Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

You Got the Love

2024-10-21T01:10:06Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background and release */Fixed grammar - it was a run-on sentence - put a period after “Froggy”.

{{Short description|Single by The Source featuring Candi Staton}}
{{For|the Rufus song|You Got the Love (Rufus song)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = You Got the Love
| cover = You Got the Love by The Source featuring Candi Staton UK 1991 reissue.png
| alt =
| caption = UK 7-inch variant of 1991 re-release
| type = single
| artist = [[The Source (musician)|the Source]] featuring [[Candi Staton]]
| album =
| released = 1986
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[House music|House]]
| length = * 4:05 (radio mix)
* 3:15 (Now Voyager radio edit)
* 3:35 (Now Voyager radio mix)
| label = {{ubl|1986: Source (US), [[Streetwave]] (UK)|1991: Truelove|1997: [[React Music Limited|React]]|2006: [[Positiva Records|Positiva]]}}
| writer = {{hlist|Anthony B. Stephens|Arnecia Michelle Harris|John Bellamy}}
| producer = [[The Source (musician)|The Source]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|vgojwuPjypU|"You Got the Love" (1997 version)}}}}
}}
"'''You Got the Love'''" is a song by British songwriting team [[The Source (musician)|the Source]] featuring American singer-songwriter [[Candi Staton]]. Originally released in 1986, the song was remixed and re-released in 1991, 1997, and 2006. It reached number three on the [[UK Singles Chart]], number two on the [[UK Dance Singles Chart]] and number one on the [[Record Mirror Club Chart|UK Club Chart]].

The song has been covered by other artists, including a version by [[Florence and the Machine]] in 2009, which reached number five on the UK chart.

==Background and release==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2018}}
{{Quote box|width=22%|align=right|quote="They were calling my house saying I had a No. 1 record in England. And I said, 'What song? I haven't released any song.'"|source=—[[Candi Staton]] talking to ''[[The Guardian]]'' about the song.<ref name="robertdimery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UH_EOUR4tmkC|title=1001 Songs: You Must Hear Before You Die|first=Robert|last=Dimery|publisher=Hachette UK|date=5 December 2011|isbn=9781844037179 |accessdate=9 January 2023}}</ref>}}
The original version is a [[Soul music|soul]]/[[disco]]/[[Gospel music|gospel]] track, written by Anthony B. Stephens, Arnecia Michelle Harris and John Bellamy. British DJ [[Simon Harris (musician)|Simon Harris]] was the first person to discover and license the song in 1986 when he was looking for tracks to release on his newly formed [[Music of Life]] label with [[DJ Froggy]]. Harris then took the track to Morgan Khan, the distributor of the new label, the track was licensed and released on Khan's [[StreetSounds]] Streetwave label. The original Candi Staton track had been recorded for a [[direct-to-video]] 1980s documentary about an obese man who was trying to lose weight. Staton said she couldn't remember having recorded a song called "You Got the Love". It was only later that she realised she had performed the song years earlier for the documentary. The producers of the video had selected the song for her to sing, but as they had no funds to pay her, they donated half of the copyright and publishing to Staton.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1737687,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=I was so drunk I fell on to the stage | first=Sophie | last=Heawood | date=24 March 2006}}</ref>

The Candi Staton a cappella version was originally mixed over an instrumental version of the [[Frankie Knuckles]]/[[Jamie Principle]] house song "[[Your Love (Jamie Principle song)|Your Love]]". This bootleg release was a studio recording of Eren Abdullah mixing the two pieces of vinyl together. The DJ Eren "Original Bootleg" mix was released by [[John Truelove|John Truelove's]] record label in 1991 and reached number four<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30969/source/|title=SOURCE | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com}}</ref> in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

It was re-issued in 1997 by [[React Music Limited]] in a new remixed version called the "Now Voyager Mix".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15762/candi-staton/|title=CANDI STATON | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com}}</ref> This time the record reached number three, the song's highest position.

It was remixed again in 2006 by Now Voyager, and this new version was called the "New Voyager Mix" (instead of "Now"), and was back with further new mixes by the [[Shapeshifters (band)|Shapeshifters]] amongst others. This time the rights to the record were picked up by EMI's Positiva label (also the label the Shapeshifters were signed to), who scored another top ten hit, when the track reached number seven. The 2006 mix also featured more lyrics than the first two versions.

The "Original Bootleg Radio Mix" of the track was featured in the film ''[[Layer Cake (film)|Layer Cake]]'' in the club when Sidney talks to the film's protagonist as he looks on at Sidney's girlfriend.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2020 |author=Jude Rogers |title=You Got the Love — Candi Staton's house classic was never meant to be released |url=https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/you-got-the-love.html |website=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231116123236/https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/you-got-the-love.html |archive-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref>
The song was used on the series finale of the series ''[[Sex and the City]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Addario |first1=Daniel |title='And Just Like That' Doesn't Yet Have the 'Sex and the City' Spirit: TV Review |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/reviews/and-just-like-that-satc-review-1235129553/ |website=Variety |date=9 December 2021 |quote=ended, in 2004, with a montage of its characters having found fulfillment through romance and, crucially, self-acceptance, all set to the 1980s single “You Got the Love.”}}</ref> and also the series finale of [[Gossip Girl]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2012 |last1=Johnson |first1=Zach |author1-link=Zach Johnson |title=Gossip Girl's Identity Revealed: Which Cast Member Is It? |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/gossip-girls-identity-revealed-which-cast-member-is-it-20121812/ |website=[[Us Weekly]] }}</ref>
The Now Voyager Remix of the song was used for the theme tune of live Football League coverage on [[Sky Sports]] until the start of the 2014–15 season.<ref name="Rogers" />

==Critical reception==
On 19 January 1991, ''[[Music Week]]'' named "You Got the Love" Pick of the Week.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alan|last=Jones|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-01-19.pdf|title=Mainstream: Singles — Pick of the Week|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=19 January 1991|page=9|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> Mandi James from ''[[New Musical Express|NME]]'' wrote, "[[Bootleg recording|Bootlegs]] have kept the dancefloor boiling, provided healthy competition for the influx of white labels and given inspiration in the face of [[Technotronic]] megamixes. The best ideas have always been the most breathtakingly simple and usually caused the most consternation. 'You Got the Love' by the Source featuring [[Candi Staton]], formerly known as 'Love/Rock', pays testimony to both those principles. It's an inspired combination of uplifting [[gospel music|gospel]] vocals and [[Jamie Principle]]'s proto-House classic '[[Your Love (Jamie Principle song)|Your Love]]', is currently sitting comfortably in the Top 40, and has a chequered history to match [[Black Box (group)|Black Box]]'s '[[Ride On Time]]'."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mandi|last=James|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/52294831216/|title=Hot Source|magazine=[[New Musical Express|NME]]|date=16 February 1991|page=24|access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

Upon the 1997 remix, Alan Jones from ''Music Week'' commented, "A brilliant marriage of two different records, the Source featuring Candi Staton's "You Got The Love" was a truly inspired amalgam, well deserving its top five status in 1991. Six years on, it has been extensively remixed by the [[Rhythm Masters]] and [[David Morales]] & [[Frankie Knuckles]]. The new mixes work well, although the 1991 mixes remain the best. Well worth another outing."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alan|last=Jones|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-01-18.pdf|title=Talking Music|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=18 January 1997|page=23|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[James Hyman]] from the ''[[Record Mirror|RM]]'' Dance Update gave the 1997 remix five out of five, adding, "Now 'Voyager's Epic' (which is managing to gain considerable airplay) borrows from [[Edward Elgar|Elgar]]'s '[[Enigma Variations]]' and, with the vocal, creates a parallel to [[Massive Attack]]'s '[[Unfinished Sympathy]]' via an uplifting and spinetingling surge."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=James|last=Hyman|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-01-25.pdf|title=Hot Vinyl|magazine=[[Music Week]], in [[Record Mirror]] (Dance Update Supplemental Insert)|date=25 January 1997|page=8|accessdate=7 May 2022|author-link=James Hyman}}</ref>

==Music video==
The planned 1986 video was supposed to feature a {{convert|900|lb|kg}} man wanting to lose weight. The filming was shelved when the actor portraying the character lost his weight to around {{convert|300|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{cite interview |first=Candi |last=Staton |date=24 February 2009 |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/01201-we-want-candi-soul-legend-ms-staton-interviewed |title=We Want Candi—Soul Legend Candi Staton Interviewed |website=The Quietus |access-date=15 September 2009 }}</ref>

The 1991 video shows silhouettes of men and women dancing on a white background, sometimes as individuals, couples or in groups, intercut with a sequence of close-ups of different faces miming to the lyrics. Grainy footage of a [[Northern line]] [[London Underground]] train entering a station also appears.

The 1997 video features the "Now Voyager mix" and portrays a man dressed like a [[friar]] carrying a cross being guided by an angel and tempted by the Devil.

The 2006 version features the "New Voyager mix" in a black and white video. Set in London, it portrays an angelic young man (played by [[Neil Newbon]]) watching over the poor, lonely and vulnerable in the streets, subways and gardens. (Referencing the Wim Wenders film ''[[Wings of Desire]]'')

==Impact and legacy==
''[[Mixmag]]'' ranked the song number 33<ref name="playlists.net">{{Cite web|url=https://playlists.net/mixmag-100-greatest-dance-singles-of-all|title=Mixmag 100 Greatest Dance Singles Of All Time Spotify Playlist|website=Playlists.net}}</ref> in its "100 Greatest Dance Singles of All Time" list in 1996, adding:

{{cquote|Sometimes you feel like throwing your hands up in the air. And that's exactly when you want to hear this record.}}

English [[house music]] DJ, [[DJ Paulette]] named the song as one of her favourites in 1996, saying, "This is one of my desert island discs. It came out in about 1991/1992 and it's just fantastic, so strong. I remember the video being shown on [[Top of the Pops|TOTP]], it charted really highly. The energy of the track is inspirational."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-04-20.pdf|first=|last=|title=Jock On Her Box|magazine=[[Music Week]], in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert)|date=20 April 1996|page=5|accessdate=15 August 2021}}</ref>

''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' listed the song number seven in their "The 100 best party songs" list in 2018, adding,

{{cquote|This is the one time it is absolutely acceptable to shriek a song. You do it because nobody, not Florence, nobody, can match Candi Staton’s voice. She sings it and everyone else shrieks it in homage to one of the great vocals of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 best party songs|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/music/best-party-songs|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>}}

===Accolades===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Publisher
!Country
!Accolade
!Rank
|-
|1996
|''[[Mixmag]]''
|United Kingdom
|"100 Greatest Dance Singles of All Time"<ref name="playlists.net"/>
|33
|-
|2004
|''[[IDJ]]''
|United States
|"The 50 Greatest Dance Singles"{{CN|date=December 2023}}
|22
|-
|2004
|''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
|United Kingdom
|"The 1010 Songs You Must Own"
|*
|-
|2015
|Robert Dimery
|United States
|"1,001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die, and 10,001 You Must Download (2015 Update)"
|*
|-
|2018
|''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]''
|United Kingdom
|"100 Best Party Songs"
|7
|-
|2020
|''[[PopMatters]]''
|United States
|"15 Landmark Dance Tracks of 1991"<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Steve|last=Jansen|title=15 Landmark Dance Tracks of 1991|magazine=[[PopMatters]]|url=https://www.popmatters.com/15-landmark-dance-tracks-1991-2495953361.html|date=26 June 2020|accessdate=21 April 2022}}</ref>
|*
|-
|2020
|[[Tomorrowland (festival)|Tomorrowland]]
|Belgium
|"Ibiza Top 500"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Tomorrowland Ibiza Top 500 (2020)|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/6RrALk1ve62YYLcyrForW0|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|33
|-
|}
(*) indicates the list is not in any particular order.

