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Talk:Lucin Cutoff

2020-09-13T21:01:11Z

Robertkeller: /* External links modified */

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== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Lucin Cutoff]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/819229180|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130429223924/http://up150.com/timeline/lucin-cutoff to http://up150.com/timeline/lucin-cutoff

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Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 05:40, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

PBS's Norm Abram New Yankee Workshop did a segment where he visited the reclamation effort in 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1OlJ4Lg0sI Not sure if that should go on the main page.

Without Remorse

2018-10-20T16:03:31Z

Robertkeller: /* Plot summary */ Added a few details and cleanup

{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Without Remorse
| image = Without Remorse cover.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mass market paperback cover
| author = [[Tom Clancy]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series = John Clark
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Crime fiction]]
* [[Military fiction]]
* [[Historical fiction]]
* [[Techno-thriller]]
}}
| set_in =
| publisher = [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = August 11, 1993
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]], [[Paperback]])
| pages = 639
| awards =
| isbn = 0399138250
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Patriot Games]]
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}

'''''Without Remorse''''' is a [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] novel, written by [[Tom Clancy]] and published on August 11, 1993. Set during the [[Vietnam War]], it serves as an origin story of [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]], one of the recurring characters in the [[Jack Ryan (character)|Jack Ryan]] universe. ''Without Remorse'' introduces Clark as former [[Navy SEALs|Navy SEAL]] John Kelly, and explains how he changed his name. The book debuted at number one on [[the New York Times bestseller list]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BEST SELLERS: August 29, 1993 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/books/best-sellers-august-29-1993.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=4 July 2018}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
Former [[United States Navy]] [[Underwater Demolition Teams|UDT]] "frogman" John Kelly, who recently lost his pregnant wife Patricia in a car accident, picks up a hitchhiker named Pam on his way to his home in Battery Island. They quickly become lovers, and over time Kelly finds out that Pamela Madden is a runaway who became a [[mule (smuggling)|drug mule]] and prostitute; she had just escaped from her drug-dealer/pimp Henry Tucker. Kelly, along with the help of doctors Sam and Sarah Rosen, help her rehabilitate from [[barbiturate]]s. Weeks after recovering, Kelly and Pam go to [[Baltimore]] for follow-up treatment, and pass through a neighborhood where her [[pimp]]s work. One of them recognizes Pam and pursues them in a car chase. Kelly is gravely wounded by a shotgun blast, while Pam is recaptured and later tortured, gang-raped, and killed.

In [[Vietnam]], a U.S. [[target drone]] recognizes [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] colonel and [[F-105]] pilot Robin Zacharias as a [[prisoner of war]] in a secret camp administered by the [[North Vietnamese Army|NVA]]. Since Zacharias possesses highly classified technical knowledge and has been declared killed in action, Admiral Dutch Maxwell arranges a secret rescue mission for him as well as other American POWs held in the camp. Unbeknownst to them, Soviet colonel Nikolay "Kolya" Grishanov has been interrogating the prisoners; he later lobbies his government to transport Zacharias and his fellow prisoners into the [[Soviet Union]], citing their intelligence value. However, friction between the Soviets and the North Vietnamese is leading the latter to decide to kill the POWs.

Meanwhile, Kelly recovers from his wounds with the help of Dr. Sam Rosen and his head nurse, Sandy O'Toole. Vowing to exact revenge on the people responsible for Pam's death, he wages a private war on Tucker's drug ring, eliminating some of its players and saving some drug mules in the process. He recruits Rosen and O'Toole to help rehabilitate one of the rescued prostitutes named Doris. He later obtains more information on the drug ring from brutally torturing one of Pam's pimps, Billy, using a pressure chamber designed to simulate deep-water diving conditions; he is then left to die from severe [[decompression sickness]].

Later, Kelly is approached by Maxwell to lead the rescue mission on Zacharias and other American POWs, since he knew the area from his days in the UDT and had previously gone behind [[line of battle|enemy lines]] to rescue Maxwell's son. Kelly takes a break from his stateside mission of revenge and proceeds to [[Vietnam]]. Unfortunately, a [[KGB]] [[mole (espionage)|mole]] informs the Soviets of the rescue mission, which is disastrously compromised. However, Kelly captures Grishanov while escaping from the camp. The Soviet colonel is then used as leverage to negotiate the transfer of Zacharias and his fellow prisoners to [[Hanoi Hilton]], where they will be confirmed as alive and eventually returned.

Upon returning from Vietnam, Kelly finds out that Doris and her father had been brutally murdered and continues his mission of revenge. He finds out that the Asian [[heroin]] processed by Tucker's drug ring was smuggled into the U.S. through inserting them into the corpses of dead American soldiers, and also deduces that a corrupt police officer is on Tucker's payroll. Meanwhile, the [[CIA]] try to recruit him following his actions in Vietnam, but due to Kelly's difficult position, they agree to help him escape his legal woes in return for the assassination of the mole who had burned the Vietnam operation. Kelly kills the supposed mole, who is an aide to the [[National Security Advisor]], inadvertently leaving the real mole, a [[United States Senate|Senate]] aide and anti-war activist, in place. He then rushes to complete his vendetta, finally killing Tucker, his mafia associate and other cohorts. Corrupt police Lieutenant Mark Charon is incidentally murdered.

Emmet Ryan, the lead police investigator in the series of killings on drug dealers in Baltimore, has finally identified Kelly as the murderer. He confronts him on his boat, where Kelly confesses his crime. He bargains with the detective for one more hour of liberty before being arrested; Ryan agrees, but Kelly later fakes his death by blowing up his boat. He is then rescued by his CIA superiors, who then recruit him under his new identity as John Clark. He quietly resumes contact with O'Toole and marries her. Three years later, Zacharias and his fellow POWs are [[Operation Homecoming|released]] after the end of [[role of the United States in the Vietnam War|the American involvement in the Vietnam War]].

==Characters==
===Baltimore===
* '''[[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Terrence Kelly]]''': Former [[United States Navy SEALs|Navy SEAL]], later a full-time operative for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] under the name John Clark.
* '''Pamela "Pam" Madden''': Kelly's lover. [[mule (smuggling)|Drug mule]] and prostitute who escaped from Henry Tucker
* '''Sam Rosen''': Professor of neurosurgery at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. Later mentioned in ''[[Red Rabbit]]'' (2002) as the surgeon who fixed Jack Ryan's chronic back pain.
* '''Sarah Rosen''': Pharmacologist and professor at [[Johns Hopkins University]], Dr. Sam Rosen's wife.
* '''Sandra "Sandy" O'Toole''': a Vietnam war widow and nurse-practitioner at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]
* '''Henry Tucker''': Pimp and leader of the Baltimore drug ring
* '''William "Billy" Grayson''': Drug dealer working for Tucker
* '''Doris Brown''': Pam's fellow drug mule and prostitute
* '''Emmet Ryan''': Lieutenant at the [[Baltimore Police Department]] (Homicide Division) and Jack Ryan's father. Jack himself also appears briefly to announce his decision to join the [[United States Marines|Marines]] to his parents.
* '''Mark Charon''': Lieutenant at the Baltimore City Police Department (Narcotics Division), on Tucker's payroll
* '''Manuel "Portagee" Oreza''': Quartermaster First Class for the [[United States Coast Guard]], Kelly's friend. Pursued Kelly when he faked his death, believes him to be dead. Does not encounter him in ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' (1989) despite both being deeply involved in the events of that book, but finally discovers the truth as a minor subplot in ''[[Debt of Honor]]'' (1994).

===Vietnam===
* '''Colonel Robin Zacharias''': fighter-bomber pilot for the [[United States Air Force]] who helped in the formulation of the [[Strategic Air Command]] war plans. Shot down and captured by the [[North Vietnamese Army]] during a [[Wild Weasel]] attack on their [[surface-to-air missile|SAM]] sites.
* '''Colonel Nikolay Yevgeniyevich "Kolya" Grishanov''': The sole interrogator at the POW camp holding Zacharias.
* '''Vice Admiral Winslow Holland "Dutch" Maxwell''': Assistant chief of naval operations (Air) for the [[United States Navy]]. Formed the rescue mission (codename "Boxwood Green") and personally recruited Kelly to take part in the operation.
* '''Rear Admiral Casimir Podulski''': Aide to Vice Admiral Maxwell. Involved in the planning and execution of Boxwood Green
* '''James Greer''': Rear admiral for the U.S. Navy who started working for the CIA. Supervised Boxwood Green and later recruits Kelly into the agency.
* '''Robert Ritter''': Senior executive in the operations division of the CIA. Supervised Boxwood Green and also recruits Kelly into the agency.
* '''Walter "Wally" Hicks''': Aide to the [[National Security Advisor]]. Misidentified as the [[KGB]] [[mole (espionage)|mole]] by Ritter and was killed by Kelly under the pretense of a [[opioid overdose|heroin overdose]].
* '''Peter Henderson''': Minor [[United States Senate|Senate]] aide, revealed to be the KGB mole (codename "Cassius") that burned Boxwood Green. Appears in the next novel ''Red Rabbit''; later caught by the CIA in ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1984) and made as double agent. He was later offered his freedom in ''[[The Cardinal of the Kremlin]]'' (1988) due to the importance of secret information on the Soviet Union that he brought.

==Themes==
''Without Remorse'' is said to be inspired by [[David Morrell]]'s novel ''[[First Blood (novel)|First Blood]]'' (1972), as well a string of action films that feature violent and "psycho" Vietnam veterans of the 1980s. Clancy subverted the cliché by framing Kelly's rage and frustration as "pro-social". Moreover, it gave him a platform to express his disgust with the U.S. government for neglecting Vietnam veterans, who "understand the arts of war".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberg |first1=Martin H. |title=The Tom Clancy Companion |pages=28–31 |edition=Revised}}</ref>

Regarding the message of the novel, Clancy said: "The central question in this book is: What is justice? And how is justice applied? What if you're in the situation where a great wrong has been done and the law does not respond to it? Now, is your duty as a citizen just to forget about it and permit society as a whole to make that mistake? Or is your duty as a citizen to become the instrument of justice, if you can do so in a controlled and structured and just way? Do you have the moral right to become the instrument of justice yourself?"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlson |first1=Peter |title=What ticks Tom Clancy off? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/what-ticks-tom-clancy-off/2013/10/02/66a20b38-2b7b-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.06d5698ef5a6 |website=The Washington Post |accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref>

==Development==
Clancy started working on ''Without Remorse'' in 1971. He later went back to the previously abandoned story in 1992, spending about four months on the novel. He explained the process: "You gotta tell a good story if people are going to read it. I think you have an ethical obligation to deal with those issues as truthfully as possible. So, there's an educational aspect to what I do."

==Reception==
Commercially, the book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list for the week of August 29, 1993.

Critically, ''Without Remorse'' received generally positive reviews. ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'' hailed it as "Mr. Clancy's best", while the ''[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]'' praised it as "a non-stop emotional roller coaster".<ref>{{cite web |title=Without Remorse (John Clark Novel, A) |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0425143325?_encoding=UTF8&isInIframe=0&n=283155&ref_=dp_proddesc_0&s=books&showDetailProductDesc=1#product-description_feature_div |website=Amazon.com |accessdate=12 July 2018}}</ref> However, [[Kirkus Reviews]] gave it a mixed verdict, stating that it is "twice as long as the two rather creaky storylines can bear, but the millions of midlevel, desk-bound, action-loving bureaucrats whose adventurous wishes Clancy so faithfully fulfills are unlikely to complain."<ref>{{cite web |title=WITHOUT REMORSE by Tom Clancy |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tom-clancy/without-remorse/ |website=Kirkus Reviews |accessdate=12 July 2018}}</ref> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' also gave it a mixed review, bemoaning Clancy's "attempts to rationalize this amoral crusade with passages of introspection by characters who are either noble warriors or human scum" as well as "failings of style and moral judgment"; however, they agree that "this overlong, often melodramatic novel seems destined to follow its predecessors to the top of the bestseller lists."<ref>{{cite web |title=Fiction Book Review: Without Remorse by Tom Clancy |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-399-13825-6 |website=Publishers Weekly |accessdate=12 July 2018}}</ref>

==Film adaptation==
[[Savoy Pictures]] first bought the film rights to ''Without Remorse'' soon after the novel was released for $2.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleming Jr. |first1=Mike |title=Paramount Confirms Christopher McQuarrie Taking On Tom Clancy's 'Without Remorse' |url=https://deadline.com/2012/08/paramount-confirms-chrisopher-mcquarrie-taking-on-tom-clancys-without-remorse-314194/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |accessdate=12 July 2018}}</ref> At one point, [[Keanu Reeves]] was offered the role as Clark for $7 million but declined.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fretts |first1=Bruce |title=Harrison Ford takes on Tom Clancy...again |url=https://ew.com/article/1994/08/19/harrison-ford-takes-tom-clancyagain/ |website=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine reported that [[Laurence Fishburne]] and [[Gary Sinise]] were later attached to star in the adaptation; however, production was shut down due to script problems and financial woes with the production company.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Busch |first1=Anita M. |title=SAVOY WITHOUT 'REMORSE' |url=https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets-festivals/savoy-without-remorse-99129181/ |website=Variety |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref> The film went under [[development hell]] for years until [[Christopher McQuarrie]] signed on with [[Paramount Pictures]] to direct the adaptation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paramount Confirms Christopher McQuarrie Taking On Tom Clancy's 'Without Remorse" |url=https://deadline.com/2012/08/paramount-confirms-chrisopher-mcquarrie-taking-on-tom-clancys-without-remorse-314194/}}</ref> [[Tom Hardy]] was approached by Paramount to play Clark, and [[Kevin Costner]] was slated to reprise his role as mentor William Harper from another Clancy-based film, ''[[Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit]]'' (2014), but this version was most likely scrapped.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Tom Hardy Without Remorse? |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/21/is-tom-hardy-without-remorse |website=IGN |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, it was announced that [[Akiva Goldsman]] signed on with the same studio to produce another film adaptation starring Clark, ''[[Rainbow Six]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleming Jr. |first1=Mike |title=Akiva Goldsman To Paramount; 'Rainbow Six', 'Ologies' & 'Avengelyne' |url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/akiva-goldsman-tom-clancy-rainbow-six-ologies-avengelyne-paramount-1202126928/ |website=Deadline |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref> On September 20, 2018, [[Michael B. Jordan]] was announced to be playing the character in a two-part film series, which will be composed of ''Without Remorse'' and ''Rainbow Six'' and with Goldsman, Jordan, [[Josh Appelbaum]], and [[Andre Nemec]] producing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |title=Michael B. Jordan to Play Tom Clancy Character John Clark |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/michael-b-jordan-john-clark-tom-clancy-movies-1202896241/ |website=Variety |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jack Ryan fiction}}

[[Category:1993 American novels]]
[[Category:American thriller novels]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller novels]]
[[Category:Prequel novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Tom Clancy]]
[[Category:Ryanverse]]
[[Category:Vietnam War novels]]
[[Category:G. P. Putnam's Sons books]]

Talk:Edgar Chandler

2017-04-11T03:24:23Z

Robertkeller: Added an interview

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|sports-priority=
|listas=Chandler, Edgar
}}
{{WikiProject College football|class=Start|importance=mid}}
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Edgar was interviewed by Don Rickles when he hosted The Tonight Show in 1978 at the 7:20 mark: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pvh7reQuYbI

Lewis Baltz

2016-08-15T23:47:32Z

Robertkeller: /* Life and work */ Added where he was born confirmed from several sources including: http://www.harpersbooks.com/pages/books/20434/lewis-baltz/the-deaths-in-newport

{{BLP sources|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lewis Baltz
| image = Lewis baltz N°3-1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Lewis Baltz in [[Jean Nouvel]]'s Amat hotel.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|9|12}}
| birth_place = [[Newport Beach, California]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|11|22|1945|9|12}}<ref name="death date">{{cite news|last1=Crowder|first1=Nicole|title=Icon of New Topography movement Lewis Baltz dies at 69|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2014/11/24/icon-of-new-topography-movement-lewis-baltz-dies-at-69/|accessdate=November 24, 2014|publisher=The Washington Post|date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| residence =
| nationality =
| known_for = [[New Topography]]
| education = [[San Francisco Art Institute]] [[Claremont Graduate School]]
| occupation = [[Artist]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| partner =
}}
'''Lewis Baltz''' (September 12, 1945 – November 22, 2014) was a visual [[artist]] and [[photographer]] who became an important figure in the [[New Topographics]] movement of the late 1970s.<ref name="egs">[http://www.egs.edu/faculty/lewis-baltz/biography/ Lewis Baltz] Faculty Website at [[European Graduate School]].</ref> His work has been published in a number of books, presented in numerous exhibitions, and appeared in museums such as the [[Museum of Modern Art, Paris]], Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] and [[Whitney Museum of American Art|The Whitney Museum of American Art]], New York.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} He wrote for many journals, and contributed regularly to ''L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui''.

==Life and work==
Born in [[Newport Beach, California]], Baltz graduated with a BFA in [[Fine Arts]] from [[San Francisco Art Institute]] in 1969 and held a Master of Fine Arts degree from [[Claremont Graduate School]].<ref name="rian">{{Citation|publisher = Phaidon|isbn = 0-7148-4039-4|publication-place = London|title = Lewis Baltz|url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL3579790M/Lewis_Baltz|author = Jeff Rian|publication-date = 2001|oclc = 47677835|id = 0714840394}}</ref> He received several scholarships and awards including a scholarship from the National Endowment For the Arts (1973, 1977), the [[Guggenheim Fellowships|John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship]] (1977),<ref name="rian" /> US-UK Bicentennial Exchange Fellowship (1980) and [[Charles Brett]] Memorial Award (1991). In 2002 Baltz became a Professor for Photography at the [[European Graduate School]] in [[Saas-Fee, Switzerland]].<ref name="egs"/> He lived his last years between [[Paris]] and [[Venice]].

His work is focused on searching for beauty in desolation and destruction. Baltz's images describe the architecture of the human landscape: offices, factories and parking lots.<ref name="rian" /> His pictures are the reflection of control, power, and influenced by and over human beings. His minimalistic photographs in the trilogy ''Ronde de Nuit, Docile Bodies,'' and ''Politics of Bacteria,'' picture the void of the other.{{vague|date=January 2011}} In 1974 he captured the anonymity and the relationships between inhabitation, settlement and anonymity in ''The New Industrial Parks near Irvine, California'' (1974).

Baltz moved to Europe in the late 1980s and started to use large colored prints. He published several books of his work including ''Geschichten von Verlangen und Macht,'' with Slavica Perkovic (Scalo, 1986). Other photographic series, including ''Sites of Technology'' (1989–92), depict the clinical, pristine interiors of hi-tech industries and government research centres, principally in France and Japan.

His books and exhibitions, his "topographic work",<ref name="egs"/> such as ''The New Industrial Parks, Nevada, San Quentin Point, Candlestick Point'' (84 photographs documenting a public space near Candlestick Park, ruined by natural detritus and human intervention), expose the crisis of technology and define both objectivity and the role of the artist in photographs.{{vague|date=January 2011}}{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

The story ''Deaths in Newport'' was produced as a book and [[CD-ROM]] in 1995. Baltz has also produced a number of video works.

Baltz died on November 22, 2014 at the age of 69 following a long illness.<ref name="ohagan-guardian-obituary">{{cite news | url = http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/dec/04/lewis-baltz | date = 4 December 2014 | access-date = 22 October 2015 | first = Sean | last = O'Hagan | authorlink = Sean O'Hagan (journalist) | publisher = [[The Guardian]] | title = Lewis Baltz obituary}}</ref>

==Publications by Baltz==
{{Expand section|date=October 2015}}
*''The Tract Houses.''
**1971.
**Göttingen: [[Steidl]], 2013. ISBN 978-3865217622.
*''The New Industrial Parks Near Irvine, California.''
**New York: Castelli Graphcs, 1974.
**Ram, 2001. ISBN 978-0963078568.
**Göttingen: Steidl, 2013. ISBN 978-3865217646.
*''Maryland.'' 1976.
*''Nevada.'' 1978.
*''Park City Utah.'' 1980.
*''San Quentin Point.'' 1986
*''Candlestick Point.'' 1986.
*''Rule Without Exception.'' 1991.
*''Ronde de Nuit.'' 1992.
*Docile Bodies.'' 1996.
*''Politics of Bacteria.'' 1995.
*''Lewis Baltz: Texts.'' Göttingen: [[Steidl]], 2012: ISBN 978-3869304366.

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/arts/design/lewis-baltz-photographer-of-american-landscapes-dies-at-69.html?_r=0 "Lewis Baltz, Photographer of American Landscapes, Dies at 69," by Randy Kennedy, The New York Times, Nov. 25, 2014]
*''[http://www.egs.edu/faculty/lewis-baltz/biography/ Lewis Baltz]'' Faculty website at [[European Graduate School]]. (Biography, bibliography and articles)
*''[http://www.geh.org/ar/strip87/htmlsrc2/baltz_sld00001.html George Eastman House Lewis Baltz Series]''
*[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-lewis-baltz-15758 Oral history interview with Lewis Baltz, 2009 Nov. 15-17] from the Smithsonian [[Archives of American Art]]
*[http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2013.M.31/2013.M.31.xml;query=;brand=default Lewis Baltz Archive], at the Getty Research Institute
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baltz, Lewis}}
[[Category:American photographers]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Photography academics]]
[[Category:Photographers from California]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:European Graduate School faculty]]
[[Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Claremont Graduate University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century American photographers]]

73 (number)

2016-08-14T06:03:52Z

Robertkeller: /* In mathematics */

{{Infobox number
| number = 73
| factorization = [[prime number|prime]]
| prime = 21st
| divisor = 1, 73
}}

'''73''' ('''seventy-three''') is the [[natural number]] following [[72 (number)|72]] and preceding [[74 (number)|74]]. In English, it is the smallest natural number with twelve letters in its spelled out name.

==In mathematics==
'''73''' is:

* the 21st [[prime number]]. The previous is [[seventy-one]], with which it comprises the 8th [[twin prime]].
* a [[permutable prime]] with [[thirty-seven]].
* a [[star number]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oeis.org/A003154|title=Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers: 6*n*(n-1) + 1|last=|first=|date=|website=The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences|publisher=OEIS Foundation|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref>
* the largest minimal [[Primitive root modulo n|Primitive root]] in the first 100,000 primes. In other words, if ''p'' is one of the first 100,000 primes, then at least one of the primes 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ..., 73 is a primitive root modulo ''p''.
* the smallest prime [[Modular arithmetic#Congruence relation|congruent to]] 1 modulo 24.
* an [[emirp]], meaning that the reverse of 73, that is, 37, is also a prime number.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oeis.org/A006567|title=Sloane's A006567 : Emirps|last=|first=|date=|website=The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences|publisher=OEIS Foundation|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> 73 is the 21st prime number while 37 is the 12th prime number.
* the smallest prime with a [[composite number|composite]] sum of digits, in base 5.
* palindromic in bases 2 (10010012) and 8 (1118).
* 73 is the only prime [[repunit]] in [[base 8]] (1118).
* 73 is the smallest factor of the first [[Composite number|composite]] [[generalized Fermat number]] in base 10 (104 + 1 = 10,001 = 73 × 137).
Also:
* The number 21 has prime factors 7 and 3. The number 21 in binary is 10101; 7 in binary is 111, 3 in binary is 11, and seventy-three in binary is 1001001. All of these are [[palindromes]]. In addition, of the '''7''' binary digits representing 73, there are '''3''' ones. Also, 37 + 12 = 49 (seven squared) and 73 + 21 = 94 = 47 × 2, 47 + 2 also being equal to seven squared. Additionally, both 73 and its mirror, 37, are [[sexy prime]]s twice over, as 31, 43, 67 and 79 are all prime numbers.
* Every [[positive integer]] can be written as the [[summation|sum]] of 73 or fewer sixth powers (see [[Waring's problem]]).
* Sheldon Cooper's favorite number.

==In science==
*The [[atomic number]] of [[tantalum]]

'''In [[astronomy]]''',

: [[Messier object]] [[Messier 73|M73]], a [[visual magnitude|magnitude]] 9.0 apparent [[open cluster]] in the [[constellation]] [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]

: The [[New General Catalogue]] [http://www.ngcic.org/ object] NGC 73, a [[barred spiral galaxy]] in the constellation [[Cetus]]

:The [[Saros number|Saros]] [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros1-175.html number] of the [[solar eclipse]] series which began on 717 BC July and ended on 582 September. The duration of Saros series 73 was 1298.1 years, and it contained 73 [[solar eclipses]].

:The number of [[second]]s it took for the Space Shuttle Challenger [[OV-099]] shuttle to [[Challenger disaster|explode]] after launch.

* 73 is the number of rows in the 1,679-bit [[Arecibo message]], sent to space in search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

==In other fields==
'''73''' is also:
*the number of days in 1/5 of a non-leap year.
*The year AD '''[[73]]''', [[73 BC]], or [[1973]].
*The number of books in the [[Catholic]] [[Bible]].<ref>http://www.catholicbible101.com/thebible73or66books.htm</ref>
*[[Amateur radio operator]]s and other [[morse code]] users commonly use the number 73 as a [[92 Code|"92 Code" abbreviation]] for "best regards", typically when ending a [[Q code|QSO]] (a conversation with another operator). These codes also facilitate communication between operators who may not be native English speakers. [http://www.arrl.org/ham-radio-history] In [[Morse code]], 73 is an easily recognized palindrome ( - - · · · · · · - - ).
*''[[73 (magazine)|73]]'' (also known as ''73 Amateur Radio Today''), was an [[amateur radio]] magazine published from 1960 to 2003.
*73 was the number on the TV Torpedo Patrol (PT) boat in the TV show [[McHale's Navy]]
*The registry of the U.S. Navy's nuclear aircraft carrier [[USS George Washington (CVN-73)]], named after U.S. President [[George Washington]].
*''[[No. 73]]'' was the name of a 1980s children's television programme in the United Kingdom. It ran from 1982–1988 and starred [[Sandi Toksvig]]
*[[Pizza 73]] is a Canadian pizza chain with 51 stores
*Game show [[Match Game|Match Game '73]] in 1973
*[[Fender Rhodes]] Stage 73 Piano
*[[Sonnet 73]] by William Shakespeare
*The number of the French department [[Savoie]]
*On a CB radio, 10-73 means "speed trap at..."

==In sports==

* In international [[curling]] competitions, each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws.
* In [[baseball]], the single-season [[home run]] record set by [[Barry Bonds]] in 2001.
* In [[basketball]], the number of games the [[Golden State Warriors]] won in the 2015-16 season (73-9), the most wins in [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] history.
* NFL: [[New England Patriots]] John Hannah's retired No. 73
* NFL: [[New York Jets]] [[Joe Klecko]]'s retired No. 73
* NFL: [[San Francisco 49'ers]] [[Leo Nomellini]] retired No. 73
* NFL: In the [[1940 NFL Championship Game|1940 NFL championship game]], the Bears beat the Redskins 73–0, the largest score ever in an NFL game. (The Redskins won their previous regular season game, 7–3).
* The rhythmic clapping at sporting events that precedes "Let's Go!" is Morse code for "73", an abbreviation meaning "best regards". 73 was put at the end of 19th century telegraph conversations, as well as at the end of certain Ham radio exchanges. Clap-<pause>-clap-<pause>-clap-clap-clap<pause>clap clap clap <pause> equates to - - ...(7) ... - -(3).

==See also==
* [[List of highways numbered 73]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Integers|zero}}

[[Category:Integers|7 3]]

Pokémon Go

2016-07-11T01:09:45Z

Robertkeller: /* Safety concerns */

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=17:48, 13 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{cleanup|reason=Remove references from the lead and incorporate them into the main article.|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon Go
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = Niantic
| distributor = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine = [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{vgrelease new|AUS|July 6, 2016|US|July 6, 2016}}
| genre = [[Mixed reality game|Mixed reality]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer = [[Junichi Masuda]]
}}

'''''Pokémon Go''''' (stylized as '''''Pokémon GO''''') is a [[free-to-play]] [[Augmented reality|augmented reality]] mobile game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game was released in July 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/pokemon-go-is-available-now-on-android-devices/1100-6441523/|title=Pokemon Go Is Available Now on Android Devices|last=|first=|date=July 6, 2016|website=GameSpot|publisher=|access-date=July 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game allows players to capture, battle, train, and trade virtual [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> Although the game is free-to-play, it supports [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref> An optional [[wearable device]] that works alongside the game, called the Pokémon Go Plus, will be released in the future as a separate purchase. The device uses [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a Pokémon is nearby with an [[LED]] display and light vibration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vrfocus.com/2016/06/pokemon-go-gets-a-release-date/|title=Pokémon Go Gets A Release Date|website=VRFocus|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hngn.com/articles/201477/20160628/pokemon-go-release-date-news-and-price-preorder-now-available.htm|title=Pokemon Go Release Date News and Price: Preorder Now Available?|date=2016-06-28|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
[[File:Pokemon_Go_screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|Screenshot of the player in the [[augmented reality]] mode, catching a [[Meowth]]|upright=0.75]]
After logging into the app for the first time, the player has the opportunity to create an [[Avatar (computing)|avatar]]. The player can choose the avatar's gender, hair, skin and eye color and can choose from a number of outfits. After creating the avatar, it will be displayed at the player's current location along with a map of the player's immediate surroundings. Features on the map may include a number of Pokéstops and Pokémon gyms. These are typically located at popular meeting places, such as memorials, places of worship, parks and tourist attractions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://attackofthefanboy.com/guides/pokemon-go-guide-pokestops-use/|title=Pokemon Go Guide: What Are Pokestops and How to Use Them|last=Hanson|first=Kyle|date=July 7, 2016|website=Attack of the Fanboy|publisher=|access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=July 2016}}

Players have to walk around in the real world to move their avatar in the game. Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon are found near water.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pokemon.com/us/pokemon-video-games/pokemon-go/|title=Pokémon GO|last=|first=|date=|website=The Pokémon Company|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref> When a player encounters a Pokémon, they may view it in either Augmented Reality mode or with a pre-rendered background. AR mode utilizes the camera and gyroscope on the player's mobile device to display an image of a Pokémon as though it were in the real world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design|last=Takahashi|first=Dean|date=December 16, 2015|work=[[VentureBeat]]|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}</ref> Players can also take pictures of the Pokémon using an in-game camera that they encounter both with and without the AR mode activated.<ref name=":0" />

Unlike other installments in the Pokémon series, players in Pokémon Go do not battle wild Pokémon to capture them. Rather, the game relies on a unique capture system where the player must throw a pokéball with the right force and at the right time to make a successful catch. After capturing a wild Pokémon the player is awarded two types of in-game currencies: candies and stardust. The candies awarded by a successful catch depends on what evolutionary chain a Pokémon belongs to. A player can use stardust and candies to raise a Pokémon's "combat power" (CP). However, only candies are needed to evolve a Pokémon. Each Pokémon evolution tree has its own type of candy which can only be used to evolve or level up. The player can also transfer the Pokémon back to the Pokémon Professor to earn one more candy and create room for more Pokémon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/pokemon-go-tips-how-level-and-evolve-your-mon-544246|title=‘Pokémon Go’ Tips: How To Level Up And Evolve Your ‘Mon|last=Martinez|first=Philip|date=July 6, 2016|website=iDigitalTimes|publisher=[[IBT Media]]|access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>

Players earn experience points for a number of in-game actions. As the player earns experience points, they will raise in level. At level five the player is able to battle at a Pokémon gym and join one of three teams (red, blue or yellow) which act as larger factions within the Pokémon Go world. If a player enters a Pokémon gym that is controlled by a player that is not part of their team, they can challenge the leader to lower the gym's "prestige". Once the prestige of a gym is lowered to zero then the player will take control of the gym and is able to deposit one Pokémon to defend it. Similarly, a team can upgrade the prestige of a gym under their control by battling the gym leader.<ref name=":0" />

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]] as an [[April Fools' Day]] collaboration with [[Google]] called Pokémon Challenge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/googles-april-fools-prank-puts-pokemon-in-the-real-world/|title=Google's April Fools' prank puts Pokemon in the real world|website=CNET|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref> with Tatsuo Nomura of [[Google Maps]], who then became a senior project manager at Niantic, at the center of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/06/10/living-the-trainer-life-with-pokemon-go/|title=Living the trainer life with 'Pokmon Go'|website=Engadget|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqbsdqjgj-k|title=Pokémon GO - Demonstration - Nintendo E3 2016 |website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|at=3m 26s}}</ref> In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who had died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|first=Brian|last= Crecente|date=July 12, 2015|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test was later expanded to other countries.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> On April 7, it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> Then, on May 16, the signups for the field test were opened to the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-fieldtest-us/|title=Pokémon GO field testing expands to the United States|publisher=Niantic Labs|date=16 May 2016|author=The Pokémon GO Development Team|accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-ft-us-start/|title=Pedersoli, Tiziano (26 May 2016). Warmer! Closer!|website=www.nianticlabs.com|access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref> On June 27, The Pokémon Company announced that the test would come to an end on June 30.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dornbush|first1=Jonathan|title=Pokémon Go Period Ending This Week|url=http://m.ign.com/articles/2016/06/27/pokemon-go-beta-period-ending-this-week|website=IGN|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref>

The game was officially released in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand on July 6, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Jason|title=Pokémon Go launches in U.S. on iOS and Android|url=http://venturebeat.com/2016/07/06/pokemon-go-launches-worldwide-on-ios-and-android/|website=Venture Beat|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Matulef|first1=Jeffrey|title=Pokémon GO is out now in Australia and New Zealand|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-07-06-pokemon-go-is-out-now-in-japan-australia-and-new-zealand|website=Eurogamer|accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref> Due to server strain from high demand upon release, Niantic CEO John Hanke stated that the release in most other regions was "paused until we're comfortable" fixing the issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pokemon Go's International Rollout Paused as Servers Suffer Issues [UPDATE]|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/pokemon-gos-international-rollout-paused-as-server/1100-6441650|website=Gamespot|accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Pokémon Go' international rollout will be 'paused' as players overload the system|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/pokemon-go-international-rollout-paused-2016-7|website=Business Insider|accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref>

===Pokémon Go Plus===
The ''Pokémon Go'' Plus is a [[Bluetooth low energy]] wearable device that allows the player to walk without looking at their smart device.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokemongo.com/en-us/pokemon-go-plus/|title=Pokémon GO Plus {{!}} Pokémon GO|website=www.pokemongo.com|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref> The Go Plus was designed to allow a more "heads-up" experience than ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} When the player is near a Pokémon, the Plus vibrates. The player can then press the buttons to capture the Pokémon. The player cannot check what they've caught until it is connected to a mobile device or a tablet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/view-all/ |title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design|last=Takahashi|first=Dean|date=December 16, 2015|work=[[VentureBeat]]|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}</ref> It is set for release sometime in July 2016.<ref name="techcrunchrelease">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/06/pokemon-go-is-launching-on-ios-and-android-today/|title=Pokémon Go is launching on iOS and Android today|first=Jon|last=Russell|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=9 July 2016|date=6 July 2016}}</ref> The device's teardrop design<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latintimes.com/pokemon-go-plus-release-date-news-preorders-bluetooth-device-now-available-392234 |title='Pokémon Go' Plus Release Date News: Preorders For Bluetooth Device Now Available |publisher=Latintimes.com |date=2016-06-28 |accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> is similar to that of the [[Google Maps pin]].

==Reception==
Upon 24 hours after its release, ''Pokémon Go'' topped the American [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]'s "Top Grossing" and "Free" charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/07/07/pokemon-go-is-the-top-grossing-app-on-the-us-app-store|title=Pokemon GO Is the Top Grossing App on the US App Store|last=Osborn|first=By Alex|website=IGN|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/pokemon-go-tips-how-buying-pokecoins-makes-nintendo-richer-2389963|title=Pokémon GO Tips: How Buying PokéCoins Makes Nintendo Richer|date=2016-07-07|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref> Investors were buoyed by the response to the release of Pokemon Go with Nintendo's share price rising 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nintendo shares soar as new Pokemon mobile game captures hearts |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nintendo-stocks-idUSKCN0ZO059 |work=Reuters |date=8 July 2016 |accessdate=2016-07-10}}</ref>

[[Pocket Gamer]] awarded it a score of 9 out of 10, saying "Despite its problems, Pokémon GO is an immensely enjoyable experience."<ref>Dayus, Oscar, "Pokémon GO review - GO outside and play it" <http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPad/Pokemon+GO/review.asp?c=70656>. [[Pocket Gamer]]. Accessed 10 July 2016.</ref>

===Safety concerns===
Within its first two days of release, ''Pokémon Go'' raised safety concerns among players. On launch day, the [[Northern Territory Police, Fire and Emergency Services]] reminded players to "look up, away from your phone and both ways before crossing the street".<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Territory Police, Fire and Emergency Services|url=https://www.facebook.com/143359822402689/photos/a.155432537862084.40926.143359822402689/1141877905884204/|website=Facebook|accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref> Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted,<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan Nakashinma|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=July 8, 2016|accessdate=July 9, 2016|title=Players in hunt for Pokemon Go monsters feel real-world pain|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/celebrities/article88556162.html|location=Los Angeles, California}}</ref> and players in isolated areas such as parking lots have been targeted by armed robbers using the app themselves.<ref name="Pokémon GO Players Targetted by Armed Robbers">{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/10/police-pokemon-go-used-to-target-armed-robbery-victims/ | title=Police: Pokemon Go has been used to target armed-robbery victims | publisher=The Washington Post | date=2016-07-10 | accessdate=2016-07-10 | author=Peterson, Andrea}}</ref> Furthermore, the app led players to congregate near strangers' homes, as in the case when a Pokémon Gym was placed near the house of a [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]] man who lived in a converted church.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=Man’s house accidentally becomes a Pokemon Go gym, endures living hell|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/gaming/pokemon-go-man-s-house-accidentally-turned-into-a-gym-causing-huge-problems-a7129756.html|accessdate=10 July 2016|date=10 July 2016}}</ref> In O'Fallon, Missouri, 11 teens became victims of an armed robbery by four individuals in a black BMW at a shopping centre. The four suspects were apprehended by O'Fallon Police Department officers later that evening, who explained how they were able to lure the teens using beacon. <ref>http://motherboard.vice.com/read/pokmon-go-led-11-teens-right-into-an-armed-robbery?utm_source=mbfb</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]], another augmented reality video game developed by Niantic

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon Go}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:iOS games]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]

The Big Lebowski

2016-07-10T01:08:48Z

Robertkeller: Wording changes

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Big Lebowski
| image = Biglebowskiposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joel Coen]]
| producer = [[Ethan Coen]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Ethan Coen
* Joel Coen
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jeff Bridges]]
* [[John Goodman]]
* [[Julianne Moore]]
* [[Steve Buscemi]]
* [[David Huddleston]]
* [[John Turturro]]
}}
| music = [[Carter Burwell]]
| cinematography = [[Roger Deakins]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
* [[Roderick Jaynes]]
* [[Tricia Cooke]]
}}
| production companies= {{plainlist|
* [[Working Title Films]]
* [[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment]]
}}
| distributor = [[Gramercy Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1998|3|6}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/442771/Big-Lebowski-The/|publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|title=The Big Lebowski|accessdate=October 19, 2015}}</ref>
| language = English
| budget = $15 million
| gross = $46.2 million<ref name="numbers"/>
}}
'''''The Big Lebowski''''' is a 1998 American [[crime film|crime]] [[comedy film]], written, produced, and directed by [[Coen brothers|Joel and Ethan Coen]]. It stars [[Jeff Bridges]] as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a [[Los Angeles]] [[slacker]] and avid [[bowling|bowler]]. After he is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity, The Dude learns a millionaire also named Jeffrey Lebowski was the intended victim. When the millionaire Lebowski's [[trophy wife]] is kidnapped, he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release but the plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak ([[John Goodman]]) schemes to keep the ransom money. [[Julianne Moore]] and [[Steve Buscemi]] also star, with [[David Huddleston]], [[John Turturro]], [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]], [[Sam Elliott]] and [[Tara Reid]] appearing in supporting roles.

The film is loosely inspired by the work of [[Raymond Chandler]]. Joel Coen stated: "We wanted to do a Chandler kind of story – how it moves episodically, and deals with the characters trying to unravel a mystery, as well as having a hopelessly complex plot that's ultimately unimportant."<ref name="The Big Sleep"/> The [[film score|original score]] was composed by [[Carter Burwell]], a longtime collaborator of the Coen Brothers.

''The Big Lebowski'' was a disappointment at the U.S. box office and received mixed reviews at the time of its release. Over time, however, reviews have tended towards the positive, and the film has become a [[cult film|cult favorite]],<ref name="avclub"/> noted for its idiosyncratic characters, dream sequences, unconventional dialogue, and eclectic soundtrack.<ref name="russell"/> In 2014, the Library of Congress added ''The Big Lebowski'' to the [[National Film Registry]] of films deemed to be of "cultural, historical, or aesthetic significance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/big-lebowski-ferris-buellers-day-off-added-to-national-film-registry-20141217|title='Big Lebowski,' 'Ferris Bueller' Added to National Film Registry - Rolling Stone|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = New Films Added to National Registry {{!}} News Releases - Library of Congress|url = http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2014/14-210.html|website = Library of Congress|accessdate = 2015-10-01|date = December 17, 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1991<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/30-years-of-coens-the-big-lebowski/380220/|title=30 Years of Coens: The Big Lebowski|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5h91ZZemK0C&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Coen Brothers|work=google.com|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> [[Los Angeles]], slacker Jeff "the Dude" Lebowski ([[Jeff Bridges]]) is assaulted in his home by two hired goons ([[Mark Pellegrino]] and [[Philip Moon (actor)|Philip Moon]]) who demand money that the wife of a Jeffrey Lebowski owes to a man named Jackie Treehorn ([[Ben Gazzara]]). The two soon realize they have attacked the wrong Jeffrey Lebowski and leave, but not before one of them urinates on the Dude's rug.

The Dude meets his bowling friends, the timid Donny ([[Steve Buscemi]]) and the temperamental [[Vietnam veteran]] Walter Sobchak ([[John Goodman]]). Encouraged by Walter, the Dude approaches the other Jeffrey Lebowski ([[David Huddleston]]), the eponymous "Big Lebowski", a cantankerous elderly wheelchair-bound millionaire, to seek compensation for his ruined rug. Though his request is promptly refused, he craftily steals one of Lebowski's rugs by telling Brandt ([[Philip Seymour Hoffman]]), Lebowski's [[sycophant]]ic assistant, that his boss told him to take any rug in the house. The Dude subsequently meets Bunny ([[Tara Reid]]), Lebowski's young [[nymphomania]]cal [[trophy wife]].

Days later, Lebowski contacts the Dude stating that Bunny has been [[kidnapping|kidnapped]]. Lebowski wants the Dude to deliver a briefcase containing a million dollar [[ransom]] and see if he can recognize the culprits. Later, a different pair of thugs appear in the Dude's apartment, knock him unconscious, and take Lebowski's rug. When Bunny's kidnappers call to arrange delivery of the ransom, Walter suggests they give the kidnappers a [[List_of_sports_idioms#R|ringer]] instead, namely a briefcase filled with dirty underwear laundry. The kidnappers grab the ringer and leave. Later that night, the Dude's car is stolen, with the real ransom briefcase still inside.

Jeffrey Lebowski's daughter Maude ([[Julianne Moore]]) contacts the Dude and reveals she took the rug, explaining that Bunny is one of Jackie Treehorn's [[pornographic film star|porn star]]s. She reckons that Bunny "kidnapped" herself and asks the Dude to recover the ransom which Lebowski illegally withdrew from the family's [[foundation (nonprofit)|foundation]]. Lebowski is angry that the Dude failed to deliver the ransom and shows him a severed green-painted toe, allegedly belonging to Bunny, delivered by the kidnappers. Later, a gang of German [[nihilist]]s ([[Peter Stormare]], [[Torsten Voges]], and [[Flea (musician)|Flea]]) invade the Dude's apartment and threaten him, identifying themselves as the kidnappers. Maude says the German nihilists are actually Bunny's friends.

The Dude is forcibly brought before Treehorn, who asks about the whereabouts of Bunny and says he wants the money she owes him. He drugs the Dude's [[White Russian (cocktail)|White Russian]] [[cocktail]], leading to an unconscious dream sequence involving Maude and bowling. The Dude comes to in police custody, where he is verbally and physically assaulted by the [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] police chief. During the cab ride home, the Dude gets thrown out after he asks the cab driver to simply change the radio station. A red sports car zooms past and the viewer sees that Bunny is driving, with all her toes intact.

The Dude finds his bungalow completely trashed and is greeted by Maude, who seduces him. He figures that Treehorn drugged him so that his goons could look for the ransom money at the Dude's home. After Maude has sex with him, she says she hopes to conceive a child; the Dude is about to protest the idea of being a father but Maude tells him that he doesn't have to have a hand in the child's upbringing. Maude also explains that her father has no money: her mother was the wealthy one and she left her money exclusively to the family charity. The Dude later tells Walter that he now understands the whole story: when Lebowski—who apparently hated his wife—heard that Bunny was kidnapped, he withdrew money from the foundation, kept it for himself, and gave the Dude a briefcase without any money in it, saying that it contained a million dollar ransom. The kidnapping was also a ruse: when Bunny took an unannounced trip, her friends—the nihilists—purported a kidnapping to be able to extort money from Lebowski. They confront the Big Lebowski, who refuses to admit responsibility, but is thrown out of his wheelchair by Walter, who believes that he's faking his paralyses.

The affair apparently over, the Dude and his bowling teammates return to the bowling alley. When they leave, they are confronted in the parking lot by the nihilists who have set the Dude's car on fire. They once again demand the ransom money. After hearing what the Dude and Walter know, the nihilists try to mug them anyway. Walter violently overcomes all three, biting the ear off one of them. However, in the excitement, Donny suffers a fatal heart attack.

Walter and the Dude go to the beach to scatter Donny's ashes. Walter turns an informal eulogy into a tribute to the [[Vietnam War]]. After accidentally covering the Dude with Donny's ashes, and after a brief argument, Walter hugs him and says, "Come on, Dude. Fuck it, man. Let's go bowling." At the bowling alley, the story's narrator ([[Sam Elliott]]) tells the viewer that Maude is pregnant with a "little Lebowski" and expresses his hope that the Dude and Walter will win the bowling tournament.

==Cast==
* {{anchor|Bridges|Dude}}[[Jeff Bridges]] as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a bachelor [[slacker]] living in [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice]], a beach neighborhood of Los Angeles. The film's [[protagonist]], he enjoys [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]], [[White Russian (cocktail)|White Russians]], [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]], and [[Ten-pin bowling|bowling]]. Bridges had heard or was told by the Coen brothers that they had written a screenplay for him.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|27}}
* [[John Goodman]] as {{anchor|Walter Sobchak}} Walter Sobchak, a [[Vietnam veteran]], the Dude's best friend, and bowling teammate. Walter places the rules of bowling second in reverence only to the rules of his adopted religion, Judaism, as evidenced by his strict stance against "rolling" on [[shabbat|Shabbos]]. He has a violent temper, and is given to pulling out a handgun (or crowbar) in order to settle disputes. He says the [[Gulf War]] was all about oil and claims to have "dabbled" in [[pacifism]]. He constantly references Vietnam in conversations, much to the annoyance of the Dude. Walter was based, in part, on screenwriter and director [[John Milius]].<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|189}}
* [[Steve Buscemi]] as Theodore Donald "Donny" Kerabatsos, a member of Walter and the Dude's bowling team. [[wikt:naïve|Naïve]] and good-natured, Donny is an avid bowler and frequently interrupts Walter's diatribes to inquire about the parts of the story he missed or did not understand, provoking Walter's frequently repeated response, "Shut the fuck up, Donny!" This line is also a reference to ''[[Fargo (film)|Fargo]]'', the Coen brothers' previous film, in which Buscemi's character was constantly talking.<ref name="video"/>
* [[David Huddleston]] as Jeffrey Lebowski, the "Big" Lebowski of the movie's title, is a wheelchair-bound (he lost the use of his legs in the [[Korean War]]) apparent multi-millionaire who is married to Bunny and is Maude's father by his late wife. The film's primary [[antagonist]], he refers to the Dude dismissively as "a bum" and a "deadbeat" in the perspective of referencing the hippie lifestyle, and is obsessed with "achievement". Although he characterizes himself as highly successful and accomplished, it is revealed by Maude that he is simply "allowed" to run some of the philanthropic efforts of her mother’s estate, and that he actually does not have money of his own.
* [[Julianne Moore]] as Maude Lebowski, an [[avant-garde]] artist and feminist, whose work "has been commended as being strongly vaginal". Though fond of her mother—she took back the Dude's replacement rug due to it being a maternal family heirloom—her pursuits and lifestyle lead to a falling out with her conservative father. She may have introduced Bunny to Uli Kunkel. She helps the Dude along with his quest of finding Big Lebowski's missing money for the sake of her mother's estate, and in the end, beds the Dude solely to conceive a child, and wants nothing else to do with him. She is straightforward in manner, and has a very precise style of speaking.
* [[Tara Reid]] as Bunny Lebowski, the Big Lebowski's young gold digging "[[trophy wife]]". Born Fawn Knutson (correctly pronounced "Kuh-nootson"), she started as an attractive high school cheerleader and ran away from the family farm outside [[Moorhead, Minnesota]] to find stardom and riches in Los Angeles. She soon found herself making pornographic videos under the name "Bunny La Joya", and eventually led to her marriage with the Big Lebowski. According to Reid, [[Charlize Theron]] tried out for the role.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|72}}
* [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]] as Brandt, the Big Lebowski's personal assistant, who plays mediator between the two Lebowskis.
* [[Sam Elliott]] as The Stranger, an old-time cowboy, who is also the narrator, and who sees the story unfold from a third-party perspective. He has a thick, laid-back [[Texan English|Texas accent]]. Towards the end of the film he is seen in the bar of the bowling alley, enjoys "a good sarsaparilla," and converses directly with the Dude on two occasions. He expresses disapproval of The Dude's use of profanity and his laziness, and adds the qualifier "parts of it anyway" when speaking to the camera commenting that he enjoyed the story.
* [[Ben Gazzara]] as Jackie Treehorn, a wealthy [[Pornography|pornographer]] and [[loan shark]], who lives in [[Malibu, California|Malibu]], and employs the two thugs who assault the Dude at the beginning of the film. Bunny owes him a large sum of money. He states his disappointment of how the nature of the porno enterprise market has fallen from erotic romantic buildups and "the brain" to purely raunchy sexual material. The Dude describes him as a man who treats objects like women.
* [[Peter Stormare]], [[Torsten Voges]], and [[Flea (musician)|Flea]] play a group of [[Nihilism|nihilists]] (Uli Kunkel, Franz, and Kieffer, respectively). They are German musicians (Kunkel, as "Karl Hungus", appeared in a porn film with Bunny), who, along with Kunkel's girlfriend ([[Aimee Mann]]), pretend to be the ones who kidnapped Bunny. The character of Uli originated on the set of ''Fargo'' between Ethan Coen and Stormare, who often spoke in a mock German accent.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|57}}
* [[John Turturro]] as Jesus Quintana, an opponent of the Dude's team in the bowling league semifinals. A Latin American [[North Hollywood, Los Angeles|North Hollywood]] resident who speaks with a thick [[Cuban American]] accent, and often refers to himself in the third person as "the Jesus", using the English pronunciation of the name rather than the Spanish. According to Walter, he is a "[[Pederasty|pederast]]" who did six months in [[California Institution for Men|Chino]] for [[Indecent exposure|exposing himself]] to an 8-year-old. Turturro originally thought he was going to have a bigger role in the film; when he read the script, he realized the part was quite small. However, the Coen brothers let him come up with a lot of his own ideas for the character, like shining the bowling ball and the scene where he dances backwards, which he says was inspired by [[Muhammad Ali]].<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|44}}

===Minor characters===
* [[Jon Polito]] as Da Fino, a private investigator hired by Bunny's parents, the Knutsons, to entice their daughter back home. He mistakes the Dude for a "brother [[Private investigator|Shamus]]".
* [[David Thewlis]] as Knox Harrington, the video artist
* [[Mark Pellegrino]] as Treehorn's blond thug
* [[Philip Moon (actor)|Philip Moon]] as Woo, the rug-peeing "Chinaman"
* [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]] as Smokey
* [[Jack Kehler]] as Marty, the Dude's landlord
* [[Leon Russom]] as Kohl, Malibu police chief
* [[Dom Irrera]] as Tony the chauffeur
* [[Asia Carrera]] (''uncredited'') as the actress who co-starred with Bunny in the pornographic film ''Logjammin''
* [[Barry Asher]] (''uncredited'') as the bowler in the final scene. (He was also the bowling consultant for the film.)<ref name="OCRegBowling"/>

==Production==

===Development===
The Dude is mostly inspired by [[Jeff Dowd]], a man the Coen brothers met while they were trying to find distribution for their first feature, ''[[Blood Simple]]''.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|90}}<ref name="HuffPostDowd">{{Cite news| last = Boardman | first = Madeline | title = Jeff Dowd, Real 'Big Lebowski' Dude, Talks White Russians, Jeff Bridges And Bowling |work=The Huffington Post | date = March 6, 2013 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/06/jeff-dowd-real-big-lebowski-dude_n_2814930.html | access-date =April 24, 2015 }}</ref> Dowd had been a member of the [[Seattle Liberation Front|Seattle Seven]], liked to drink White Russians, and was known as "The Dude".<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|91–92}} The Dude was also partly based on a friend of the Coen brothers, Peter Exline (now a member of the faculty at [[University of Southern California|USC]]'s School of Cinematic Arts), a Vietnam War veteran who reportedly lived in a dump of an apartment and was proud of a little rug that "tied the room together".<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|188}} Exline knew [[Barry Sonnenfeld]] from [[New York University]] and Sonnenfeld introduced Exline to the Coen brothers while they were trying to raise money for ''Blood Simple''.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|97–98}} Exline became friends with the Coens and in 1989, told them all kinds of stories from his own life, including ones about his actor-writer friend Lewis Abernathy (one of the inspirations for Walter), a fellow Vietnam vet who later became a private investigator and helped him track down and confront a high school kid who stole his car.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|99}} As in the film, Exline's car was impounded by the Los Angeles Police Department and Abernathy found an 8th grader's homework under the passenger seat.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|100}} Exline also belonged to an amateur softball league but the Coens changed it to bowling in the film, because "it's a very social sport where you can sit around and drink and smoke while engaging in inane conversation".<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|195}} The Coens met filmmaker [[John Milius]], when they were in Los Angeles making ''[[Barton Fink]]'' and incorporated his love of guns and the military into the character of Walter.<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|189}} John Milius introduced the Coen Brothers to one of his best friends, Jim Ganzer, who would have been another source of inferences to create Jeff Bridges' character.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.artnet.com/people/the-quest-for-ed-ruschas-secret-artwork-inspires-a-film-228504|title=The Quest for Ed Ruscha's Rocky II - artnet News|first=Christie|last=Chu|date=January 23, 2015|work=artnet News|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Also known as the Dude,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openingceremony.us/entry.asp?pid=5493|title=The Real Dude: An Interview with Jim 'Jimmy'Z' Ganzer|work=openingceremony.us|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Ganzer and his gang, typical Malibu surfers, served as inspiration as well for Milius's film [[Big Wednesday|The Big Wednesday]].<ref>Sam Bleakley, J. S. Callahan, "Surfing Tropical Beats", Alison Hodge, 2012, p.133</ref>

According to Julianne Moore, the character of Maude was based on artist [[Carolee Schneemann]] "who worked naked from a swing" and on [[Yoko Ono]].<ref name="Ciment, Michel" />{{rp|156}} The character of Jesus Quintana was inspired, in part, by a performance the Coens had seen John Turturro give in 1988, at the Public Theater in a play called ''Mi Puta Vida'' in which he played a pederast-type character, "so we thought, let's make Turturro a pederast. It'll be something he can really run with," Joel said in an interview.<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|195}}

The film's overall structure was influenced by the detective fiction of [[Raymond Chandler]]. Ethan said, "We wanted something that would generate a certain narrative feeling – like a modern Raymond Chandler story, and that's why it had to be set in Los Angeles ... We wanted to have a narrative flow, a story that moves like a Chandler book through different parts of town and different social classes".<ref name="Levine, Josh"/> The use of the Stranger's voice-over also came from Chandler as Joel remarked, "He is a little bit of an audience substitute. In the movie adaptation of Chandler it's the main character that speaks off-screen, but we didn't want to reproduce that though it obviously has echoes. It's as if someone was commenting on the plot from an all-seeing point of view. And at the same time rediscovering the old earthiness of a [[Mark Twain]]."<ref name="Ciment, Michel" />{{rp|169}}

The significance of the bowling culture was, according to Joel, "important in reflecting that period at the end of the fifties and the beginning of the sixties. That suited the retro side of the movie, slightly anachronistic, which sent us back to a not-so-far-away era, but one that was well and truly gone nevertheless."<ref name="Ciment, Michel" />{{rp|170}}

===Screenplay===
''The Big Lebowski'' was written around the same time as ''Barton Fink''. When the Coen brothers wanted to make it, John Goodman was filming episodes for the ''[[Roseanne (TV series)|Roseanne]]'' television program and Jeff Bridges was making the [[Walter Hill (filmmaker)|Walter Hill]] film ''Wild Bill''. The Coens decided to make ''[[Fargo (film)|Fargo]]'' in the meantime.<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|189}} According to Ethan, "the movie was conceived as pivoting around that relationship between the Dude and Walter", which sprang from the scenes between Barton Fink and Charlie Meadows in ''Barton Fink''.<ref name="Ciment, Michel" />{{rp|169}} They also came up with the idea of setting the film in contemporary L.A., because the people who inspired the story lived in the area.<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|41}} When Pete Exline told them about the homework in a baggie incident, the Coens thought that that was very Raymond Chandler and decided to integrate elements of the author's fiction into their script. Joel Coen cites [[Robert Altman]]'s ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]'' as a primary influence on their film, in the sense that ''The Big Lebowski'' "is just kind of informed by Chandler around the edges".<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|43}} When they started writing the script, the Coens wrote only 40 pages and then let it sit for a while before finishing it. This is a normal writing process for them, because they often "encounter a problem at a certain stage, we pass to another project, then we come back to the first script. That way we've already accumulated pieces for several future movies."<ref name="Ciment, Michel" />{{rp|171}} In order to liven up a scene that they thought was too heavy on [[exposition (narrative)|exposition]], they added an "effete art-world hanger-on", known as Knox Harrington, late in the screenwriting process.<ref name="McCarthy, Phillip"/> In the original script, the Dude's car was a [[Chrysler LeBaron]], as Dowd had once owned, but that car was not big enough to fit John Goodman so the Coens changed it to a [[Ford Torino]].<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|93}}

===Pre-production===
[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment|PolyGram]] and [[Working Title Films]], who had funded ''Fargo'', backed ''The Big Lebowski'' with a budget of $15 million. In casting the film, Joel remarked, "we tend to write both for people we know and have worked with, and some parts without knowing who's going to play the role. In ''The Big Lebowski'' we did write for John [Goodman] and Steve [Buscemi], but we didn't know who was getting the Jeff Bridges role."<ref name="Woods, Paul"/> In preparation for his role, Bridges met Dowd but actually "drew on myself a lot from back in the Sixties and Seventies. I lived in a little place like that and did drugs, although I think I was a little more creative than the Dude."<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|188}} The actor went into his own closet with the film's wardrobe person and picked out clothes that he had thought the Dude might wear.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|27}} He wore his character's clothes home because most of them were his own.<ref name="Carr, Jay"/> The actor also adopted the same physicality as Dowd, including the slouching and his ample belly.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|93}} Originally, Goodman wanted a different kind of beard for Walter but the Coen brothers insisted on the "Gladiator" or what they called the "Chin Strap" and he thought it would go well with his [[flattop]] haircut.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|32}}

For the film's look, the Coens wanted to avoid the usual retro 1960s clichés like lava lamps, Day-Glo posters, and [[Grateful Dead]] music<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|95}} and for it to be "consistent with the whole bowling thing, we wanted to keep the movie pretty bright and poppy", Joel said in an interview.<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|191}} For example, the star motif featured predominantly throughout the film, started with the film's production designer Richard Heinrichs' design for the bowling alley. According to Joel, he "came up with the idea of just laying free-form neon stars on top of it and doing a similar free-form star thing on the interior". This carried over to the film's dream sequences. "Both dream sequences involve star patterns and are about lines radiating to a point. In the first dream sequence, the Dude gets knocked out and you see stars and they all coalesce into the overhead nightscape of L.A. The second dream sequence is an astral environment with a backdrop of stars", remembers Heinrichs.<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|191}} For Jackie Treehorn's Malibu beach house, he was inspired by late 1950s and early 1960s bachelor pad furniture. The Coen brothers told Heinrichs that they wanted Treehorn's beach party to be [[Inca]]-themed, with a "very Hollywood-looking party in which young, oiled-down, fairly aggressive men walk around with appetizers and drinks. So there's a very sacrificial quality to it."<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|91}}

Cinematographer [[Roger Deakins]] discussed the look of the film with the Coens during pre-production. They told him that they wanted some parts of the film to have a real and contemporary feeling and other parts, like the dream sequences, to have a very stylized look.<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|77}} Bill and Jacqui Landrum did all of the choreography for the film. For his dance sequence, [[Jack Kehler]] went through three three-hour rehearsals.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|27}} The Coen brothers offered him three to four choices of classical music for him to pick from and he chose [[Modest Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]''. At each rehearsal, he went through each phase of the piece.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|64}}

===Principal photography===
Actual filming took place over an eleven-week period with location shooting in and around Los Angeles, including all of the bowling sequences at the [[Hollywood Star Lanes]] (for three weeks)<ref name="Wloszcyna, Susan"/> and the Dude's [[Busby Berkeley]] dream sequences in a converted airplane hangar.<ref name="Levine, Josh" /> According to Joel, the only time they ever directed Bridges "was when he would come over at the beginning of each scene and ask, 'Do you think the Dude burned one on the way over?' I'd reply 'Yes' usually, so Jeff would go over in the corner and start rubbing his eyes to get them bloodshot."<ref name="Bergan, Ronald" />{{rp|195}} Julianne Moore was sent the script while working on ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]''. She worked only two weeks on the film, early and late during the production that went from January to April 1997<ref name="Arnold, Gary"/> while Sam Elliott was only on set for two days and did many takes of his final speech.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|46}}

===Architecture===
The scenes in Jackie Treehorn's house were shot in the [[Sheats Goldstein Residence]], designed by John Lautner and built in 1963 in the Hollywood Hills.<ref name="AutoTR-1"/>

Deakins described the look of the fantasy scenes as being very crisp, monochromatic, and highly lit in order to afford greater depth of focus. However, with the Dude's apartment, Deakins said, "it's kind of seedy and the light's pretty nasty" with a grittier look. The visual bridge between these two different looks was how he photographed the night scenes. Instead of adopting the usual blue moonlight or blue street lamp look, he used an orange sodium-light effect.<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|79}} The Coen brothers shot a lot of the film with wide-angle lens because, according to Joel, it made it easier to hold focus for a greater depth and it made camera movements more dynamic.<ref name="Robertson, William" />{{rp|82}}

To achieve the point-of-view of a rolling bowling ball the Coen brothers mounted a camera "on something like a barbecue spit", according to Ethan, and then dollied it along the lane. The challenge for them was figuring out the relative speeds of the forward motion and the rotating motion. [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] was used to create the vantage point of the thumb hole in the bowling ball.<ref name="Arnold, Gary" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album 
| Name = The Big Lebowski: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| Type = Soundtrack
| Artist = Various artists
| Cover =
| Released = February 24, 1998
| Recorded =
| Genre = Rock, [[Classical music|classical]], [[jazz]], [[Country music|country]], [[Folk music|folk]], pop
| Length = 51:46
| Label = [[Mercury Records|Mercury]]
| Producer = [[T-Bone Burnett]], [[Joel Coen]], [[Ethan Coen]]
| Chronology = [[Coen Brothers]] film soundtracks
| Last album = ''[[Fargo (soundtrack)|Fargo]] (1996)
| This album = '''''The Big Lebowski''''' (1998)
| Next album = ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)|O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000)
}}
The [[film score|original score]] was composed by [[Carter Burwell]], a veteran of all the [[Coen Brothers]]' films. While the Coens were writing the screenplay they had Kenny Rogers' "Just Dropped In (to See What Condition My Condition Was in)", the [[Gipsy Kings]]' cover of "[[Hotel California]]", and several [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] songs in mind.<ref name="Greene"/> They asked [[T-Bone Burnett]] (who would later work with the Coens on ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' and ''[[Inside Llewyn Davis]]'') to pick songs for the soundtrack of the film. They knew that they wanted different genres of music from different times but, as Joel remembers, "T-Bone even came up with some far-out Henry Mancini and Yma Sumac."<ref name="Altman"/> Burnett was able to secure the rights to the songs by Kenny Rogers and the Gipsy Kings and also added tracks by [[Captain Beefheart]], [[Moondog]] and the rights to a relatively obscure [[Bob Dylan]] song called "The Man in Me".<ref name="Greene"/> However, he had a tough time securing the rights to Townes Van Zandt's cover of [[the Rolling Stones]]' "Dead Flowers", which plays over the film's closing credits. Former Stones manager [[Allen Klein]] owned the rights to the song and wanted $150,000 for it. Burnett convinced Klein to watch an early cut of the film and remembers, "It got to the part where the Dude says, 'I hate the fuckin' [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]], man!' Klein stands up and says, 'That's it, you can have the song!' That was beautiful."<ref name="Greene"/><ref name="flowers"/> Burnett was going to be credited on the film as "Music Supervisor", but asked his credit to be "Music Archivist" because he "hated the notion of being a supervisor; I wouldn't want anyone to think of me as management".<ref name="Altman"/>

