=99838|work=Paleobiology Database|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
|
Robbedale<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
unknown
|
|
|-
|}

=== Turtles ===
Unidentified [[turtle]] [[carapace]]s have been uncovered in the Formation.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>

=== Lizards ===
A lower jaw from a [[lizard]] has been recovered from the formation.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>

=== Bivalves ===
{|class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Material
! Description
! Images
|-
|
''[[Neomiodon]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
unknown
|
Robbedale<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
many specimens<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
''Neomiodon'' specimens are thought to be victim to a mass mortality such as poisoning.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
|-
|
''[[Viviparus]]''<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
unknown
|
Robbedale<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
many specimens<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
''Viviparus'' specimens are thought to be victim to a mass mortality such as poisoning.<ref name=neilbonde2003/>
|
|-
|}
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}

== See also ==
* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Denmark]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* J. Rees. 2000. An Early Cretaceous scincomorph lizard dentary from Bornholm, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 48:105-109

[[Category:Geologic formations of Denmark]]
[[Category:Lower Cretaceous Series of Europe]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Denmark]]
[[Category:Berriasian Stage]]
[[Category:Valanginian Stage]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Shale formations]]
[[Category:Lagoonal deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Denmark]]
[[Category:Geography of Bornholm|Formations]]

El Naddaha

2024-05-01T12:26:59Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Infobox mythical creature
| name = En-Naddāha
| Grouping = [[Water spirit]]
| Sub_Grouping =
| Country = [[Egypt]]
| Region = Rural Egypt
| First_Attested =
| Folklore = Legend
}}

'''''En-Naddāha''''' ([[Egyptian Arabic]]: النداهة "''the caller''") is an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] legend of a [[naiad]]-like [[female]] spirit who calls men to the [[Nile]], leading to their death or disappearance. It is especially well known in the rural and agriculture-based areas of [[Egypt]] along the Nile and the Nile's water canals.

== History ==
The exact origin of this legend is unknown. The story was more popular during the 20th century when Egypt [[Urbanization|was less urban]] than it is now, and people would spend more time close to the Nile and the Nile's water canals. Children would play by its shores after school, and young men would chat there at night. The myth has become less popular in urban areas at present, though it is still familiar to the youth, and well known in rural Egypt.

== Description ==
En-Naddaha takes the form of stunningly beautiful woman who appears, as if by chance, to men walking by the Nile or the Nile's water canals at night. The men are usually a pair. The creature calls one by his first name, rendering him speechless, [[hypnotized]], and obedient to her voice which he blindly follows, while the other man is unaffected, and attempts to pull the other back. The creature calls in a soft, sleepy, hypnotizing voice until the second unaffected man succeeds at last in reviving the called man from his trance. The two run away as fast as they can, hearing her voice still echoing as they run.

Usually the men do not get close enough to the Nile to get a glimpse of what the creature looks like before they run away. In rare instances, they get a glimpse of her. She is described as being a very beautiful female; tall, slender, with long flowing hair down her back. She stands steadily very near to the bank of the river, her hands placed at her sides, and wearing a loose, long semi-transparent dress. In many instances she is described as having a semi-transparent body. Her voice is calm and soft, yet loud.<ref>''The Legend of El Naddaha'', by the Egyptian novelist [[Ahmed Khaled Tawfik]]; an Egyptian novel writer; Original Page: [[List of titles of Ma Waraa Al Tabiaa series]]</ref><ref>[http://www.20at.com/newArticle.php?sid=955عشرينات عفاريت شبرامنت]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ar}}</ref><ref>[http://www.montada.arahman.net/showthread.php?t=1823 A poem based on the El Naddaha legend] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520040955/http://www.montada.arahman.net/showthread.php?t=1823 |date=2007-05-20 }} {{in lang|ar}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rewayatnet.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-865.html Discussion on the Legend of El Naddaha in a public Egyptian forum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515012815/http://www.rewayatnet.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-865.html |date=2009-05-15 }} {{in lang|ar}}</ref>

In rural Egypt, where the legend is prominent, the creature may call for men in their homes by the shores of the Nile and the Nile's water canals, who then eagerly attempt to leave home for her. In other tales, the affected man will not immediately try to follow, but he will enter a state of disturbed distraction for a few nights before at last departing late at night. People in rural Egypt believe that a man who is called for by En-Naddaha is doomed, curing him is often impossible. Not a single instance has been recorded where a man is seen devoured by her. But many old local citizens believe she consumes or pulls her victims into the Nile and drowns them.

The Egyptian writer [[Ahmed Khaled Tawfik]], in his ''The Legend of Al Naddaha'', says that a man who prevents the called man from reaching the creature by any means would be the next to be called.

==See also==
* [[Siren (mythology)]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Egyptian demons]]
[[Category:Female demons]]
[[Category:Water spirits]]
[[Category:Egyptian legendary creatures]]