==Track listings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''1986 original version'''
:A1. "You Got the Love" {{small|(House Radio)}} — 4:27
:A2. "You Got the Love" {{small|(Extended Vocal)}} — 6:45
:B1. "You Got the Love" {{small|(House Apella)}} — 7:07
:B2. "You Got the Love" {{small|(Club House)}} — 8:07

* '''1989 version'''
#"Untitled (You Got the Love / Your Love)"

* '''1991 version'''
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Extended Vocal)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Radio Edit)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Club House)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(House Apella)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Eren's Bootleg Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Morning Time Mix)}}

* '''1991 Trax USA version'''
#"Frankie Knuckles – Your Love / You Got the Love (Remix)" {{small|(Trax Records – TX 202)}}

* '''1997 UK version'''
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Now Voyager Radio Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Now Voyager Mix)}}

* '''2006 UK version'''
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(New Voyager Radio Edit)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Shapeshifters Radio Edit)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Extended New Voyager Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Shapeshifter Main Vocal Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Truelove, Lys & Gigi Remix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Paradise Soul Mix)}}
#Enhanced video
{{col-2}}
* '''Australian version'''
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Now Voyager Radio Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Original Radio Edit)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Truelove, Lys, & Gigi Remix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Shapeshifters Main Vocal Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Shapeshifters Alt. Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Now Voyager Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Original Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Paradise Soul Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Rhythm Masters Classic Vocal Mix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Asle Bjorn Remix)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Wayne G Circuit Anthem Mix)}}

* '''2012 Hungarian version'''
#"You've Got the Love 2k12" {{small|(House Gangsters & Mr. Tom Wave meets. F.A.T.M. remix)}}

* '''2015 official remix'''
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Yuga featuring Candi Staton)}}
#"You Got the Love" {{small|(Dr. Shiver – Candi Staton featuring Doc M.C.)}}
{{col-end}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1986)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{single chart|UK|95|artist=The Source feat. Candi Staton|song=You Got the Love|date=19861214|refname=UK 1986}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|88|artist=Source}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1991)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Austria|artist=The Source feat. Candi Staton|song=You Got the Love (Erens Bootleg Mix)|2=20}}
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40|Dutch Top 40 Tipparade]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.top40.nl/tipparade/1991/week-16|title=Tipparade-lijst van week 16, 1991|publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]|language=nl|access-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref>
|align="center"|12
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|artist=The Source feat. Candi Staton|song=You Got the Love (Erens Bootleg Mix)|2=69|refname=Dutch100 1991}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|artist=Source|song=You Got the Love|2=4|date=19910224|refname=UK 1991}}
|-
| scope="row"|[[UK Dance Singles Chart|UK Dance]] (''[[Music Week]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-02-09.pdf |title= Top 60 Dance Singles |magazine= [[Music Week]] |date= 9 February 1991 |page= xii |access-date= 27 September 2020}}</ref>
| align="center"|2
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1997)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
| scope="row"|Belgium Dance ([[Ultratop]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/dance/1997/19970419|title=Ultratop Dance 19/04/1997|date=19 April 1997|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>
| align="center"|8
|-
| scope="row"|Belgium Ultratip Bubbling Under ([[Ultratip Flanders]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/1997/19970503|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under 03/05/1997|date=3 May 1997|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>
| align="center"|3
|-
| scope="row"|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-03-08.pdf|title=Music & Media: Eurochart Hot 100|date=8 March 1997|access-date=21 June 2018|magazine=[[Music & Media]]}}</ref>
| align="center"|26
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|28|song=You Got the Love|access-date=29 January 2020}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|25|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|year=1997|week=19|refname=Dutch40 1997}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|37|artist=The Source feat. Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love (Now Voyager Mix)|refname=Dutch100 1997}}
|-
{{single chart|Scotland|4|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love (Now Voyager Mix)|date=19970223}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|3|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love|date=19970223|refname=UK 1997}}
|-
{{single chart|UKdance|2|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love|date=19970223}}
|-
| scope="row"|[[Record Mirror Club Chart|UK Club Chart]] (''[[Music Week]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|first=|last=|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-01-18.pdf|title=The ''RM'' Club Chart|magazine=[[Music Week]], in [[Record Mirror]] (Dance Update Supplemental Insert)|date=18 January 1997|page=6|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>
| align="center"|1
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2004–2005)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{single chart|UK|60|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|song=You Got the Love|date=20050102|refname=UK 2005}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2006)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
|scope="row"|Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue842.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222430/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20060520-0000/issue842.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-22|title=The ARIA Report: Issue 842 (Week Commencing 24 April 2006)|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|page=4|access-date=12 June 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|align="center"|57
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|49|artist=The Source feat. Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love (New Voyager Mix)}}
|-
{{single chart|Germany|67|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|song=You Got the Love (Now Voyager Mix)|songid=57871}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|6|song=You Got the Love|access-date=29 January 2020}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|8|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|year=2006|week=11|refname=Dutch40 2006}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|16|artist=The Source feat. Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love (New Voyager Mix)}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|7|artist=The Source featuring Candi Staton|song=You Got The Love|date=20060212|refname=UK 2006}}
|-
| scope="row"|US [[Global Dance Tracks]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/source/chart-history/dgl/ |title=Source: Chart History – Global Dance Songs |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=15 September 2019 }}</ref>
| align="center"|26
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1991)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Music Week]]|title=Top 100 Singles 1991|date=11 January 1992|page=20}}</ref>
| align="center"|31
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1997)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Music Week]]|title=Top 100 Singles 1997|date=17 January 1998|page=27}}</ref>
| align="center"|89
|-
|UK Club Chart (''Music Week'')<ref>{{cite magazine|first=|last=|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1998/Music-Week-1998-01-10.pdf|title=The Club Top 100 of 1997|magazine=[[Music Week]], in RM (Dance Update Supplemental insert)|date=10 January 1998|page=5|access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref>
| align="center"|8
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2006)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2006|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2006|publisher=Dutch Top 40|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
| align="center"|37
|-
|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 2006|publisher=MegaCharts|language=nl|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
| align="center"|82
|-
|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20060108/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2006|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
| align="center"|71
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Source ft Candi Staton|title=You Got the Love|award=Platinum|relyear=2006|certyear=2021|id=11495-539-1|access-date=9 July 2021}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col" |Region
!scope="col" |Version
!scope="col" |Date
!scope="col" |Format(s)
!scope="col" |Label(s)
!scope="col" |{{Ref heading}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5"|United Kingdom
|Original
|1986
|{{hlist|7-inch vinyl|12-inch vinyl}}
|[[Streetwave]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Erens Bootleg mix
|21 January 1991
|{{hlist|7-inch vinyl|12-inch vinyl|cassette}}
|rowspan="2"|Truelove
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=vi|date=19 January 1991}}</ref>
|-
|4 February 1991
|CD
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=Music Week|page=vi|date=2 February 1991}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|New Voyager mix
|17 February 1997
|{{hlist|12-inch vinyl|CD|cassette}}
|[[React Music Limited|React]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Reviews – Records Out on February 17, 1997: Singles|magazine=Music Week|page=8|date=15 February 1997}}</ref>
|-
|6 February 2006
|CD
|[[Positiva Records|Positiva]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=Music Week|page=31|date=4 February 2006}}</ref>
|}

==Florence and the Machine version==
{{Infobox song
| name = You've Got the Love
| cover = You've Got the Love (Florence + the Machine album - cover art).jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Florence and the Machine]]
| album = [[Lungs (album)|Lungs]]
| released = 5 January 2009
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Dance music|Dance]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Koski |first=Genevieve |url=http://www.avclub.com/review/florence-the-machine-ilungsi-34570 |title=Florence + The Machine: ''Lungs'' |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref>
| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=48}}
| label = [[Island Records|Island]]
| writer = {{hlist|Anthony B. Stephens|Arnecia Michelle Harris|John Bellamy}}
| producer = [[Charlie Hugall]]
| prev_title = [[Drumming Song]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = You Got the Dirtee Love
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|id=PQZhN65vq9E|title="You've Got the Love"}}}}
}}

The song was covered by English [[indie rock]] band [[Florence and the Machine]] as "'''You've Got the Love'''" and released as the fifth single from their debut album, ''[[Lungs (album)|Lungs]]'' (2009). It was first released on 1 December 2008 as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] to their second single "[[Dog Days Are Over]]". It was then later released as a digital download only single on 5 January 2009 in the United Kingdom only, after the mass praise it received during the release of "Dog Days Are Over". After being released before ''Lungs'' was finally recorded and released, it was later featured on the album as its bonus track.

The single was given a re-release on physical format on 16 November 2009 in the United Kingdom. For the reissue a [[music video]] was shot.

===Background===
The track, which is significantly shorter than the original, was produced by Charlie Hugall, who also produced three other tracks on ''Lungs''. Hugall was also involved in the bass and percussion development of the song. The track features Isabella Summers on piano, Christopher Lloyd Hayden on drums, Tom Moth on harp, Rob Ackroyd on guitar and Florence Welch on vocals.

Florence Welch explained her inspiration behind covering "one of her favourite songs ever":
<blockquote>As a kid, going to clubs and raves, this song made me feel love. At Bestival last year we were top of the bill on that stage, so we were thinking of an amazing cover we could do, and I thought of [[Candi Staton]]. Even in rehearsals, playing it was just the most euphoric feeling. Then playing it live and seeing everyone's arms in the air, and the faces – it was the best feeling ever! I was dressed as a genie sea-monster, and I remember looking at my guitarist as we played the first chords, and then there was the reaction and it was like tearing ourselves open and just exploding on the crowd, and then all did it back. It's a feeling you couldn't express. I'm really excited that now in our live shows I'm going to be playing one of my favourite songs ever, loads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.florenceandthemachine.net/news/24-30/florence-on-lungs-part-three/0-6 |title=Official Website | News | Gigs | Music | Blogs – News |publisher=Florence and the Machine |access-date=11 March 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

"You've Got the Love" is a fan favourite of the band and has been played at numerous festivals around the United Kingdom during 2008 and 2009. Including the Bestival, [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], Way Out West, [[Brighton]], Electric Picnic, [[Leeds]], Smash & Grab and with an acoustic version being performed at a festival in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]]. It's also been performed Live In Ibiza on [[BBC Radio 1]] and at the BBC Live Big Weekend. Florence also made a guest appearance during [[the xx]]'s 2010 [[Glastonbury Festival]] performance, where they played their remix of the track. In 2013, a [[children's choir]] rendition of the song was used in [[TV spots]] for [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvcommercialssongs.com/even-reasonstobelieve-coca-cola/ |title=TV Commercial songs |publisher=Sungyoung Lee |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234436/http://tvcommercialssongs.com/even-reasonstobelieve-coca-cola/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At Bestival 2014, Candi Staton performed the song live in a duet with Florence and the Machine.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 September 2014 |author=Rachel McGrath |title=Candi Staton Reveals Florence Welch Collaboration Hopes |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/02/candi-staton-you-got-the-love-interview-florence-welch_n_5753402.html |website=[[Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904001146/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/02/candi-staton-you-got-the-love-interview-florence-welch_n_5753402.html |archive-date=2014-09-04 |access-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
"You've Got the Love" received positive reviews who notably commented on the song in reviews of "Dog Days Are Over". [[MusicOMH]] commented on the song by saying that "Following with her tradition of some finely chosen cover versions, there's even an excellent rendition of The Source's You Got the Love."<ref>[http://www.musicomh.com/singles/florence-and-the-machine-2_1108.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109130126/http://www.musicomh.com/singles/florence-and-the-machine-2_1108.htm|date=9 January 2009}}</ref> Altsounds.com reviewed the track, writing, "You've Got the Love" is a standard pop number that does something in a non-standard fashion – it isn't afraid of looking at its simplistic melodic hooks and accepting it with a touch of lyrical honesty and contemplative imprint."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/107878-florence-and-the-machine-a-lot-of-love-a-lot-of-blood-ep.html |title=Altsounds.com Reviews | Florence and the Machine – A Lot of Love, A Lot of Blood [EP] |publisher=Hangout.altsounds.com |access-date=11 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324222150/http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/107878-florence-and-the-machine-a-lot-of-love-a-lot-of-blood-ep.html |archive-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Contactmusic.com]] also commented on the song by saying that "The B-side cover of [[The Source (musician)|The Source]] ft. [[Candi Staton]]'s "You Got the Love" is equally strong."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/home.nsf/singlereview/florence-and-the-machine-dog-days-are-overx09x12x08 |title=Florence and the Machine | Dog Days Are Over Single Review |publisher=Contactmusic.com |date=9 December 2008 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> Dailymusicguide.com also positively reviewed the single, writing, "Florence + The Machine have used the format of the original remix but have certainly breathed new life into this old classic. With Florence Welch's distinctive voice she makes this song her own. The inclusion of a harp only adds to the gentle sway effect produced by the track, bursting gently in without malice at around eighteen seconds in. The song's lyrics are empowering: Florence's heavenly voice has a vulnerable quality which, as it has with relatively short career so far, grows stronger through You've Got The Love's verse and chorus. It's empowering, liberating and moving all at the same time, not least conveyed by the emotion in Welch's vocals. Rating: 4/5"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Reviews/florence-and-the-machine-youve-got-the-love-single-review-26022009-2043.aspx |title=Florence and the Machine – You've Got the Love (Island) | DMG Reviews |publisher=Dailymusicguide.com |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629044129/http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Reviews/florence-and-the-machine-youve-got-the-love-single-review-26022009-2043.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Commercial performance===
Upon its original release, "You've Got the Love" reached number 158 on the [[UK Singles Chart]]. The song later re-entered the chart at number 124 and moved up to number 68 in the next week's chart. The following week it fell to number 75 before dropping out of the top 100.

It then re-entered the chart, two weeks later on 22 August 2009 at number 59, where it peaked before dropping out the top 100 again. Its re-entry pattern then continued when it re-entered three weeks later on 12 September 2009 at number 88. The song peaked at number 16, after the single's actual release in 2009. It spent a total of eight weeks within the top 100, longer than both previous singles "[[Kiss with a Fist]]" and "[[Dog Days Are Over]]".

In November 2009, [[BBC Sport]] used the song at the end of the [[Formula 1]] coverage of the [[2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]] (and the whole [[2009 Formula One World Championship|2009 season]]) for a season review video which covered highlights of all 17 races that were held that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewB0rU28Hks |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/ewB0rU28Hks |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=BBC F1 2009 End Credits|date=November 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 3 January 2010, "You've Got the Love" climbed 18 places to a new peak of number 13 on the UK Singles Chart after its use in the last episode of ''[[Gavin & Stacey]]'' on 1 January 2010. One week later, on 10 January 2010, the song peaked at number five in its 34th week on the chart, becoming the band's first top-10 single. Following their Brit performance in February 2010, "You've Got the Love" climbed to number 12, just missing out on the Top 10. It has spent 30 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. As of June 2018, the song has sold over 1.8 million combined sales/streams in that country.