For Joel, "the original music, as with other elements of the movie, had to echo the retro sounds of the Sixties and early Seventies".<ref name="Ciment, Michel"/>{{rp|156}} Music defines each character. For example, "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" by Bob Nolan was chosen for the Stranger at the time the Coens wrote the screenplay, as was "Lujon" by [[Henry Mancini]] for Jackie Treehorn. "The German nihilists are accompanied by techno-pop and Jeff Bridges by Creedence. So there's a musical signature for each of them", remarked Ethan in an interview.<ref name="Ciment, Michel" />{{rp|156}}
The character Uli Kunkel was in the German electronic band Autobahn, a homage to the band [[Kraftwerk]]. The album cover of their record ''Nagelbett'' (''bed of nails'') is a parody of the Kraftwerk album cover for ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' and the group name Autobahn shares the name of a Kraftwerk [[Autobahn (song)|song]] and [[Autobahn (album)|album]]. In the lyrics the phrase "We believe in nothing" is repeated with electronic distortion. This is a reference to Autobahn's nihilism in the film.<ref name="burwell"/>
{{tracklist
|writing_credits= yes
|extra_column= Performer
|title1= [[The Man in Me]]
|writer1= [[Bob Dylan]]
|extra1= Dylan
|title2= [[Clear Spot|Her Eyes Are a Blue Million Miles]]
|writer2= [[Captain Beefheart]]
|extra2= Beefheart
|title3= My Mood Swings
|writer3= [[Elvis Costello]] and [[Cait O'Riordan]]
|extra3= Costello
|title4= [[Voice of the Xtabay|Ataypura]]
|writer4= Moises Vivanco
|extra4= [[Yma Sumac]]
|title5= Traffic Boom
|writer5= [[Piero Piccioni]]
|extra5= Piccioni
|title6= I Got It Bad & That Ain't Good
|writer6= [[Duke Ellington]] and [[Paul Francis Webster]]
|extra6= [[Nina Simone]]
|title7= Stamping Ground
|note7= The track actually includes two songs, starting with "Theme", which then leads to "Stamping Ground"
|writer7= [[Moondog]]
|extra7= Moondog
|title8= [[Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)]]
|writer8= [[Mickey Newbury]]
|extra8= [[Kenny Rogers]] & [[The First Edition (band)|The First Edition]]
|title9= Walking Song
|writer9= [[Meredith Monk]]
|extra9= Monk
|title10= [[Glück das mir verblieb]]" from ''[[Die tote Stadt]]
|writer10= [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]]
|extra10= Ilona Steingruber, [[Anton Dermota]] and the Austrian State Radio Orchestra
|title11= [[Lujon]]
|writer11= [[Henry Mancini]]
|extra11= Mancini
|title12= [[Hotel California]]
|writer12= [[Don Henley]], [[Glenn Frey]] and [[Don Felder]]
|extra12= The [[Gipsy Kings]]
|title13= Technopop (Wie Glauben)
|writer13= [[Carter Burwell]]
|extra13= Burwell
|title14= [[Dead Flowers (Rolling Stones song)|Dead Flowers]]
|writer14= [[Mick Jagger]] and [[Keith Richards]]
|extra14= [[Townes van Zandt]]
}}
{{tracklist
|headline= Other music used (not on soundtrack album)
|collapsed= yes
|writing_credits= yes
|extra_column= Performer
|title1= [[Tumbling Tumbleweeds]]
|writer1= [[Bob Nolan]]
|extra1= [[Sons of the Pioneers]]
|title2= Mucha Muchacha
|writer2= [[Juan García Esquivel]]
|extra2= Esquivel
|title3= I Hate You
|writer3= Gary Burger, David Havlicek, Roger Johnston, Thomas E. Shaw and Larry Spangler
|extra3= [[The Monks]]
|title4= [[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem in D Minor]]: Introitus and Lacrimosa
|writer4= [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
|extra4= The [[Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra]] and Choir
|title5= [[Run Through the Jungle]]
|writer5= [[John Fogerty]]
|extra5= [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
|title6= Behave Yourself
|writer6= [[Booker T. Jones]], [[Steve Cropper]], [[Al Jackson, Jr.]] and Lewie Steinberg
|extra6= [[Booker T. & the MG's]]
|title7= [[Standing on the Corner (show tune)|Standing on the Corner]]
|writer7= [[Frank Loesser]]
|extra7= [[Dean Martin]]
|title8= [[Tammy (song)|Tammy]]
|writer8= [[Jay Livingston]] and [[Ray Evans]]
|extra8= [[Debbie Reynolds]]
|title9= We Venerate Thy Cross
|writer9= traditional
|extra9= The Rustavi Choir
|title10= [[Lookin' Out My Back Door]]
|writer10= John Fogerty
|extra10= Creedence Clearwater Revival
|title11= Gnomus
|note11= from ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]''
|writer11= [[Modest Mussorgsky]], arranged for orchestra by [[Maurice Ravel]].
|title12= [[Oye Como Va]]
|writer12= [[Tito Puente]]
|extra12= [[Carlos Santana|Santana]]
|title13= Piacere Sequence
|writer13= Teo Usuelli
|extra13= Usuelli
|title14= [[Branded (TV series)|Branded]] Theme Song
|writer14= Alan Alch and [[Dominic Frontiere]]
|title15= [[Peaceful Easy Feeling]]
|writer15= [[Jack Tempchin]]
|extra15= [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]
|title16= [[Viva Las Vegas (song)|Viva Las Vegas]]
|writer16= [[Doc Pomus]] and [[Mort Shuman]]
|extra16= [[ZZ Top]] (with Bunny Lebowski); and [[Shawn Colvin]] (closing credits).
|title17= Dick on a Case
|writer17= Carter Burwell
|extra17= Burwell
}}

==Reception==
''The Big Lebowski'' received its world premiere at the 1998 [[Sundance Film Festival]] on January 18, 1998 at the 1,300-capacity Eccles Theater. It was also screened at the [[48th Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref name="Berlinale"/><ref name="Variety"/> before opening in North America on March 6, 1998 in 1,207 theaters. It grossed USD $5.5 million on its opening weekend, grossing US$17 million in the United States, just above its US$15 million budget. The film's worldwide gross outside of the US was $28 million, bringing its worldwide gross to $46,189,568.<ref name="boxoffice"/>

Many critics and audiences have likened the film to a modern [[Western (genre)|Western]], while many others dispute this, or liken it to a crime novel that revolves around [[mistaken identity]] plot devices.<ref name="comentale"/> Peter Howell, in his review for the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', wrote: "It's hard to believe that this is the work of a team that won an Oscar last year for the original screenplay of ''Fargo''. There's a large amount of profanity in the movie, which seems a weak attempt to paper over dialogue gaps."<ref name="Howell, Peter"/> Howell revised his opinion in a later review, and more recently stated that "it may just be my favourite Coen Bros. film."<ref name="howell">{{cite web|last=Howell|first=Peter|title=Howell: I love The Big Lebowski – even though the Wikipedia says I don’t|url=http://www.thestar.com/article/1020896--howell-i-love-the-big-lebowski-even-though-the-wikipedia-says-i-don-t|work=The Star|publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers|date = July 7, 2011}}</ref>

Todd McCarthy in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine wrote: "One of the film's indisputable triumphs is its soundtrack, which mixes Carter Burwell's original score with classic pop tunes and some fabulous covers."<ref name="McCarthy"/> ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film three out of four stars and felt that the Dude was "too passive a hero to sustain interest", but that there was "enough startling brilliance here to suggest that, just like the Dude, those smarty-pants Coens will abide".<ref name="Wloszczyna, Susan"/>

In his review for the ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[Desson Thomson|Desson Howe]] praised the Coens and "their inspired, absurdist taste for weird, peculiar Americana – but a sort of neo-Americana that is entirely invented – the Coens have defined and mastered their own bizarre subgenre. No one does it like them and, it almost goes without saying, no one does it better."<ref name="Howe, Desson"/>

[[Janet Maslin]] praised Bridges' performance in her review for ''[[The New York Times]]'': "Mr. Bridges finds a role so right for him that he seems never to have been anywhere else. Watch this performance to see shambling executed with nonchalant grace and a seemingly out-to-lunch character played with fine comic flair."<ref name="Maslin, Janet"/> [[Andrew Sarris]], in his review for the ''[[New York Observer]]'', wrote: "The result is a lot of laughs and a feeling of awe toward the craftsmanship involved. I doubt that there'll be anything else like it the rest of this year."<ref name="Sarris, Andrew"/> In a five star review for ''[[Empire Magazine]]'', Ian Nathan wrote: "For those who delight in the Coens' divinely abstract take on reality, this is pure nirvana" and "In a perfect world all movies would be made by the Coen brothers."<ref name="nathan"/> Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, describing it as "weirdly engaging".<ref name="ebert"/> In a 2010 review, Ebert gave ''The Big Lebowski'' four stars out of four and added the film to his "Great Movies" list.<ref name="ebert2" />

However, [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] wrote in the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'': "To be sure, ''The Big Lebowski'' is packed with show-offy filmmaking and as a result is pretty entertaining. But insofar as it represents a moral position–and the Coens' relative styling of their figures invariably does–it's an elitist one, elevating salt-of-the-earth types like Bridges and Goodman ... over everyone else in the movie."<ref name="Rosenbaum, Jonathan"/> Dave Kehr, in his review for the ''Daily News'', criticized the film's premise as a "tired idea, and it produces an episodic, unstrung film".<ref name="Kehr, Dave"/> ''[[The Guardian]]'' criticized the film as "a bunch of ideas shoveled into a bag and allowed to spill out at random. The film is infuriating, and will win no prizes. But it does have some terrific jokes."<ref name="Guardian"/>

''The Big Lebowski'' currently holds an approval rating of 81% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Typically stunning visuals and sharp dialogue from the Coen Brothers, brought to life with strong performances from Goodman and Bridges."<ref name="tomato"/>

==Legacy==
Since its original release, ''The Big Lebowski'' has become a [[cult film|cult classic]].<ref name="russell"/> Ardent fans of the film call themselves "achievers".<ref name="OCRegBowling">{{Cite news| last = Larsen | first = Peter | title = Bringing the bowling to 'The Big Lebowski' |work=The Orange County Register | date = March 21, 2013 | url = http://www.ocregister.com/articles/asher-500841-bowling-lebowski.html | accessdate =March 20, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="LATimesAchievers">{{Cite news| last = Timberg | first = Scott | title = 'The Achievers: The Story of the Lebowski Fans' explores The Dude phenomenon |work=Los Angeles Times | date = July 30, 2009 | url = http://www.latimes.com/la-et-lebowski30-2009jul30-story.html#page=1 | accessdate =March 20, 2015 }}</ref> Steve Palopoli wrote about the film's emerging cult status in July 2002.<ref name="Palopoli, Steve"/> He first realized that the film had a [[cult following]] when he attended a midnight screening in 2000 at the [[New Beverly Cinema]] in Los Angeles and witnessed people quoting dialogue from the film to each other.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|129}} Soon after the article appeared, the programmer for a local midnight film series in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] decided to screen ''The Big Lebowski'' and on the first weekend they had to turn away several hundred people. The theater held the film over for six weeks, which had never happened before.<ref name="Green, Bill" />{{rp|130}}

[[File:Moore and Bridges Lebowskifest.jpg|thumb|Stars [[Julianne Moore]] and [[Jeff Bridges]] at the 2011 [[Lebowski Fest]]]]
An annual festival, [[Lebowski Fest]], began in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], United States in 2002 with 150 fans showing up, and has since expanded to several other cities.<ref name="Hoggard, Liz"/> The festival's main event each year is a night of unlimited bowling with various contests including costume, trivia, hardest- and farthest-traveled contests. Held over a weekend, events typically include a pre-fest party with bands the night before the bowling event as well as a day-long outdoor party with bands, vendor booths and games. Various celebrities from the film have even attended some of the events, including [[Jeff Bridges]] who attended the Los Angeles event.<ref name="Hoggard, Liz"/> The British equivalent, inspired by Lebowski Fest, is known as The Dude Abides and is held in London.<ref name="Hodgkinson, Will"/>

[[Dudeism]], a religion devoted largely to spreading the philosophy and lifestyle of the film's main character, was founded in 2005. Also known as ''The Church of the Latter-Day Dude'', the organization has ordained over 220,000 "Dudeist Priests" all over the world via its website.<ref name="Anderman, Joan"/>

Two species of African spider are named after the film and main character: ''[[Anelosimus biglebowski]]'' and ''[[Anelosimus dude]]'', both described in 2006.<ref name='az06'>{{cite journal| first1 = Ingi | last1 = Agnarsson | first2 = Jun-Xia | last2 = Zhang | title = New species of ''Anelosimus'' (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1147 |pages=8, 13 | url = http://www.theridiidae.com/uploads/6/6/8/0/6680387/agnarssonandzhang2006.pdf}}</ref> Additionally, an extinct [[Permian]] conifer genus is named after the film in honor of its creators. The first species described within this genus in 2007 is based on 270-million-year-old plant fossils from Texas, and is called ''Lebowskia grandifolia''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Looy|first=Cindy V.|date=2007-07-01|title=Extending the Range of Derived Late Paleozoic Conifers: Lebowskia gen. nov. (Majonicaceae)|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/518256|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=168|issue=6|pages=957–972|doi=10.1086/518256|issn=1058-5893}}</ref>

''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ranked it 8th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list.<ref name="ewtop25"/> The film was also ranked No. 34 on their list of "The Top 50 Cult Films"<ref name="EWCult"/> and ranked No. 15 on the magazine's "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list.<ref name="EWCult25"/> In addition, the magazine also ranked The Dude No. 14 in their "The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years" poll.<ref name="ewtop100"/> The film was also nominated for the prestigious [[Grand Prix (Belgian Film Critics Association)|Grand Prix]] of the [[Belgian Film Critics Association]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.lesoir.be/breves_t-19990112-Z0G80N.html|title="Hana Bi": grand prix U.C.C.|journal=[[Le Soir]]|date=January 12, 1999|page=10|accessdate=October 26, 2012|language=French}}</ref> ''The Big Lebowski'' was voted as the 10th best film set in Los Angeles in the last 25 years by a group of ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' writers and editors with two criteria: "The movie had to communicate some inherent truth about the L.A. experience, and only one film per director was allowed on the list."<ref name="boucher"/> ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine ranked Walter Sobchak No. 49 and the Dude No. 7 in their "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters" poll.<ref name="EmpirePoll"/> [[Roger Ebert]] added ''The Big Lebowski'' to his list of "Great Movies" in March 2010.<ref name="ebert2"/>

John Turturro has suggested a number of times that he would be interested in doing a spin-off film using his character Jesus Quintana. If the project got off the ground, the Coens would not direct it but may have a part in writing it.<ref name="Turturro AV club"/>

===Use as social and political analysis===
The film has been used as a tool for analysis on a number of issues. In September 2008, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' published an article which interpreted ''The Big Lebowski'' as a political critique. The center piece of this viewpoint was that Walter Sobchak is "a [[neocon]]", citing the film's references to then President [[George H. W. Bush]] and the first [[Gulf War]].<ref name="WalterNeocon"/>

A journal article by Brian Wall, published in the feminist journal ''[[Camera Obscura (journal)|Camera Obscura]]'' uses the film to explain [[Karl Marx]]'s [[commodity fetishism]] and the feminist consequences of [[sexual fetishism]].<ref>Wall, Brian 2008, '“Jackie Treehorn Treats Objects Like Women!”: Two Types of Fetishism in The Big Lebowski', Camera Obscura, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 111–135</ref>

It has been used as a [[Carnivalesque]] critique of society, as an analysis on war and ethics, as a narrative on mass communication and US militarism and other issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Paul |last2=Renegar |first2=Valeria |title="The Man for His Time" The Big Lebowski as Carnivalesque Social Critique |journal=Communication Studies |publisher=tandfonline.com/ |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=299–313 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10510970701518397 |doi=10.1080/10510970701518397}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sub.uwpress.org/content/34/2/98.citation |title="This Aggression Will Not Stand": Myth, War, and Ethics in The Big Lebowski |publisher=Sub.uwpress.org |date=2005-01-01 |accessdate=2012-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00641.x/full |title=Part Three Representing Automobility: No literal connection: images of mass commodification, US militarism, and the oil industry, in The Big Lebowski - Martin-Jones - 2006 - The Sociological Review - Wiley Online Library |publisher=Onlinelibrary.wiley.com |date=2006-09-18 |accessdate=2012-06-15}}</ref>

==Home media==
[[Universal Studios Home Entertainment]] released a "Collector's Edition" DVD on October 18, 2005 with extra features that included an "introduction by Mortimer Young", "Jeff Bridges' Photography", "Making of ''The Big Lebowski''", and "Production Notes". In addition, a limited-edition "Achiever's Edition Gift Set" also included ''The Big Lebowski'' Bowling Shammy Towel, four Collectible Coasters that included photographs and quotable lines from the film, and eight Exclusive Photo Cards from Jeff Bridges' personal collection.<ref name="Foster"/>

A "10th Anniversary Edition" was released on September 9, 2008 and features all of the extras from the "Collector's Edition" and "The Dude's Life: Strikes and Gutters ... Ups and Downs ... The Dude Abides" theatrical trailer (from the first DVD release), "The Lebowski Fest: An Achiever's Story", "Flying Carpets and Bowling Pin Dreams: The Dream Sequences of the Dude", "Interactive Map", "Jeff Bridges Photo Book", and a "Photo Gallery". There are both a standard release and a Limited Edition which features "Bowling Ball Packaging" and is individually numbered.<ref name="Foster2"/>

A high-definition version of ''The Big Lebowski'' was released by Universal on [[HD DVD]] format on June 26, 2007. The film was released in [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] format in Italy by Cecchi Gori.

On August 16, 2011, Universal Pictures released ''The Big Lebowski'' on [[Blu-ray]]. The limited-edition package includes a Jeff Bridges photo book, a ten-years-on retrospective, and an in-depth look at the annual [[Lebowski Fest]].<ref name="matheson"/> The film is also available in the Blu-ray Coen Brothers box set released in the UK, however this version is region free and will work in any Blu-ray player.

==See also==
*[[List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"]]
{{Portal bar|Film in the United States|Comedy|1990s}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="numbers">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1998/BGLEB.php |title=The Big Lebowski |publisher=The Numbers |accessdate=2012-05-24}}</ref>

<ref name="The Big Sleep">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/the_coens_speak_reluctantly/ | title=The Coens Speak (Reluctantly) | publisher=[[Indie Wire]] | date=March 9, 1998 | accessdate=June 19, 2011 | author=Stone, Doug}}</ref>

<ref name="avclub">{{cite web|last=Tobias |first=Scott |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-big-lebowski,27984/?utm_source=channel_the-new-cult-canon |title=The New Cult Canon – The Big Lebowski |publisher=AV Club |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="russell">{{Cite news| last = Russell | first = Will |url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/the-big-lebowski-hey-dude-26438817.html |title=The Big Lebowski: Hey Dude |work=The Independent |date=August 15, 2007 |accessdate=January 22, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Green, Bill">{{Cite news| last = Green | first = Bill |author2=Ben Peskoe |author3=Will Russell |author4=Scott Shuffitt | title = ''I'm A Lebowski, You're A Lebowski'' | publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] | year = 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="video">{{cite video |people=Coen, Joel (Writer, Director) and Ethan Coen (Writer, Producer) |date=October 18, 2005 |title=''The Big Lebowski'' (Collector's Edition) |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118715/ |medium=DVD |publisher=Universal Studios |accessdate=December 17, 2007 |time=(Special Feature Interview) }}</ref>

<ref name="Bergan, Ronald">{{Cite news| last = Bergan | first = Ronald | title = ''The Coen Brothers'' | publisher = Thunder's Mouth Press | year = 2000 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ciment, Michel">{{Cite news| last = Ciment | first = Michel |author2=Hubert Niogret | title = The Logic of Soft Drugs | work = Postif |date=May 1998}}</ref>

<ref name="Levine, Josh">{{Cite news| last = Levine | first = Josh | title = ''The Coen Brothers: The Story of Two American Filmmakers'' | page=140 | publisher = ECW Press | year = 2000 }}</ref>

<ref name="Robertson, William">{{Cite news| last = Robertson | first = William Preston |author2=Tricia Cooke | title = ''The Big Lebowski: The Making of a Coen Brothers Film'' | page = 41 | publisher = [[W.W. Norton]] | year = 1998 }}</ref>

<ref name="McCarthy, Phillip">{{Cite news
| last = McCarthy
| first = Phillip
| title = Coen Off
|work=Sydney Morning Herald
| date = March 27, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="Woods, Paul">{{Cite news| last = Woods | first = Paul A | title = ''Joel & Ethan Coen: Blood Siblings'' | publisher = Plexus | year = 2000 }}</ref>

<ref name="Carr, Jay">{{Cite news| last = Carr | first = Jay | title = The ''Big'' Easy |work=Boston Globe | date = March 1, 1998 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wloszcyna, Susan">{{Cite news
| last = Wloszcyna
| first = Susan
| title = Another Quirky Coen Toss Turning Their Sly Style to ''Lebowski''
|work=USA Today
| date = March 5, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="Arnold, Gary">{{Cite news
| last = Arnold
| first = Gary
| title = Siblings' Style Has No Rivals
|work=Washington Times
| date = March 6, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoTR-1">{{cite web |title=Movies featuring Lautner buildings |website=The John Lautner Foundation |url=http://www.johnlautner.org/wp/?p=32 |accessdate=February 19, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Greene">{{Cite magazine| last = Greene | first = Andy | title = Inside the Dude's Stoner Soundtrack |magazine=Rolling Stone | date = September 4, 2008 | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/inside-the-dudes-stoner-soundtrack-19691231 | accessdate =April 2, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Altman">{{Cite news| last = Altman | first = Billy | title = A Music Maker Happy to Be Just a Conduit |work=The New York Times | date = February 24, 2002 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E5D6163EF937A15751C0A9649C8B63 | accessdate =April 30, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="flowers">{{cite web|url=http://www.rollogrady.com/the-big-lebowski-dead-flowers/ |title=The Big Lebowski // Dead Flowers – Rollo & Grady: Los Angeles Music Blog |publisher=Rollogrady.com |date=August 29, 2008 |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="burwell">{{cite web|url=http://www.carterburwell.com/projects/Big_Lebowski.shtml|title=Projects – The Big Lebowski|publisher=Carterburwell.com|accessdate=August 11, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1998/02_programm_1998/02_Programm_1998.html |title=Berlinale: 1998 Programme |accessdate=January 15, 2012 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>

<ref name="Variety">{{Cite magazine
| title = Berlinale 1998: Pix in official selection
|magazine=Variety
| date = February 9–15, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite news
| title = ''The Big Lebowski''
| publisher = Box Office Mojo
| url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=biglebowski.htm
| accessdate =January 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="comentale">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_rQPB8QHawC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Year%27s+Work+in+Lebowski+Studies#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Year's Work in Lebowski Studies By Edward P. Comentale, Aaron Jaffe p.230 |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Howell, Peter">{{Cite news
| last = Howell
| first = Peter
| title = Coens' latest doesn't hold together ''The Big Lebowski'' is more sprawling than large
|work=Toronto Star
| date = January 19, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="McCarthy">{{Cite magazine
| last = McCarthy
| first = Todd
| title = ''The Big Lebowski''
|magazine=Variety
| date = January 20, 1998
| url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117906660.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&query=%22The+Big+Lebowski%22
| accessdate =January 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wloszczyna, Susan">{{Cite news
| last = Wloszczyna
| first = Susan
| title = ''The Big Lebowski'': Coen humor to spare
|work=USA Today
| date = March 6, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="Howe, Desson">{{Cite news
| last = Howe
| first = Desson
| title = ''The Big Lebowski'': Rollin' a Strike
|work=Washington Post
| date = March 6, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="Maslin, Janet">{{Cite news
| last = Maslin
| first = Janet
| title = A Bowling Ball's-Eye View of Reality
|work=The New York Times
| date = March 6, 1998
| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E1D91131F935A35750C0A96E958260
| accessdate =January 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Sarris, Andrew">{{Cite news
| last = Sarris
| first = Andrew
| title = A Cubist Coen Comedy
| work = [[New York Observer]]
| date = March 8, 1998
| url = http://observer.com/1998/03/a-cubist-coen-comedy-men-in-white-meet-men-with-guns-scorseses-cheat-sheet-on-american-film/
| accessdate =January 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="nathan">{{cite web|last=Nathan|first=Ian|title=The Big Lebowski|publisher=Empire|date=May 1998|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?DVDID=117203|accessdate=September 23, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="ebert">{{cite web|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19980306/REVIEWS/803060301/1023&AID1=/19980306/REVIEWS/803060301/1023&AID2=/20100310/REVIEWS08/100319989/1023|title=The Big Lebowski|publisher=[[Roger Ebert]]|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Rosenbaum, Jonathan">{{Cite news
| last = Rosenbaum
| first = Jonathan
| title = L.A. Residential
| work = [[Chicago Reader]]
| date = March 6, 1998
| url = http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/la-residential/Content?oid=895709
| accessdate =August 7, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kehr, Dave">{{Cite news
| last = Kehr
| first = Dave
| title = Coen Brothers' Latest is a Big Letdownski
| work = Daily News
| date = March 6, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news
| title = Meanwhile, ''The Big Lebowski'' should have stayed in the bowling alley ...
|work=The Guardian
| date = April 24, 1998
}}</ref>

<ref name="tomato">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/big_lebowski/#!reviews=top_critics |title=The Big Lebowski Movie Reviews |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Palopoli, Steve">{{Cite news| last = Palopoli | first = Steve | title = The Last Cult Picture Show | publisher = Metro Santa Cruz | date = July 25–31, 2002 | url = http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/07.25.02/lebowski1-0230.html | accessdate =April 10, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Hoggard, Liz">{{Cite news
| last = Hoggard
| first = Liz
| title = Get with the Dude's vibe
|work=The Guardian
| date = July 22, 2007
| url = http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2131837,00.html
| accessdate =January 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Hodgkinson, Will">{{Cite news
| last = Hodgkinson
| first = Will
| title = Dude, let's go bowling
|work=The Guardian
| date = May 11, 2005
| url = http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,1481323,00.html
| accessdate =January 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Anderman, Joan">{{Cite news
| last = Anderman
| first = Joan
| title = How ‘The Big Lebowski’ became a cultural touchstone and the impetus for festivals across the country
|work=Boston Globe
| date = September 15, 2009
| url = http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2009/09/15/the_big_lebowski_spawns_its_own_subculture/
| accessdate =September 22, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="ewtop25">{{Cite news
| title = The Comedy 25: The Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years
|work=Entertainment Weekly
| date = August 27, 2008
| url = http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221235_17,00.html
| accessdate =August 27, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="EWCult">{{Cite news| title = The Top 50 Cult Films |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = May 23, 2003 | url = }}</ref>

<ref name="EWCult25">{{Cite news| title = The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83 |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = September 3, 2008 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221982_10,00.html | accessdate =September 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="ewtop100">{{Cite news
| title = The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years
|work=Entertainment Weekly
| date = June 4–11, 2010
| url =
| page = 64
}}</ref>

<ref name="boucher">{{Cite news| last = Boucher | first = Geoff | title = L.A.'s story is complicated, but they got it: The 25 best L.A. films of the last 25 years |work=Los Angeles Times | date = August 31, 2008 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/31/entertainment/ca-25films31 | accessdate =January 29, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="EmpirePoll">{{Cite magazine| title = The 100 Greatest Movie Characters |magazine=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] | url = http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=7 | accessdate =December 2, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="ebert2">{{Cite news| last = Ebert | first = Roger | title = The Big Lebowski (1998) |work=Chicago Sun-Times | date = March 10, 2010 | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100310/REVIEWS08/100319989/1004 | accessdate =March 13, 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="WalterNeocon">{{Cite magazine| last = Haglund | first = David | title = Walter Sobchak, Neocon | date = September 11, 2008 |magazine=[[Slate Magazine]] | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2199811/ | accessdate =March 11, 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="Turturro AV club">{{cite web |last= O'Neal |first=Sean |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/john-turturro,58178/2/|title=Random Roles: John Turturro |publisher=Onion AV Club |date=June 28, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Foster">{{Cite news| last = Foster | first = Dave | title = ''The Big Lebowski'' CE in October | publisher = DVD Times | date = August 27, 2005 | url = http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=57690 | accessdate =June 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Foster2">{{Cite news| last = Foster | first = Dave | title = ''The Big Lebowski'' 10th AE (R1) in September | publisher = DVD Times | date = April 6, 2008 | url = http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=67857 | accessdate =June 4, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="matheson">{{cite news|last=Matheson|first=Whitney|title=Cool stuff on DVD today: 'Lebowski' on Blu-ray!|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/popcandy/post/2011/08/cool-stuff-on-dvd-today-lebowski-on-blu-ray/1|accessdate=August 16, 2011|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=August 16, 2011 }}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
* Bergan, Ronald, ''The Coen Brothers'', (2000, Thunder's Mouth Press), ISBN 1-56025-254-5.
* Coen, Ethan and [[Joel Coen]], ''The Big Lebowski'';(May 1998, Faber and Faber Ltd.), ISBN 0-571-19335-8.
* Green, Bill, Ben Peskoe, Scott Shuffitt, Will Russell; ''I'm a Lebowski, You're a Lebowski: Life, The Big Lebowski, and What Have You'', (Bloomsbury USA – August 21, 2007), ISBN 978-1-59691-246-5.
* Levine, Josh, ''The Coen Brothers: The Story of Two American Filmmakers'', (2000, ECW Press), ISBN 1-55022-424-7.
* Robertson, William Preston, Tricia Cooke, John Todd Anderson and Rafael Sanudo, ''The Big Lebowski: The Making of a Coen Brothers Film'', (1998, W.W. Norton & Company), ISBN 0-393-31750-1.
* Tyree, J.M., Ben Walters ''The Big Lebowski (BFI Film Classics)'', (2007, British Film Institute), ISBN 978-1-84457-173-4.
* [http://dudespaper.com/lebowskitheory-at-dude-university.html/ ''The Big Lebowski'' in Feminist Film Theory]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/v/cd-go0oBF4Y "The Big Lebowski" Official Trailer]
* {{IMDb title|0118715|The Big Lebowski}}
* {{Allmovie title|158880|The Big Lebowski}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|big_lebowski|The Big Lebowski}}
* {{Metacritic film|the-big-lebowski|The Big Lebowski}}
* {{Mojo title|biglebowski|The Big Lebowski}}
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/decade-of-the-dude-rolling-stones-2008-feature-on-the-big-lebowski-20110815 Decade of The Dude: Rolling Stone's 2008 Feature on "''The Big Lebowski''"] in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7662943.stm "Is ''The Big Lebowski'' a cultural milestone?"], [[BBC]], October 10, 2008
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/books/30lebowski.html?_r=1 "Dissertations on His Dudeness"], Dwight Garner, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 29, 2009
* Comentale, Edward P. and Aaron Jaffe, eds. [http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=120916 The Year's Work in Lebowski Studies]. Bloomington: 2009.
* [http://www.trinity.edu/org/tricksters/trixway/current/Vol%205/part1/ashton.html "Deception and detection: The Trickster Archetype in the film, ''The Big Lebowski'', and its cult following"] in [http://www.trinity.edu/org/tricksters/trixway/ ''Trickster's Way'']

{{Coen brothers}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Lebowski, The}}
[[Category:1990s comedy films]]
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[[Category:1998 soundtracks]]
[[Category:1990s criminal comedy films]]
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Croton-on-Hudson, New York

2016-07-06T21:59:01Z

Robertkeller: /* External links */ Fixed broken link

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Croton-on-Hudson, New York
|settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of New York#Village|Village]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Seal of Croton-on-Hudson.jpg


|image_map = Westchester County New York incorporated and unincorporated areas Croton-on-Hudson highlighted.svg
|map_caption = Location of Croton-on-Hudson, New York


|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New York|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Gregory J. Schmidt (Croton United Party)
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 28.0
|area_land_km2 = 12.3
|area_water_km2 = 15.7
|area_total_sq_mi = 10.8
|area_land_sq_mi = 4.7
|area_water_sq_mi = 6.1


|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 8070
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Crotonite


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 50
|elevation_ft = 164
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 41 |latm = 12 |lats = 15 |latNS = N
|longd = 73 |longm = 53 |longs = 10 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code = 10520-10521
|area_code = [[Area code 914|914]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 36-19213
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0947832
|website = [http://www.crotononhudson-ny.gov/ www.crotononhudson-ny.gov]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Croton-on-Hudson''' is a [[administrative divisions of New York#Village|village]] in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]. The population was 8,070 at the 2010 census.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov| title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Croton-on-Hudson village, Westchester County, New York| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdate=November 16, 2011}}</ref> It is located in the [[administrative divisions of New York#Town|town]] of [[Cortlandt, New York|Cortlandt]], in [[New York City]]'s northern [[suburb]]s. The village was incorporated in 1898.

==Geography==
Croton-on-Hudson is located at {{Coord|41|12|15|N|73|53|10|W|type:city}} (41.204228, -73.886177)<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> on the shores of the [[Hudson River]]. The zip codes are 10520 and 10521.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of {{convert|10.8|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|4.8|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|6.1|sqmi|km2}}, or 56.06%, is water.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1900= 1533
|1910= 1806
|1920= 2286
|1930= 2447
|1940= 3843
|1950= 4837
|1960= 6812
|1970= 7523
|1980= 6889
|1990= 7018
|2000= 7606
|2010= 8070
|estyear=2014
|estimate=8235
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=<center>U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref></center>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref> of 2000, there were 7,606 people, 2,798 households, and 2,050 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was 1,601.7 people per square mile (618.3/km²). There were 2,859 housing units at an average density of 602.1 per square mile (232.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 91.5% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.9% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.06% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.58% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.70% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 6.93% of the population.

There were 2,798 households out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the village the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $84,744, and the median income for a family was $100,182. Males had a median income of $65,938 versus $46,029 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $39,441. About 1.8% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 1.2% of those age 65 or over.

== Government and politics ==
As of the regular 2013 elections<ref name='croton_officers'>{{cite web|url=http://village.croton-on-hudson.ny.us/Public_Documents/CrotonHudsonNY_BComm/trustees |title=Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY - Village Board of Trustees |accessdate=2009-05-05 |work=Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY Virtual Town Hall |publisher=Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY }}</ref>
* '''Mayor''': Gregory Schmidt
* '''Trustees''': Bob Anderson, Ken Walsh, Ann Gallelli, Brian Pugh

==History==
[[Clifford B. Harmon|Clifford Harmon]], a realtor, purchased 550 acres of land next to the village of Croton in 1903. He gave part of the land to the [[New York Central Railroad]] to build a train station, on the condition that the station would forever be named after him. Today it is called the [[Croton–Harmon (Metro-North station)|Croton-Harmon]] station of the [[Metro-North Railroad]].<ref name='wc_american_suburb'>{{cite book | last1 = Panetta | first1 = Roger | title = Westchester: the American Suburb | chapter = Chapter 1: Westchester, the American Suburb: A New Narrative | editors = Roger Panetta | publisher = Fordham University Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, New York | pages = 42–43 | isbn = 0-8232-2593-3}}</ref> In 1906, the station became a major service facility for the railroad. The station expanded even further in 1913, when it became the stop at which electric trains from New York City switched to steam engines.<ref name='picturing_past'>{{cite book | last1 = Williams | first1 = Gray | title = Picturing Our Past: National Register Sides in Westchester County | chapter = Suburban Westchester | editors = Elizabeth G. Fuller and Katherine M. Hite | publisher = Westchester County Historical Society | year = 2003 | location = Elmsford, New York | pages = 382–383 | isbn = 0-915585-14-6}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Croton-on-Hudson's economy has historically thrived on the Metro North [[Croton-Harmon (Metro-North station)|train station]] that up until 1968 served as the point at which northbound trains would exchange their electric engines for other modes of conveyance. During those days, the train station and its super-adjacent area was known as Harmon. Because maintenance of diesel and steam engines was then very labor-intensive, there were many workers whose needs were served by abundant service businesses, such as restaurants and bars. Because of the separate development of both the Harmon and the Mt. Airy communities, there were originally two commercial districts—one centered on Grand Street, and the other in Harmon—though in recent years the two have merged into a single sprawling commercial district. There is also a North Riverside commercial district serving communities along Riverside Drive, Brook Street, Grand Street, and Bank Street.

[[File:FISHING IN THE HUDSON RIVER FROM CROTON POINT PARK - NARA - 549933.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Man Fishing in [[Croton Point Park]] on the [[Hudson River]]|A man and woman fishing in Croton Point Park]]
After the [[New York Central Railroad]] folded, Croton-on-Hudson's economy slowly stagnated. Although Croton-Harmon station still served as the main transfer point northbound between local and express trains, the laborers who had earlier fueled a bustling service economy were no longer present in Harmon. The exodus of labor during the early 1970s was compounded by the [[stagflation]] that was a result of higher oil prices and skyrocketing interest rates.

There has been an ongoing effort since the early 1990s to develop the riverfront for recreational use. Among the accomplishments are a pedestrian bridge spanning [[U.S. Route 9 in New York|U.S. Route 9]] and [[New York State Route 9A|NY 9A]] between the lower village and Senasqua Park, the [[Crossining]] pedestrian footbridge across the [[Croton River]], the bicycle trail extensions around Half Moon Bay Condominiums, rehabilitation of the "Picture Tunnel" (repaving and closing it to cars), and acquisition and clearing of the Croton Landing property. In addition, [[Croton Point Park]] is also along the riverfront.<ref>"Croton Point Park." Westchester County. Westchester.gov, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 06 May 2014. <http://parks.westchestergov.com/croton-point-park>.
</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Croton-Harmon platform view.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Croton-Harmon is a major train station along the Metro-North Hudson Line.|[[Croton-Harmon (Metro-North station)|Croton-Harmon Train Station]]]]

The town is a stop for [[Amtrak]]'s [[Empire Service (Amtrak)|Empire Service]] and the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]'s [[Metro-North Railroad|Metro-North]] [[Hudson Line (Metro-North)|Hudson Line service]], both at the [[Croton–Harmon (Metro-North station)|Croton-Harmon station]]. Metro-North's main shops and yards are also located here.

Croton-on-Hudson is served by [[U.S. Route 9 in New York|US 9]], [[New York State Route 9A|NY 9A]], and [[New York State Route 129|NY 129]].

== Local parks ==
Notable parks and sites of interest in the community include:

* [[New Croton Dam|Croton Dam]] (on the [[Croton River]] outside the village limits in the town of Cortlandt)
* [[Croton Point]] Park, site of a former county and regional landfill for well over seven decades, was closed and capped thanks to grassroots activists (this means there is no smell in the park), [[Riverkeeper]], state, county and local officials
* Paradise Island Park
** [[Van Cortlandt Manor]], a National Historic Landmark located in the park
* [[Teatown Lake Reservation]]
* Senasqua Park with extending walkways to Croton Point
* Black Rock Park on the Croton River, near [[New York State Route 129]] (NY 129), within a mile or so of the [[New Croton Dam]], is used mostly for fly fishing and picnics. It is within 100 yards of a historic bridge which dates from the 1800s on Quaker Hill Road.
* Silver Lake is a beach along the Croton River, and has trails to Carrie E. Tompkins elementary school (CET) and the north tip of Cleveland Drive.
* Jane E. Lytle Memorial Arboretum
* [http://www.sawmillriveraudubon.org/Brinton.html Brinton Brook Sanctuary]
* Croton Landing, a park along the Hudson River
* Mayo's Landing, a park along the Croton River

== Culture ==
Croton Point Park hosts Clearwater's [[Clearwater Festival|Great Hudson River Revival]], a yearly folk music, art and environmental festival.

Croton-on-Hudson has an annual event called the Summerfest. Every year the central business district (with corners at the Municipal Building, Grand Street Fire House and [[Croton-Harmon High School]]) is closed to automobile traffic for music, American food, local fund raisers, traveling, and local artists. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Croton-on-Hudson is the home of the annual [[Harry Chapin]] [http://www.runagainsthunger.com Run Against Hunger], a 10k race and Fun Run, held on a Sunday afternoon in October.

Croton-on-Hudson is home to a number of local, independent businesses, such as 3rd Universe Comics, Computer Configurations, the Blue Pig, and The Black Cow Coffee Company, which opened December 1995, Westchester's first micro-roastery-coffeehouse.

[[File:Croton-on-Hudson Dummy Light.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dummy light]] at the intersection of Grand Street and Old Post Road.|alt=A traffic light in the middle of a street intersection.]]

Every weekend in October, people visit Van Cortlandt Manor to see the Blaze. Started in 2005, the Blaze consists of thousands of pumpkins which are hollowed out by volunteers but carved by a creative team.<ref>{{cite web|last=Glenza|first=Jessica|title=Blaze Becomes Biggest Halloween Event in HV|url=http://rivertowns.dailyvoice.com/neighbors/blaze-becomes-biggest-halloween-event-hv|publisher=The Rivertowns Daily Voice|accessdate=26 July 2012}}</ref>

The [[Asbury United Methodist Church and Bethel Chapel and Cemetery]], [[Croton North Railroad Station]], and [[St. Augustine's Episcopal Church Complex]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[Van Cortlandt Manor]] is listed as a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>

From the 1910s to the 1960s, Croton was a popular location for the summer homes of American communists, socialists and other radicals and many important artists and writers.<ref>Chambers, Whittaker, "Witness" (1952). pp. 240-241 of the 50th Anniversary Edition published by Regnery.</ref>

Croton-on-Hudson is the original home of the [[Hudson Institute]], a key [[Cold War]] think tank where the justification for [[nuclear war]] was developed.

The village is home to one of a handful operating "[[dummy light]]s" in the United States, located downtown at the intersection of Old Post Road South and Grand Street. It is a [[traffic light|traffic signal]] on a pedestal which sits in the middle of an intersection, dating back to the 1920s. Two others are located in New York State, in [[Beacon, New York|Beacon]] and [[Canajoharie (village), New York|Canajoharie]].

== Houses of worship ==
* ''Asbury United Methodist Church'' - a [[United Methodist Church|Methodist]] church.
* ''Briarcliff, Ossining, Croton Unitarian Universalist Fellowship'' - a [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalist]] location.
* Community Bible Church'' - a [[Nondenominational Christianity|non-denominational]] church located near the [[Teatown Lake Reservation|Teatown]] area.
* [[Emin Society]] - Croton-on-Hudson is the North East American base.
* ''Holy Name of Mary'' - a [[Catholicism|Catholic]] church.
* ''Our Savior Lutheran'' - a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church.
* ''St. Augustine's'' - an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] church.
* ''Temple Israel of Northern Westchester'' - a [[Reform Judaism]] temple.
* [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) has a local congregation located near the Teatown area.

== Notable residents ==
{{refimprove section|date=April 2008}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ira Kaplan]] songwriter and lead guitar for [[Yo La Tengo]]
* [[Alan Abelson]] financial writer for Barron's
* [[Joe Vasta]]
* [[Guy Adami]]
* [[Frances E. Allen]]
* [[Nenad Bach]]
* [[Isabel Barrows|Isabel Chapin Barrows]]
* [[Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist)|Charles H. Bennett]]
* [[Ramon Bloomberg]], artist and music video director
* [[Howard Major Buckley]]
* [[Alexander Calder]], artist
* [[Isadora Duncan]]
* [[Crystal Eastman]]
* [[Max Eastman]]
* [[Irving Fierstein]], American impressionist painter and designer<ref>''Croton-Cortlandt News,'' Croton-on-Hudson, NY, December 17, 1970</ref>
* [[Carl Folta]], Executive Vice President, Corporate Communications for Viacom
* [[William Gaddis]]
* [[Josh Greenfeld]]
* [[Hananiah Harari]], American modernist painter and illustrator
* [[Robb Hanrahan]]
* [[Lee Elhardt Hays]]
* [[Joseph Heller]]
* [[Herman Kahn]]
* [[Roger Kahn]]
* [[Herbert Keppler]]
* [[Richard Merkin]], American painter and illustrator<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/us/13merkin.html|title=Richard Merkin, Painter, Illustrator and Fashion Plate, Dies at 70|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Audra McDonald]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.newsday.com/entertainment/theater/croton-s-audra-mcdonald-seeks-fifth-tony-award-1.3765691|title=Croton's Audra McDonald seeks fifth Tony Award |accessdate=July 2, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Jeff McCarthy]]
* [[John Mearsheimer]]
* [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]]
* [[Ward Morehouse (activist)|Ward Morehouse]]
* [[Jessye Norman]]
* [[Elmar Oliveira]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/16/nyregion/croton-violinist-in-solo-concert.html|title=Croton Violinist in Solo Concert|accessdate=May 22, 2012| work=The New York Times|first=Roberta|last=Hershenson|date=2000-01-16}}</ref>
* [[Jerry Pinkney]], a [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott]] award-winning children's book illustrator
* [[John Silas Reed]]
* [[Darlene Rodriguez]]
* [[Edward Rondthaler]]
* [[Thomas Secunda]], cofounder and vice chairman of Bloomberg L.P.
* [[Gordon Sheer]]
* [[Upton Sinclair]]
* [[Nicholas Springer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/14/nyregion/a-normal-teenager-lives-the-new-normal.html|title=A Normal Teenager Lives the 'New Normal' |accessdate=Feb 11, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Peter Strauss]]
* [[Gloria Swanson]]
* [[Hannah Tompkins (artist)|Hannah Tompkins]], American painter and illustrator<ref>Croton Cortlandt News, Jan 16, 1964</ref>
* [[Donald Wallance]]<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|title=Don Wallance, 80, Designer of Furniture|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/28/obituaries/don-wallance-80-designer-of-furniture.html|accessdate=30 September 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 May 1990}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==In film and television==
Films shot in Croton-on-Hudson include:<ref name='croton_films'>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/List?endings=on&&locations=Croton-on-Hudson,%20New%20York,%20USA&&heading=18;with+locations+including;Croton-on-Hudson,%20New%20York,%20USA |title=Titles with locations including Croton-on-Hudson, New York, USA |accessdate=2009-05-05 |work=Internet Movie Database |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. }}</ref>
* ''[[Daylight (film)|Daylight]]'': In the opening sequence, the trucks that end up destroying the tunnel drive through Croton-on-Hudson (the steps of the [[New Croton Dam]] are visible) and several other towns in [[Westchester County, New York]]<ref name='croton_daylight'>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116040/locations |title=Daylight (1996) - Filming Locations |accessdate=2009-05-05 |work=Internet Movie Database |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. }}</ref>
* ''[[Guess What We Learned in School Today?]]''<ref name='croton_guess'>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065802/ |title=Guess What We Learned in School Today? (1970) |accessdate=2013-11-07 |work=Internet Movie Database |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. }}</ref> - Mentioned in "Big Day Coming: Yo La Tengo and the Rise of Indie Rock"<ref name='croton_tengo_book'>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oPT5ND18iQ4C&pg=PT33&dq=sleepy+woodybrook&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CzF8Uru-HZTdsASQgoGACA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sleepy%20woodybrook&f=false |accessdate=2013-11-07|booktitle=Big Day Coming: Yo La Tengo and the Rise of Indie Rock}}</ref>
* ''[[Reds (film)|Reds]]'': The main characters were supposed to be in Croton-on-Hudson, but their cottage there was actually filmed in England.<ref name='nytimes_reds'>{{cite news | first=Marc | last=Myers | coauthors= | title=The Story Of 'Reds' and the Reed House | date=January 3, 1982 | publisher= | url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E2D91338F930A35752C0A964948260 | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-29 }}</ref>
* ''[[Shriek of the Mutilated]]'' (1974) (alternate titles: ''Mutilated'', ''Scream of the Snowbeast'')<ref name='croton_shriek'>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098503/ |title=Shriek of the Mutilated (1974) |accessdate=2008-04-29 |work=Internet Movie Database |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. }}</ref>
* ''[[Tenderness (2009 film)|Tenderness]]''<ref name='croton_tenderness'>{{cite web|url=http://www.crotonblog.com/archives/2006/06/28/arts_entertainment/on_the_set_with_a_little_more_tenderness_in_croton/ |title=On the Set with a Little More "Tenderness" in Croton |accessdate=2008-04-29 |date=June 28, 2006 |work=Crotonblog |publisher=Front Burner Publishing, Inc }}</ref>
* ''[[The Toxic Avenger Part II]]''<ref name='croton_toxic'>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098503/ |title=The Toxic Avenger, Part II (1989) |accessdate=2008-04-29 |work=Internet Movie Database |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. }}</ref>
* ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)]]'': Shot at Croton Point.<ref name='croton_waroftheworlds'>{{cite news | first=Harry | last=Knowles | coauthors= | title=Spy Report from the wooded set of WAR OF THE WORLDS! | date=December 23, 2004 | publisher=Ain't It Cool, Inc. | url =http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=19027 | work =Ain't It Cool News | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-29 }}</ref>
* ''[[30 Rock]]'': The episode "[[Retreat to Move Forward]]" from the third season was set in Croton-on-Hudson. The episode features the catchphrase 'what happens in Croton-on-Hudson stays in Croton-on-Hudson.'
* An Episode of the NBC series ''[[Kings (U.S. TV series)|Kings]]'' was shot at the Croton Dam. The waterfall and bridge leading to Croton Gorge Park are clearly visible and utilized in multiple scenes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
* Scenes for the film [[Gods Behaving Badly (film)|Gods Behaving Badly]] were shot at Croton Point Park in 2011.
* Was incorrectly referenced as "Croton on the Hudson" in Mad About You, an American situation comedy.{{Citation Needed|date=May 2016}}
* The Croton Reservoir was referenced in the American cartoon "UnderDog" (1964-1973), and the episode was the one where Simon Bar-Sinister is attempting to steal the worlds water.

==See also==
*[[Mount Airy, New York]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Croton-on-Hudson}}
* [http://village.croton-on-hudson.ny.us/Public_Documents/index Village of Croton-on-Hudson official website]
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/C/Croton-on-Hudson}}

{{New York}}
{{Westchester County, New York}}

[[Category:Villages in New York]]
[[Category:Villages in Westchester County, New York]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Hudson River]]

Joseph Beek

2016-07-01T19:20:43Z

Robertkeller: /* External links */ Fixed broken link

[[Image:Joe_Beek.jpg|frame|right|Joseph A. Beek]]

'''Joseph Allan Beek''' ("Joe Beek") (December 16, 1880 – October 21, 1968) was the longest-serving Secretary of the Senate in California history (1919-1968). <ref>California's Legislature, 2006 edition, E. Dotson Wilson, Chief Clerk, California Assembly, p. 149, p. 169. </ref> The [[Secretary of the California State Senate]] is a nonpartisan officer of the Senate who advises the presiding officer and Senators on parliamentary procedures and is the chief recordkeeper of the Senate. The Secretary is elected by majority vote of the Senators for each two-year session.<ref>California's Legislature, 2006 edition, E. Dotson Wilson, Chief Clerk, California Assembly, p. 149. </ref>

Joe Beek was born in [[Maine]] and established residency in California in 1907.<ref> California Blue Book, 1938, p. 31.</ref> He attended school in Pasadena at Throop Polytechnic Institute (later renamed [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]]). Beek first served as a Senate attache in 1913. In 1917 he was elected Minute Clerk. <ref> ''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento. p.v</ref>He was first elected as Secretary in 1919 and served continuously, with the exception of 1921-22, until his death in office on October 20, 1968.

Beek authored the book "The California Legislature" in 1942.<ref> The California Legislature, by J.A. Beek, California Senate, Sacramento.</ref> Written in narrative form, the book was part history lesson, part memoir, and part guide to the legislative process. Subsequent editions were published for the next 40 years. Beek also co-founded the [[American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries]] (ASLCS) in 1943.<ref> See National Conference of State Legislatures web site (ncsl.org) for history of ASLCS.</ref> He served as the ASLCS president for the first 25 years.<ref> It was originally named American Association of Legislative Officers. See, ''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento. p.vi</ref> Beek's years of Capitol service closely mirrored that of his colleague, [[Arthur Ohnimus]], who served as [[Chief Clerk]] of the lower house from 1915 to 1963.

Beek was perhaps best known for his role in developing [[Balboa Island]]. <ref> See www.balboaislandmuseum.com </ref> He established the [[Balboa Island Ferry]], built roads and bridges, and was one of the island's chief promoters. Beek was also Chairman of the California Small Craft Harbor Commission, was a published musician and composer, a World War II veteran, and a promoter of reforestation of hills surrounding Orange County. <ref> ''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento. p.vi</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Sources ==
*''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento.
* ''California Blue Book'', State of California, 1938 and 1961 editions.
* [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/califleg.html California's Legislature (2006 edition), Appendix E, p. 269]
* [http://www.ncsl.org/legislative-staff.aspx?tabs=857,35,81#857 ASLCS web site]

== External links ==
* [http://balboaislandmuseum.org/ Balboa Island Museum]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beek, Joseph Allan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Maine]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Officers of the California State Legislature]]

1994 Northridge earthquake

2016-06-12T02:13:30Z

Robertkeller: Ooops wrong day

{{Infobox earthquake
|title = 1994 Northridge earthquake
|image = FEMA - 1681 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 01-17-1994 in California.jpg
|imagecaption = Building collapsed as a result of the earthquake
|map =
|map2 = {{Location map+ | California
|places =
{{Location map~|California|lat=34.05|long=-118.25|label=Los Angeles|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|California|lat=36.18|long=-115.14|label=Las Vegas|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|California|lat=34.213|long=-118.537|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 260
| float = right
| caption =
| relief = yes}}
|duration = 10–20 seconds<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr-96-0263/introduc.htm#impacts|title=Introduction|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
|date = {{Start-date|January 17, 1994}}
|origintime = 4:30:55 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1994_01_17.php|title=Historic Earthquakes|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
|magnitude = 6.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|depth = {{convert|11.4|mi|abbr=on}}
|location = {{Coord|34.213|N|118.537|W|display=inline, title}}
|type = [[Thrust fault#Blind thrust faults|Blind thrust]]
|countries affected = [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Southern California]] United States
|damage = $13–$40 billion<ref name="NGDC"/>
|intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|IX (''Violent'')]]<ref name="USGS"/>
|PGA = 1.82''g'' horizontal<ref name=Yegian/>
|casualties = 57 killed > 8,700 injured
}}
[[File:Shake Map Northridge 1994.jpg|thumb|Map of perceived intensity of shaking]]
The '''1994 Northridge earthquake''' occurred on Monday, January 17, at 4:30:55 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] and had its [[epicenter]] in [[Reseda, Los Angeles|Reseda]], a neighborhood in the north-central [[San Fernando Valley]] region of Los Angeles, California. It had a duration of approximately 10–20 seconds. The [[blind thrust earthquake]] had a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] (Mw) of 6.7, which produced [[Peak ground acceleration|ground acceleration]] that was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America,<ref>[http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northreq.html Northridge Earthquake] Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved October 6, 2006.</ref> measuring 1.8''g'' (16.7 m/s2)<ref>USGS Earthquake Information for 1994 [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/significant/sig_1994.php "Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994"]</ref> with strong ground motion felt as far away as [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], Nevada, about 220 miles (360 km) from the epicenter. The peak ground velocity in this earthquake at the Rinaldi Receiving Station was 183 cm/s<ref>http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php ShakeMap Scientific Background</ref> (4.09 mph or 6.59 km/h), the fastest peak ground velocity ever recorded. In addition, two 6.0 Mw [[aftershocks]] occurred, the first about one minute after the initial event and the second approximately 11 hours later, the strongest of several thousand aftershocks in all.<ref name=berkley>{{cite web|url=http://seismo.berkeley.edu/~dreger/paper.html |author=Douglas Dreger |accessdate=25 November 2012 |title=The Large Aftershocks of the Northridge Earthquake and their Relationship to Mainshock Slip and Fault Zone Complexity}}</ref> The death toll was 57, with more than 8,700 injured. In addition, earthquake-caused property damage was estimated to be between $13 and $40 billion, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.

==Epicenter==
The earthquake struck in the [[San Fernando Valley]] about 20 miles (31 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. Although given the name "Northridge", the epicenter was located in the community of Reseda; it took several days to pinpoint the epicenter in detail. This was the first earthquake with a [[hypocenter]] directly beneath a U.S. city since the [[1933 Long Beach earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.data.scec.org/significant/northridge1994.html|title=Significant Earthquakes and Faults, Northridge Earthquake|publisher=Southern California Earthquake Data Center|accessdate=October 6, 2014}}</ref>

The [[National Geophysical Data Center]] placed the hypocenter's geographical coordinates at {{Coord|34|12|47|N| 118|32|13|W|}} and at a depth of 11.4 miles (18.3 km).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/event/show/18|title=Show Event - NGDC Natural Hazard Images - ngdc.noaa.gov|publisher=}}</ref> The earthquake occurred on a previously undiscovered fault, now named the Northridge [[Thrust fault#Blind thrust faults|blind thrust fault]] (also known as the Pico thrust fault).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/info/nr10/|title=USGS Northridge Earthquake 10th Anniversary|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> Several other faults experienced minor rupture during the main shock and other ruptures occurred during large aftershocks, or triggered slip earthquakes.<ref>http://www.data.scec.org/significant/northridge1994.html</ref>

==Damage and fatalities==
[[Image:FEMA - 13623 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 01-17-1994 in California.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A house damaged in Santa Monica.]]
[[Image:Northridge earthquake 10 frwy.png|thumb|left|[[Interstate 10 in California|I-10]] skyway after earthquake. The collapsed section is near the supporter beam.]]
[[Image:Northridge earthquake 10 frwy3.png|thumb|The freeway "bent" just before the collapsed section]]
[[Image:Kaiser Permanente Building After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Kaiser Permanente building]]
[[Image:Collapsed Apartment After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Collapsed apartment building]]
[[Image:Street Damage After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Street damage]]

Damage occurred up to 85 miles (125 km) away, with the most damage in the west San Fernando Valley, and the cities of [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Simi Valley, California|Simi Valley]] and [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]]. The exact number of fatalities is unknown, with sources estimating it at 60<ref name="USGS"/> or "over 60",<ref>[http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/usquakes.shtm FEMA]</ref> to 72,<ref name=latimes95>Reich, K. [http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-20/news/mn-16032_1_quake-death-toll Study raises Northridge quake death toll to 72.] ''[[Los Angeles Times]] December 20, 1995</ref> where most estimates fall around 60.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/northridge-earthquake-of-1994 History Channel]</ref> The "official" death toll was placed at 57;<ref name=latimes95/> 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained in the earthquake,<ref name=peek>{{cite journal |last=Peek-Asa |first=C. |year=1998 |title=Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=459–465 |doi=10.1093/ije/27.3.459 |pmid=9698136|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and many died from indirect causes, such as stress-induced [[cardiac arrest|cardiac events]].<ref name=kloner>{{cite journal |last=Kloner |first=R. A. |year=1997 |title=Population-Based Analysis of the Effect of the Northridge Earthquake on Cardiac Death in Los Angeles County, California |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1174–1180 |doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00281-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Leor |first=J. |year=1996 |title=Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=334 |issue=4 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199602153340701 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Some counts factor in related events such as a man's [[suicide]] possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster.<ref name=latimes95/>
More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 who required hospitalization.<ref name="huduser.org">[http://www.huduser.org/publications/destech/bigone/summary.html Executive Summary]</ref>

The Northridge Meadows apartment complex was one of the well-known affected areas in which sixteen people were killed as a result of the building's collapse. The [[Northridge Fashion Center]] and [[California State University, Northridge]] also sustained very heavy damage—most notably, the collapse of parking structures. The earthquake also gained worldwide attention because of damage to the vast freeway network, which serves millions of commuters every day. The most notable of this damage was to the [[Interstate 10 (California)|Santa Monica Freeway, Interstate 10]], known as the busiest freeway in the United States, congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired. Farther north, the [[Newhall Pass interchange]] of [[Interstate 5 (California)|Interstate 5]] (the [[Golden State Freeway]]) and [[California State Route 14|State Route 14]] (the [[Antelope Valley Freeway]]) collapsed as it had 23 years earlier in the 1971 [[Sylmar earthquake]] even though it had been rebuilt with minor improvements to the structural components.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/summer94/p94su26.htm Public Roads On-Line (Summer 1994): The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons learned in Seismic-Resistant bridge Design]</ref> One life was lost in the Newhall Pass interchange collapse: [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] motorcycle officer Clarence Wayne Dean fell 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I-5 along with his motorcycle. Because of the early morning darkness, he likely did not realize that the elevated roadway below him had collapsed, and was unable to stop in time to miss the fall and died instantly. When the interchange was rebuilt again one year later, it was renamed the Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial Interchange in his honor.

Additional damage occurred about 50 miles (80 km) southeast in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] as the scoreboard at [[Angel Stadium of Anaheim|Anaheim Stadium]] collapsed onto several hundred seats. The stadium was vacant at the time. Although several commercial buildings also collapsed, loss of life was minimized because of the early morning hour of the quake, and because it also occurred on a federal holiday ([[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]]). Also, because of known seismic activity in California, area [[building code]]s dictate that buildings incorporate [[structural design]] intended to withstand earthquakes. However, the damage caused by the earthquake revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as intended. Because of these revelations, building codes were revised. Some structures were not [[Red-tagged structure|red-tagged]] until months after the earthquake, because damage was not immediately evident.

The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 [[g-force|''g'']]. Damage was also caused by fire and landslides. The Northridge earthquake was notable for hitting almost the same exact area as the MW 6.6 [[San Fernando earthquake|San Fernando (Sylmar) earthquake]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Estimates of total damage range between $13 and $40 billion.<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web | url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=5372&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display | title=Comments for the Significant Earthquake | publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]] | accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood frame buildings (e.g. the three-story Northridge Meadows apartment building). In particular, buildings with an unstable first floor (such as those with parking areas on the bottom) performed poorly. Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas lines from houses shifting off their foundations or unsecured water heaters tumbling.<ref>[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/daretoprepare/stuff/waterheater.html Secure Your Stuff: Water Heater]</ref> In the San Fernando Valley, several underground gas and water lines were severed, resulting in some streets experiencing simultaneous fires and floods. Damage to the system resulted in water pressure dropping to zero in some areas; this predictably affected success in fighting subsequent fires. Five days after the earthquake it was estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 customers were still without public water service.<ref name=Scawthorn>{{cite book|title=Fire Following Earthquake|year=2005|publisher=ASCE, NFPA|location=Reston, vA|isbn=9780784407394|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147485909&productid=5362|editor=Scawthorn, Eidinger, Schiff}}</ref> As is typical in earthquakes, [[unreinforced masonry building]]s and houses on steep slopes suffered damage. However, school buildings (K-12), which are required by California law to be reinforced against earthquakes, in general survived fairly well.

==Valley fever outbreak==
An unusual effect of the Northridge earthquake was an outbreak of [[coccidioidomycosis]] (Valley fever) in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]]. This respiratory disease is caused by inhaling airborne spores of fungus. The 203 cases reported, of which 3 resulted in fatalities, was roughly 10 times the normal rate in the eight weeks following the earthquake. This was the first report of such an outbreak following an earthquake and it is believed that the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides. Most of the cases occurred immediately downwind of the landslides.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://landslides.usgs.gov/recent/archives/1997northridge.php| title = Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak| website = [[USGS]] Landslide Hazards Program
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20140202114422/http://landslides.usgs.gov/recent/archives/1997northridge.php| archivedate= 2014-02-02}}</ref>

==Hospitals affected==
Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or rendered unusable after the earthquake.<ref name="huduser.org"/> Not only were they unable to serve their local neighborhoods, but they also had to transfer out their inpatient populations, which further increased the burden on nearby hospitals that were still operational. As a result, the state legislature passed a law requiring all hospitals in California to ensure that their acute care units and emergency rooms would be in earthquake-resistant buildings by January 1, 2005. Most were unable to meet this deadline and only managed to achieve compliance in 2008 or 2009.<ref>{{citation|title=Earthquake: The Long Road Back : Hospitals Strained to the Limit by Injured : Medical care: Doctors treat quake victims in parking lots. Details of some disaster-related deaths are released|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-19/local/me-13343_1_parking-lot|date=January 19, 1994|first=Jack|last=Cheevers|first2=Alan|last2=Abrahamson|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

==Television, movie, and music productions affected==
{{refimprove section|date= October 2014}}
The earthquake disrupted production of movies and TV shows filming in the area at the time. The ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "[[Profit and Loss (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|Profit and Loss]]" was being filmed at the time, and actors [[Armin Shimerman]] and Edward Wiley left the [[Paramount Pictures]] lot in full [[Ferengi]] and [[Cardassian]] makeup respectively.<ref name="ds9com">{{cite book|title=[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion]]|last=Erdmann|first=Terry J.|author2=Paula M. Block|isbn=0-671-50106-2|date=2010-03-29}}</ref> The [[Seinfeld (season 5)|season five]] episode of ''[[Seinfeld]]'' entitled "[[The Pie]]" was due to begin shooting on the day of the earthquake before stage sets were damaged. NBC's ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', hosted by [[Jay Leno]], took place in the NBC Studios in Burbank, close to the epicenter of the quake. Also, ABC's ''[[General Hospital]]'', which shoots in Los Angeles, was heavily affected by the Northridge earthquake. The set, which is at ABC Television Center, suffered major damage including partial structural collapse and water damage.

All of the earthquake sequences in the [[Wes Craven]] film ''[[Wes Craven's New Nightmare|New Nightmare]]'' were filmed a month prior to the Northridge quake. The real quake struck only weeks before filming was completed. Subsequently, a team was sent out to film footage of the quake damaged areas of the city. The cast and crew had initially thought that the scenes that were filmed before the real quake struck were a bit overdone, but when viewed after the real quake hit, they were horrified by the realism of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111686/trivia|title=New Nightmare (1994)|work=IMDb|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>

Some archives of film and entertainment programming were also affected. For example, the original 35 mm master films for the 1960s sitcom ''[[My Living Doll]]'' were destroyed in the earthquake.<ref>Susan King, "[http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/04/entertainment/la-et-living-doll-20120404 The 'perfect' '60s woman]", [[Los Angeles Times]], April 4, 2012; retrieved April 14, 2012</ref>

==Transportation affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
[[Image:FEMA - 1807 - Photograph by Robert A. Eplett taken on 01-17-1994 in California.jpg|thumb|
Damaged portion of the [[Golden State Freeway]] at Gavin Canyon.]]

Portions of a number of major roads and freeways, including [[Interstate 10 in California|Interstate 10]] over [[La Cienega Boulevard]], and the interchanges of [[Interstate 5]] with [[California State Route 14]], [[California State Route 118|118]], and [[Interstate 210 and State Route 210 (California)|Interstate 210]], were closed because of structural failure or collapse. [[James E. Roberts]] was chief bridge engineer with [[Caltrans]] and was placed in charge of the seismic retrofit program for [[Caltrans]] until his death in 2006.

Rail service was briefly interrupted, with full Amtrak and expanded Metrolink service resuming in stages in the days after the quake. Metrolink used the interruptions to road transport as a reason to experiment with service to [[Camarillo]] and [[Oxnard]], [[Ventura County Line|which continues to the present]]. During the interruption, Metrolink leased equipment from Amtrak, San Francisco's [[Caltrain]] and Toronto, Canada's [[GO Transit]] to handle the sudden onslaught of passengers. All MTA bus lines operated service with detours and delays on the day of the quake. [[Los Angeles International Airport]] and other airports in the area were also shut down as a 2-hour precaution, including Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport (now [[Bob Hope Airport]]) and [[Van Nuys Airport]], which is near the epicenter, where the control tower suffered from radar failure and panel collapse. The airport was reopened in stages after the quake.