List of agricultural deities

2024-04-29T21:21:40Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of agriculture gods and goddesses''', [[Polytheism|gods]] whose [[Tutelary deity|tutelary specialty]] was [[agriculture]], either of agriculture in general or of one or more specialties within the field. Each god's culture or religion of origin is listed; a god revered in multiple contexts are listed with the one in which he originated. Roman gods appear on a [[List of Roman agricultural deities|separate list]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="display: inline-table; margin-right: 20px;"
|+ Specific gods
|-
! Name !! Origin
|-
| [[Abellio]] || [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]]
|-
| [[Äkräs]] || [[Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
|-
| [[Amaethon]] || [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]]
|-
| [[Attis]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[Azaka Medeh]] || [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]]
|-
| [[Balarama]] || [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
|-
| [[Bassareus]] || [[Thracian|Thracians]]
|-
| [[Chaquén]] || [[Muisca religion and mythology|Muisca]]
|-
| [[Cronus]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[The Dagda|Dagda]] || [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]]
|-
| [[Dagon]] || [[Ancient Canaanite religion|Canaanite]]
|-
| [[Daikokuten]] || [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|Japanese]]
|-
| [[Dan Petro]] || [[Haitian Vodou|Voodoo]]
|-
| [[Demeter]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[Dewi Sri]] || [[Balinese Hinduism|Bali]] and [[Kejawen|Javanese]]
|-
| [[Emesh]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Enbilulu]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Enkimdu]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Enten]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Esus]] || [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]]
|-
| [[Freyr]] || [[Norse mythology|Norse]]
|-
| [[Hainuwele]] || [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]
|-
| [[Ḫapantali]] || [[Hittite mythology and religion|Hittite]]
|-
| [[Hermes]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[Hoori]] || [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|Japanese]]
|-
| [[Houji]] || [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]]
|-
| [[Ixtlilton]] || [[Aztec mythology|Aztec]]
|-
| [[Jarilo]] || [[Historical Slavic religion|Slavic]]
|-
| [[Kokopelli]] || [[Native American religion|Native American]]
|-
| [[Kukulkan]] || [[Maya religion|Maya]]
|-
|[[Kumarbi]]
|[[Hittites]]
|-
| [[Kus (god)|Kus]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Lahar (god)|Lahar]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Mahākāla]] || [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
|-
| [[Maris (mythology)|Maris]] || [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]]
|-
| [[Neper (mythology)|Neper]] || [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]]
|-
| data-sort-value="Nerik"|[[Weather god of Nerik]] || [[Hittite mythology and religion|Hittite]]
|-
| [[Ninurta]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Nisroch]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Nulgupjisin]] || [[Korean mythology|Korean]]
|-
| [[Dewi Sri|Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri]] || [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]
|-
| [[Mbaba Mwana Waresa]] || [[Zulu mythology|Zulu]]
|-
| [[Oko (Orisha)|Oko]] || [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]]
|-
| [[Ōkuninushi]] || [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|Japanese]]
|-
| [[Osiris]] || [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]]
|-
| [[Pa-cha]] || [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]]
|-
| [[Panthoibi]] || [[Meitei mythology|Meitei]]
|-
| [[Patecatl]] || [[Aztec mythology|Aztec]]
|-
| [[Peko]] || [[Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
|-
| [[Persephone]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[:simple:Phou Ningthou|Phou Ningthou]] || [[Meitei mythology|Meitei]]
|-
| [[Phouoibi]] || [[Meitei mythology|Meitei]]
|-
| [[Philomelus]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[Portunus (mythology)|Portunus]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[Q'uq'umatz]] || [[Maya religion|Maya]]
|-
| [[Radegast (god)|Radegast]] || [[Historical Slavic religion|Slavic]]
|-
| [[Rongo]] || [[Māori mythology|Maori]]
|-
| [[Shennong]] || [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]]
|-
|[[Saturn (mythology)]] || [[Roman religion|Roman]]
|-
| [[Shezmu]] || [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]]
|-
| [[Sucellus]] || [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]]
|-
| [[Sumugan]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Takeminakata]] || [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|Japanese]]
|-
| [[Tammuz (mythology)|Tammuz]] || [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
|-
| [[Telipinu (mythology)|Telipinu]]|| [[Hittite mythology|Hittite]]
|-
| [[Thần Nông]] || [[Vietnamese folk religion|Vietnamese]]
|-
| [[Ukko]] || [[Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
|-
| [[Veles (god)|Veles]] || [[Historical Slavic religion|Slavic]]
|-
| [[Xipe Totec]] || [[Aztec mythology|Aztec]]
|-
| [[Xochipilli]] || [[Aztec mythology|Aztec]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Classes of gods
|-
! Name !! Origin
|-
| [[Agathodaemon]] || [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
|-
| [[Maya maize god]] || [[Maya religion|Maya]]
|}

{{List of mythological figures by region}}

[[Category:Agricultural deities| ]]
[[Category:Agriculture-related lists|Gods]]
[[Category:Lists of deities|Agricultural]]

Chakisaurus

2024-04-26T15:32:12Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: /* Discovery and naming */

{{Short description|Extinct genus of ornithopod dinosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|Cenomanian|Turonian|([[Cenomanian]]–[[Turonian]])}}
| image =Chakisaurus.png
| image_caption =
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Chakisaurus
| species = nekul
| authority = Alvarez Nogueira et al., [[2024 in archosaur paleontology|2024]]
}}

'''''Chakisaurus''''' (meaning "elder [[guanaco]] lizard") is an [[extinct]] genus of [[elasmaria]]n [[ornithopod]] dinosaur from the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Huincul Formation]] of Argentina. The genus contains a [[Monotypic taxon|single species]], '''''C. nekul''''', known from multiple partial skeletons belonging to individuals of different ages. ''Chakisaurus'' represents the first ornithischian species to be named from the Huincul Formation.

== Discovery and naming ==
{{Location map|Argentina
|width = 225px
|coordinates={{coord|39|23|52|S|68|37|4|W|display=inline}}
|caption= ''Chakisaurus'' [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] at Pueblo Blanco Natural Reserve, Argentina
|pushpin_relief=1
}}