On 8 January 2010, "You've Got the Love" climbed up the [[Irish Singles Chart]], reaching a peak of number 21, whereas before it had only reached number 30. After falling out of the chart, on 26 February 2010, "You've Got the Love" re-entered the Irish chart, reaching a new peak of number 16.

In January, "You've got the Love" entered the Australian singles [[ARIA Charts]] at number 50, and remained within the top 50 for a large amount of time. In February and March, it was consistently increasing positions, where it eventually reached a peak of number 30. Due to popular television shows like ''[[Domestic Blitz]]'' and ''[[MasterChef Australia]]'' using it in commercials, the song rapidly climbed to number 17, on 4 April, and to its highest peak of number nine on 11 April. It hasn't been released as a physical single, and has relied solely on digital sales, where it has peaked at number five.

In New Zealand the single began receiving mainstream radio airplay causing it to rise to 50<ref name="Radioscope.net.nz">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2631&Itemid=32 |title=RadioScope100 | 20 December 2009 – RadioScope New Zealand |publisher=Radioscope.net.nz |date=20 December 2009 |access-date=11 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515093450/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2631&Itemid=32 |archive-date=15 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on the airplay chart, however, the airplay has since dropped.

===Music video===
Despite originally being released as a single almost nine months earlier, the band announced on 18 September 2009 that a [[music video]] would be made for the song and would be shot on 21 September 2009 in London. It features Welch in a white, sparkly leotard dancing on a large moon-shaped platform suspended over a nightclub, an homage to [[Studio 54]]. The video later shows many people beneath her dancing to the song. The video that aired on United Kingdom television has a different version of the song to the one on the album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.florenceandthemachine.net/news/0-6/appear-in-the-video-for-youve-got-the-love |title=Official Website | News | Gigs | Music | Blogs – News |publisher=Florence and the Machine |access-date=11 March 2010}}</ref>

===Track listings===
*'''Original release''' {{small|(digital download)}}
*#"You've Got the Love" – 2:58
*'''UK CD single'''
*#"You've Got the Love" – 2:49
*#"You've Got the Love" {{small|([[Tom Middleton]] Remix)}} – 7:51
*#"[[Addicted to Love (song)|Addicted to Love]]" – 3:20
*'''UK 7" single'''
*#"You've Got the Love" {{small|(Single Version)}} – 2:40
*#"You've Got the Love" {{small|([[Jamie xx]] Re-work featuring [[the xx]])}} – 5:36
*'''Digital EP'''
*#"You've Got the Love" – 2:48
*#"You've Got the Love" {{small|(Tom Middleton Remix)}} – 7:53
*#"You've Got the Love" {{small|(Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Remix)}} – 6:21
*#"You've Got the Love" {{small|(Live from [[Abbey Road Studios|Abbey Road]])}} – 3:45

===Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Weekly charts====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2009–2015)
!scope="col"|Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Australia|9|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|access-date=4 November 2010}}
|-
! scope="row"|Australia Hitseekers ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue1041.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20100204130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20100205-0000/issue1041.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-04|title=ARIA Report: Issue 1041|publisher=ARIA|access-date=8 February 2010}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
|-
{{single chart|Austria|28|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|access-date=4 August 2014}}
|-
{{single chart|Belgium (Flanders)|25|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|access-date=4 November 2010}}
|-
{{single chart|Wallonia Tip|5|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|access-date=4 August 2014}}
|-
{{single chart|Denmark Airplay|7|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|year=2009|week=45}}
|-
!scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hits of the World: European Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=122|issue=3|page=59|date=23 January 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|20
|-
{{single chart|France|110|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|access-date=4 August 2014}}
|-
{{single chart|Germany|52|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|songid=603531|rowheader=true|access-date=4 November 2010}}
|-
{{single chart|Hungarytop10|28|year=2010|week=33|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|16|song=You've Got the Love|refname=FlorenceIRL|rowheader=true|access-date=29 January 2020}}
|-
!scope="row"|New Zealand Airplay ([[Recorded Music NZ]])<ref name="Radioscope.net.nz"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|50
|-
{{single chart|Scotland|6|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|date=20100116|rowheader=true|access-date=26 June 2015}}
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|49|artist=Florence + The Machine|song=You've Got The Love|rowheader=true|access-date=4 August 2014}}
|-
{{single chart|UKsinglesbyname|5|artist=Florence & the Machine|artistid=5108|rowheader=true|access-date=4 November 2010}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardadultalternativesongs|21|artist=Florence + The Machine|rowheader=true|access-date=2 August 2014}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardalternativesongs|34|artist=Florence + The Machine|rowheader=true|access-date=2 August 2014}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardrocksongs|42|artist=Florence + The Machine|rowheader=true|access-date=27 May 2012}}
|}
{{col-2}}

====Year-end charts====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2009)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20090104/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2009|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|95
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2010)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref name="AUSendofyear">{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2010.htm|title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2010|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|63
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20100110/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2010|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|59
|}
{{col-end}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for "You've Got the Love "}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|award=Platinum|number=7|certyear=2023|relyear=2009|access-date=3 April 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Brazil|artist=Florence + the Machine|title=You've Got The Love|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=2009|certyear=2024|access-date=March 12, 2024}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2009|artist=Florence + The Machine|title=You've Got the Love|certyear=2020|id=8802|access-date=2 January 2020}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2009|certyear=2018|artist=Florence + The Machine|title=You've Got the Love|access-date=25 April 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=2009|certyear=2019|artist=Florence + The Machine|title=You've Got the Love|access-date=20 September 2021|id=2266}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2009|artist=Florence + The Machine|title=You've Got the Love|source=archive}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|type=single|award=Gold|certyear=2024|artist=Florence + the Machine|title=You've Got The Love|accessdate=June 19, 2024}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|award=Platinum|number=4|type=single|relyear=2009|certyear=2023|id=8466-891-1|artist=Florence & The Machine|title=You've Got the Love|access-date=7 July 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United States|artist=Florence & The Machine|title=You Got the Love|award=Platinum|certyear=2023|relyear=2008|access-date=10 August 2023}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}

=="You Got the Dirtee Love"==
{{Infobox song
| name = You Got the Dirtee Love
| cover = You Got the Dirtee Love (Florence + The Machine single - cover art).jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Florence and the Machine|Florence + the Machine]] and [[Dizzee Rascal]]
| album = [[Between Two Lungs]] and [[Tongue n' Cheek (Dirtee Deluxe Edition)]]
| released = {{Start date|2010|2|17|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=38}}
| label = [[Island Records|Island]]
| writer = * John P. Jr. Bellamy
* Anthony Stephens
* Arnecia Michelle Harris
* Nicholas Denton
* [[Dylan Mills]]
| producer = * Charlie Hugall
* Nicholas Denton
| chronology = [[Florence and the Machine]]
| prev_title = [[#Florence and the Machine version|You've Got the Love]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Cosmic Love]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Dizzee Rascal]]
| type = single
| prev_title = [[Dirtee Cash]]
| prev_year = 2009
| title = You Got the Dirtee Love
| year = 2010
| next_title = [[Dirtee Disco]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
}}

At the [[2010 BRIT Awards]] on 16 February 2010, Florence and the Machine and [[Dizzee Rascal]] performed a [[Mashup (music)|mashup]] of "You Got the Love" and Dizzee's song "[[Dirtee Cash]]", entitled "You Got the Dirtee Love".

The single was released on 17 February 2010 exclusively to iTunes, one day after the BRITs performance. On 21 February 2010, the single entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number two. As of May 2010, the single had sold more than 280,000 copies in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/trio-to-record-charity-version-of-nessun-dorma-at-classical-brits/042550 |title=Trio to record charity version of Nessun Dorma at Classical Brits |work=[[Music Week]] |publisher=Intent Media |date=10 May 2010 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> "You Got the Dirtee Love" is featured on the ''Dirtee Deluxe Edition'' of Dizzee Rascal's ''[[Tongue n' Cheek]]'' album; the track charted in Ireland and Australia following the album's release. It also appears on the ''[[Between Two Lungs]]'' reissue of Florence and the Machine's album ''Lungs''.

The song was performed at [[Radio 1's Big Weekend]] in North Wales on 22 May 2010, and again at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2010]] on 25 June. The song was also performed at Capital's [[Summertime Ball]] 2010, where Florence Welch appeared as a special guest during Dizzee's set.

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2010)
!scope="col"|Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Australia|27|artist=Florence + The Machine & Dizzee Rascal|song=You Got The Dirtee Love (Live at the BRIT Awards 2010)|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|24|artist=Dizzee Rascal & Florence & The Machine|song=You've Got The Dirtee Love|refname="ire2"|rowheader=true}}
|-
!scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles]])
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
{{single chart|UK|2|artist=Florence / Dizzee Rascal|song=You Got The Dirtee Love|date=27 February 2010|rowheader=true}}
|}
{{Clear}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|relyear=2010|certyear=2024|title=You Got The Dirtee Love|artist=Florence/Dizzee Rascal|type=single|award=Platinum|id=10753-3263-1|access-date=13 September 2024}}
{{Certification Table Bottom | noshipments=true|nosales=true|streaming=true}}

==Other versions==
The song was covered by English singer and songwriter [[Joss Stone]] for her fourth studio album, ''[[Colour Me Free!]]'', released in October 2008. [[Sam Ryder (singer)|Sam Ryder]] released a cover version as a single in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiwibloggs.com/2023/03/12/new-music-from-duncan-laurence-barbara-pravi-ivi-adamou-and-more/276081/|title=New music this week: Songs from Duncan Laurence, Barbara Pravi, Ivi Adamou and more|last=Vautrey|first=Jonathan|website=Wiwibloggs|date=12 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> [[Kasabian]] played the track live at festivals, and in 2008 were nominated [[UK_Festival_Awards#2008_Nominations_Shortlist|UK Festival Awards]] in the category "Most Memorable Moment" for their cover of the song at [[Creamfields]].<ref name="Rogers" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Source%2C+The The Source]
* [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Now+Voyager?noanv=1 Now Voyager]
* [http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar10/articles/it_0310.htm Sound on Sound article on the recording and mixing of Florence & The Machine's version]
* [http://www.musicomh.com/downloads/source_0106.htm Video]
* [http://www.kaisenrecords.com/news/ Kaisen Records] Kaisen Records Link

{{Florence and the Machine}}
{{Dizzee Rascal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1986 songs]]
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:1991 singles]]
[[Category:1997 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:2009 singles]]
[[Category:2010 singles]]
[[Category:Dizzee Rascal songs]]
[[Category:Island Records singles]]
[[Category:Positiva Records singles]]
[[Category:English house music songs]]

Hellacious Acres

2024-10-06T05:33:25Z

RockinCrystal: /* Personnel */Fixed typo - added the “s” on “Sticks & Stones”.

{{More citations needed|date=February 2015}}{{Infobox album
| name = Hellacious Acres
| type = studio
| artist = [[Dangerous Toys]]
| cover = Hellacious_Acres.jpg
| alt =
| released = June 4, 1991
| recorded = November 1990–February 1991
| venue =
| studio = [[The Village (studio)|Village Recorder]], Santa Monica, AT Track Record, North Hollywood, Summa Music Group, West Hollywood, California
| genre = [[Glam metal]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
| length = 46:43
| label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| producer = [[Roy Thomas Baker]]
| prev_title = [[Dangerous Toys (album)|Dangerous Toys]]
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = [[Pissed (album)|Pissed]]
| next_year = 1994
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hellacious-acres-mw0000263980 |title=Dangerous Toys - Hellacious Acres review |last=Henderson |first=Alex |work=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]] |accessdate=2016-10-19 }}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]''
| rev2score = {{Rating|6|10}}<ref name="classic" >{{cite magazine |title=Dangerous Toys - Dangerous Toys/Hellacious Acres |journal=[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] |date=February 2010 |last=Elliott |first=Paul |issue=141 |pages=92–93}}</ref>
| rev3 =''[[Martin Popoff|The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal]]''
| rev3Score = 6/10<ref name="martin" >{{cite book | last1 = Popoff | first1 = Martin | authorlink1 = Martin Popoff | title = The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal: Volume 3: The Nineties | publisher = [[Collector's Guide Publishing]] | date = 1 August 2007 | location = [[Burlington, Ontario]], [[Canada]] |isbn = 978-1-894959-62-9 | page=99}}</ref>
| noprose = yes
}}

'''''Hellacious Acres''''' is the second album by heavy metal band [[Dangerous Toys]], released in 1991. It was produced by [[Roy Thomas Baker]], and includes a cover of [[Bad Company]]'s "[[Feel Like Makin' Love (Bad Company song)|Feel Like Makin' Love]]", while "Line 'Em Up" and "Gimme' No Lip" were released as singles to promote the album.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dangerous Toys Discography at Discogs|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/736570-Dangerous-Toys|publisher=Discogs.com|accessdate=November 10, 2018}}</ref> This is Dangerous Toys' last album to be released on [[Columbia Records]], and the only album that guitarist Danny Aaron played on, as he left the band during the 1991-1992 ''Hellacious Acres'' tour.