==Universities, colleges, and schools affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
[[California State University, Northridge]] was the closest university to the epicenter. As such, many campus buildings were heavily damaged and a parking structure collapsed; as a result, many classes were moved to temporary structures. In Valencia, [[California Institute of the Arts]] also experienced heavy damage and classes were relocated to a nearby Lockheed test facility for the remainder of 1994.
Los Angeles Unified School District closed local schools throughout the area, schools reopened 1 week after the earthquake. [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and other universities were also shut down. The [[University of Southern California]] suffered some structural damage to several older campus buildings, but classes were conducted as scheduled.

==Entertainment and sports affected==
[[Universal Studios Hollywood]] shut down the [[Earthquake: The Big One|Earthquake]] attraction, based on the 1974 motion picture blockbuster, ''[[Earthquake (film)|Earthquake]]''. It was closed for the second time since the [[Loma Prieta earthquake]]. [[Angel Stadium of Anaheim]] (then known as Anaheim Stadium), which is far away from the epicenter, suffered some damage, and the scoreboard fell into the seats. The theme parks [[Disneyland]], [[Knott's Berry Farm]] and [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] were shut down after the quake, but only for inspections, since all were designed with earthquakes in mind.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] and [[Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena]] suffered minor damage. The major Hollywood film studios including [[Warner Brothers]], [[20th Century Fox]], [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] and [[Universal Studios]] were also shut down. The recording venues [[Capitol Records]] and [[Warner Bros. Records]] were shut down at the time of the quake, most notably [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s ''Bedtime Stories'' and ''[[Ill Communication]]'' by [[Beastie Boys]].

The [[Los Angeles Clippers]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] had three home games postponed or moved to other venues. The game scheduled against the [[Sacramento Kings]] was postponed, the game against the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] was relocated to [[The Forum (Inglewood, California)|The Forum]] (then the home arena of the [[Los Angeles Lakers]]), and the game against the [[New York Knicks]] was moved to the Arrowhead Pond (now [[Honda Center]]) in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]].

==Other buildings affected==
Numerous [[Los Angeles]] museums, including the Art Deco Building in [[Hollywood]], were closed, as were numerous city shopping malls. [[Gazzarri's]] nightclub suffered irreparable damage and had to be torn down after the earthquake. The city of [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] suffered significant damage. Many multifamily apartment buildings in Santa Monica were [[color-tagged structure|yellow-tagged]] and some [[color-tagged structure|red-tagged]]. Especially hard hit was a rough line between Santa Monica Canyon and Saint John's Hospital. Along this rough linear corridor was a significant amount of damage to property. The City of Santa Monica provided assistance to landlords dealing with repairs so tenants could return home as soon as possible.

==Radio and television affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
The earthquake knocked [[Los Angeles]]' radio and television stations off the air. However, they later came back on the air for earthquake coverage.

NBC affiliate [[KNBC]] was the first television station to go off the air<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/on-air/as-seen-on/Flashback_-NBC4-Covers-1994-Northridge-Earthquake_Los-Angeles-240955041.html |title=Flashback: NBC4 Covers 1994 Northridge Earthquake |work=KNBC |date=17 January 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2016}}</ref> while reporters and anchors [[Kent Shocknek]], [[Colleen Williams]] and [[Chuck Henry]] were producing special reports{{clarify|date=December 2010}} throughout the morning. Other stations KTLA, KCAL, KCBS and KABC were also knocked off the air. Afterward, anchors and reporters [[Stan Chambers]] and [[Hal Fishman]] of [[KTLA]], [[Laura Diaz (TV anchor)|Laura Diaz]] and [[Harold Greene (journalist)|Harold Greene]] of [[KABC-TV|KABC]], [[John Beard (news anchor)|John Beard]] of [[KTTV]], and [[Tritia Toyota]] of [[KCBS-TV|KCBS]] were doing coverage throughout the morning. {{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Radio stations such as KFI, KFWB and KNX were on the air during the main tremor, causing severe static on the airwaves. [[KROQ-FM]]'s [[Kevin and Bean]] morning show asked those people tuned in to stay out of their homes.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} [[Mark & Brian]]'s morning show on [[KLOS]] was also affected. The duo spoke to Los Angeles-area residents about their situation.

FM radio stations such as KRTH, KIIS-FM, KOST-FM and KCBS-FM were bringing special reports on the earthquake when morning show hosts [[Robert W. Morgan]], [[Rick Dees]] and Charlie Tuna were calling Los Angeles residents and others from their sister stations to bring their belongings to the stations and advising people not to drink water.

==Government and organization affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
The United States Postal Service suspended all mail service throughout the Los Angeles area for several days. The [[Los Angeles Public Library]] shut down most of its branches; books were knocked down after the quake. The Los Angeles City Hall suffered no damage. Los Angeles Mayor [[Richard Riordan]] declared a state of emergency and issued curfews in the area, while Governor [[Pete Wilson]] and President [[Bill Clinton]] visited Los Angeles to tour the earthquake area. The [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]'s [[Cathedral of St. Vibiana]] suffered severe damage and canceled activities until a new cathedral was built in 2002. The Church on the Way, which is near the epicenter, suffered some damage to the church campus building. The [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] Parade, scheduled to take place on the day of the earthquake, was not held.

==Legislative changes==
The Northridge earthquake led to a number of legislative changes. Due to the large amount lost by insurance companies because of the earthquake, most insurance companies either stopped offering or severely restricted earthquake insurance in California. In response, the California Legislature created the [[California Earthquake Authority]] (CEA), which is a publicly managed but privately funded organization that offers minimal coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakeauthority.com/|title=CA Earthquake Authority|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking, and a law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995.

==Building code changes==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
With each major earthquake comes new understanding of the way in which buildings respond to them. Advances in the technology associated with testing systems, design and seismic modeling software, structural connections, structural forms, and [[earthquake engineering|seismic force resisting systems]] have accelerated dramatically since Northridge. There is an array of building forms and systems that are no longer legal to build. An example is the previously popular "[[soft story building|soft-story]]" multifamily apartments. These buildings typically look like a three-story box on a narrow lot, where the upper two floors overhang the lower floor and are supported on pipe columns so cars can be parked underneath. Because the ground level is soft relative to the upper floors the upper portion can sway and fall onto the carport below. Today, no wood floors are allowed to extend more than an additional 15% beyond the shear wall or other lateral-load resisting element of the floor below. This typically results in overhangs of only up to three or four feet, compared to the 20 to 40 feet that was previously built. If an [[architect]] still wants this type of design, the [[structural engineer]] may specify that the previously used pipe column design be replaced with a laterally stiff steel "moment frame." This can also mitigate the problem of the soft-story structure by stiffening the soft ground floor.

==See also==
{{Portal|Los Angeles}}
*[[2008 California earthquake study]]
*[[List of earthquakes in California]]
*[[List of earthquakes in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Yegian>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.neu.edu/Depts/CIV/faculty/myegian/library/Thenorthridge%20Earthquake%20of%201994%20Ground%20Motions%20and%20Geotechnical%20Aspects.pdf |title=The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects |accessdate=2014-03-19|last1=Yegian|first1=M.K.|last2=Ghahraman|last3=Gazetas|first3=G.|last4=Dakoulas|first4=P.|last5=Makris|first5=N. |date= April 1995 |page=1384|work=Third International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics|publisher=Northeastern University College of Engineering}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|1994 Northridge earthquake}}
*[http://www.data.scec.org/significant/northridge1994.html Southern California Earthquake Data Center]
*[http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/hudnut/hudnut/nr_eq.html USGS Pasadena]
*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/North_res/ USC Earthquake Engineering-Strong Motion Group]
*[http://www.sacsteel.org/ SAC Steel Project (Study of welded steel failures)]
*[http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=2708 Helicopter Footage Filmed After The Quake]
*[http://www.williamgbecker.com/1994NorthridgeEarthquake/AllPBMIntroduction.htm CITY OF LOS ANGELES Re-survey of the San Fernando Valley]

{{Earthquakes in California}}
{{Northridge, Los Angeles}}
{{Earthquakes in 1994}}
{{Earthquakes in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Northridge Earthquake, 1994}}
[[Category:Earthquakes in California]]
[[Category:History of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:1994 in California]]
[[Category:History of the San Fernando Valley]]
[[Category:1994 earthquakes]]
[[Category:1994 natural disasters in the United States]]

1994 Northridge earthquake

2016-06-12T02:12:26Z

Robertkeller: Added day of week

{{Infobox earthquake
|title = 1994 Northridge earthquake
|image = FEMA - 1681 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 01-17-1994 in California.jpg
|imagecaption = Building collapsed as a result of the earthquake
|map =
|map2 = {{Location map+ | California
|places =
{{Location map~|California|lat=34.05|long=-118.25|label=Los Angeles|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|California|lat=36.18|long=-115.14|label=Las Vegas|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|California|lat=34.213|long=-118.537|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 260
| float = right
| caption =
| relief = yes}}
|duration = 10–20 seconds<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr-96-0263/introduc.htm#impacts|title=Introduction|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
|date = {{Start-date|January 17, 1994}}
|origintime = 4:30:55 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1994_01_17.php|title=Historic Earthquakes|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
|magnitude = 6.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|depth = {{convert|11.4|mi|abbr=on}}
|location = {{Coord|34.213|N|118.537|W|display=inline, title}}
|type = [[Thrust fault#Blind thrust faults|Blind thrust]]
|countries affected = [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Southern California]] United States
|damage = $13–$40 billion<ref name="NGDC"/>
|intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|IX (''Violent'')]]<ref name="USGS"/>
|PGA = 1.82''g'' horizontal<ref name=Yegian/>
|casualties = 57 killed > 8,700 injured
}}
[[File:Shake Map Northridge 1994.jpg|thumb|Map of perceived intensity of shaking]]
The '''1994 Northridge earthquake''' occurred on Friday, January 17, at 4:30:55 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] and had its [[epicenter]] in [[Reseda, Los Angeles|Reseda]], a neighborhood in the north-central [[San Fernando Valley]] region of Los Angeles, California. It had a duration of approximately 10–20 seconds. The [[blind thrust earthquake]] had a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] (Mw) of 6.7, which produced [[Peak ground acceleration|ground acceleration]] that was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America,<ref>[http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northreq.html Northridge Earthquake] Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved October 6, 2006.</ref> measuring 1.8''g'' (16.7 m/s2)<ref>USGS Earthquake Information for 1994 [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/significant/sig_1994.php "Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994"]</ref> with strong ground motion felt as far away as [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], Nevada, about 220 miles (360 km) from the epicenter. The peak ground velocity in this earthquake at the Rinaldi Receiving Station was 183 cm/s<ref>http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php ShakeMap Scientific Background</ref> (4.09 mph or 6.59 km/h), the fastest peak ground velocity ever recorded. In addition, two 6.0 Mw [[aftershocks]] occurred, the first about one minute after the initial event and the second approximately 11 hours later, the strongest of several thousand aftershocks in all.<ref name=berkley>{{cite web|url=http://seismo.berkeley.edu/~dreger/paper.html |author=Douglas Dreger |accessdate=25 November 2012 |title=The Large Aftershocks of the Northridge Earthquake and their Relationship to Mainshock Slip and Fault Zone Complexity}}</ref> The death toll was 57, with more than 8,700 injured. In addition, earthquake-caused property damage was estimated to be between $13 and $40 billion, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.

==Epicenter==
The earthquake struck in the [[San Fernando Valley]] about 20 miles (31 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. Although given the name "Northridge", the epicenter was located in the community of Reseda; it took several days to pinpoint the epicenter in detail. This was the first earthquake with a [[hypocenter]] directly beneath a U.S. city since the [[1933 Long Beach earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.data.scec.org/significant/northridge1994.html|title=Significant Earthquakes and Faults, Northridge Earthquake|publisher=Southern California Earthquake Data Center|accessdate=October 6, 2014}}</ref>

The [[National Geophysical Data Center]] placed the hypocenter's geographical coordinates at {{Coord|34|12|47|N| 118|32|13|W|}} and at a depth of 11.4 miles (18.3 km).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/event/show/18|title=Show Event - NGDC Natural Hazard Images - ngdc.noaa.gov|publisher=}}</ref> The earthquake occurred on a previously undiscovered fault, now named the Northridge [[Thrust fault#Blind thrust faults|blind thrust fault]] (also known as the Pico thrust fault).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/info/nr10/|title=USGS Northridge Earthquake 10th Anniversary|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> Several other faults experienced minor rupture during the main shock and other ruptures occurred during large aftershocks, or triggered slip earthquakes.<ref>http://www.data.scec.org/significant/northridge1994.html</ref>

==Damage and fatalities==
[[Image:FEMA - 13623 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 01-17-1994 in California.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A house damaged in Santa Monica.]]
[[Image:Northridge earthquake 10 frwy.png|thumb|left|[[Interstate 10 in California|I-10]] skyway after earthquake. The collapsed section is near the supporter beam.]]
[[Image:Northridge earthquake 10 frwy3.png|thumb|The freeway "bent" just before the collapsed section]]
[[Image:Kaiser Permanente Building After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Kaiser Permanente building]]
[[Image:Collapsed Apartment After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Collapsed apartment building]]
[[Image:Street Damage After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Street damage]]

Damage occurred up to 85 miles (125 km) away, with the most damage in the west San Fernando Valley, and the cities of [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Simi Valley, California|Simi Valley]] and [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]]. The exact number of fatalities is unknown, with sources estimating it at 60<ref name="USGS"/> or "over 60",<ref>[http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/usquakes.shtm FEMA]</ref> to 72,<ref name=latimes95>Reich, K. [http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-20/news/mn-16032_1_quake-death-toll Study raises Northridge quake death toll to 72.] ''[[Los Angeles Times]] December 20, 1995</ref> where most estimates fall around 60.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/northridge-earthquake-of-1994 History Channel]</ref> The "official" death toll was placed at 57;<ref name=latimes95/> 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained in the earthquake,<ref name=peek>{{cite journal |last=Peek-Asa |first=C. |year=1998 |title=Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=459–465 |doi=10.1093/ije/27.3.459 |pmid=9698136|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and many died from indirect causes, such as stress-induced [[cardiac arrest|cardiac events]].<ref name=kloner>{{cite journal |last=Kloner |first=R. A. |year=1997 |title=Population-Based Analysis of the Effect of the Northridge Earthquake on Cardiac Death in Los Angeles County, California |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1174–1180 |doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00281-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Leor |first=J. |year=1996 |title=Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=334 |issue=4 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199602153340701 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Some counts factor in related events such as a man's [[suicide]] possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster.<ref name=latimes95/>
More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 who required hospitalization.<ref name="huduser.org">[http://www.huduser.org/publications/destech/bigone/summary.html Executive Summary]</ref>

The Northridge Meadows apartment complex was one of the well-known affected areas in which sixteen people were killed as a result of the building's collapse. The [[Northridge Fashion Center]] and [[California State University, Northridge]] also sustained very heavy damage—most notably, the collapse of parking structures. The earthquake also gained worldwide attention because of damage to the vast freeway network, which serves millions of commuters every day. The most notable of this damage was to the [[Interstate 10 (California)|Santa Monica Freeway, Interstate 10]], known as the busiest freeway in the United States, congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired. Farther north, the [[Newhall Pass interchange]] of [[Interstate 5 (California)|Interstate 5]] (the [[Golden State Freeway]]) and [[California State Route 14|State Route 14]] (the [[Antelope Valley Freeway]]) collapsed as it had 23 years earlier in the 1971 [[Sylmar earthquake]] even though it had been rebuilt with minor improvements to the structural components.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/summer94/p94su26.htm Public Roads On-Line (Summer 1994): The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons learned in Seismic-Resistant bridge Design]</ref> One life was lost in the Newhall Pass interchange collapse: [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] motorcycle officer Clarence Wayne Dean fell 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I-5 along with his motorcycle. Because of the early morning darkness, he likely did not realize that the elevated roadway below him had collapsed, and was unable to stop in time to miss the fall and died instantly. When the interchange was rebuilt again one year later, it was renamed the Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial Interchange in his honor.

Additional damage occurred about 50 miles (80 km) southeast in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] as the scoreboard at [[Angel Stadium of Anaheim|Anaheim Stadium]] collapsed onto several hundred seats. The stadium was vacant at the time. Although several commercial buildings also collapsed, loss of life was minimized because of the early morning hour of the quake, and because it also occurred on a federal holiday ([[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]]). Also, because of known seismic activity in California, area [[building code]]s dictate that buildings incorporate [[structural design]] intended to withstand earthquakes. However, the damage caused by the earthquake revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as intended. Because of these revelations, building codes were revised. Some structures were not [[Red-tagged structure|red-tagged]] until months after the earthquake, because damage was not immediately evident.

The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 [[g-force|''g'']]. Damage was also caused by fire and landslides. The Northridge earthquake was notable for hitting almost the same exact area as the MW 6.6 [[San Fernando earthquake|San Fernando (Sylmar) earthquake]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Estimates of total damage range between $13 and $40 billion.<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web | url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=5372&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display | title=Comments for the Significant Earthquake | publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]] | accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood frame buildings (e.g. the three-story Northridge Meadows apartment building). In particular, buildings with an unstable first floor (such as those with parking areas on the bottom) performed poorly. Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas lines from houses shifting off their foundations or unsecured water heaters tumbling.<ref>[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/daretoprepare/stuff/waterheater.html Secure Your Stuff: Water Heater]</ref> In the San Fernando Valley, several underground gas and water lines were severed, resulting in some streets experiencing simultaneous fires and floods. Damage to the system resulted in water pressure dropping to zero in some areas; this predictably affected success in fighting subsequent fires. Five days after the earthquake it was estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 customers were still without public water service.<ref name=Scawthorn>{{cite book|title=Fire Following Earthquake|year=2005|publisher=ASCE, NFPA|location=Reston, vA|isbn=9780784407394|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147485909&productid=5362|editor=Scawthorn, Eidinger, Schiff}}</ref> As is typical in earthquakes, [[unreinforced masonry building]]s and houses on steep slopes suffered damage. However, school buildings (K-12), which are required by California law to be reinforced against earthquakes, in general survived fairly well.

==Valley fever outbreak==
An unusual effect of the Northridge earthquake was an outbreak of [[coccidioidomycosis]] (Valley fever) in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]]. This respiratory disease is caused by inhaling airborne spores of fungus. The 203 cases reported, of which 3 resulted in fatalities, was roughly 10 times the normal rate in the eight weeks following the earthquake. This was the first report of such an outbreak following an earthquake and it is believed that the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides. Most of the cases occurred immediately downwind of the landslides.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://landslides.usgs.gov/recent/archives/1997northridge.php| title = Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak| website = [[USGS]] Landslide Hazards Program
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20140202114422/http://landslides.usgs.gov/recent/archives/1997northridge.php| archivedate= 2014-02-02}}</ref>

==Hospitals affected==
Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or rendered unusable after the earthquake.<ref name="huduser.org"/> Not only were they unable to serve their local neighborhoods, but they also had to transfer out their inpatient populations, which further increased the burden on nearby hospitals that were still operational. As a result, the state legislature passed a law requiring all hospitals in California to ensure that their acute care units and emergency rooms would be in earthquake-resistant buildings by January 1, 2005. Most were unable to meet this deadline and only managed to achieve compliance in 2008 or 2009.<ref>{{citation|title=Earthquake: The Long Road Back : Hospitals Strained to the Limit by Injured : Medical care: Doctors treat quake victims in parking lots. Details of some disaster-related deaths are released|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-19/local/me-13343_1_parking-lot|date=January 19, 1994|first=Jack|last=Cheevers|first2=Alan|last2=Abrahamson|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

==Television, movie, and music productions affected==
{{refimprove section|date= October 2014}}
The earthquake disrupted production of movies and TV shows filming in the area at the time. The ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "[[Profit and Loss (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|Profit and Loss]]" was being filmed at the time, and actors [[Armin Shimerman]] and Edward Wiley left the [[Paramount Pictures]] lot in full [[Ferengi]] and [[Cardassian]] makeup respectively.<ref name="ds9com">{{cite book|title=[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion]]|last=Erdmann|first=Terry J.|author2=Paula M. Block|isbn=0-671-50106-2|date=2010-03-29}}</ref> The [[Seinfeld (season 5)|season five]] episode of ''[[Seinfeld]]'' entitled "[[The Pie]]" was due to begin shooting on the day of the earthquake before stage sets were damaged. NBC's ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', hosted by [[Jay Leno]], took place in the NBC Studios in Burbank, close to the epicenter of the quake. Also, ABC's ''[[General Hospital]]'', which shoots in Los Angeles, was heavily affected by the Northridge earthquake. The set, which is at ABC Television Center, suffered major damage including partial structural collapse and water damage.

All of the earthquake sequences in the [[Wes Craven]] film ''[[Wes Craven's New Nightmare|New Nightmare]]'' were filmed a month prior to the Northridge quake. The real quake struck only weeks before filming was completed. Subsequently, a team was sent out to film footage of the quake damaged areas of the city. The cast and crew had initially thought that the scenes that were filmed before the real quake struck were a bit overdone, but when viewed after the real quake hit, they were horrified by the realism of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111686/trivia|title=New Nightmare (1994)|work=IMDb|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>

Some archives of film and entertainment programming were also affected. For example, the original 35 mm master films for the 1960s sitcom ''[[My Living Doll]]'' were destroyed in the earthquake.<ref>Susan King, "[http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/04/entertainment/la-et-living-doll-20120404 The 'perfect' '60s woman]", [[Los Angeles Times]], April 4, 2012; retrieved April 14, 2012</ref>

==Transportation affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
[[Image:FEMA - 1807 - Photograph by Robert A. Eplett taken on 01-17-1994 in California.jpg|thumb|
Damaged portion of the [[Golden State Freeway]] at Gavin Canyon.]]

Portions of a number of major roads and freeways, including [[Interstate 10 in California|Interstate 10]] over [[La Cienega Boulevard]], and the interchanges of [[Interstate 5]] with [[California State Route 14]], [[California State Route 118|118]], and [[Interstate 210 and State Route 210 (California)|Interstate 210]], were closed because of structural failure or collapse. [[James E. Roberts]] was chief bridge engineer with [[Caltrans]] and was placed in charge of the seismic retrofit program for [[Caltrans]] until his death in 2006.

Rail service was briefly interrupted, with full Amtrak and expanded Metrolink service resuming in stages in the days after the quake. Metrolink used the interruptions to road transport as a reason to experiment with service to [[Camarillo]] and [[Oxnard]], [[Ventura County Line|which continues to the present]]. During the interruption, Metrolink leased equipment from Amtrak, San Francisco's [[Caltrain]] and Toronto, Canada's [[GO Transit]] to handle the sudden onslaught of passengers. All MTA bus lines operated service with detours and delays on the day of the quake. [[Los Angeles International Airport]] and other airports in the area were also shut down as a 2-hour precaution, including Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport (now [[Bob Hope Airport]]) and [[Van Nuys Airport]], which is near the epicenter, where the control tower suffered from radar failure and panel collapse. The airport was reopened in stages after the quake.

==Universities, colleges, and schools affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
[[California State University, Northridge]] was the closest university to the epicenter. As such, many campus buildings were heavily damaged and a parking structure collapsed; as a result, many classes were moved to temporary structures. In Valencia, [[California Institute of the Arts]] also experienced heavy damage and classes were relocated to a nearby Lockheed test facility for the remainder of 1994.
Los Angeles Unified School District closed local schools throughout the area, schools reopened 1 week after the earthquake. [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and other universities were also shut down. The [[University of Southern California]] suffered some structural damage to several older campus buildings, but classes were conducted as scheduled.

==Entertainment and sports affected==
[[Universal Studios Hollywood]] shut down the [[Earthquake: The Big One|Earthquake]] attraction, based on the 1974 motion picture blockbuster, ''[[Earthquake (film)|Earthquake]]''. It was closed for the second time since the [[Loma Prieta earthquake]]. [[Angel Stadium of Anaheim]] (then known as Anaheim Stadium), which is far away from the epicenter, suffered some damage, and the scoreboard fell into the seats. The theme parks [[Disneyland]], [[Knott's Berry Farm]] and [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] were shut down after the quake, but only for inspections, since all were designed with earthquakes in mind.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] and [[Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena]] suffered minor damage. The major Hollywood film studios including [[Warner Brothers]], [[20th Century Fox]], [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] and [[Universal Studios]] were also shut down. The recording venues [[Capitol Records]] and [[Warner Bros. Records]] were shut down at the time of the quake, most notably [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s ''Bedtime Stories'' and ''[[Ill Communication]]'' by [[Beastie Boys]].

The [[Los Angeles Clippers]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] had three home games postponed or moved to other venues. The game scheduled against the [[Sacramento Kings]] was postponed, the game against the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] was relocated to [[The Forum (Inglewood, California)|The Forum]] (then the home arena of the [[Los Angeles Lakers]]), and the game against the [[New York Knicks]] was moved to the Arrowhead Pond (now [[Honda Center]]) in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]].

==Other buildings affected==
Numerous [[Los Angeles]] museums, including the Art Deco Building in [[Hollywood]], were closed, as were numerous city shopping malls. [[Gazzarri's]] nightclub suffered irreparable damage and had to be torn down after the earthquake. The city of [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] suffered significant damage. Many multifamily apartment buildings in Santa Monica were [[color-tagged structure|yellow-tagged]] and some [[color-tagged structure|red-tagged]]. Especially hard hit was a rough line between Santa Monica Canyon and Saint John's Hospital. Along this rough linear corridor was a significant amount of damage to property. The City of Santa Monica provided assistance to landlords dealing with repairs so tenants could return home as soon as possible.

==Radio and television affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
The earthquake knocked [[Los Angeles]]' radio and television stations off the air. However, they later came back on the air for earthquake coverage.

NBC affiliate [[KNBC]] was the first television station to go off the air<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/on-air/as-seen-on/Flashback_-NBC4-Covers-1994-Northridge-Earthquake_Los-Angeles-240955041.html |title=Flashback: NBC4 Covers 1994 Northridge Earthquake |work=KNBC |date=17 January 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2016}}</ref> while reporters and anchors [[Kent Shocknek]], [[Colleen Williams]] and [[Chuck Henry]] were producing special reports{{clarify|date=December 2010}} throughout the morning. Other stations KTLA, KCAL, KCBS and KABC were also knocked off the air. Afterward, anchors and reporters [[Stan Chambers]] and [[Hal Fishman]] of [[KTLA]], [[Laura Diaz (TV anchor)|Laura Diaz]] and [[Harold Greene (journalist)|Harold Greene]] of [[KABC-TV|KABC]], [[John Beard (news anchor)|John Beard]] of [[KTTV]], and [[Tritia Toyota]] of [[KCBS-TV|KCBS]] were doing coverage throughout the morning. {{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Radio stations such as KFI, KFWB and KNX were on the air during the main tremor, causing severe static on the airwaves. [[KROQ-FM]]'s [[Kevin and Bean]] morning show asked those people tuned in to stay out of their homes.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} [[Mark & Brian]]'s morning show on [[KLOS]] was also affected. The duo spoke to Los Angeles-area residents about their situation.

FM radio stations such as KRTH, KIIS-FM, KOST-FM and KCBS-FM were bringing special reports on the earthquake when morning show hosts [[Robert W. Morgan]], [[Rick Dees]] and Charlie Tuna were calling Los Angeles residents and others from their sister stations to bring their belongings to the stations and advising people not to drink water.

==Government and organization affected==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2014}}
The United States Postal Service suspended all mail service throughout the Los Angeles area for several days. The [[Los Angeles Public Library]] shut down most of its branches; books were knocked down after the quake. The Los Angeles City Hall suffered no damage. Los Angeles Mayor [[Richard Riordan]] declared a state of emergency and issued curfews in the area, while Governor [[Pete Wilson]] and President [[Bill Clinton]] visited Los Angeles to tour the earthquake area. The [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]'s [[Cathedral of St. Vibiana]] suffered severe damage and canceled activities until a new cathedral was built in 2002. The Church on the Way, which is near the epicenter, suffered some damage to the church campus building. The [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] Parade, scheduled to take place on the day of the earthquake, was not held.

==Legislative changes==
The Northridge earthquake led to a number of legislative changes. Due to the large amount lost by insurance companies because of the earthquake, most insurance companies either stopped offering or severely restricted earthquake insurance in California. In response, the California Legislature created the [[California Earthquake Authority]] (CEA), which is a publicly managed but privately funded organization that offers minimal coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakeauthority.com/|title=CA Earthquake Authority|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking, and a law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995.

==Building code changes==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
With each major earthquake comes new understanding of the way in which buildings respond to them. Advances in the technology associated with testing systems, design and seismic modeling software, structural connections, structural forms, and [[earthquake engineering|seismic force resisting systems]] have accelerated dramatically since Northridge. There is an array of building forms and systems that are no longer legal to build. An example is the previously popular "[[soft story building|soft-story]]" multifamily apartments. These buildings typically look like a three-story box on a narrow lot, where the upper two floors overhang the lower floor and are supported on pipe columns so cars can be parked underneath. Because the ground level is soft relative to the upper floors the upper portion can sway and fall onto the carport below. Today, no wood floors are allowed to extend more than an additional 15% beyond the shear wall or other lateral-load resisting element of the floor below. This typically results in overhangs of only up to three or four feet, compared to the 20 to 40 feet that was previously built. If an [[architect]] still wants this type of design, the [[structural engineer]] may specify that the previously used pipe column design be replaced with a laterally stiff steel "moment frame." This can also mitigate the problem of the soft-story structure by stiffening the soft ground floor.

==See also==
{{Portal|Los Angeles}}
*[[2008 California earthquake study]]
*[[List of earthquakes in California]]
*[[List of earthquakes in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Yegian>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.neu.edu/Depts/CIV/faculty/myegian/library/Thenorthridge%20Earthquake%20of%201994%20Ground%20Motions%20and%20Geotechnical%20Aspects.pdf |title=The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects |accessdate=2014-03-19|last1=Yegian|first1=M.K.|last2=Ghahraman|last3=Gazetas|first3=G.|last4=Dakoulas|first4=P.|last5=Makris|first5=N. |date= April 1995 |page=1384|work=Third International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics|publisher=Northeastern University College of Engineering}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|1994 Northridge earthquake}}
*[http://www.data.scec.org/significant/northridge1994.html Southern California Earthquake Data Center]
*[http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/hudnut/hudnut/nr_eq.html USGS Pasadena]
*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/North_res/ USC Earthquake Engineering-Strong Motion Group]
*[http://www.sacsteel.org/ SAC Steel Project (Study of welded steel failures)]
*[http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=2708 Helicopter Footage Filmed After The Quake]
*[http://www.williamgbecker.com/1994NorthridgeEarthquake/AllPBMIntroduction.htm CITY OF LOS ANGELES Re-survey of the San Fernando Valley]

{{Earthquakes in California}}
{{Northridge, Los Angeles}}
{{Earthquakes in 1994}}
{{Earthquakes in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Northridge Earthquake, 1994}}
[[Category:Earthquakes in California]]
[[Category:History of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:1994 in California]]
[[Category:History of the San Fernando Valley]]
[[Category:1994 earthquakes]]
[[Category:1994 natural disasters in the United States]]

United Parcel Service

2016-06-05T02:56:12Z

Robertkeller: Changed a to per

{{for|the United States postal service|United States Postal Service}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox company
| name = United Parcel Service, Inc.
| logo = United Parcel Service logo 2014.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = Public company
| traded_as = {{nyse|UPS}} [[Dow Jones Transportation Average|Dow Jones Transportation Average component]] [[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1907|8|28}} [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
| location = [[Sandy Springs, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| founder = [[James E. Casey]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = David Abney (CEO) [[Scott Davis (businessman)|Scott Davis]] (Chairman)
| industry = [[Courier]]
| products = [[Courier]] express services [[Freight]] forwarding services [[logistics]] services
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} [[United States|US$]] 58.363 billion <ref name="About"/> (2015)<ref name=10K>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1090727/000109072715000008/ups-12312014x10k.htm|title=2014 Form 10-K, United Parcel Service, Inc.|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref>}}
| operating_income = {{increase}} US$ 7.668 billion (2015)<ref name=10K/>
| net_income = {{increase}} US$ 4.844 billion (2015)<ref name=10K/>
| assets = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|{{increase}} US$ 38.311 billion (2015) <ref name='xbrlus_2013'>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1090727/000109072715000008/ups-12312014x10k.htm |title=UNITED PARCEL SERVICE INC 2014 Annual Report Form (10-K) |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |format=XBRL |date=February 28, 2014}}</ref>}}|{{nowrap|{{decrease}} US$ 35.44 billion (2014) <ref name=xbrlus_2013/>}}}}
| equity = {{increase}} US$ 2.47 billion (2015)<ref name=10K/>
| num_employees = 444,000 (2015)<ref name="About">{{cite web |url=http://www.ups.com/content/us/en/about/facts/worldwide.html |title=About UPS |publisher=UPS |accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref>
| subsid = [[The UPS Store]] UPS Supply Chain Solutions [[UPS Capital]] [[UPS Airlines]] UPS Express Critical [[UPS Freight]] UPS Logistics UPS Mail Innovations UPS Professional Solutions UPS i-parcel
| homepage = [http://www.ups.com/ UPS.com]
}}

'''United Parcel Service, Inc.''' ('''UPS''') is the world's largest package delivery company and a provider of supply chain management solutions.<ref>"[http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1090727/000109072715000008/ups-12312014x10k.htm#s5AA9204796705AF68E135B666BEF5E41]." ''SEC 2014 Form 10-K Item 1 Business Overview''.</ref> The global logistics company is headquartered in [[Sandy Springs, Georgia|Sandy Springs]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], which is part of the [[Greater Atlanta|Greater Atlanta metropolitan area]]. UPS delivers more than 1.5 million packages per day to more than 7.9 million customers in more than 220 countries and territories around the world.<ref>"[http://www.investors.ups.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=62900&p=irol-homeprofile]." ''United Parcel Service''. Retrieved on May 17, 2016.</ref><ref name="Sandymap">"[http://files.sandysprings-ga.org/maps/SandySprings_CouncilDistricts.pdf City Council Districts]." City of Sandy Springs. Retrieved on July 4, 2009.</ref><ref name="UPS Fact Sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.pressroom.ups.com/mediakits/factsheet/0,2305,866,00.html |title=UPS Fact Sheet |accessdate=August 19, 2007}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=UPS claiming they are the world's largest package delivery company doesn't make it so|date=January 2016}}

UPS is known for its brown delivery trucks and uniforms, hence the company nickname ''"Brown"''. UPS also operates its [[UPS Airlines|own airline]] and [[air cargo]] delivery service {{Airline codes|5X|UPS|UPS}} based in [[Louisville, Kentucky]].

[[File:Venezia0750UPS.jpg|thumb|right|UPS boat on [[Canal Grande]], [[Venice]], [[Italy]]]]

==History==

===Foundation===
On August 28, 1907, [[James E. Casey|James Casey]] founded the '''American Messenger Company''' with fellow teenager Claude Ryan<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|author=Paul Lukas Reporting by Maggie Overfelt |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/04/01/341024/index.htm |publisher=CNN | title=UPS United Parcel Service James Casey transformed a tiny messenger service into the world's largest shipper by getting all wrapped up in the details of package delivery | date=April 1, 2003 |accessdate=December 18, 2010}}</ref> in [[Seattle, Washington]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ups.com/content/corp/about/history/1929.html|title=UPS: 1907-1929|work=ups.com}}</ref> capitalized with $100 in debt.<ref name="HistoryLink">{{cite web |last=Warren |first=James R. |date=September 20, 1999 |title=United Parcel Service (UPS) |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=1679 |work=[[HistoryLink]] |accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:United Parcel Service logo (1919–1937).gif|thumb|150px|UPS logo (1919-1937)]]
In 1913, the first delivery car appeared, a [[Model T Ford]]. Casey and Ryan merged with a competitor, Evert McCabe, and formed '''Merchants Parcel Delivery'''. Consolidated delivery was also introduced, combining packages addressed to a certain neighborhood onto one delivery vehicle.<ref name="HistoryLink"/>

[[File:United Parcel Service logo (1937–1961).gif|thumb|UPS logo (1937-1961)]]
In 1930, a consolidated service began in New York City, and soon after in other major cities in the [[Eastern United States|East]] and the [[Midwest]]. In 1937, the logo was redesigned to reflect the company's new name ''United Parcel Service''.<ref name=Pressroom>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressroom.ups.com/Fact+Sheets/The+UPS+Logo+-+A+Brief+History |title=The UPS Logo – A Brief History |accessdate=February 15, 2010 |work=UPS Pressroom}}</ref> All UPS vehicles are then painted Pullman brown. In 1937, The UPS logo is revised for the first time; it then included the tagline "The Delivery System for Stores of Quality".

[[File:'69 Checker Marathon UPS Canada (Toronto Spring '12 Classic Car Auction).JPG|thumb|left|1969 [[Checker Marathon]] from UPS Canada]]
From 1940 to 1959, the company acquired "[[common carrier]]" rights to deliver packages between all addresses, any customer, private and commercial.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

===Explosion===
Shortly before 3:00 a.m, on the morning of December 5, 1974, a package bomb exploded at UPS's Northside center on Beaver Avenue in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, killing 41-year-old John Metz and injuring 10 others.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZaQrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uPwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4150%2C1012597|title = UPS Worker is Injured in Pittsburgh Explosion|last = Farrar|first = Fred|date = 5 December 1974|work = Nashua Telegraph|access-date = 23 December 2015|via = Google News Archive|location = Nashua, New Hampshire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b0ENAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4700%2C889048|last=Guo|first=David|title = Northside Bomb Probe Stalls|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date = 6 December 1974|accessdate = 23 December 2015|via=Google News Archive}}</ref> The murder case was investigated by Robert Coll, Assistant Superintendent of City Detectives. The package originated in western Ohio and its destination was believed to be a New Kensington motorcycle shop. UPS claimed no liability in the incident, and the case was never solved.

===Expansion===
In 1975, UPS moved its headquarters to [[Greenwich, Connecticut]] and began servicing all of the 48 [[Continental United States|contiguous states]] of the USA. UPS also established Canadian operations in 1975. On Feb. 28, UPS Ltd. (later changed to UPS Canada Ltd.) began operations in Toronto, [[Ontario]]. UPS Canada's head office is located in [[Burlington, Ontario]]. In 1976, UPS established a domestic operation in [[West Germany]].<ref name="pressroom.ups.com">http://www.pressroom.ups.com/About+UPS/Company+History/1975</ref>

In 1982, UPS Next-Day Air Service was offered in the US and Blue Label Air became UPS 2nd Day Air Service.

In 1988, UPS Airlines was launched.<ref name="pressroom.ups.com"/> In 1991, UPS moved its headquarters to [[Sandy Springs, Georgia]], a suburb of [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]. In 1992, UPS acquired both [[Haulfast]] and [[Carryfast]] and rebranded them UPS Supply Chain Solutions. Haulfast provided the pallet haulage and trucking network for the CarryFast group of companies.

In 1995, UPS acquired [[SonicAir]] to offer service parts logistics and compete with [[Choice Logistics]]. In 1997, a [[walkout]] by the 185,000 members of the [[Teamsters]] shut down UPS for 16 days.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/20/ups.update.early/ | publisher= CNN | date= August 20, 1997 | title= It's official: Teamsters end UPS strike| accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref>

In 1998, UPS Capital was established. UPS acquired Challenge Air in 1999 to expand its operations in Latin America.<ref>{{Cite news|title = UPS Agrees to Buy Challenge Air Cargo Assets|url = http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/29/news/nc-51218|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = 1999-06-29|access-date = 2015-12-23|issn = 0458-3035|language = en-US|first = |last = Bloomberg News}}</ref>

On November 10, 1999, UPS became a public company.

In 2001, UPS acquired [[Mail Boxes Etc.|Mail Boxes Etc., Inc.]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Amy Doan|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/03/05/0305ups.html|title=UPS Picks Up Mail Boxes Etc.|publisher=[[Forbes]] |date=March 5, 2001}}</ref> In 2003, the two companies introduced The UPS Store brand, and approximately 3,000 Mail Boxes Etc. locations re-branded.

===Freight business===
In 2004, UPS entered the [[freight|heavy freight]] business with purchase of [[Menlo Worldwide|Menlo Worldwide Forwarding]], a former subsidiary of [[Menlo Worldwide]]. UPS rebranded it as UPS Supply Chain Solutions. The purchase price was US$150 million and the assumption of US$110 million in long-term debt. On August 5, 2005, UPS announced that it has completed its acquisition of less-than-truckload (LTL) trucking company Overnite Transportation for US$1.25 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pressroom.ups.com/pressreleases/archives/archive/0,1363,4589,00.html |title=UPS Completes Acquisition of Overnite |accessdate=August 17, 2007 |work=UPS Press Release |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010504/http://pressroom.ups.com/pressreleases/archives/archive/0,1363,4589,00.html  |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref> This was approved by the [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]] and Overnite shareholders on August 4, 2005. On April 28, 2006, Overnite officially became [[UPS Freight]]. On October 3, 2005, UPS completed the purchase of [[LYNX Express|LYNX Express Ltd]], one of the largest independent parcel carriers in the United Kingdom, for [[Pound sterling|£]]55.5 million (US$97.1 million) after receiving approval for the transaction from the [[European Commission]]. The first joint package car center operation, in [[Dartford]], Kent, is opened in 2006.

On August 28, 2007, United Parcel Service celebrated its 100th anniversary. In June 2009, United Parcel Service lobbied to have language added to the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] Reauthorization Act. [[FedEx]] ran a negative ad campaign called [[Brown Bailout]]. On March 19, 2012, UPS announced that it intended to acquire [[TNT Express]] for $6.8 billion, in a move to help expand its presence in European and Asian markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-03-18/ups-said-to-reach-deal-to-buy-tnt-express |title=UPS to Purchase TNT Express for $6.8 Billion |publisher=Businessweek |date=2012-03-19 |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref> However, the deal fell through in January 2013 after it was announced that UPS had failed to obtain permission from the European Commission and as such had been blocked on competition grounds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Express Freight and Logistics Merger Torpedoed by European Commission|url=http://www.handyshippingguide.com/shipping-news/major-express-freight-and-logistics-merger-torpedoed-by-european-commission_4284|publisher=Handy Shipping Guide|accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref>

===Recent years===
During Christmas 2013, UPS (as well as [[FedEx]]) failed to meet guaranteed Christmas delivery deadlines for a small percentage of customers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind UPS's Christmas Eve SNAFU|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303345104579282432991595484|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref> UPS blamed the delays on large numbers of last-minute online holiday sales, which were spurred by retailer delivery guarantees and an unusually short holiday shopping season due to a late Thanksgiving.<ref>{{cite web|title=UPS Gifts Delayed by Snow, Online Orders|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/26/ups-gifts-delayed-by-snow-online-orders|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref> UPS did not deliver on Christmas Day, but sorters worked Christmas afternoon and evening to load planes. Most affected shipments were delayed by one day.<ref>{{cite web |title=UPS Still Staggering Under Holiday Rush|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/12/26/more-delays-as-ups-staggers-holiday-crush/4207755|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=27 December 2013}}</ref>

==Company structure==
UPS's primary business is the time-definite delivery of packages and documents worldwide. In recent years, UPS has extended its service portfolio to include [[less than truckload]] transportation (primarily in the U.S.) and [[supply chain]] services.
UPS reports its operations in three segments: U.S. Domestic Package operations, International Package operations, and Supply Chain & Freight operations.

===U.S. Domestic Package===
U.S. Domestic Package operations include the time-definite delivery of letters, documents, and packages throughout the United States.

===International Package===
[[File:Natbagg012.jpg|thumb|UPS has service worldwide, including Israel's [[Ben Gurion International Airport]] (pictured above).]]
International Package operations include delivery to more than 220 countries and territories worldwide,<ref name="UPS Fact Sheet" /> including shipments wholly outside the United States, as well as shipments with either origin or distribution outside the United States.

===Supply Chain & Freight===
Supply Chain & Freight (UPS-SCS for UPS Supply Chain Solutions) includes UPS' [[Freight forwarder|forwarding]] and [[contract logistics]] operations,
[[UPS Freight]], and other related business units. UPS' forwarding and logistics business provides services in more than 175 countries and territories worldwide, and includes worldwide supply chain design, execution and management, freight forwarding and distribution, customs brokerage, mail and consulting services. UPS Freight offers a variety of less than truckload ("LTL") and truckload ("TL") services to customers in North America.

Other business units within this segment include [[The UPS Store]] and UPS Capital.<ref>The former name for The UPS Store was [[Mail Boxes Etc.]], which continues to operate outside the United States and Canada. The UPS Store, Inc. is the franchisor for The UPS Store in the U.S. and Canada. {{cite web |url=http://www.bluemaumau.org/7292/ups_sells_off_mbe_brand_outside_us_canada_and_india |title=UPS Sells Off MBE Brand outside US, Canada and India |accessdate=November 10, 2010}}</ref>

==Competitors==
Major competitors in the United States include [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) and [[FedEx]], as well as regional US carriers such as OnTrac, Eastern Connection, and Lone Star Overnight. In addition to these domestic carriers, UPS competes with a variety of international operators, including [[Canada Post]], [[Purolator Courier|Purolator]], [[TransForce]], [[DHL Express]], [[Deutsche Post]] (and its subsidiary [[DHL Express|DHL]]), [[Royal Mail]], [[Japan Post]], [[India Post]] and many other regional carriers, national postal services and air cargo handlers (see [[Package delivery]] and Mail pages).

Historically, the bulk of UPS' competition came from inexpensive ground-based delivery services, such as [[Parcel post|Parcel Post]] (USPS) or [[Choice Logistics]]. But in 1998 FedEx expanded into the ground parcel delivery market by [[Mergers and acquisitions|acquiring]] [[Roadway Package System|RPS]] (originally Roadway Package System) and rebranding it as [[FedEx Ground]] in 2000. In 2003 DHL expanded its US operations by acquiring [[Airborne Express]], significantly increasing its presence in the United States, and adding more competition in the ground delivery market. In response to this, UPS partnered with the US Postal Service to offer UPS Mail Innovations,<ref>[http://www.upsmailinnovations.com/ UPSmailinnovations.com]. UPSmailinnovations.com. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref> a program that allows UPS to pick up mail & packages separately from the main Ground network and transfer them to a USPS center, or destination delivery unit (DDU),<ref>[http://pe.usps.gov/Archive/HTML/DMMArchive1209/E250.htm PE.usps.gov]. PE.usps.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref> for final distribution. This process is also known as zone skipping,<ref>[http://multichannelmerchant.com/opsandfulfillment/advisor/zone_skipping/ Multichannelmerchant.com]. Multichannelmerchant.com (January 18, 2006). Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref> long used by Parcel Consolidators.<ref>[https://www.usps.com/business/shipping-consolidators.htm Shipping Consolidators]. USPS.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.</ref> UPS also has a separate product called "SurePost" which uses the UPS Ground network to deliver packages to the nearest UPS depot, which transfers them to the USPS DDU for final delivery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logisticsmgmt.com/article/ups_rolls_out_new_economy_ground_service_for_delivery_to_residential_locati/|title=UPS rolls out new economy ground service for delivery to residential locations|date=April 11, 2011|work=logisticsmgmt.com}}</ref>

More recently, the continued growth of [[online shopping]], combined with increasing awareness of the role transportation (including package delivery) has on the [[Natural environment|environment]], has contributed to the rise of emerging competition from niche carriers or rebranded incumbents. For instance, the [[US Postal Service]] claims "greener delivery" of parcels on the assumption that USPS letter carriers deliver to each US address, six days a week anyway, and therefore offer the industry's lowest fuel consumption per delivery. Other carriers, like ParcelPool.com,<ref>[http://www.parcelpool.com/ Parcelpool.com]. Parcelpool.com. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref> which specializes in residential package delivery to [[APO/FPO]] addresses, [[Hawaii]], [[Alaska]], [[Puerto Rico]], and other US Territories, arose in response to increased demand from catalog retailers and online e-tailers for low-cost residential delivery services closely matching service standards normally associated with more expensive expedited parcel delivery.

==Characteristic features==

===Brown===
The brown color that UPS uses on its vehicles and uniforms is called ''[[Pullman Company|Pullman]] Brown''. The color is also mentioned in its former advertising slogan: ''"What can Brown do for you?"''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressroom.ups.com/pressreleases/archives/archive/0,1363,3917,00.html |title= UPS Launches Biggest, "Brownest" Ad Campaign Ever |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20021102082746/http://pressroom.ups.com/pressreleases/archives/archive/0,1363,3917,00.html|archivedate=Nov 2, 2002}}</ref> Originally founder James E. Casey wanted the trucks to be yellow, but one of his partners, Charlie Soderstrom, stated they would be impossible to keep clean, and that [[Pullman (car or coach)|Pullman railroad cars]] were brown for just that reason.<ref name="cnn" />

===Font===
UPS commissioned brand consultancy FutureBrand to develop its own font, ''UPS Sans'', for use in marketing and communication material. ''UPS Sans'' was created by slightly altering certain parts of [[FSI FontShop International]]'s font ''[[FF Dax]]'' without permission. This has resulted in an agreement between FSI FontShop International and FutureBrand to avoid litigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://typophile.com/node/17362 |title=FontShop and Unnamed Firm Reach Agreement |accessdate=May 22, 2008 |work=FSI Press Release}}</ref>

[[File:United Parcel Service logo (1961–2003).png|thumb|200px|United Parcel Service logo (1961–2003) designed by [[Paul Rand]]]]

===Vehicles===

====Package cars====
[[File:UPS PackageCar 2344949376 74be4af25f o cropped.jpg|thumb|right|UPS package car from rear quarter. US variant, [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]], Texas]]
[[File:UPS UK Mercedes Sprinter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mercedes Sprinter]]-based package car in London. The van carries the logo of the [[London 2012 Olympics]], to show that UPS is a sponsor of the games]]
[[File:2008-08-02 UPS long trailer 1.jpg|thumb|right|A UPS trailer parked in [[Durham, North Carolina]]]]

The UPS package car (or van) is a major symbol of the U.S. business world, with its iconic status referenced in an early-2000s ad campaign following UPS' sponsorship of [[Dale Jarrett]] in the [[NASCAR Sprint Cup Series]]: the ads were about how the company would prefer to race the truck over a stock car despite the futility of doing so, as "people love the truck".

The classic UPS package car is built on a [[General Motors]] or [[Ford]] [[chassis]], has a manual transmission, manual steering, and no radio or air conditioning. Older vehicles are easily recognizable due to their round headlights and turn signals set onto a sculpted fiberglass hood. These are either [[Morgan Olson]] or [[Utilimaster Corporation|Union City Body]] P-500, P-600, or P-800 step vans (a recent redesign changed the look, replacing the round turn signals with [[ovoid]] [[LED]] ones). The cars lack manufacturer's name or badges.

Newer package cars in North America have either a [[Freightliner Trucks]] or [[Navistar International]] chassis; automatic transmissions and power steering are slowly appearing in package cars. UPS also operates [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] box vans (occasionally with Dodge badges) as well as [[Dodge Grand Caravan]] minivans.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

UPS has ordered [[Modec]] [[electric van]]s for its UK and German fleets. Energy costs play a huge part in the potential profitability of package delivery companies like DHL and FedEx.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4evriders.org/2008/11/europe-ups-orders-modec-electric-vans-for-uk-and-german-fleets/ |title=Europe: UPS Orders Modec Electric Vans for UK and German Fleets |date=November 20, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2010 }}</ref>

When UPS ground vehicles reach the end of their useful service life and are no longer roadworthy (typically 20–25 years or more, but generally when the body's structural integrity is compromised), they are almost always stripped of reusable parts, repainted in household paint to cover up the trademark, and then sent to the scrapyard to be crushed and broken up. The only exception to this policy is when a package car is repainted white for internal use, usually at a large hub. Prior to scrapping, UPS trucks and trailers are assigned an ADA (Automotive Destruction Authorization) number and must be crushed under supervision of UPS Automotive personnel, which records the vehicle's destruction, as UPS does not re-sell any of its ground vehicles.

====Other trucks====
UPS commonly refers to its tractor-trailers as "feeders". The [[tractor unit]]s are painted the same Pullman brown as the package cars, while all company-owned [[trailer (vehicle)|trailers]] are painted gray. UPS trailers come in a variety of lengths. The shortest trailers (also known as "Pups") are {{convert|28|ft|m}} long; longer trailers (also known as "Rails") come in lengths of 45, 48 or {{convert|53|ft|m}}. Towing two of the short trailers in tandem are referred to as "double pups" or a "set." There are three different types of feeders — Flatbed, Drop Frame, and [[Intermodal freight transport|Trailer-on-flatcar]] (TOFC); the latter are put onto railroad cars.

Tractor units are usually made by [[Navistar International|Navistar]] or [[Mack Trucks|Mack]], but a few [[Ford]], [[Sterling Trucks|Sterling]], and [[Freightliner Trucks|Freightliner]] tractors are in the fleet. Past makes in the fleet include [[Chevrolet]], [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]], and [[Diamond REO]]. At one time, UPS used electric-powered trucks, made by [[White Motor Company|White Motors]], for deliveries in Manhattan, NYC. There were only a few hundred of them, but they were notable for their "spooky silence" when running.

===Bicycles===
[[File:UPS Lastenfahrrad in Hamburg.jpg|thumb|UPS bike delivery in [[Hamburg]]]]
In 2008, UPS started hiring bike delivery people in Vancouver, Washington, and in Portland, Salem, Corvallis, Antelope, Eugene, and Medford, Oregon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bikeportland.org/2008/11/14/ups-gears-up-for-holidays-with-bike-delivery/ |title=UPS gears up for holidays with bike delivery |first=Jonathan |last=Maus |date=November 14, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2010 }}</ref>

===Trains===

UPS contracts with several railroad companies in the United States to provide [[Intermodal freight transport|intermodal]] transport for its cargo.

==Services==
{{expand section|date=July 2014}}
UPS offers 27 different services for their U.S., International, and Freight divisions. Services include: Next Day Air, Second Day Air, Three Day Select, Ground, Standard, and more.

==Other codes==
* Trailer / railroad [[reporting marks]]: UPGX, UPGZ, UPOZ, UPSZ, UPWZ, UPSC<ref name="CTG09">{{Cite book |title=Canadian Trackside Guide |last=Roberts |first=Earl W. |last2=Stremes |first2=David P. |year=2009 |pages=Chapter 18 Page 27 |publisher=Bytown Railway Society |location=Ottawa, Ontario}}</ref>
* [[National Motor Freight Traffic Association|NMFTA]] [[Standard Carrier Alpha Codes|SCAC code]]: UPSS, UPSN, UPSC

==Operating subsidiaries and alliances==

===ANA/UPS – All Nippon/United Parcel Deal===

[[All Nippon Airways]], a [[Star Alliance]] member, and UPS have formed a cargo alliance and code-share to transport member cargo, similarly to an [[airline alliance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/All-Nippon-Airways-UPS-work/story.aspx?guid={C217C64D-897F-421D-B04D-093357133808} |title=All Nippon Airways and UPS to work together amid cargo slump |date=October 29, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2010 }}</ref>

==Personnel structure==
[[File:Upspackagecars.jpg|thumb|right|Larger UPS package vehicles custom made by [[Grumman Olson]]]]
[[File:UPS Sprinter van.jpg|thumb|right|Smaller UPS package vehicle on a [[Dodge Sprinter]] chassis]]
[[File:UPS Truck.jpg|thumb|right|UPS package vehicle on a [[Mercedes-Benz Vario]] chassis]]
[[File:UPS Airlines (N288UP) Boeing 747-100 freighter parked at Sydney Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[Boeing 747]] in the original UPS Airlines livery in 1998]]
[[File:UPS Airlines (N288UP) McDonnell Douglas MD-11F climbs just after taking off at Sydney Airport.jpg|thumb|A UPS Airlines [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]F aircraft just after takeoff in 2007]]

UPS employs approximately 395,000 staff: 318,000 in the U.S. and 77,000 internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressroom.ups.com/Fact+Sheets/UPS+Fact+Sheet|title=Fact Sheets|work=ups.com}}</ref> Approximately 240,000 UPS drivers, package handlers and clerks are represented by the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]]. During [[the 1997 United Parcel Service strike]], the company's only nationwide strike in its history, which lasted 16 days, Teamster President [[Ron Carey (labor leader)|Ron Carey]] negotiated a new contract for workers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/20/ups.update.early/ |title=It's official: Teamsters end UPS strike |accessdate=August 19, 2007 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

==Chief executives==
* 1907–1962 [[James E. Casey|James E. "Jim" Casey]]
* 1962–1972 George D. Smith
* 1972–1973 Paul Oberkotter
* 1973–1980 Harold Oberkotter
* 1980–1984 George Lamb
* 1984–1990 John W. Rogers
* 1990–1997 [[Kent C. Nelson|Kent C. "Oz" Nelson]]
* 1997–2001 James P. Kelly
* 2002–2007 [[Mike Eskew|Michael L. "Mike" Eskew]]
* 2008 – 2014 [[Scott Davis (businessperson)|Scott Davis]]<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://investor.shareholder.com/ups/news/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=269116
| title = UPS Chairman & CEO Mike Eskew to Retire; Scott Davis Named as Successor
}}</ref>
* 2014–present [[David Abney]]

==System design==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
The UPS Parcel Network is based on a [[Spoke-hub distribution paradigm|hub and spoke model]]. UPS operates [[List of United Parcel Service hubs|centers]] that feed parcels to hubs where parcels are sorted and forwarded to their destinations. Centers typically are the point of entry for parcels and send the parcels to one or more hubs. A hub is a location where many centers send packages to be sorted and sent back out to other centers or hubs. For example, a standard ground parcel being shipped from [[Wilmington, North Carolina]] to San Francisco is picked up by a driver and taken to the Wilmington Package Center, where it is loaded on a trailer and driven to [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]. At Greensboro it would be loaded onto a trailer and sent by rail ([[trailer-on-flatcar]] in most cases) to the [[Oakland, California]] Hub. There it would then be forwarded to the delivery center in [[San Francisco, California]], loaded onto the delivery vehicle, and transported to its final destination.

The UPS air network runs similarly to the ground network through a hub-and-spoke system, though air hubs are typically located at airports so airplanes can quickly be unloaded, the packages sorted, and the aircraft loaded again. Centers feed packages to facilities at airports (called gateways), which in turn send them to an air hub to be sorted and put on another airplane to a final destination gateway, and then from there to a center. For instance, a Next Day Air package traveling from [[Seattle, Washington]] to [[Atlanta, Georgia]], would be loaded onto an [[Unit Load Device|air container]] at [[Boeing Field]] just south of Seattle and flown to the [[Worldport (UPS air hub)]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]]. From there it would be sorted to a container heading to Atlanta to [[Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport]], and taken by truck from the airport to the delivery center.

==The UPS Store pricing for non-UPS products==
Although [[The UPS Store]] provides UPS shipping at regular UPS rates, The UPS Store has been sometimes criticized for providing [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) services at prices higher than consumers would have paid for the same services directly from the postal service.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/nyregion/21ups.html |newspaper=New York Times |title=In New York paying more to send US mail at UPS stores |date=December 21, 2009 |first=Ray |last=Rivera}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2009/12/21/Often-unnoticed-rates-at-UPS/UPI-34571261406484/ |publisher=UPI |title=Often unnoticed rates at UPS |date=December 21, 2009 }}</ref> The UPS Store allows individuals to ship via USPS at varying rates that are not the retail rates the post office charges; this is viewed as more of a convenience fee (akin to paying a slightly higher price for groceries at a convenience store). USPS rules allow third-party stores to charge extra costs that they deem necessary.

==Fuel economy==
[[File:UPS truck -804051.jpg|thumb|right|UPS Package Car.]]

In 2004 UPS announced that it would save fuel by minimizing left turns. Because drivers are idle at intersections while waiting to make left turns, UPS developed software that routes the day's packages with preference to right turns. Since UPS operates a fleet of over 96,000 ground vehicles,<ref name="About"/> the fuel savings are considerable. In 2005, UPS eliminated {{convert|464000|mi|km}} from its travel and saved {{convert|51000|usgal|l}} of fuel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20060716/ai_n16540534 |title=UPS says turning right saves time, money |accessdate=October 15, 2007 |work=Deseret News | date=July 16, 2006}}</ref>
{{See also|Travelling salesman problem}}

UPS is also using hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) for local deliveries. As of May 22, 2007, the company has 50 deployed in Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, and Phoenix. The 50 HEVs are expected to cut fuel consumption by {{convert|44000|usgal|l}} per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ups.com/pressroom/us/press_releases/press_release/0,0,4894,00.html |title=UPS "Green Fleet" Expands with 50 Hybrid Electric Vehicles |accessdate=August 19, 2007 |work=UPS Press Release}}</ref>

==Environmental record==
As of 2013, UPS has over 96,100 vehicles in operation worldwide including 2,745 alternative-fuel vehicles.<ref name="About"/> In May 2008 UPS placed an order for 200 [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (adding to the 50 it had at that point) and 300 [[compressed natural gas]] (which are 20% more fuel efficient, and add to the 800 it already has) vehicles from [[Daimler Trucks North America]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.canadiandriver.com/thenews/2008/05/14/ups-orders-500-vehicles-for-"green-fleet".htm |title=UPS orders 500 vehicles for green fleet |publisher=Canadian Driver |date=May 14, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://finchannel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12630&Itemid=14 |title=UPS Places Largest Order for "Green" Trucks Ever with Daimler Trucks North America (DTNA) |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=finchannel.com |accessdate=December 18, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2008/05/12/daily38.html |title=UPS orders more hybrid electric trucks |publisher=East Bay Business Times | date=May 13, 2008}}</ref>

UPS received a "striding" rating of 80 points out of 100 totals on the environmental scorecard by the Climate Counts Group for its efforts to lessen the company's impact on the environment.<ref>[http://www.climatecounts.org/scorecard_score.php?co=70 UPS Score]. Climate Counts. Retrieved on September 14th, 2012.</ref> UPS has also been awarded the Clean Air Excellence Award by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] because of the alternative fuel program it has developed.<ref>[http://www.csrwire.com/News/5355.html UPS Environmental Achievements Recognized by EPA; UPS Improves Air Quality through Environmental Programs]. CSRwire.com (April 6, 2006). Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref>

In October 2009, UPS became the first small-package carrier to offer customers the chance to buy [[carbon offset]]s to neutralize the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the transport of their packages. Although initially only available on ups.com and to high-volume shippers, they are now widely available through UPS shipping systems and UPS Ready third-party shipping systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carbonoffsetsdaily.com/carbonindustryinterviews/interview-scott-wicker-vp-sustainability-ups-on-ups%E2%80%99s-per-package-carbon-offsets-service-19424.htm |title=Interview: Scott Wicker, VP Sustainability, UPS on UPS's Per-Package Carbon Offsets Service |publisher=CarbonOffsetsDaily.com |date= October 13, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ups.com/content/us/en/resources/ship/carbonneutral/shipping.html Shipping carbon neutral with UPS]. UPS. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref>

==Employee theft==
UPS had an incident of an employee stealing firearms in transit to licensed firearm dealers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=U.P.S. 'GUN THIEF' DRIVER 'TOOK PARCELS'|last=Hamilton|first=Brad|date=2007-04-29|work=New York Post| url=http://nypost.com/2007/04/29/u-p-s-gun-thief/|accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> In response, UPS issued a policy in 1999 that all [[handgun]]s must be shipped overnight. "We're trying to protect ourselves from employees stealing and criminals stealing," UPS spokesman Bob Godlewski said.<ref>{{Cite news|title=United Parcel Service to stop ground service delivery of handgun |date= 1999-10-08|publisher=The Oklahoma City Journal Record|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4182/is_19991008/ai_n10133216/ |accessdate=2011-05-18}}</ref>

On November 11, 2015, A man was arrested in connection with an organized theft ring at a UPS sorting facility and several other employees at the facility are accused of stealing cargo worth $100,000 to $200,000.<ref>http://www.ksat.com/news/ups-employee-arrested-in-organized-theft-ring</ref>

==Employment actions==
In recent years, UPS had some employment actions brought by the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Recent Lawsuits against UPS Highlight Risks of Inflexible Termination Policies |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/two-recent-lawsuits-against-ups-highlight-risks-inflexible-terminat |publisher=Poyner Spruill LLP |date=2009-12-09|accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref> In EEOC v. United Parcel Service, Inc. a former UPS employee took a 12-month leave of absence after she began having symptoms that were later diagnosed as multiple sclerosis. UPS had a policy allowing employees to take up to 12 months off for medical leave. When the employee exhausted this medical leave, the EEOC alleges the employee requested an additional two weeks of leave and that she could have returned to her job after those additional two weeks. Instead of allowing the alleged request for an additional two weeks of leave, UPS fired her. In Jackson v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 548 F.3d 1137 (8th Cir. 2008), UPS allegedly demoted a black, female employee after she caused an accident on her first day on the job. The court ruled that the employee failed to make out Title VII race and gender discrimination claims because UPS promptly reinstated her to her former position and paid her full back pay. The court held that "a demotion or denial of a promotion, even when accompanied by a loss in pay, is not an adverse employment action when it is corrected in a timely manner." In EEOC v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111464 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 28, 2011), the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]] scrutinized agency-initiated suits that do not lay out certain basic legal elements based on the Supreme Court decisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment Law Issues in the Workplace: EEOC Developments |url= http://www.natlawreview.com/article/employment-law-issues-workplace-eeoc-developments|publisher=[[Dinsmore & Shohl]]|work=The [[National Law Review]] |date=2012-05-09|accessdate=2012-07-13}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] alleged that UPS violated federal employment law when it allowed supervisors and coworkers to discriminate against and harass an employee for being Arab and Muslim.<ref>{{cite web |title=UPS Sued by EEOC for National Origin and Religious Harassment |url= http://www.natlawreview.com/article/ups-sued-eeoc-national-origin-and-religious-harassment|publisher=U.S [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] |work=The National Law Review |date=2012-09-12 |accessdate= 2012-09-29}}</ref>

==Brokerage fees for Canadians==
The normal procedure for residential customers in Canada to import goods from the U.S. by mail is relatively simple; they are required to pay 5% [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|GST]] on the item in Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec and higher rates of HST (Harmonized Sales Tax) in eastern Canada and Ontario (13% HST), plus a C$9.95 handling fee collected by the [[Canada Border Services Agency]] (CBSA) on behalf of [[Canada Post]]. This applies for mailed items greater than C$20 and gifts greater than C$60 in value;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/E/pub/cp/rc4051/rc4051-e.html |title=Importing Non-Commercial Goods by Mail |accessdate=August 19, 2007 |work=CBSA}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> this does not apply to items shipped by couriers such as UPS.