The ''Chakisaurus'' fossil material was discovered in sediments of the [[Huincul Formation]] in [[Pueblo Blanco Natural Reserve]] (previously known as the Violante Farm locality) near Ezequiel Ramos-Mexía Lake in [[Río Negro Province]], Argentina. The [[holotype]] specimen, MPCA Pv 816, consists of several partial [[dorsal vertebrae]], a partial [[sacrum]], twelve [[caudal vertebrae]], an incomplete [[haemal arch]], partial left [[femur]] and [[fibula]], partial right [[tibia]] and [[calcaneus]], and two [[Phalanx bone|toe bones]] from the fourth digit. Three additional [[paratype]] specimens were also assigned to ''Chakisaurus'', found in a group about {{convert|500|m|ft}}. The first is MPCA Pv 822, which belongs to a juvenile individual, including five dorsal vertebral centra, a left humerus, and the bottoms of both femora. The second is MPCA Pv 823, another juvenile individual consisting of the top of a right [[ulna]]. The third is MPCA Pv 813, which includes eight dorsal vertebral centra, two partial [[rib]]s, two partial haemal arches, the bottom of a right [[Radius (bone)|radius]], a toe bone of digit four, and a [[Ungual|toe claw]] of digit two or four. An additional cervical vertebra (possibly the fourth), MPCN Pv 846, was also referred to ''Chakisaurus''.<ref name="Chakisaurus">{{Cite journal |last1=Alvarez-Nogueira |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Rozadilla |first2=Sebastián |last3=Agnolín |first3=Federico L. |last4=Garcia Marsà |first4=Jordi A. |last5=Motta |first5=Matias J. |last6=Novas |first6=Fernando E. |date=2024-03-11 |title=A new ornithopod from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Implications on elasmarian postcranial anatomy |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=159 |issue=In press |pages=105874 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105874}}</ref>

In 2024, Alvarez Nogueira et al. [[Species description|described]] ''Chakisaurus nekul'' as a new genus and species of ornithopod based on these fossil remains. The [[Genus|generic name]], "''Chakisaurus''", combines "Chaki", an [[Aonikenk]] word meaning "elder guanaco"—, referring to the species ''[[Guanaco|Lama guanicoe]]''—with the [[Greek language|Greek]] "''σαῦρος''" ("''sauros''"), meaning "lizard". The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], "''nekul''", is a [[Mapudungun]] word meaning "swift".<ref name="Chakisaurus"/>

''Chakisaurus'' represents the tenth [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] ornithopod named from South America.<ref name="Chakisaurus"/>

== Description ==
''Chakisaurus'' has been described as a "medium-sized" elasmarian ornithopod, similar in size to taxa such as ''[[Anabisetia]]'', ''[[Notohypsilophodon]]'' and ''[[Trinisaura]]'', but smaller than taxa such as ''[[Talenkauen]]'', ''[[Mahuidacursor]]'', and ''[[Isasicursor]]''. Analysis of the forelimb bones preserved for the species finds no adaptations towards some level of quadrupedal locomotion, suggesting that some other elasmarians developed these traits independently.<ref name="Chakisaurus"/>

When the [[anterior]] caudal vertebrae were articulated, this likely resulted in a protonic posture, with the base of the tail curving downward. This feature has only otherwise been observed in titanosaurs, including the [[aeolosaurin]] ''[[Arrudatitan]]''. Like other elasmarians, the tail shares similar adaptations towards cursoriality as with some [[coelurosaur]] [[theropods]]. <ref name="Chakisaurus"/><ref name="Vidal2020_Biomech">{{Cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=Luciano da Silva |last2=Pereira |first2=Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes da Costa |last3=Tavares |first3=Sandra |last4=Brusatte |first4=Stephen L. |last5=Bergqvist |first5=Lílian Paglarelli |last6=Candeiro |first6=Carlos Roberto dos Anjos |date=2021-09-02 |title=Investigating the enigmatic Aeolosaurini clade: the caudal biomechanics of ''Aeolosaurus maximus'' (Aeolosaurini/Sauropoda) using the neutral pose method and the first case of protonic tail condition in Sauropoda |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1836–1856 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1745791 |bibcode=2021HBio...33.1836V |issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119302460 | title=Osteology of Ornithopod Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina | last1=Rozadilla | first1=Sebastián | last2=Cruzado-Caballero | first2=Penélope | last3=Calvo | first3=Jorge O. | journal=Cretaceous Research | year=2020 | volume=108 | page=104311 | doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104311| bibcode=2020CrRes.10804311R | s2cid=213679041 }}</ref>

== Classification ==
In their [[phylogenetic analyses]], Alvarez Nogueira et al. (2024) recovered ''Chakisaurus'' as an [[elasmaria]]n ornithopod within the [[iguanodontia]]n clade [[Dryomorpha]]. They note that due to the fragmentary nature of the ''Chakisaurus'' fossil material, their tree was not well-defined. Their results are shown in the [[cladogram]] below:<ref name="Chakisaurus"/>

{{clade
|{{clade
|1=''[[Tenontosaurus]]'' spp.
|label2=[[Iguanodontia]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Muttaburrasaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Castrillo de la Reina Formation|Vegagete]] ornithopod
|2=''[[Fostoria dhimbangunmal|Fostoria]]''
|3=[[Rhabdodontidae]] }} }}
|label4=[[Dryomorpha]]
|4={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dryosaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Valdosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Dysalotosaurus]]'' }} }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Camptosaurus aphanoecetes]]'' {{small|(''[[Uteodon]]'')}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Iguanodon bernissartensis]]''
|2=''[[Camptosaurus dispar]]'' }} }} }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Eousdryosaurus]]''
|label2=[[Elasmaria]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Talenkauen]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Chakisaurus'''''
|2=''[[Morrosaurus]]''
|3=''[[Mahuidacursor]]''
|4=''[[Macrogryphosaurus]]''
|5=''[[Kangnasaurus]]''
|6=''[[Anabisetia]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}

== Palaeoenvironment ==
[[File:Huincul Formation Dinosauria Scale.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Size of several dinosaurs from the [[Huincul Formation]] compared to a human]]