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| all_music = [[Dangerous Toys]]
| title1 = Gunfighter
| lyrics1 = Jason McMaster
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Gimme No Lip
| lyrics2 = McMaster, Mike Watson
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = Sticks & Stones
| lyrics3 = McMaster, Watson
| length3 = 3:14
| title4 = Best of Friends
| lyrics4 = Watson
| length4 = 5:22
| title5 = On Top
| lyrics5 = McMaster
| length5 = 4:17
| title6 = Sugar, Leather & The Nail
| lyrics6 = McMaster
| length6 = 3:18
| title7 = Angel N U
| lyrics7 = McMaster
| length7 = 6:55
| title8 = [[Feel Like Makin' Love (Bad Company song)|Feel Like Makin' Love]]
| note8 = [[Bad Company]] cover
| lyrics8 = [[Paul Rodgers]], [[Mick Ralphs]]
| length8 = 4:34
| title9 = Line 'Em Up
| lyrics9 = McMaster
| length9 = 3:00
| title10 = Gypsy (Black-n-Blue Valentine)
| lyrics10 = McMaster, Watson, [[Jack Ponti]], Vic Pepe
| length10 = 4:09
| title11 = Bad Guy
| lyrics11 = McMaster
| length11 = 3:34
}}

==Personnel==
;Dangerous Toys
* Jason McMaster - vocals
* Scott Dalhover - guitar
* Mike Watson - bass, backing vocals
* Danny Aaron - guitar, slide guitar, backing vocals
* Mark Geary - drums

;Additional musicians
* Waste 'O' Skin Choir - gang vocals on "Sticks & Stones"
** Brian Baker, Chris Gates, Michael Hannon, David Roach, George Dolivo, Greg Fields, Andy Rogers, Vickie James Wright, Chris Andrada, Mitch Dean

;Production
* [[Roy Thomas Baker]] - producer
* Timm Baldwin - engineer
* Rick Ornstien, Ken Pavlakovich, Jim Champagne, Scott Blockland - assistant engineer
* [[George Marino]] - mastering at [[Sterling Sound]], NYC

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1991)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{album chart|Billboard200|67|artist=Dangerous Toys|access-date=11 June 2023|rowheader=true}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dangerous Toys}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1991 albums]]
[[Category:Dangerous Toys albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Roy Thomas Baker]]

{{1990s-metal-album-stub}}

Saguaro High School

2024-04-14T15:29:40Z

RockinCrystal: /* Entertainment and media */Fixed grammar - added space between “of” and “‘73”.

{{Short description|Secondary school in Scottsdale, Arizona}}
{{about|the high school in [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]]|the school in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]|Sahuaro High School}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Saguaro High School
| logo = Saguaro_High_School_Logo.png
| logo_size = 160px
| motto =
| established = 1966
| address = 6250 North 82nd Street
| city = [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]]
| state = [[Arizona]]
| zipcode = 85250
| campus =
| type = Secondary public school
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| principal = Ann Achtziger
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| enrollment = 1,453 (2022-2023)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0407570&SchoolPageNum=2&ID=040757000659|title=Saguaro High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=July 10, 2023}}</ref>
| ratio = 21.3<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 68.2 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| district = [[Scottsdale Unified School District]]
| mascot = Sabercat
| colors = {{color box|black}} {{color box|gold}}
| country = USA
| newspaper = The Saguaro Sabercat
| yearbook = The Saguaro Sentinel
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.527095|-111.906144|display=inline,title|format=dms|type:edu}}
}}

[[File:Saguaro High School, Scottsdale Arizona.jpg|thumb|Saguaro High School]]
[[File:Scottsdale Math & Science Academy, Saguaro High School.jpg|thumb|Scottsdale Math & Science Academy, Saguaro High School]]

'''Saguaro High School''' is a former Arizona A+ and [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program]] certified high school in the [[Scottsdale Unified School District]] in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], United States.<ref>[http://www.azedfoundation.org/srp-list.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207085419/http://www.azedfoundation.org/srp-list.html|date=December 7, 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf Blue Ribbon Schools Program, Schools Recognized 1982-1983 Through 1999-2002 (PDF)]</ref> Saguaro was opened in 1966.

==Sports==
Saguaro's varsity football program has won an Arizona state championship thirteen times (1995, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021).

The varsity baseball program is three time state champions (1992, 2010 and 2011).

The varsity boys' basketball program has won three state championships (1990, 1996, and 2004). The varsity girls' basketball program won one state title, in 2013.

The SHS varsity golf programs have combined for four state titles (boys' golf in 1977 and 1990; girls' golf in 1997 and 1998).

The girls' swim and dive team won one state title, in 1971.

Saguaro Track and Field has had several athletes win state: in the 4x440yrd relay in 1978, in the 300m hurdles in 1995, in the 3200m run in 2016 and 2017, and the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay in 2018 and 2019 respectively.

The men's tennis teams through 2009-2013 reached the state playoffs four years in a row led by the 2013 senior class.

The Saguaro senior class of 1996 won the school's first ever football state championship, and also won the basketball state championship. The baseball team lost in the state championship final, finishing 2nd in the state.

==Performing arts==
[[File:Saguaro High School Auditorium, Scottsdale Arizona.jpg|thumb|Saguaro High School auditorium]]

Saguaro High School has five disciplines in its performing arts department: [[orchestra]], [[School band|band]], [[dance]], [[theatre|theater]], and [[choir]].

==Notable alumni==

===Professional athletes===
* [[T.J. Beam]], former [[MLB]] player ([[New York Yankees]], [[Pittsburgh Pirates]])
* [[Jeremy Brigham]], [[NFL]] player ([[Oakland Raiders]])
* [[Mike Brown (safety)|Mike Brown]], All-Pro defensive back, Chicago Bears
* [[Denzel Burke]], college football [[cornerback]] for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State Buckeyes]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/10/09/saguaros-burke-starts-season-facing-his-former-team-brophy-prep/3589538001/ | title=Saguaro standout Denzel Burke starts 2020 season facing former team Brophy Prep }}</ref>
* [[D. J. Foster]], NFL player ([[Arizona Cardinals]])
* [[Dale Hellestrae]], football player; offensive lineman for the [[Buffalo Bills]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Baltimore Ravens]]; played for three Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl teams
* [[Jason Kershner]], former MLB player ([[Toronto Blue Jays]], [[San Diego Padres]])
* [[Christian Kirk]], NFL player ([[Jacksonville Jaguars]])
* [[Byron Murphy]], NFL player (Minnesota Vikings)
* [[Jay Pettibone]], former MLB player ([[Minnesota Twins]])
* [[Kelee Ringo]], NFL player ([[Philadelphia Eagles]])

===Entertainment and media===
* [[Matt Barrie (sportscaster)|Matt Barrie]], ESPN SportsCenter anchor
* [[Sandra Bernhard]], actress and comedian, class of ‘73
* [[Scott Johnson (Gin Blossoms)|Scott Johnson]], musician in the Gin Blossoms, class of '81
* [[Chelsea Kane]], actress (attended for one year, then moved to California)
* [[J. S. Lewis]], fiction writer
* [[Rick Lord]], news anchor, WCHS-TV Charleston WV
* [[J. R. Moehringer|John Joseph "J.R." Moehringer]], novelist and journalist, class of '82
* [[Neal Pollack]], novelist and humor writer
* [[Richard Sala]], artist, cartoonist, author
* [[David Spade]], actor, comedian and producer, class of '82

===Government===
* [[Bruce Rauner]], former Governor of Illinois
* [[David Schweikert]], U.S. Representative from Arizona's 6th Congressional district

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://concrete.susd.org/schools/saguaro}}
*[https://concrete.susd.org/ Scottsdale Unified School District]
{{High schools in the Scottsdale Unified School District}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Arizona]]
[[Category:Education in Scottsdale, Arizona]]
[[Category:Schools in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Arizona]]

Saguaro High School

2024-04-14T15:28:41Z

RockinCrystal: /* Entertainment and media */Added that Sandra Bernhard was class of 1973 per her Wikipedia page.

{{Short description|Secondary school in Scottsdale, Arizona}}
{{about|the high school in [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]]|the school in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]|Sahuaro High School}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Saguaro High School
| logo = Saguaro_High_School_Logo.png
| logo_size = 160px
| motto =
| established = 1966
| address = 6250 North 82nd Street
| city = [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]]
| state = [[Arizona]]
| zipcode = 85250
| campus =
| type = Secondary public school
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| principal = Ann Achtziger
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| enrollment = 1,453 (2022-2023)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0407570&SchoolPageNum=2&ID=040757000659|title=Saguaro High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=July 10, 2023}}</ref>
| ratio = 21.3<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 68.2 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| district = [[Scottsdale Unified School District]]
| mascot = Sabercat
| colors = {{color box|black}} {{color box|gold}}
| country = USA
| newspaper = The Saguaro Sabercat
| yearbook = The Saguaro Sentinel
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.527095|-111.906144|display=inline,title|format=dms|type:edu}}
}}

[[File:Saguaro High School, Scottsdale Arizona.jpg|thumb|Saguaro High School]]
[[File:Scottsdale Math & Science Academy, Saguaro High School.jpg|thumb|Scottsdale Math & Science Academy, Saguaro High School]]

'''Saguaro High School''' is a former Arizona A+ and [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program]] certified high school in the [[Scottsdale Unified School District]] in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], United States.<ref>[http://www.azedfoundation.org/srp-list.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207085419/http://www.azedfoundation.org/srp-list.html|date=December 7, 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf Blue Ribbon Schools Program, Schools Recognized 1982-1983 Through 1999-2002 (PDF)]</ref> Saguaro was opened in 1966.

==Sports==
Saguaro's varsity football program has won an Arizona state championship thirteen times (1995, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021).

The varsity baseball program is three time state champions (1992, 2010 and 2011).

The varsity boys' basketball program has won three state championships (1990, 1996, and 2004). The varsity girls' basketball program won one state title, in 2013.

The SHS varsity golf programs have combined for four state titles (boys' golf in 1977 and 1990; girls' golf in 1997 and 1998).

The girls' swim and dive team won one state title, in 1971.

Saguaro Track and Field has had several athletes win state: in the 4x440yrd relay in 1978, in the 300m hurdles in 1995, in the 3200m run in 2016 and 2017, and the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay in 2018 and 2019 respectively.

The men's tennis teams through 2009-2013 reached the state playoffs four years in a row led by the 2013 senior class.

The Saguaro senior class of 1996 won the school's first ever football state championship, and also won the basketball state championship. The baseball team lost in the state championship final, finishing 2nd in the state.

==Performing arts==
[[File:Saguaro High School Auditorium, Scottsdale Arizona.jpg|thumb|Saguaro High School auditorium]]

Saguaro High School has five disciplines in its performing arts department: [[orchestra]], [[School band|band]], [[dance]], [[theatre|theater]], and [[choir]].

==Notable alumni==

===Professional athletes===
* [[T.J. Beam]], former [[MLB]] player ([[New York Yankees]], [[Pittsburgh Pirates]])
* [[Jeremy Brigham]], [[NFL]] player ([[Oakland Raiders]])
* [[Mike Brown (safety)|Mike Brown]], All-Pro defensive back, Chicago Bears
* [[Denzel Burke]], college football [[cornerback]] for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State Buckeyes]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/10/09/saguaros-burke-starts-season-facing-his-former-team-brophy-prep/3589538001/ | title=Saguaro standout Denzel Burke starts 2020 season facing former team Brophy Prep }}</ref>
* [[D. J. Foster]], NFL player ([[Arizona Cardinals]])
* [[Dale Hellestrae]], football player; offensive lineman for the [[Buffalo Bills]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Baltimore Ravens]]; played for three Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl teams
* [[Jason Kershner]], former MLB player ([[Toronto Blue Jays]], [[San Diego Padres]])
* [[Christian Kirk]], NFL player ([[Jacksonville Jaguars]])
* [[Byron Murphy]], NFL player (Minnesota Vikings)
* [[Jay Pettibone]], former MLB player ([[Minnesota Twins]])
* [[Kelee Ringo]], NFL player ([[Philadelphia Eagles]])

===Entertainment and media===
* [[Matt Barrie (sportscaster)|Matt Barrie]], ESPN SportsCenter anchor
* [[Sandra Bernhard]], actress and comedian, class of’73
* [[Scott Johnson (Gin Blossoms)|Scott Johnson]], musician in the Gin Blossoms, class of '81
* [[Chelsea Kane]], actress (attended for one year, then moved to California)
* [[J. S. Lewis]], fiction writer
* [[Rick Lord]], news anchor, WCHS-TV Charleston WV
* [[J. R. Moehringer|John Joseph "J.R." Moehringer]], novelist and journalist, class of '82
* [[Neal Pollack]], novelist and humor writer
* [[Richard Sala]], artist, cartoonist, author
* [[David Spade]], actor, comedian and producer, class of '82

===Government===
* [[Bruce Rauner]], former Governor of Illinois
* [[David Schweikert]], U.S. Representative from Arizona's 6th Congressional district

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://concrete.susd.org/schools/saguaro}}
*[https://concrete.susd.org/ Scottsdale Unified School District]
{{High schools in the Scottsdale Unified School District}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Arizona]]
[[Category:Education in Scottsdale, Arizona]]
[[Category:Schools in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Arizona]]

Stickin' to My Guns

2024-02-02T18:26:07Z

RockinCrystal: I added that it is the sixteenth studio album.