When delivering packages in Canada, UPS [[Customs broking|brokers]] clears the item through the CBSA and transfers a cost to the buyer.<ref name=brokerage>{{cite web|url=http://www.ups.com/content/ca/en/shipping/cost/zones/customs_clearance.html |title=UPS Rates for Customs Clearance into Canada |accessdate=August 19, 2007 |work=United Parcel Service}}</ref> These fees are not disclosed at the time of purchase by the seller, as many sellers from the U.S. are themselves unaware of this.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/home/courierfees/index.html|date=Dec 5, 2000|work=CBC Marketplace|title=Courier Charges|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429050829/http://cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/home/courierfees/index.html|archivedate=Apr 29, 2001}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thegatesofdawn.ca/wordpress/posts/2006/12/10/ups-brokerage-fee-class-action/ UPS "Brokerage fee" class-action]. Thegatesofdawn.ca. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.epinions.com/content_20759744132/show_~allcom UPS Brokerage Fee]. Epinions.com. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://forums.ebay.ca/thread.jspa?threadID=300003225 Canadian Customs: What's The Deal]. Forums.ebay.ca. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.mitsunation.net/showthread.php?t=5567 Why we hate UPS]. Mitsunation.net. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://theminiaturespage.com/boards/msg.mv?id=26424 UPS brokerage fees shock horror!]. Theminiaturespage.com (July 29, 2004). Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.ehmac.ca/everything-else-eh/19292-ups-problems-warning-rant.html UPS Problems – WARNING]. Ehmac.ca. Retrieved on July 12, 2011.</ref>

As a result, there have been two class-action lawsuits filed against UPS by Canadians. The first one, filed in October 2006 by Robert Macfarlane, a resident of [[British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poynerbaxter.com/UPS.htm |title=UPS British Columbia Class Action Lawsuit |accessdate=August 19, 2007 }}</ref> alleges that the UPS brokerage is "so harsh and adverse as to constitute an unconscionable practice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poynerbaxter.com/UPS/Statement%20of%20Claim.pdf#page5 |title=Statement of Claim |format=PDF |page=5 |accessdate=August 19, 2007}}</ref>

The second, ''Wright v. United Parcel Service Canada Ltd.'', claims "that UPS failed to obtain consumers' consent to act as a customs broker; to disclose the existence and/or amount of the brokerage fee; and to provide consumers with the opportunity or disclose to them how to arrange for customs clearance by themselves."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classaction.ca/content/actions/ups.asp |title=Ontario Class-action Lawsuit |accessdate=August 19, 2007}}</ref> In 2011, the Ontario Superior Court ruled that, indeed, the brokerage fee was not properly disclosed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Drew Hasselback |url=http://business.financialpost.com/legal-post/ontario-judge-rules-against-ups-in-consumer-protection-case|title=Ontario judge rules against UPS in consumer protection case|publisher=[[Financial Post]] |date=September 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onsc/doc/2011/2011onsc5044/2011onsc5044.html|title=Wright v. United Parcel Service Canada Ltd., 2011 ONSC 5044|publisher=[[Canadian Legal Information Institute]] |date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> An appeal was scheduled for June 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onscdc/doc/2012/2012onsc3287/2012onsc3287.html|title=Ryan Wright v. United Parcel Service Canada Ltd., 2012 ONSC 3287 (CanLII)|publisher=[[Canadian Legal Information Institute]] |date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>

It is possible for a recipient to avoid UPS brokerage fees if a parcel is shipped using a UPS "express" (premium) service,<ref name=brokerage /> that is, another service other than UPS Standard (Ground). Fees may also be avoided if the recipient clears the parcel themself at a CBSA office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegatesofdawn.ca/wordpress/posts/2009/01/26/avoiding-upsfedex-brokerage-fees/ |title=Avoiding Brokerage Fees |accessdate=June 22, 2009}}</ref>

This distinction is not limited to Canada, or to UPS. As a rule, "mail" import procedures in all countries apply only to items imported '''by mail''', i.e., originated by the exporter's local postal authority (for Canadians, commonly [[United States Postal Service|USPS]]) for delivery by the importer's local postal authority (Canada Post); they do '''not''' apply to shipments made by courier services such as UPS, FedEx, or DHL. For example, this distinction is specifically noted by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP) in its website's page on Internet purchases imported into the United States; it also warns that imports by courier may come with "higher than...expected" brokerage fees that "sometimes exceed the cost of (the) purchase", and that prepaid shipping charges on imports by courier normally do '''not''' include duties or brokerage fees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/import/infrequent_importer_info/internet_purchases.xml |title=Internet Purchases |accessdate=August 19, 2007 |work=CBP |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20060507052100/http://www.cbp.gov:80/xp/cgov/import/infrequent_importer_info/internet_purchases.xml |archivedate=May 7, 2006 }}</ref> (The distinction may be sharper in the U.S. because CBP normally waives duties on mail imports of up to US$200 per day, but '''not''' on courier imports of any amount. [[Use tax]], the U.S. equivalent of GST, is collected only by the states, not by CBP or shippers.) What makes this case unique is that UPS charges a substantial brokerage fee on ground shipments to Canada, when other Canadian small-package services apparently charge nothing (UPS "express" services) or a minimal fee (Canada Post).

==See also==
{{Portal|Atlanta|Companies}}
* [[Big Brown]] – 2008 [[Kentucky Derby]] and [[Preakness Stakes]] winner; named after the company
* [[Freight company]]
* [[Freight payment service]]
* [[Incoterms]]
* [[MaxiCode]] – A UPS developed and utilized square barcode-like symbol that appears on their package label
* [[Point-to-point transit]]
* [[Spoke-hub distribution paradigm]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Brewster, Mike and Frederick Dalzell. ''Driving Change: The UPS Approach to Business'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Driving-Change-UPS-Approach-Business/dp/1401302882 excerpt and text search]
* [[Thomas Friedman|Thomas L. Friedman]], "Insourcing," in ''The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century,'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, updated and expanded, 2006, pp. 167–176.
* Minchin, Timothy J., "Shutting Down 'Big Brown': Reassessing the 1997 UPS Strike and the Fate of American Labor," ''Labor History,'' 53 (Nov. 2012), 541–60.
* Niemann, Greg. ''Big Brown: The Untold Story of UPS'' [http://www.gregniemann.com/ John Wiley & Sons, 2007]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.ups.com/}}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZCfSb8CDFY&feature=endscreen&NR=1 How Courier Company UPS Operate]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZu_gxi3sbs UPS Documentary]
* [http://www.trinity.edu/smf/inc/reports/sp2011/ups.pdf UPS - PPT]
* [http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/hallofhonor/2002_casey.htm James E. Casey (1888 — 1983) - UPS Founder's Profile]
* [http://pressroom.ups.com/Fact+Sheets/UPS+Fact+Sheet UPS Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.ups.com/content/corp/companies/index.html UPS Companies/Subsidiaries]
* [http://pressroom.ups.com/Fact+Sheets/UPS+Timeline UPS Timeline]
* [http://www.canadianbusinessjournal.ca Canadian Business Journal],
* [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/40/40483.html Yahoo! – United Parcel Service, Inc. Company Profile]
* [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/06/ups_hydraulic.php UPS's New Hydraulic Hybrid Available For Test Ride In NYC]

{{UPS}}
{{Trucking industry in the United States}}
{{Atlanta companies}}
{{Dow Jones Transportation Average}}
{{Coord|33|56|36.16|N|84|21|34.73|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Transportation Average]]
[[Category:Companies based in Sandy Springs, Georgia]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1907]]
[[Category:Express mail]]
[[Category:Logistics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Economy of Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:United Parcel Service|*]]

Talk:Joseph Beek

2016-04-07T04:39:23Z

Robertkeller:

{{WPBiography
|living=no
|class=Start
|politician-work-group=yes
|listas=Beek, Joseph Allan
}}
Looks like his last day in office was the day before he died: http://kintrails.inkol.com/kintrails/BEEK/gp810.htm
October 20 vs October 21, 1968 [[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] ([[User talk:Robertkeller|talk]]) 04:39, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Joseph Beek

2016-04-07T04:35:21Z

Robertkeller: Found birth and death dates here: http://kintrails.inkol.com/kintrails/BEEK/gp810.htm

[[Image:Joe_Beek.jpg|frame|right|Joseph A. Beek]]

'''Joseph Allan Beek''' ("Joe Beek") (December 16, 1880 – October 21, 1968) was the longest-serving Secretary of the Senate in California history (1919-1968). <ref>California's Legislature, 2006 edition, E. Dotson Wilson, Chief Clerk, California Assembly, p. 149, p. 169. </ref> The [[Secretary of the California State Senate]] is a nonpartisan officer of the Senate who advises the presiding officer and Senators on parliamentary procedures and is the chief recordkeeper of the Senate. The Secretary is elected by majority vote of the Senators for each two-year session.<ref>California's Legislature, 2006 edition, E. Dotson Wilson, Chief Clerk, California Assembly, p. 149. </ref>

Joe Beek was born in [[Maine]] and established residency in California in 1907.<ref> California Blue Book, 1938, p. 31.</ref> He attended school in Pasadena at Throop Polytechnic Institute (later renamed [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]]). Beek first served as a Senate attache in 1913. In 1917 he was elected Minute Clerk. <ref> ''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento. p.v</ref>He was first elected as Secretary in 1919 and served continuously, with the exception of 1921-22, until his death in office on October 20, 1968.

Beek authored the book "The California Legislature" in 1942.<ref> The California Legislature, by J.A. Beek, California Senate, Sacramento.</ref> Written in narrative form, the book was part history lesson, part memoir, and part guide to the legislative process. Subsequent editions were published for the next 40 years. Beek also co-founded the [[American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries]] (ASLCS) in 1943.<ref> See National Conference of State Legislatures web site (ncsl.org) for history of ASLCS.</ref> He served as the ASLCS president for the first 25 years.<ref> It was originally named American Association of Legislative Officers. See, ''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento. p.vi</ref> Beek's years of Capitol service closely mirrored that of his colleague, [[Arthur Ohnimus]], who served as [[Chief Clerk]] of the lower house from 1915 to 1963.

Beek was perhaps best known for his role in developing [[Balboa Island]]. <ref> See www.balboaislandmuseum.com </ref> He established the [[Balboa Island Ferry]], built roads and bridges, and was one of the island's chief promoters. Beek was also Chairman of the California Small Craft Harbor Commission, was a published musician and composer, a World War II veteran, and a promoter of reforestation of hills surrounding Orange County. <ref> ''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento. p.vi</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Sources ==
*''The California Legislature'', 1980 edition, by Joseph A. Beek (R.W. Lyons, editor), Office of State Printing, Sacramento.
* ''California Blue Book'', State of California, 1938 and 1961 editions.
* [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/califleg.html California's Legislature (2006 edition), Appendix E, p. 269]
* [http://www.ncsl.org/legislative-staff.aspx?tabs=857,35,81#857 ASLCS web site]

== External links ==
* [http://www.balboaislandmuseum.com/default.asp?PageID=119304 Balboa Island Museum]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beek, Joseph Allan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Maine]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Officers of the California State Legislature]]

Talk:Lundy, California

2016-04-07T03:20:32Z

Robertkeller:

{{WikiProject California|class=stub|importance=low}}
{{reqphoto|in=Mono County, California}}

The main page talks about the original/historical colors of the painted Indian rock. A quick Google image search revealed the following:

Based on the clothing styles of other photos from this photographer's same collection from a Hunt family reunion, this is likely from c1980 (Dolphin-style shorts on the men and white knee socks). The image is dated 2011, but this appears to be the date the image was scanned, not taken.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/69028886@N04/6389514539/in/album-72157628112337807/lightbox/

This later image is dated March 2015 and is likely accurate. Not only are the colors changed, the lines on the Indian's face and other design elements differ.
http://i783.photobucket.com/albums/yy115/wshawkins/Indian%20Rock_edited-1_zpsyb9ebyhl.jpg

Hope this helps [[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] ([[User talk:Robertkeller|talk]]) 03:20, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

USS Kirk

2015-12-15T19:58:05Z

Robertkeller: Added Fargo S2Ep10

{{Use American English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:USS Kirk (FF-1087) UNREP.jpg|300px|USS Kirk (FF-1087)]]
|Ship caption=USS ''Kirk'' (FF-1087)
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1993}}
|Ship name=USS ''Kirk''
|Ship namesake=[[Alan Kirk]]
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|Ship ordered=25 August 1966
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|Ship builder=[[Avondale Shipyard]], [[Westwego, Louisiana]]
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|Ship laid down=4 December 1970
|Ship launched=25 September 1971
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|Ship fate=Transferred to [[Taiwan]], as ''Fen Yang''
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}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=Taiwan
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Taiwan|naval}}
|Ship name=''Fen Yang'' ({{lang-zh|汾陽}})
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=*loaned 6 August 1993
*purchased 29 September 1999
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|Hide header=
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*AN/SPS-67 Surface Search Radar
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|Ship EW=[[SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite|AN/SLQ-32 Electronics Warfare System]]
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*[[Mark 46 torpedo]]es from four single tube launchers)
*1 × [[Phalanx CIWS]]
|Ship armour=
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|Ship aircraft=1 × [[SH-2 Seasprite]] (LAMPS I) helicopter
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|}

'''USS ''Kirk'' (FF-1087)''' was a {{sclass-|Knox|frigate|0}} [[destroyer escort]], originally designated as DE-1087 and reclassified as a [[frigate]] (1975) in the [[United States Navy]]. Her primary mission of [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] remained unchanged. She was named for Admiral [[Alan Kirk|Alan Goodrich Kirk]].

Her contract awarded to [[Avondale Shipyard|Avondale Marine]] on 25 August 1966. ''Kirk'' was laid down on 4 December 1970, launched on 25 September 1971 and commissioned on 9 September 1972.

==Service history==
In April 1975 ''Kirk'' participated in [[Operation Eagle Pull]], the evacuation of [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Operation Frequent Wind]], the evacuation of [[Saigon]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/seairland/chap5.htm By Sea, Air and Land: An Illustrated History of the U.S. Navy and the war in Southeast Asia Chapter 5: The Final Curtain, 1973–1975]</ref>

As part of the U.S. fleet sent to facilitate the evacuation of Americans from South Vietnam, USS ''Kirk'' carried out one of the most significant humanitarian missions in U.S. military history. Under the direction of a civilian, [[Richard Armitage (politician)|Richard Armitage]], ''Kirk'' rescued the [[Republic of Vietnam Navy|South Vietnamese Navy]], and along with it, tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees, and led them to the [[Philippines]]. From there, most of the refugees ultimately emigrated to the United States.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129578263 At War's End, U.S. Ship Rescued South Vietnam's Navy]</ref>

During the evacuation, it became a makeshift landing zone for a stream of helicopters flown by South Vietnamese airmen fleeing for their lives with their families and friends on board. Having only a small helipad, ''Kirk'' had nowhere to store the helicopters so the crew pushed each one overboard into the China Sea. The final refugees it received were literally tossed out of a hovering [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook]] that was too large to land on ''Kirk''. Once the passengers were safely aboard, the pilot steered the craft a few hundred yards off ''Kirk''{{'}}s bow and landed in the water. He successfully emerged and joined his family on board the American frigate.<ref>{{cite serial |authorlink= Rory Kennedy |first= Rory (Producer Director) |last= Kennedy |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lastdays/ |series= [[American Experience]] |title= Last Days in Vietnam |date= 2015 |station= [[WGBH Educational Foundation]] }}</ref>

In 2010, under the direction of [[Adam M. Robinson, Jr.|VADM Adam Robinson]], former [[Surgeon General of the United States Navy|Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy]], the U.S. Navy created a documentary entitled ''The Lucky Few''. It has since been translated into Vietnamese as well.

===Decommissioning and Taiwanese service===
She served in the U.S. Navy up until 6 August 1993, when the ship was decommissioned and leased to [[Republic of China Navy]] in [[Taiwan]]. In Taiwanese service she was renamed ''Fen Yang'' ({{lang-zh|汾陽}}) with the hull number changed to 934. On 29 September 1999, the ship was finally purchased by Taiwan.

==Reference in Film/Television==
In Season 2, episode 10 of the television series [[Fargo_(TV_series)|Fargo]], State Trooper Lou Solverson recalls Kirk's rescue mission during the final days of Vietnam.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{NVR|http://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvrships/details/FF1087.htm}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kirk1087.org/ Reunion organization site]
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/destroyer_escorts/pages/kirk_de_1087_page_1.htm Maritimequest USS Kirk DE-1087/FF-1087 Photo Gallery]
* [http://forums.kirk1087.org/gallery/album.php?album_id=2 USS Kirk (FF1087) Operation Frequent Wind gallery]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129475773 Forgotten Ship: A Lifesaving Mission As Saigon Fell] - slideshow by ''[[NPR]]''
* [http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365430311 "Last Days in Vietnam" NPR broadcast April, 29, 2015]

{{Knox class frigate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirk}}
[[Category:1971 ships]]
[[Category:Knox-class frigates]]
[[Category:Ships built in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Republic of China Navy]]

Izola Curry

2014-08-04T17:00:49Z

Robertkeller: Her voter registration card shows her birthdate per this http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/the-woman-who-nearly-murdered-martin-luther-king-jr-687453

'''Izola Ware Curry''' (born June 14, 1916)<ref name=rei>[http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_curry_izola_ware_1916/ Curry, Izola Ware (1916- )], via the Martin Luther King Jr Research and Education Institute.</ref><ref>[[Hugh Pearson (journalist)|Hugh Pearson]]. ''When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.''. [http://books.google.com/books?id=wiuTfo66SO0C&pg=PA49 pg.49]. "1958.. forty-two-year-old Negro woman named Izola Curry.."</ref> is an [[African-American]] woman who attempted to assassinate [[civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] She stabbed King with a [[letter opener]] at a Harlem book signing on September 20, 1958, during the [[History_of_Harlem#1946.E2.80.931969.2C_the_Civil_Rights_Movement|Harlem civil rights movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s]]. King was eventually [[Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination|assassinated]] April 4, 1968, in an unrelated incident. Curry was born in [[Adrian, Georgia]] and at the age of 20 moved to [[New York, New York|New York]] where she found work as a housekeeper.<ref name=rei/> Shortly after moving she developed delusions about the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP).<ref name=rei/>

==Assassination attempt==
King went on a tour to promote ''Strive Toward Freedom'' after it was published. During a book signing at a department store in [[Harlem]], a well-dressed woman approached and asked him if he was Martin Luther King, Jr. When King replied in the affirmative, she said, "I've been looking for you for five years," then stabbed him in the chest with a steel letter opener.

[[New York City Police Department]] officers Al Howard and Phil Romano were in a radio car near the end of their tour at 3:30 pm when they received a report of a disturbance in Blumstein’s Department store. They arrived to see King sitting in a chair with an ivory handled letter opener protruding from his chest. Howard was heard to tell King, "Don’t sneeze, don’t even speak."

Howard and Romano took King still in the chair down to an ambulance that took King to [[Harlem Hospital Center|Harlem Hospital]], which was already notifying chief of thoracic and vascular surgery John W. V. Cordice, Jr. who was in his office in Brooklyn, and trauma surgeon Emil Naclerio, who had been attending a wedding and arrived still in a tuxedo. They made incisions and inserted a [[rib spreader]], making King’s [[aorta]] visible. Chief of Surgery Aubre de Lambert Maynard then entered and attempted to pull out the letter opener, but cut his glove on the blade; a surgical clamp was finally used to pull out the blade.<ref name=Daly>{{cite news
|title= The Black and White Men Who Saved Martin Luther King’s Life
|author= Michael Daly
|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/19/the-black-and-white-men-who-saved-martin-luther-king-s-life.html
|newspaper= [[The Daily Beast]]
|date= January 20, 2014
|accessdate= January 22, 2014
| quote = Stabbed in the chest in 1958, one mistake or sneeze would have fatally severed his aorta if not for the deft work for two cops and two surgeons.
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6MoL4tSnC
|archivedate= 2014-01-22
}}</ref>

"Days later," King wrote in his posthumously published autobiography, "when I was well enough to talk with Dr. Aubrey Maynard, the chief of the surgeons who performed the delicate, dangerous operation, I learned the reason for the long delay that preceded surgery. He told me that the razor tip of the instrument had been touching my aorta and that my whole chest had to be opened to extract it. 'If you had sneezed during all those hours of waiting,' Dr. Maynard said, 'your aorta would have been punctured and you would have drowned in your own blood.'"<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/autobiography/chp_12.htm | title= King's Biography | year=2001 | accessdate=2007-07-04 | publisher=[[Warner Books]]}}</ref>

While still in the hospital, King said in a September 30 press release in which he reaffirmed his belief in "the redemptive power of [[nonviolence]]" and issued a hopeful statement about his attacker, "I felt no ill will toward Mrs. Izola Currey {{sic}} and know that thoughtful people will do all in their power to see that she gets the help she apparently needs if she is to become a free and constructive member of society."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/hospstate1.html | title= press release | date=1958-09-30 | accessdate=2007-07-04 |publisher=[[The Smoking Gun]]}}</ref> On October 17, after hearing King's testimony, a grand jury indicted Curry for [[attempted murder]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/papers/vol4/chronology.htm | title= The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., digitized volume 4 | year=2000 | accessdate=2007-07-04 | publisher= [[University of California Press]]}}</ref> As a result of her indictment and subsequent hearings, she was adjudicated [[Insanity_defense#Incompetency and mental illness|incompetent to stand trial]] and was committed to [[Matteawan State Hospital]] for the criminally insane.<ref name=rei/><ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/mlk/crazy1.html Commitment Order]</ref>

[[Reportage]] recalling the event on the occasion of [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]], 2014, noted:<blockquote>As it happened, one of the cops was black, the other white and the same was the case with the two surgeons. Each pair worked as true partners, proving that the color of their skin meant nothing and translating the content of their character into life-saving action.<ref name=Daly/></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[James Earl Ray]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External sources==
*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1583226141 "When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr."] Amazon page for the book on the incident

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Curry, Izola
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American failed assassin
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1916
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curry, Izola}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:1958 crimes in the United States]]

[[Category:American failed assassins]]
[[Category:People from Georgia (U.S. state)]]

Talk:Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)

2014-07-21T00:28:27Z

Robertkeller: /* BIOS Source Code */ Clarifications on BIOS source code and clean rooms

{{talkheader}}
{{WPBS|
{{WikiProject Television|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Computing}}
{{WPUSA|USTV=yes}}
}}

== Ratings ==
This site has different note on ratings for ep. 2:
http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/halt-and-catch-fire-season-one-ratings-32782/
1.3 instead 0.97
: Do we know where that site get's it's info for the chart? Because the two major sites used for Wikipedia is TVBTN and TFC and they are conflicting for this episode. [[User:Encmetalhead|Encmetalhead]] ([[User talk:Encmetalhead|talk]]) 21:14, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

== Series title ==
Halt and Catch Fire (HCF) was actually an instruction on Motorola processors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire [[User:BasementTrix|BasementTrix]] ([[User talk:BasementTrix|talk]]) 11:05, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

:Yes, and as can be clearly understood from the article you mention (i.e., [[Halt and Catch Fire]]), the definition displayed at the beginning of the first episode is wildly exaggerated, to the point of being false: "HALT AND CATCH FIRE (HCF): An early computer command that sent the machine into a race condition, forcing all instructions to compete for superiority at once. Control of the computer could not be regained." Let's see: Racing, false. ''All'' instructions, false (It was basically a ''single'' instruction, when it finally did exist and was no longer just a joke, ca. 1974 (though instructions to halt or idle the machine were around in the 1950s)). Competing for superiority (as if autonomous intelligent agents), big, ''fat'', '''False'''. Actually, even control of the computer could be regained, in only the very worst case via a hard reset, so that's false too. This Fake Historical Justification business is highly reminiscent of the fictitious explanation at the beginning of S1/E1 of [[Mad Men]], where they tell you in white text on a black background: "MAD MEN | A term coined in the late 1950s to describe the advertising executives of Madison Avenue. They coined it." People have widely believed that false etymology. However, culture columnist Thomas Frank at Salon.com did a very thorough job of debunking AMC's artistic overreach (See [http://www.salon.com/2013/12/22/ad_absurdum_and_the_conquest_of_cool_canned_flattery_for_corporate_america/ this Salon article], 3rd section, 1st two paragraphs). →Of course I understand it's all just artistic license; the "HCF" definition lays out an obvious metaphor for the "race condition", forced competition, and loss of control that not the ''commands'' on any early computer could ever possibly have sent the ''machine'' into, but rather which the nature & behavior of ''people'' sent the whole IBM-compatible personal computer ''industry'' into. Which is fine, for what it is; but imho people shouldn't be misled like that, even for the sake of Art, and I'm hoping the present article will soon properly dispel that intelligence-insulting, ignorance-fostering "definition". (Okay, done venting...)--[[User:IfYouDoIfYouDon't|IfYouDoIfYouDon't]] ([[User talk:IfYouDoIfYouDon't|talk]]) 10:15, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

== BIOS Source Code ==
They go through a ton of trouble to "reverse engineer" the BIOS, when IBM had actually published the 8088 source code, with comments, in their Technical Reference Manuals for PC, PC Jr, XT and AT. At minimum, rather than a hardware break-out box, they could've used the DOS DEBUG utility and disassembled starting at address F000:0000, dumping the results to a file. Other than that, the show seems close to what we did at Phoenix including "clean" engineers. {{unsigned|Robertkeller|00:57, June 11, 2014‎ (UTC)}}
:The BIOS code was protected by copyright (see [[Apple v. Franklin]] for precedence), which is exactly why they had to go through that trouble. It doesn't matter how they acquire the code, the entire BIOS had to be rewritten in a manner that shows it wasn't based on IBMs work, hence the [[clean room design]]. The plot is loosely based in part on what happened at Phoenix. --[[Special:Contributions/173.76.181.37|173.76.181.37]] ([[User talk:173.76.181.37|talk]]) 09:49, 19 June 2014 (UTC)
::"''They go through a ton of trouble to 'reverse engineer' the BIOS, when IBM had actually published the 8088 source code, with comments, in their Technical Reference Manuals for PC, PC Jr, XT and AT.''"
::'''''When''''' did IBM do this? The AT and PC Jr. both still lay in the future when the events of episodes one through four take place; I doubt that even the XT had been introduced yet. (I thought that the original PC was the only IBM PC on the scene so far. Aren't we still in 1982 or late 1981?) Was a Technical Reference Manual for the original PC — including its BIOS — '''''publicly''''' available '''''when our story takes place'''''?
::Of course, even without a published BIOS and specs, DEBUG was still available if you wanted to peek at IBM's code. And even '''''with''''' DEBUG, you still had to use a clean-room approach if you wanted to steer clear of copyright infringement, '''''and be able to prove''''' in court if necessary that you had not copied IBM's code.
::"''The BIOS code was protected by copyright (see [[Apple v. Franklin]] for precedence [sic]), which is exactly why they had to go through that trouble.''"
::No one contests the clean-room, reverse-engineering aspect of the story. Even though he said "reverse engineer" in his first sentence, I think Robertkeller was only objecting to all the hoops they had to jump through on the show to get a copy '''''of IBM's code'''''. (His third and final sentence makes this clear.) He was pointing out that a copy of IBM's code (for whatever such might be worth, given the undiminished need for a clean-room implementation) could be had much more easily, without the need for fancy electronic forensics.
::"''The plot is loosely based in part on what happened at Phoenix.''"
::The show and our protagonists' efforts appear to be based — albeit '''''very''''' loosely — more on Compaq, who reverse-engineered the BIOS '''''for its own use''''', rather than Phoenix, who reverse-engineered the BIOS in order to license their substitute to others. (Also, Compaq originally produced portable computers, just as our protagonists plan to. They mention Compaq once in passing, but that fact does not diminish the parallels between Compaq and Cardiff.) If memory serves, Compaq was the first company to do this, followed closely by Phoenix Technologies. BIOSes from other companies, like Award and AMI/American Megatrends, came along a bit later.
::Just in passing, would the BIOS actually be written in assembly language, or in 8086/8088 machine language?
::[[Special:Contributions/2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:30|2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:30]] ([[User talk:2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:30|talk]]) 15:07, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
:::"''Aren't we still in 1982 or late 1981?''"
:::Actually, we're ''somewhere'' in '''1983''' — just where, I do not know.
:::And FWIW:
:::* The '''XT''' was introduced in '''March''' of '''1983''', and the '''PCjr''' in '''November''' of 1983. The '''AT''' came in '''August 1984''', three years after the original PC. See [[IBM_Personal_Computer#Models|IBM Personal Computer: Models]].
:::* '''Columbia''' Data Products was the first company to introduce a PC clone with a reverse-engineered clean-room BIOS, introducing its MPC 1600 in '''June 1982'''. See [[Columbia Data Products]]. See also [[Clean room design]]; [[IBM PC compatible]].
:::* '''Compaq''' announced its first product, the Compaq Portable, in '''November 1982''', and began shipping in '''March 1983'''. See [[Compaq_Computer_Corporation#Introduction_of_Compaq_Portable|Compaq Computer Corporation: Introduction of Compaq Portable]].
:::* '''Phoenix''' Technologies introduced its first licensable ROM BIOS in '''June 1984'''. See [[Phoenix_Technologies#Cloning_the_IBM_PC_BIOS|Phoenix Technologies: Cloning the IBM PC BIOS]].
:::Oh, and apparently IBM released the PC's ''Technical Reference'' manual at the same time as the PC itself! (Or else ''very'' shortly thereafter.) See, e.g., Gregg Williams, "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer," BYTE, Vol. 07, No. 1 (January 1982), pp. 36-68, at p. 56 [http://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n57/mode/1up]; Norman McEntire, "The Key to the PC," PC Magazine (June/July 1982), pp. 139-40 [http://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&lpg=RA2-PA18&pg=RA2-PA139#v=onepage&q&f=true]. (The First Edition of the ''Technical Reference'' manual for the PC XT is dated January 1983 — two months ''before'' the computer itself was released! [http://www.reenigne.org/crtc/PC-XT.pdf] See p. ii.) Just as Robertkeller reported above, these manuals contained "a complete, thoroughly commented source listing of the BIOS. That's right, no more disassembling ROMs to decode the I/O routines; they are already listed for you." [http://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&lpg=RA2-PA18&pg=RA2-PA139#v=onepage&q&f=true] Making ridiculous what Joe and Gordon spent a large portion of episode one doing, which was Robertkeller's point.
:::[[Special:Contributions/2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:37|2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:37]] ([[User talk:2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:37|talk]]) 20:32, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
Original poster Robert Keller adds: 1) The original IBM Technical Reference manual was generally available at the nearby ComputerLand in late summer 1981. I bought it then and still have it as part of my collection. It's a blue hard-cover, three-ring binder about 9 inches tall and 1.5 inches thick. They sell for about ten dollars on eBay. As some of the more knowledgeable people here say, it does indeed list the complete BIOS 8088 assembler source code with comments. I'm surprised this fact is in dispute. Thus my critique above that the characters went through of ton of unnecessary reverse-engineering trouble remains.
2) I actually first worked at Quadtel, which was later acquired by Phoenix. Before and after the acquistion, we hired "clean" engineers to work on BIOS code. During my initial interview, Ken asked me, "have you ever seen the IBM BIOS code?" Of course I had, so even though I was fluent in x86 assembler I couldn't contribute to the BIOS code base, so I worked on PCMCIA drivers and such.
Hope that clarifies.

== DISCUSSION ==

"...but Joe later seduces LouLu's husband into kissing him and reveals it to her."

Well, they did more than just "kiss" -- Joe took off his coat, and got down on his knees for Pete's sake!

[[Special:Contributions/184.186.193.5|184.186.193.5]] ([[User talk:184.186.193.5|talk]]) 19:59, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

:But the guy was not her '''''husband''''', was he? I've already deleted the episode, but I thought he was a younger, kept '''''boyfriend''''' — perhaps even a gigolo — whom she was clearly keeping, and that there was even a brief exchange between her and Toby Huss's character that made reference to where her (presumably much older) husband was and what he was up to these days. The implication was that she's now getting sex from this youngster 'cause she can no longer get it from her husband, due to his age; that he is perfectly well aware of this, and it's fine with him; and that this arrangement was all kind-of an "open secret." I forget whether they said explicitly whether her husband, or personal inheritance in her own right, was the source of '''''her''''' wealth, but it seemed like a situation where she had married a much older man for his money (which she was now spending and investing) was implied. [[Special:Contributions/2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:30|2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:30]] ([[User talk:2001:5B0:24FF:3CF0:0:0:0:30|talk]]) 14:01, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

==Doherty Threshold==
(Ep4) So is the [[Doherty Threshold]]/[[Doherty threshold]] a real thing? That a response time threshold is thought about in UI design is a given, but is it called "Doherty", and if it is, then do we (Wikipedia) have an article on that? -- [[Special:Contributions/65.94.171.126|65.94.171.126]] ([[User talk:65.94.171.126|talk]]) 08:38, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Eddie Read Stakes

2014-07-20T23:32:31Z

Robertkeller: /* Winners */

{{Infobox horseraces
| surface = Turf
| class = Grade I
| horse race = Eddie Read Handicap
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Del Mar Racetrack]] [[Del Mar, California]], [[United States]]
| inaugurated = 1974
| race type = [[Thoroughbred]] - [[Flat racing]]
| website = [http://www.dmtc.com www.dmtc.com]
| distance = {{frac|1|1|8}} miles (9 furlongs)
| track = Left-handed
| qualification = Three-year-olds & up
| weight = Assigned
| purse = $300,000
| bonuses =
}}
The '''Eddie Read Stakes''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Thoroughbred horse race]] run annually during the second half of July at the [[Del Mar Racetrack]] in [[Del Mar, California]]. Open to horses age three and older, it is raced at a distance of one and one-eighth miles on [[Grass|turf]]. A [[Graded stakes race|Grade I]] event since 1988, it can be an important prep to the [[Breeders' Cup Mile]].

The Eddie Read Handicap was first run in 1974.

==Records==
'''Speed record:'''
* 1:44.79 - [[Aragorn (horse)|Aragorn]] (2006) (new race and course record)

'''Most wins:'''
* 2 - Wickerr 1981, 1982)
* 2 - Fastness (1995, 1996)
* 2 - Special Ring (2003, 2004)
* 2 - Acclamation (2011, 2012)

'''Most wins by an owner:'''
* 2 - [[Edmund A. Gann]] (1981, 1982)
* 2 - [[Juddmonte Farms]] (1992, 1997)
* 2 - Evergreen Farm (1995, 1996)
* 2 - [[Prestonwood Farm]] (2003, 2004)

'''Most wins by a [[jockey]]:'''
* 5 - [[Corey Nakatani]] (1994, 1996, 2002, 2006, 2009)

'''Most wins by a [[Horse trainer|trainer]]:'''
* 7 - [[Robert J. Frankel]] (1977, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1997)

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:36px" | Year 
! style="width:140px" | Winner 
! Age 
! style="width:135px" | Jockey 
! style="width:140px" | Trainer 
! style="width:170px" | Owner 
! Time
|-
|2014
|Tom's Tribute
|4
|[[Mike E. Smith]]
|James Cassidy
|Braly, Tom and Marilyn
|1:46:01
|-
|2013
|[[Jeranimo (horse)|Jeranimo]]
|7
|[[Rafael Bejarano]]
|[[Michael Pender]]
|LaPenta/Wright
|1:45.80
|-
|2012
|[[Acclamation (horse)|Acclamation]]
|6
|[[Pat Valenzuela]]
|Don Warren
|Old English Rancho/Hilvers
|1:46.99
|-
|2011
|[[Acclamation (horse)|Acclamation]]
|5
|[[Joel Rosario]]
|Don Warren
|Old English Rancho/Hilvers
|1:46.99
|-
|2010
|[[The Usual Q. T.]]
|4
|[[Victor Espinoza]]
|James Cassidy
|Don Van Racing ''et al.''
|1:47.28
|-
|2009
|[[Global Hunter]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[A. C. Avila]]
|L-Bo Racing/Pyle/Monte
|1:46.24
|-
|2008
|[[Monzante]]
|4
|[[Rafael Bejarano]]
|[[Mike R. Mitchell|Michael Mitchell]]
|Scott Anastasi et al.
|1:46.53
|-
|2007
|[[After Market]]
|4
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[John Shirreffs]]
|[[Martin J. Wygod|Pam & Martin Wygod]]
|1:47.36
|-
|2006
|[[Aragorn (horse)|Aragorn]]
|4
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|Ballygallon Stud
|1:44.79
|-
|2005
|[[Sweet Return (horse)|Sweet Return]]
|5
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|Red Oak Stable
|1:46.53
|-
|2004
|[[Special Ring]]
|7
|[[Victor Espinoza]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|[[WinStar Farm|Prestonwood Farm]]
|1:45.90
|-
|2003
|[[Special Ring]]
|6
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|[[WinStar Farm|Prestonwood Farm]]
|1:45.87
|-
|2002
|[[Sarafan (horse)|Sarafan]]
|5
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|[[Gary A. Tanaka]]
|1:46.77
|-
|2001
|[[Redattore]]
|6
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[Richard Mandella]]
|Luis Taunay
|1:47.16
|-
|2000
|[[Ladies Din]]
|5
|[[Kent Desormeaux]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|Lanni & Schiappa
|1:48.64
|-
|1999
|[[Joe Who]]
|6
|[[Chris Antley]]
|[[Bob Baffert]]
|James Helzer
|1:48.60
|-
|1998
|[[Subordination (horse)|Subordination]]
|4
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Gary Sciacca]]
|Klaravich Stables
|1:47.40
|-
|1997
|[[Expelled (horse)|Expelled]]
|5
|[[Julio A. Garcia (jockey)|Julio A. Garcia]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Juddmonte Farms]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1996
|[[Fastness (horse)|Fastness]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Jenine Sahadi]]
|[[Cornelius N. Ray|Evergreen Farm]]
|1:47.00
|-
|1995
|[[Fastness (horse)|Fastness]]
|5
|[[Gary L. Stevens|Gary Stevens]]
|[[Jenine Sahadi]]
|[[Cornelius N. Ray|Evergreen Farm]]
|1:48.20
|-
|1994
|[[Approach The Bench]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Richard L. Cross]]
|[[John E. Mulhern]]
|1:48.80
|-
|1993
|[[Kotashaan]]
|5
|[[Kent Desormeaux]]
|[[Richard Mandella]]
|[[La Presle Farm]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1992
|[[Marquetry (horse)|Marquetry]]
|5
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Juddmonte Farms]] et al.
|1:47.20
|-
|1991
|[[Tight Spot (horse)|Tight Spot]]
|4
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|[[Verne Winchell|VHW Stable]] et al.
|1:47.20
|-
|1990
|[[Fly Till Dawn]]
|4
|[[Rafael Meza]]
|[[Darrell Vienna]]
|Josephine Gleis
|1:48.20
|-
|1989
|[[Saratoga Passage (horse)|Saratoga Passage]]
|4
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|Saratoga I Stable
|1:49.00
|-
|1988
|[[Deputy Governor (horse)|Deputy Governor]]
|4
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|Universal Stable
|1:48.80
|-
|1987
|[[Sharrood]]
|4
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[John Gosden]]
|[[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Maktoum]]
|1:48.00
|-
|1986
|[[Al Mamoon]]
|5
|[[Pat Valenzuela]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Bertram R. Firestone|B. Firestone]] & [[Edmund A. Gann|E. Gann]]
|1:46.60
|-
|1985
|[[Tsunami Slew]]
|4
|[[Gary L. Stevens|Gary Stevens]]
|[[Edwin J. Gregson|Eddie Gregson]]
|Royal Lines (Lessee)
|1:46.80
|-
|1984
|[[Ten Below]]
|5
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|[[Sigmund Sommer|Viola Sommer]]
|1:48.20
|-
|1983
|[[Prince Spellbound]]
|4
|[[Chris Lamance]]
|[[Larry W. Holt]]
|William L. Pease
|1:48.80
|-
|1982
|[[Wickerr]]
|7
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Edmund A. Gann]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1981
|[[Wickerr]]
|6
|[[Chris McCarron]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Edmund A. Gann]]
|1:49.80
|-
|1980
|[[Go West Young Man (horse)|Go West Young Man]]
|5
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Mary Lou Tuck]]
|Wild Plum Farm
|1:47.60
|-
|1979
|[[Good Lord (horse)|Good Lord]]
|8
|[[Bill Shoemaker]]
|[[Charles E. Whittingham|Charlie Whittingham]]
|M. L. Hines
|1:49.20
|-
|1978
|[[Effervescing (horse)|Effervescing]]
|5
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[D. Wayne Lukas]]
|M. Hatley & A. Yank
|1:48.60
|-
|1977
|[[No Turning]]
|4
|[[Fernando Toro]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|Martin Ritt
|1:48.80
|-
|1976
|[[Branford Court]]
|6
|[[Rudy Campas]]
|[[Gene Cleveland]]
|[[Cardiff Stock Farm]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1975
|[[Blue Times]]
|4
|[[Jerry Lambert (jockey)|Jerry Lambert]]
|[[Charles E. Whittingham|Charlie Whittingham]]
|[[Aaron U. Jones]]
|1:49.20
|-
|1974
|My Old Friend
|5
|[[A. L. Diaz]]
|[[Vincent Clyne]]
|[[Elmendorf Farm]]
|1:49.20
|-
|}

==References==
* [http://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?search_bar=stakes&query_type=stakes&field=view&id=22 The Eddie Read Handicap at Pedigree Query]
* [http://www.ntra.com/races.aspx?section=races&id=32644 The Eddie Read Handicap at the NTRA]

[[Category:Grade 1 turf stakes races in the United States]]
[[Category:Horse races in the United States]]
[[Category:Open mile category horse races]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1974]]
[[Category:Del Mar Racetrack]]

Eddie Read Stakes

2014-07-20T23:29:22Z

Robertkeller: /* Winners */ added links

{{Infobox horseraces
| surface = Turf
| class = Grade I
| horse race = Eddie Read Handicap
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Del Mar Racetrack]] [[Del Mar, California]], [[United States]]
| inaugurated = 1974
| race type = [[Thoroughbred]] - [[Flat racing]]
| website = [http://www.dmtc.com www.dmtc.com]
| distance = {{frac|1|1|8}} miles (9 furlongs)
| track = Left-handed
| qualification = Three-year-olds & up
| weight = Assigned
| purse = $300,000
| bonuses =
}}
The '''Eddie Read Stakes''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Thoroughbred horse race]] run annually during the second half of July at the [[Del Mar Racetrack]] in [[Del Mar, California]]. Open to horses age three and older, it is raced at a distance of one and one-eighth miles on [[Grass|turf]]. A [[Graded stakes race|Grade I]] event since 1988, it can be an important prep to the [[Breeders' Cup Mile]].

The Eddie Read Handicap was first run in 1974.

==Records==
'''Speed record:'''
* 1:44.79 - [[Aragorn (horse)|Aragorn]] (2006) (new race and course record)

'''Most wins:'''
* 2 - Wickerr 1981, 1982)
* 2 - Fastness (1995, 1996)
* 2 - Special Ring (2003, 2004)
* 2 - Acclamation (2011, 2012)

'''Most wins by an owner:'''
* 2 - [[Edmund A. Gann]] (1981, 1982)
* 2 - [[Juddmonte Farms]] (1992, 1997)
* 2 - Evergreen Farm (1995, 1996)
* 2 - [[Prestonwood Farm]] (2003, 2004)

'''Most wins by a [[jockey]]:'''
* 5 - [[Corey Nakatani]] (1994, 1996, 2002, 2006, 2009)

'''Most wins by a [[Horse trainer|trainer]]:'''
* 7 - [[Robert J. Frankel]] (1977, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1997)

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:36px" | Year 
! style="width:140px" | Winner 
! Age 
! style="width:135px" | Jockey 
! style="width:140px" | Trainer 
! style="width:170px" | Owner 
! Time
|-
|2014
|Tom's Tribute
|4
|[Mike E Smith]
|James Cassidy
|Braly, Tom and Marilyn
|1:46
|-
|2013
|[[Jeranimo (horse)|Jeranimo]]
|7
|[[Rafael Bejarano]]
|[[Michael Pender]]
|LaPenta/Wright
|1:45.80
|-
|2012
|[[Acclamation (horse)|Acclamation]]
|6
|[[Pat Valenzuela]]
|Don Warren
|Old English Rancho/Hilvers
|1:46.99
|-
|2011
|[[Acclamation (horse)|Acclamation]]
|5
|[[Joel Rosario]]
|Don Warren
|Old English Rancho/Hilvers
|1:46.99
|-
|2010
|[[The Usual Q. T.]]
|4
|[[Victor Espinoza]]
|James Cassidy
|Don Van Racing ''et al.''
|1:47.28
|-
|2009
|[[Global Hunter]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[A. C. Avila]]
|L-Bo Racing/Pyle/Monte
|1:46.24
|-
|2008
|[[Monzante]]
|4
|[[Rafael Bejarano]]
|[[Mike R. Mitchell|Michael Mitchell]]
|Scott Anastasi et al.
|1:46.53
|-
|2007
|[[After Market]]
|4
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[John Shirreffs]]
|[[Martin J. Wygod|Pam & Martin Wygod]]
|1:47.36
|-
|2006
|[[Aragorn (horse)|Aragorn]]
|4
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|Ballygallon Stud
|1:44.79
|-
|2005
|[[Sweet Return (horse)|Sweet Return]]
|5
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|Red Oak Stable
|1:46.53
|-
|2004
|[[Special Ring]]
|7
|[[Victor Espinoza]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|[[WinStar Farm|Prestonwood Farm]]
|1:45.90
|-
|2003
|[[Special Ring]]
|6
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|[[WinStar Farm|Prestonwood Farm]]
|1:45.87
|-
|2002
|[[Sarafan (horse)|Sarafan]]
|5
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|[[Gary A. Tanaka]]
|1:46.77
|-
|2001
|[[Redattore]]
|6
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[Richard Mandella]]
|Luis Taunay
|1:47.16
|-
|2000
|[[Ladies Din]]
|5
|[[Kent Desormeaux]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|Lanni & Schiappa
|1:48.64
|-
|1999
|[[Joe Who]]
|6
|[[Chris Antley]]
|[[Bob Baffert]]
|James Helzer
|1:48.60
|-
|1998
|[[Subordination (horse)|Subordination]]
|4
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Gary Sciacca]]
|Klaravich Stables
|1:47.40
|-
|1997
|[[Expelled (horse)|Expelled]]
|5
|[[Julio A. Garcia (jockey)|Julio A. Garcia]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Juddmonte Farms]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1996
|[[Fastness (horse)|Fastness]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Jenine Sahadi]]
|[[Cornelius N. Ray|Evergreen Farm]]
|1:47.00
|-
|1995
|[[Fastness (horse)|Fastness]]
|5
|[[Gary L. Stevens|Gary Stevens]]
|[[Jenine Sahadi]]
|[[Cornelius N. Ray|Evergreen Farm]]
|1:48.20
|-
|1994
|[[Approach The Bench]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Richard L. Cross]]
|[[John E. Mulhern]]
|1:48.80
|-
|1993
|[[Kotashaan]]
|5
|[[Kent Desormeaux]]
|[[Richard Mandella]]
|[[La Presle Farm]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1992
|[[Marquetry (horse)|Marquetry]]
|5
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Juddmonte Farms]] et al.
|1:47.20
|-
|1991
|[[Tight Spot (horse)|Tight Spot]]
|4
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|[[Verne Winchell|VHW Stable]] et al.
|1:47.20
|-
|1990
|[[Fly Till Dawn]]
|4
|[[Rafael Meza]]
|[[Darrell Vienna]]
|Josephine Gleis
|1:48.20
|-
|1989
|[[Saratoga Passage (horse)|Saratoga Passage]]
|4
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|Saratoga I Stable
|1:49.00
|-
|1988
|[[Deputy Governor (horse)|Deputy Governor]]
|4
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|Universal Stable
|1:48.80
|-
|1987
|[[Sharrood]]
|4
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[John Gosden]]
|[[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Maktoum]]
|1:48.00
|-
|1986
|[[Al Mamoon]]
|5
|[[Pat Valenzuela]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Bertram R. Firestone|B. Firestone]] & [[Edmund A. Gann|E. Gann]]
|1:46.60
|-
|1985
|[[Tsunami Slew]]
|4
|[[Gary L. Stevens|Gary Stevens]]
|[[Edwin J. Gregson|Eddie Gregson]]
|Royal Lines (Lessee)
|1:46.80
|-
|1984
|[[Ten Below]]
|5
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|[[Sigmund Sommer|Viola Sommer]]
|1:48.20
|-
|1983
|[[Prince Spellbound]]
|4
|[[Chris Lamance]]
|[[Larry W. Holt]]
|William L. Pease
|1:48.80
|-
|1982
|[[Wickerr]]
|7
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Edmund A. Gann]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1981
|[[Wickerr]]
|6
|[[Chris McCarron]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Edmund A. Gann]]
|1:49.80
|-
|1980
|[[Go West Young Man (horse)|Go West Young Man]]
|5
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Mary Lou Tuck]]
|Wild Plum Farm
|1:47.60
|-
|1979
|[[Good Lord (horse)|Good Lord]]
|8
|[[Bill Shoemaker]]
|[[Charles E. Whittingham|Charlie Whittingham]]
|M. L. Hines
|1:49.20
|-
|1978
|[[Effervescing (horse)|Effervescing]]
|5
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[D. Wayne Lukas]]
|M. Hatley & A. Yank
|1:48.60
|-
|1977
|[[No Turning]]
|4
|[[Fernando Toro]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|Martin Ritt
|1:48.80
|-
|1976
|[[Branford Court]]
|6
|[[Rudy Campas]]
|[[Gene Cleveland]]
|[[Cardiff Stock Farm]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1975
|[[Blue Times]]
|4
|[[Jerry Lambert (jockey)|Jerry Lambert]]
|[[Charles E. Whittingham|Charlie Whittingham]]
|[[Aaron U. Jones]]
|1:49.20
|-
|1974
|My Old Friend
|5
|[[A. L. Diaz]]
|[[Vincent Clyne]]
|[[Elmendorf Farm]]
|1:49.20
|-
|}

==References==
* [http://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?search_bar=stakes&query_type=stakes&field=view&id=22 The Eddie Read Handicap at Pedigree Query]
* [http://www.ntra.com/races.aspx?section=races&id=32644 The Eddie Read Handicap at the NTRA]

[[Category:Grade 1 turf stakes races in the United States]]
[[Category:Horse races in the United States]]
[[Category:Open mile category horse races]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1974]]
[[Category:Del Mar Racetrack]]

Eddie Read Stakes

2014-07-20T23:27:03Z

Robertkeller: /* Winners */ Added 2014 winnder

{{Infobox horseraces
| surface = Turf
| class = Grade I
| horse race = Eddie Read Handicap
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Del Mar Racetrack]] [[Del Mar, California]], [[United States]]
| inaugurated = 1974
| race type = [[Thoroughbred]] - [[Flat racing]]
| website = [http://www.dmtc.com www.dmtc.com]
| distance = {{frac|1|1|8}} miles (9 furlongs)
| track = Left-handed
| qualification = Three-year-olds & up
| weight = Assigned
| purse = $300,000
| bonuses =
}}
The '''Eddie Read Stakes''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Thoroughbred horse race]] run annually during the second half of July at the [[Del Mar Racetrack]] in [[Del Mar, California]]. Open to horses age three and older, it is raced at a distance of one and one-eighth miles on [[Grass|turf]]. A [[Graded stakes race|Grade I]] event since 1988, it can be an important prep to the [[Breeders' Cup Mile]].

The Eddie Read Handicap was first run in 1974.

==Records==
'''Speed record:'''
* 1:44.79 - [[Aragorn (horse)|Aragorn]] (2006) (new race and course record)

'''Most wins:'''
* 2 - Wickerr 1981, 1982)
* 2 - Fastness (1995, 1996)
* 2 - Special Ring (2003, 2004)
* 2 - Acclamation (2011, 2012)

'''Most wins by an owner:'''
* 2 - [[Edmund A. Gann]] (1981, 1982)
* 2 - [[Juddmonte Farms]] (1992, 1997)
* 2 - Evergreen Farm (1995, 1996)
* 2 - [[Prestonwood Farm]] (2003, 2004)

'''Most wins by a [[jockey]]:'''
* 5 - [[Corey Nakatani]] (1994, 1996, 2002, 2006, 2009)

'''Most wins by a [[Horse trainer|trainer]]:'''
* 7 - [[Robert J. Frankel]] (1977, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1997)

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:36px" | Year 
! style="width:140px" | Winner 
! Age 
! style="width:135px" | Jockey 
! style="width:140px" | Trainer 
! style="width:170px" | Owner 
! Time
|-
|2013
|Tom's Tribute
|4
|Mike Smith
|James Cassidy
|Braly, Tom and Marilyn
|1:46
|-
|2013
|[[Jeranimo (horse)|Jeranimo]]
|7
|[[Rafael Bejarano]]
|[[Michael Pender]]
|LaPenta/Wright
|1:45.80
|-
|2012
|[[Acclamation (horse)|Acclamation]]
|6
|[[Pat Valenzuela]]
|Don Warren
|Old English Rancho/Hilvers
|1:46.99
|-
|2011
|[[Acclamation (horse)|Acclamation]]
|5
|[[Joel Rosario]]
|Don Warren
|Old English Rancho/Hilvers
|1:46.99
|-
|2010
|[[The Usual Q. T.]]
|4
|[[Victor Espinoza]]
|James Cassidy
|Don Van Racing ''et al.''
|1:47.28
|-
|2009
|[[Global Hunter]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[A. C. Avila]]
|L-Bo Racing/Pyle/Monte
|1:46.24
|-
|2008
|[[Monzante]]
|4
|[[Rafael Bejarano]]
|[[Mike R. Mitchell|Michael Mitchell]]
|Scott Anastasi et al.
|1:46.53
|-
|2007
|[[After Market]]
|4
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[John Shirreffs]]
|[[Martin J. Wygod|Pam & Martin Wygod]]
|1:47.36
|-
|2006
|[[Aragorn (horse)|Aragorn]]
|4
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|Ballygallon Stud
|1:44.79
|-
|2005
|[[Sweet Return (horse)|Sweet Return]]
|5
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|Red Oak Stable
|1:46.53
|-
|2004
|[[Special Ring]]
|7
|[[Victor Espinoza]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|[[WinStar Farm|Prestonwood Farm]]
|1:45.90
|-
|2003
|[[Special Ring]]
|6
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|[[WinStar Farm|Prestonwood Farm]]
|1:45.87
|-
|2002
|[[Sarafan (horse)|Sarafan]]
|5
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|[[Gary A. Tanaka]]
|1:46.77
|-
|2001
|[[Redattore]]
|6
|[[Alex Solis]]
|[[Richard Mandella]]
|Luis Taunay
|1:47.16
|-
|2000
|[[Ladies Din]]
|5
|[[Kent Desormeaux]]
|[[Julio C. Canani]]
|Lanni & Schiappa
|1:48.64
|-
|1999
|[[Joe Who]]
|6
|[[Chris Antley]]
|[[Bob Baffert]]
|James Helzer
|1:48.60
|-
|1998
|[[Subordination (horse)|Subordination]]
|4
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Gary Sciacca]]
|Klaravich Stables
|1:47.40
|-
|1997
|[[Expelled (horse)|Expelled]]
|5
|[[Julio A. Garcia (jockey)|Julio A. Garcia]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Juddmonte Farms]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1996
|[[Fastness (horse)|Fastness]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Jenine Sahadi]]
|[[Cornelius N. Ray|Evergreen Farm]]
|1:47.00
|-
|1995
|[[Fastness (horse)|Fastness]]
|5
|[[Gary L. Stevens|Gary Stevens]]
|[[Jenine Sahadi]]
|[[Cornelius N. Ray|Evergreen Farm]]
|1:48.20
|-
|1994
|[[Approach The Bench]]
|6
|[[Corey Nakatani]]
|[[Richard L. Cross]]
|[[John E. Mulhern]]
|1:48.80
|-
|1993
|[[Kotashaan]]
|5
|[[Kent Desormeaux]]
|[[Richard Mandella]]
|[[La Presle Farm]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1992
|[[Marquetry (horse)|Marquetry]]
|5
|[[David R. Flores|David Flores]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Juddmonte Farms]] et al.
|1:47.20
|-
|1991
|[[Tight Spot (horse)|Tight Spot]]
|4
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|[[Verne Winchell|VHW Stable]] et al.
|1:47.20
|-
|1990
|[[Fly Till Dawn]]
|4
|[[Rafael Meza]]
|[[Darrell Vienna]]
|Josephine Gleis
|1:48.20
|-
|1989
|[[Saratoga Passage (horse)|Saratoga Passage]]
|4
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|Saratoga I Stable
|1:49.00
|-
|1988
|[[Deputy Governor (horse)|Deputy Governor]]
|4
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Neil D. Drysdale]]
|Universal Stable
|1:48.80
|-
|1987
|[[Sharrood]]
|4
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[John Gosden]]
|[[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Maktoum]]
|1:48.00
|-
|1986
|[[Al Mamoon]]
|5
|[[Pat Valenzuela]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Bertram R. Firestone|B. Firestone]] & [[Edmund A. Gann|E. Gann]]
|1:46.60
|-
|1985
|[[Tsunami Slew]]
|4
|[[Gary L. Stevens|Gary Stevens]]
|[[Edwin J. Gregson|Eddie Gregson]]
|Royal Lines (Lessee)
|1:46.80
|-
|1984
|[[Ten Below]]
|5
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[Ron McAnally]]
|[[Sigmund Sommer|Viola Sommer]]
|1:48.20
|-
|1983
|[[Prince Spellbound]]
|4
|[[Chris Lamance]]
|[[Larry W. Holt]]
|William L. Pease
|1:48.80
|-
|1982
|[[Wickerr]]
|7
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Edmund A. Gann]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1981
|[[Wickerr]]
|6
|[[Chris McCarron]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|[[Edmund A. Gann]]
|1:49.80
|-
|1980
|[[Go West Young Man (horse)|Go West Young Man]]
|5
|[[Eddie Delahoussaye|Ed Delahoussaye]]
|[[Mary Lou Tuck]]
|Wild Plum Farm
|1:47.60
|-
|1979
|[[Good Lord (horse)|Good Lord]]
|8
|[[Bill Shoemaker]]
|[[Charles E. Whittingham|Charlie Whittingham]]
|M. L. Hines
|1:49.20
|-
|1978
|[[Effervescing (horse)|Effervescing]]
|5
|[[Laffit Pincay, Jr.]]
|[[D. Wayne Lukas]]
|M. Hatley & A. Yank
|1:48.60
|-
|1977
|[[No Turning]]
|4
|[[Fernando Toro]]
|[[Robert J. Frankel]]
|Martin Ritt
|1:48.80
|-
|1976
|[[Branford Court]]
|6
|[[Rudy Campas]]
|[[Gene Cleveland]]
|[[Cardiff Stock Farm]]
|1:48.40
|-
|1975
|[[Blue Times]]
|4
|[[Jerry Lambert (jockey)|Jerry Lambert]]
|[[Charles E. Whittingham|Charlie Whittingham]]
|[[Aaron U. Jones]]
|1:49.20
|-
|1974
|My Old Friend
|5
|[[A. L. Diaz]]
|[[Vincent Clyne]]
|[[Elmendorf Farm]]
|1:49.20
|-
|}

==References==
* [http://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?search_bar=stakes&query_type=stakes&field=view&id=22 The Eddie Read Handicap at Pedigree Query]
* [http://www.ntra.com/races.aspx?section=races&id=32644 The Eddie Read Handicap at the NTRA]

[[Category:Grade 1 turf stakes races in the United States]]
[[Category:Horse races in the United States]]
[[Category:Open mile category horse races]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1974]]
[[Category:Del Mar Racetrack]]

Stairway to Heaven

2014-07-14T04:39:31Z

Robertkeller: Tightened up wording

{{Two other uses|the Led Zeppelin song|the 1960 song of the same name|Stairway to Heaven (Neil Sedaka song)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox song
| Type = [[Promotional recording|Promotional single]]
| Name = Stairway to Heaven
| Border = no
| Cover = Stairwaytoheavenpromo.jpg
| Caption = "Stairway to Heaven" promotional single
| Artist = [[Led Zeppelin]]
| Album = [[Led Zeppelin IV]]
| Released = 8 November 1971 (album)/1972 (single)
| track_no = 4
| Recorded = December 1970 – March 1971
| Genre = [[Folk rock]], [[hard rock]]<ref>Alfred W. Cramer (2009), ''Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century – Volume 4'', [[Salem Press]], ISBN 1-58765-516-0, p. 1116.</ref>
| Length = 8:02
| Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
| Writer = [[Jimmy Page]], [[Robert Plant]]
| Producer = Jimmy Page
| Audio sample? = yes
| Tracks =
# "[[Black Dog (song)|Black Dog]]"
# "[[Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)|Rock and Roll]]"
# "[[The Battle of Evermore]]"
# "Stairway to Heaven"
# "[[Misty Mountain Hop]]"
# "[[Four Sticks]]"
# "[[Going to California]]"
# "[[When the Levee Breaks#Led Zeppelin rendition|When the Levee Breaks]]"
| Misc =
{{Audiosample
| Background=#E6E8FA
| Upper caption = Samples of the three sections to the song
| Audio file = Stairway to Heaven 3 sections.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Stairway to Heaven'''" is a song by the English [[rock music|rock]] band [[Led Zeppelin]], released in late 1971. It was composed by guitarist [[Jimmy Page]] and vocalist [[Robert Plant]] for the band's [[Led Zeppelin IV|untitled fourth studio album]] (often referred to as ''Led Zeppelin IV''). It is often referred to as one of the greatest rock songs of all time.<ref name="Shmoop">Shmoop (2010), ''Stairway to Heaven: Shmoop Music Guide'', Shmoop University, Inc., ISBN 1-61062-069-0, p.4</ref><ref name="Spin">[http://books.google.com/books?id=xfEjLof28w8C&pg=PA82&dq=stairway+to+heaven September 2002 Issue]. ''[[Spin (magazine)|SPIN]]''. SPIN Media LLC.</ref><ref name="Gigwise">{{cite web |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/55896/Led-Zeppelins-Stairway-To-Heaven-Voted-The-Greatest-Rock-Song|title=Led Zeppelin's 'Stairway To Heaven' Voted The Greatest Rock Song before the year of 2000 |accessdate=24 November 2010|publisher=[[Gigwise.com]]}}</ref>

The eight minute and two seconds song has three sections each one progressively increasing in tempo and volume. It starts as a slow acoustic-based [[folk rock|folk]] melody accompanied by [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]s before introducing electric instrumentation. The final section is an uptempo [[hard rock]] arrangement highlighted by Page's intricate guitar solo accompanying Plant's vocals that end with the plaintive [[a cappella]] line: "And she's buying a Stairway to Heaven".