''Chakisaurus'' is known from the Late Cretaceous [[Huincul Formation]] of Río Negro Province, Argentina. Many [[saurischia]]n dinosaurs, including rebbachisaurids (''[[Cathartesaura]]'', ''[[Limaysaurus]]'', and ''[[Sidersaura]]''),<ref name="clavo&salgado1995">{{cite journal |last1=Calvo |first1=Jorge O. |last2=Salgado |first2=Leonardo |title=''Rebbachisaurus tessonei'' sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae |journal=Gaia |volume=11 |date=1995 |pages=13–33 |url=https://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Calvo%2BSalgado-%5B1995%5D-Rebbachisaurus-tessonei.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923134140/http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Calvo+Salgado-%5B1995%5D-Rebbachisaurus-tessonei.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Sidersaura">{{Cite journal |last1=Lerzo |first1=Lucas Nicolás |last2=Gallina |first2=Pablo Ariel |last3=Canale |first3=Juan Ignacio |last4=Otero |first4=Alejandro |last5=Carballido |first5=José Luis |last6=Apesteguía |first6=Sebastián |last7=Makovicky |first7=Peter Juraj |date=2024-01-03 |title=The last of the oldies: a basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Patagonia, Argentina |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2297914 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> titanosaurs (''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', ''[[Bustingorrytitan]]'', ''[[Chucarosaurus]]'', and ''[[Choconsaurus]]''),<ref name=Bustingorrytitan>{{Cite journal |last1=Simón |first1=M. E. |last2=Salgado |first2=L. |year=2023 |title=A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina) |journal=[[Acta Palaeontologica Polonica]]|doi=10.4202/app.01086.2023 |doi-access=free }}</ref> carcharodontosaurids (''[[Mapusaurus]]'', ''[[Meraxes]]'', and ''[[Taurovenator]]''),<ref name=Meraxes1>{{cite journal |last1=Canale |first1=Juan I. |last2=Apesteguía |first2=Sebastián |last3=Gallina |first3=Pablo A. |last4=Mitchell |first4=Jonathan |last5=Smith |first5=Nathan D. |last6=Cullen |first6=Thomas M. |last7=Shinya |first7=Akiko |last8=Haluza |first8=Alejandro |last9=Gianechini |first9=Federico A. |last10=Makovicky |first10=Peter J. |title=New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction |journal=Current Biology |date=July 2022 |volume=32 |issue=14 |pages=3195–3202.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057 |pmid=35803271 |s2cid=250343124 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32E3195C }}</ref> a megaraptoran (''[[Aoniraptor]]''), abelisaurids (''[[Skorpiovenator]]'', ''[[Tralkasaurus]]'', and ''[[Ilokelesia]]''), an elaphrosaurine (''[[Huinculsaurus]]''),<ref name="coria2020">{{cite journal |last1=Baiano |first1=Mattia A. |last2=Coria |first2=Rodolfo A. |last3=Cau |first3=Andrea |title=A new abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Huincul Formation (lower Upper Cretaceous, Neuquén Basin) of Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2020 |volume=110 |pages=104408 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104408 |bibcode=2020CrRes.11004408B |s2cid=214118853 }}</ref> a paravian (''[[Overoraptor]]''), and the unusual avetheropod ''[[Gualicho]]'' have also been named from the formation.<ref name="cerroni2020">{{cite journal |last1=Cerroni |first1=M.A. |last2=Motta |first2=M.J. |last3=Agnolín |first3=F.L. |last4=Aranciaga Rolando |first4=A.M. |last5=Brissón Egli |first5=F. |last6=Novas |first6=F.E. |year=2020 |title=A new abelisaurid from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; Upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro province, Argentina |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=98 |page=102445 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445 |bibcode=2020JSAES..9802445C |s2cid=213781725}}</ref><ref name="Overoraptor">{{cite journal |author1=Matías J. Motta |author2=Federico L. Agnolín |author3=Federico Brissón Egli |author4=Fernando E. Novas |year=2020 |title=New theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia sheds light on the paravian radiation in Gondwana |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=Article number 24 |bibcode=2020SciNa.107...24M |doi=10.1007/s00114-020-01682-1 |pmid=32468191 |hdl=11336/135530 |s2cid=218913199|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Remains of an unnamed [[unenlagiid]] have also been reported.<ref name=Chucarosaurus>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolin |first1=Federico L. |last2=Gonzalez Riga |first2=Bernardo J. |last3=Aranciaga Rolando |first3=Alexis M. |last4=Rozadilla |first4=Sebastián |last5=Motta |first5=Matías J. |last6=Chimento |first6=Nicolás R. |last7=Novas |first7=Fernando E. |date=2023-02-02 |title=A new giant titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123000150 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=146 |language=en |pages=105487 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105487 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14605487A |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> The non-dinosaurian fauna includes fossil fish, [[sphenodont]]s, indeterminate [[squamates]], [[chelid]] turtles, and [[eusuchia]]n crocodilians.<ref name="Chakisaurus" />

''Chakisaurus'' is the first ornithischian from the formation to receive a scientific name; the ungual of an indeterminate ornithopod was the only ornithischian bone previously recovered here.<ref name="Chakisaurus" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q124813502}}

[[Category:Elasmarians]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Fernando Novas]]
[[Category:Ornithopods of South America]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous ornithopods]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2024]]