{{Infobox album
| name = Stickin' to My Guns
| type = studio
| artist = [[Etta James]]
| cover =Stickin' to My Guns.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Digital Recorders, Nashville, Tennessee; OmniSound Studios, Nashville, Tennessee
| genre = [[Funk rock]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-first1= Anthony |editor-last1= DeCurtis |editor-link1= Anthony DeCurtis |editor-first2= James |editor-last2= Henke |editor-first3= Holly |editor-last3= George-Warren |title= The Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely New Reviews : Every Essential Album, Every Essential Artist |publisher= [[Random House]] |year= 1992 |edition= 3rd |page= 358 |isbn= 0-679-73729-4 |quote= Of her two Island albums, Stickin ' to My Guns best shows her adapting a hard R&B approach to a contemporary funk-rock sound.}}</ref>
| length =
| label = [[Island Records|Island]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBVjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6075|title=Goldmine Record Album Price Guide|first=Martin|last=Popoff|date=September 8, 2009|publisher=Penguin|via=Google Books|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513144930/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBVjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6075|url-status=live}}</ref>
| producer = [[Barry Beckett]]
| prev_title = [[Seven Year Itch (Etta James album)|Seven Year Itch]]
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = [[The Right Time (Etta James album)|The Right Time]]
| next_year = 1992
}}
{{album ratings
|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
|rev1score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/stickin-to-my-guns-mw0000204378|title=Stickin' to My Guns - Etta James | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic|via=www.allmusic.com|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513144629/https://www.allmusic.com/album/stickin-to-my-guns-mw0000204378|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rev2 = ''[[Calgary Herald]]''
|rev2score = A<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brennan |first1=Brian |title=JAZZ DISCS |work=Calgary Herald |date=14 June 1990 |page=E3}}</ref>
|rev3 = ''[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
|rev3score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="CL">{{cite book |last1=Larkin |first1=Colin |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music |date=2006 |publisher=MUZE |volume=4 |pages=566-567}}</ref>
|rev4 = ''[[MusicHound|MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide]]''
|rev4score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref name=MH>{{cite book |title=MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide |date=1999 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |page=590}}</ref>
|rev5 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''
|rev5score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="RS">{{cite book |title=The Rolling Stone Album Guide |date=1992 |publisher=Random House |pages=357-358}}</ref>
|rev6 = ''[[Windsor Star]]''
|rev6score = A<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Ted |title=Record Review |work=Windsor Star |date=16 June 1990 |page=C2}}</ref>
}}
'''''Stickin' to My Guns''''' is the sixteenth studio album by [[Etta James]], released in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/etta-james-mn0000806542/biography|title=Etta James | Biography & History|website=AllMusic|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617221522/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/etta-james-mn0000806542/biography|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/arts/pop-music-1990-the-best-show-in-the-court-not-the-concert-hall.html|title=POP MUSIC/1990; The Best Show? In the Court, Not the Concert Hall.|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=December 30, 1990|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513144758/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/arts/pop-music-1990-the-best-show-in-the-court-not-the-concert-hall.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was nominated for a [[Grammy]] for "Best Contemporary Blues Recording".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/etta-james/16880|title=Etta James|date=November 23, 2020|website=GRAMMY.com|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519021828/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/etta-james/16880|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
The album contains a duet with rapper [[Def Jef]]. Although it reunited her with several [[Muscle Shoals]] musicians, James later expressed ambivalence about the more electronic sound of the album.<ref name=CL/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-01-ca-1592-story.html|title=Rollin' With Etta : Etta James has sung and lived the blues, but these are good times for the R&B; matriarch bound for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|date=November 1, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513144118/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-01-ca-1592-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Stickin' to My Guns'' was produced by [[Barry Beckett]].<ref name=RS/>

==Critical reception==
''[[Rolling Stone]]'' called the album "a nonstop dance party filled with house rockers like 'Love to Burn' and turn-the-lights-down-low, slow-grind numbers like 'Your Good Thing (Is About to End)'."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/stickin-to-my-guns-205992/|title=Stickin' To My Guns|first1=Bob J.|last1=Cohen|work=Rolling Stone|date=August 23, 1990|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143353/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/stickin-to-my-guns-205992/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[MusicHound|MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide]]'' deemed it "a largely unsuccessful attempt to incorporate rap and hip-hop into a more traditional R&B context."<ref name=MH/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "the best album Aretha Franklin never made, as Ms. James belts out songs about lovers and deceivers."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=HOME ENTERTAINMENT/RECORDINGS: SOUNDINGS: The 60's Very Soul |work=The New York Times |date=7 Oct 1990 |page=A34}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{track listing
| title1 = Whatever Gets You Through the Night
| writer1 = [[Carson Whitsett]], [[Dan Penn]], Hoy "Bucky" Lindsey
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Love to Burn
| writer2 = Bud Reneau, [[Dobie Gray]], [[Ricky Ray Rector]]
| length2 = 3:29
| title3 = The Blues Don't Care
| writer3 = Etta James
| length3 = 3:41
| title4 = [[Your Good Thing (Is About to End)]]
| writer4 = [[Isaac Hayes]], [[David Porter (musician)|David Porter]]
| length4 = 3:52
| title5 = Get Funky
| writer5 = Danny Rhodes
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Beware
| writer6 = Eric Randle
| length6 = 3:39
| title7 = Out of the Rain
| writer7 = [[Tony Joe White]]
| length7 = 4:33
| title8 = Stolen Affection
| writer8 = Jim Hurt, [[Jonnie Barnett]]
| length8 = 3:52
| title9 = [[The Rock (The Frankie Miller Band album)#Track listing|A Fool in Love]]
| writer9 = Allan Fraser, [[Frankie Miller]]
| length9 = 3:24
| title10 = I've Got Dreams To Remember
| writer10 = Joe Rock, [[Otis Redding]], Zelma Redding
| length10 = 4:28
}}

==Personnel==
*Etta James - lead vocals
*[[Barry Beckett]] - [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
*Gary Burnette - [[acoustic guitar]]
*Thomas Cain - backing vocals
*Carol Chase - backing vocals
*Ashley Cleveland - backing vocals
*Def Jef - backing vocals
*Quitman Dennis - [[trombone]]
*[[Gene Dinwiddie|Brother Gene Dinwiddie]] - [[tenor saxophone]]
*Greg Donerson - [[percussion]]
*[[Dobie Gray]] - backing vocals
*Jack Hale - trombone
*[[Roger Hawkins (drummer)|Roger Hawkins]] - [[drums]]
*Mike Haynes - [[trumpet]]
*[[Teenie Hodges]] - acoustic guitar
*[[Jim Horn]] - [[baritone saxophone]]
*Mike Lawler - [[synthesizer]]
*Carl Marsh - programming, synthesizer
*Arik Marshall - [[electric guitar]]
*John Dewey McKnight - trombone
*Jonell Mosser - backing vocals
*[[Leo Nocentelli]] - electric guitar
*David Patterson - baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone
*Jim Pugh - keyboards, [[piano]]
*Fernando Pullum - trumpet
*Danny Rhodes - acoustic guitar
*[[Michael Rhodes (musician)|Michael Rhodes]] - [[bass guitar]]
*Josh Sklair - acoustic guitar
*Bobby Vega - bass guitar
*Jimmie Wood - [[harmonica]]
*[[Reggie Young]] - electric guitar

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Etta James}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 albums]]
[[Category:Etta James albums]]
[[Category:Funk rock albums by American artists]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Barry Beckett]]
[[Category:Island Records albums]]

Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!

2024-02-02T18:22:07Z

RockinCrystal: I added that it is the twelfth studio album.

{{Infobox album
| name = Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!
| type = studio
| artist = [[Etta James]]
| cover =Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1976
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = All Platinum Studios, [[Englewood, New Jersey]]
| genre = [[Funk]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[Rhythm and Blues|R&B]]
| length =
| label = [[Chess Records|Chess]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBVjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6074|title=Goldmine Record Album Price Guide|first=Martin|last=Popoff|date=September 8, 2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781440229169 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
| producer = [[Mike Terry (saxophonist)|Mike Terry]]
| prev_title = [[Come a Little Closer (album)|Come a Little Closer]]
| prev_year = 1974
| next_title = [[Deep in the Night]]
| next_year = 1978
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
|rev1score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/etta-is-betta-than-evvah!-mw0000865370|title=Etta Is Betta Than Evvah! - Etta James | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic|via=www.allmusic.com}}</ref>
|rev2 = ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies|Christgau's Record Guide]]''
|rev2Score = B<ref>{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=089919026X|chapter=Consumer Guide '70s: J|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=J&bk=70|accessdate=February 27, 2019|via=robertchristgau.com}}</ref>
|rev3 = ''[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
|rev3score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="CL">{{cite book |last1=Larkin |first1=Colin |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music |date=2006 |publisher=MUZE |volume=4 |pages=566–567}}</ref>
|rev4 = ''[[The New Rolling Stone Record Guide]]''
|rev4score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Rolling Stone Record Guide |date=1983 |publisher=Random House |page=251}}</ref>
}}
'''''Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!''''' is the twelfth studio album by [[Etta James]], released in 1976.<ref>{{cite journal |title=NEW REISSUES / CATALOGUE ALBUMS |journal=Music Week |date=Feb 22, 2013 |page=41}}</ref> It was her final studio album for [[Chess Records]].<ref name=CL/>

==Critical reception==
[[AllMusic]] wrote that "the songs are just kind of generic: good-enough uptempo dance cuts and midtempo groovers, songs that give enough space for Etta but never really escape the confines of average '70s disco-oriented R&B."<ref name="auto"/> ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' wrote that the album "mixes tough funk and bluesy soul ballads."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cartwright |first1=Garth |title=Must-have reissue |work=The Sunday Times |date=17 Feb 2013 |location=Culture |page=20}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{track listing
| title1 = Woman (Shake Your Booty)
| writer1 = James, [[Brian Ray]]
| length1 =
| title2 = A Love Vibration
| writer2 = [[Ann Peebles]], [[Don Bryant (songwriter)|Don Bryant]], Bernard "Bernie" Miller
| length2 =
| title3 = Only a Fool
| writer3 = James, [[Trevor Lawrence (musician)|Trevor Lawrence]], [[Gabriel Mekler]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Little Bit of Love
| writer4 = Fred Beckmeier
| length4 =
| title5 = Groove Me
| writer5 = [[King Floyd]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Jump Into Love
| writer6 = Dennis Belfield, Ron Stockert
| length6 =
| title7 = Leave Your Hat On
| writer7 = [[Randy Newman]]
| length7 =
| title8 = I've Been a Fool
| writer8 = Fred Beckmeier
| length8 =
| title9 = Blinded by Love
| writer9 = [[Allen Toussaint]]
| length9 =
| title10 = Ain't No Pity in the Naked City
| writer10 = [[Buddy Scott]], [[Phil Medley]]
| length10 =
}}

==Personnel==
*Etta James - vocals
*[[Brian Ray]], Ken Marco, Tommy Keith, Walter Morris - guitar
*[[Chuck Rainey]], Fred Beckmeier, Jonathan Williams - bass
*Bernadette Randle, [[William "Smitty" Smith|William Smith]] - keyboards
*Brian Cuomo - piano
*Clarence Oliver, Kenny Rice, Paul Mabry - drums
*King Errisson - congas, percussion
*Ron Stockert - clavinet on "Woman (Shake Your Booty)"
*Ron Rancifer - organ on "Woman (Shake Your Booty)"
*Gene Dinwiddie - saxophone on "Woman (Shake Your Booty)"
*Keith Johnson - trumpet on "Woman (Shake Your Booty)"

==Production==
*[[Michael Zagaris]] - photography

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Etta James}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1976 albums]]
[[Category:Etta James albums]]
[[Category:Chess Records albums]]

Losers Weepers

2024-02-02T18:18:53Z

RockinCrystal: I added that Losers Weepers is the ninth studio album.