"Stairway to Heaven" was voted #3 in 2000 by [[VH1]] on its list of the 100 Greatest Rock Songs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2000/vh1rocksongs.htm|title=VH1 100 Greatest Rock Songs 1–50|accessdate=1 June 2008|publisher=rockonnet.com}}</ref> and was placed at number 31 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of "[[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]". It was the most requested song on [[FM radio]] stations in the United States in the 1970s, despite never having been officially released as a single there.<ref name=Complete>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In November 2007, through download sales promoting Led Zeppelin's ''[[Mothership (album)|Mothership]]'' release, "Stairway to Heaven" hit No. 37 on the UK Singles Chart.<ref>[http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/c/uk/single_charts.html UK Music Charts | The Official UK Top 75 Singles: Week of Mon 24 March – Yahoo! Music UK]</ref>

==Writing and recording==
The recording of "Stairway to Heaven" commenced in December 1970 at [[Island Records]]' new [[Sarm West Studios|Basing Street Studios]] in London.<ref name=Schulps>Dave Schulps, [http://www.iem.ac.ru/zeppelin/docs/interviews/page_77.trp Interview with Jimmy Page], ''[[Trouser Press]]'', October 1977.</ref> The song was completed by the addition of lyrics by Plant during the sessions for ''[[Led Zeppelin IV]]'' at [[Headley Grange]], [[Hampshire]], in 1971.<ref name=RS1985>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Stephen |title = Power, Mystery and the Hammer of the Gods: The Rise and Fall of Led Zeppelin |journal = Rolling Stone |issue=451 |date=4 July 1985 |url =http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/articles/story/17537975/power_mystery_and_the_hammer_of_the_gods |accessdate=15 January 2008 }}</ref> Page then returned to Island Studios to record his [[guitar solo]].<ref name="Complete"/>

The song originated in 1970 when [[Jimmy Page]] and [[Robert Plant]] were spending time at [[Bron-Yr-Aur]], a remote cottage in Wales, following Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour Spring 1970|fifth American concert tour]]. According to Page, he wrote the music "over a long period, the first part coming at Bron-Yr-Aur one night".<ref name="MOJO">Sutcliffe, Phil (April 2000). "Bustle in the Hedgerow". ''MOJO'', p.62</ref> Page always kept a [[tape recorder|cassette recorder]] around, and the idea for "Stairway" came together from bits of taped music:<ref name="Light">Tolinski, Brad and di Benedetto, Greg (January 1998). "Light and Shade: A Historic Look at the Entire Led Zeppelin Catalogue Through the Eyes of Guitarist/Producer/Mastermind Jimmy Page". ''Guitar World'', p. 100-104.</ref>

<blockquote>I had these pieces, these guitar pieces, that I wanted to put together. I had a whole idea of a piece of music that I really wanted to try and present to everybody and try and come to terms with. Bit difficult really, because it started on acoustic, and as you know it goes through to the electric parts. But we had various run-throughs [at Headley Grange] where I was playing the acoustic guitar and jumping up and picking up the electric guitar. Robert was sitting in the corner, or rather leaning against the wall, and as I was routining the rest of the band with this idea and this piece, he was just writing. And all of a sudden he got up and started singing, along with another run-through, and he must have had 80% of the words there ... I had these sections, and I knew what order they were going to go in, but it was just a matter of getting everybody to feel comfortable with each gear shift that was going to be coming.<ref name="NPRPage">[[National Public Radio]], [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1283481 Guitar Legend Jimmy Page], 2 June 2003.</ref></blockquote>

Led Zeppelin bassist [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] recalled this presentation of the song to him following its genesis at Bron-Yr-Aur:

<blockquote>Page and Plant would come back from the Welsh mountains with the guitar intro and verse. I literally heard it in front of a roaring fire in a country manor house! I picked up a bass recorder and played a run-down riff which gave us an intro, then I moved into a piano for the next section, dubbing on the guitars.<ref name="Welch">Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 1-85797-930-3, pp. 60–61.</ref></blockquote>

In an interview he gave in 1977, Page elaborated:

<blockquote>I do have the original tape that was running at the time we ran down "Stairway To Heaven" completely with the band. I'd worked it all out already the night before with John Paul Jones, written down the changes and things. All this time we were all living in a house and keeping pretty regular hours together, so the next day we started running it down. There was only one place where there was a slight rerun. For some unknown reason [[John Bonham|Bonzo]] couldn't get the timing right on the twelve-string part before the solo. Other than that it flowed very quickly.<ref name = Schulps /></blockquote>

The first attempts at lyrics, written by Led Zeppelin vocalist Robert Plant next to an evening log fire at Headley Grange, were partly spontaneously improvised and Page claimed, "a huge percentage of the lyrics were written there and then".<ref name="Light" /> Jimmy Page was strumming the chords and Robert Plant had a pencil and paper. Plant later said that suddenly,

<blockquote>My hand was writing out the words, 'There's a lady is sure {{sic}}, all that glitters is gold, and she's buying a stairway to heaven'. I just sat there and looked at them and almost leapt out of my seat." Plant's own explanation of the lyrics was that it "was some cynical aside about a woman getting everything she wanted all the time without giving back any thought or consideration. The first line begins with that cynical sweep of the hand ... and it softened up after that.<ref name="Total Guitar" /></blockquote>

The lyrics of the song reflected Plant's current reading. The singer had been poring over the works of the British antiquarian [[Lewis Spence]], and later cited Spence's ''Magic Arts in Celtic Britain'' as one of the sources for the lyrics to the song.<ref name="RS1985"/>

In November 1970, Page dropped a hint of the new song's existence to a music journalist in London:

<blockquote>It's an idea for a really long track.... You know how "[[Dazed and Confused (song)#Led Zeppelin|Dazed and Confused]]" and songs like that were broken into sections? Well, we want to try something new with the organ and acoustic guitar building up and building up, and then the electric part starts.... It might be a fifteen-minute track.<ref name="RS1985"/></blockquote>

Page stated that the song "speeds up like an adrenaline flow".<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|title=Sold on Song, Stairway to Heaven|work=BBC radio 2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stairway.shtml|accessdate=9 February 2006}}</ref> He explained:

<blockquote>Going back to those studio days for me and John Paul Jones, the one thing you didn't do was speed up, because if you sped up you wouldn't be seen again. Everything had to be right on the meter all the way through. And I really wanted to write something which did speed up, and took the emotion and the adrenaline with it, and would reach a sort of crescendo. And that was the idea of it. That's why it was a bit tricky to get together in stages.<ref name ="NPRPage"/></blockquote>

The complete studio recording was released on ''[[Led Zeppelin IV]]'' in November 1971. The band's record label, [[Atlantic Records]] was keen to issue this track as a single, but the band's manager [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]] refused requests to do so in both 1972 and 1973. The upshot of that decision was that record buyers began to invest in the fourth album as if it were a single.<ref name="Complete"/> In the US, Atlantic issued "Stairway to Heaven" as a 7" promotional single in 1972.

==Composition==
The song consists of several distinct sections, beginning with a quiet introduction on a finger picked six string guitar and four [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]s in a [[Renaissance music]] style<ref>{{cite web
| last =Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6595876/stairway_to_heaven?rnd=1144767601231&has-player=true&version=6.0.12.1483| title = Stairway to Heaven| accessdate =7 June 2006
}}</ref> (ending at 2:15) and gradually moving into a slow electric middle section (2:16–5:33), then a long guitar solo (5:34–6:44), before the faster [[hard rock]] final section (6:45 to 7:45), ending with a short vocals-only epilogue. Plant sings the opening, middle and epilogue sections in his mid vocal range, but sings the hard rock section in his higher range which borders on [[falsetto]].

Written in the key of A minor, the song opens with an arpeggiated, [[fingerstyle|finger-picked]] guitar chord progression with a [[chromatic scale|chromatic]] descending bassline A-G#-G-F#-F-E. John Paul Jones contributed overdubbed wooden bass recorders in the opening section (he used a [[Mellotron]] and, later, a Yamaha CP70B Grand Piano and [[Yamaha GX1]] to synthesise this arrangement in live performances)<ref name="Total Guitar" /> and a [[Hohner]] Electra-Piano [[electric piano]] in the middle section.

The sections build with more guitar layers, each complementary to the intro, with the drums entering at 4:18. The extended Jimmy Page guitar solo in the song's final section was played for the recording on a [[Fender Telecaster|1959 Fender Telecaster]] given to him by [[Jeff Beck]] (an instrument he used extensively with the Yardbirds)<ref name="Total Guitar" /> plugged into a [[Supro]] [[amplifier]],<ref name="JPinterview">Steven Rosen, [http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/003340.html 1977 Jimmy Page Interview], ''Modern Guitars'', 25 May 2007 (originally published in the July 1977, issue of ''[[Guitar Player]]'' magazine).</ref> although in an interview he gave to ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine, Page also claimed, "It could have been a Marshall, but I can't remember".<ref name="Light" /> Three different improvised solos were recorded, with Page agonising about deciding which to keep. Page later revealed, "I did have the first phrase worked out, and then there was the link phrase. I did check them out beforehand before the tape ran." The other guitar parts were played using a Harmony Sovereign H1260 acoustic guitar and a [[Fender Electric XII]] guitar (a 12-string guitar that was plugged directly to the soundboard); these can be heard on the left and right recording channels respectively. For live versions, Page switched to a Heritage Cherry [[Gibson EDS-1275]] 6/12 [[Double neck guitar|Doubleneck]] guitar. The final progression is a i-VII-VI (natural minor) progression (Am-G-F), a mainstay of rock music.

Another interesting aspect of the song is the timing of the lead-up to the famous guitar solo. While staying in 4/4 throughout this section, most of the accents shift to the eight notes. This makes the rhythm figure challenging for some musicians, but adds a feeling of anticipation to the approaching guitar solo.

Sound engineer [[Andy Johns]] recalls the circumstances surrounding the recording of Page's famous solo:

<blockquote>I remember Jimmy had a little bit of trouble with the solo on "Stairway to Heaven"... [H]e hadn't completely figured it out. Nowadays you sometimes spend a whole day doing one thing. Back then, we never did that. We never spent a very long time recording anything. I remember sitting in the control room with Jimmy, he's standing there next to me and he'd done quite a few passes and it wasn't going anywhere. I could see he was getting a bit paranoid and so I was getting paranoid. I turned around and said "You're making me paranoid!" And he said, "No, you're making me paranoid!" It was a silly circle of paranoia. Then bang! On the next take or two he ripped it out.<ref name=theirtime>"Their Time is Gonna Come", ''[[Classic Rock Magazine]]'', December 2007</ref></blockquote>

According to Page, "Stairway to Heaven"

<blockquote>...crystallized the essence of the band. It had everything there and showed the band at its best... as a band, as a unit. Not talking about solos or anything, it had everything there. We were careful never to release it as a single. It was a milestone for us. Every musician wants to do something of lasting quality, something which will hold up for a long time and I guess we did it with "Stairway".<ref>[http://www.guitarworld.com/article/100_greatest_guitar_solos_1_quotstairway_to_heavenquot_jimmy_page "100 Greatest Guitar Solos"], [[Guitar World|Guitar World Magazine]], 14 October 2008</ref> [[Pete Townshend|[Pete] Townshend]] probably thought that he got it with ''[[Tommy (rock opera)|Tommy]]''. I don't know whether I have the ability to come up with more. I have to do a lot of hard work before I can get anywhere near those stages of consistent, total brilliance.<ref name=cameroncrowe>{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroncrowe.com/journalism/articles/crowe_eyesandears_journalism_led.html|title=Cameron Crowe interview Led Zeppelin |accessdate=7 November 2007|date=18 March 1975|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071024124033/http://www.cameroncrowe.com/journalism/articles/crowe_eyesandears_journalism_led.html |archivedate=24 October 2007}}</ref></blockquote>

==Spirit copyright infringement lawsuit==
{{Listen|filename=Spirit-Taurus.ogg|title=Spirit – "Taurus"|description=Excerpt from "Taurus" – 226 kb|format=[[Ogg]]}}
Over the years, a number of people have put forth the opinion that the song's introduction, and opening guitar [[arpeggio]]s, bear a close resemblance to the 1968 instrumental "[[Taurus (instrumental)|Taurus]]" by the group [[Spirit (band)|Spirit]].<ref name="MOJO" /><ref name="ReferenceA">Guitar World Magazine, April 1997: "California's most enduring legacy may well be the fingerpicked acoustic theme of the song "Taurus," which Jimmy Page lifted virtually note for note for the introduction to "Stairway to Heaven."</ref> Zeppelin opened for Spirit in an early American tour, leaving little doubt that Led Zeppelin had heard the Spirit song before "Stairway to Heaven" was written. In the liner notes to the 1996 reissue of Spirit's debut album, songwriter [[Randy California]] writes:
<blockquote>People always ask me why "Stairway to Heaven" sounds exactly like "Taurus", which was released two years earlier. I know Led Zeppelin also played "Fresh Garbage" in their live set. They opened up for us on their [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1968/1969|first American tour]].<ref>Sleeve notes, booklet included with [[CD]] EPC 485175</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglotopia.net/british-entertainment/british-music-british-entertainment/led-zeppelin-stairway-plagiarism-lawsuit-jimmy-page-possible-reunion/|title=Led Zeppelin: Stairway to a Plagiarism Lawsuit, and Jimmy Page on a possible reunion.|date=May 21, 2014|accessdate=May 23, 2014}}</ref></blockquote>

In May 2014, [[Mark Andes]], bassist of the group Spirit, and a trust acting on behalf of Randy California, filed a [[copyright infringement]] suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the "release of the album containing the song" in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for the late California.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27497950 BBC News, "Copyright row over Led Zeppelin classic Stairway to Heaven", 21 May 2014]</ref> A lack of sufficient resources is cited as one of the reasons that Spirit’s members and their survivors did not file the suit earlier. A friend of California's mother explained: “Nobody had any money, and they thought the statute of limitations was done”, adding, "It will be nice if Randy got the credit". If the Spirit lawsuit is successful, past royalties earned by the song—estimated at more than US$550 million—will not be part of the settlement, but the publisher and composers may be entitled to a share of the future profits.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stairway to Heaven: The Song Remains Pretty Similar|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-15/led-zeppelins-stairway-to-heaven-vs-dot-spirits-taurus-a-reckoning|accessdate=29 May 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=15 May 2014|author=Vernon Silver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Borrowing a Stairway to Heaven: did Led Zeppelin rip off a riff?|url=http://theconversation.com/borrowing-a-stairway-to-heaven-did-led-zeppelin-rip-off-a-riff-27099?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+27+May+2014&utm_content=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+27+May+2014+CID_da705d2407f40fcfdc9390c4c6206c45&utm_source=campaign_monitor&utm_term=Borrowing%20a%20Stairway%20to%20Heaven%20did%20Led%20Zeppelin%20rip%20off%20a%20riff|accessdate=29 May 2014|newspaper=The Conversation|date=26 May 2014|author=Nicolas Suzor|author2=Eleanor Angel}}</ref>

==Live performances==
The inaugural public performance of the song took place at [[Belfast]]'s [[Ulster Hall]] on 5 March 1971.<ref name="Total Guitar">Llewellyn, Sian (December 1998). "Stairway to Heaven". ''Total Guitar'', p.61-62</ref> Bassist [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] recalls that the crowd was unimpressed: "They were all bored to tears waiting to hear something they knew".<ref name="bbc" /> However, Page stated about an early performance at the [[The Forum (Inglewood, California)|LA Forum]], before the record had even come out,<ref name="Guitar World">Tolinski, Bradllyn with Di Benedetto, Greg, (January 1998). "Light & Shade". ''Guitar World'', p.98</ref> that:

<blockquote>I'm not saying the whole audience gave us a standing ovation, but there was this sizable standing ovation there. And I thought: 'This is incredible, because no one's heard this number yet. This is the first time they're hearing it!' It obviously touched them, you know. And that was at the L.A. Forum, so I knew we were onto something with that one.<ref>Considine, J.D. "[http://archive.rollingstone.com/Desktop#/19900920/59 Led Zeppelin]" ''Rolling Stone'' September 26, 1990: 59</ref></blockquote>

The world radio premiere of "Stairway to Heaven" was recorded at the [[Paris Theatre|Paris Cinema]] on 1 April 1971, in front of a live studio audience, and broadcast three days later on the [[BBC]].<ref name="Guitar World">Pallett, SImon (January 1998). "Radio Dazed". ''Guitar World'', p.122</ref> The song was performed at almost every subsequent [[Led Zeppelin concerts|Led Zeppelin concert]], only being omitted on rare occasions when shows were cut short for curfews or technical issues. The band's final performance of the song was in Berlin on 7 July 1980, which was also their last concert until 10 Dec 2007 at London's O2 Arena; the version was the longest, lasting almost fifteen minutes, including a seven and a half-minute guitar solo.

[[File:Джимми Пэйдж.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Jimmy Page used a double-necked guitar to perform "Stairway to Heaven" live.]]
When playing the song live, the band would often extend it to over ten minutes, with Page playing an extended guitar solo and Plant adding a number of lyrical ad-libs, such as "Does anybody remember laughter?", "And I think you can see that" (As seen in the movie [[The Song Remains the Same]]),
"Does anybody remember forests?" (As seen on the live performance in Seattle 1977), "wait a minute!" and "I hope so". For performing this song live, Page used a [[Gibson EDS-1275]] [[double neck guitar]] so he would not have to pause when switching from a six to a [[twelve string guitar]].

By 1975, the song had a regular place as the finale of every Led Zeppelin concert. However, after their [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|concert tour of the United States]] in 1977, Plant began to tire of "Stairway to Heaven": "There's only so many times you can sing it and mean it ... It just became sanctimonious."<ref>Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 58.</ref>

The song was played again by the surviving members of Led Zeppelin at the [[Live Aid]] concert in 1985;<ref name="Total Guitar" /> at the [[Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary]] concert in 1988, with [[Jason Bonham]] on drums;<ref>{{cite book |last=Welch |first=Chris |title=Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin |publisher=Omnibus Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7119-9195-2 |page=231}}</ref> and by Jimmy Page as an instrumental version on his solo tours.

By the late 1980s, Plant made his negative impression of the song clear in interviews. In 1988, he stated:

<blockquote>I'd break out in hives if I had to sing ("Stairway to Heaven") in every show. I wrote those lyrics and found that song to be of some importance and consequence in 1971, but 17 years later, I don't know. It's just not for me. I sang it at the Atlantic Records show because I'm an old softie and it was my way of saying thank you to Atlantic because I've been with them for 20 years. But no more of "Stairway to Heaven" for me.<ref>''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 6 December 1988.</ref></blockquote>

However, by the mid-1990s Plant's views had apparently softened. The first few bars were played alone during [[Page and Plant]] tours in lieu of the final notes of "[[Babe I'm Gonna Leave You]]", and in November 1994 Page and Plant performed an acoustic version of the song at a Tokyo news station for Japanese television. "Stairway to Heaven" was also performed at [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert|Led Zeppelin's reunion show]] at the [[The O2 arena (London)|O2 Arena]], London on 10 December 2007. This song is played a [[whole step]] lower.

Plant cites the most unusual performance of the song ever as being that performed at Live Aid: "with two drummers while [[Duran Duran]] cried at the side of the stage – there was something quite surreal about that."<ref name="Total Guitar" />

Footage of the song being played live is preserved on the band's concert film ''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]'', featuring a performance from [[Madison Square Garden]] in 1973, and on the ''[[Led Zeppelin DVD]]'', featuring a performance from [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court Arena]] in 1975. Official audio versions are also available on ''The Song Remains the Same's'' [[The Song Remains the Same (album)|accompanying soundtrack]], on ''[[Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions]]'' (a performance from London's [[Paris Theatre]] in 1971) and on ''[[How the West Was Won (Led Zeppelin album)|How the West Was Won]]'' (a performance from the [[Long Beach Arena]] in 1972). There are also hundreds of audio versions which can be found on unofficial [[Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings]].

==Success and legacy==
"Stairway to Heaven" is often rated among the greatest rock songs of all time.<ref name="Shmoop" /><ref name="Spin" /><ref name="Gigwise" /> According to music journalist [[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]], although the song was released in 1971, it took until 1973 before the song's popularity ascended to truly "anthemic" status.<ref>Stephen Davis, The Hammer of the Gods, William Morrow and Company Inc., New York, 1985, p. 150.</ref> As Page himself recalled, "I knew it was good, but I didn't know it was going to be almost like an anthem ... But I knew it was the gem of the album, sure."<ref name=AtoZ>''A to Zeppelin: The Story of Led Zeppelin'', Passport Video, 2004.</ref>

"Stairway to Heaven" continues to top radio lists of the greatest rock songs, as well as topping a 2006 ''[[Guitar World]]'' readers poll of greatest guitar solos.<ref name="SuperSeventies">{{cite web| url= http://www.superseventies.com/stairway.html | title= Stairway to Heaven: Is This the Greatest Song of All Time?| first= | last= | accessdate=7 June 2006}}</ref> On the 20th anniversary of the original release of the song, it was announced via U.S. radio sources that the song had logged up an estimated 2,874,000 radio plays – back to back, that would run for 44 years solid.<ref name="Complete"/> As of 2000, the song had been broadcast on radio over three million times.<ref name=tripleJ>[http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/music_specials/s1402502.htm Australian Broadcasting Corporation] – Triple J Music Specials – Led Zeppelin (first broadcast 12 July 2000)</ref> In 1990 a [[St Petersburg, Florida]] station kicked off its all-Led Zeppelin format by playing "Stairway to Heaven" for 24 hours straight.<ref name="RSbio">{{cite web|url= http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/led-zeppelin/biography|title= Led Zeppelin Biography| accessdate=8 August 2011|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''}}</ref> It is also the biggest-selling single piece of [[sheet music]] in rock history, clocking up an average of 15,000 copies yearly.<ref name="Total Guitar" /> In total, over one million copies have been sold.<ref name=tripleJ/>

The song's length precluded its release in full form as a [[single (music)|single]]. Despite pressure from [[Atlantic Records]] the band would not authorise the editing of the song for single release, making "Stairway to Heaven" one of the most well-known and popular rock songs never to have been released as a single. It did, however, appear on two promotional discs in the United States, one of them featuring the 7:55 track on each side, and the other as a 7" 33{{frac|1|3}} record produced for jukebox operators with "Stairway..." on one side and both "Black Dog" and "Rock And Roll" on the other. Other "single" appearances were on an Australian EP, and in 1991 as an added bonus with a 20th anniversary promo book.

The group's recording of this song also appeared as the sole Led Zeppelin track in the 1977 Atlantic Records 2-LP promotional sampler album, ''We've Got Your Music'', marking the first time that Led Zeppelin's "Stairway To Heaven" made its official debut appearance in an American-released various artists compilation collection.

On the 20th Anniversary of the song's release, ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine featured an article on the song's success and lasting influence. [[Karen Karbo]] wrote:<ref>[http://www.superseventies.com/stairway.html "Stairway To Heaven: Is This the Greatest Song of All Time?" By Karen Karbo, Esquire magazine] November Issue, 1991.</ref>

<blockquote>It's doubtful that anyone knew it would become the most popular rock song of all time. After all, it's eight minutes long and was never released as a single. Even "[[Hey Jude]]" was shorter, was a 45, and enjoyed the benefits of comprehensible words and a sing-along chorus. But "Hey Jude" isn't the most requested song of all time on FM rock stations. Nobody ever had a "Hey Jude" theme prom or played the song at weddings and funerals like "Stairway." "Stairway" couldn't succeed today. Back in 1971, FM deejays prided themselves on digging deep into albums to come up with oddball, cultish favorites. With its near-oppressive length, erratic changes, and woo-woo lyrics, the quasi-medieval anthem was a perfect choice. It continues to be a favorite among music listeners who are younger than the song itself, listeners who, in some cases, were no doubt conceived while the tune blasted from car speakers.</blockquote>

In 2004, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine put it at number 31 on their list of "[[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]". An article from the 29 January 2009 ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine rated Jimmy Page's guitar solo at number one in the publication's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos in Rock and Roll History.<ref name=solo>[http://www.guitarworld.com/50_greatest_solos Guitar World]</ref> Since 2001, the [[New York City]] based [[classic rock]] radio station [[WAXQ|Q104.3]] has ranked "Stairway to Heaven" no. 1 on their annual "Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.q1043.com/common/top_songs/2013.html |title=Q104.3's Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time |last= |first= |publisher=[[WAXQ|Q104.3]] |accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref>

[[Erik Davis]], a [[social historian]] and [[cultural critic]], commented on the song's massive success, subsequent backlash and enduring legendary status:<ref>Barker, David. [http://books.google.com/books?id=7v7wJqhaBhoC&pg=PA201&dq=stairway+to+heaven+number+one+song&cd=2#v=onepage&q=stairway%20to%20heaven%20number%20one%20song&f=false ''33{{frac|1|3}} greatest hits, Volume 1'']. Pg. 201. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007
ISBN 0-8264-1903-8, ISBN 978-0-8264-1903-3</ref>

<blockquote>"Stairway to Heaven" isn't the greatest rock song of the 1970s; it is the greatest spell of the 1970s. Think about it: we are all sick of the thing, but in some primordial way ''it is still number one''. Everyone knows it... Even our dislike and mockery is ritualistic. The dumb parodies; the ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]''-inspired folklore about guitar shops demanding customers not play it; even Robert Plant's public disavowal of the song—all of these just prove the rule. "Stairway to Heaven" is not just number one. It is ''the One'', the quintessence, the closest [[Album-oriented rock|AOR]] will ever get you to the absolute.</blockquote>

Page has himself commented on the song's legacy:

<blockquote>The wonderful thing about "Stairway" is the fact that just about everybody has got their own individual interpretation to it, and actually what it meant to them at their point of life. And that's what's so great about it. Over the passage of years people come to me with all manner of stories about what it meant to them at certain points of their lives. About how it's got them through some really tragic circumstances ... Because it's an extremely positive song, it's such a positive energy, and, you know, people have got married to [the song].<ref name ="NPRPage"/></blockquote>

Robert Plant once gave a radio station $10,000 to never play the song again. During a pledge drive for listener-supported radio station [[KBOO]] ([[Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]]) a DJ had promised that KBOO would never play the song again for that size of donation. Plant heard the pitch and decided to accept. He was station-surfing in a rental car he was driving to the [[Oregon Coast]] after a solo performance in Portland and was impressed with the non-mainstream music the station presented. One can only imagine surprise at the station to both the bequest and the caller, though Plant claims he used a credit card belonging to an executive at Atlantic Records, his label. Asked later "why?" Plant replied that he liked the tune well enough, but he'd heard it.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=World Cafe Looks Back: Robert Plant |episodelink=http://www.npr.org/2012/03/05/141331804/world-cafe-looks-back-robert-plant |series=[[World Cafe]] |network=NPR |station=[[WXPN]] |airdate=14 October 2011 |season=20 |minutes=43:34 |accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>

==Claims of backward masking==

{{listen
| filename = STH_forwards.ogg
| title = "Stairway to Heaven" (section)
| description = The claimed backmasked section of Stairway to Heaven
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = STH_reverse.ogg
| title2 = "Stairway to Heaven" (section) (reversed)
| description2 = The same section, reversed
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
}}

In a January 1982 television program on the [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]] hosted by [[Paul Crouch]], it was claimed that hidden messages were contained in many popular rock songs through a technique called [[backmasking|backward masking]]. One example of such hidden messages that was prominently cited was in "Stairway to Heaven."<ref>Denisoff, R. Serge. ''Inside MTV'' (1988): 289–290</ref> The alleged message, which occurs during the middle section of the song ("If there's a bustle in your hedgerow, don't be alarmed now...") when played backward, was purported to contain the Satanic references "Here's to my sweet [[Satan]]" and "I sing because I live with Satan."<ref>Arar, Yardena. (AP) "Does Satan Lurk in the Backward Playing of Records?" ''St. Petersburg Independent'' 24 May 1982: 3A</ref>

Following the claims made in the television program, [[California]] assemblyman [[Phil Wyman]] proposed a state law that would require warning labels on records containing backward masking. In April 1982, the Consumer Protection and Toxic Materials Committee of the [[California State Assembly]] held a hearing on backward masking in popular music, during which "Stairway to Heaven" was played backward. During the hearing, William Yarroll, a self-described "neuroscientific researcher," claimed that backward messages could be deciphered by the human brain.<ref>Billiter, Bill. "Satanic Messages Played Back for Assembly Panel" ''Los Angeles Times'' 28 April 1982: B3</ref>

Various versions of the alleged message exist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blecha |first=Peter |title=Taboo Tunes: A History of Banned Bands and Censored Songs |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2004 |isbn=0-87930-792-7 |page=51}}</ref>

The band itself has for the most part ignored such claims. In response to the allegations, [[Swan Song Records]] issued the statement: "Our turntables only play in one direction—forwards." Led Zeppelin audio engineer [[Eddie Kramer]] called the allegations "totally and utterly ridiculous. Why would they want to spend so much studio time doing something so dumb?"<ref>Davis, Stephen. ''The Hammer of the Gods'' (1985) p. 335</ref> [[Robert Plant]] expressed frustration with the accusations in a 1983 interview in ''Musician'' magazine: "To me it's very sad, because 'Stairway to Heaven' was written with every best intention, and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end, that's not my idea of making music."<ref>{{cite web | last =Considine| first =J.D| url =http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/int18.htm |title =Interviews| accessdate =7 June 2006 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Publication
! Country
! Accolade
! Year
!align="center"|Rank
|-
| [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]
| United States
| "[[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/halloffame.htm|title=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll – December 1994|accessdate=10 February 2009|publisher=Jacobs Media}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 1994
| *
|-
| ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]''
| United Kingdom
| "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/50.html#ten|title=Ten of the Best Songs Ever! – September 1999|accessdate=10 February 2009|publisher=''Classic Rock''}}</ref>
| 1999
| 1
|-
| [[VH1]]
| United States
| "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1436393/20000107/story.jhtml|title=The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time – July 2000|accessdate=10 February 2009|publisher=VH1}}</ref>
| 2000
| 3
|-
| [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]
| United States
| "[[Songs of the Century]]"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/07/list.top.365.songs/ | title=Songs of the Century | accessdate=18 August 2007 | publisher=Recording Industry Association of America | date=7 March 2001}}</ref>
| 2001
| 53
|-
| [[Grammy Awards]]
| United States
| "[[Grammy Hall of Fame Award]]"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#s | title=The Grammy Hall of Fame Award | accessdate=18 August 2007 | publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}</ref>
| 2003
| *
|-
| ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| United States
| "[[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6596661/500songs|title=The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time – November 2003|accessdate=10 February 2009 |publisher=''Rolling Stone''}}</ref>
| 2003
| 31
|-
| ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| United Kingdom
| "100 Songs That Changed the World"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage2.html#100%20Songs%20That%20Changed%20The%20World| title=100 Greatest Songs of All Time – January 2003| accessdate=10 February 2009 | publisher=''Q''}}</ref>
| 2003
| 47
|-
| [[Toby Creswell]]
| Australia
| "1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite book | last=Creswell|first=Toby|authorlink=Toby Creswell|title=1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time| edition=1st | location=Prahran| publisher=Hardie Grant Books| year=2005| chapter=Stairway to Heaven| page=516| isbn=978-1-74066-458-5}}</ref>
| 2005
| *
|-
| ''Q''
| United Kingdom
| "100 Greatest Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage3.htm#100 greatest songs | title=100 Greatest Songs of All Time – October 2006| accessdate=10 February 2009 | publisher=''Q''}}</ref>
| 2006
| 8
|-
| ''[[Guitar World]]''
| United States
| "100 Greatest Guitar Solos"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.guitarworld.com/article/100_greatest_guitar_solos_1_quotstairway_to_heavenquot_jimmy_page|title=100 Greatest Guitar Solos – October 2006|accessdate=18 October 2009 |publisher=''Guitar World''}}</ref>
|2006
|1
|-
| ''Rolling Stone''
| United States
| "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/20947527/page/41|title=100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time – June 2008|accessdate=10 February 2009 |publisher=''Rolling Stone''}}</ref>
| 2008
| 8
|-
| [[Triple J]]
| Australia
| "Hottest 100 of All Time"
| 2009
| 10
|}

(*) designates unordered lists.

==Formats and tracklistings==
'''1972 7" single''' (Philippines: Atlantic 45-3747)
*A. "Stairway to Heaven" [part 1] (Page, Plant) 4:01
*B. "Stairway to Heaven" [part 2] (Page, Plant) 4:01

'''1972 7" promo''' (US: Atlantic PR 175 [picture sleeve])
*A. "Stairway to Heaven" [stereo] (Page, Plant) 8:02
*B. "Stairway to Heaven" [mono] (Page, Plant) 8:02

'''1972 7" promo''' (US: Atlantic PR-269)
*A. "Stairway to Heaven" [stereo] (Page, Plant) 7:55
*B. "Stairway to Heaven" [mono] (Page, Plant) 7:55

'''1972 7" promo''' (South Africa: Atlantic Teal)
*A. "Stairway to Heaven" (Page, Plant) 8:02
*B. "Going to California" (Page, Plant) 3:31

'''1978 12" single''' (Brazil: WEA 6WP.2003)
*A. "Stairway to Heaven" [stereo] (Page, Plant) 8:02
*B. "Stairway to Heaven" [mono] (Page, Plant) 8:02

'''1990 7" promo''' (UK: Atlantic LZ3)
*A. "Stairway to Heaven" (Page, Plant) 8:02
*B. "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" (Bonham, Jones, Page, Plant, Dixon)

'''1991 20th Anniversary promo''' (US: Atlantic PRCD 4424-2, Japan: Warner Pioneer PRCD 4424-2)
*CD single, 7" single

==Personnel==
*[[Robert Plant]] - [[Lead vocalist|lead vocals]], [[tambourine]]
*[[Jimmy Page]] - [[acoustic guitar|acoustic]], [[electric guitar]], and [[electric 12-string guitar]]
*[[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] - [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorders]], [[electric piano]], [[mellotron]], [[bass guitar]]
*[[John Bonham]] - [[Drum kit|drums]]

==Chart positions==

===Digital download===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
| [[RIANZ|New Zealand RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name="New Zealand singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Stairway+To+Heaven&cat=s | title = Top 40 Singles – 19 November 2007 | publisher = RIANZ | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
| [[Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Norwegian singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Stairway+To+Heaven&cat=s | title = Top 20 Singles – 21 November 2007 | publisher = norwegiancharts.com | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
| [[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name="Irish singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://acharts.us/ireland_singles_top_50/2007/47 | title = Top 50 Singles – 22 November 2007 | publisher = IRMA | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|24
|-
| [[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="UK singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=33538 | title = Top 100 Singles – 24 November 2007 | publisher = chartstats.com | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|37
|-
| US ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Songs Chart<ref name="US digital songs chart">{{cite web | url = {{BillboardURLbyName|artist=led zeppelin|chart=all}} | title = Hot 100 Digital Songs – 1 December 2007 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|30
|-
| US ''Billboard'' Hot Singles Recurrents Chart<ref name="US singles chart">{{cite web | url = {{BillboardURLbyName|artist=led zeppelin|chart=Hot Singles Recurrents}} | title = Hot Singles Recurrents – 1 December 2007 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate =19 January 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|-
| Canadian ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Singles Chart<ref name="Canadian singles chart">{{cite web | url = {{BillboardURLbyName|artist=led zeppelin|chart=Hot Canadian Digital Singles}} | title = Hot Digital Songs – 1 December 2007 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate =19 January 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|align="center"|17
|-
| EU ''Billboard'' Hot 100 Singles Chart<ref name="European singles chart">{{cite web | url = {{BillboardURLbyName|artist=led zeppelin|chart=European Hot 100}} | title = Hot 100 Singles – 1 December 2007 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate =19 January 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|align="center"|79
|-
| [[Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="Swiss singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Stairway+To+Heaven&cat=s | title = Top 100 Singles – 2 December 2007 | publisher = hitparade.ch | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|17
|-
| [[Portugal|Portuguese Singles Chart]]<ref name="Portuguese singles chart">{{cite web | url = {{BillboardURLbyName|artist=led zeppelin|chart=Portugal}} | title = Top 100 Singles – 29 December 2007 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate =19 January 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
!Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
| [[Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="Swedish singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Stairway+To+Heaven&cat=s | title = Top 60 Singles – 3 January 2008 | publisher = swedishcharts.com | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|57
|-
| [[German Singles Chart]]<ref name="German singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/LED+ZEPPELIN/Stairway+To+Heaven/single | title = Top 100 Singles – 19 May 2008 | publisher = musicline.de | accessdate =19 January 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|71
|-
!Chart (2010)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
| [[German Singles Chart]]<ref name="German singles chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/LED+ZEPPELIN/Stairway+To+Heaven/single | title = Top 100 Singles – 3 May 2010 | publisher = musicline.de | accessdate =4 May 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|}

Note: The official [[UK Singles Chart]] incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|award=Gold|type=single|artist=Led Zeppelin|title=Stairway to Heaven|autocat=true|relyear=2011}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|award=Silver|type=single|artist=Led Zeppelin|title=Stairway to Heaven|autocat=true|relyear=1971|accessdate=13 September 2013}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true}}

==Other versions==
{{Main|List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs}}
The song has been covered a number of times. [[Rolf Harris]]'s [[didgeridoo]]-and-[[wobble board]] interpretation reached number seven in the [[UK Singles Chart|UK charts]] in 1993.<ref>{{UKChartHits|1404}}</ref> His version was one of 26 different versions of the song that were performed live by guest stars on the early 1990s Australian chat show ''[[The Money or the Gun]]'' – each being a unique version of the song in the usually idiosyncratic style of performance of each guest star. A video and CD album<ref name=MoneyGunCD>{{Citation
| author1=Page, Jimmy
| author2=Plant, Robert
| author-link = Jimmy Page
| author2-link = Robert Plant
| title=Stairways to heaven
| type = CD
| publication-date=1992
| publisher=Triple J Music
| url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/23757980
| accessdate=29 November 2012
}}</ref>
were released featuring 25 and 22 of the performances, respectively.

[[Dolly Parton]] released a stripped down acoustic cover of the song in [[Halos & Horns|2002]]; Plant spoke highly of Parton's version, noting that he was pleasantly surprised with how her version turned out.<ref>[http://launch.yahoo.com/read/story/12037994 Robert Plant on Yahoo! Music]</ref>{{Dead link|date=December 2012}}

In 2004, an abbreviated cover version was released by [[Me First and the Gimme Gimmes]] on their album [[Ruin Jonny's Bar Mitzvah]].

In 1977, [[Little Roger and the Goosebumps]] recorded a parody of the song in which the words to the theme song of the television show ''[[Gilligan's Island#Theme song|Gilligan's Island]]'' were sung in place of the original lyrics. Within five weeks, Led Zeppelin's lawyers threatened to sue them and demanded that any remaining copies of the recording be destroyed. The group won the damages in the suit, and Little Roger and the Goosebumps had to pay thousands of dollars in damages. However, during a 2005 interview on [[National Public Radio]], Plant referred to the tune as his favourite cover of "Stairway to Heaven."<ref>http://thetyee.ca/Music/2008/01/10/LedZeppelin/</ref>

The sketch comedy series ''[[Second City Television|SCTV]]'' had an elaborate spoof of the song with its spoof album ''Stairways to Heaven''. In the mock album, advertised in the style of [[K-tel]], various snippets of cover versions are featured, supposedly from artists ranging from [[Slim Whitman]] to the faux-50s group "The Five Neat Guys," as well as the original version (albeit advertised to be a [[sound-alike]] sung by [[Rich Little]]). This sketch, due to rights issues, was not released on the DVDs for the show.

A version by [[Far Corporation]] was released in 1985 and reached number 8 in the UK singles chart.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rice |first = Tim | authorlink = Tim Rice | coauthors = [[Paul Gambaccini]], Jo Rice | title = Guinness British Hit Singles | edition = 10th | year = 1995 |isbn = 0-85112-633-2 | page = 115}}</ref>

[[Frank Zappa]] created an [[arrangement]] of the song as one of the centrepieces of his 1988 tour. The arrangement, as heard on the album ''[[The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life]]'', features the horn section of Zappa's band playing Jimmy Page's guitar solo.

In 1991, [[Dread Zeppelin]] included their version of the song in their album [[5,000,000]] (*Tortelvis Fans Can't Be Wrong).

Australian [[physicist]] and [[composer]] Joe Wolfe composed a set of [[Variation (music)|variations]] on "Stairway to Heaven." This work, ''The Stairway Suite'', is composed for [[orchestra]], [[big band]], [[Choir|chorus]], and [[SATB|four part choir]]. Each variation is in the [[music genre|style]] of a famous [[composer]]: [[Franz Schubert]], [[Gustav Holst]], [[Glenn Miller]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Georges Bizet]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]. For example, the Schubert inspired variation is based on the ''[[Unfinished Symphony]]'', and the Beethoven inspired variation includes vocal soloists and chorus and resembles Beethoven's ''[[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/Stairway.html|title=The Stairway Suite|accessdate=16 September 2009}}</ref> Wolfe posted the full score of this piece on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/music/stairway.pdf|title=The Stairway Suite|accessdate=16 September 2009}}</ref>

In the movie [[Wayne's World (film)|''Wayne's World'']], Wayne (played by [[Mike Myers (actor)|Mike Myers]]) takes a guitar and plays several notes of the song in the original theatrical release. In the scene, Wayne is almost immediately stopped by a store employee who points to a "No Stairway" sign. This alluded to the fact that so many people have attempted the song on guitar while at music stores in the US, employees became sick of hearing it and banned patrons from playing "Stairway", threatening them with removal. In the video releases and television airings of the movie, however, the notes are changed to a generic guitar riff due to licensing restrictions imposed by WMG the band.

A performance of the song is featured in the ''[[Total Balalaika Show - Helsinki Concert|Total Balalaika Show]]'', a two-disc album recorded live in [[Helsinki, Finland|Helsinki]] on 12 June 1993 by the [[Leningrad Cowboys]] and the [[Alexandrov Ensemble|Alexandrov Red Army Ensemble]]. It was not included in the 1994 [[Aki Kaurismäki]] [[Total Balalaika Show|documentary film of the same name]] and concert. Less official concert footage that includes this song can easily be found.

[[Heart (band)|Heart]] performed a cover of the song at least once in 1976; the 2004 reissue of the band's album ''[[Little Queen]]'' includes a recording as a bonus track. In 2012, Heart performed the song in tribute to Led Zeppelin at the [[Kennedy Center Honors]].

In 2010, [[Mary J. Blige]] released a version on her album ''[[Stronger with Each Tear]]'' featuring [[Travis Barker]] on drums, [[Steve Vai]] and [[Orianthi]] on guitar, [[Randy Jackson]] on bass and Geffen Records chair Ron Fair on piano. Blige performed the song on ''[[American Idol (season 9)|American Idol]]'' with Barker, Vai, Orianthi, and Jackson; the recording was released via download for charity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/04/22/american-idol-gives-back-results/|title='American Idol': On the Scene for 'Idol Gives Back'|last=Young|first=John|date=22 April 2010|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>

Pat Boone's 1997 album ''[[In a Metal Mood]]'' included "Stairway" as a jazz waltz.

The song has also been alluded to by other artists, such as "Stairway To Cleveland" by [[Jefferson Starship]], "Highway To Hell" by [[AC/DC]] and the album ''Hairway To Steven'' by the [[Butthole Surfers]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*''Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song'', by Chris Welch, ISBN 1-56025-818-7
*''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', by Dave Lewis, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[[National Public Radio|NPR]] [[Fresh Air]] [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3868283 audio interview with Robert Plant], who comments on various covers of the song, the lyrics and writing it.
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stairway.shtml Sold on Song], "Stairway to Heaven" at [[BBC Radio 2]]

{{Led Zeppelin IV}}
{{Led Zeppelin}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stairway To Heaven}}
[[Category:1971 songs]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records singles]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:Led Zeppelin songs]]
[[Category:Rock ballads]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jimmy Page]]
[[Category:Songs written by Robert Plant]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Frank Farian]]
[[Category:Frank Zappa songs]]
[[Category:Plagiarism controversies]]

{{link GA|vi}}

Talk:Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)

2014-06-11T04:57:46Z

Robertkeller: /* BIOS Source Code */

{{WikiProject Television|class=start|importance=low}}

== Series title ==
Halt and Catch Fire (HCF) was actually an instruction on Motorola processors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire [[User:BasementTrix|BasementTrix]] ([[User talk:BasementTrix|talk]]) 11:05, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

:Yes, and as can be clearly understood from the article you mention (i.e., [[Halt and Catch Fire]]), the definition displayed at the beginning of the first episode is wildly exaggerated, to the point of being false: "HALT AND CATCH FIRE (HCF): An early computer command that sent the machine into a race condition, forcing all instructions to compete for superiority at once. Control of the computer could not be regained." Let's see: Racing, false. ''All'' instructions, false (It was basically a ''single'' instruction, when it finally did exist and was no longer just a joke, ca. 1974 (though instructions to halt or idle the machine were around in the 1950s)). Competing for superiority (as if autonomous intelligent agents), big, ''fat'', '''False'''. Actually, even control of the computer could be regained, in only the very worst case via a hard reset, so that's false too. This Fake Historical Justification business is highly reminiscent of the fictitious explanation at the beginning of S1/E1 of [[Mad Men]], where they tell you in white text on a black background: "MAD MEN | A term coined in the late 1950s to describe the advertising executives of Madison Avenue. They coined it." People have widely believed that false etymology. However, culture columnist Thomas Frank at Salon.com did a very thorough job of debunking AMC's artistic overreach (See [http://www.salon.com/2013/12/22/ad_absurdum_and_the_conquest_of_cool_canned_flattery_for_corporate_america/ this Salon article], 3rd section, 1st two paragraphs). →Of course I understand it's all just artistic license; the "HCF" definition lays out an obvious metaphor for the "race condition", forced competition, and loss of control that not the ''commands'' on any early computer could ever possibly have sent the ''machine'' into, but rather which the nature & behavior of ''people'' sent the whole IBM-compatible personal computer ''industry'' into. Which is fine, for what it is; but imho people shouldn't be misled like that, even for the sake of Art, and I'm hoping the present article will soon properly dispel that intelligence-insulting, ignorance-fostering "definition". (Okay, done venting...)--[[User:IfYouDoIfYouDon't|IfYouDoIfYouDon't]] ([[User talk:IfYouDoIfYouDon't|talk]]) 10:15, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

== BIOS Source Code ==
They go through a ton of trouble to "reverse engineer" the BIOS, when IBM had actually published the 8088 source code, with comments, in their Technical Reference Manuals for PC, PC Jr, XT and AT. At minimum, rather than a hardware break-out box, they could've used the DOS DEBUG utility and disassembled starting at address F000:0000, dumping the results to a file. Other than that, the show seems close to what we did at Phoenix including "clean" engineers.

Talk:Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)

2014-06-11T04:56:53Z

Robertkeller: Technical issues with the show

User talk:Robertkeller

2010-10-18T21:20:30Z

Robertkeller: Removed history

User:Robertkeller

2010-10-18T21:20:03Z

Robertkeller: Removed BIO info

Talk:Clyfford Still

2009-01-06T21:33:26Z

Robertkeller: Added Antiques Roadshow piece, appraised at US$500,000

{{WPBiography
|living=no
|class=Stub
|priority=
|a&e-work-group=yes
|listas=Still, Clyfford
|needs-infobox=yes
}}
{{Visual arts|cat=|class=start}}
== Still Wishes & Abstract Expessionism ==

Love all the new edits to the page. Couple notes:

The earlier edit noted that his paintings "...have been held in storage in Maryland since his death owing to a stipulation in his will that they may only be shown in a gallery built to his own specifications and under his own terms." The new edit mentions that his works have been out a view, but not that these were the Still's wishes.

Also, much weight has been placed here on Still being an [[abstract expressionist]], but this is category many scholars find insufficient and Still himself did not subscribe to. Should there be reference to this debate?

--[[User:Knulclunk|Knulclunk]] ([[User talk:Knulclunk|talk]]) 00:14, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

::Yes and yes..I'd appreciate your input - please re-add the earlier note about his wishes. I re-added the [[color field]] input - but left to Still or Rothko - they'd just say ''Great Artist'' no label - if you can add some references and some mention of the debate that is welcome. No artist subscribes easily to labels. Agnes Martin and Don Judd each maintained they weren't Minimalists. Ad Reinhardt the same about Minimalism and Abstract Expressionism. Some argue Gorky was pre-Abstract Expressionism. Basically IMHO [[Clyfford Still]] was an [[Abstract Expressionist]] on the [[Color Field]] side...as different from the [[Action Painting]] side....[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 00:35, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

== PBS Antiques Roadshow, January 2009 ==
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/archive/200801A34.html

Newport Beach, California

2008-06-19T19:30:57Z

Robertkeller: /* Education */ Added HD

{{Redirect|Newport Harbor|the MTV reality series|Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of Newport Beach, California
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_seal = Newport Beach Seal.jpg
|image_map = Orange_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Newport_Beach_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Newport Beach within [[Orange County, California]].
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Steven Rosansky
|established_date =
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 103.2
|area_land_km2 = 38.3
|area_water_km2 = 64.9
|area_total_sq_mi = 39.8
|area_land_sq_mi = 14.8
|area_water_sq_mi = 25.1
|elevation_m = 3
|elevation_ft = 10
|latd = 33 |latm = 37 |lats = 0 |latNS = N
|longd = 117 |longm = 53 |longs = 51 |longEW = W
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_total = 70032
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = 2198.90339
|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|latitude = 33°37'0" N
|longitude = 117°53'51" W
|website = http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code = 92657-92663
|area_code = [[Area code 949|949]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 06-51182
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1661104
|footnotes = <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 0 0; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;">
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">'''Misc. Information'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[tree]]'''</td><td>[[Coral tree]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[flower]]'''</td><td>[[Bougainvillea]]</td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
}}
[[Image:Balboa Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|265px|[[Balboa Pavilion]] on Main Street]]
'''Newport Beach''', incorporated in 1906, is a city in [[Orange County, California]], 10 miles south of downtown [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]]. The current [[Office of Management and Budget|OMB]] metropolitan designation for Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County Area]] is [[Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California|Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA]]. As of 2007, the population was 84,218. <ref>[http://blogs.ocregister.com/lansner/archives/2007/05/03/ Gives information on 2007 populations of cities.]</ref> The [[area code]] for Newport Beach is [[Area code 949|949]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}. The city is home to several well known communities and recent annexations including [[Balboa Island]], [[Corona del Mar]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], [[Santa Ana Heights]], and [[Newport Coast]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

==History==
{{main|History of Newport Beach}}
[[Image:Newport Coast-arches.jpg|thumb|left|[[Newport Coast]] arch along the [[Pacific Coast Highway (United States)|Pacific Coast Highway]]]]

In 1870 a steamer named "The Vaquero" made its first trip to a marshy lagoon for trading. Ranch owners in the Lower Bay decided from then on that the area should be called "Newport."{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

In 1905 city development increased when [[Pacific Electric Railroad]] established a southern terminus in Newport connecting the beach with downtown [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. In 1906 with a population of 206 citizens, the scattered settlements were incorporated as the City of Newport Beach {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

Settlements filled in on the Peninsula, West Newport, [[Balboa Island]] and [[Lido Isle, Newport Beach, California|Lido Isle]]. In 1923 [[Corona del Mar]] was annexed and recently in 2002 [[Newport Coast]] was annexed {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Image:Balboa-beach.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Balboa beach]]

=== Recent annexations ===
*[[San Joaquin Hills, California]] (January 1, 2002) {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Newport Coast, California]] (2001) {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==Geography==
Newport Beach extends in elevation from [[sea level]] to the 1161 ft. (354 m.) summit of Signal Peak in the [[San Joaquin Hills]],<ref>{{Gnis|249461|Signal Peak}}</ref> but the official elevation is 25 feet (8 meters) above sea level at a location of {{coor dms|33|37|0|N|117|53|51|W|city}} (33.616671, -117.897604){{GR|1}}.

The city is bordered to the west by [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]] at the [[Santa Ana River]], on the north side by [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]], [[John Wayne Airport]], and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] (including [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]]), and on the east side by [[Crystal Cove State Park]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 103.2 [[km²]] (39.8 [[square mile|mi²]]). 38.3 km² (14.8 mi²) of it is land and 64.9 km² (25.1 mi²) of it (62.91%) is water.

Areas of Newport Beach include [[Corona del Mar, California|Corona del Mar]], [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]], [[Newport Coast, California|Newport Coast]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], and [[Balboa Peninsula]] (also known as [[Balboa, California|Balboa]]).
===Harbor===
The [[Upper Newport Bay]] was carved out by the prehistoric flow of the [[Santa Ana River]]. It feeds the [[river delta|delta]] that is the [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]], and eventually joins the Newport Harbor.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1910 = 445
|1920 = 895
|1930 = 2203
|1940 = 4438
|1950 = 12120
|1960 = 26564
|1970 = 49582
|1980 = 62556
|1990 = 66643
|2000 = 70032
}}

As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 70,032 people, 33,071 households, and 16,965 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,829.5/km² (4,738.8/mi²). There were 37,288 housing units at an average density of 974.1/km² (2,523.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.22% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.53% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.00% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.12% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.74% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.71% of the population. 14.2% were of [[english people|English]], 13.0% [[german people|German]], 11.7% [[irish people|Irish]], 7.5% [[italian people|Italian]] and 5.4% [[united states|American]] ancestry according to [[Census 2000]]. 88.4% spoke [[english language|English]], 4.2% [[spanish language|Spanish]] and 1.5% [[persian language|Persian]] as their first language.

There were 33,071 households out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the city the population was spread out with 15.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

According to a 2006 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $103,068, and the median income for a family was $147,697.[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US0648256&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C16000US0648256&_street=&_county=newport+beach&_cityTown=newport+beach&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=] Males had a median income of $73,425 versus $45,409 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $63,015. About 2.1% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Politics==
As of September 2005, there were 36,876 registered Republicans and 12,268 registered Democrats. (Source:"Newport Beach Turns 100", OC Register, Sept. 2005)

In the [[California State Legislature|state legislature]] Newport Beach is located in the 35th [[California State Senate|Senate]] District, represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Tom Harman]], and in the 68th and 70th [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] District, represented by Republicans [[Van Tran]] and [[Chuck DeVore]] respectively. Federally, Newport Beach is located in [[California's 48th congressional district]], which has a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index|Cook PVI]] of R +8<ref>{{cite web | title = Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest? | publisher = Campaign Legal Center Blog | url=http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html | accessdate = 2008-02-10}}</ref> and is represented by Republican [[John B. T. Campbell III|John Campbell]].

==Education==
{{see also|Newport-Mesa Unified School District}}
*[[Newport Elementary School]]
*[[Corona del Mar High School]]
*[[Newport Harbor High School]]
*[[Harbor Day School]]

==Sister Cities==
Newport Beach has five [[town twinning|sister cities]], as designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]:

*{{flagicon|France}} [[Antibes]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Mexico]]
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Vietnam]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]]

==Points of Interest==
*[[Fashion Island]]
*Newport Harbor and [[Newport Back Bay]]
*[[Balboa Fun Zone]] and [[Balboa Island Ferry]]
*Newport and Balboa Pier
*[[Orange County Museum of Art]]
*[[Newport Sports Museum]]
*[[Pacific Coast Highway (California)|Pacific Coast Highway]]
*[[Balboa Bay Club]]
*[[Orange County Council, Boy Scouts of America|Orange County Council BSA Sea Base]]
*Dory Fish Market
*Newport Aquatic Center
*[[The Crab Cooker]]
*[[Newport Beach California Temple|Newport Beach Mormon Temple]]

== Attractions ==
Attractions include beaches on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] (featuring body-boarding hot-spot [[The Wedge (surfing)|The Wedge]]) and in [[Corona del Mar]]. [[Crystal Cove State Park]] is located at the southern end of the coast {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Catalina Flyer]], a giant 500 passenger catamaran, provides daily transportation from the [[Balboa Peninsula]] in Newport Beach to [[Avalon, California]] located on [[Santa Catalina Island]]. The historic [[Balboa Pavilion]], established in 1906, is Newport Beach's most famous landmark. There are a variety of options that include fishing, arcade games, and nice restaurants {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Balboa Fun Zone]], located on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] near the [[Balboa Island Ferry]], features a [[Ferris wheel]], an old-time Merry-Go-Round and several quaint shops and restaurants {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Orange County Museum of Art]] is a museum that exhibits art from a variety of modern artists {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Balboa Island]] is an [[artificial island]] in Newport Harbor that was dredged and filled right before [[World War I]]. The [[Balboa Island Ferry]] transports cars, bicycles and pedestrians across the harbor channel between Balboa Island and the Balboa Peninsula {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]] is a wildlife sanctuary, while nearby [[Fashion Island]] provides shopping experiences with department stores like [[Bloomingdale's]]. The Newport Beach public library's spectacular architecture has been featured in the [[film|movie]] [[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The Newport Aquatic Center offers [[kayak]]ing, rowing, and canoeing. It has been a training ground for many Olympians throughout the years, and runs several programs for the youth of Orange County, including programs for at-risk youth {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The Pelican Hill area has two golf courses, both of which are closed for the construction of a resort hotel, golf clubhouse and residences by the Irvine Company<ref>[http://www.pelicanhillatnewportcoast.com Pelican Hill]</ref>. It is located on a small 1.2 square mile sliver of land, and contours the Pacific Coast. Update, the golf courses and the Pelican Grill Restaurant have been reopened since November 2007 {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

Since the hit [[FOX]] drama ''[[The OC]]'', many tourists from around the globe have explicitly increased Newport Beach's tourist rate, hoping to match sights from the show with sights in the city. However, though set in Newport Beach, the show is actually filmed an hour north in Redondo Beach. Continuing in the spotlight, another television show about Newport Beach, [[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]], airs on MTV {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Image:Newport Beach downtown.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Downtown Newport Beach]]

== Popular culture ==
The city has figured into several television shows and movies.

*[[Newport Harbor]] is the scene from which the [[S. S. Minnow]] sets sail in the opening sequence of each episode of ''[[Gilligan's Island]]''. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*In the fall of 2003, ''[[The O.C.]]'' premiered and with its success, Newport Beach became a defining city along the California coast and the Western seaboard. However, although the show is set in Newport Beach, it is actually filmed an hour north up the coast in Redondo Beach. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*The characters in ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' lived and worked in Newport Beach, and operated a frozen banana stand on [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]]. Many of the stories took place there and in the surrounding [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area. However, the television show was filmed entirely in Los Angeles.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
*In the ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' Season Two Finale, "[[Episodes of Lost (season 2)#Live Together, Die Alone|Live Together, Die Alone]]," the boat "Elizabeth" had a Newport Beach [[hailing port]], which was painted on her [[transom]].
*''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' has used Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area a number of times, basing Sam Seaborn's bid for congress in the district and filming on location during five different Series 4 episodes. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*''[[The Thirteenth Year]]'', a [[List of Disney Channel Original Movies|
Disney Channel Original Movie]], is set in [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]] and Newport Beach. The movie features the [[Balboa Fun Zone|fun zone]] on the [[Balboa Peninsula, Newport Beach, California|Balboa Peninsula]] and the [[Balboa Island Ferry|Balboa Ferry]]. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[MTV]] replaced its hit teen-reality series ''[[Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County]]'' with a new show, ''[[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]]'', on [[August 15]], [[2007]]. Only the cast and location changed in the new series, based on the lives of wealthy high school students living in Newport Beach. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== Notable natives and/or residents==
[[Image:Orange coast college sailing school.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Orange Coast College]] sailing school]]
[[Image:Balboapier-fromland.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Balboa Pier]]]]
[[Image:Balboa-street.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Balboa Street]]
*[[Peter Adderton]], former CEO and founder of defunct [[Amp'd Mobile]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Allen Adham]], creator of [[Warcraft (series)|WARCRAFT]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Saif Ahmad]], 2007 [[World Series of Poker]] champion.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[George Argyros]], Former Ambassador to Spain, Entrepreneur, billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lauren Bacall]]<ref name="Residents">{{cite news |first=Laylan |last=Connelly |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Newport Beach turns 100 |url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/news/atoz/article_696165.php |work=[[The Orange County Register]] |publisher= |date=September 30, 2005 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>
*[[Chester Bennington]], lead vocalist of [[Linkin Park]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Joey Bishop]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Humphrey Bogart]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Francois Botha]], [[boxing|boxer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Donald Bren]], real estate mogul, billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Kobe Bryant]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player, [[Los Angeles Lakers]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Nicolas Cage]] - Actor is a former full-time resident, who recently sold his Newport Bay Linda Isle home for a record of 35 million in Jan 2008.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Sasha Cohen]], figure skater{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Chris Cox]], Chairman of [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dick Dale]] - Rock and roller "King of the Surf Guitar"{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lindsay Davenport]], Three-time Grand Slam champion and Former World No. 1 professional [[tennis]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Taylor Dent]], professional tennis player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Firoozeh Dumas]], [[author]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Chuck Finley]], Former [[baseball]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Errol Flynn]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Troy Glaus]] - Third Baseman of the [[Toronto Blue Jays]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Bruce Guthrie]], former President of Operations of NewsCorp{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Shigetoshi Hasegawa]], Former baseball starting pitcher{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Melissa Hasin]], musician{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Torii Hunter]], Outfielder of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jeremy Jackson]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Reggie Jackson]]- Hall of Fame Baseball Player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Fletcher Jones Jr]]- Owner of Fletcher Jones Mercedes Benz in Newport Beach, Largest volume MB dealership in US{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jürgen Klinsmann]], coach of [[Germany]]'s national football (soccer) team from 2004 to 2006{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dean Koontz]], [[writer]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Kevin Kouzmanoff]], 3rd Basemen for the [[San Diego Padres]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John Lackey]], Starting Pitcher of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Karl Malone]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[McG]], [[film]] [[Film director|director]] and [[Film producer|producer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Mark McGrath]], [[Lead singer|singer]] ([[Sugar Ray]])<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Bill Medley]], of [[The Righteous Brothers]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John H. Meier]], former business adviser to [[Howard Hughes]]<ref>''[[Age of Secrets|Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes]]'' written by Gerald Bellett, 1995, Voyageur North America, ISBN 0-921842-42-2</ref>
*[[David Merage]], Businessman, Co-Founder of [[Hot Pockets]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Johnny Mercer]], [[songwriter]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry T. Nicholas III]], Billionaire and Co-founder of [[Broadcom]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Igor Olenicoff]], Billionaire and real estate mogul{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Aaron Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Hayley Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Daniel Sadek]], producer of[[Redline (film)]] and founder of Sub Prime Lender Quick Loan Funding{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lexie Shue]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry Segerstrom]], philanthropist, part of the [[Segerstrom]] company{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[David Perry]], [[game designer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Ginger Reyes]], [[musician]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Halo Friendlies]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dennis Rodman]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Roy Rogers]] & [[Dale Evans]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jim Rome]], Nationally syndicated sports talk radio host now resides in the Irvine Gated Golf Community of Shady Canyon which is Newport Coast Adjacent{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Frank Rumbauskas]], [[author]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry Samueli]], Chairman/Co-founder of technology firm [[Broadcom]], billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Saosin]], a band currently signed to Capitol Records who released their debut album on September 26, 2006.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Leigh Steinberg]], [[sports agent]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Shirley Temple]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Mamie Van Doren]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Norelle Van Herk]] - [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 3]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John Wayne]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Tiger Woods]] - [[Professional golfer]] purchased a lot in the Crystal Cove development in early 2008{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[George Yardley]], [[Basketball Hall of Fame|NBA Hall of Famer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[House of Saud]], some crown princes and princesses of Saudi Arabia own homes in Newport Coast{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|33.616671|-117.897604}}

*'''[http://www.cityofnewportbeach.com/ Newport Beach information from a locals perspective]'''
*'''[http://www.balboa-island.net/ Newport Beach Balboa Island Visitor's Guide]'''
*[http://www.newportbeach.com/ Newport Beach Chamber of Commerce]
*[http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/ City of Newport Beach]
*[http://www.talesofbalboa.com/ Tales of Balboa]
*[http://www.newportbeach-cvb.com/ Newport Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau]
*[http://www.newportbeach100.com/ Newport Beach Centennial]
*[http://www.city.newport-beach.ca.us/nbpl/ Newport Beach Public Library]
*[http://www.hoaghospital.org Hoag Hospital] 1 Hoag Dr., Newport Beach, CA 92663 (949) 764-4624

{{Cities of Orange County, California}}

[[Category:Newport Beach, California| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Orange County, California]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in California]]

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Newport Beach, California

2008-06-19T19:29:21Z

Robertkeller: /* Points of Interest */

{{Redirect|Newport Harbor|the MTV reality series|Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of Newport Beach, California
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_seal = Newport Beach Seal.jpg
|image_map = Orange_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Newport_Beach_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Newport Beach within [[Orange County, California]].
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Steven Rosansky
|established_date =
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 103.2
|area_land_km2 = 38.3
|area_water_km2 = 64.9
|area_total_sq_mi = 39.8
|area_land_sq_mi = 14.8
|area_water_sq_mi = 25.1
|elevation_m = 3
|elevation_ft = 10
|latd = 33 |latm = 37 |lats = 0 |latNS = N
|longd = 117 |longm = 53 |longs = 51 |longEW = W
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_total = 70032
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = 2198.90339
|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|latitude = 33°37'0" N
|longitude = 117°53'51" W
|website = http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code = 92657-92663
|area_code = [[Area code 949|949]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 06-51182
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1661104
|footnotes = <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 0 0; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;">
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">'''Misc. Information'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[tree]]'''</td><td>[[Coral tree]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[flower]]'''</td><td>[[Bougainvillea]]</td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
}}
[[Image:Balboa Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|265px|[[Balboa Pavilion]] on Main Street]]
'''Newport Beach''', incorporated in 1906, is a city in [[Orange County, California]], 10 miles south of downtown [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]]. The current [[Office of Management and Budget|OMB]] metropolitan designation for Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County Area]] is [[Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California|Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA]]. As of 2007, the population was 84,218. <ref>[http://blogs.ocregister.com/lansner/archives/2007/05/03/ Gives information on 2007 populations of cities.]</ref> The [[area code]] for Newport Beach is [[Area code 949|949]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}. The city is home to several well known communities and recent annexations including [[Balboa Island]], [[Corona del Mar]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], [[Santa Ana Heights]], and [[Newport Coast]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

==History==
{{main|History of Newport Beach}}
[[Image:Newport Coast-arches.jpg|thumb|left|[[Newport Coast]] arch along the [[Pacific Coast Highway (United States)|Pacific Coast Highway]]]]

In 1870 a steamer named "The Vaquero" made its first trip to a marshy lagoon for trading. Ranch owners in the Lower Bay decided from then on that the area should be called "Newport."{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

In 1905 city development increased when [[Pacific Electric Railroad]] established a southern terminus in Newport connecting the beach with downtown [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. In 1906 with a population of 206 citizens, the scattered settlements were incorporated as the City of Newport Beach {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

Settlements filled in on the Peninsula, West Newport, [[Balboa Island]] and [[Lido Isle, Newport Beach, California|Lido Isle]]. In 1923 [[Corona del Mar]] was annexed and recently in 2002 [[Newport Coast]] was annexed {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Image:Balboa-beach.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Balboa beach]]

=== Recent annexations ===
*[[San Joaquin Hills, California]] (January 1, 2002) {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Newport Coast, California]] (2001) {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==Geography==
Newport Beach extends in elevation from [[sea level]] to the 1161 ft. (354 m.) summit of Signal Peak in the [[San Joaquin Hills]],<ref>{{Gnis|249461|Signal Peak}}</ref> but the official elevation is 25 feet (8 meters) above sea level at a location of {{coor dms|33|37|0|N|117|53|51|W|city}} (33.616671, -117.897604){{GR|1}}.

The city is bordered to the west by [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]] at the [[Santa Ana River]], on the north side by [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]], [[John Wayne Airport]], and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] (including [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]]), and on the east side by [[Crystal Cove State Park]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 103.2 [[km²]] (39.8 [[square mile|mi²]]). 38.3 km² (14.8 mi²) of it is land and 64.9 km² (25.1 mi²) of it (62.91%) is water.

Areas of Newport Beach include [[Corona del Mar, California|Corona del Mar]], [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]], [[Newport Coast, California|Newport Coast]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], and [[Balboa Peninsula]] (also known as [[Balboa, California|Balboa]]).
===Harbor===
The [[Upper Newport Bay]] was carved out by the prehistoric flow of the [[Santa Ana River]]. It feeds the [[river delta|delta]] that is the [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]], and eventually joins the Newport Harbor.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1910 = 445
|1920 = 895
|1930 = 2203
|1940 = 4438
|1950 = 12120
|1960 = 26564
|1970 = 49582
|1980 = 62556
|1990 = 66643
|2000 = 70032
}}

As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 70,032 people, 33,071 households, and 16,965 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,829.5/km² (4,738.8/mi²). There were 37,288 housing units at an average density of 974.1/km² (2,523.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.22% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.53% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.00% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.12% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.74% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.71% of the population. 14.2% were of [[english people|English]], 13.0% [[german people|German]], 11.7% [[irish people|Irish]], 7.5% [[italian people|Italian]] and 5.4% [[united states|American]] ancestry according to [[Census 2000]]. 88.4% spoke [[english language|English]], 4.2% [[spanish language|Spanish]] and 1.5% [[persian language|Persian]] as their first language.

There were 33,071 households out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the city the population was spread out with 15.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

According to a 2006 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $103,068, and the median income for a family was $147,697.[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US0648256&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C16000US0648256&_street=&_county=newport+beach&_cityTown=newport+beach&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=] Males had a median income of $73,425 versus $45,409 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $63,015. About 2.1% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Politics==
As of September 2005, there were 36,876 registered Republicans and 12,268 registered Democrats. (Source:"Newport Beach Turns 100", OC Register, Sept. 2005)

In the [[California State Legislature|state legislature]] Newport Beach is located in the 35th [[California State Senate|Senate]] District, represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Tom Harman]], and in the 68th and 70th [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] District, represented by Republicans [[Van Tran]] and [[Chuck DeVore]] respectively. Federally, Newport Beach is located in [[California's 48th congressional district]], which has a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index|Cook PVI]] of R +8<ref>{{cite web | title = Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest? | publisher = Campaign Legal Center Blog | url=http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html | accessdate = 2008-02-10}}</ref> and is represented by Republican [[John B. T. Campbell III|John Campbell]].