Roger Williams Park Zoo

2024-04-19T01:01:17Z

Roadrunnerfromhell: added update

{{short description|Zoo in Providence, Rhode Island; third oldest zoo in the United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name=Roger Williams Park Zoo
|image=Roger Williams Zoo logo.png
|date_opened=1872,<ref name="city-data"/> June 1, 1980 (renovated/expanded) <ref name="zoo_history"/>
|location=[[Providence, Rhode Island]], United States
|coordinates={{Coord|41.7899|-71.4163|type:landmark_region:US-RI|display=inline,title}}
|members=[[Association of Zoos and Aquariums|AZA]]<ref name="aza_list"/>
|area=40 acres<ref name="PBN">{{cite news |title=U.S. News: Roger Williams Park Zoo among Top 26 in nation |url=https://pbn.com/u-s-news-roger-williams-park-zoo-among-top-26-in-nation/ |publisher=Providence Business News}}</ref>
|num_species=160<ref name="Craig">{{cite news |last1=Craig |first1=Kris |title=Dinnertime at Roger Williams Park Zoo |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/dining/2021/06/08/roger-williams-zoo-providence-ri-animals-nutrition-dinner-zoo-commissary/7610567002/ |publisher=The Providence Journal}}</ref>
|num_animals=800<ref name="Craig" />
|annual_visitors=834,960<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Jack |title=Roger Williams Park Zoo rebounds from COVID shutdown with record turnout |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/local/2022/01/21/roger-williams-park-zoo-2022-attendance-record/6606108001/ |publisher=The Providence Journal}}</ref>
|exhibits=Alex and Ani Farmyard, Fabric of Africa, Jambo Junction, Faces of the Rainforest, Feinstein Junior Scholar Wetlands Trail, Marco Polo's Adventure Trek, North America, Our Big Backyard, World of Adaptations
|website={{URL|https://www.rwpzoo.org}}
}}

The '''Roger Williams Park Zoo''' of [[Providence, Rhode Island]], contains more than 800 animals in natural settings from a total of 160 species from around the world. In 1986, the zoo became the first zoo in New England to earn accreditation from the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]. Founded in 1872, the zoo is the third oldest zoo in the nation.<ref name="PBN" /> The zoo and the nearby Carousel Village are some of the main attractions of [[Roger Williams Park]].

==History==
The Roger Williams Park Zoo first opened in 1872 as a limited collection of small animals, including raccoons, guinea pigs, mice, squirrels, rabbits, hawks, peacocks, and anteaters. Its first building was the Menagerie which opened in 1890. In the 1900s, the facility began to spread out over the entire park, featuring a variety of animals such as monkeys, [[Ungulate|hoofstock]], bears, and big cats. In 1929, the Menagerie building was converted to a birdhouse; this was followed by the opening of an elephant barn in 1930 (which would later be converted to the ''Tropical America'' building). In the 1930s, a new [[sea lion]] pool was constructed. Bunny Village opened in 1949, one of the zoo's most popular exhibits.

In the mid-1960s, the zoo started to show signs of neglect. In 1962, [[Sophie Danforth]] founded the Rhode Island Zoological Society to increase public awareness of the neglect and to raise funds for improvement, and it remains the organization that supports and manages the zoo. The society opened a gift shop and food concessions in 1970, and all funds benefited the zoo.<ref name="zoo_history"/> The zoo closed from 1978 to 1980 to undertake an upgrade project. A children's nature center was added, as well as a naturalistic polar bear exhibit, a boardwalk through a wetlands area, and a [[North American bison]] exhibit. In the 1980s, a South American Pampas exhibit and a [[lemur]] exhibit were built. In 1986, the zoo's old stable/barn - which for many years had been home to the park's workhorses - was converted into an animal hospital, education department, and administrative offices. As a result, the zoo became the first in New England to receive accreditation from the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]].<ref name="zoo_history"/>

In 1987, a new master plan was formulated to dramatically expand the zoo. Over time, many new exhibits were built, including a new sea lion exhibit (1987), a [[Humboldt penguin]] exhibit (1988), ''Plains of Africa'' (1991–93), ''Madagascar'' (1995), and ''Marco Polo Trail'' (1996). In 1989, the old Menagerie building was once again renovated, this time into a new gift shop. A new veterinary hospital opened in the spring of 2011. ''Hasbro's Our Big Backyard'' opened in 2012 as an interactive play space, with a second phase completed in 2014 featuring native New England animals. In the summer of 2012, the zoo opened new exhibits for [[takin]]s, [[red river hog]]s, and [[king vulture]]s.<ref name="abandon_plan"/>

A new master plan was unveiled in 2015 for the next 20 years. It includes constructing a new rainforest building to be completed in 2018, a new exhibit for [[California sea lions]] and [[Humboldt penguins]], a shorebird aviary, and a new tiger habitat. A complete reworking of the North America exhibit will feature [[grizzly bears]], [[moose]], and [[bighorn sheep]].<ref name="new_plans"/><ref name="master_plan"/>

==Animals and exhibits==
[[File:Loxodonta africana -Roger Williams Park Zoo, USA-8a.jpg|thumb|upright|[[African bush elephant]] (''Loxodonta africana'') at the Jambo Junction exhibit.]]
[[File:BaldEagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bald eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') at the North America exhibit.]]
The zoo is home to more than 150 rare and fascinating animals from around the world. Major exhibits at the zoo include:

* '''Alex and Ani Farmyard''': opened in 2014. It serves as a [[petting zoo]] where visitors can feed the animals food provided by the zoo. It primarily features [[Domestication|domesticated fauna]] such as [[Flemish Giant rabbit]]s, [[Guinea hog]]s, [[Huacaya (alpaca)|Huacaya alpaca]]s, mini [[Anglo-Nubian goat|Nubian goats]], a [[North American donkeys|miniature donkey]], [[Shetland sheep]], and various [[chicken]] breeds. It also features wildlife closely associated with farmland, such as [[barn owls]].<ref name="RWZA"/> There are also interactive stations meant to mimic life on a farm, which are sponsored by the local businesses Munroe Dairy, Little Rhody Farms, and Bank RI.
* '''Fabric of Africa''': opened in April 1991, expanded in 1993, and renovated in 2008. It is the exhibit closest to the zoo's entrance. It features species indigenous to Africa, including [[Aldabra giant tortoise]]s, [[Ankole-Watusi]] cattle, [[common ostrich]]es, [[cheetah]]s, [[plains zebra]]s, [[black crowned crane]]s, [[red river hog]]s, and [[blue wildebeest]].<ref name="RWZA"/> It also contains Jambo Junction.
** '''Jambo Junction''': features [[African bush elephants]] and [[Masai giraffe]]s. Visitors can learn more about how the zoo cares for these [[megafauna|large animals]] in the Elephant & Giraffe Pavilion, an indoor component of Jambo Junction. It is the only zoo in [[New England]] that contains African elephants, which occupy a 13,500 sq. ft. (1,254.191 sq. meters) enclosure.<ref name="The Providence Journal">{{cite news|url=http://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20140607-elephants-remain-big-draw-at-roger-williams-park-zoo.ece|title=Elephants remain big draw at Roger Williams Park Zoo|newspaper=[[The Providence Journal]]|last=Hill|first=John|date=June 7, 2014}}</ref> Though the three elephants they have are all females, the zoo plans to acquire a male in the near future so that they may breed.<ref name="Robert F. Stoico / FIRSTFED Charitable Foundation">{{cite web|url=http://www.stoicofirstfed.org/what.html|title=What We Do: Roger Williams Park Zoo|publisher=Robert F. Stoico/FIRSTFED Charitable Foundation}}</ref> The Fabric of Africa was renovated in 2008 to revamp Jambo Junction, specifically to better accommodate the elephants. Jambo Junction is sponsored by the Robert F. Stoico/FIRSTFED Charitable Foundation and [[Textron]].
* '''Faces of the Rainforest''': A state-of-the-art building first opened in 2018 for neotropical life featuring a free-flight aviary, cascading waterfall, open concept primate habitat and more. Animals in and around the building include [[black howler|black howler monkeys]], [[White-eared titi|Bolivian gray titis]], [[Chilean flamingo]]s, [[dyeing poison dart frog]]s, [[giant anteater]]s, [[giant otter]]s, [[golden lion tamarin]]s, [[green anaconda]]s, [[hyacinth macaw]]s, [[keel-billed toucan]]s, [[Linnaeus's two-toed sloth]]s, [[scarlet ibis]]es, [[southern tamandua]]s, [[white-faced saki]]s, [[yellow-banded poison dart frog]]s, and [[yellow-rumped cacique]]s.<ref name="RWZA"/>
* '''Feinstein Junior Scholar Wetlands Trail''': a walk through area that reflects the natural [[wetland]] environments of Rhode Island, which are becoming increasingly rarer as the state continues to be urbanized. All wildlife is indigenous to Rhode Island, and while the animals are protected by the zoo they are not the property of them. It is known to feature [[Canada goose|Canada geese]], [[great blue heron]]s, several species of [[freshwater fish]] and [[turtle]]s, and [[wood duck]]s. The trail is sponsored by the Feinstein Junior Scholar through the local Feinstein Foundation. There is also an exhibit for [[Reeves's muntjac]]s at the start of the trail.
* '''Himalayan Trek''': opened in 1996 under the name '''Marco Polo's Adventure Trek''' (the name was changed in 2024<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RWPZ 2024 guest map 8.5x11 no border-dragons |url=https://www.rwpzoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/RWPZ-2024-guest-map-8.5x11.pdf}}</ref>). It is one of two areas to focus on animals from Asia. It features fauna encountered (or likely to have been encountered) by the explorer [[Marco Polo]], including [[Bactrian camel]]s, [[Asiatic black bear|moon bears]], [[red-crowned crane]]s, [[red panda]]s, [[Sichuan takins]], and [[snow leopard]]s.<ref name="RWZA"/>
* '''Wild Woodlands''' (formerly called '''North America''' until 2024)<ref name=":0" />: features [[American bison]], [[bald eagle]]s, [[black vulture]]s, [[golden eagle]]s, [[North American porcupine]]s, [[Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen|northern copperhead]] snakes, [[pronghorn]]s, [[red wolf|red wolves]], [[timber rattlesnake]]s, [[turkey vulture]]s and [[wild turkey]]s.<ref name="RWZA"/> The harbor seals can be viewed through an underwater window.<ref name="Destination 360">{{cite web|url=http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/rhode-island/roger-williams-park-zoo |title=Roger Williams Park Zoo|publisher=Destination 360}}</ref>
* '''Our Big Backyard''': an interactive live play space for children and families. The exhibit promotes outdoor, free-ended play. The playspace is funded by the toy company [[Hasbro]] and the pharmaceutical company [[CVS Health]]. There is also an aviary for [[common raven]]s.<ref name="RWZA"/>
* '''World of Adaptations''' (formerly Australasia): it features animals primarily from [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]], including [[eastern long-necked turtle|Australian snake-necked turtle]]s, [[Bali myna]]s, [[red-necked wallaby|Bennett's wallabies]], [[eastern rosella]]s, [[Indian peafowl]], [[king vulture]]s, [[Komodo dragons]], [[laughing kookaburra]]s, [[Matschie's tree kangaroo]]s, [[North American river otter]]s, [[North Sulawesi babirusa]], [[northern white-cheeked gibbon]]s, [[Palawan binturong]]s, [[radiated tortoise]]s and [[wrinkled hornbill]]s.<ref name="RWZA"/> The Komodo dragon at the zoo is the first of its kind in New England.<ref name="Komodo_Dragon"/><ref name="RWZA"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Giraffa camelopardalis -Roger Williams Park Zoo, USA-8a.jpg|[[Masai giraffe]]
Zebras Blending Together (22385647962).jpg|Zebras.
Pygmy goat, Roger Williams Zoo.jpg|Goat at the petting zoo.
Ammotragus lervia -Roger Williams Park Zoo, USA -adult and young-8a.jpg|[[Barbary sheep]]
Red panda at Roger Williams Park Zoo.jpg|[[Red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens'').
Snow Leopard Looking Up.jpg|[[Snow leopard]]
Astrochelys_radiata_-Roger_Williams_Park_Zoo,_USA-8a.jpg|[[Radiated tortoise]]
Wrinkled Hornbill (4767904212).jpg|[[Wrinkled hornbill]]
Harbor Seal (phoca vitulina).jpg|[[Harbor seal]] (''Phoca vitulina'').
Summer day (4764112323).jpg|One of the many flowering plants at the zoo.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Roger Williams Park]]
* [[Roger Williams]]
* [[Roger Williams National Memorial]]