{{Infobox album
| name = Losers Weepers
| type = studio
| artist = [[Etta James]]
| cover =Losers Weepers.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1971
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Funk]], [[Soul music|Soul]]
| length =
| label = [[Cadet Records|Cadet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBVjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6073|title=Goldmine Record Album Price Guide|first=Martin|last=Popoff|date=September 8, 2009|publisher=Penguin|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| producer = [[Ralph Bass]]
| prev_title = [[Etta James Sings Funk]]
| prev_year = 1970
| next_title = [[Etta James (1973 album)|Etta James]]
| next_year = 1973
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
|rev1score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/losers-weepers-mw0000865232|title=Losers Weepers - Etta James | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic|via=www.allmusic.com}}</ref>
|rev2 = ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies|Christgau's Record Guide]]''
|rev2Score = B+<ref>{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=089919026X|chapter=Consumer Guide '70s: J|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=J&bk=70|accessdate=February 27, 2019|via=robertchristgau.com}}</ref>
|rev3 = ''[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
|rev3score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="CL">{{cite book |last1=Larkin |first1=Colin |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music |date=2006 |publisher=MUZE |volume=4 |page=567}}</ref>
}}
'''''Losers Weepers''''' is the ninth studio album by the American [[blues]] artist [[Etta James]], released in 1971.<ref name=CL/>

The title track peaked at No. 94 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitburn |first1=Joel |title=Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Record Research |page=348}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''[[Music Week]]'' wrote that "although [James] was in a bad way with narcotics addiction at the time, she turns in some formidable genre-defying vocals encompassing blues, R&B, jazz and deep soul."<ref>{{cite journal |title=REISSUES REVIEWS |journal=Music Week |date=Nov 25, 2011 |page=42}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{Tracklist
| title1 = Take Out Some Insurance
| writer1 = Leon David Bonds
| length1 = 2:58
| title2 = I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good
| writer2 = [[Duke Ellington]], Paul Webster
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = I Think It's You
| writer3 = Gene Barge
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 = Someone
| writer4 = George Soule, Richard Cherry
| length4 = 3:50
| title5 = Losers Weepers
| writer5 = Bonds
| length5 = 2:33
| title6 = Weepers
| writer6 = Bonds, Barge
| length6 = 2:33
| title7 = You're the Fool
| writer7 = Sharon McMahan
| length7 = 2:40
| title8 = Hold Back My Tears
| writer8 = Alfonzo Thompson, Jimmy Cobb
| length8 = 6:07
| title9 = For All We Know
| writer9 = J. Fred Coots, Sam M. Lewis
| length9 = 3:28
| title10 = Look at the Rain
| writer10 = Jackie Edward
| length10 = 3:04
| title11 = Ease Away a Little Bit at a Time
| writer11 = [[Clyde Otis]], [[Rose Marie McCoy]], Sampson Horton
| length11 = 3:40
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Etta James}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1971 albums]]
[[Category:Etta James albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Ralph Bass]]
[[Category:Cadet Records albums]]

{{1970s-R&B-album-stub}}

Edward D. Jones

2024-01-26T16:38:33Z

RockinCrystal: Added a hyperlink to Missouri. Also added his age at death.

{{Short description|American investment banker}}
{{distinguish|Edward Jones (statistician)|Edward D. "Ted" Jones}}
{{for|the related company|Edward Jones Investments}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edwards David Jones Sr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|7|29}}
|birth_place=[[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|10|10|1893|7|29}}
| occupation = Investment banker
|children=4, including [[Edward D. "Ted" Jones|Edward "Ted" Jr.]]
}}
'''Edward David Jones Sr.''' (July 29, 1893 – October 10, 1982) was an [[investment banker]] who founded the company today known as [[Edward Jones Investments]].

== Early life and education ==
Edward David Jones was born on July 29, 1893, in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]. His mother died in childbirth and his father, Ely worked in Central and South America as a train engineer leaving Jones with his aunts and uncles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=1982-10-11|title=Obituary for Edward D. Jones (Aged 89)|pages=17|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58970311/obituary-for-edward-d-jones-aged-89/|access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref> The family moved often and he spent his early years in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], and [[Panama]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-12|title=Edward Jones Timeline: Biography: Edward D. Jones|url=http://www.edwardjones.com/cgi/getHTML.cgi?page=/ejhistory/story_early_edjBIO.html|access-date=2020-09-09|website=archive.is|archive-date=2007-10-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071012063135/http://www.edwardjones.com/cgi/getHTML.cgi?page=/ejhistory/story_early_edjBIO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When his father remarried, they relocated to [[Bellefontaine, Ohio]], where he graduated from Bellefontaine High School in 1913.<ref name=":1" /> He graduated from [[New York University]] in 1916 with a degree in business administration.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
He served two and a half years in the [[U.S. Navy]] during [[World War I]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=1967-10-31|title=Clipped From St. Louis Post-Dispatch|pages=20|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58972723/st-louis-post-dispatch/|access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref> then launched his financial-services career as a bond salesman for N. W. Halsy & Company in [[New York City]] with a single building, the [[Woolworth Building]], as his first territory.<ref name=":3" />

Later, as a field representative for New York-based [[C. Ledyard Blair|Blair & Co.]], Edward Jones moved to Ohio, then to St. Louis,<ref name=":3" /> where he left the company because of a dispute about his proceeds from a sale.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In Ohio he was a livestock auctioneer, later using his knowledge of livestock to raise mules and cattle in Missouri.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1982-10-12|title=Obituary for Edward D. Jones (Aged 89)|pages=12|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58971840/obituary-for-edward-d-jones-aged-89/|access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1973-02-18|title=Clipped From St. Louis Post-Dispatch|pages=93|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58974188/st-louis-post-dispatch/|access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>

On April 19, 1923, Jones married Ursula Griesedieck.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1923-04-22|title=Ursula Griesedieck & Edward D Jones Marry Quietly 22 Apr 1923 The St Louis Star & Times|pages=23|work=The St. Louis Star and Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11118624/ursula-griesedieck-edward-d-jones/|access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref> They had four children, Ann, David, who died as a child, Martha and [[Edward D. "Ted" Jones]]. Ursula's family owned breweries including [[Stag Beer]]. Before the ratification of the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|21st Amendment]], repealing prohibition, Jones persuaded the family to take the company's stock public.<ref name=UPI/> When his father-in-law died around 1945,<ref name=":3" /> Jones was named president and chairman of the board of the company. He divided his days, working at Edward D. Jones & Co. in the morning and at Griesedieck in the afternoon. He sold Stag Beer's assets in 1954.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1982-10-12|title=Obituary for Edward D. Jones (Aged 89)|pages=22|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58970037/obituary-for-edward-d-jones-aged-89/|access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>

=== Edward D. Jones & Co. ===
In 1922, he founded [[Edward Jones Investments|Edward D. Jones & Co]]. in St. Louis as a conventional brokerage house.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=February 21, 1982|title=EDWARD D. JONES, COUNTRY BROKER|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1982/02/21/250295.html?pageNumber=175|access-date=2020-09-04|website=NY Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 1942, Jones paid $21,000 plus $4,000 in transfer fees for a seat on the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1943, Edward D. Jones & Co. merged with Whittaker & Co., which was established in 1871 and was then the oldest brokerage firm west of the Mississippi River.<ref name="UPI">{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/10/12/Services-were-Tuesday-for-Edward-D-Jones-Sr-who/1118403243200/|title=Services were Tuesday for Edward D. Jones Sr., who...|publisher=UPI|date=October 12, 1982}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Edward D. Jones & Co. opened its first branch office in 1957, in [[Mexico, Missouri]].<ref name=About>{{cite web|url=https://www.edwardjones.com/about/history.html|title=About Us|publisher=Edward Jones|access-date=2017-06-02|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123407/https://www.edwardjones.com/about/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jones turned over the management of the Edward D. Jones & Co. to his son, Ted, in 1968, and reduced his own workload in 1979.<ref name=UPI/> However, he continued to insist on being the first person in the office every day until his death in 1982 at the age of 89.<ref name=":0" /> Jones' wife Ursula predeceased him by one year, dying in 1981.<ref name=UPI/> At the time of Jones' death, Edward D. Jones & Co. had grown to 495 branches in 33 states.<ref name=UPI/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Edward D.}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from St. Louis]]
[[Category:American investment bankers]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]

Funky Worm

2024-01-12T02:28:53Z

RockinCrystal: /* Influence */Fixed the hyperlink for “Me Myself & I (De La Soul song)”

{{For|the band|The Funky Worm}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Funky Worm
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Ohio Players]]
| album = [[Pleasure (Ohio Players album)|Pleasure]]
| B-side = Paint Me
| released = January 16, 1973
| format =
| recorded = 1972
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Funk music|Funk]]
| length = 2:41
| label = [[Westbound Records|Westbound]]
| writer = Ohio Players
| producer = Ohio Players
| prev_title = Varee Is Love
| prev_year = 1972
| next_title = Ecstasy
| next_year = 1973
}}

"'''Funky Worm'''" is a song by American [[funk]] group the [[Ohio Players]], from their album ''[[Pleasure (Ohio Players album)|Pleasure]]''. It peaked at number one on the U.S. ''Billboard'' [[R&B number-one hits of 1973 (USA)|R&B chart in 1973]] and also peaked at number fifteen on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=437}}</ref> ''Billboard'' ranked it as the [[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973|No. 84 song for 1973]].

==Influence==
The song's [[ARP Pro Soloist|ARP synthesizer]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Mao |first=Jeff "Chairman" |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/04/junie-morrison-interview |title=Interview: Funk Lifer Junie Morrison |date=April 7, 2015 |website=[[Red Bull Music Academy]] |access-date=September 6, 2023}}</ref> solos, played by [[Junie Morrison]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/walter-junie-morrison-mn0000300262/biography | title=Junie Morrison Biography, Songs, & Albums | website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> have become a staple part in [[hip hop]] sampling history, being sampled by artists such as [[MC Breed]], [[Too $hort]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[Xzibit]], and [[Game (rapper)|Game]]. The high-pitched whine of the synthesizer on the song was often emulated by producers from the West Coast and became a staple in [[G-funk]] music. [[N.W.A]] notably sampled "Funky Worm" on their songs "[[Gangsta Gangsta (N.W.A song)|Gangsta Gangsta]]" and "[[Dope Man]]". [[Ice Cube]] sampled "Funky Worm" for his songs [[Wicked (Ice Cube song)|"Wicked"]] and "'Ghetto Bird", duo [[Kris Kross]]' 1992 single "[[Jump (Kris Kross song)|Jump]]", Lil' ½ Dead's 1994 song "East Side, West Side", [[Tim Dog]]'s single "Skip to My Loot" (featuring [[Smooth B]]), [[DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince]]'s 1993 hit "[[Boom! Shake the Room]]", and [[Ruff Ryders]] 1999 song "Bugout" also samples the song.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-breaks.com/search.php?term=funky+worm&type=4 |title=List of artists that sampled "Funky Worm" |access-date=2007-11-17 |archive-date=2006-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612220002/http://the-breaks.com/search.php?type=4&term=Funky+Worm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was also sampled in [[De La Soul]]’s "[[Me Myself & I (De La Soul song)|Me Myself & I]]”, off their 1989 album [[3 Feet High and Rising]]. It was also sampled for the ring entrance for [[The Latin American Xchange|L.A.X]].

==In popular culture==
The song can be heard on the fictional radio station [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack#Bounce FM|Bounce FM]], in the video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]''. The [[Google Doodle]] celebrating the 44th anniversary of [[Hip hop|Hip Hop]] (August 11, 2017) featured the song on a virtual record that allows users to "scratch."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.google.com/doodles/44th-anniversary-of-the-birth-of-hip-hop | title=44th Anniversary of the Birth of Hip Hop }}</ref>. The song can also be heard as a Player Anthem in the video game [[Rocket League]], where it was released in a pack called "Behind The Samples" for free on February 1, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rocketleague.com/news/new-player-anthems-arriving-for-black-history-month/ | title=New Player Anthems Arriving For Black History Month }}</ref>

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1973)
!Peak position
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|15
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Soul Singles|Best Selling Soul Singles]]
|align="center"|1
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ohio Players}}

[[Category:1973 singles]]
[[Category:Ohio Players songs]]
[[Category:Fictional worms]]
[[Category:Songs about fictional characters]]
[[Category:Songs about insects]]

{{1970s-single-stub}}

Funky Worm

2024-01-12T02:27:03Z

RockinCrystal: /* Influence */Added hyperlinks for De La Soul, “Me Myself & I (De La Soul song)” and 3 Feet High and Rising to their respective Wikipedia pages.

{{For|the band|The Funky Worm}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Funky Worm
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Ohio Players]]
| album = [[Pleasure (Ohio Players album)|Pleasure]]
| B-side = Paint Me
| released = January 16, 1973
| format =
| recorded = 1972
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Funk music|Funk]]
| length = 2:41
| label = [[Westbound Records|Westbound]]
| writer = Ohio Players
| producer = Ohio Players
| prev_title = Varee Is Love
| prev_year = 1972
| next_title = Ecstasy
| next_year = 1973
}}

"'''Funky Worm'''" is a song by American [[funk]] group the [[Ohio Players]], from their album ''[[Pleasure (Ohio Players album)|Pleasure]]''. It peaked at number one on the U.S. ''Billboard'' [[R&B number-one hits of 1973 (USA)|R&B chart in 1973]] and also peaked at number fifteen on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=437}}</ref> ''Billboard'' ranked it as the [[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973|No. 84 song for 1973]].

==Influence==
The song's [[ARP Pro Soloist|ARP synthesizer]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Mao |first=Jeff "Chairman" |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/04/junie-morrison-interview |title=Interview: Funk Lifer Junie Morrison |date=April 7, 2015 |website=[[Red Bull Music Academy]] |access-date=September 6, 2023}}</ref> solos, played by [[Junie Morrison]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/walter-junie-morrison-mn0000300262/biography | title=Junie Morrison Biography, Songs, & Albums | website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> have become a staple part in [[hip hop]] sampling history, being sampled by artists such as [[MC Breed]], [[Too $hort]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[Xzibit]], and [[Game (rapper)|Game]]. The high-pitched whine of the synthesizer on the song was often emulated by producers from the West Coast and became a staple in [[G-funk]] music. [[N.W.A]] notably sampled "Funky Worm" on their songs "[[Gangsta Gangsta (N.W.A song)|Gangsta Gangsta]]" and "[[Dope Man]]". [[Ice Cube]] sampled "Funky Worm" for his songs [[Wicked (Ice Cube song)|"Wicked"]] and "'Ghetto Bird", duo [[Kris Kross]]' 1992 single "[[Jump (Kris Kross song)|Jump]]", Lil' ½ Dead's 1994 song "East Side, West Side", [[Tim Dog]]'s single "Skip to My Loot" (featuring [[Smooth B]]), [[DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince]]'s 1993 hit "[[Boom! Shake the Room]]", and [[Ruff Ryders]] 1999 song "Bugout" also samples the song.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-breaks.com/search.php?term=funky+worm&type=4 |title=List of artists that sampled "Funky Worm" |access-date=2007-11-17 |archive-date=2006-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612220002/http://the-breaks.com/search.php?type=4&term=Funky+Worm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was also sampled in [[De La Soul]]’s "[[Me, Myself, & I (De La Soul song)|Me, Myself, & I]]”, off their 1989 album [[3 Feet High and Rising]]. It was also sampled for the ring entrance for [[The Latin American Xchange|L.A.X]].