==Education==
{{see also|Newport-Mesa Unified School District}}
*[[Newport Elementary School]]
*[[Corona del Mar High School]]
*[[Newport Harbor High School]]

==Sister Cities==
Newport Beach has five [[town twinning|sister cities]], as designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]:

*{{flagicon|France}} [[Antibes]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Mexico]]
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Vietnam]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]]

==Points of Interest==
*[[Fashion Island]]
*Newport Harbor and [[Newport Back Bay]]
*[[Balboa Fun Zone]] and [[Balboa Island Ferry]]
*Newport and Balboa Pier
*[[Orange County Museum of Art]]
*[[Newport Sports Museum]]
*[[Pacific Coast Highway (California)|Pacific Coast Highway]]
*[[Balboa Bay Club]]
*[[Orange County Council, Boy Scouts of America|Orange County Council BSA Sea Base]]
*Dory Fish Market
*Newport Aquatic Center
*[[The Crab Cooker]]
*[[Newport Beach California Temple|Newport Beach Mormon Temple]]

== Attractions ==
Attractions include beaches on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] (featuring body-boarding hot-spot [[The Wedge (surfing)|The Wedge]]) and in [[Corona del Mar]]. [[Crystal Cove State Park]] is located at the southern end of the coast {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Catalina Flyer]], a giant 500 passenger catamaran, provides daily transportation from the [[Balboa Peninsula]] in Newport Beach to [[Avalon, California]] located on [[Santa Catalina Island]]. The historic [[Balboa Pavilion]], established in 1906, is Newport Beach's most famous landmark. There are a variety of options that include fishing, arcade games, and nice restaurants {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Balboa Fun Zone]], located on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] near the [[Balboa Island Ferry]], features a [[Ferris wheel]], an old-time Merry-Go-Round and several quaint shops and restaurants {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Orange County Museum of Art]] is a museum that exhibits art from a variety of modern artists {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Balboa Island]] is an [[artificial island]] in Newport Harbor that was dredged and filled right before [[World War I]]. The [[Balboa Island Ferry]] transports cars, bicycles and pedestrians across the harbor channel between Balboa Island and the Balboa Peninsula {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]] is a wildlife sanctuary, while nearby [[Fashion Island]] provides shopping experiences with department stores like [[Bloomingdale's]]. The Newport Beach public library's spectacular architecture has been featured in the [[film|movie]] [[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The Newport Aquatic Center offers [[kayak]]ing, rowing, and canoeing. It has been a training ground for many Olympians throughout the years, and runs several programs for the youth of Orange County, including programs for at-risk youth {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The Pelican Hill area has two golf courses, both of which are closed for the construction of a resort hotel, golf clubhouse and residences by the Irvine Company<ref>[http://www.pelicanhillatnewportcoast.com Pelican Hill]</ref>. It is located on a small 1.2 square mile sliver of land, and contours the Pacific Coast. Update, the golf courses and the Pelican Grill Restaurant have been reopened since November 2007 {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

Since the hit [[FOX]] drama ''[[The OC]]'', many tourists from around the globe have explicitly increased Newport Beach's tourist rate, hoping to match sights from the show with sights in the city. However, though set in Newport Beach, the show is actually filmed an hour north in Redondo Beach. Continuing in the spotlight, another television show about Newport Beach, [[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]], airs on MTV {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Image:Newport Beach downtown.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Downtown Newport Beach]]

== Popular culture ==
The city has figured into several television shows and movies.

*[[Newport Harbor]] is the scene from which the [[S. S. Minnow]] sets sail in the opening sequence of each episode of ''[[Gilligan's Island]]''. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*In the fall of 2003, ''[[The O.C.]]'' premiered and with its success, Newport Beach became a defining city along the California coast and the Western seaboard. However, although the show is set in Newport Beach, it is actually filmed an hour north up the coast in Redondo Beach. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*The characters in ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' lived and worked in Newport Beach, and operated a frozen banana stand on [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]]. Many of the stories took place there and in the surrounding [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area. However, the television show was filmed entirely in Los Angeles.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
*In the ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' Season Two Finale, "[[Episodes of Lost (season 2)#Live Together, Die Alone|Live Together, Die Alone]]," the boat "Elizabeth" had a Newport Beach [[hailing port]], which was painted on her [[transom]].
*''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' has used Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area a number of times, basing Sam Seaborn's bid for congress in the district and filming on location during five different Series 4 episodes. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*''[[The Thirteenth Year]]'', a [[List of Disney Channel Original Movies|
Disney Channel Original Movie]], is set in [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]] and Newport Beach. The movie features the [[Balboa Fun Zone|fun zone]] on the [[Balboa Peninsula, Newport Beach, California|Balboa Peninsula]] and the [[Balboa Island Ferry|Balboa Ferry]]. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[MTV]] replaced its hit teen-reality series ''[[Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County]]'' with a new show, ''[[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]]'', on [[August 15]], [[2007]]. Only the cast and location changed in the new series, based on the lives of wealthy high school students living in Newport Beach. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== Notable natives and/or residents==
[[Image:Orange coast college sailing school.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Orange Coast College]] sailing school]]
[[Image:Balboapier-fromland.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Balboa Pier]]]]
[[Image:Balboa-street.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Balboa Street]]
*[[Peter Adderton]], former CEO and founder of defunct [[Amp'd Mobile]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Allen Adham]], creator of [[Warcraft (series)|WARCRAFT]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Saif Ahmad]], 2007 [[World Series of Poker]] champion.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[George Argyros]], Former Ambassador to Spain, Entrepreneur, billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lauren Bacall]]<ref name="Residents">{{cite news |first=Laylan |last=Connelly |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Newport Beach turns 100 |url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/news/atoz/article_696165.php |work=[[The Orange County Register]] |publisher= |date=September 30, 2005 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>
*[[Chester Bennington]], lead vocalist of [[Linkin Park]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Joey Bishop]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Humphrey Bogart]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Francois Botha]], [[boxing|boxer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Donald Bren]], real estate mogul, billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Kobe Bryant]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player, [[Los Angeles Lakers]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Nicolas Cage]] - Actor is a former full-time resident, who recently sold his Newport Bay Linda Isle home for a record of 35 million in Jan 2008.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Sasha Cohen]], figure skater{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Chris Cox]], Chairman of [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dick Dale]] - Rock and roller "King of the Surf Guitar"{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lindsay Davenport]], Three-time Grand Slam champion and Former World No. 1 professional [[tennis]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Taylor Dent]], professional tennis player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Firoozeh Dumas]], [[author]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Chuck Finley]], Former [[baseball]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Errol Flynn]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Troy Glaus]] - Third Baseman of the [[Toronto Blue Jays]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Bruce Guthrie]], former President of Operations of NewsCorp{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Shigetoshi Hasegawa]], Former baseball starting pitcher{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Melissa Hasin]], musician{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Torii Hunter]], Outfielder of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jeremy Jackson]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Reggie Jackson]]- Hall of Fame Baseball Player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Fletcher Jones Jr]]- Owner of Fletcher Jones Mercedes Benz in Newport Beach, Largest volume MB dealership in US{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jürgen Klinsmann]], coach of [[Germany]]'s national football (soccer) team from 2004 to 2006{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dean Koontz]], [[writer]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Kevin Kouzmanoff]], 3rd Basemen for the [[San Diego Padres]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John Lackey]], Starting Pitcher of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Karl Malone]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[McG]], [[film]] [[Film director|director]] and [[Film producer|producer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Mark McGrath]], [[Lead singer|singer]] ([[Sugar Ray]])<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Bill Medley]], of [[The Righteous Brothers]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John H. Meier]], former business adviser to [[Howard Hughes]]<ref>''[[Age of Secrets|Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes]]'' written by Gerald Bellett, 1995, Voyageur North America, ISBN 0-921842-42-2</ref>
*[[David Merage]], Businessman, Co-Founder of [[Hot Pockets]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Johnny Mercer]], [[songwriter]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry T. Nicholas III]], Billionaire and Co-founder of [[Broadcom]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Igor Olenicoff]], Billionaire and real estate mogul{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Aaron Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Hayley Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Daniel Sadek]], producer of[[Redline (film)]] and founder of Sub Prime Lender Quick Loan Funding{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lexie Shue]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry Segerstrom]], philanthropist, part of the [[Segerstrom]] company{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[David Perry]], [[game designer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Ginger Reyes]], [[musician]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Halo Friendlies]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dennis Rodman]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Roy Rogers]] & [[Dale Evans]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jim Rome]], Nationally syndicated sports talk radio host now resides in the Irvine Gated Golf Community of Shady Canyon which is Newport Coast Adjacent{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Frank Rumbauskas]], [[author]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry Samueli]], Chairman/Co-founder of technology firm [[Broadcom]], billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Saosin]], a band currently signed to Capitol Records who released their debut album on September 26, 2006.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Leigh Steinberg]], [[sports agent]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Shirley Temple]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Mamie Van Doren]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Norelle Van Herk]] - [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 3]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John Wayne]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Tiger Woods]] - [[Professional golfer]] purchased a lot in the Crystal Cove development in early 2008{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[George Yardley]], [[Basketball Hall of Fame|NBA Hall of Famer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[House of Saud]], some crown princes and princesses of Saudi Arabia own homes in Newport Coast{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|33.616671|-117.897604}}

*'''[http://www.cityofnewportbeach.com/ Newport Beach information from a locals perspective]'''
*'''[http://www.balboa-island.net/ Newport Beach Balboa Island Visitor's Guide]'''
*[http://www.newportbeach.com/ Newport Beach Chamber of Commerce]
*[http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/ City of Newport Beach]
*[http://www.talesofbalboa.com/ Tales of Balboa]
*[http://www.newportbeach-cvb.com/ Newport Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau]
*[http://www.newportbeach100.com/ Newport Beach Centennial]
*[http://www.city.newport-beach.ca.us/nbpl/ Newport Beach Public Library]
*[http://www.hoaghospital.org Hoag Hospital] 1 Hoag Dr., Newport Beach, CA 92663 (949) 764-4624

{{Cities of Orange County, California}}

[[Category:Newport Beach, California| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Orange County, California]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in California]]

[[bg:Нюпорт Бийч (Калифорния)]]
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[[es:Newport Beach]]
[[fr:Newport Beach (Californie)]]
[[it:Newport Beach]]
[[nl:Newport Beach]]
[[no:Newport Beach]]
[[pl:Newport Beach]]
[[pt:Newport Beach]]
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[[vo:Newport Beach]]

Newport Beach, California

2008-06-19T19:24:37Z

Robertkeller: /* Points of Interest */ Changed order and removed vandalism

{{Redirect|Newport Harbor|the MTV reality series|Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of Newport Beach, California
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_seal = Newport Beach Seal.jpg
|image_map = Orange_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Newport_Beach_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Newport Beach within [[Orange County, California]].
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Steven Rosansky
|established_date =
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 103.2
|area_land_km2 = 38.3
|area_water_km2 = 64.9
|area_total_sq_mi = 39.8
|area_land_sq_mi = 14.8
|area_water_sq_mi = 25.1
|elevation_m = 3
|elevation_ft = 10
|latd = 33 |latm = 37 |lats = 0 |latNS = N
|longd = 117 |longm = 53 |longs = 51 |longEW = W
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_total = 70032
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = 2198.90339
|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|latitude = 33°37'0" N
|longitude = 117°53'51" W
|website = http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code = 92657-92663
|area_code = [[Area code 949|949]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 06-51182
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1661104
|footnotes = <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 0 0; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;">
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">'''Misc. Information'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[tree]]'''</td><td>[[Coral tree]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[flower]]'''</td><td>[[Bougainvillea]]</td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
}}
[[Image:Balboa Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|265px|[[Balboa Pavilion]] on Main Street]]
'''Newport Beach''', incorporated in 1906, is a city in [[Orange County, California]], 10 miles south of downtown [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]]. The current [[Office of Management and Budget|OMB]] metropolitan designation for Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County Area]] is [[Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California|Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA]]. As of 2007, the population was 84,218. <ref>[http://blogs.ocregister.com/lansner/archives/2007/05/03/ Gives information on 2007 populations of cities.]</ref> The [[area code]] for Newport Beach is [[Area code 949|949]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}. The city is home to several well known communities and recent annexations including [[Balboa Island]], [[Corona del Mar]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], [[Santa Ana Heights]], and [[Newport Coast]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

==History==
{{main|History of Newport Beach}}
[[Image:Newport Coast-arches.jpg|thumb|left|[[Newport Coast]] arch along the [[Pacific Coast Highway (United States)|Pacific Coast Highway]]]]

In 1870 a steamer named "The Vaquero" made its first trip to a marshy lagoon for trading. Ranch owners in the Lower Bay decided from then on that the area should be called "Newport."{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

In 1905 city development increased when [[Pacific Electric Railroad]] established a southern terminus in Newport connecting the beach with downtown [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. In 1906 with a population of 206 citizens, the scattered settlements were incorporated as the City of Newport Beach {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

Settlements filled in on the Peninsula, West Newport, [[Balboa Island]] and [[Lido Isle, Newport Beach, California|Lido Isle]]. In 1923 [[Corona del Mar]] was annexed and recently in 2002 [[Newport Coast]] was annexed {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Image:Balboa-beach.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Balboa beach]]

=== Recent annexations ===
*[[San Joaquin Hills, California]] (January 1, 2002) {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Newport Coast, California]] (2001) {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==Geography==
Newport Beach extends in elevation from [[sea level]] to the 1161 ft. (354 m.) summit of Signal Peak in the [[San Joaquin Hills]],<ref>{{Gnis|249461|Signal Peak}}</ref> but the official elevation is 25 feet (8 meters) above sea level at a location of {{coor dms|33|37|0|N|117|53|51|W|city}} (33.616671, -117.897604){{GR|1}}.

The city is bordered to the west by [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]] at the [[Santa Ana River]], on the north side by [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]], [[John Wayne Airport]], and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] (including [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]]), and on the east side by [[Crystal Cove State Park]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 103.2 [[km²]] (39.8 [[square mile|mi²]]). 38.3 km² (14.8 mi²) of it is land and 64.9 km² (25.1 mi²) of it (62.91%) is water.

Areas of Newport Beach include [[Corona del Mar, California|Corona del Mar]], [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]], [[Newport Coast, California|Newport Coast]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], and [[Balboa Peninsula]] (also known as [[Balboa, California|Balboa]]).
===Harbor===
The [[Upper Newport Bay]] was carved out by the prehistoric flow of the [[Santa Ana River]]. It feeds the [[river delta|delta]] that is the [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]], and eventually joins the Newport Harbor.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1910 = 445
|1920 = 895
|1930 = 2203
|1940 = 4438
|1950 = 12120
|1960 = 26564
|1970 = 49582
|1980 = 62556
|1990 = 66643
|2000 = 70032
}}

As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 70,032 people, 33,071 households, and 16,965 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,829.5/km² (4,738.8/mi²). There were 37,288 housing units at an average density of 974.1/km² (2,523.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.22% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.53% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.00% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.12% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.74% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.71% of the population. 14.2% were of [[english people|English]], 13.0% [[german people|German]], 11.7% [[irish people|Irish]], 7.5% [[italian people|Italian]] and 5.4% [[united states|American]] ancestry according to [[Census 2000]]. 88.4% spoke [[english language|English]], 4.2% [[spanish language|Spanish]] and 1.5% [[persian language|Persian]] as their first language.

There were 33,071 households out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the city the population was spread out with 15.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

According to a 2006 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $103,068, and the median income for a family was $147,697.[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US0648256&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C16000US0648256&_street=&_county=newport+beach&_cityTown=newport+beach&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=] Males had a median income of $73,425 versus $45,409 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $63,015. About 2.1% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Politics==
As of September 2005, there were 36,876 registered Republicans and 12,268 registered Democrats. (Source:"Newport Beach Turns 100", OC Register, Sept. 2005)

In the [[California State Legislature|state legislature]] Newport Beach is located in the 35th [[California State Senate|Senate]] District, represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Tom Harman]], and in the 68th and 70th [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] District, represented by Republicans [[Van Tran]] and [[Chuck DeVore]] respectively. Federally, Newport Beach is located in [[California's 48th congressional district]], which has a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index|Cook PVI]] of R +8<ref>{{cite web | title = Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest? | publisher = Campaign Legal Center Blog | url=http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html | accessdate = 2008-02-10}}</ref> and is represented by Republican [[John B. T. Campbell III|John Campbell]].

==Education==
{{see also|Newport-Mesa Unified School District}}
*[[Newport Elementary School]]
*[[Corona del Mar High School]]
*[[Newport Harbor High School]]

==Sister Cities==
Newport Beach has five [[town twinning|sister cities]], as designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]:

*{{flagicon|France}} [[Antibes]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Mexico]]
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Vietnam]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]]

==Points of Interest==
*[[Fashion Island]]
*Newport Harbor and [[Newport Back Bay]]
*[[Balboa Fun Zone]] and [[Balboa Island Ferry]]
*Newport and Balboa Pier
*[[Orange County Museum of Art]]
*[[Pacific Coast Highway (California)|Pacific Coast Highway]]
*[[Balboa Bay Club]]
*[[Orange County Council, Boy Scouts of America|Orange County Council BSA Sea Base]]
*Dory Fish Market
*Newport Aquatic Center
*[[The Crab Cooker]]
*[[Newport Beach California Temple|Newport Beach Mormon Temple]]

== Attractions ==
Attractions include beaches on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] (featuring body-boarding hot-spot [[The Wedge (surfing)|The Wedge]]) and in [[Corona del Mar]]. [[Crystal Cove State Park]] is located at the southern end of the coast {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Catalina Flyer]], a giant 500 passenger catamaran, provides daily transportation from the [[Balboa Peninsula]] in Newport Beach to [[Avalon, California]] located on [[Santa Catalina Island]]. The historic [[Balboa Pavilion]], established in 1906, is Newport Beach's most famous landmark. There are a variety of options that include fishing, arcade games, and nice restaurants {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Balboa Fun Zone]], located on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] near the [[Balboa Island Ferry]], features a [[Ferris wheel]], an old-time Merry-Go-Round and several quaint shops and restaurants {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Orange County Museum of Art]] is a museum that exhibits art from a variety of modern artists {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Balboa Island]] is an [[artificial island]] in Newport Harbor that was dredged and filled right before [[World War I]]. The [[Balboa Island Ferry]] transports cars, bicycles and pedestrians across the harbor channel between Balboa Island and the Balboa Peninsula {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]] is a wildlife sanctuary, while nearby [[Fashion Island]] provides shopping experiences with department stores like [[Bloomingdale's]]. The Newport Beach public library's spectacular architecture has been featured in the [[film|movie]] [[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion]] {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The Newport Aquatic Center offers [[kayak]]ing, rowing, and canoeing. It has been a training ground for many Olympians throughout the years, and runs several programs for the youth of Orange County, including programs for at-risk youth {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

The Pelican Hill area has two golf courses, both of which are closed for the construction of a resort hotel, golf clubhouse and residences by the Irvine Company<ref>[http://www.pelicanhillatnewportcoast.com Pelican Hill]</ref>. It is located on a small 1.2 square mile sliver of land, and contours the Pacific Coast. Update, the golf courses and the Pelican Grill Restaurant have been reopened since November 2007 {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

Since the hit [[FOX]] drama ''[[The OC]]'', many tourists from around the globe have explicitly increased Newport Beach's tourist rate, hoping to match sights from the show with sights in the city. However, though set in Newport Beach, the show is actually filmed an hour north in Redondo Beach. Continuing in the spotlight, another television show about Newport Beach, [[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]], airs on MTV {{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

[[Image:Newport Beach downtown.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Downtown Newport Beach]]

== Popular culture ==
The city has figured into several television shows and movies.

*[[Newport Harbor]] is the scene from which the [[S. S. Minnow]] sets sail in the opening sequence of each episode of ''[[Gilligan's Island]]''. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*In the fall of 2003, ''[[The O.C.]]'' premiered and with its success, Newport Beach became a defining city along the California coast and the Western seaboard. However, although the show is set in Newport Beach, it is actually filmed an hour north up the coast in Redondo Beach. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*The characters in ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' lived and worked in Newport Beach, and operated a frozen banana stand on [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]]. Many of the stories took place there and in the surrounding [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area. However, the television show was filmed entirely in Los Angeles.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
*In the ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' Season Two Finale, "[[Episodes of Lost (season 2)#Live Together, Die Alone|Live Together, Die Alone]]," the boat "Elizabeth" had a Newport Beach [[hailing port]], which was painted on her [[transom]].
*''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' has used Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area a number of times, basing Sam Seaborn's bid for congress in the district and filming on location during five different Series 4 episodes. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*''[[The Thirteenth Year]]'', a [[List of Disney Channel Original Movies|
Disney Channel Original Movie]], is set in [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]] and Newport Beach. The movie features the [[Balboa Fun Zone|fun zone]] on the [[Balboa Peninsula, Newport Beach, California|Balboa Peninsula]] and the [[Balboa Island Ferry|Balboa Ferry]]. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[MTV]] replaced its hit teen-reality series ''[[Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County]]'' with a new show, ''[[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]]'', on [[August 15]], [[2007]]. Only the cast and location changed in the new series, based on the lives of wealthy high school students living in Newport Beach. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== Notable natives and/or residents==
[[Image:Orange coast college sailing school.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Orange Coast College]] sailing school]]
[[Image:Balboapier-fromland.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Balboa Pier]]]]
[[Image:Balboa-street.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Balboa Street]]
*[[Peter Adderton]], former CEO and founder of defunct [[Amp'd Mobile]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Allen Adham]], creator of [[Warcraft (series)|WARCRAFT]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Saif Ahmad]], 2007 [[World Series of Poker]] champion.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[George Argyros]], Former Ambassador to Spain, Entrepreneur, billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lauren Bacall]]<ref name="Residents">{{cite news |first=Laylan |last=Connelly |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Newport Beach turns 100 |url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/news/atoz/article_696165.php |work=[[The Orange County Register]] |publisher= |date=September 30, 2005 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>
*[[Chester Bennington]], lead vocalist of [[Linkin Park]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Joey Bishop]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Humphrey Bogart]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Francois Botha]], [[boxing|boxer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Donald Bren]], real estate mogul, billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Kobe Bryant]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player, [[Los Angeles Lakers]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Nicolas Cage]] - Actor is a former full-time resident, who recently sold his Newport Bay Linda Isle home for a record of 35 million in Jan 2008.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Sasha Cohen]], figure skater{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Chris Cox]], Chairman of [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dick Dale]] - Rock and roller "King of the Surf Guitar"{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lindsay Davenport]], Three-time Grand Slam champion and Former World No. 1 professional [[tennis]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Taylor Dent]], professional tennis player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Firoozeh Dumas]], [[author]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Chuck Finley]], Former [[baseball]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Errol Flynn]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Troy Glaus]] - Third Baseman of the [[Toronto Blue Jays]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Bruce Guthrie]], former President of Operations of NewsCorp{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Shigetoshi Hasegawa]], Former baseball starting pitcher{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Melissa Hasin]], musician{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Torii Hunter]], Outfielder of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jeremy Jackson]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Reggie Jackson]]- Hall of Fame Baseball Player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Fletcher Jones Jr]]- Owner of Fletcher Jones Mercedes Benz in Newport Beach, Largest volume MB dealership in US{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jürgen Klinsmann]], coach of [[Germany]]'s national football (soccer) team from 2004 to 2006{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dean Koontz]], [[writer]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Kevin Kouzmanoff]], 3rd Basemen for the [[San Diego Padres]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John Lackey]], Starting Pitcher of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Karl Malone]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[McG]], [[film]] [[Film director|director]] and [[Film producer|producer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Mark McGrath]], [[Lead singer|singer]] ([[Sugar Ray]])<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Bill Medley]], of [[The Righteous Brothers]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John H. Meier]], former business adviser to [[Howard Hughes]]<ref>''[[Age of Secrets|Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes]]'' written by Gerald Bellett, 1995, Voyageur North America, ISBN 0-921842-42-2</ref>
*[[David Merage]], Businessman, Co-Founder of [[Hot Pockets]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Johnny Mercer]], [[songwriter]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry T. Nicholas III]], Billionaire and Co-founder of [[Broadcom]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Igor Olenicoff]], Billionaire and real estate mogul{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Aaron Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Hayley Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Daniel Sadek]], producer of[[Redline (film)]] and founder of Sub Prime Lender Quick Loan Funding{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Lexie Shue]], [[swimmer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry Segerstrom]], philanthropist, part of the [[Segerstrom]] company{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[David Perry]], [[game designer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Ginger Reyes]], [[musician]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Halo Friendlies]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Dennis Rodman]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Roy Rogers]] & [[Dale Evans]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Jim Rome]], Nationally syndicated sports talk radio host now resides in the Irvine Gated Golf Community of Shady Canyon which is Newport Coast Adjacent{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Frank Rumbauskas]], [[author]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Henry Samueli]], Chairman/Co-founder of technology firm [[Broadcom]], billionaire{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Saosin]], a band currently signed to Capitol Records who released their debut album on September 26, 2006.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Leigh Steinberg]], [[sports agent]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Shirley Temple]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Mamie Van Doren]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[Norelle Van Herk]] - [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 3]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[John Wayne]]<ref name="Residents"/>
*[[Tiger Woods]] - [[Professional golfer]] purchased a lot in the Crystal Cove development in early 2008{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[George Yardley]], [[Basketball Hall of Fame|NBA Hall of Famer]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
*[[House of Saud]], some crown princes and princesses of Saudi Arabia own homes in Newport Coast{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|33.616671|-117.897604}}

*'''[http://www.cityofnewportbeach.com/ Newport Beach information from a locals perspective]'''
*'''[http://www.balboa-island.net/ Newport Beach Balboa Island Visitor's Guide]'''
*[http://www.newportbeach.com/ Newport Beach Chamber of Commerce]
*[http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/ City of Newport Beach]
*[http://www.talesofbalboa.com/ Tales of Balboa]
*[http://www.newportbeach-cvb.com/ Newport Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau]
*[http://www.newportbeach100.com/ Newport Beach Centennial]
*[http://www.city.newport-beach.ca.us/nbpl/ Newport Beach Public Library]
*[http://www.hoaghospital.org Hoag Hospital] 1 Hoag Dr., Newport Beach, CA 92663 (949) 764-4624

{{Cities of Orange County, California}}

[[Category:Newport Beach, California| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Orange County, California]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in California]]

[[bg:Нюпорт Бийч (Калифорния)]]
[[de:Newport Beach]]
[[es:Newport Beach]]
[[fr:Newport Beach (Californie)]]
[[it:Newport Beach]]
[[nl:Newport Beach]]
[[no:Newport Beach]]
[[pl:Newport Beach]]
[[pt:Newport Beach]]
[[fi:Newport Beach]]
[[sv:Newport Beach]]
[[vo:Newport Beach]]

Talk:The Pike

2007-12-27T05:34:56Z

Robertkeller: /* Another movie filmed there */ new section

{{WikiProject Banners
|1={{WikiProject California|class=Start|importance=Low|Imageneeded=yes|nested=yes}}
|2={{WikiProject Southern California|class=Start|importance=Low|Imageneeded=yes|nested=yes}}
|3={{AmusementParkProject|class=Start|importance=Low|nested=yes}}
}}

== The Fugitive ==
I think the last episode in 1967 of [[The Fugitive (TV series)]] was also filmed here. [[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] 16:45, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

==Working on article==
I am gathering some research material and information about The Pike, and just wanted to mention that I will be reorganizing, cleaning up, adding, in the next few weeks. Any suggestions? Objections? Thanks. --[[User:Tinned Elk|Tinned Elk]] 17:59, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

== Another movie filmed there ==

I understand Wikipedia doesn't allow original research, but my mother-in-law got Jeff Chandler's autograph at the Pike circa 1957 while he was filming the movie "Jeanne Eagels". He was headed for the double ferris wheel dressed in blue jeans and a lumberman's jacket. --[[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] ([[User talk:Robertkeller|talk]]) 05:34, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Talk:Sonny Bono

2007-12-17T22:32:44Z

Robertkeller: /* High School Career */ new section

{{WikiProject California|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WPBiography
|living=no
|class=start
|priority=
|musician-work-group=yes
|politician-work-group=yes
|listas=Bono, Sonny
|sports-work-group=yes
}}
{{Scientology|class=B}}
Can some one explain how he was a Roman Catholic ''and'' a Scientologist? To me the two philosphies seem to directly conflict.--[[User:HistoricalPisces|HistoricalPisces]] 18:23, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

I think the deal was the he really practiced Scientology, but in public claimed to be Catholic because Scientology had a bad name back then (and still does in many quarters). This is only my own recollection, and certainly not enough basis by itself for me to change the article.--[[User:Realkyhick|Realkyhick]] 07:10, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Yeah; that's true. It has negative conotations with everyone except maybe my father.--[[User:HistoricalPisces|HistoricalPisces]] 17:29, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

:The Church claims that there is no conflict between Scientology and any other religion (a claim disputed, however, by many sources including former members.) -- [[User:Antaeus Feldspar|Antaeus Feldspar]] 01:52, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

:Scientology explicitly allows its followers to lie about being Scientologists, or otherwise conceal their affiliation. --[[User:144.140.53.38|144.140.53.38]] 01:37, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I think untill there is some proof the Scientology part should be taken off

heres a link to the page [http://listing-index.ebay.com/actors/Sonny_Bono.html] --[[User:Bonojohn|Johnny-Who?]] 00:30, 15 August 2006 (UTC)--

== Christy Bono? ==

Who is the mother of Christy Bono? She's Sonny Bono's daughter (see [http://www.bonoslongbeach.com/home.html]) and a half-sister to [[Chastity Bono]], but too old to be [[Mary Bono]]'s daughter. Christy Bono is the owner of the Christy's and Bono's restaurants in [[Long Beach, California]]. [[User:BlankVerse|''Blank'']][[User talk:BlankVerse|''Verse'']] 21:36, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
:It took me awhile. She's the daughter of his 1st wife, Donna Rankin, who isn't even mentioned in the article! [http://www.nndb.com/people/053/000031957/] [[User:BlankVerse|''Blank'']][[User talk:BlankVerse|''Verse'']] 22:34, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

==Gold Team Conspiracy?==

Aside from the mention here, I've found nothing else on the web relating to Bono being intentionally chased into a tree.

Yeah, I didn't have any luck, either. It sounds like the plot of a bad video game. I suggest we take it out. Any objections? [[User:Johnboy3434|Johnboy3434]] 07:53, 21 October 2006 (UTC)Johnboy3434

I would second that. I tried to find more information about this "Gold Team," and was unsuccessful![[User:Bonojohn|Johnny-Who?]] 23:24, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

==IPA==

I'm not too skilled with IPA but the pronunciation guide to his name ought to be switched to it.
--[[User:Leathlaobhair|Leathlaobhair]] 00:37, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

== Scientology discussion found in Personal Life section ==

This comment was found in the ''Personal Life'' section: "He claimed to still be a Roman Catholic because being a Scientologist doesn't mean you can't be another religion. You really need to get this correct." I don't know how true this is; if this is factually correct then this can be rectified and integrated into the article -- [[User:Greaser|Greaser]] 08:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

== Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act ==
The article mentions that Sonny Bono sponsered the [[ Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act ]], but the article on the act itself says that it was named for him after his passing. I don't quite know the proper way of describing Congressional actions, but what is here isn't quite accurate. Bono was one of 12 cosponsors to [[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:HR02589:| H.R.2589 ]] This bill was passed in the House and read in the Senate. A related bill in the Senate [[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:SN00505:| S-505 ]] was passed in both the House and Senate and was signed into law by Bill Clinton. [[User:Andrew.langmead|Andrew.langmead]] 00:25, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

I eventually decided to replace it with what I thought was the better wording. [[User:Andrew.langmead|Andrew.langmead]] 03:19, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

== godfather? ==
He was godfather to Anthony Kiedis? The Anthony Kiedis article makes no mention of it and they were in completely different parts of the country when Anthony Kiedis was born in 1962. Can anyone back this up? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.64.252.113|67.64.252.113]] ([[User talk:67.64.252.113|talk]]) 02:06, 5 November 2007 (UTC) 

== NPOV ==
is it really neutral to say that Bono brought "plain spoken sensibility" to Congress? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.203.162.21|71.203.162.21]] ([[User talk:71.203.162.21|talk]]) 17:12, 16 December 2007 (UTC) 

== High School Career ==

Sony's junior year photo (he would have been 15 or 16) is in the 1951 yearbook from Inglewood High School, Inglewood, California. Some sites suggest he dropped out before his 1952 senior graduation. --[[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] ([[User talk:Robertkeller|talk]]) 22:32, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

CRM114 (program)

2007-12-06T18:06:32Z

Robertkeller: /* Trivia */ Minor wording changes

'''CRM114''' (full name: "The CRM114 Discriminator") is a program based upon a statistical approach for classifying data, and especially used for filtering [[Spam (e-mail)|email spam]]. While others have done statistical [[Bayesian filtering]] based upon the frequency of single word occurrences in email, CRM114 achieves a higher rate of spam recognition through creating hits based upon phrases up to five words in length. These phrases are used to form a [[Markov Random Field]] representing the incoming texts. With this additional contextual recognition, it is one of the more accurate spam filters available. The author claims recognition rates as high as 99.87% in some situations; Holden <ref name=holden>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050307062526/http://sam.holden.id.au/writings/spam2/ ''Spam Filtering II'']</ref> and [[Trec | TREC 2005 and 2006]].<ref name="trec14">[http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec14/papers/SPAM.OVERVIEW.pdf ''Spam Track Overview'' (2005)] - [[Text Retrieval Conference|TREC 2005]]</ref> <ref name="trec15">[http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec15/papers/SPAM06.OVERVIEW.pdf ''Spam Track Overview'' (2006)] - [[Text Retrieval Conference|TREC 2005]]</ref> gave results of better than 99%, with significant variation depending on the particular corpus. CRM114's [[classifier]] can also be switched to use Littlestone's [[Winnow]] algorithm, character-by-character [[correlation]], a variant on KNN ([[K-nearest neighbor algorithm]]) classification called Hyperspace, a bit-entropic classifier that uses
[[entropy encoding]] to determine similarity, and other more experimental classifiers.

As an example of [[pattern recognition]] software, CRM114 is a good example of machine learning accomplished with a reasonably simple algorithm. GPLed Source code in C is available through the external link.

At a deeper level, CRM114 is also a string pattern matching language, similar to [[grep]] or even [[Perl]]; although it is [[Turing complete]] it is highly tuned for matching text, and even a simple (recursive) definition of the factorial takes almost ten lines, looking somewhat confusing to the uninitiated. Part of this is because the crm114 language syntax is not [[positional]], but [[declension|declensional]]. As a programming language, it may be used for many other applications aside from detecting spam. CRM114 uses the TRE approximate-match [[regex]] engine, so it's possible to write programs that do not depend on absolutely identical strings matching to function correctly.

== Trivia ==

Kubrick first used CRM-114 in the 1956 film ''The Killing'', where one of the main characters (played by Sterling Hayden, who also stars in Dr. Strangelove) checks into a motel and gets the room "Building C Rm. 114." However, the most famous reference to CRM114 is probably to the radio discriminator aboard a B-52 in [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]'' (1963).

After ''Dr. Strangelove'', the Kubrick rubric CRM114 appears in three subsequent movies. The spacecraft Discovery's registration/serial number in ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' (1968) is CRM 114. Kubrick uses the clever homonym "Serum 114," a drug injected into Alex to help his reformation, in ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), and his car plate is CRM114. In ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' (1999), the mortuary is located at "Wing C, Room 114".

Other films continue Kubrick's CRM114 tradition. An amplifier in [[Dr. Emmett Brown]]'s laboratory in ''[[Back to the Future]]'' is labeled CRM-114, and the remake of ''[[Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)|Fun with Dick and Jane]]'' includes a financial transaction form number CRM-114. An anti-personnel land-mine in ''[[Severance (film)|Severance]]'' is designated the CRM-114. A low-budget short film made in 2006 was entitled ''CRM-114'', and the plot revolved around a mysterious packet of blood known only by the code CRM-114.

The term CRM-114 made an appearance in the ''Star Trek'' universe, on an episode of ''[[Deep Space Nine]]'' called ''[[Business as Usual (DS9 episode)|Business as Usual]]''. It is referred to as a power hand weapon produced by the [[Breen]], one that is "effective against moving vehicles and surface emplacements", and featuring a "quick recharge time".

CRM-114 has cropped up in the TV show ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]''. CRM-114 is the catalog code assigned to the [[Kensei]] sword that [[Hiro Nakamura|Hiro]] is searching for in the episode "[[Parasite (Heroes)|Parasite]]". (In the [[Heroes 360 experience]] during the episode, it was confirmed that the reference was intentional.) [[Malcom McDowell]], the star of ''A Clockwork Orange'', also guest starred in this episode, as the current owner of the sword.

==References==
<references />

==External links==

* [http://crm114.sourceforge.net The CRM114 home page on SourceForge]
* [http://laurikari.net/tre The TRE approximate regex matcher homepage]

[[Category:Spam filtering]]

CRM114 (program)

2007-12-06T18:04:45Z

Robertkeller: /* Trivia */ Wording changes, remove Robin Williams reference, which ain't CRM-114, just 114

'''CRM114''' (full name: "The CRM114 Discriminator") is a program based upon a statistical approach for classifying data, and especially used for filtering [[Spam (e-mail)|email spam]]. While others have done statistical [[Bayesian filtering]] based upon the frequency of single word occurrences in email, CRM114 achieves a higher rate of spam recognition through creating hits based upon phrases up to five words in length. These phrases are used to form a [[Markov Random Field]] representing the incoming texts. With this additional contextual recognition, it is one of the more accurate spam filters available. The author claims recognition rates as high as 99.87% in some situations; Holden <ref name=holden>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050307062526/http://sam.holden.id.au/writings/spam2/ ''Spam Filtering II'']</ref> and [[Trec | TREC 2005 and 2006]].<ref name="trec14">[http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec14/papers/SPAM.OVERVIEW.pdf ''Spam Track Overview'' (2005)] - [[Text Retrieval Conference|TREC 2005]]</ref> <ref name="trec15">[http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec15/papers/SPAM06.OVERVIEW.pdf ''Spam Track Overview'' (2006)] - [[Text Retrieval Conference|TREC 2005]]</ref> gave results of better than 99%, with significant variation depending on the particular corpus. CRM114's [[classifier]] can also be switched to use Littlestone's [[Winnow]] algorithm, character-by-character [[correlation]], a variant on KNN ([[K-nearest neighbor algorithm]]) classification called Hyperspace, a bit-entropic classifier that uses
[[entropy encoding]] to determine similarity, and other more experimental classifiers.

As an example of [[pattern recognition]] software, CRM114 is a good example of machine learning accomplished with a reasonably simple algorithm. GPLed Source code in C is available through the external link.

At a deeper level, CRM114 is also a string pattern matching language, similar to [[grep]] or even [[Perl]]; although it is [[Turing complete]] it is highly tuned for matching text, and even a simple (recursive) definition of the factorial takes almost ten lines, looking somewhat confusing to the uninitiated. Part of this is because the crm114 language syntax is not [[positional]], but [[declension|declensional]]. As a programming language, it may be used for many other applications aside from detecting spam. CRM114 uses the TRE approximate-match [[regex]] engine, so it's possible to write programs that do not depend on absolutely identical strings matching to function correctly.

== Trivia ==

Kubrick first used CRM-114 in the 1956 film ''The Killing'', where one of the main characters (played by Sterling Hayden, who also stars in Dr. Strangelove) checks into a motel and gets the room "Building C Rm. 114." However, the most famous reference to CRM114 is probably to the radio discriminator aboard a B-52 in [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]'' (1963).

After ''Dr. Strangelove'', the Kubrick rubric CRM114 appears in three subsequent movies. The spacecraft Discovery's registration/serial number in ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' (1968) is CRM 114. Kubrick cleverly uses the homonym "Serum 114," a drug injected into Alex to help his reformation, in ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), and CRM114 is also his car plate. In ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' (1999), the mortuary is located at "Wing C, Room 114".

Other films continue Kubrick's CRM114 tradition. An amplifier in [[Dr. Emmett Brown]]'s laboratory in ''[[Back to the Future]]'' is labeled CRM-114, and the remake of ''[[Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)|Fun with Dick and Jane]]'' includes a financial transaction form number CRM-114. An anti-personnel land-mine in ''[[Severance (film)|Severance]]'' is designated the CRM-114. A low-budget short film made in 2006 was entitled ''CRM-114'', and the plot revolved around a mysterious packet of blood known only by the code CRM-114.

The term CRM-114 made an appearance in the ''Star Trek'' universe, on an episode of ''[[Deep Space Nine]]'' called ''[[Business as Usual (DS9 episode)|Business as Usual]]''. It is referred to as a power hand weapon produced by the [[Breen]], one that is "effective against moving vehicles and surface emplacements", and featuring a "quick recharge time".

CRM-114 has cropped up in the TV show ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]''. CRM-114 is the catalog code assigned to the [[Kensei]] sword that [[Hiro Nakamura|Hiro]] is searching for in the episode "[[Parasite (Heroes)|Parasite]]". (In the [[Heroes 360 experience]] during the episode, it was confirmed that the reference was intentional.) [[Malcom McDowell]], the star of ''A Clockwork Orange'', also guest starred in this episode, as the current owner of the sword.

==References==
<references />

==External links==

* [http://crm114.sourceforge.net The CRM114 home page on SourceForge]
* [http://laurikari.net/tre The TRE approximate regex matcher homepage]

[[Category:Spam filtering]]

Talk:Anton Cermak

2007-09-07T21:39:05Z

Robertkeller: /* Member, Medinah Country Club */

{{ChicagoWikiProject|class=start|importance=mid}}

{{WPBiography|living=no|class = Start|priority=Low|needs-infobox=yes|politician-work-group=yes|auto=}}
{{WikiProject Illinois|class=start}}

No comment at all about his death? From the FDR article:

In Miami an unemployed bricklayer called Joseph Zangara fired five shots at Roosevelt, missing him but killing the Mayor of Chicago, Anton Cermak. Zangara, who was later executed, said he had shot at Roosevelt because "the capitalists killed my life." --[[User:Tony619|Tony Hecht]] 01:18, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

"and Thompson's slur largely backfired. (Making a New Deal, p. 256)" WHAT page? Of which book? Any copyright infringement?

---

A reader sent this to info-en@wikimedia.org: "In all of my readings, including newspaper
clippings from 1933, online researches and books, I've found that Cermak was not
riding in the car with FDR but sitting in the grandstand. When the car came to a
stop for FDR to speak, FDR saw Cermak in the stands & motioned for him to come down,
as he did." [[User:UninvitedCompany|The Uninvited]] Co., [[User_talk:UninvitedCompany|Inc.]] 21:46, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

== "The greatest political figure" ==

''Cermak used his last breath to call the President-elect a M***er F***er to his face. Given Cermak's rough and tumble street origins, this is totally plausible. It is also the reason that Anton Cermak is considered by many to be the greatest political figure the United States has produced since the Civil War.''

Wait... he's considered the greatest political figure since the Civil War because he cursed the U.S. president with his dying breath? Surely this is a case of poor wording. —[[User:LonelyPilgrim|LonelyPilgrim]] 22:57, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

:A case of poor wording? No, I suspect it is a facetious dig at FDR, given the fairly clear ideological cant of the editor who added this. Removed. [[User:67.39.188.207|67.39.188.207]] 21:16, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Unless there is some sort of documentation of of the "MF" reference, I think it should be deleted. And I will, unless someone has something else to say. [[User:Joegoodfriend|Joegoodfriend]] 17 May 2006

:No, it definitely needs to stay. I think it was written very well and it doesnt state it as af fact it just says allegedly. I didnt even write it.

[[User:Jerry Jones|Jerry Jones]] 17:14, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

:: I take your point, but I question the idea that this article should largely be about one author's uncorraborated story about historical figures calling each other dirty names. I'm can't find any other author discussing this incident in this way. I think the article needs a rewrite. [[User:Joegoodfriend|Joegoodfriend]] 17 May 2006 (UTC)

::Not sure why an apocryphal story, no matter how well or poorly written, belongs here. [[User:Shsilver|Shsilver]] 17:28, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

I have made significant changes to this article including:
1. Factual accuracy and details of the assassination, especially on the unproven allegations that Roosevelt was not the intended target.
2. I have curtailed the "Len O'Connor" anecdote to a single paragraph. This strange, uncorraborated story, was also hopelessly POV. For instance, it contained the sentence, "With his tail between his legs, Cermak approached FDR and kissed the ring." Also, the story had been edited in ways that caused it to make no sense (not that it made sense in the first place). [[User:Joegoodfriend|Joegoodfriend]] 06 June 2006 (UTC)

== Member, Medinah Country Club ==

Unsure how/where to include this. In [[Medinah_Country_Club | Medinah]] CC's archives is a brochure tha features an ad from Cermak: "Counting the covers, the pamphlet is composed of twenty-four pages.... Many pages are multiple black and white block style local adverts...and there is a super "A.J. Cermak - Democratic Candidate - United States Senator From Illinois - Member Medinah Country Club" ad."--[[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] 21:39, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Talk:Anton Cermak

2007-09-07T21:38:39Z

Robertkeller: /* Member, Medinah Country Club */ new section

Slam book

2007-09-07T17:42:01Z

Robertkeller: Minor content changes. Improved readability and flow. Slam books in the 1960s were spiral, one question per page

{{Not verified|date=July 2007}}
'''Slam Books''' are traditionally spiral-bound [[notebook]]s passed among [[Middle school | Junior high school]] students who add comments, often anonymously. Around since at least the [[1940]]s, slam books typically list one person, topic or question per page, and several readers write their comments, which are often harsh and [[dissing | slam]] the person listed. Questions focus on the group's social structure, teachers and fads, such as, who is most popular or worst dressed, or whether they like/dislike a specific teacher, administrator or celebrity.

Slam books are so-called because they:
#slam students and teachers
#are slammed shut when teachers are nearby

Most popular among teens and young adolescents, slam books are notorious (and thus intriguing) for insulting and humiliating their subjects, which is why schools have banned them.

Other slam books, however, aren't mean-spirited or designed to humiliate, and include gentler, tamer questions, such as, "What pet would you like to have?" or, "What's your favorite movie?"

Though traditional slam books are passed in the hallway among students in their peer group or [[clique]], online slam books are becoming global. You sign up and send around a virtual notebook, whether within their continent or internationally, and once completed, it returns to the original author, full of comments.

==In popular culture==
In the [[2004]] comedy film ''[[Mean Girls]]'', the "Plastics" (a group of self-obsessed, nasty girls) have a book they call "The Burn Book" that seems to have a similar sort of role as a slam book, containing nasty comments about every girl in school.

In the episode ''Slam Book'' of the sitcom ''[[Noah Knows Best]]'' Noah starts a slam book, and his page is posted around the school.

{{Education-stub}}

Torx

2007-07-31T21:15:25Z

Robertkeller: /* External links */ Removed dead links

{{Screws}}

'''TORX''', developed by Camcar LLC of [[Acument Global Technologies]] (formerly Camcar Textron), is the trademark for a type of [[screw]] head characterized by a 6-point star-shaped pattern (in the same way that slotted heads, [[Phillips Head|Phillips]], [[Hex key|Hex]], and [[Robertson screwdriver|Robertson]] have flat, ×-shaped, [[hexagon]]al, and [[Square (geometry)|square]] tips, respectively). People unfamiliar with the trademark generally use the term ''star'', as in "star screwdriver" or "star bits". The generic name is ''hexalobular internal driving feature'' and is standardised by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as '''ISO 10664'''.

By design, TORX head screws resist cam-out better than [[screw#Types of screw drive | Phillips head]] or [[screw#Types of screw drive | slot head]] screws. Where Phillips heads were designed to ''cause'' the driver to [[cam out]], to prevent over-tightening, TORX heads were designed to ''prevent'' it. The reason for this was the development of better torque-limiting automatic screwdrivers for use in factories. Rather than relying on the tool slipping out of the screw head when a torque level is reached, and thereby risking damage to the driver tip, screw head and workpiece, the drivers were designed to consistently achieve a desired torque. Camcar LLC claims this can increase tool bit life by ten times or more.

The TORX drive system was developed in the Camcar Technical center, located in Rockford, Illinois.

TORX screws are commonly found on [[Automobile | automobiles]], [[computer]] systems ([[Compaq]] uses almost exclusively T15 screws) and [[consumer electronics]], but are also becoming increasingly popular in construction. Do-it-yourself mechanics will often remove the TORX screws on a vehicle and replace them with more common screws and [[bolt]]s such as [[Bolted joint|hex head bolts]], because it is easier to carry an adjustable wrench (or a set of hex sockets) to fit many different sizes of hex heads, rather than carrying several different sizes of TORX screwdrivers or bits. Another reason is that larger Torx bolts are more prone to stripped head when manually removed compared to same sized hex bolts.

Camcar LLC developed an improved profile , designated TORX PLUS.

==Sizing==
TORX head sizes are described using the capital letter "T", followed by a number. A smaller number corresponds to a smaller point-to-point dimension of the screw head. Common sizes include T10, T15 and T25, although they reach as high as T100. Only the proper driver can drive a specific head size without risking the ruin of the driver or screw. The same series of TORX drivers is used to drive [[Society of Automotive Engineers | SAE]], [[Metric system | metric]] and other thread system fasteners, reducing the number of bit sizes required.

==Variants==
[[Image:Torx driver secure.png|thumb|left|100px|Security TORX driver]]
*A version known as ''Security TORX'' or ''Tamper Resistant TORX'' (often shortened by ''Torx TR'') contains a post in the center of the head that prevents a standard TORX driver from being inserted. Additionally, while a standard TORX screw may if necessary be used with a [[slotted]] screwdriver of appropriate size, this is not possible with a Security TORX.

*An '''external TORX''' version exists, where the screw head has the shape of a TORX screwdriver bit, and a special TORX socket is used to drive it. These are found primarily on automobile engines.

*A TORX variant, ''TORX PLUS'', is designed to allow greater torque, and to minimize wear. Currently, TORX PLUS heads and drivers are patented, slowing adoption in the marketplace. Standard TORX drivers can be used to drive TORX PLUS screws, but TORX PLUS drivers will not fit standard TORX screws. There is also a tamper resistant version of TORX PLUS, having five lobes and solid post in the center. Drivers for the tamper-resistant version are tightly controlled by Camcar, and are sold only to OEMs (along with the fasteners), or OEM-authorized repair facilities.

* A hex-lob variant, ''[http://www.ttapdrive.com TTAP]'', is designed to allow greater stick-fit, and to minimize the wobbling. Currently, TTAP heads and drivers are patented, slowing adoption in the marketplace. Standard TORX drivers can be used to drive TTAP screws, but TTAP drivers will not fit standard TORX screws. There is also a tamper resistant version of TTAP.

== External links ==
*[http://www.wihatools.com/Marketing/torxspec.htm Standard TORX Dimensions (WIHA)]
*[http://www.saberdrive.com/thescrew.asp Torx Drive Screws]
*[http://www.ttapdrive.com Improved Hex-Lob (TTAP)]

[[Category:Brands]]
[[Category:Screws]]
[[Category:Tool manufacturers]]

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Newport Beach, California

2007-07-18T21:55:55Z

Robertkeller: /* Attractions */ The bumper cars are now gone and the building remodeled into a museum.

{{Infobox City
|official_name = City of Newport Beach, California
|image_seal = NewportBeach seal.gif
|image_map = NewportBeachCALMb.GIF
|map_caption = Location of Newport Beach within [[Orange County, California]].|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Steven Rosansky
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total = 103.2
|area_land = 38.3
|area_water = 64.9
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_total = 70032
|population_footnotes=
|population_density = 1829.5
|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|latitude = 33°37'0" N
|longitude = 117°53'51" W
|website = http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/
|footnotes = <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 0 0; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;">
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">'''Misc. Information'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[tree]]'''</td><td>[[Coral tree]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''City [[flower]]'''</td><td>[[Bougainvillea]]</td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
}}

[[Image:Balboa Pavilion.jpg|thumb|265px|[[Balboa Pavilion]] on Main Street]]

'''Newport Beach''', incorporated in 1906, is a city in [[Orange County, California]], 10 miles south of downtown [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]]. The current [[Office of Management and Budget|OMB]] metropolitan designation for Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County Area]] is [[Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California|Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA]]. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 70,032. The [[area code]] for Newport Beach is [[949]]. The city is home to several well known communities and recent annexations including [[Balboa Island]], [[Corona del Mar]], [[San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California|San Joaquin Hills]], and [[Newport Coast]].

== Attractions ==
[[Image:Balboa-beach.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Balboa beach]]
Attractions include beaches on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] (featuring body-boarding hot-spot [[The Wedge (surfing)|The Wedge]]) and in [[Corona del Mar]]. [[Crystal Cove State Park]] is located at the southern end of the coast.

The [[Catalina Flyer]], a giant 500 passenger catamaran, provides daily transportation from the [[Balboa Peninsula]] in Newport Beach to [[Avalon, California]] located on [[Santa Catalina Island]]. The historic [[Balboa Pavilion]], established in 1906, is Newport Beach's most famous landmark. There are a variety of options that include fishing, arcade games, and nice restaurants.

The [[Balboa Fun Zone]], located on the [[Balboa Peninsula]] near the [[Balboa Island Ferry]], features a [[ferris wheel]], an old-time Merry-Go-Round and several quaint shops and restaurants.

The [[Orange County Museum of Art]] is a museum that exhibits art from a variety of modern artists.

[[Balboa Island]] is an [[artificial island]] in Newport Harbor that was dredged and filled right before [[World War I]]. The [[Balboa Island Ferry]] transports cars, bicycles and pedestrians across the harbor channel between Balboa Island and the Balboa Peninsula.

The [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]] is a wildlife sanctuary, while nearby [[Fashion Island]] provides shopping experiences with department stores like [[Bloomingdale's]]. The Newport Beach public library's spectacular architecture has been featured in the [[film|movie]] [[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion]].

The Newport Aquatic Center offers [[kayak]]ing, rowing, and canoeing. It has been a training ground for many Olympians throughout the years, and runs several programs for the youth of Orange County, including programs for at-risk youth.

The Pelican Hill area has two golf courses, both of which are closed for the construction of a resort hotel, golf clubhouse and residences by the Irvine Company. [http://www.pelicanhillatnewportcoast.com/faq/faq.asp?qs=1#1] It is located on a small 1.2 square mile sliver of land, and contours the Pacific Coast.

Since the hit [[FOX]] drama ''[[The OC]]'', many tourists from around the globe have explicitly increased Newport Beach's tourist rate, hoping to match sights from the show with sights in the city.

==History==
{{main|History of Newport Beach}}

In 1870 a streamer named "The Vaquero" made its first trip to a marshy lagoon for trading. Ranch owners in the Lower Bay decided from then on that the area should be called "Newport."

In 1905 city development increased when [[Pacific Electric Railroad]] established a southern terminus in Newport connecting the beach with downtown Los Angeles. In 1906 with a population of 206 citizens, the scattered settlements were incorporated as the City of Newport Beach.

Settlements filled in on the Peninsula, West Newport, [[Balboa Island]] and [[Lido Isle, Newport Beach, California|Lido Isle]]. In 1923 [[Corona del Mar]] was annexed and recently in 2002 [[Newport Coast]] was annexed.

=== Recent annexations ===
*[[San Joaquin Hills, California]] (January 1, 2002)
*[[Newport Coast, California]] (2001)

==Geography==
[[Image:CAMap-doton-Newport_Beach.PNG|right|180px]]
Newport Beach is 25 feet (8 uhuhjhjhhjhj|0|N|117|53|51|W|city}} (33.616671, -117.897604){{GR|1}}.

The city is bordered to the west by [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]] at the [[Santa Ana River]], on the north side by [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]], [[John Wayne Airport]], and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] (including [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]]), and on the east side by [[Crystal Cove State Park]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 103.2 [[km²]] (39.8 [[square mile|mi²]]). 38.3 km² (14.8 mi²) of it is land and 64.9 km² (25.1 mi²) of it (62.91%) is water.

Areas of Newport Beach include [[Corona del Mar, California|Corona del Mar]], [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]], [[Newport Coast, California|Newport Coast]], [[San Joaquin Hills, California|San Joaquin Hills]], and [[Balboa Peninsula]] (also known as [[Balboa, California|Balboa]]).
===Harbor===
The [[Upper Newport Bay]] was carved out by the prehistoric flow of the [[Santa Ana River]]. It feeds the [[river delta|delta]] that is the [[Newport Back Bay|Back Bay]], and eventually joins the [[Newport Harbor]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 70,032 people, 33,071 households, and 16,965 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,829.5/km² (4,738.8/mi²). There were 37,288 housing units at an average density of 974.1/km² (2,523.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.22% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.53% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.00% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.12% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.74% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.71% of the population.

There were 33,071 households out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the city the population was spread out with 15.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $83,455, and the median income for a family was $111,166. Males had a median income of $73,425 versus $45,409 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $63,015. About 2.1% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

As of [[September 2005]], there were 36,876 registered Republicans and 12,268 registered Democrats. (Source:"Newport Beach Turns 100", OC Register, Sept. 2005)

==Sister Cities==
Newport Beach has five [[town twinning|sister cities]], as designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]:

*{{flagicon|France}} [[Antibes]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Mexico]]
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Vietnam]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]]

== Popular culture ==
The city has figured into several television shows and movies.

*In the fall of 2003, ''[[The O.C.]]'' premiered and with its success, Newport Beach became a defining city along the California coast and the Western seaboard.
*The characters in ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' are purported to have lived and worked in Newport Beach, and operated a frozen banana stand on [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]]. Many of the stories took place there and in the surrounding [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area. However, the television show is filmed entirely in Los Angeles.
*In the ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' Season Two Finale, "[[Episodes of Lost (season 2)#Live Together, Die Alone|Live Together, Die Alone]]," the boat "Elizabeth" had a Newport Beach [[hailing port]], which was painted on her [[transom]].
*''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' has used Newport Beach and the [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] area a number of times, basing Sam Seaborn's bid for congress in the district and filming on location during five different Series 4 episodes.
*''[[The Thirteenth Year]]'', a ''[[List of Disney Channel Original Movies|
Disney Channel Original Movie]]'', is set in [[Balboa Island, California|Balboa Island]] and Newport Beach. The movie features the ''[[Balboa Fun Zone|fun zone]]'' on the ''[[Balboa Peninsula, Newport Beach, California|Balboa Peninsula]]'' and the ''[[Balboa Island Ferry|Balboa Ferry]]''.
*''[[MTV]] is currently in preproduction for a replacement of the hit series "[[Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County]]". The new show will drop its original title and will be called "[[Newport Beach: The Real Orange County]]".

== Notable residents==
[[Image:Orange coast college sailing school.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Orange Coast College]] sailing school]]
[[Image:Balboapier-fromland.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Balboa Pier]]]]
[[Image:Balboa-street.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Balboa Street]]

*[[John Lackey]], Starting Pitcher of the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]
*[[Melida Bilson]],owner and founder of the Newport Group housing company
*[[Jeremy Jackson]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]
*[[Joey Bishop]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]
*[[Francois Botha]], [[boxing|boxer]]
*[[Chris Cox]], Chairman of [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]
*[[George Argyros]], Former Ambassador to Spain, Entrepreneur, billionaire
*[[Chuck Finley]], Former [[baseball]] player
*[[Shigetoshi Hasegawa]], Former baseball starting pitcher
*[[Jürgen Klinsmann]], coach of [[Germany]]'s national football (soccer) team from 2004 to 2006
*[[Dean Koontz]], [[writer]]
*[[Leigh Steinberg]], [[sports agent]]
*[[Mamie Van Doren]], [[entertainment|entertainer]]
*[[David Perry]], [[game designer]]
*[[Kobe Bryant]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player, [[Los Angeles Lakers]]
*[[Aaron Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]
*[[Hayley Peirsol]], [[swimmer]]
*[[Taylor Dent]], professional tennis player
*[[Donald Bren]], real estate mogul, billionaire
*[[Henry Samueli]], Chairman/Co-founder of technology firm [[Broadcom]], billionaire
*[[Sasha Cohen]], figure skater
*[[Mark McGrath]], [[Lead singer|singer]] ([[Sugar Ray]])
*[[McG]], [[film]] [[Film director|director]] and [[Film producer|producer]]
*[[Saosin]], a band currently signed to Capitol Records who released their debut album on September 26, 2006.
*The [[ska punk]]/[[post-grunge]] band [[Sugar Ray]]
*[[Nicolas Cage]] - Actor is a full-time resident.
*[[Troy Glaus]] - Third Baseman of the [[Toronto Blue Jays]]
*[[Reggie Jackson]]- Hall of Fame Baseball Player
*[[Dick Dale]] - Rock and roller "King of the Surf Guitar"
*[[Lauren Bacall]]
*[[Humphrey Bogart]]
*[[Errol Flynn]]
*[[Roy Rogers]] & [[Dale Evans]]
*[[Shirley Temple]]
*[[John Wayne]]
*[[Dennis Rodman]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
*[[Karl Malone]], retired [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
*[[Johnny Mercer]], [[songwriter]]
*[[George Yardley]], [[NBA Hall of Famer]]
*[[Gwen Stefani]], [[Singer]], [[No Doubt]]
*[[Ginger Reyes]], [[musician]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Halo Friendlies]]

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|33.616671|-117.897604}}
*[http://ci.newport-beach.ca.us/ City of Newport Beach]
*[http://www.talesofbalboa.com/ Tales of Balboa]
*[http://www.newportbeach-cvb.com/ Newport Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau]
*[http://www.newportbeach100.com/ Newport Beach Centennial]
*[http://www.city.newport-beach.ca.us/nbpl/ Newport Beach Public Library]

{{Cities of Orange County, California}}

[[Category:Newport Beach, California| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Orange County, California]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in California]]

[[bg:Нюпорт Бийч (Калифорния)]]
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[[fr:Newport Beach (Californie)]]
[[it:Newport Beach]]
[[no:Newport Beach]]
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[[pt:Newport Beach (Califórnia)]]
[[fi:Newport Beach]]
[[sv:Newport Beach]]
[[vo:Newport Beach]]

Talk:Medinah Country Club

2007-04-13T17:16:15Z

Robertkeller: Signed it

{{Wikiproject Golf}}

I understand "spectacular" is a non-neutral adjective, but this is no ordinary clubhouse. From their Website, blends "the classic lines of Byzantine, Oriental, Louis XIV, and Italian architecture characteristic of many Masonic structures." Masonic?
:Byzantine is fine. — [[User:Goethean|goethean]] [[User_talk:Goethean|ॐ]] 18:10, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

::Medinah was founded by Masons. I've been there, the place is an architectural hodgepodge (this is not to say it's ugly). Byzantine is not far off though. Anyway I've cleaned up the prose, which sounded like it was written by a wannabe sports writer, was accordingly threaded and laced with wanton PoV and had little to do with the club's history. [[User:Gwen Gale|Gwen Gale]] 07:59, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
::I agree with GG. Much of this information comes from the year 2000 book ''The Spirit of Medinah,'' a 75th anniversary history of the club written by Tim Cronin. He's a local Chicago sports writer, hence the tone. Though distributed to MCC members, a limited number of editions are publically available (I'm no member, but own a copy). If you want to golf course #3 or to get a copy of Cronin's book, they pop up a couple of times per year as charity auctions on eBay. --[[User:Robertkeller|Robertkeller]] 17:16, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Talk:Medinah Country Club

2007-04-13T17:11:15Z

Robertkeller: Source and tone of previous versions of the main page.

Medinah Country Club

2007-04-13T16:57:43Z

Robertkeller: Removed uncited POV (racial victory? boon?) and added Ryder Cup info.

'''Medinah Country Club''' is a private [[country club]] in [[Medinah, Illinois]] with nearly 600 members and 640 acres containing three [[golf]] courses, Lake [[Khadijah binte Khuwaylid|Kadijah]], [[swimming]] facilities and a [[Byzantine]]-style, [[mosque]]-evoking clubhouse with [[Oriental]], [[Louis XIV]] and [[Italy|Italian]] architectural aspects. Medinah is widely known for its Course #3, a 7,508 yard (7,385 m) golf course which has hosted three [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Opens]] (1949, 1975, 1990) and two [[PGA Championship]]s (1999, 2006).

==Early history==
The club was founded in 1925 by the Medinah [[Shriners]] and by the late 1920s had approximately 1,500 golfing and social members. The [[Great Depression]] brought severe financial hardship and many members left. The club responded by waiving initiation fees, lowering dues, holding fundraising events and (significantly) hosting professional golf tournaments. Eventually, non-Shriners were allowed to apply for membership. [[World War II]] exacerbated the club's financial woes and membership fell far below capacity. Course #2 was closed and members helped with upkeep on the two remaining courses. During the post war era Medinah entered a period of gradual recovery and membership growth.

==Golfing==
===Course #3===
Medinah has three golf courses in a 54-hole complex. Many noted golf professionals have played Course #3, beginning with "Lighthorse" Harry Cooper at the Medinah Open in 1930. Other noted players include [[Gene Sarazen]], [[Byron Nelson]], [[Cary Middlecoff]], [[Billy Casper]], [[Gary Player]], [[Hale Irwin]] and [[Tiger Woods]]. [[Tommy Armour]], winner of multiple major championships and the namesake of a well-known golfing equipment brand, was Medina's head [[Golf pro|pro]] for many years.

Medinah's courses were originally designed by [[Tom Bendelow]]. After the 1930 Medinah Open, when Lighthorse Harry played the course with a 63 (the lowest score ever shot on the course) in the second round, Medinah's members approved a redesign by Bendelow which was followed by several more. Roger Packard's 1986 redesign in preparation for the 1990 [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]] brought substantial changes and was followed by [[Rees Jones]]' work in preparation for the 2006 [[PGA Championship]], making Course #3 the longest [[golf course]] in major championship history.

===Tiger Woods===
Woods' appearances at Medinah have enhanced the club's international reputation. His first win at the course was the 1999 [[PGA Championship]] (foreshadowing his "annus mirabilis" in 2000), which brought him much media attention. In a late-afternoon match during which 19-year-old [[Sergio Garcia]] made a highly successful shot on the 16th hole, Woods reportedly maintained his focus before a raucous crowd and preserved a one-stroke lead. In 2006 Woods won by five strokes. In recognition of this achievement Woods was made a member of the club, in what has been said to be an unprecedented decision by Medinah's membership.