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=

<ref name="zoo_history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rwpzoo.org/103/history-roger-williams-park-zoo |title=History of Roger Williams Park Zoo|work=rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org |publisher=Roger Williams Park Zoo |accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="aza_list">
{{ZooOrg|aza|zoos |accessdate=October 27, 2012}}
</ref>

<ref name="city-data">{{Cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/articles/Roger-Williams-Park-Zoo-Providence-Rhode.html |title=Roger Williams Park Zoo - Providence, Rhode Island - Zoo and Wildlife Conservationists |work=city-data.com |publisher=City-Data |accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="abandon_plan">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.turnto10.com/news/2012/mar/13/10/zoo-abandons-plans-polar-bear-exhibit-ar-963502/ |title=Zoo abandons plans for polar bear exhibit |work=turnto10.com |publisher=NBC 10 News |accessdate=April 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415142014/http://www2.turnto10.com/news/2012/mar/13/10/zoo-abandons-plans-polar-bear-exhibit-ar-963502/ |archivedate=April 15, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="new_plans">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turnto10.com/story/29130229/new-plan-for-roger-williams-park-zoo-includes-rainforest-new-animals |title=Plan for Roger Williams Park Zoo includes Rainforest, new animals |work=turnto10.com |publisher=NBC 10 News |accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="master_plan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rwpzoo.org/master-plan#ad-image-0 |title=Master Plan |work=rwpzoo.org |publisher=Roger Williams Park Zoo |accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Komodo_Dragon">{{Cite web|url=http://ripr.org/post/roger-williams-park-zoo-first-new-england-have-komodo-dragon#stream/0 |title=Komodo Dragon |work=ripr.org |publisher=RI Public Radio |accessdate=May 19, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="RWZA">[https://www.rwpzoo.org/animals Animals on exhibit | Roger Williams Park Zoo] rwpzoo.org Roger Williams Park Zoo. Retrieved May 4, 2020</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official|http://www.rwpzoo.org}}

{{Zoos of Rhode Island}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Zoos in Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Providence, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1872]]
[[Category:Zoos established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in Rhode Island]]

Westbury Formation

2024-04-18T15:40:18Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Westbury Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = {{fossilrange|Rhaetian|Rhaetian|latest=Hettangian|[[Rhaetian]]}}
| period = Rhaetian
| prilithology = [[Mudstone]], [[Shale]]
| otherlithology = [[Limestone]], [[Sandstone]]
| namedfor = [[Westbury-on-Severn]]
| namedby =
| region = [[Europe]]
| country = {{flag|UK}}
| coordinates =
| unitof = [[Penarth Group]]
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Lilstock Formation]]
| overlies = [[Blue Anchor Formation]]
| thickness = 5-10 m
| extent =
| area =
| map =
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Westbury Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in England, one of the [[Penarth Group]]. It dates back to the [[Rhaetian]].<ref name="triassicdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Triassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 521–525. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref> The formation is named after the village of [[Westbury-on-Severn]] in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/Lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=WBY The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units — Result Details: Westbury Formation]</ref> The remains of a giant [[Shastasauridae|shastasaurid]] and [[Dinosaur|dinosaurs]] are known from the formation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lomax|first1=Dean R.|last2=De la Salle|first2=Paul|last3=Massare|first3=Judy A.|last4=Gallois|first4=Ramues|date=2018-04-09|editor-last=Wong|editor-first=William Oki|title=A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=e0194742|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0194742|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5890986|pmid=29630618|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1394742L|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ichthyotitan" />

==Vertebrate fauna==
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Vertebrate]]s reported from the Westbury Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|''[[Avalonianus]]''<ref name=":1">H. G. Seeley. (1898). On large terrestrial saurians from the Rhaetic Beds of Wedmore Hill, described as ''Avalonia sanfordi'' and ''[[Picrodon]] herveyi''. Geological Magazine, decade 4 5:1-6

</ref>
|''A. sanfordi<ref name=":1" />''
|Wedmore Hill<ref name=":1" />
|
|"Several now lost teeth."<ref name=":1" />
|
|
|-
|
''[[Camelotia]]''<ref name="triassicdistribution" />
|
''C. borealis''<ref name="triassicdistribution" />
| [[Westbury-on-Severn]]<ref>Galton, P. M. (1985). Notes on the Melanorosauridae, a family of large prosauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha). ''Geobios'', 18(5), 671-676.

</ref>
|
|
"Vertebrae, pubis, ischium, femur, tibia, phalanges, adult."<ref name="table-12-1-234">"Table 12.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 234.</ref>
|
| rowspan="101" |
[[Image:Camelotia.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Camelotia]]'']]
|-
|''[[Ichthyotitan]]''<ref name="Ichthyotitan">{{Cite journal|last1=Lomax |first1=D. R. |last2=de la Salle |first2=P. |last3=Perillo |first3=M. |last4=Reynolds |first4=J. |last5=Reynolds |first5=R. |last6=Waldron |first6=J. F. |title=The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK |year=2024 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=4 |at=e0300289 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0300289 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|''I. severnensis''<ref name="Ichthyotitan"/>
|[[Blue Anchor]] and [[Lilstock]]<ref name="Ichthyotitan"/>
|
|Two partial [[surangular]]s<ref name=":0" />
|Possibly one of the largest marine reptiles
|-
|''[[Picrodon]]<ref name=":1" />''
|''P. herveyi<ref name=":1" />''
|Wedmore Hill<ref name=":1" />
|
|"Tooth."<ref name=":1" />
|
|-
|[[Shastasauridae]]<ref name=":0" />
|Indeterminate<ref name=":0" />
|[[Aust]]<ref name=":0" />
|
|"Three partial specimens."<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Triassic System of Europe]]
[[Category:Rhaetian Stage]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of England]]