==In popular culture==
The song can be heard on the fictional radio station [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack#Bounce FM|Bounce FM]], in the video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]''. The [[Google Doodle]] celebrating the 44th anniversary of [[Hip hop|Hip Hop]] (August 11, 2017) featured the song on a virtual record that allows users to "scratch."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.google.com/doodles/44th-anniversary-of-the-birth-of-hip-hop | title=44th Anniversary of the Birth of Hip Hop }}</ref>. The song can also be heard as a Player Anthem in the video game [[Rocket League]], where it was released in a pack called "Behind The Samples" for free on February 1, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rocketleague.com/news/new-player-anthems-arriving-for-black-history-month/ | title=New Player Anthems Arriving For Black History Month }}</ref>

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1973)
!Peak position
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|15
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Soul Singles|Best Selling Soul Singles]]
|align="center"|1
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ohio Players}}

[[Category:1973 singles]]
[[Category:Ohio Players songs]]
[[Category:Fictional worms]]
[[Category:Songs about fictional characters]]
[[Category:Songs about insects]]

{{1970s-single-stub}}

Charles Starkweather

2024-01-03T06:40:23Z

RockinCrystal: /* Representation in film and television */Fixed grammar - changed from “are mention” to “are mentioned”.

{{short description|American spree killer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Charles Starkweather
| image = Starkweather.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mugshots of Starkweather in 1958
| birth_name = Charles Raymond Starkweather
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|11|24|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1959|6|25|1938|11|24|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nebraska State Penitentiary]], Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.
| death_cause = [[Execution by electrocution]]
| partners = [[Caril Ann Fugate]] (1956–1959; his death)
| time_at_large = 60 days
| beginyear = December 1, 1957
| endyear = January 29, 1958
| country = United States
| states = Nebraska, [[Wyoming]]
| locations = {{unbulleted list|
* Lincoln and [[Bennet, Nebraska]]
* [[Douglas, Wyoming]]
}}
| fatalities = 11<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/killer-couple-strikes-the-heartland | title=Teenage killers murder three people | newspaper=History }}</ref>
| injuries = 0
| weapons = {{unbulleted list|
* [[Winchester Model 1906]]
* .410 [[Stevens Arms|Stevens Model 59A]]
* [[.38 Special|.38-caliber]] [[revolver]]
* [[Knife]]
}}
| apprehended = January 29, 1958
| imprisoned = [[Nebraska State Penitentiary]]
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment in Nebraska|Death]]
| conviction = [[First degree murder]]
}}

'''Charles Raymond Starkweather''' (November 24, 1938 – June 25, 1959)<ref name="Wishart2004">{{cite book|author1-link=David J. Wishart|last=Wishart|first=David J.|title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA462|access-date=October 22, 2010|year=2004|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-4787-1|page=462}}</ref> was an American [[spree killer]] who murdered eleven people in [[Nebraska]] and [[Wyoming]] between November 1957 and January 1958, when he was nineteen years old.<ref name="Rule2004">{{cite book|last=Rule|first=Ann|title=Kiss Me, Kill Me: Ann Rule's Crime Files|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jtj8_7WxpUkC&pg=PA224|access-date=October 22, 2010|year=2004|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-69139-4|page=224}}</ref> He killed ten of his victims between January 21 and January 29, 1958, the date of his arrest. During his spree in 1958, Starkweather was accompanied by his fourteen-year-old girlfriend, [[Caril Ann Fugate]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Five for Charles Starkweather, murderer |publication-place=[[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], [[Illinois]], United States of America |date=1 October 1967 |via=[[ProQuest]] |first=C.G. |last=Hanzlicek |volume=10 |page=60 |journal=[[TriQuarterly]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/078275aa3ee1eabbe819548b12ec8976/1 |issn=0041-3097 |oclc=889376903 |publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]] |issue=2 |access-date=8 September 2021 |editor1-first=Charles |editor1-last=Newman |editor1-link=Charles Newman (author) }}</ref>

Both Starkweather and Fugate were convicted on charges for their parts in the homicides; Starkweather was sentenced to death and executed seventeen months after the events. Fugate served seventeen years in prison, gaining release in 1976.<ref name="FlowersFlowers2005">{{cite book|last1=Flowers|first1=R. Barri|author-link=R. Barri Flowers|author2=H. Loraine Flowers|title=Murders In The United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh6q_-Vzc0YC&pg=PA176|access-date=October 22, 2010|date=April 2005|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2075-9|page=176}}</ref> Starkweather's execution by [[electric chair]] in 1959 was the last [[Capital punishment in Nebraska|execution in Nebraska]] until 1994, when [[Harold Lamont Otey]] was executed for murder.<ref name="lachance">{{cite journal |title=Executing Charles Starkweather: Lethal punishment in an age of rehabilitation |first=Daniel |last=Lachance |date=1 July 2009 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=337–358 |doi=10.1177/1462474509334607 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1462474509334607 |editor1-first=Alessandro |editor1-last=De Giorgi |editor2-first=Vanessa |editor2-last=Barker |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |issn=1462-4745 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |s2cid=145675504 |publication-place=[[Thousand Oaks]], [[California]], United States of America |lccn=sn99017542 |oclc=42208145 |editor3-first=Kelly |editor3-last=Hannah-Moffat |editor4-first=Mona |editor4-last=Lynch |editor4-link=Mona Lynch |access-date=8 September 2021 }}</ref>

The Starkweather case has been analyzed by criminologists and psychologists in an attempt to understand spree killers' motivations and precipitating factors.<ref name="parker">{{cite news |newspaper=The Buckingham Post |volume=65 |issue=30 |publication-place=[[Buckingham, Quebec|Buckingham]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] |date=25 November 1960 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=8 September 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxYeAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA39&article_id=2740,4258335 |page=4 |department=International news section |title=Backward look at a boy killer |agency=[[Newsweek]] |publisher=Estate of A.H. Parker |editor1-first=A.H. |editor1-last=Parker }}</ref><ref name="eugor">{{cite news |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=8 September 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PlVAAAAIBAJ&q=%22Charles+Starkweather%22&pg=PA2&article_id=5326,3260562#v=onepage |title=Reason sought by criminologist for youth's wild slaying spree |first=James Melvin |last=Reinhardt |publication-place=[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], [[Oregon]], United States of America |page=12B |date=17 June 1958 |volume=91 |issue=238 |editor1-first=Alton F. |editor1-last=Baker |editor2-first=Robert B. |editor2-last=Frazier |editor3-first=Alton F. |editor3-last=Baker Jr. |editor4-first=A.H. |editor4-last=Currey |editor5-first=Arne |editor5-last=Strommer |editor6-first=Jari E. |editor6-last=Fugle |editor7-first=W.B. |editor7-last=Johnston Jr. |agency=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press (AP)]] }}</ref><ref name="delisi">{{cite journal |title=The Starkweather Syndrome: exploring criminal history antecedents of homicidal crime sprees |pages=37–47 |first1=Matt |last1=DeLisi |first2=Andy |last2=Hochstetler |first3=Aaron M. |last3=Scherer |first4=Aaron |last4=Purhmann |first5=Mark T. |last5=Berg |doi=10.1080/14786010801972670 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786010801972670 |volume=21 |issue=1 |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=8 September 2021 |issn=1478-601X |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |journal=Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society |s2cid=145389937 |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-last=Tewksbury |editor2-first=David v. |editor2-last=Baker |editor3-first=Elizabeth Erhardt |editor3-last=Mustaine |editor4-first=Heith |editor4-last=Copes |editor5-first=Brian |editor5-last=Payne }}</ref> It also became notorious as one of the earlier crime scandals that reached national prominence, much like the [[Lindbergh kidnapping|kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh's son]] with the media outlets covering the case at the time openly condemning Starkweather.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Chris E. |title=Fear of crime, community satisfaction and self-protective measures: Perceptions from a Midwestern city |journal=Journal of Crime and Justice |year=1991 |pages=97–121 |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/0735648X.1991.9721440 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0735648X.1991.9721440 |issn=0735-648X |publisher=Midwestern Criminal Justice Association /[[Taylor & Francis]] |editor1-first=George W. |editor1-last=Burruss |editor2-first=Matthew |editor2-last=Matusiak |editor3-first=Dena |editor3-last=Carson |editor4-first=Cory |editor4-last=Haberman |publication-place=[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], United States of America }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5065/|series=Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers |title=Reporting a mass murder: Coverage of the Charles Starkweather case by the "Lincoln Star" and the "Omaha World Herald" |first=Michelle Barret |last=Ravnikar |type=Master of Arts |publisher=[[University of Montana]] |year=1986 |format=PDF |editor1-first=Warren J. |editor1-last=Brier |via=[[ScholarWorks]] at University of Montana |department=University of Montana Graduate School |publication-place=[[Missoula]], [[Montana]], United States of America |volume=5065 |access-date=8 September 2021 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Starkweather was born in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], the fourth of seven children of Guy and Helen Starkweather.<ref name="biography">[http://www.biography.com/articles/Charles-Starkweather-233080 Charles Starkweather] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127164522/http://www.biography.com/articles/Charles-Starkweather-233080 |date=November 27, 2010 }}, biography.com; accessed June 21, 2015.</ref> The Starkweathers were a working-class family; Starkweather's father was a carpenter who was often unemployed due to [[rheumatoid arthritis]] in his hands; Helen worked as a waitress to supplement the family's income.<ref>''Killers'' {{ISBN|978-0-752-20850-3}} p. 174</ref> Guy Starkweather admitted at Charles's trial to having pushed his son into a window; later his wife would divorce him on the grounds of extreme cruelty.<ref>Strand, p. 17</ref> The family was downwardly mobile: Starkweather's great-great grandfather, [[George Anson Starkweather (New York politician)|George Anson Starkweather]], was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York's 21st district from 1847–1849.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Starkweather attended Saratoga Elementary School, Irving Junior High School, and [[Lincoln High School (Lincoln, Nebraska)|Lincoln High School]]. In contrast to his family life, Starkweather later recalled nothing positive of his time at school.<ref name="karisable"/> He was born with [[genu varum]], a mild [[birth defect]] that caused his legs to be misshapen, and claimed he was teased by classmates because he had a [[speech impediment]].<ref name="karisable"/> His elementary school teacher did not recall his being teased.<ref>Strand, p. 10</ref>

As he grew older and stronger, the only subject in which Starkweather excelled was [[physical education]],<ref name="biography"/> where he found an outlet for his rage against those who bullied him. Starkweather then began to bully those who had once picked on him.<ref name="bookrags">[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/charles-starkweather-cri World of Criminal Justice on Charles Starkweather], BookRags.com; accessed June 21, 2015.</ref> Eventually he felt rage against anyone he disliked. Author Ginger Strand argues that his writings from prison suggest a strong element of class envy and bitterness.<ref>Strand, 18-19.</ref> Starkweather went from being one of the most well-behaved teenagers in the community to one of the most troubled. His high school friend Bob von Busch would later recall:
{{blockquote|He could be the kindest person you've ever seen. He'd do anything for you if he liked you. He was a hell of a lot of fun to be around, too. Everything was just one big joke to him. But he had this other side. He could be mean as hell, cruel. If he saw some poor guy on the street who was bigger than he was, better looking, or better dressed, he'd try to take the poor bastard down to his size.<ref>Allen, William. ''Starkweather: The Story of a Mass Murderer''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976. Print.</ref>}}

By the time Starkweather dropped out of school, his parents and family were reportedly afraid of him due to his violent outbursts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parents feared for own lives |agency=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press (AP)]] |volume=LXIV |issue=105 |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |publication-place=[[Schenectady]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States of America |date=30 January 1958 |access-date=8 September 2021 |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goUuAAAAIBAJ&q=%22Charles+Starkweather%22&pg=PA1&article_id=3708,3640196#v=onepage |publisher=Daily Gazette Company |editor1-first=John G. |editor1-last=Green |editor2-first=Eleanor F. |editor2-last=Green |editor3-first=Anna C. |editor3-last=Hume |page=1 |department=Main section }}</ref>

==Relationship with Caril Ann Fugate==
{{Main|Caril Ann Fugate}}
In 1956, at eighteen, Starkweather was introduced to thirteen-year-old Caril Ann Fugate.<ref name="cawthorne"/> Starkweather dropped out of high school in his senior year and took a job at a newspaper warehouse<ref name="biography"/><ref name="bookrags"/> because it was near Fugate's school; he began to visit her every day after school.