===Ranking controversy===
Course #3 has not received a high formal ranking within professional golfing circles. Medinah's geographical location in the midwest of the United States has been cited as a possible reason for this, along with Medinah's local [[Chicago]]-area-centric membership. Moreover, Medinah's history of hosting [[professional]] rather than [[amateur]] tournaments has at times reportedly conflicted with golfing's long tradition of amateurism (which in America was largely based on socio-economic class distinctions). As a result of this partial exlcusion, Medinah developed a reputation for being visited by golfers (including professional [[gambler]]s) bypassing the [[PGA Tour]], both because of its relatively low prize amounts and previous PGA resistance to including non-WASP golfers.

===2012 Ryder Cup===
Medinah will host the 2012 [[Ryder Cup]].

==External links==
* [http://www.medinahcc.org/ Medinah Country Club]

{{DuPage County, Illinois}}

[[Category:DuPage County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Sports in Chicago]]
[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in Illinois]]

[[no:Medinah Country Club]]

Duke lacrosse case

2007-04-11T16:01:16Z

Robertkeller: /* Developments in the case */ Press conference today

{{current}}

The '''2006 Duke University lacrosse team scandal''' began in [[March 2006]] when three members of [[Duke University]]'s men's [[lacrosse]] team were accused of [[rape|raping]] [[Crystal Gail Mangum]] during a party held at the residence of two of the team captains. This led to the indictment of three players: David Evans of [[Bethesda, Maryland]], Reade Seligmann of [[Essex Fells, New Jersey]], and Collin Finnerty of [[Garden City, New York]] were charged with first degree forcible [[rape]], first degree sexual offense, and [[kidnapping]].<ref name="Evans_Indicted">Beard, Aaron. [http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory?id=1963772 "3rd Member of Duke Lacrosse Team Indicted"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 15 May 2006</ref> Duke's nationally ranked lacrosse team's season was suspended for the rest of the 2006 season. The initial prosecutor for the case, Durham District Attorney [[Mike Nifong]], withdrew from the case after the North Carolina State bar filed ethics charges against him.<ref>[http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news;_ylt=AlcUUsJXmyj18mTkG4GNVv45nYcB?slug=ap-dukelacrosse-ethics&prov=ap&type=lgns N.C. bar files ethics charges against Duke lacrosse prosecutor]. ''Associated Press.'' 28 December 2006.</ref> Nifong has responded by saying the defense was engaged in a smear campaign.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/12/24/MNGDTN5CEO1.DTL As Duke rape case unravels, D.A.'s judgment questioned: Defense describes him as willing to skirt law for conviction]. ''[[San Franciso Chronicle]].''</ref> The case has drawn national attention and highlighted racial tensions in the [[Durham, North Carolina]] area.

In March/April of 2007 Fox News and ABC News have reported that the office of North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper will announce that he is dismissing all charges against the three Duke Lacrosse players. A press conference on the outcome is rumored to be scheduled for the week of [[April 8]], [[2007]]. A formal announcement will be made as soon as April 11, and ABC News is reporting that the announcement will call for a dismissal of the case by Roy A. Cooper.[http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/LegalCenter/story?id=3028515&page=1]

==Timeline of events==
The complainant is a 27-year-old African-American woman named [[Crystal Gail Mangum]] who was working as an [[escort agency|escort]] and [[stripper]].<ref>Documents released by the Defense which reveal Mangum's name. {{cite web | format = PDF | url = http://www.kirkosborn.com/Motions/MotiontoSuppressPhotos.pdf | title = Motion to Suppress Non-Testimonial Photographs | date = [[2006-05-01]] | work = ''State of North Carolina v. Reade William Seligmann'' No. 06-CRS-4334-356 | accessdate = 2007-04-07 }}</ref> She served in the [[United States Navy]], is a single mother, and a student at [[North Carolina Central University]], a state-owned and [[Historically Black colleges and universities|historically black]] (HBCU) college located in [[Durham, North Carolina]]. She claimed that, on [[March 13]], [[2006]], three white members of Duke University's lacrosse team beat, strangled, and sexually assaulted her anally, vaginally and orally, without condoms and with ejaculations. Her father, who was unaware of her job until after the rape allegations, told authorities several weeks later that she was also penetrated with a broom.<ref>Johnson, Mark. [http://www.charlotte.com/mld/charlotte/news/14438495.htm "Dad: Broomstick used on dancer"]. ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]''. 27 April 2006.</ref><ref>Sherwell, Philip. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/04/02/wduke02.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/04/02/ixworld.html "University rape highlights racial divisions in South"]. ''[[telegraph.co.uk]]''. 02 April 2006</ref>

===Before arrival===
In an interview with a local newspaper, Mangum said she had worked for an [[escort agency|escort service]] for two months, meeting clients one-on-one several times a week.<ref name="Dancer_gives_details">Khanna, Samiha & Blythe, Anne. [http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/421799.html "Dancer gives details of ordeal"]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 25 March 2006.</ref> She said, however, that this was the first time she had been hired to perform a [[striptease]] for a large group of people. Mangum claims that she and another female performer, Kim Roberts, had been hired to perform for a bachelor party of five men at an off-campus house, rented by the team and recently purchased by Duke University.<ref name="Dancer_gives_details"/> Fox News reports she acknowledged having sex with at least three men before the party took place.<ref name="Defense Sources: Duke Accuser Gave Conflicting Stories About Alleged Rape">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,196631,00.html Defense Sources: Duke Accuser Gave Conflicting Stories About Alleged Rape].''[[Fox News]]''. 24 May 2006.</ref> Based on defense motion exhibits, it has been reported that Mangum told the sexual assault nurse-in-training who examined her at Duke Hospital the evening of the alleged assault that she had consumed one drink of alcohol that evening and had also taken the medication Flexeril, which is a prescription muscle relaxant.<ref name="Flex">[http://heraldsun.com/durham/4-765602.html Attorney: Date-rape drug test negative in lacrosse case]. ''Durham Herald Sun.'' 30 August 2006.</ref> Flexeril, especially when used with alcohol, "may impair mental and/or physical abilities," and it may "enhance the effects of alcohol," according to the drug's manufacturer. Mangum also told a UNC Hospital physician the day after the alleged assault that she was drunk and had consumed "a lot of alcohol." She reportedly later told Durham police detective Benjamin Himan that she had consumed a 24-ounce bottle of beer and two 22-ounce beers.<ref name="Flex"/>

===Upon arrival===
She alleges that upon arrival she was surrounded by about 40 men and racial slurs were made. She and the other dancer then allegedly attempted to leave because they felt uncomfortable, but when a player came out to apologize, they decided to return. She claims at that point that she was dragged into the bathroom where the assault then occurred.

===Departure===
Players then cite a dispute over money and the amount of time the two dancers were expected to perform as the reason for the dancers’ departure.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2423150 "Duke lacrosse players cite money dispute"]. ''[[ESPN]]''. 27 April 2006.</ref> Tensions increased and shouting ensued on both sides, with at least one of the dancers and some players making racial slurs.

===Driving away===
The second dancer then drove away with Mangum. After the two women got into an argument, the second dancer pulled over her car to try to push Mangum out. Mangum told her, "Go ahead, put marks on me. That's what I want. Go ahead."<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/LegalCenter/story?id=2614634&page=1 'Go Ahead, Put Marks on Me']. ''ABC News.'' 30 Oct 2006.</ref> Instead, the second dancer drove Mangum to [[Kroger]] and went inside to speak to a security guard at approximately 1 a.m., telling her that a woman refused to leave her car. At that time, the guard walked to the car and asked Mangum to leave, but she "couldn't talk at all ... She was out of it." No mention of the alleged assault or robbery took place, the guard recounted. She said that she did not smell alcohol on Mangum's breath, but thought she may have been high on drugs. At 1:22 a.m. the guard called 911 to report that Mangum refused to leave the car. Police then arrived, tried to remove Mangum from the car, and questioned her.<ref>Cuomo, Chris & Setrakian, Lara. [http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/LegalCenter/story?id=1849938&page=1 "Exclusive: Guard Who Saw Alleged Duke Victim Says No Sign or Mention of Rape"]. ''[[ABC News]]''. 17 April 2006.</ref>

===Mental health facility and hospital===
Mangum was then involuntarily committed to the Durham Access Center, a mental health and substance abuse facility, which is where she allegedly told somebody for the first time that she was raped.<ref>[http://dwb.newsobserver.com/news/ncwire_news/story/3000050p-9424591c.html Defense motion seeks more reports in Duke lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 31 August 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-766289.html Lacrosse players' defense: Documents being withheld]. ''The Herald Sun.'' 1 Sept 2006.</ref> She was transferred to [[Duke University Medical Center]] and received treatment for genital injuries which a doctor and nurse said were consistent with rape according to Mike Nifong's initial statements.<ref name="Piecing together what happened at the Duke lacrosse-team party">[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002981402_dukenight09.html Piecing together what happened at the Duke lacrosse-team party].''The Seattle Times''. 9 May 2006.</ref>
However, more recent stories state that the findings from the medical exam are not consistent with rape.<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 6 August 2006.</ref><ref name="Defense Sources: Duke Accuser Gave Conflicting Stories About Alleged Rape">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,196631,00.html Defense Sources: Duke Accuser Gave Conflicting Stories About Alleged Rape].''[[Fox News]]''. 24 May 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.kirkosborn.com/Motions/AmendmentToMotionToSuppressPhotographs.pdf Amendment To Motion To Suppress Photographs]. 7 June 2006.</ref> The forensic nurse "did not find abrasions, tears or bleeding in the vaginal area...[S]he did find swelling in the vaginal area along with tenderness in the accuser's breasts and lower right quadrant."<ref name="Defense Sources: Duke Accuser Gave Conflicting Stories About Alleged Rape">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,196631,00.html Defense Sources: Duke Accuser Gave Conflicting Stories About Alleged Rape].''[[Fox News]]''. 24 May 2006.</ref> In regards to blunt force trauma, the "medical records make no mention of [them] ... [The examiner] wrote that the woman had two nonbleeding scratches on her right knee and a nonbleeding scratch on her right heel," which were there before the time of the alleged incident as evidenced from photographs.<ref name="Copsays">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/479650.html Cop says nurse found trauma in Duke case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 27 August 2006.</ref> The nurse also noted diffuse swelling of the vagina and did not note any other injuries in the rest of the report.

It has been reported that Mangum admitted to Durham police detective Benjamin Himan that she performed using a vibrator for a couple in a hotel room shortly before the lacrosse party, which the defense contends could account for the "diffuse swelling."<ref>[http://www.wcnc.com/localsports/college/acc/stories/wcnc-ad-6_9_06.6ca5d5fd.html Duke accuser's injuries questioned]. ''WCNC.com.'' 9 June 2006.</ref>

===McFadyen e-mail===
A couple of hours after the alleged incident, Ryan McFadyen, a member of the lacrosse team, sent an email to other players saying that he planned to "have some strippers over" and made references to "killing the bitches," then cutting off their skin while ejaculating "in [his] Duke-issue spandex."

The e-mail was provided to Durham police by a confidential source who received the correspondence from the player's Duke e-mail account at 1:58 AM on [[March 14]] [[2006]]. The players' defense attorney has called this a "vile" e-mail. The players suggest that the e-mail was conceived as humorous [[irony]]. Administrators say the email was an imitation of a character in the [[Bret Easton Ellis]] novel ''[[American Psycho]]''. McFadyen was not indicted of any crime, but was suspended from the university due to safety concerns.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0405061duke1.html "Duke Rape Case E-mail Shocker"]. ''[[The Smoking Gun]]''. 5 April 2006.</ref> However, on [[June 29]], [[2006]], the university reinstated him.<ref>[http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news;_ylt=AndhODAoiNiMBY6Ed7iOsYE5nYcB?slug=ap-dukelacrosse&prov=ap&type=lgns Duke player who sent inflammatory e-mail reinstated]. ''Associated Press.'' 29 July 2006.</ref>

===Minute-by-minute list of events===

The Duke student newspaper, [[The Chronicle (Duke University)|''The Chronicle'']], published this list of events.

''Timeline of March 13''

'''Based on several published reports, ''The Chronicle'' offers readers a timeline for the night of March 13 and the early morning of March 14.'''

'''11:30 p.m.''' - Approximate time, according to a Durham police warrant, of the two exotic dancers' arrival at 610 N. Buchanan Blvd.

'''11:50 p.m.''' - Neighbor Jason Bissey told the Raleigh News and Observer that he saw two women walk to the back of the house, where they were greeted by a man.

'''12:00 a.m.''' - Bissey sees the two women enter the house.

'''12:02 a.m.''' - A time-stamped photo provided by defense attorneys shows women dancing in front of the lacrosse players.

'''12:03 a.m.''' - Another photo shows both dancers leaving the party.

'''12:03 a.m.-12:30 a.m.''' - There is a 27-minute gap where no photos were taken.

'''12:07, 12:14 a.m.''' - Phone bills indicate two outgoing calls are made from sophomore Reade Seligmann's cell phone.

'''Sometime before 12:24 a.m.''' - A taxi driver has said in a written statement that he picked up Seligmann and a friend a block and a half away from the party.

'''12:24 a.m.''' - Seligmann's ATM card is used at a Wachovia bank. The taxi driver confirmed that he drove Seligmann and his friend to a bank and fast food restaurant before taking them to West Campus.

'''12:25 a.m.''' - Seligmann calls his girlfriend, another Duke sophomore, on his cell phone.

'''12:20 a.m.-12:30 a.m.''' - Bissey told the Durham Herald-Sun he saw the women leave the house during this period, only to try to go back inside to retrieve a missing shoe.

'''12:30 a.m.''' - A time-stamped photo shows the accuser, wearing only one shoe, rifling through her purse and apparently smiling on the back porch of 610 N. Buchanan Blvd.

'''12:37 a.m.''' - A photo shows the woman lying on her side on the porch, apparently passed out.

'''12:41 a.m.''' - A photo shows the woman sitting in the passenger seat of a car with the door open.

'''12:45 a.m.-1:00 a.m.''' - Bissey said he saw the two dancers leave in a car sometime during this time period. He said he saw one man standing adjacent to the East Campus wall, shout "Thank your grandpa for my nice cotton shirt." He added that he saw the players leave the residence shortly thereafter

'''12:46 a.m.''' - Seligmann's DukeCard is used to gain access to his Edens dormitory.

'''12:53 a.m.''' - The second dancer calls 911, saying white men who came out of 610 N. Buchanan yelled "nigger" at her from near the East Campus wall. Defense attorneys have questioned inconsistencies in the call - the caller first said she was driving, and later said she was walking when the slur was yelled.

'''12:55 a.m.''' - Durham Police Department officers arrive at a quiet 610 N. Buchanan Blvd. They saw there was evidence of a party, but nobody answered the door when the officers arrived.

'''1:22 a.m.''' - A female grocery clerk at a Kroger located on Hillsborough Road calls 911, saying "There's a lady in someone else's car, and she will not get out.... She's like, intoxicated, drunk or something."

'''1:30 a.m.''' - The police officer who came to respond to the Kroger call tells a dispatcher that the accuser does not need medical attention, adding, "She's not in distress. She's just passed-out drunk."

'''1:58 a.m.''' - An e-mail sent from the Duke account of sophomore lacrosse player Ryan McFadyen discusses hiring strippers and "killing the bitches."

''The timeline was compiled by Jared Mueller and Tiffany Webber using information provided by ABC News, NBC 17 News, the Durham Herald-Sun, The Raleigh News & Observer and The New York Times.''<ref>Webber, Tiffany & Mueller, Jared. [http://www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/04/20/News/Time-Line.Of.March.13-1863432.shtml?norewrite200605052308&sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com "Timeline of March 13"]. [[The Chronicle (Duke University)|''The Chronicle'']]. 20 Apr. 2006: pg 5.
Picture of the Duke Chronicle article. (Text is not available).</ref>

==DNA tests==
The prosecution then ordered 46 of the 47 team members to provide DNA samples (the lone black member was exempt since Mangum had stated that her attackers were white), though some members were absent from the party. On Monday, [[April 10]], [[2006]], it was revealed that DNA testing failed to connect any of the 46 tested members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team to the alleged sexual assault.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2404002 "Attorneys: No DNA match in Duke lacrosse case"]. ''[[ESPN]]''. 11 April 2006.</ref> After the initial rounds of testing done by the state crime lab were completed, the district attorney sought the services of a private laboratory (DNA Security of Burlington) to conduct additional tests. In this case, there was some DNA found inside the accuser from "a single male source", proving that she did have sex with someone.<ref name="2nd_DNA_Test">Beard, Aaron. [http://www.boston.com/sports/colleges/articles/2006/05/12/defense_attorney_2nd_dna_tests_complete/ "2nd DNA test shows no conclusive match"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 12 May 2006</ref> It has been reported that this DNA was from her boyfriend.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/News/story?id=1959813&page=1 "Cloud Hangs Over Duke Graduation"]. ''[[ABC News]]''. 14 May 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195479,00.html "Duke Lacrosse Player: 'I'm Absolutely Innocent'"]. ''[[Fox News]]''. 16 May 2006.</ref><ref>Beard, Aaron. [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/apus_story.asp?category=2060&slug=Duke%20Lacrosse "Judge: No fast track for Duke rape case"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 18 May 2006.</ref>

On [[December 13]], [[2006]], defense attorneys filed court papers stating that the private lab "found DNA from multiple males in the accuser's body - but none that belonged to the accused players."<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,236362,00.html Key DNA Evidence in Duke Rape Case Withheld From Defense for Six Months, Lawyers Charge]. ''FoxNews.'' 13 December 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/12/13/D8M06O7G0.html "Lawyers: DNA Not Linked to Duke Athletes"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 13 December 2006</ref>
On [[December 15]], [[2006]], defense attorneys argued in a motion that the DNA report given to Nifong's office (and thus what the defense attorneys received) was incomplete, omitting information that "showed DNA samples from several men [...] on the woman and her underwear, but none of the genetic material matched any of the players." The director of the DNA lab, Brian Meeham, acknowledged that the decision violated the lab's policies, but stated that "his lab didn't try to withhold information."<ref name="Case worsens">[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-duke16dec16,1,7339197.story?coll=la-headlines-nation&ctrack=1&cset=true Duke case worsens for prosecution]. ''LA Times.'' 16 December 2006.</ref><ref name="Paternity">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1107841/ Paternity Test Ordered in Duke Lacrosse Rape Case]. ''WRAL.com.'' 15 December 2006.</ref> Rather, he decided to withhold the exculpatory DNA evidence after discussing it with Mike Nifong in an attempt to "not [...] drag anyone else through the mud."<ref>[http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/12/11/News/Lab-Director.Withheld.Dna.Information-2598741.shtml?sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Lab director withheld DNA information]. ''The Chronicle.'' 15 December 2006.</ref> When defense attorneys asked Meeham how releasing DNA results that cleared all 46 players would be a violation of their privacy, "Meehan fumbled for an answer as Nifong sat with his head lowered, staring at documents."<ref name="Case worsens">[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-duke16dec16,1,7339197.story?coll=la-headlines-nation&ctrack=1&cset=true Duke case worsens for prosecution]. ''Los Angeles Times.'' 16 December 2006.</ref> When asked if Nifong and other prosecutors knew that the DNA testing proved that the defendants were not the source of DNA found on the accuser, Meehan said, "I assume so."<ref name="Case worsens">[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-duke16dec16,1,7339197.story?coll=la-headlines-nation&ctrack=1&cset=true Duke case worsens for prosecution]. ''Los Angeles Times.'' 16 December 2006.</ref>

DNA from a broken fake fingernail from Mangum, which was retrieved from the trash in the bathroom, showed some "similar characteristics" to David Evans according to the private laboratory, but the match was not conclusive.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/penguinslive/s_453128.html "Report: DNA link possible for third Duke player"]. ''[[Associated Press]] and the [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]''. 12 May 2006.</ref> Defense attorneys have suggested that any DNA present may have come from the tissue paper, cotton swabs or other hygiene-related trash that had been in the garbage can along with the fingernail, since David Evans lived in the house.

[[Mike Nifong]] claimed that the lack of DNA is not unusual and that 75-80% of all [[sexual assault]] cases lack DNA evidence.<ref name="2nd_DNA_Test"/> However, the reason that most rape cases lack DNA is that the majority of rape victims do not immediately go to the hospital for the rape exam. Instead, they wash away most or all of the DNA evidence over the days, weeks, or months before they contact authorities. In this case, Mangum had an administered rape kit exam only hours after the alleged attack and the absence of DNA is considered unlikely by many legal experts.<ref>Spilbor, Jonna. [http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20060414_spilbor.html The Rape That Never Was: Why, In Light Of The Lack Of DNA Evidence, The Case Against Duke's Lacrosse Team Should Be Dropped]. ''FindLaw.'' 14 April 2006.</ref>

==Arrests and indictments==
[[Image:Duke lacrosse accused.jpg|thumb|right|Reade Seligmann (left) and Collin Finnerty (right) after they were indicted]]

On [[April 18]], [[2006]], two members of the lacrosse team, [[Collin Finnerty]] (20) and [[Reade Seligmann]] (20), were arrested and indicted on charges<ref>[http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/duke/ncduke41706ind.html "North Carolina v. Collin Finnerty and Reade Seligmann"]. ''[[FindLaw]]''. 17 April 2006.</ref> of first degree forcible rape, first degree sexual offense and kidnapping.<ref>Chen, Saidi. [http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/04/21/News/Lawyer.Claims.Player.Has.Alibi-1865481.shtml?sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com "Lawyer claims player has alibi."]. [[The Chronicle (Duke University)|''The Chronicle'']]. 21 April 2006.</ref>

On [[May 15]], [[2006]], a third Duke lacrosse team player, former team captain and 2006 Duke graduate David Evans, was indicted on charges of first-degree forcible rape, sexual offense and kidnapping.<ref>Baker, Mike. [http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/05/15/D8HKBCN80.html "3rd Member of Duke Lacrosse Team Indicted"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 15 May 2006.</ref> Just before turning himself in at the Durham County Detention Center, he made a public statement declaring his innocence and his expectation of exoneration within weeks.

On [[December 22]], [[2006]], prosecutors in the case dropped the rape charges against the three indicted players.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com/state/6-801983.cfm Once nearly silent, Duke now weighs in on lacrosse assault case]. ''Herald-Sun.'' 22 December 2006.</ref> Charges of kidnapping and sexual assault remain.

Collin Finnerty has previously been charged with assaulting a man in Washington DC and shouting anti-gay epithets at him. It was never considered a hate crime.<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-807442.cfm</ref> He pleaded guilty and agreed to community service in November 2005 as part of a diversion program.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2421050 "Finnerty ordered to stand trial in D.C."]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 25 April 2006.</ref> On [[January 10]], [[2007]], the assault conviction was cleared on Finnerty's record by a judge after monitoring Finnerty for several months and "learning more about his fine character".<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-807442.cfm</ref> Reade Seligmann was one of five [[Delbarton School]] alumni on the lacrosse team.<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/430109.html Seligmann's backers say he 'isn't a nasty player']. ''News & Observer.'' 19 April 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/lacrosse/2006-04-19-duke-cover_x.htm Race and class divisions shade case against 2 lacrosse players]. ''USA Today.'' 19 April 2006.</ref> Seligmann reportedly told teammates, "I'm glad they picked me" after being indicted - possibly alluding to what he believes is a solid alibi in the form of ATM records, photographs, cell phone records, an affidavit from a taxi driver, and a record of his DukeCard being swiped at his dorm.<ref>Price, S.L, and Evans, Farrell. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/magazine/06/22/duke0626/index.html The Damage Done]. ''The Augusta Chronicle.'' 26 June 2006.</ref> Dave Evans, a graduate of the [[Landon School]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]], has two violations on his record: a noise violation and an open container of alcohol violation.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}

==Developments in the case==
On [[April 10]], [[2006]], defense attorneys stated that time-stamped photographs exist that show the dancer was injured upon arrival and "very impaired."<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2403062 "Attorney: Photos will clear Duke lacrosse players"]. ''[[ESPN]]''. 10 April 2006.</ref> The photos were later aired on [[MSNBC]]. On [[April 18]], [[search warrants]] were executed on Finnerty and Seligmann's dorm rooms.<ref>[http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/duke/ncduke41806sw.html "Duke Lacrosse Rape Case Search Warrants."] [''FindLaw'']. 18 April 2006.</ref> Items seized include an [[iPod]] and other computer materials that investigators listed in their warrant application.<ref>[http://www.wral.com/news/8882430/detail.html Warrant Confirms Search Of Second Duke Lacrosse Player's Dorm Room]</ref>

On [[April 19]], [[2006]], [[ABC News]] reported on the existence of evidence placing Seligmann away from the party near the time of the alleged incident. In a written statement, a taxi driver claimed that he picked up Seligmann and another person a block and a half from the party, then drove his passengers to a [[Wachovia]] bank. An [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] receipt confirms that Seligmann's card was used to make a withdrawal at 12:24 a.m. Cellular phone records indicate that Seligmann's phone was used to make a phone call to his out-of-state girlfriend one minute later. The taxi driver's statement claims that he next drove Seligmann and his other passenger to a fast food restaurant, where they placed an order, and that he then dropped them off at a Duke University dorm. Electronic records indicate that Seligmann's school ID card was used to gain entry to his dorm at 12:46 a.m. ABC News estimated that Seligmann would have needed to leave the party by 12:19 a.m. in order to meet the taxicab. If the time stamps on photographs from the party are accurate, this would mean that he and the accuser were simultaneously present at the party for no more than twenty minutes.<ref>Cuomo, Chris, Avram, Eric, & Setrakian, Lara.
[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/LegalCenter/story?id=1858806&page=1 "ABC NEWS EXCLUSIVE: Key Evidence Supports Alibi in Potential Rape Defense for One Indicted Duke Player"]. ''[[ABC News]]''. 19 April 2006.</ref>

On [[June 8]], [[2006]], court documents revealed that the second dancer, in her initial statement, said she was with the accuser the entire evening except for a period of less than five minutes. Additionally, after hearing the accuser saying she was sexually assaulted, she called that statement a "crock." Furthermore, in the same court filing, lawyers wrote in a sworn statement that the accuser told the nurse "that she was not choked; that no condoms, fingers or foreign objects were used during the sexual assault." The court filing also said, "The nurse noted that the accuser's arms, legs, head, neck, nose, throat, mouth, chest, breasts and abdomen were all normal." Both Mike Nifong and police have told the media that "the accuser was hit, kicked and strangled while she was sexually assaulted anally, vaginally and orally."<ref>Neff, Joseph. [http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/448437.html Filing: Second dancer called allegations a 'crock'] ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 8 June 2006.</ref>

On [[December 15]], [[2006]], it was reported that accuser is pregnant and the judge in the case has ordered a paternity test.<ref name="Paternity">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1107841/ Paternity Test Ordered in Duke Lacrosse Rape Case]. ''WRAL.com.'' 15 December 2006.</ref> Defense attorneys said, "It's impossible for any of these young men to have fathered that child," while the district attorney similarly stated that he has no reason to believe any of the players is the father of the woman's child. She claimed to be due in February of 2007,<ref name="Paternity">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1107841/ Paternity Test Ordered in Duke Lacrosse Rape Case] ''WRAL.com.'' 15 December 2006.</ref> but actually gave birth on December 15, 2006. The defense team, in the same motion, asked for the photographic lineup to be thrown out due to its "tainted procedure" wherein "the woman also identified players who weren't at the party."<ref name="Paternity">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1107841/ Paternity Test Ordered in Duke Lacrosse Rape Case]. ''WRAL.com.'' 15 December 2006.</ref>

On [[December 22]], [[2006]], District Attorney Mike Nifong dropped the rape charges against all three lacrosse players. The kidnapping and sexual offense charges are still pending against all three players.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://rdu.news14.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=96909 | date = [[2006-12-22]] | title = Rape charges dropped in Duke case | publisher = Associated Press | accessdate = 2007-04-01 }}</ref>

On [[December 28]], [[2006]], the North Carolina bar filed ethics charges against Nifong over his alleged conduct in the case, accusing him of making public statements that were "prejudicial to the administration of justice" and of engaging in "conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation."<ref name="NCBAR">[http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news;_ylt=AlcUUsJXmyj18mTkG4GNVv45nYcB?slug=ap-dukelacrosse-ethics&prov=ap&type=lgns N.C. bar files ethics charges against Duke lacrosse prosecutor]. ''Associated Press.'' 28 December 2006.</ref> The 17-page document accuses Nifong of violating four rules of professional conduct, listing more than 100 examples of statements he made to the media.<ref>[http://www.wral-tv.com/news/local/story/1120129/ State Bar Files Ethics Complaint Against Mike Nifong]. ''WRAL.com.'' 28 December 2006.</ref>

On [[January 12]], [[2007]], Nifong sent a letter to North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper asking to be taken off the case, giving the responsibility of the case to the Attorney General's office.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/LegalCenter/story?id=2791514 | title = DA in Duke Rape Case Asks to Be Taken off Case | publisher = ABC News | date = [[2007-01-12]] | first = Lara | last = Setrakian | accessdate = 2007-04-01 }}</ref> On [[January 13]], [[2007]] Attorney General Roy Cooper announced that his office would take over the case.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://wcbstv.com/local/local_story_013144425.html
|title=Prosecutor Mike Nifong Removed From Duke Case
|date=2007-01-13
|publisher=WCBS-TV New York
|accessdate=2007-01-14}}</ref>

On [[January 24]], [[2007]], the North Carolina State Bar filed a second round of ethics charges against Nifong for a "systematic abuse of prosecutorial discretion ... prejudicial to the administration of justice" when he withheld DNA evidence to mislead the court.<ref name="MoreEthics">[http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news;_ylt=At3gkV.kCF.Ff3RFe6Fk4OE5nYcB?slug=ap-dukelacrosse&prov=ap&type=lgns N.C. state bar files more ethics charges against Duke lacrosse prosecutor]. ''Associated Press.'' 24 January 2007.</ref>

On [[March 23]], [[2007]], [[Fox News]] reported that the criminal cases against all the defendants are to be dropped in the coming days. They quoted a [[blog]] by Inside Lacrosse Magazine writer Paul Caulfield.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,260426,00.html | title = Report: All Charges Against Duke Lacrosse Players to Be Dropped Soon | publisher = Fox News | date = [[2007-03-23]] | accessdate = 2007-04-07 }}</ref> However, on the same day, the ''[[Durham Herald Sun]]'' discounted the reported, quoting the spokersperson for the state [[Attorney General]]'s office.<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-832212.cfm</ref>

On [[April 10]] [[2007]], ABC News reported that the office of North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper will announce that he is dismissing all charges against the three Duke Lacrosse players. A press conference on the outcome is rumored to be scheduled this week, however no date has yet been set. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/LegalCenter/story?id=3028515&page=1 Duke Lacrosse Case Charges to Be Dropped]

On [[April 11]] [[2007]], Several news source report that the office of North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper will today announce that he is dismissing all charges against the three Duke Lacrosse players at a 2:30p EST press conference. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3029763 Duke Charges Expected to Be Dropped]

===Publication of the accuser's identity===
[[Image:Crystal Headshot2 3.jpg|thumb|Crystal Gail Mangum - accuser]]
Partly obscured photos<ref>[http://www.nbc17.com/news/8830631/detail.html "Attorneys: Photos Will Exonerate Players"]. ''[[NBC 17]]''. 19 April 2006.</ref> of the accuser at the party were broadcast by ''[[The Abrams Report]]'' on cable news channel [[MSNBC]] and by local television affiliate [[NBC]] 17 [[WNCN]] in North Carolina. The accuser claimed she was forced into "virtual hiding" as a result and had "stay[ed] with different friends almost every night."<ref>
el-Ghobashy, Tamer. Goldiner, Dave. [http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/410489p-347230c.html "Tension high in Duke case"]. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. 20 Apr. 2006.</ref>

On April 21, outspoken talk-radio host [[Tom Leykis]] disclosed the name of the rape accuser during his nationally syndicated talk-radio program. Leykis has disclosed identities of alleged victims of [[sexual assault]] in the past.<ref>Haugh, David. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/chi-0604280203apr28,0,6615328.story?coll=chi-sportsnew-hed "Case fought in public view"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. 28 April 2006.</ref> On May 15, MSNBC host [[Tucker Carlson]] disclosed the first name of the rape accuser on his show, ''[[Tucker (television program)|Tucker]]''.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12817650 "Tucker"], ''[[MSNBC]]''. 15 May 2006.</ref> Court records presented by the defense<ref>{{cite web | format = PDF | url = http://www.kirkosborn.com/Motions/RITCHIEMotion.pdf | date = [[2006-04-26]] | title = Ritchie Motion for Production and Inspection of Records of Mental Disability, Hospital Commitment, Drug Abuse History, Educational History, Department of Social Service Records, Juvenile Records, Probation and Parole Records, Child Protective Service Records, and Victim's Advocacy Records | work = ''State of North Carolina v. Reade William Seligmann'' No. 06-CRS-4334-356 | accessdate = 2007-04-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kirkosborn.com/Motions/MotionforPreservationofNotes.pdf | title = Motion for Preservation of Notes and Tapes and Incorporated Memorandum of Law | date = [[2006-04-26]] | work = ''State of North Carolina v. Reade William Seligmann'' No. 06-CRS-4334-356 | accessdate = 2007-04-07 | format = PDF }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Additional Motion for Voluntary Discovery | work = ''State of North Carolina v. Reade William Seligmann'' No. 06-CRS-4334-356 | accessdate = 2007-04-07 | format = PDF | date = [[2006-05-17]] | url = http://www.kirkosborn.com/Motions/AdditionalMotionforVoluntaryDiscovery.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kirkosborn.com/Motions/MotionforProductionofToxReports.pdf | work = ''State of North Carolina v. Reade William Seligmann'' No. 06-CRS-4334-356 | accessdate = 2007-04-07 | format = PDF | date = [[2006-05-22]] | title = Motion for Production of Toxicology Reports }}</ref> reveal the accuser's name to be [[Crystal Gail Mangum]]. This name matches the name given by both Tom Leykis and Tucker Carlson months prior.

==Defense and media questioning==
===Credibility of the accuser===
Lawyers for the Duke lacrosse players have said that Mangum was intoxicated and possibly on drugs.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1859737&page=1 "Alleged Duke Rape Victim Wants Her Life Back"]. ''[[ABC News]]''. [[19 April]] [[2006]].</ref> Defense attorney Bill Thomas urged her to retract her statement, saying that the rape allegations were concocted to avoid a charge of public drunkenness. The Duke defense lawyers or media reports have said that:

*DNA results revealed that the woman had sex with a man who was not a Duke lacrosse player. Attorney Joseph Cheshire said the tests indicated DNA from a "single male source" came from a vaginal swab taken from the accuser. Media outlets reported that this DNA was from her boyfriend.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195355,00.html "Defense: 2nd DNA Tests Show No Conclusive Link to Lacrosse Players"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. [[13 May]] [[2006]].</ref>

*A DNA report released in December 2006 revealed that sperm from several males was found in the accuser's body and on her underwear; none of which was from any of the Duke players. Mangum has denied engaging in any sexual activity in the days before the assault, saying that she last had sex a week earlier. She also said that her attackers did not use condoms and ejaculated.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,236362,00.html Key DNA Evidence in Duke Rape Case Withheld From Defense for Six Months, Lawyers Charge]. ''FoxNews.'' 13 December 2006.</ref><ref name="Case worsens">[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-duke16dec16,1,7339197.story?coll=la-headlines-nation&ctrack=1&cset=true Duke case worsens for prosecution]. ''LA Times.'' 16 December 2006.</ref>

*She was convicted of stealing a car and sentenced to 3 weekends in detention. (In 2002, she stole a taxi from a man to whom she was giving a lap dance. A high speed chase then ensued, and when the deputy chasing her approached the stolen taxi on foot, she tried to run over him. She pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of larceny, speeding to elude arrest, assault on a government official and driving while impaired.)<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2401203 "Duke lacrosse players' attorneys step up defense"]. ''[[ESPN]]''. [[9 April]] [[2006]]. </ref><ref>[http://webapps6.doc.state.nc.us/apps/offender/offend1?DOCNUM=0801264&SENTENCEINFO=yes&SHOWPHOTO=no&numtimesin=1 Mangum, Crystal G.], North Carolina Department of Correction Public Access Information System</ref>

*She had made a similar claim in the past which she did not pursue. "On Aug. 18, 1996, the dancer - then 18 years old - told a police officer in Creedmoor she had been raped by three men in June 1993, according to a police document. She did not pursue the allegations. The officer who took the woman's report 10 years ago asked her to write a detailed timeline of the night's events and bring the account back to the police. "Apparently she never returned," Granville County DA Sam Currin said."<ref>Mueller, Jared. Rotberg, Emily. [http://www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/05/01/News/Dancer.Made.Prior.Allegation-1897624.shtml?norewrite200605060038&sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com "Dancer made prior allegation"]. [[The Chronicle (Duke University)|''The Chronicle'']]. [[1 May]] [[2006]].</ref>

*The accuser told authorities that in 1998, her husband threatened to kill her. However, she did not appear at the court hearing and thus the charges were dropped.<ref>Fausset, Richard. [http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-duke2may02,0,1779828.story?coll=la-headlines-politics "Duke Student's Lawyers Want D.A. off Case"]. ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''. [[2 May]] [[2006]].</ref>

*The accuser frequently passed out while performing as an exotic dancer at the Platinum Club in Hillsborough, according to the former club manager. The former manager also stated that Mangum had to be dragged out of the establishment onto gravel either one or two nights prior to the [[March 13]] party: "She was heavy. It took four or five of us to carry her outside. She was dead weight. That's how passed out she was. She never woke up. We could have put the scratches on her. That could be how she got them."<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-787380.html Former manager: Bruises could have come from club]. ''Durham Herald-Sun.'' [[11 November]] [[2006]].</ref> The former manager went on to describe the accuser as "a club employee whose problems with other dancers and customers sometimes made it hard for her to make money," citing an event in which she started to pull a female customer's hair.<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/510272.html Event told of accuser in lacrosse rape case]. ''News & Observer.'' [[14 November]] [[2006]].</ref>

*According to the Platinum Club owner, the accuser danced at the club on [[March 23]], 24, and 25. Those were the same dates she told doctors she was "in excruciating pain from the [...] beating." The owner said the accuser did not say anything about being raped 10 days earlier.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-787380.html Former manager: Bruises could have come from club]. ''Durham Herald-Sun.'' [[11 November]] [[2006]].</ref> Similarly, ''60 Minutes'' released a video of her dancing at the club less than two weeks after the alleged incident, again leading to the media doubting how in pain she actually was.<ref name="60 minutes">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out]. ''60 Minutes.'' [[15 October]] [[2006]].</ref>

*The strip club's security officer said that the accuser told co-workers four days after the alleged incident that she "was going to get money from some boys at a Duke party who hadn't paid her," adding that she essentially said, "I'm going to get paid by the white boys." The security guard did not make a big deal of it "because no one takes her seriously."<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/145/story/506116.html Accuser in Duke lacrosse case wanted money, man says]. ''News & Observer.'' [[4 November]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Inconsistencies in accuser's story===
Police reports, media investigations, and defense attorneys' motions and press conferences have brought to light several inconsistencies in the Mangum's story, which include:
*Durham police said Mangum "kept changing her story and is not credible," reporting that she initially told them she was raped by 20 white men, later reducing the number to only three.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/more/05/08/duke.lacrosse.ap/index.html?cnn=yes "'This will blow over' Duke report: Durham police downplayed allegations"]. ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''. 8 May 2006.</ref>
*Another police report states that the accuser initially claimed she was only groped, rather than raped, but changed her story before going to the hospital.<ref>[http://www.wral.com/news/9282720/detail.html "Duke Lacrosse Defense Attorneys Want Details Of Second Photo Lineup"]. ''[[WRAL-TV|WRAL]]''. 26 May 2006.</ref>
*The second stripper who performed at the house, Kim Roberts, said that Mangum was not raped. She stated that the accuser "obviously wasn't hurt [...] because she was fine." Likewise, she refuted other aspects of the accuser’s story including denying that she helped dress the accuser after the alleged incident and saying that they were not forcefully separated by players like the accuser reported.<ref>[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/15238767/ Duke accuser lying, second stripper says]. ''MSNBC.'' 13 Oct 2006.</ref>
* Mangum did not consistently choose the same three defendants in the photo lineups.<ref name="PhotoLineup>[http://www.newsobserver.com/content/news/crime_safety/duke_lacrosse/story_graphics/20061008_dukelax.pdf Conflicting Identifications]. ''The News & Observer.'' Accessed on 24 December 2006.</ref> Media reports have disclosed at least two photo lineups that occurred in March and April. In the March lineup, she did not choose Dave Evans at all. There was only one individual she identified as her assailant with 100% certainty during both procedures - Brad Ross. After being identified, Ross provided to police investigators indisputable evidence that he was with his girlfriend at [[North Carolina State University]] before, during, and after the party through cell phone records and a sworn affidavit from a witness.<ref name="PhotoLineup>[http://www.newsobserver.com/content/news/crime_safety/duke_lacrosse/story_graphics/20061008_dukelax.pdf Conflicting Identifications]. ''The News & Observer.'' Accessed on 24 December 2006.</ref>
*A police report released June 23, 2006, said that Mangum initially claimed she was "attacked by five men [...] and changed her story several times."<ref>[http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news;_ylt=Aq.cy0mslomh4cEUv1TjG3o5nYcB?slug=ap-dukelacrosse&prov=ap&type=lgns Police report: Accuser in Duke rape case initially said 5 men attacked her]. ''Associated Press.'' 23 Jun 2006.</ref>
*On [[December 22]], [[2006]], Nifong dropped the rape charges after Mangum stated that "she was penetrated from behind ... but did not know with what." In North Carolina, penetration with an object is considered sexual assault, not rape.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/sports/22cnd-duke.html?ex=1324443600&en=663f0920072de97f&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Rape Charges Dropped in Duke Case]. ''New York Times.'' 22 December 2006.</ref>
*On [[January 11]], [[2007]], several more inconsistencies came to light after the defense filed a motion detailing her interview on [[December 21]], [[2006]].<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> For example, she changed details about when she was attacked, who attacked her, and how they attacked her:<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref>
:*In the new version from the December 21 interview, Mangum claims she was attacked from 11:35 p.m. to midnight, much earlier than her previous accusations.<ref name="WRALChangeAgain">[http://wral.com/news/local/story/1133573/ Lacrosse Defense: Accuser's Story Changes Again]. ''WRAL.com.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> This new timing is before the well-documented alibi evidence for Reade Seligmann that places him away from the house.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> However, the defense revealed that this new timing would suggest Seligmann was on the phone with his girlfriend during the height of the attack.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> Additionally, she received an incoming call at 11:36 p.m. and somebody stayed on the line for 3 minutes, which would be during the alleged attack according to the new timetable.<ref name="WRALChangeAgain">[http://wral.com/news/local/story/1133573/ Lacrosse Defense: Accuser's Story Changes Again]. ''WRAL.com.'' 11 January 2007.</ref>
:*The new statement contradicts time stamped photos that show her dancing between 12:00 and 12:04 a.m.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> It would also mean that they stayed at the party for nearly an hour after the supposed attack since Kim Roberts drove her away at 12:53 a.m.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> In her April statement, Mangum said they left immediately after the attack.<ref name="WRALChangeAgain">[http://wral.com/news/local/story/1133573/ Lacrosse Defense: Accuser's Story Changes Again]. ''WRAL.com.'' 11 January 2007.</ref>
:*Mangum changed the names of her alleged attackers, saying they used multiple [[pseudonyms]]. While Dave Evans went by "Dan, Adam and Brett," Reade Seligmann used the names "Adam and Matt," while Collin Finnerty either did not have a name or was not called by name, Mangum claimed.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref>
:*The accuser also changed her description of Evans.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> She previously claimed that she was attacked by man that looked like Evans except with a "mustache," but more recently stated that the assailant just had a "five o'clock shadow."<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref>
:*Mangum claimed that Evans stood in front of her, making her perform oral sex on him.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> Previously, she stated that Seligmann did this.<ref name="ChangeAgain">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/531253.html Accuser changes story in lacrosse case]. ''The News & Observer.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> In the latest statement, she stated that Seligmann "did not commit any sex act on her [...] [H]e said he could not participate because he was getting married."<ref name="WRALChangeAgain">[http://wral.com/news/local/story/1133573/ Lacrosse Defense: Accuser's Story Changes Again]. ''WRAL.com.'' 11 January 2007.</ref> Although he has a girlfriend, there has never been anything to suggest he was engaged or getting married.<ref name="WRALChangeAgain">[http://wral.com/news/local/story/1133573/ Lacrosse Defense: Accuser's Story Changes Again]. ''WRAL.com.'' 11 January 2007.</ref>
*In its own investigation, ''[[The News & Observer]]'', North Carolina's second largest newspaper, determined that the accuser gave at least five different versions of the alleged rape to police and medical interviewers.<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref>

===District attorney's actions===
Defense lawyers and media outlets have been very critical about how the Durham District Attorney, [[Mike Nifong]], has handled the case. Nifong has responded by saying that the criticisms are a product of a defense strategy to malign the prosecution and intimidate the alleged rape victim.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/12/24/MNGDTN5CEO1.DTL As Duke rape case unravels, D.A.'s judgment questioned: Defense describes him as willing to skirt law for conviction]. ''[[San Franciso Chronicle]].'' 24 December 2006.</ref>

The criticisms have focused on a series of alleged missteps: that he went public with a series of accusations that later turned out to be untrue; that he exaggerated and intensified racial tensions; that he unduly influenced the Durham police investigation; that he tried to manipulate potential witnesses; that he refused to hear [[exculpatory evidence]] prior to indictment; that he had never spoken directly to the alleged victim about the accusations; that he crossed ethical lines by making public comments about the case, possibly prejudicing potential jurors; and that he conspired with the DNA lab director to withhold potentially exculpatory DNA.<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref> Media outlets that have launched blistering attacks on Nifong, demanding his resignation or recusal from the case, include, but are not limited to:
''[[60 Minutes]]'',<ref name="60 minutes">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out]. ''60 Minutes.'' 15 Oct 2006.</ref>
''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name="Jocks_And_Prejudice">Kristof, Nicholas.
[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A14F839550C728DDDAF0894DE404482&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fNicholas%20D%20Kristof "Jocks and Prejudice"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 11 June 2006</ref><ref name="Duke_Witch Hunt_details">Brooks, David. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A13F8355A0C7B8EDDAC0894DE404482&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fDavid%20Brooks "The Duke Witch Hunt"] ''The New York Times''. 28 May 2006 </ref>
''[[The News & Observer]]'',<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/579/story/524519.html Nifong's move]. ''The News & Observer.'' 23 December 2006.</ref>
''[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]'',<ref>[http://nymag.com/news/imperialcity/22337/ Rape, Justice, and the ‘Times’]. ''New York Magazine.'' 16 October 2006.</ref>
''[[Washington Post]]'',<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/30/AR2006123000886.html?referrer=emailarticle Prosecutorial Indiscretion]. ''[[Washington Post]].'' 31 December 2006.</ref>
''[[Washington Times]]'',<ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/op-ed/20061226-093747-3177r.htm The Duke Case]. ''[[The Washington Times]].'' 27 December 2006.</ref>
''[[L.A. Times]]'',<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-ed-duke26dec26,1,6225164,print.story?coll=la-news-a_section Duke case]. ''[[L.A. Times]]''. 26 December 2006.</ref>
''[[New York Daily News]]'',<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ideas_opinions/story/483909p-407363c.html The Duke Three should go free]. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. 29 December 2006.</ref>
''[[National Journal]]'',
''[[Newsweek]]'',
''[[Charlotte Observer]]'',<ref>[http://www.charlotte.com/mld/charlotte/news/opinion/16304593.htm Investigate the investigation]. ''The Charlotte Observer.'' 23 December 2006.</ref>
''[[Newark Star-Ledger]]'',<ref>[http://www.nj.com/opinion/ledger/editorials/index.ssf?/base/news-1/1167457076175360.xml&coll=1 The prosecutor is guilty]. ''The Star-Ledger.'' 30 December 2006.</ref>
''[[San Diego Union Tribune]]'',<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061230/news_lz1ed30middle.html Just who's guilty?]. ''[[The San Diego Union Tribune]]''. 30 December 2006.</ref>
''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'',<ref>[http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/editorials/article/0,2777,DRMN_23964_5250434,00.html North Carolina's out-of-control DA]. ''[[Rocky Mountain News]].'' 3 January 2007.</ref>
''[[Greensboro News-Record]]'',<ref>[http://www.news-record.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061223/NEWSREC010201/612230303/-1/NEWSRECRSS Nifong begins retreat from Duke rape case]. ''Greensboro News-Record.'' 23 December 2006.</ref>
and ''[[Wilmington Star]]''.<ref>[http://www.wilmingtonstar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061221/EDITORIAL/612210310 Add another DA to the sorry list]. ''Wilmington Star.'' 21 December 2006.</ref>

Nifong gave more than 50 interviews, many with the national media, according to his own account and confirmed by the ''[[News & Observer]]''<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref><ref>Biesecker, Michael. Niolet, Benjamin. Neff, Joseph. [http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/v-print/story/431568.html "DA on the spot for comments"]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 22 April 2006.</ref><ref> Niolet, Benjamin. [http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/427243.html "Spotlight is new place for Nifong"].''[[The News & Observer]]''. 20 April 2006.</ref> In these interviews, Nifong repeatedly said that he is "confident that a rape occurred,"<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/lacrosse/2006-03-28-duke-team-suspension_x.htm "Duke suspends lacrosse team from play amid rape allegations"]. ''[[USA Today]]''. 28 March 2006.</ref> calling the players "a bunch of hooligans" whose "daddies could buy them expensive lawyers."<ref name="60 minutes">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out]. ''60 Minutes.'' 15 Oct 2006.</ref> Since early April 2006, however, Nifong has generally refused to talk to the media.<ref> Niolet, Benjamin. [http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/427243.html "Spotlight is new place for Nifong"].''[[The News & Observer]]''. 20 April 2006.</ref>

On [[July 18]], [[2006]], defense lawyers charged that Nifong made "unprofessional and discourteous" remarks. During a preliminary hearing, Nifong said, "[Defense] attorneys were almost disappointed that their clients didn't get indicted so they could be a part of this spectacle here in Durham." One lawyer ascertained that "Nifong's statement is an insult to the legal profession as a whole and is certainly unwarranted by any facts in this case." Others saw it as a personal insult. Immediately following the remarks, Nifong went on vacation and could not be reached for further comment.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-753796.html Attorneys infuriated by DA's remarks]. ''[[Herald Sun]]''. 18 July 2006.</ref>

On [[October 27]], [[2006]], Nifong stated in court that neither he nor his assistants had yet discussed the alleged assault with the accuser, saying they had so far left that aspect of the investigation to the police.<ref>[http://www.courttv.com/news/duke-rape/102706_ap.html Duke lacrosse rape prosecutor says he hasn't discussed the case with accuser]. ''Associated Press.'' 27 Oct 2006.</ref>

On [[December 12]], [[2006]], Rep. [[Walter B. Jones|Walter Jones]], R-NC, wrote a letter to [[Attorney General]] [[Alberto Gonzales]], "asking for an investigation into Nifong to determine whether he is guilty of prosecutorial misconduct".<ref name="FoxDNA">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,236362,00.html Key DNA Evidence in Duke Rape Case Withheld From Defense for Six Months, Lawyers Charge]. ''Fox News.'' 13 December 2006.</ref>

On [[December 16]], [[2006]], it was revealed that Nifong and DNA lab director Brian Meeham agreed to withhold exculpatory DNA evidence from the final report submitted to the defense team.<ref name="Case worsens">[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-duke16dec16,1,7339197.story?coll=la-headlines-nation&ctrack=1&cset=true Duke case worsens for prosecution]. ''LA Times.'' 16 December 2006.</ref><ref name="Paternity">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1107841/ Paternity Test Ordered in Duke Lacrosse Rape Case]. ''WRAL.com.'' 15 December 2006.</ref><ref>[http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/12/11/News/Lab-Director.Withheld.Dna.Information-2598741.shtml?sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Lab director withheld DNA information]. ''The Chronicle.'' 15 December 2006.</ref> DNA findings, by law, must be immediately reported to the defense.<ref name="FoxDNA">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,236362,00.html Key DNA Evidence in Duke Rape Case Withheld From Defense for Six Months, Lawyers Charge]. ''Fox News.'' 13 December 2006.</ref>

On [[December 28]], [[2006]], the North Carolina [[bar association]] filed ethics charges against Nifong over statements he made to the media regarding the case,<ref name="NCBAR">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,239664,00.html N.C. bar files ethics charges against Duke lacrosse prosecutor]. ''Associated Press.'' 28 December 2006.</ref> accusing him of violating four rules of professional conduct in more than 100 public statements, including prohibitions against "comments that have a substantial likelihood of heightening public condemnation of the accused." In the filed report, the Bar also claimed Nifong took part in "dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation" when he suggested that players may have used condoms despite the fact that medical records and the accuser's account both stated that no condoms were used.<ref>[http://www.wral-tv.com/news/local/story/1120129/ State Bar Files Ethics Complaint Against Mike Nifong]. ''WRAL.com.'' 28 December 2006.</ref>

On [[January 12]], [[2007]], Nifong sent a letter to North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper asking to be taken off the case, giving the responsibility of the case to the Attorney General's office.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/LegalCenter/story?id=2791514 | title = DA in Duke Rape Case Asks to Be Taken off Case | publisher = ABC News | date = [[2007-01-12]] | first = Lara | last = Setrakian | accessdate = 2007-04-07 }}</ref>

On [[January 24]], [[2007]], the North Carolina State Bar filed a second round of ethics charges against Nifong for a "systematic abuse of prosecutorial discretion ... prejudicial to the administration of justice" when he withheld potentially exculpatory DNA evidence to mislead the court.<ref name="MoreEthics">[http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news;_ylt=At3gkV.kCF.Ff3RFe6Fk4OE5nYcB?slug=ap-dukelacrosse&prov=ap&type=lgns N.C. state bar files more ethics charges against Duke lacrosse prosecutor]. ''Associated Press.'' 24 January 2007.</ref>

On [[March 19]], [[2007]], Nifong's lawyers filed a report asking for dismissal of the charges against him, arguing that his actions did not prevent the defendants from a fair trial since defense attorneys received a DNA report before a trial date was set. The North Carolina State Bar issued a harsh denial to the request, pointing out that North Carolina law "is unambiguous: Anyone subject to an NTO must be given any report of test results as soon as such a report is available." The Bar continued that "Nifong is effectively arguing that he can make false statements to a court which result in the entry of an order, and then use the order that is based on his misrepresentations to claim he committed no discovery violation."<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/content/media/2007/3/19/Brief%20In%20Opposition%20To%20Motion%20To%20Dismiss.pdf Brief in Opposition To Motion To Dismiss]. ''The North Carolina State Bar.'' 19 March 2007.</ref><ref>[http://wral.com/news/local/story/1240828/ State Bar Says Nifong Skirted System in Handling of Duke Lacrosse Case]. ''WRAL.com.'' 20 Mar 2007</ref>

The ''[[News & Observer]]'' wrote that Nifong "promised DNA evidence that has not materialized. He suggested that police conduct lineups in a way that conflicted with department policy."<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref> The article went on to say that "he made a series of factual assertions that contradicted his own files: He suggested the players used condoms; he accused the players of erecting a wall of silence to thwart investigators; and he said the woman had been hit, kicked and strangled. The medical and police records show that the victim had said no condom was used, that police had interviewed three players at length and taken their DNA samples and that the accuser showed no significant bruises or injuries."<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref>

The case's prosecution has been criticized by the legal analyst for the ''[[National Journal]]'', Stuart Taylor,<ref name="Jocks_And_Prejudice">Kristof, Nicholas. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A14F839550C728DDDAF0894DE404482&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fNicholas%20D%20Kristof "Jocks and Prejudice"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 11 June 2006 </ref> as well as ''[[New York Times]]'' columnists [[David Brooks (journalist)|David Brooks]]<ref name="Duke_Witch Hunt_details">Brooks, David. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A13F8355A0C7B8EDDAC0894DE404482&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fDavid%20Brooks "The Duke Witch Hunt"] ''[[The New York Times]]''. 28 May 2006 </ref> and [[Nicholas Kristof]].<ref name="Jocks_And_Prejudice">Kristof, Nicholas. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A14F839550C728DDDAF0894DE404482&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fNicholas%20D%20Kristof "Jocks and Prejudice"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 11 June 2006 </ref> [[Susan Estrich]], a former [[Harvard Law School|Harvard law]] and current [[University of Southern California Law School|USC law]] professor as well as a [[feminist]] and victims' rights [[advocate]], also cites serious prosecuturial misconduct and failure to follow basic procedures.<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2006/8/9/83336.shtml Duke Case: Failure of Procedure]. ''[[NewsMax Media]].'' 9 August 2006.</ref> An investigation by CBS' ''[[60 Minutes]]'' "reveals disturbing facts about the conduct of the police and the district attorney, and raises serious concerns."<ref name="60 minutes">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out]. ''60 Minutes.'' 15 Oct 2006.</ref> (This ''[[60 Minutes]]'' segment was honored with a [[Peabody Award]] on [[April 4]], [[2007]].)<ref>{{cite press release |title= 66th Annual Peabody Awards Winners Announced |publisher= [[Peabody Award]] |date= [[2007-04-04]] |url= http://www.peabody.uga.edu/news/pressrelease.asp?ID=143 |accessdate= [[2007-04-07]] | quote = CBS` "60 Minutes" won for "The Duke Rape Case," an Ed Bradley-led investigation of rape allegations against Duke University lacrosse players that stood widespread assumptions – and the prosecution`s case – on their heads.}}</ref> Several writers at ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' have also criticized the prosecution's actions and have especially criticized the mainstream media for accepting prosecution claims at face value in light of countervailing evidence.<ref name="Witness_for_the_Prosecution?">Taylor, Stuart Jr. [http://www.slate.com/id/2148546/ "Witness for the Prosecution?"] ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]].'' 28 August 2006.</ref><ref name="Trial_By_Newspaper">Shafer, Jack. [http://www.slate.com/id/2140319/ "Trial By Newspaper"] ''[[Slate]]'' 20 April 2006</ref>

In light of the fact that Nifong failed to turn over potentially exculpatory evidence to defense lawyers on [[December 22]], [[2006]], ''The News & Observer'' wrote that "to press forward in the [...] case, District Attorney Mike Nifong must rely on scanty evidence while deflecting serious questions about whether he broke the law or violated the ethics rules governing prosecutors."<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/100/story/525091.html Pressure on Nifong in Duke case: Misstatements may cost him his career], ''The News & Observer'' 24 December 2006</ref> Some critics have accused Nifong of using the case to improve his chances in his next election.<ref name = "Sowell Real Issue">[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/ThomasSowell/2007/01/02/the_real_issue_at_duke The real issue at Duke, Part I] and [http://www.townhall.com/columnists/ThomasSowell/2007/01/03/the_real_issue_at_duke_part_ii Part II] by [[Thomas Sowell]]</ref>

The conclusion of all this, according to [[Thomas Sowell]], is that "this case was the salvation of his career, by enabling" what Sowell calls a "demagogue" to go into an election "his opponent was favored to win" and "to win the black vote with inflammatory charges against white students accused of raping a black woman."<ref name = "Sowell Real Issue"/>

===Chief Investigator===

Nifong hired Linwood E. Wilson, "whose private detective career was marked by ethics complaints" and has "limited experience working criminal cases," as his chief investigator.<ref name="wilson">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/535608.html Ethics of Nifong's detective at issue]. ''News & Observer.'' 24 January 2007.</ref> Media has questioned his ethics in his investigation of this case.<ref name="wilson">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/535608.html Ethics of Nifong's detective at issue]. ''News & Observer.'' 24 January 2007.</ref> During his private detective career, "at least seven formal inquiries into his conduct" were performed, and, in 1997, he was reprimanded by the state commission.<ref name="Rubuked">[http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/540895.html DA's investigator was rebuked]. ''News & Observer.'' 8 February 2007.</ref> After his appeal of the decision was rejected, he allowed his detective license to expire. One former client called him "rotten to the core," saying he demanded additional money for work done after she fired him. She said she fired him since he did not much sufficient progress in the case.<ref name="Rubuked">[http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/540895.html DA's investigator was rebuked]. ''News & Observer.'' 8 February 2007.</ref>

In response to criticism, Wilson states, "I've worked for just about every domestic lawyer in Durham ... My integrity stands for itself. I've never had anybody question my integrity."<ref name="wilson">{{cite news | url=http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/535608.html | title=Ethics of Nifong's detective at issue | publisher= ''News & Observer.'' | date=[[24 January]] [[2007]].</ref>

===Durham Police Department's actions===
Lawyers and media have questioned the methods of the photo identification process, have suggested that police have utilized intimidation tactics on witnesses, and have argued that the lead investigator in the case has unfairly targeted Duke students in the past.

====Photo identification====
Defense lawyers argue that the photo identification process was severely flawed. In this case, the accuser was shown photos of 46 lacrosse players one at a time three weeks after the alleged assault, wherein she identified Seligmann and Finnerty with 100% certainty and Dave Evans with 90% certainty during her second attempt in April. Lawyers maintain that other photos of young white men should have been included to make the identification process legitimate. U.S. Department of Justice guidelines suggest five "fillers" be used for every suspect.<ref>[http://www.nbc17.com/news/8885627/detail.html "Defense Questions Photo ID Of Duke Lacrosse Players"]. ''[[NBC 17]]''. 21 April 2006.</ref>

At least two photo lineups have been reported by the media.<ref name="PhotoLineup">[http://www.newsobserver.com/content/news/crime_safety/duke_lacrosse/story_graphics/20061008_dukelax.pdf Conflicting Identifications]. ''The News & Observer.'' Accessed on 24 December 2006.</ref> During the photo identifications, Mangum was told that she would be viewing Duke University lacrosse players who attended the party, and was asked if she remembered seeing them at the party and in what capacity. In the March identification process, Mangum selected at least five different individuals, one of whom was Reade Seligmann (whom she identified with 70% certainty). During the April identification process, Mangum identified at least 16 lacrosse players. In the disclosed report, there were only two individuals that she identified during both the March and April lineups - Brad Ross and Reade Seligmann. Ross (the only player she identified as her assailant with 100% certainty during both procedures) provided to police investigators indisputable evidence that he was with his girlfriend at [[North Carolina State University]] before, during, and after the party through cell phone records and a sworn affidavit from a witness. Another person she identified in April also provided police with evidence that he did not attend the party at all. In regards to Seligmann's identification, Mangum's confidence increased from 70% in March to 100% in April. Gary Wells, an [[Iowa State University]] professor and expert on police identification procedures stated, "Memory doesn't get better with time. That's one of the
things we know. How does she get more positive with time?"<ref name="PhotoLineup">[http://www.newsobserver.com/content/news/crime_safety/duke_lacrosse/story_graphics/20061008_dukelax.pdf Conflicting Identifications]. ''The News & Observer.'' Accessed on 24 December 2006.</ref>

According to the transcript of the photo identification released on ''[[The Abrams Report]]'', the accuser also stated that Dave Evans had a mustache on the night of the attack. Dave Evans' lawyer stated that his client never has had a mustache and that photos as well as eyewitness testimony will reveal that Dave Evans has never had a mustache.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12798569 "3rd Duke lacrosse player: all 'fantastic lies'"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 16 May 2006.</ref>

====Alleged intimidation tactics====
Defense lawyers also suggest that police have used intimidation tactics on witnesses. On May 11, Moezeldin Elmostafa, an African American taxi driver who signed a sworn statement about Seligmann's whereabouts that defense lawyers say provides a solid alibi, was arrested on a 2½-year-old shoplifting charge. He was not the accused shoplifter, but had driven them in his cab. Elmostafa said of his arrest, "The detective asked if I had anything new to say about the lacrosse case," Elmostafa said. "When I said no, they took me to the magistrate."<ref>Neff, Joseph. Khanna, Samiha. [http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/438305.html Lacrosse defense witness arrested]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 11 May 2006.</ref> Furthermore, the ''[[News & Observer]]'' has released that in order "[t]o get warrants, police made statements that weren't supported by information in their files."<ref name="DA">[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/468272.html Lacrosse files show gaps in DA's case]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 6 August 2006.</ref> Mr. Elmostafa was subsequently tried on the shoplifting charge and was found not guilty.<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/480278.html Cab driver in lacrosse case acquitted]. ''The News & Observer.'' 29 August 2006.</ref>

====Supervisor====
''The News & Observer'' has suggested that the supervisor of the lacrosse investigation, Sgt. Mark Gottlieb, has unfairly targeted Duke students in the past, putting some of his investigational tactics into question.<ref name=Gott>[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/484329.html Detective got tough with Duke students]. ''The News & Observer.'' 9 Sept 2006.</ref> Gottlieb has made a disproportionate number of arrests of Duke students for misdemeanor violations, such as carrying on open container of alcohol. Normally, these violations earn offenders a pink ticket similar to a traffic ticket. From May 2005 to February 2006, when Sgt. Gottlieb was a patrol officer in District 2, he made 28 total arrests. Twenty of those arrests were Duke students, and at least 15 were handcuffed and taken to jail. This is in stark contrast to the other two officers on duty in the same district during that same 10-month period. They made 64 total arrests, only two of which were Duke students. Similarly, ''The News & Observer'' charges that Gottlieb treated nonstudents very differently. For example, he wrote up a young man for illegally carrying a concealed .45-caliber handgun and possession of [[marijuana]] (crimes far more severe than the Duke students who were taken to jail committed), but did not take him to jail.<ref name=Gott/>

The same ''News & Observer'' article says that, "residents of neighborhoods where Gottlieb worked and victims' advocates say that the sergeant is a dedicated and fair officer." Residents especially complimented Gottlieb for dealing with loud parties and disorderly conduct by students.<ref name=Gott>[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/484329.html Detective got tough with Duke students]. ''The News & Observer.'' 9 Sept 2006.</ref>

Duke's student newspaper, ''The Chronicle,'' depicted other examples of alleged violence and dishonesty from Sgt. Gottlieb.<ref name="Chron">[http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/09/11/News/Students.Criticize.Lax.Cops.Behavior-2265465.shtml?sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Students criticize lax cop's behavior]. ''The Chronicle.'' 11 September 2006.</ref> Allegedly, one student threw a party at his rental home off-East Campus before the [[Rolling Stones]] concert in October 2005. The morning after the concert, at 3 A.M., Sgt. Gottlieb led a raid on the home with nine other officers while the students were "half asleep." One student was allegedly dragged out of bed and then dragged down the stairs. All seven housemates were put in handcuffs, arrested, and taken into custody for allegedly violating a noise ordinance and open container of alcohol violations. Sgt. Gottlieb reportedly told one student who was a U.S. citizen of Serbian heritage, "Do you need to speak to your consulate? We can deport you." Other stories include allegedly throwing a 130 pound male against his car for an open container of alcohol violation, refusing the ID of a student since he was international, searching through a purse without a warrant, refusing to tell a student her rights, and accusations of [[perjury]].<ref name="Chron"/>

==Duke University Response==
===Faculty groups===
Soon after the allegations were made, 88 Duke professors (commonly referred to as the "[[Group of 88]]") from the [[Trinity College of Arts & Sciences]] placed an ad in ''[[The Chronicle (Duke University)|The Chronicle]]'' supporting the alleged victim and quoting individuals citing racism and sexism in the Duke community.<ref>[http://www.duke.edu/web/africanameric/supporters.pdf List of Individual Names in Support of "We're Listening" Chronicle ad]</ref> In three departments, more than half of faculty signed the statement. The department with the highest proportion of signatories was [[African]] & [[African-American]] Studies, with 80%. Just over 72% of the [[Women's Studies]] faculty signed the statement, [[Cultural Anthropology]] 60%, [[Romance studies]] 44.8%, [[Literature]] 41.7%, [[English studies|English]] 32.2%, [[Art]] & [[Art History]] 30.7%, and [[History]] 25%. No faculty members from the [[Pratt School of Engineering]] or full-time [[Duke University School of Law|law]] professors signed the document. Departments that had no faculty members sign the document include [[Biological Anthropology]] and [[Anatomy]], [[Biology]], [[Chemistry]], [[Computer Science]], [[Economics]], [[Genetics]], [[Germanic Languages]]/Literature, [[Psychology]] and [[Neuroscience]], [[Religion]], and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Eurasian]] Studies. Many have criticized the group for rushing to judgment in condemning the lacrosse players, but some in the group maintain that the ad made no mention of innocence or guilt, but rather elaborated on this "social disaster."{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In January 2007, a new letter was posted at the Concerned Duke Faculty website signed by 87 faculty members stating that the original ad was misinterpreted.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.concerneddukefaculty.org/
|title=An Open Letter to the Duke Community
|publisher=Concerned Duke Faculty
|accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref> In the letter, the group does not apologize for the original ad but instead states that the intent of the ad was to address issues of racism and sexism on the Duke campus and not prejudge the case.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/533242.html
|title=Duke post seeks to defuse '88' ad
|date=2007-01-17
|publisher=The News & Observer
|accessdate=2007-01-17}}</ref>

Seventeen faculty members of the [[economics]] department sent a letter showing support for the players on [[January 6]], [[2007]], saying, "We regret that the Duke faculty is now seen as prejudiced against certain of its own students," and telling the players that they are more than welcome to enroll in their courses.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1574810,00.html Teacher Support for the Duke Players]. ''TIME.com.'' 6 January 2007.</ref>

===Campus groups===
A poster that "looked like a wanted poster" was distributed on campus and in nearby neighborhoods showing pictures and names of 40 members of the lacrosse team, urging them to "come forward" with information on the rape.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/lacrosse/2006-03-29-duke-fallout_x.htm "Rape allegations cast pall at Duke"], ''USA Today'' March 29, 2006</ref>

===Administration===
The university placed Reade Seligmann and Collin Finnerty on interim suspension for the Spring 2006 semester following their indictment, while David Evans graduated the day before he was indicted.<ref name="ReturnStatements">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/page/1125148/ Duke University Jan. 3 News Release]. ''WRAL.com.'' 3 January 2007.</ref> Duke University policy calls for suspensions when students face felony charges. In the fall of 2006, their status was modified to "administrative leave" to allow them to make academic progress while not at the university.