Ichthyotitan

2024-04-18T00:31:04Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

{{Short description|Genus of giant ichthyosaurs}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]] ([[Rhaetian]]), {{fossilrange|202}}
| image =
| image_caption =
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Ichthyotitan
| species = severnensis
| authority = Lomax ''et al.'', [[2024 in reptile paleontology|2024]]
}}

'''''Ichthyotitan''''' (meaning "fish giant") is an [[extinct]] genus of probable [[shastasaurid]] [[ichthyosaur]] from the [[Late Triassic]] (late [[Rhaetian]]) [[Westbury Formation|Westbury Mudstone Formation]] of [[Somerset]], United Kingdom. The genus contains a [[Monotypic taxon|single species]], '''''I. severnensis''''', known from two [[surangular]] bones. It may have had a body length near {{convert|25|m|ft}}, making it the largest marine reptile currently known.<ref name="Ichthyotitan">{{Cite journal|last1=Lomax |first1=D. R. |last2=de la Salle |first2=P. |last3=Perillo |first3=M. |last4=Reynolds |first4=J. |last5=Reynolds |first5=R. |last6=Waldron |first6=J. F. |title=The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK |year=2024 |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |at=e0300289 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0300289 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Discovery ==
The first specimen that would later be referred as ''Ichthyotitan'', [[Bristol Museum & Art Gallery|BRSMG]] Cg2488 (the "[[Lilstock]] specimen"), was found in 2016 and described in 2018. It consists of a partial left [[surangular]] measuring {{convert|96|cm|ft|sp=us}} long.<ref name="Ichthyotitan" /> In 2018, Dean Lomax, de la Salle, Judy Massare, and Ramues Gallois identified the Lilstock specimen as a [[shastasaurid]]. While its incompleteness made the size of the animal difficult to suggest, it clearly was very large. Using ''Shonisaurus sikanniensis'' as a model, the researchers estimated the ichthyosaur to have been {{convert|26|m|ft|sp=us}} long, nearly the size of a [[blue whale]]. Scaling based on ''Besanosaurus'', however, found a shorter length estimate of {{convert|22|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lomax|first1=Dean R.|last2=De la Salle|first2=Paul|last3=Massare|first3=Judy A.|last4=Gallois|first4=Ramues|date=2018-04-09|editor-last=Wong|editor-first=William Oki|title=A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=e0194742|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0194742|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5890986|pmid=29630618|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1394742L|doi-access=free}}</ref> The 2024 study describing ''Ichthyotitan'' provided a revised length estimate of {{convert|25|m|ft}}, making it one of if not probably the largest marine reptile ever described.<ref name="Ichthyotitan" />

The ''Ichthyotitan'' [[holotype]] specimen, BRSMG Cg3178, was discovered in sediments of the [[Westbury Formation]] near [[Blue Anchor]] in [[Somerset]], UK. The first fragment was found in 2020, with subsequent expeditions until 2022 revealing additional pieces. The specimen consists of fragments of a right surangular. Histological features suggest that the specimen was either a subadult or a young adult.<ref name="Ichthyotitan"/>

Other remains of giant ichthyosaurs from around the same time period have also been reported from Germany (Bonenburg) and France (Autun),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perillo |first=Marcello |last2=Sander |first2=P. Martin |date=2024-04-09 |title=The dinosaurs that weren’t: osteohistology supports giant ichthyosaur affinity of enigmatic large bone segments from the European Rhaetian |url=https://peerj.com/articles/17060 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=12 |pages=e17060 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17060 |issn=2167-8359}}</ref> though their fragmentary nature means that they cannot be confidently assigned to ''Ichthyotitan''.<ref name="Ichthyotitan" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ichthyosauria|Basal}}
{{Taxonbar|from=}}

[[Category:Late Triassic ichthyosaurs]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2024]]

Ichthyotitan

2024-04-17T18:55:07Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

''Ichthyotitan'' is a large genus of [[Ichthyosauria|Ichthyosaur]] from the Late Triassic, recovered from southwestern England.<ref>Lomax, D. R., de la Salle, P., Perillo, M., Reynolds, J., Reynolds, R., and Waldron, J. F. 2024. The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK. PLoS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300289</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rannard |first=Georgina |date=2024-04-17 |title=Enormous ancient sea reptile identified from amateur fossil find |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68831349 |access-date=2024-04-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=University of |title=Paleontologists unearth what may be the largest known marine reptile |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-04-paleontologists-unearth-largest-marine-reptile.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The type species is ''I. severnesis''.

== Description ==
The first fossils of ''Ichthyotitan'' were discovered in 2020.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2024]]

Ichthyotitan

2024-04-17T18:53:21Z

Roadrunnerfromhell:

''Ichthyotitan'' is a large genus of [[Ichthyosauria|Ichthyosaur]] from the Late Triassic, recovered from southwestern England.<ref>Lomax, D. R., de la Salle, P., Perillo, M., Reynolds, J., Reynolds, R., and Waldron, J. F. 2024. The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK. PLoS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300289</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rannard |first=Georgina |date=2024-04-17 |title=Enormous ancient sea reptile identified from amateur fossil find |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68831349 |access-date=2024-04-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=University of |title=Paleontologists unearth what may be the largest known marine reptile |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-04-paleontologists-unearth-largest-marine-reptile.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The type species is ''I. severnesis''.

== Description ==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2024]]