On [[January 3]], [[2007]], President [[Richard H. Brodhead]] invited Reade Seligmann and Collin Finnerty back to Duke as students in good standing,<ref name="Return">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1124935/ Duke Invites Lacrosse Defendants to Return]. ''WRAL.com.'' 3 January 2007.</ref> though both have said they will not consider coming back until the case is resolved. They were also welcomed to participate on the lacrosse team. Brodhead explained, "We have decided that the right and fair thing to do is to welcome back Reade Seligmann and Collin Finnerty to resume their studies at Duke for the spring semester. Although the students still face serious charges and larger issues require Duke’s collective attention, the circumstances in this case have changed substantially, and it is appropriate that the students have an opportunity to continue their education."<ref name="ReturnStatements">[http://www.wral.com/news/local/page/1125148/ Duke University Jan. 3 News Release]. ''WRAL.com.'' 3 January 2007.</ref>

Duke University President [[Richard H. Brodhead|Richard Brodhead]], in an interview with [[Lesley Stahl]] of ''[[60 Minutes]]'', stated that "Duke has a rule – and many, many other universities have the same rule – which is that, when a student has been indicted for a crime that has an element of violence, we often separate the student from the university because we don't know at that time, what harm may be done."<ref>[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/mmedia/features/lacrosse_incident/ Duke Lacrosse Information on the March 13 Incident and Related Events]</ref>

===President Brodhead===
The President of Duke University, [[Richard H. Brodhead]], was quoted by WRAL-TV telling the Durham Chamber of Commerce on [[April 20]], [[2006]], "If our students did what is alleged, it is appalling to the worst degree. If they didn’t do it, whatever they did is bad enough."<ref>[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/157148/ Lacrosse Publicity 'Unwished' For Duke, Durham, Brodhead Says]. ''WRAL Raleigh Durham Fayetteville TV', [[April 20]], [[2006]]</ref>

At the same time, Brodhead has repeatedly stated that "our students must be presumed innocent until proven otherwise,"<ref name="Brod quote">[http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/523377.html Criticism directed at Nifong and Duke]. ''The News & Observer.'' 20 December 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2006/12/60_minutes.html 60 Minutes Interview with President Brodhead]. ''Duke News & Communication.'' 13 December 2006.</ref> saying it as early as [[March 25]], [[2006]].<ref>[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2006/03/brodheadlacrosse.html Statement by President Richard H. Brodhead on Duke Men’s Lacrosse Team]. ''Duke News & Communications.'' 25 March 2006.</ref>

Shortly after the allegations were made, the first two games were forfeited due to admitted behaviors such as underage drinking.<ref name="LAXFAQ>[http://www.dukealumni.com/__page/10036878.100.6.aspx Lacrosse Responses: A Few Key Points]. ''Duke Alumni Association.'' Accessed on 2 January 2007.</ref> Later, the President decided, with input from the athletics department and some of players themselves, "to suspend the remaining games until the legal situation-then involving 46 players-became clearer"; he "did not cancel the season as punishment for the serious criminal charges against the three players."<ref name="LAXFAQ>[http://www.dukealumni.com/__page/10036878.100.6.aspx Lacrosse Responses: A Few Key Points]. ''Duke Alumni Association.'' Accessed on 2 January 2007.</ref> He also formed committees to examine the lacrosse team, the administration's response to the incident, the student judicial process, campus culture, and a presidential council.<ref name="BrodResp">[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2006/04/rhbletter.html Letter to the Community from President Brodhead]. ''Duke News & Communication.'' 5 April 2006.</ref>

On [[December 20]], [[2006]], Brodhead stated that "the DA's case will be on trial just as much as our students will be."<ref name="Brod quote">[http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/523377.html Criticism directed at Nifong and Duke]. ''The News & Observer.'' 20 December 2006.</ref>

After the district attorney, [[Mike Nifong]], dropped the most serious rape charges against the players in December 2006, Brodhead released a statement calling for Nifong to recuse himself and questioned his actions: "Given the certainty with which the district attorney made his many public statements regarding the rape allegation, his decision today to drop that charge must call into question the validity of the remaining charges. The district attorney should now put this case in the hands of an independent party who can restore confidence in the fairness of the process. Further, Mr. Nifong has an obligation to explain to all of us his conduct in this matter."<ref>[http://www.wral-tv.com/news/local/story/1115698/ Rape Charges Dropped in Duke Lacrosse Case]. ''Wral.com.'' 22 December 2006.</ref>

===Houston Baker===
Duke English Professor [[Houston A. Baker Jr.|Houston Baker]] (now former professor as he was hired as a Distinguished University Professor at [[Vanderbilt University]] in May 2006<ref>[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/news/releases/2006/5/25/five-prominent-african-american-literature-scholars-to-move-to-vanderbilt-hortense-spillers-houston-baker-among-new-hires Five prominent African American literature scholars to move to Vanderbilt]. ''Vanderbilt News Service.'' 25 May 2006.</ref>) wrote a scathing letter on [[March 29]], [[2006]], regarding the lacrosse team and the administration's response to the incident, asking, "[w]hat have Duke and its leadership done to address this horrific, racist incident alleged to have occurred" and asserting "internationally, we have been deeply embarrassed by the silence that seems to surround this white, male athletic team's racist assaults (by words, certainly - deeds, possibly) in our community".<ref name="Baker">[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/mmedia/features/lacrosse_incident/lange_baker.html Provost Responds to Faculty Letter Regarding Lacrosse]. ''Duke News & Communication.'' 3 April 2006.</ref>

Baker, an African-American, also wrote that the players were "safe under the cover of silent whiteness" and these "[y]oung, white, violent, drunken men among us - [are] implicitly boasted by our athletic directors and administrators." He said Duke has joined other colleges and universities in the "blind-eying of male athletes, veritably given license to rape, maraud, deploy hate speech, and feel proud of themselves in the bargain." He also explicitly stated that the lacrosse players displayed "abhorrent sexual assault, verbal racial violence, and drunken white male privilege loosed amongst us."

Duke University Provost Peter Lange wrote a response in which he said, "I cannot tell you how disappointed, saddened and appalled I was to receive this letter from you."<ref name="Baker">[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/mmedia/features/lacrosse_incident/lange_baker.html Provost Responds to Faculty Letter Regarding Lacrosse]. ''Duke News & Communication.'' 3 April 2006.</ref> The Provost stated that, "A form of prejudice - one felt so often by minorities whether they be African American, Jewish or other - is the act of prejudgment: to presume that one knows something 'must' have been done by or done to someone because of his or her race, religion or other characteristic." Continuing he stated that "[w]e do not know much about the worst of what may have happened in the incident that has inflamed our community," and concluded by stating that "[s]adly, letters like yours do little to advance our common cause." [http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/mmedia/features/lacrosse_incident/lange_baker.html Full version of both letters]

===James Coleman===
The President appointed Duke Law Professor, James E. Coleman, Jr., to head the committee to examine the lacrosse team's culture.<ref name="LAXCOM">[http://dukenews.duke.edu/mmedia/features/lacrosse_incident/lacrossereport.html REPORT OF THE LACROSSE AD HOC REVIEW COMMITTEE]. ''Duke University News & Communications.'' 5 April 2006.</ref> Dr. Coleman, also an African-American, found that the team has exhibited "exemplary academic and athletic performance" and is "[n]either racist or sexist. On the contrary, the coach of the Duke Women's Lacrosse team has expressed her sense of camaraderie that exists between the men's and women's team; members of the men's team, for example, consistently come to the women's games. The current as well as former African American members of the team have been extremely positive about the support the team provided them." Also in the report, while it was stated that the rates of alcohol abuse for the lacrosse team were higher than most other Duke athletic teams, "their conduct has not been different in character than the conduct of the typical Duke student who abuses alcohol."<ref name="LAXCOM">[http://dukenews.duke.edu/mmedia/features/lacrosse_incident/lacrossereport.html REPORT OF THE LACROSSE AD HOC REVIEW COMMITTEE]. ''Duke University News & Communications.'' 5 April 2006.</ref>

Since then, Coleman has been one of the most vocal critics of Nifong's handling of the case. In an interview with ''60 Minutes'', Coleman argued that he pandered to the black community in the middle of the election campaign: "I think that he pandered to the community by saying 'I'm gonna go out there and defend your interests in seeing that these hooligans who committed the crime are prosecuted. I'm not gonna let their fathers, with all of their money, buy you know big-time lawyers and get them off. I'm doing this for you.'"<ref name="60 minutes">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140_page6.shtml Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out]. ''60 Minutes.'' 15 October 2006.</ref> Furthermore, Coleman stated that Nifong has committed serious prosecutorial misconduct, and if there was a conviction, there "would be a basis to have the conviction overturned based on his conduct."<ref name="60 minutes">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140_page6.shtml Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out]. ''60 Minutes.'' 15 October 2006.</ref>

==Wider effects==
===Effects on Duke faculty===
{{wikinews|Duke lacrosse season ends, coach resigns}}

[[Mike Pressler]], the coach of the lacrosse team, received threatening e-mails and hate calls, had castigating signs placed on his property, and was the frequent victim of vandalism in the aftermath of the accusations.<ref>Price, S.L, and Evans, Farrell. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/magazine/06/22/duke0626/index.html The Damage Done]. ''The Augusta Chronicle.'' 26 June 2006.</ref> On [[April 5]], [[2006]], he resigned shortly after the McFadyen e-mail became public. Through his lawyer, he stated that his resignation was not an admission of wrongdoing on his part, and went on to say that "Coach Pressler is no more guarantor of the behavior of 18-21 year olds than are parents of children that age."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=2400031&type=story
|title=Attorney: Pressler 'has done nothing wrong'
|date=2006-04-06
|publisher=ESPN
|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> Likewise, Pressler's lawyer has stated that he was "the sacrificial lamb."<ref>Price, S.L, and Evans, Farrell. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/magazine/06/22/duke0626/index.html The Damage Done]. ''The Augusta Chronicle.'' 26 June 2006.</ref> On the same day, [[Richard H. Brodhead]], president of Duke University, suspended the remainder of the lacrosse season.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2398409 "Duke lacrosse coach resigns, rest of season canceled"]''. [[Associated Press]]''. 6 April 2006.</ref>

===Effect on Duke students===
Some students have stated they have been referred to as "rapists" and have been threatened. Shortly after the alleged attack, the President of the University warned in a school-wide e-mail of threats of gang violence against Duke students.<ref>[http://www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/03/31/News/Police.Warn.Students.About.Suspicious.Gang.Activity.Off.East.Campus-1776022.shtml?norewrite200604280112&sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com "Police Warn Students About Suspicious Gang Activity Off East Campus"]. [[The Chronicle (Duke University)|''The Chronicle'']]. 31 March 2006.</ref> Other Duke students were allegedly attacked by people at a restaurant called Cook-Out who were yelling that Cook-Out was Central Territory (NC Central is where the accuser attends school, although Duke's campus is significantly closer to Cook-Out than to NCCU's campus).<ref>[http://www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2006/04/03/News/Students.Threatened.Assaulted.Off.Campus-1777278.shtml?norewrite200604280114&sourcedomain=www.dukechronicle.com "Students threatened, assaulted off campus"]. [[The Chronicle (Duke University)|''The Chronicle'']]. 3 April 2006.</ref>

Lacrosse team members have had their photographs posted prominently around Durham and on the Duke University campus with accompanying captions stating that they are covering up for rapists and have information about the incident that they are not revealing.

At the same time, most Duke students have shown support for the team more recently. For the 2007 season opener, 6,485 fans attended the game to cheer the Blue Devils on their way to a 17-11 victory.<ref>[http://media.www.dukechronicle.com/media/storage/paper884/news/2007/02/26/MLacrosse/Duke-Returns.To.The.Field.With.2.Victories-2742841.shtml Duke returns to the field with 2 victories]. ''The Chronicle.'' 26 Feb 2007.</ref>

===Effect on community relations===
The allegations have inflamed already strained relations between Duke University and its host city of Durham, with members of the Duke lacrosse team being vilified in the press and defamed on and off campus. On [[May 1]], 2006, the [[New Black Panthers]] held a protest outside Duke University. Prior to the protest, representatives of the group informed Duke Police that they did not intend to enter the university;<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/1185/story/433875.html "Duke: 'We will not let the safety ... be jeopardized"]. ''[[The News & Observer]]''. 29 April 2006</ref> however, after the group's leader, Malik Zulu Shabazz, spoke with reporters, the protesters did try to gain access to the University campus, whereupon Duke Police denied the group entrance to the university. The group also held a rally at the university owned house where the rape allegedly occurred.<ref>[http://www.wral.com/news/9143178/news/9133291/detail.html "Members Of New Black Panther Group March Near Duke"]. ''[[WRAL-TV|WRAL.com]]''. 1 May 2006.</ref>

===Effect on Duke University merchandise===
Sales of Duke University apparel, especially lacrosse [[t-shirts]], led the Campus Store's sales to triple from March to April 2006.<ref>Duke lacrosse T-shirts hot item. ''ScienceDaily.'' 21 April 2006.</ref>

===Lawsuit===
In January 2007, former Duke lacrosse team member Kyle Dowd filed a lawsuit against Duke University and visiting associate professor Kim Curtis.<ref name = "LAX Player Lawsuit">{{cite web
|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/story?section=triangle&id=4905060
|title=LAX Player Files Lawsuit Against Duke University
|date=2007-01-04
|publisher=ABC News
|accessdate=2007-01-14}}</ref> In his lawsuit, Dowd claims that he and another teammate were given failing grades on their final paper by Professor Curtis "as a form of retaliation after the Duke Lacrosse scandal broke". Professor Curtis was among the "Group of 88" who published an advertisement in the Duke Chronicle supporting the accuser. According to the press report, Dowd had been receiving passing grades until the scandal, but received an "F" for his last paper and participation, leading to a final "F" grade. After graduation, his grade was adjusted upwards to a "D" with the administration citing a "calculation error". The lawsuit seeks for the grade to be changed to a "P" for pass and seeks $60,000 in damages.<ref name = "LAX Player Lawsuit">{{cite web
|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/story?section=triangle&id=4905060
|title=LAX Player Files Lawsuit Against Duke University
|date=2007-01-04
|publisher=ABC News
|accessdate=2007-01-14}}</ref>

==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references /></div>

==External links==
*[http://www.nytimes.com/pages/sports/sportsspecial1/index.html Complete Coverage Duke Lacrosse Investigation], [[New York Times]]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/11/60minutes/main2082140.shtml CBS 60 Minutes' segment "Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out"]
*[http://www.courttv.com/news/duke-rape/photo_gallery/index.html Duke Rape Scandal Photo Gallery]
*[http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/duke/ncduke41706ind.html Indictments (North Carolina v. Finnerty, Seligmann)] FindLaw
*[http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/duke/ncduke41806sw.html Dorm Room Search Warrants] FindLaw
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5348321 NPR: Duke Lacrosse Players Arrested on Rape Charges]
*[http://www.wral-tv.com/news/local/flash/1120196/ State Bar Complaint against Mike Nifong]
*[http://www.newsobserver.com/news/crime_safety/duke_lacrosse Collected stories from The (Raleigh, N.C.) News & Observer]
*[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0405061duke1.html Actual McFadyen email from The Smoking Gun]
*[http://webapps6.doc.state.nc.us/apps/offender/offend1?DOCNUM=0801264&SENTENCEINFO=yes&SHOWPHOTO=no&numtimesin=1 Mangum's criminal record]
*[http://www.rightsideoftheroad.com/?p=401 Viewing the case in a larger jurisprudential context]
*[http://durhamwonderland.blogspot.com/ Coverage and commentary by KC Johnson, a Professor of History at Brooklyn College]
*[http://www.lewrockwell.com/anderson/anderson-arch.html Analysis of evidence, media coverage, and prosecutorial misconduct, by [[William L. Anderson]] of [[LewRockwell.com]].]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duke University lacrosse team scandal}}

[[Category:2006 in sports]]
[[Category:2006 in the United States]]
[[Category:Current sports events]]
[[Category:Duke University athletics]]
[[Category:History of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Lacrosse in the United States]]

Tom Clancy

2007-03-01T19:12:04Z

Robertkeller: /* By publication date */ Next book, June 2006--NOT

:''This article is about Tom Clancy the author; for the member of the Irish folk band [[The Clancy Brothers]], see [[Tom Clancy (singer)]]''

{{Infobox Writer
| name = Tom Clancy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|4|12}}
| birth_place = [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]], [[USA]] {{flagicon|USA}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Novelist
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| period = 1984 - present
| genre = [[Political thriller]], [[Crime fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = [[The Hunt for Red October]] (1984)
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thomas Leo Clancy Jr.''' (born [[April 12]] [[1947]]), better known as '''Tom Clancy''', is an [[United States|American]] author of bestselling political thrillers, best known for his technically detailed espionage and [[military science]] story-lines set during the [[Cold War]]. His name is also a brand for similar books written by [[ghost writer]]s and a series of non fiction books on military subjects and merged biographies of key leaders.

==Biography==

Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. was born [[April 12]], [[1947]] in [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]]. He attended [[Loyola Blakefield]] in [[Towson, Maryland]], graduating with the class of 1965. He went on to study English Literature at [[Loyola College in Maryland|Loyola College]] in [[Baltimore]], graduating with the class of 1969. He remarked that he studied English because he was not smart enough to do [[physics]]. Before making his literary debut, he spent some time running an independent [[insurance]] business.

Clancy married his first wife, Wanda, in the 1970s. After having several children together, they divorced in 1998.

In 1998, Tom Clancy attempted to purchase the [[Minnesota Vikings]] and had a purchase agreement in place, but the deal fell through after his divorce settlement decreased his net worth significantly.

In 1999, Clancy, at age 52, married 32-year-old fellow writer [[Alexandra Marie Llewellyn]], on [[June 26]].

Tom Clancy was an early, and to many, surprising defender of [[Islam]] after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001, attacks]]. He was interviewed on [[CNN]] later that day. Clancy has also associated himself with [[Anthony Zinni|General Anthony Zinni]], a critic of the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] and former U.S. secretary of defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. The two have worked together on two books.

==Bibliography==
''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'', ''[[Patriot Games]]'', ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'', and ''[[The Sum of All Fears]]'' have been turned into commercially successful films with actors [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Ben Affleck]], and [[Harrison Ford]] as Clancy's most famous fictional character [[Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)|Jack Ryan]], while his second famous character [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]] has been played by actors [[Willem Dafoe]] and [[Liev Schreiber]].

With the release of ''[[The Teeth of the Tiger]]'', Clancy introduced Jack Ryan's son and two nephews as main characters. Presumably, he has retired Jack Ryan as a central character. Many fans have expressed disappointment in Clancy's recent fiction works and sales of his books have reflected the growing trend of readers turning away from Clancy.

Clancy has written several nonfiction books about various branches of the [[Military of the United States|U.S. armed forces]] (see [[Tom Clancy#Non-fiction|non-fiction listing]], below). Clancy has also branded several lines of books with his name that are written by other authors, following premises or storylines generally in keeping with Clancy's works:

*''[[Tom Clancy's Op-Center]]''
*''[[Tom Clancy's Power Plays]]''
*''[[Tom Clancy's Net Force]]''
*''[[Net Force Explorers|Tom Clancy's Net Force Explorers]]''
*''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (novel)|Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]''

These are sometimes referred to by fans as "apostrophe" books; Clancy did not initially acknowledge that these series were being authored by others, only thanking the actual authors in the headnotes for their "invaluable contribution to the manuscript".

In 1997 Tom Clancy signed a book deal with [[Penguin Putnam Inc.]] (both part of [[Pearson Education]]), that paid him [[United States dollar|US$]]50 million for the world-English rights to two new books. He then signed a second agreement for another US$25 million for a four-year book/multimedia deal. Clancy followed this up with an agreement with [[Berkley Books]] for 24 paperbacks to tie in with the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] television miniseries ''[[NetForce (film)|Tom Clancy's Net Force]]'' aired in the fall/winter of 1998. The OP-Center universe has laid the ground for the series of books written by [[Jeff Rovin]], which was in an agreement worth US $22 million bringing the total value of the package to US$97 million.

All but two of Clancy's novels feature [[Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)|Jack Ryan]] and/or [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]].

===By publication date===
{{spoiler}}
* ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1984)
*: Clancy's first novel. Jack Ryan assists in the defection of a respected [[Soviet Navy|Soviet naval]] captain, along with the most advanced [[ballistic missile submarine|missile sub]] of the Soviet fleet. The [[The Hunt for Red October (film)|movie]] (1990) stars [[Alec Baldwin]] as Ryan and [[Sean Connery]] as Captain Ramius.

* ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1986)
*: War between [[NATO]] and [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. The basis of the submarine combat game of the same name, this is one of two Clancy novels to date not set in his [[Ryaniverse]], (although the protagonist of the story has many similarities with Jack Ryan). He co-wrote it with [[Larry Bond]].

* ''[[Patriot Games]]'' (1987)
*: Ryan saves the [[Prince of Wales]] from terrorists, who go after Ryan and his family. The [[Patriot Games (film)|1992 movie]] stars [[Harrison Ford]] as Ryan, and has a fictional lord instead of the Prince of Wales. (John Clark later tells Jack Ryan in ''Clear and Present Danger'' that he was on the helicopter that had to turn back when attacking the terrorist camps in northern Africa.) It should be noted that the events of "Patriot Games" are mentioned as part of Jack Ryan's past in "The Hunt for Red October", and therefore is a prequel to that story.

* ''[[The Cardinal of the Kremlin]]'' (1988)
*: First appearance of John Clark and Sergey Golovko. Secret anti-satellite lasers ([[Strategic Defense Initiative|SDI]]), high-stakes diplomacy, spies and computer geeks (Major Gregory is introduced here and shown later as updating [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] software in ''The Bear and the Dragon'').

* ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' (1989)
*: [[War on Drugs|Drug war]] in [[Colombia]]. Ryan and Clark finally meet; first appearance of [[Domingo Chavez|"Ding" Chavez]]. The [[Clear and Present Danger (film)|movie]] (1994) stars [[Harrison Ford]] as Ryan and [[Willem Dafoe]] as Clark.

* ''[[The Sum of All Fears]]'' (1991)
*: [[Israel]] loses a [[nuclear weapon]], which [[terrorism|terrorists]] use to foment war between U.S. and [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], which is averted by Ryan in a [[cliffhanger]]. The [[The Sum of All Fears (film)|2002 movie]] stars [[Ben Affleck]] as Ryan, [[Liev Schreiber]] as Clark, and changes the identity and motivation of the terrorists.

* ''[[Without Remorse]]'' (1993)
*: Chronologically the first book featuring John Kelly/John Clark, detailing Clark's life before the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). Set during the [[Vietnam War]], it tells about the past of John Kelly, how he assumed the Clark mantle, and tells how Clark became a CIA officer. Jack Ryan's father (Emmett Ryan) has a key role; Jack Ryan has a tiny cameo.

* ''[[Debt of Honor]]'' (1994)
*: Ryan as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]], and John Clark and Domingo Chavez as agents with Russian [[Cover (intelligence)|cover]], help win a military and economic war with a nuclear-armed [[Japan]]. Golovko makes a cameo here.

* ''[[Executive Orders]]'' (1996)
*: Sequel to ''Debt of Honor''. Ryan, propelled into [[President of the United States|presidency]] as a result of events in ''Debt of Honor'', survives press hazing, [[assassination]] attempts and [[biological warfare]]—Clark and Ding trace the [[virus]] to a [[Middle East]]ern madman, and the U.S. military goes to work.

* ''[[SSN (novel)|SSN: Strategies for Submarine Warfare]]'' (1996)
*: Follows the missions of [[Cheyenne (SSN-773)|USS ''Cheyenne'']] in a future war with [[China]] precipitated by their invasion of the disputed [[Spratly Islands]]. Also not a Ryaniverse book, SSN is actually a loosely connected collection of "scenario" chapters in support of the [[eponym]]ous [[computer game]].

* ''[[Rainbow Six (novel)|Rainbow Six]]'' (1998)
*: Released to tie in with [[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six|the computer game of the same name]]. John Clark leads an elite anti-terrorist unit and averts worldwide genocide attempt by terrorists who are motivated by [[radical environmentalism]]. (Jack Ryan is mentioned, he is the US President, but is only referred to as either 'The President' or 'Jack'.)

* ''[[The Bear and the Dragon]]'' (2000)
*: War between [[Russia]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. Ryan recognizes the independence of [[Taiwan]] and the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] helps Russia defeat the Chinese invasion.
* ''[[Red Rabbit]]'' (2002)
*: Back when he was a humble CIA analyst, Ryan aids in the defection of a Soviet officer who knows of a plan to assassinate the [[Pope John Paul II|Pope]].

* ''[[The Teeth of the Tiger]]'' (2003)
*: Features the rise of Jack Ryan's son, Jack Ryan Jr., as an intelligence analyst, and then a field consultant, for The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence agency with the freedom to discreetly assassinate individuals "who threaten national security", following the retirement of Jack Sr. from the Presidency. Note: This is the latest book of the Jack Ryan series by Tom Clancy, introducing his son and his two nephews as heirs to his spook-legacy.

* Barnes & Noble lists an untitled Clancy work scheduled for a June 2006, but as of March 2007 this untitled book is still unavailable.[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&isbn=0399152709&itm=1 B&N Clancy]

===By series plot chronology===
====Jack Ryan/John Clark universe====
* ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Patriot Games]]'' (1987)
* ''[[The Cardinal of the Kremlin]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' (1989)
* ''[[The Sum of All Fears]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Without Remorse]]'' (1993) *
* ''[[Debt of Honor]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Executive Orders]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Rainbow_Six_(novel)|Rainbow Six]]'' (1998) *
* ''[[The Bear and the Dragon]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Red Rabbit]]'' (2002)
* ''[[The Teeth of the Tiger]]'' (2003) **

<nowiki>*</nowiki> These books feature [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]] only, although Jack Ryan has a short conversation with his father in ''Without Remorse'', and is also referenced to in "Rainbow Six" briefly a couple of times (as the US President and referred to only as 'Jack').

<nowiki>**</nowiki> This book features Ryan's son ([[Jack Junior]]).

Listed chronologically in order of date of publication, e.g. ''The Hunt for Red October'' was published in 1984, and ''Patriot Games'' was published in 1987.

====Op-Center universe====
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Op-Center|Op-Center]]'' (1995) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Mirror Image (Tom Clancy novel)|Mirror Image]]'' (1996) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Games of State]]'' (1996) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Acts of War]]'' (1997) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Balance of Power (novel)|Balance of Power]]'' (1998) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[State of Siege]]'' (1999) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Divide and Conquer (novel)|Divide and Conquer]]'' (2000) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Line of Control (novel)|Line of Control]]'' (2001) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Mission of Honor]]'' (2002) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Sea of Fire]]'' (2003) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Call to Treason]]'' (2004) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[War of Eagles]]'' (2005) by Jeff Rovin

====NetForce universe====
'''Adult'''

* ''[[Tom Clancy's Net Force|Net Force]]'' (1998) by [[Steve Perry (author)|Steve Perry]]
* ''[[Hidden Agendas]]'' (1999) by Steve Perry
* ''[[Night Moves (novel)|Night Moves]]'' (1999) by Steve Perry
* ''Breaking Point'' (1999) by Steve Perry
* ''[[Point of Impact (Tom Clancy novel)|Point of Impact]]'' (2001) by Steve Perry
* ''CyberNation'' (2001) by Steve Perry
* ''[[State of War]]'' (2003) by Steve Perry and [[Larry Segriff]]
* ''Changing of the Guard'' (2003) by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff
* ''Springboard'' (2004) by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff
* ''The Archimedes Effect'' (2006) by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff

'''Young Adult'''

* ''[[Virtual Vandals]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Deadliest Game]]'' (1999)
* ''[[One Is the Loneliest Number]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Ultimate Escape (novel)|The Ultimate Escape]]'' (1999)
* ''The Great Race'' (1999)
* ''End Game'' (1999)
* ''[[Cyberspy]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shadow of Honor]]'' (2000)
* ''Private Lives'' (2000)
* ''Safe House'' (2000)
* ''[[Gameprey]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Duel Identity]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Deathworld (Tom Clancy novel)|Deathworld]]'' (2000)
* ''[[High Wire]]'' (2001)
* ''Cold Case'' (2001)
* ''[[Runaways (novel)|Runaways]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Cloak and Dagger (novel)|Cloak and Dagger]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Death Match]] (in the UK released in 2002 as "Own Goal")'' (2003)

====Power Plays universe====

* ''Politika'' (novel, 1997) by [[Jerome Preisler]]
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Politika|Politika]]'' (computer game, 1997) by [[Red Storm Entertainment]]
* ''ruthless.com'' (novel, 1998) by Jerome Preisler
* ''ruthless.com'' (computer game, 1998) by Red Storm Entertainment
* ''Shadow Watch'' (novel, 1999) by Jerome Preisler
* ''[[Shadow Watch]]'' (computer game, 1999) by Red Storm Entertainment
* ''Bio-Strike'' (novel, 2000) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Cold War'' (novel, 2001) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Cutting Edge'' (novel, 2002) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Zero Hour'' (novel, 2003) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Wild Card'' (novel, 2004) by Jerome Preisler

====Splinter Cell====
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (novel)|Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]] (2004)'' by [[Raymond Benson]] as [[David Michaels]]
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Operation Barracuda]]'' (2005) by Raymond Benson as David Michaels
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Checkmate]]'' (2006) by unknown author as David Michaels

====Novels not in the series====
* ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1986)
* ''[[SSN (novel)|SSN]]'' (1996)

==Non-fiction==
*''Submarine'' (1993)
*''Armored Cav'' (1994)
*''Fighter Wing'' (1995)
*''[[Marine (book)|Marine]]'' (1996)
*''Into the Storm'' (1997)
*''Airborne'' (1997)
*''Carrier'' (1999)
*''[[Every Man a Tiger]]'' (1999)
*''Special Forces'' (2001)
*''[[Shadow Warriors]]'' (2002)
*''Battle Ready'' (with Anthony Zinni, 2004, ISBN 0-399-15176-1)

==Video games==
In 1996, Clancy co-founded the [[computer game developer]] [[Red Storm Entertainment]] and ever since he had his name on several of Red Storm's most successful games. Red Storm was later bought by publisher [[Ubisoft Entertainment]] who continues to use the Clancy name. This game series includes

*''Red Storm Rising'': A submarine sim game loosely based on the novel of the same name Produced in 1990 by MicroProse for C64 and Amiga.
*''[[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six|Rainbow Six]]'': based on the novel of the same name.
*''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'': [[squad]]-based [[first-person shooter|first-person/TS shooter]].
*''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell|Splinter Cell]]'': third person stealth game, recently spawned a line of books written by a series of different authors, all writing under the [[pseudonym]] [[David Michaels]].
*''[[The Sum of All Fears (game)|The Sum of All Fears]]'': based on the novel of the same name.
*''[[SSN (novel)|SSN]]'': based on the novel of the same name.
*''Shadow Watch'': turn based strategy based on the Power Play novel [http://www.redstorm.com/games/shadowwatch].

Many of the games bearing the Clancy name have been very successful spawning several sequels and expansions. It is unknown how much input Clancy actually has into the games.

==Board games==
* ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1988)
*: Naval wargame published by [[TSR, Inc.]], based on the novel of the same name. It covered modern [[naval warfare]] between NATO and the [[Warsaw Pact]].

* ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1989)
*: [[Land warfare|Ground warfare]] [[Wargaming|wargame]] published by TSR, Inc., based on the novel of the same name. It covered an attack on NATO forces in [[western Europe]] by the Warsaw Pact. It included rules for integration with ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' game of the year before. The publisher reused the system for ''Europe Aflame'' (1989), a strategic [[World War II]] game, and ''A Line in the Sand'', a strategic game about the [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]].

==Trivia==
* Clancy is one of only two authors to have sold two million copies on a first printing in the 1990s. ([[John Grisham]] is the other author.) Clancy's 1989 novel ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' sold 1,625,544 hardcover copies, making it the #1 bestselling novel of the 1980s.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/25thann/bestsellers.htm]

* Clancy received an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] in [[Doctor of Humane Letters|humane letters]] and delivered the commencement address at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in 1992, and has since worked a reference to the school into many of his main works. [http://www.rpi.edu/dept/NewsComm/Magazine/summer04/atrensselaer/atrensselaer10.html]

*Clancy has donated over $200,000 to various Republican political candidates. [http://www.newsmeat.com/celebrity_political_donations/Tom_Clancy.php]

==See also==
* [[List of bestselling novels in the United States]]
* [[List of novelists|List of other novelists]]
* [[Dale Brown]]
* [[Stephen Coonts]]
* [[John le Carré]]
* [[Ian Fleming]]
* [[Frederick Forsyth]]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5137382/ Transcript of interview with Deborah Norville on the War in Iraq - April 2004]
* [http://www.allreaders.com/Topics/Topic_149.asp Detailed Tom Clancy Book Reviews]
* [http://www.clancyfaq.com/ Tom Clancy FAQ]
* [http://clancyfan.com/ The Tom Clancy Forum]
* [http://www.ibdof.com/IBDOF-author-booklist.php?author=205 Internet Book Database of Fiction bibliography]
* [http://wiredforbooks.org/tomclancy/ Two audio interviews of Tom Clancy (1984, 1986), RealAudio]

===Literary reviews and criticism===
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=1352 "Something for the Boys"] by [[Christopher Hitchens]], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', [[November 14]], [[1996]]. A review of Clancy's ''Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit.''

{{Books by Tom Clancy}}

[[Category:1947 births|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Living people|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic entertainers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:American thriller writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Irish-American writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Maryland writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Tom Clancy|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:American novelists|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:American military writers|Clancy, Tom]]

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Tom Clancy

2007-03-01T00:34:31Z

Robertkeller: /* Biography */ wiki school

:''This article is about Tom Clancy the author; for the member of the Irish folk band [[The Clancy Brothers]], see [[Tom Clancy (singer)]]''

{{Infobox Writer
| name = Tom Clancy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|4|12}}
| birth_place = [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]], [[USA]] {{flagicon|USA}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Novelist
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| period = 1984 - present
| genre = [[Political thriller]], [[Crime fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = [[The Hunt for Red October]] (1984)
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thomas Leo Clancy Jr.''' (born [[April 12]] [[1947]]), better known as '''Tom Clancy''', is an [[United States|American]] author of bestselling political thrillers, best known for his technically detailed espionage and [[military science]] story-lines set during the [[Cold War]]. His name is also a brand for similar books written by [[ghost writer]]s and a series of non fiction books on military subjects and merged biographies of key leaders.

==Biography==

Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. was born [[April 12]], [[1947]] in [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]]. He attended [[Loyola Blakefield]] in [[Towson, Maryland]], graduating with the class of 1965. He went on to study English Literature at [[Loyola College in Maryland|Loyola College]] in [[Baltimore]], graduating with the class of 1969. He remarked that he studied English because he was not smart enough to do [[physics]]. Before making his literary debut, he spent some time running an independent [[insurance]] business.

Clancy married his first wife, Wanda, in the 1970s. After having several children together, they divorced in 1998.

In 1998, Tom Clancy attempted to purchase the [[Minnesota Vikings]] and had a purchase agreement in place, but the deal fell through after his divorce settlement decreased his net worth significantly.

In 1999, Clancy, at age 52, married 32-year-old fellow writer [[Alexandra Marie Llewellyn]], on [[June 26]].

Tom Clancy was an early, and to many, surprising defender of [[Islam]] after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001, attacks]]. He was interviewed on [[CNN]] later that day. Clancy has also associated himself with [[Anthony Zinni|General Anthony Zinni]], a critic of the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] and former U.S. secretary of defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. The two have worked together on two books.

==Bibliography==
''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'', ''[[Patriot Games]]'', ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'', and ''[[The Sum of All Fears]]'' have been turned into commercially successful films with actors [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Ben Affleck]], and [[Harrison Ford]] as Clancy's most famous fictional character [[Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)|Jack Ryan]], while his second famous character [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]] has been played by actors [[Willem Dafoe]] and [[Liev Schreiber]].

With the release of ''[[The Teeth of the Tiger]]'', Clancy introduced Jack Ryan's son and two nephews as main characters. Presumably, he has retired Jack Ryan as a central character. Many fans have expressed disappointment in Clancy's recent fiction works and sales of his books have reflected the growing trend of readers turning away from Clancy.

Clancy has written several nonfiction books about various branches of the [[Military of the United States|U.S. armed forces]] (see [[Tom Clancy#Non-fiction|non-fiction listing]], below). Clancy has also branded several lines of books with his name that are written by other authors, following premises or storylines generally in keeping with Clancy's works:

*''[[Tom Clancy's Op-Center]]''
*''[[Tom Clancy's Power Plays]]''
*''[[Tom Clancy's Net Force]]''
*''[[Net Force Explorers|Tom Clancy's Net Force Explorers]]''
*''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (novel)|Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]''

These are sometimes referred to by fans as "apostrophe" books; Clancy did not initially acknowledge that these series were being authored by others, only thanking the actual authors in the headnotes for their "invaluable contribution to the manuscript".

In 1997 Tom Clancy signed a book deal with [[Penguin Putnam Inc.]] (both part of [[Pearson Education]]), that paid him [[United States dollar|US$]]50 million for the world-English rights to two new books. He then signed a second agreement for another US$25 million for a four-year book/multimedia deal. Clancy followed this up with an agreement with [[Berkley Books]] for 24 paperbacks to tie in with the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] television miniseries ''[[NetForce (film)|Tom Clancy's Net Force]]'' aired in the fall/winter of 1998. The OP-Center universe has laid the ground for the series of books written by [[Jeff Rovin]], which was in an agreement worth US $22 million bringing the total value of the package to US$97 million.

All but two of Clancy's novels feature [[Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)|Jack Ryan]] and/or [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]].

===By publication date===
{{spoiler}}
* ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1984)
*: Clancy's first novel. Jack Ryan assists in the defection of a respected [[Soviet Navy|Soviet naval]] captain, along with the most advanced [[ballistic missile submarine|missile sub]] of the Soviet fleet. The [[The Hunt for Red October (film)|movie]] (1990) stars [[Alec Baldwin]] as Ryan and [[Sean Connery]] as Captain Ramius.

* ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1986)
*: War between [[NATO]] and [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. The basis of the submarine combat game of the same name, this is one of two Clancy novels to date not set in his [[Ryaniverse]], (although the protagonist of the story has many similarities with Jack Ryan). He co-wrote it with [[Larry Bond]].

* ''[[Patriot Games]]'' (1987)
*: Ryan saves the [[Prince of Wales]] from terrorists, who go after Ryan and his family. The [[Patriot Games (film)|1992 movie]] stars [[Harrison Ford]] as Ryan, and has a fictional lord instead of the Prince of Wales. (John Clark later tells Jack Ryan in ''Clear and Present Danger'' that he was on the helicopter that had to turn back when attacking the terrorist camps in northern Africa.) It should be noted that the events of "Patriot Games" are mentioned as part of Jack Ryan's past in "The Hunt for Red October", and therefore is a prequel to that story.

* ''[[The Cardinal of the Kremlin]]'' (1988)
*: First appearance of John Clark and Sergey Golovko. Secret anti-satellite lasers ([[Strategic Defense Initiative|SDI]]), high-stakes diplomacy, spies and computer geeks (Major Gregory is introduced here and shown later as updating [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] software in ''The Bear and the Dragon'').

* ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' (1989)
*: [[War on Drugs|Drug war]] in [[Colombia]]. Ryan and Clark finally meet; first appearance of [[Domingo Chavez|"Ding" Chavez]]. The [[Clear and Present Danger (film)|movie]] (1994) stars [[Harrison Ford]] as Ryan and [[Willem Dafoe]] as Clark.

* ''[[The Sum of All Fears]]'' (1991)
*: [[Israel]] loses a [[nuclear weapon]], which [[terrorism|terrorists]] use to foment war between U.S. and [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], which is averted by Ryan in a [[cliffhanger]]. The [[The Sum of All Fears (film)|2002 movie]] stars [[Ben Affleck]] as Ryan, [[Liev Schreiber]] as Clark, and changes the identity and motivation of the terrorists.

* ''[[Without Remorse]]'' (1993)
*: Chronologically the first book featuring John Kelly/John Clark, detailing Clark's life before the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). Set during the [[Vietnam War]], it tells about the past of John Kelly, how he assumed the Clark mantle, and tells how Clark became a CIA officer. Jack Ryan's father (Emmett Ryan) has a key role; Jack Ryan has a tiny cameo.

* ''[[Debt of Honor]]'' (1994)
*: Ryan as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]], and John Clark and Domingo Chavez as agents with Russian [[Cover (intelligence)|cover]], help win a military and economic war with a nuclear-armed [[Japan]]. Golovko makes a cameo here.

* ''[[Executive Orders]]'' (1996)
*: Sequel to ''Debt of Honor''. Ryan, propelled into [[President of the United States|presidency]] as a result of events in ''Debt of Honor'', survives press hazing, [[assassination]] attempts and [[biological warfare]]—Clark and Ding trace the [[virus]] to a [[Middle East]]ern madman, and the U.S. military goes to work.

* ''[[SSN (novel)|SSN: Strategies for Submarine Warfare]]'' (1996)
*: Follows the missions of [[Cheyenne (SSN-773)|USS ''Cheyenne'']] in a future war with [[China]] precipitated by their invasion of the disputed [[Spratly Islands]]. Also not a Ryaniverse book, SSN is actually a loosely connected collection of "scenario" chapters in support of the [[eponym]]ous [[computer game]].

* ''[[Rainbow Six (novel)|Rainbow Six]]'' (1998)
*: Released to tie in with [[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six|the computer game of the same name]]. John Clark leads an elite anti-terrorist unit and averts worldwide genocide attempt by terrorists who are motivated by [[radical environmentalism]]. (Jack Ryan is mentioned, he is the US President, but is only referred to as either 'The President' or 'Jack'.)

* ''[[The Bear and the Dragon]]'' (2000)
*: War between [[Russia]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. Ryan recognizes the independence of [[Taiwan]] and the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] helps Russia defeat the Chinese invasion.
* ''[[Red Rabbit]]'' (2002)
*: Back when he was a humble CIA analyst, Ryan aids in the defection of a Soviet officer who knows of a plan to assassinate the [[Pope John Paul II|Pope]].

* ''[[The Teeth of the Tiger]]'' (2003)
*: Features the rise of Jack Ryan's son, Jack Ryan Jr., as an intelligence analyst, and then a field consultant, for The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence agency with the freedom to discreetly assassinate individuals "who threaten national security", following the retirement of Jack Sr. from the Presidency. Note: This is the latest book of the Jack Ryan series by Tom Clancy, introducing his son and his two nephews as heirs to his spook-legacy.

* Barnes & Noble listed an untitled Clancy work scheduled for a June 2006 release however no book was released.[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&isbn=0399152709&itm=1 B&N Clancy]

===By series plot chronology===
====Jack Ryan/John Clark universe====
* ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Patriot Games]]'' (1987)
* ''[[The Cardinal of the Kremlin]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' (1989)
* ''[[The Sum of All Fears]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Without Remorse]]'' (1993) *
* ''[[Debt of Honor]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Executive Orders]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Rainbow_Six_(novel)|Rainbow Six]]'' (1998) *
* ''[[The Bear and the Dragon]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Red Rabbit]]'' (2002)
* ''[[The Teeth of the Tiger]]'' (2003) **

<nowiki>*</nowiki> These books feature [[John Clark (Tom Clancy character)|John Clark]] only, although Jack Ryan has a short conversation with his father in ''Without Remorse'', and is also referenced to in "Rainbow Six" briefly a couple of times (as the US President and referred to only as 'Jack').

<nowiki>**</nowiki> This book features Ryan's son ([[Jack Junior]]).

Listed chronologically in order of date of publication, e.g. ''The Hunt for Red October'' was published in 1984, and ''Patriot Games'' was published in 1987.

====Op-Center universe====
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Op-Center|Op-Center]]'' (1995) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Mirror Image (Tom Clancy novel)|Mirror Image]]'' (1996) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Games of State]]'' (1996) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Acts of War]]'' (1997) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Balance of Power (novel)|Balance of Power]]'' (1998) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[State of Siege]]'' (1999) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Divide and Conquer (novel)|Divide and Conquer]]'' (2000) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Line of Control (novel)|Line of Control]]'' (2001) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Mission of Honor]]'' (2002) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Sea of Fire]]'' (2003) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[Call to Treason]]'' (2004) by Jeff Rovin
* ''[[War of Eagles]]'' (2005) by Jeff Rovin

====NetForce universe====
'''Adult'''

* ''[[Tom Clancy's Net Force|Net Force]]'' (1998) by [[Steve Perry (author)|Steve Perry]]
* ''[[Hidden Agendas]]'' (1999) by Steve Perry
* ''[[Night Moves (novel)|Night Moves]]'' (1999) by Steve Perry
* ''Breaking Point'' (1999) by Steve Perry
* ''[[Point of Impact (Tom Clancy novel)|Point of Impact]]'' (2001) by Steve Perry
* ''CyberNation'' (2001) by Steve Perry
* ''[[State of War]]'' (2003) by Steve Perry and [[Larry Segriff]]
* ''Changing of the Guard'' (2003) by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff
* ''Springboard'' (2004) by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff
* ''The Archimedes Effect'' (2006) by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff

'''Young Adult'''

* ''[[Virtual Vandals]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Deadliest Game]]'' (1999)
* ''[[One Is the Loneliest Number]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Ultimate Escape (novel)|The Ultimate Escape]]'' (1999)
* ''The Great Race'' (1999)
* ''End Game'' (1999)
* ''[[Cyberspy]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shadow of Honor]]'' (2000)
* ''Private Lives'' (2000)
* ''Safe House'' (2000)
* ''[[Gameprey]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Duel Identity]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Deathworld (Tom Clancy novel)|Deathworld]]'' (2000)
* ''[[High Wire]]'' (2001)
* ''Cold Case'' (2001)
* ''[[Runaways (novel)|Runaways]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Cloak and Dagger (novel)|Cloak and Dagger]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Death Match]] (in the UK released in 2002 as "Own Goal")'' (2003)

====Power Plays universe====

* ''Politika'' (novel, 1997) by [[Jerome Preisler]]
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Politika|Politika]]'' (computer game, 1997) by [[Red Storm Entertainment]]
* ''ruthless.com'' (novel, 1998) by Jerome Preisler
* ''ruthless.com'' (computer game, 1998) by Red Storm Entertainment
* ''Shadow Watch'' (novel, 1999) by Jerome Preisler
* ''[[Shadow Watch]]'' (computer game, 1999) by Red Storm Entertainment
* ''Bio-Strike'' (novel, 2000) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Cold War'' (novel, 2001) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Cutting Edge'' (novel, 2002) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Zero Hour'' (novel, 2003) by Jerome Preisler
* ''Wild Card'' (novel, 2004) by Jerome Preisler

====Splinter Cell====
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (novel)|Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]] (2004)'' by [[Raymond Benson]] as [[David Michaels]]
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Operation Barracuda]]'' (2005) by Raymond Benson as David Michaels
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Checkmate]]'' (2006) by unknown author as David Michaels

====Novels not in the series====
* ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1986)
* ''[[SSN (novel)|SSN]]'' (1996)

==Non-fiction==
*''Submarine'' (1993)
*''Armored Cav'' (1994)
*''Fighter Wing'' (1995)
*''[[Marine (book)|Marine]]'' (1996)
*''Into the Storm'' (1997)
*''Airborne'' (1997)
*''Carrier'' (1999)
*''[[Every Man a Tiger]]'' (1999)
*''Special Forces'' (2001)
*''[[Shadow Warriors]]'' (2002)
*''Battle Ready'' (with Anthony Zinni, 2004, ISBN 0-399-15176-1)

==Video games==
In 1996, Clancy co-founded the [[computer game developer]] [[Red Storm Entertainment]] and ever since he had his name on several of Red Storm's most successful games. Red Storm was later bought by publisher [[Ubisoft Entertainment]] who continues to use the Clancy name. This game series includes

*''Red Storm Rising'': A submarine sim game loosely based on the novel of the same name Produced in 1990 by MicroProse for C64 and Amiga.
*''[[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six|Rainbow Six]]'': based on the novel of the same name.
*''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'': [[squad]]-based [[first-person shooter|first-person/TS shooter]].
*''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell|Splinter Cell]]'': third person stealth game, recently spawned a line of books written by a series of different authors, all writing under the [[pseudonym]] [[David Michaels]].
*''[[The Sum of All Fears (game)|The Sum of All Fears]]'': based on the novel of the same name.
*''[[SSN (novel)|SSN]]'': based on the novel of the same name.
*''Shadow Watch'': turn based strategy based on the Power Play novel [http://www.redstorm.com/games/shadowwatch].

Many of the games bearing the Clancy name have been very successful spawning several sequels and expansions. It is unknown how much input Clancy actually has into the games.

==Board games==
* ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' (1988)
*: Naval wargame published by [[TSR, Inc.]], based on the novel of the same name. It covered modern [[naval warfare]] between NATO and the [[Warsaw Pact]].

* ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1989)
*: [[Land warfare|Ground warfare]] [[Wargaming|wargame]] published by TSR, Inc., based on the novel of the same name. It covered an attack on NATO forces in [[western Europe]] by the Warsaw Pact. It included rules for integration with ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' game of the year before. The publisher reused the system for ''Europe Aflame'' (1989), a strategic [[World War II]] game, and ''A Line in the Sand'', a strategic game about the [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]].

==Trivia==
* Clancy is one of only two authors to have sold two million copies on a first printing in the 1990s. ([[John Grisham]] is the other author.) Clancy's 1989 novel ''[[Clear and Present Danger]]'' sold 1,625,544 hardcover copies, making it the #1 bestselling novel of the 1980s.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/25thann/bestsellers.htm]

* Clancy received an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] in [[Doctor of Humane Letters|humane letters]] and delivered the commencement address at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in 1992, and has since worked a reference to the school into many of his main works. [http://www.rpi.edu/dept/NewsComm/Magazine/summer04/atrensselaer/atrensselaer10.html]

*Clancy has donated over $200,000 to various Republican political candidates. [http://www.newsmeat.com/celebrity_political_donations/Tom_Clancy.php]

==See also==
* [[List of bestselling novels in the United States]]
* [[List of novelists|List of other novelists]]
* [[Dale Brown]]
* [[Stephen Coonts]]
* [[John le Carré]]
* [[Ian Fleming]]
* [[Frederick Forsyth]]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5137382/ Transcript of interview with Deborah Norville on the War in Iraq - April 2004]
* [http://www.allreaders.com/Topics/Topic_149.asp Detailed Tom Clancy Book Reviews]
* [http://www.clancyfaq.com/ Tom Clancy FAQ]
* [http://clancyfan.com/ The Tom Clancy Forum]
* [http://www.ibdof.com/IBDOF-author-booklist.php?author=205 Internet Book Database of Fiction bibliography]
* [http://wiredforbooks.org/tomclancy/ Two audio interviews of Tom Clancy (1984, 1986), RealAudio]

===Literary reviews and criticism===
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=1352 "Something for the Boys"] by [[Christopher Hitchens]], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', [[November 14]], [[1996]]. A review of Clancy's ''Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit.''

{{Books by Tom Clancy}}

[[Category:1947 births|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Living people|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic entertainers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:American thriller writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Irish-American writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Maryland writers|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:Tom Clancy|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:American novelists|Clancy, Tom]]
[[Category:American military writers|Clancy, Tom]]

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Emily Harris

2007-02-21T23:35:04Z

Robertkeller: Back-calculated approx year of birth, per arrest records (She was 54 on 2001)

{{Cleanup|September 2006}}

[[Image:Emily Harris (SLA).jpg|thumb|right|155px|Emily Harris's [[1975]] mugshot.]]

'''Emily Harris''', born circa [[1947]] '''Emily Montague''', was, along with her husband [[William Harris (terrorist)|William Harris]], a founding member of the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (SLA), a leftist [[United States]] group involved in bank robberies, kidnapping and murder.

==Early life==
Harris was the daughter of a middle class engineer. She graduated from [[Indiana University]] with a BA in language arts and received training from the CIA. She received straight A's at [[Indiana University]] and was smart and popular, and a member of [[Chi Omega]]. She was briefly a teacher. Before leaving Indiana, she worked with her husband Bill and [[Angela Atwood]] in a "mod squad" for the Indiana State Police, where they set up narcotics arrests.

==Founding the Symbionese Liberation Army==
Emily and Bill Harris arrived in [[Berkeley, California]] in 1973 from [[Bloomington, Indiana]]. They came with their friends [[Gary Atwood]] and [[Angela Atwood]]. They soon joined a radical group, visited prisoners in northern California through a prison visitation program , meeting [[Donald DeFreeze]], who had recently escaped from prison. They joined the SLA, created by Mizmoon Soltisik and Nancy Perry along with original members, Joseph Remiro, [[Russ Little]], Willie Wolfe, Angela Atwood, Theo Wheeler and Camilla Hall. Harris' ''[[nom de guerre]]'' was Yolanda.[http://www.maebrussell.com/Mae%20Brussell%20Articles/Why%20Was%20Hearst%20Kidnapped%201.html] On November 6th, the SLA committed its first public act, the assassination of popular [[Oakland, California]] school superintendent [[Marcus Foster]]. The SLA mistakenly thought that Foster was behind a plan to require student identification cards in Oakland high schools.

==Later SLA and Opsahl murder==
Emily and Bill Harris came to lead the SLA after six other members died in a shootout with police and the house fire it triggered. After the fire, the Harrises spent over a year on the run with kidnapping victim [[Patty Hearst]] and new members Kathleen Soliah (renamed Sara Jane Olson), Mike Bortin, Jim Kilgore, Josephine Soliah, Steve Soliah and Wendy Yoshimura. Hearst had since become an active participant in SLA crimes herself. Yoshimura, Patty's closest friend while underground, was a fugitive for her involvement with explosives that were stored in a garage she rented. During that year the SLA committed a string of crimes, including a April 21, 1975 robbery of [[Crocker National Bank]] in [[Sacramento, California]]. During the robbery, 42-year old Myrna Ospahl was shotgunned to death. Opsahl was depositing a church collection at the time. Patty Hearst stated in her 1982 autobiography ''[[Every Secret Thing]]'' that Emily was the shooter. Other SLA members had urged Harris not to bring the shotgun to the robbery, as it had accidentally gone off twice during preparations.

The Harrises were eventually arrested and served eight years in prison for the Hearst kidnapping.
Imprisoned at the [[California Institution for Women]] at [[Frontera, California]], Emily Harris spent the first half of her term in solitary confinement. When released to the main yard she organized a conference attended by 200 parole officers, probation officers and county social workers at the prison focused on helping women prisoners maintain relationships with their children. Through her efforts the first ever children's visiting center was created, complete with toys, so the children would not be so bored when visiting. (This center was dismantled some years later when the administration decided it wasn't as important as a secure visiting center for inmates who were not allowed to see visitors except through glass walls.) Emily learned computer programming in prison.

==Life after first prison term==
After her release from prison, Harris became a computer programmer and began a successful computer consulting company. She divorced her husband and lived with another woman for many years in [[Los Angeles]]. Together they purchased a two-bedroom home in [[Altadena, California]].

==Opsahl murder charges==
For over 25 years no one was charged in the Opsahl murder. The SLA wore wigs and masks during the Crocker Bank robbery, and left little evidence behind. However, with new forensics techniques, the FBI was eventually able to link shotgun pellets removed from Opsahl's body to shotgun shells found in an SLA hideout[http://www.rickross.com/reference/symbionese/symbionese16.html]. Additional evidence mounted, and in [[2002]] Harris and three other SLA members were charged with the Opsahl murder. Harris' bail was set at one million US dollars, which her supporters quickly gathered.

Three former SLA members who had been granted immunity, Hearst, [[Steven Soliah]], and [[Wendy Yoshimura]] were set to testify for the prosecution in the Opsahl case. Two of these were not considered high-quality witnesses. Yoshimura had been charged with contempt for her poor testimony in an earlier case and Hearst, in ''Every Little Secret'', had been accused of being less than truthful about her role in SLA crimes.

Facing a possible conviction, Harris and the others pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and she was sentenced to eight additional years in prison. Bill Harris was sentenced to seven more years and [[Kathleen Soliah]] and [[Michael Bortin]] were each sentenced to six years for their roles. Mike Bortin was recently released from prison and the Harrises are expected to be released within the next year. Only Sara Jane Olson will remain in prison until 2009. [http://www.rickross.com/reference/symbionese/symbionese37.html]

==References==

1. Patty Cakes - Terror, nostalgia and the SLA [[Gordon Young]] [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/04.11.02/cover/sla1-0215.html]

[[Category:Living people|Harris, Emily]]

Myrna Opsahl

2007-02-21T23:16:16Z

Robertkeller: Back-calculated approx year of birth, per her daughter's statement in court (She was 42 on 21 April 1975)

'''Myrna Opsahl''' (born c1933) was a [[church]] worker, a mother of four, and a [[murder]] victim of the notorious [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]. She died [[April 21]], [[1975]] during a [[Carmichael, California]] bank robbery. Newspaper heiress and kidnapping/brainwashing victim [[Patty Hearst]] was the driver of the getaway car during this robbery.

Her death led to a lengthy campaign for justice, which finally in [[2002]] led to the arrest of [[Emily Harris]], [[William Harris (terrorist)|William Harris]], [[Kathleen Soliah]], [[Michael Bortin]], and [[James Kilgore]] for the murder. Emily Harris admitted to firing the fatal [[shotgun]] blast, but claimed it was an accident.

==External links==
*http://myrnaopsahl.com/

[[Category:1975 deaths|Opsahl, Myrna]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm|Opsahl, Myrna]]
[[Category:American murder victims|Opsahl, Myrna]]

Steven Weed

2007-02-21T22:27:19Z

Robertkeller: Back-calculated approx year of birth

'''Steven Weed''' (born c1948) made the news in the [[1970s]] as the live-in fiancé of [[Patty Hearst]]. The 26-year-old Weed was then living with the 19-year-old Hearst in [[Berkeley, California| Berkeley]], [[California]] on [[February 4]], [[1974]] when members of the [[Symbionese Liberation Army|SLA]] [[home invasion|invaded]] the apartment, assaulted Weed, and [[kidnapping| kidnapped]] Hearst.

He first met Patty at [[Crystal Springs Uplands School|Crystal Springs School for Girls]], where he was a math teacher. Prior to teaching high school in California, Weed had been the captain of the track team at [[Princeton University]] and a pole vaulter.

In recent years, Steven Weed worked as a realtor for [[Alain Pinel]] in [[Menlo Park]], CA on the Peninsula of the Bay Area, seen at this website[http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:0YxZrSutZqwJ:www.apr.com/DesktopDefault.aspx%3Fpageid%3D1070%26pagealias%3DAgentDetail%26AgentID%3D5685+steven+weed+realtor&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1&client=firefox-a].

{{US-bio-stub}}

[[Category:Living people|Weed, Steven]]

Danny and the Dinosaur

2007-02-21T17:45:33Z

Robertkeller: /* Plot */ No confusion on gender, for in 1958 USA Danny was exclusively a male name. Other wording edits.

'''''Danny and the Dinosaur''''' is a popular children's book by [[Syd Hoff]], first published by [[Harper & Row]] in [[1958]]. It has sold over six million copies and has been translated into a dozen languages. The book inspired two sequels by Syd Hoff: ''Happy Birthday, Danny and the Dinosaur!'' and ''Danny and the Dinosaur Go to Camp''. It also won the distinction ''[[New York Times]] Outstanding Book of the Year''.

==Plot==
{{spoiler}}
"One day Danny went to the museum" is the first sentence of this book. In the museum, Danny sees other things, but is almost immedtialy drawn to the dinosaur section and is delighted to find a living dinosaur. Both agree to play with each other, and Danny rides out of the museum on the dinosaur's neck.

Danny and his dinosaur buddy embark on an adventure-filled day, including...

*Danny confusing a building for a rock
*attending a baseball game
*eating ice cream instead of grass
*going to the zoo, and
*playing hide and seek with other children

The dinosaur is well-intentioned throughout the story, for he helps a lady cross the street, takes Danny across a river and lets the children use him as a slide. He's also a celebrity, as the illustrations show hundreds of people leave the zoo to play with Danny.

''Danny and the Dinosaur'' ends late in the day as all the children return home. Danny waits until the dinosaur walks back to the museum. While walking home, Danny thinks about one of the things first stated in the story: he wants a dinosaur for a pet, but realizes a dinosaur would be too big to stay at his house. As he walks up the driveway, Danny has last line, "But we did have a wonderful day."

{{endspoiler}}

==Trivia==
* The billboard which the dinosaur hides behind says, "Brush your teeth every day." It shows a picture of a boy brushing his teeth.

{{child-book-stub}}
[[category:1958 books]]
[[category:Children's picture books]]

Syd Hoff

2007-02-21T17:29:45Z

Robertkeller: Added books as listed on Harper Collins and Amazon

'''Syd Hoff''' ([[September 4]], [[1912]] – [[May 12]], [[2004]]) was an American children’s book author and [[cartoonist]].

Syd Hoff wrote and illustrated over 60 volumes in the [[HarperCollins]] "I Can Read" series for beginning readers, most notably ''[[Sammy the Seal]]'' and the popular ''[[Danny and the Dinosaur]]'' ([[1958]]), which has sold 10 million copies and has been translated into a dozen languages.

While Hoff was still in high school, [[Milt Gross]], a popular 1930s cartoonist, told him at an assembly that "Kid, someday you'll be a great cartoonist!" At 16, he enrolled at the [[National Academy of Design]] in [[New York City]]. At 18, he sold his first cartoon to ''[[The New Yorker]]'', and would sell a total of 571 of them to the publication from [[1931]] to [[1975]]. He drew two long-running syndicated comic strips: ''[[Tuffy]]'' ([[1932]]-[[1957]]) and ''[[Laugh It Off]]'' ([[1958]]-[[1978]]). He was also the host of a television show, ''[[Tales of Hoff]]'', in which he drew and told stories.

==Books Written and Illustrated by Syd Hoff==
*Albert The Albatross
*Barkley
*Barney's Horse
*Captain Cat
*Chester
*Danny and the Dinosaur
*Danny and the Dinosaur Go to Camp
*Grizzwold
*Happy Birthday, Danny and the Dinosaur!
*Julius
*Mrs. Brice's Mice
*Oliver
*Sammy the Seal
*Stanley
*The Horse in Harry's Room
*Who Will Be My Friends?

[[Category:1912 births|Hoff, Syd]]
[[Category:2004 deaths|Hoff, Syd]]
[[Category:American children's writers|Hoff, Syd]]
[[Category:American cartoonists|Hoff, Syd]]
[[Category:New Yorker cartoonists|Hoff, Syd]]