Starkweather taught Fugate how to drive, and one day she crashed the car belonging to Starkweather's father, who banished Starkweather from the family home. Starkweather quit his warehouse job and became a garbage collector.<ref name="biography"/>

Starkweather began developing a [[nihilism|nihilistic]] worldview, believing that his current situation was the final determinant of how he would live the rest of his life, while striving only to satisfy his biological needs and acquire power over others.{{explain|date=January 2022}}<ref name="reinh" /><ref name="vanc">{{cite news |first=James Melvin |last=Reinhardt |title=Killer hungered for a girl, a gun, power |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=9 September 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z9lAAAAIBAJ&q=%22Charles+Starkweather%22&pg=PA39&article_id=1021,1599462#v=onepage |agency=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press (AP)]] |page=39 |date=9 June 1958 |newspaper=The Vancouver Sun |volume=LXXII |issue=208 |publication-place=[[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] |publisher=Sun Publishing Company, Limited/Pacific Press Limited |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-last=Cromie |editor2-first=J.L. |editor2-last=Dampier |editor3-first=H. |editor3-last=Koshovoy |editor4-first=C.H. |editor4-last=MacKay |editor5-first=J.J. |editor5-last=Rooney |department=International news section }}</ref> He began plotting bank robberies, and settled on a personal philosophy: "Dead people are all on the same level".<ref>''Born Bad'' {{ISBN|978-1-87159-262-7}} p. 21</ref>

==First murder==
Late on November 30, 1957, Starkweather became angry at Robert Colvert, a service station attendant in Lincoln, for refusing to sell him a stuffed animal on [[credit]]. He returned several times during the night to purchase small items, until finally, brandishing a shotgun, he forced Colvert to give him $100 from the till. He drove Colvert to a remote area, where they struggled over the gun, injuring Colvert before Starkweather killed him with several shots to the head.<ref name="karisable"/>

==1958 murder spree==
On January 21, 1958, Starkweather went to Fugate's home.<ref name="Wishart2004"/> Fugate's mother and stepfather, Velda and Marion Bartlett, told him to stay away. He fatally shot them, then clubbed to death their two-year-old daughter Betty Jean.<ref name=karisable>[http://karisable.com/skazfulgate.htm Charles Starkweather and Caril Ann Fugate], retrieved (December 9, 2009)</ref> He hid the bodies in an outhouse and chicken coop behind the house.<ref>Strand, p. 30</ref>

Starkweather later said that Caril was there the entire time, but she said that when she arrived home, Starkweather met her with a gun and said that her family was being held hostage. She said Starkweather told her that if she cooperated with him, her family would be safe; otherwise, they would be killed. The pair remained in the house until shortly before the police, alerted by Fugate's suspicious grandmother, arrived on January 27.<ref name=karisable/> When the police broke in, they found no one there and the house in apparent order. A few days later, Charles's brother Rodney and his friend Bob Von Busch searched the house and premises, finding the stashed bodies. The police issued an alert to pick up both Starkweather and Fugate.<ref>Strand, p. 11</ref>

Starkweather and Fugate drove to the farmhouse of seventy-year-old August Meyer, one of his family's friends who lived in [[Bennet, Nebraska]]. Starkweather killed him with a shotgun blast to the head.<ref name="karisable"/> He also killed Meyer's dog.<ref>Leyton, Elliot. [https://books.google.com/books?id=js73x02HJ80C ''Hunting Humans'' (p. 205)]; Pocket Books (1988); {{ISBN|9780671659615}}</ref>

Fleeing the area, the pair drove their car into mud and abandoned the vehicle. When Robert Jensen and Carol King, two local teenagers, stopped to give them a ride, Starkweather forced them to drive back to an abandoned [[storm cellar]] in Bennet. He shot Jensen in the back of the head. He attempted to [[rape]] King, but was unable to do so.<ref>''Born Bad'' {{ISBN|978-1-87159-262-7}} p. 40</ref> He became angry with her and fatally shot her as well. Starkweather later admitted shooting Jensen, but claimed that Fugate shot King. Fugate said she had stayed in the car the entire time. The two fled Bennet in Jensen's car.<ref name="cawthorne" />

Starkweather and Fugate drove to a wealthy section of Lincoln, where they entered the home of industrialist Chester Lauer Ward and his wife Clara.<ref name="karisable"/> Starkweather stabbed their maid Ludmila "Lilyan" Fencl to death, then waited for Lauer and Clara to return home. Starkweather killed the family dog by breaking its neck, to keep it from alerting the Wards. Clara arrived first alone, and was also stabbed to death. Starkweather later admitted to having thrown a knife at Clara, but insisted that Fugate had stabbed her numerous times, killing her. When Lauer Ward returned home that evening, Starkweather shot and killed him. While the killers were in the house, the Wards' newspapers arrived, and they cut out the front-page pictures of themselves and Fugate's dead family. These pictures were found on them later, casting doubt on Caril's claim that she didn't know her family was dead.<ref>Strand, p. 40</ref> Starkweather and Fugate filled Ward's black 1956 [[Packard]] with stolen jewelry from the house and fled Nebraska.<ref name="vanc" />

The murders of the Wards and Fencl caused an uproar within [[Lancaster County, Nebraska|Lancaster County]].<ref name=karisable/> The flames of public fear were fanned by the era's ongoing panic about "juvenile delinquency."<ref>Strand pp. 34-35</ref> Law enforcement agencies in the region sent their officers on a house-to-house search for the perpetrators. [[Governor of Nebraska|Governor]] [[Victor Emanuel Anderson]] contacted the [[Nebraska National Guard]], and the Lincoln chief of police called for a block-by-block search of that city. After several sightings of Starkweather and Fugate were reported, the Lincoln Police Department was accused of incompetence for being unable to capture the pair.<ref name="parker" /> Vigilante gangs were formed, and local sheriff Merle Karnopp started forming a posse by arming men he found in bars.<ref>Strand, p. 41</ref>

Needing a new car because of Ward's Packard having been identified, the couple came upon traveling salesman Merle Collison sleeping in his [[Buick]] along the highway outside [[Douglas, Wyoming|Douglas]], [[Wyoming]]. After Collison was awakened, he was fatally shot. Starkweather later accused Fugate of performing a [[coup-de-grace]] after his shotgun jammed. Starkweather claimed Fugate was the "most trigger-happy person" he had ever met. Fugate denied ever having killed anyone.<ref name="Rule2004" />{{failed verification|date=January 2023}}

The salesman's car had a [[parking brake]], which was something new to Starkweather. While he attempted to drive away, the car stalled because the brake had not been released. He tried to restart the engine, and a passing motorist, geologist Joe Sprinkle, stopped to help. Starkweather threatened him with the rifle, and an altercation ensued. At that moment, [[Natrona County]] Sheriff's Deputy William Romer arrived on the scene. Fugate ran to him, yelling something to the effect of: "It's Starkweather! He's going to kill me!"<ref name="cawthorne">{{cite book |pages=174–192 |chapter-url=https://www.archive.org/details/killerscontractk0000cawt/page/174 |chapter=4. Rebel Without A Cause |first=Nigel |last=Cawthorne |editor1-first=Nigel |editor1-last=Cawthorne |editor2-first=Geoff |editor2-last=Tibballs |title=Killers: Contract killers, spree killers, sex killers, the ruthless exponents of murder, the most evil crime of all |isbn=9780752208503 |orig-date=1993 |year=1994 |edition=2nd |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |publisher=Boxtree Limited |series=True Crime |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url=https://www.archive.org/details/killerscontractk0000cawt/page/n7/mode/2up }}</ref>

Starkweather drove off and was involved in a car chase with three officers--Romer, Douglas Police Chief Robert Ainslie, and Converse County Sheriff Earl Heflin--exceeding speeds of {{convert|100|mph}}. A bullet fired by Heflin shattered the windshield and flying glass cut Starkweather deep enough to cause bleeding. He stopped, surrendered, and was captured near Douglas on January 29, 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sequence of Events in the Charles Starkweather Case |url=https://lincolnlibraries.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/StarkweatherTimeline.pdf |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=Lincoln Evening Journal |date=June 25, 1959}}</ref> Heflin said, "He thought he was bleeding to death. That's why he stopped. That's the kind of [[cowardice|yellow]] son of a bitch he is."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Alton Evening Telegraph |agency=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press (AP)]] |publication-place=[[Alton, Illinois|Alton]], [[Illinois]], United States of America |page=1 |department=Main section |first=Joe |last=McGowan |title=Youth who slew ten captured in Wyoming |date=30 January 1958 }}</ref>

==Trial and execution==
Starkweather chose to be extradited from Wyoming to Nebraska. He and Fugate arrived there in late January 1958. He believed that either state would have executed him. He was not aware, however, that [[Milward Simpson]], [[Governor of Wyoming|Wyoming's governor]] at the time, opposed the [[death penalty]].<ref>[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/starkweather/reckoning_9.html Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130004948/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/starkweather/reckoning_9.html |date=November 30, 2013 }}, trutv.com; accessed June 18, 2015.</ref> Starkweather first said that he had kidnapped Fugate and that she had nothing to do with the murders. However, he changed his story several times. He testified against her at her trial, saying that she was a [[Accomplice|willing participant]].<ref name="Tougher Than the Rest">Sawyers, June Skinner (2006). ''Tougher Than the Rest: 100 Best Bruce Springsteen Songs''. Omnibus Press. pp. 69–75. {{ISBN|978-0-8256-3470-3}}.</ref>
[[File:Caril Ann Fugate Nebraska 1958.A.jpg|180px|thumb|Caril Fugate, pictured en route to [[Lincoln, Nebraska]]. February 3, 1958]]
Fugate has always maintained that Starkweather was holding her hostage by threatening to kill her family, claiming she was unaware they were already dead. Judge Harry A. Spencer did not believe Fugate was held hostage by Starkweather, as he determined she had had numerous opportunities to escape. When Starkweather was first taken to the Nebraska penitentiary after his trial, he said that he believed that he was supposed to die. He said if he was to be executed, then Fugate should be also.<ref>''Born Bad'' {{ISBN|978-1-87159-262-7}} pp. 69-71</ref>

Starkweather was convicted, after the jury deliberated for only 22 hours, for the murder of Jensen, the only murder for which he was tried. On May 23, 1958, he was sentenced to death, and Starkweather was executed in the [[electric chair]] at the [[Nebraska State Penitentiary]] in Lincoln, Nebraska, at 12:04 a.m. on June 25, 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Starkweather Executed: Calm To The End, No Final Words|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77473754/the-miami-news/|access-date=May 10, 2021|newspaper=The Miami News|page=1-A|date=June 25, 1959|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Half an hour before the execution, the doctor who was supposed to pronounce Starkweather dead, B.A. Finkel, himself suffered a fatal heart attack.<ref name="Omah760704">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-starkweather-death-ha/125491466/|date=July 4, 1976|page=62|first=Odell|last=Hanson|agency=Associated Press|title=Starkweather Death Haunts the Memory|newspaper=Omaha World-Herald|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=May 29, 2023}}</ref> Starkweather gave no last words but in a letter from prison to his parents, wrote: "but dad I'm not real sorry for what I did cause for the first time me and Caril have (sic) more fun."<ref name="Tougher Than the Rest" /> He was reportedly indifferent about his impending death and had become resigned to his fate.<ref name="reinh">{{cite news |first=James Melvin |last=Reinhardt |title=Teenage slayer of 11 awaits execution with indifference |newspaper=[[Ocala Star-Banner]] |publication-place=[[Ocala]], [[Florida]], United States of America |via=[[Google Books]] |date=12 June 1958 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=348UAAAAIBAJ&q=%22Charles+Starkweather%22&pg=PA21&article_id=5866,2297883#v=onepage |editor1-first=John H. |editor1-last=Perry |editor2-first=John H. |editor2-last=Perry Jr. |editor3-first=H.D. |editor3-last=Leavengood |editor4-first=R.N. |editor4-last=Dosh |editor5-first=Bernard |editor5-last=Watts |publisher=John H. Perry Associates |volume=92 |issue=15 |access-date=8 September 2021 }}</ref>

Following the execution, Starkweather was buried in [[Wyuka Cemetery]] in Lincoln, as are five of his victims, including the Wards.<ref>Zimmer, Ed. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120715024349/http://nebraskahistory.org/histpres/reports/Wyuka_Cemetery_Tour.pdf "Wyuka Cemetery: A Driving & Walking Tour"]}}, nebraskahistory.org; accessed June 21, 2015.</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110307215553/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/index.shtml Nebraska State Historical Society website]}}, nebraskahistory.org; retrieved June 3, 2014.</ref>

Fugate was convicted as an accomplice and received a [[life sentence]] on November 21, 1958. She was paroled in June 1976 after serving seventeen-and-a-half-years at the [[Nebraska Correctional Center for Women]] in [[York, Nebraska]]. She settled in [[Hillsdale, Michigan]].

==Victims==
# Robert Colvert (21), gas station attendant
# Marion Bartlett (58), Fugate's stepfather
# Velda Bartlett (36), Fugate's mother
# Betty Jean Bartlett (2), Fugate's sister
# August Meyer (70), Starkweather's family's friend
# Robert Jensen (17), boyfriend to Carol King
# Carol King (16), girlfriend to Robert Jensen
# Lillian Fencl (51), maid in the Ward household
# Clara Ward (50), Chester Lauer Ward's wife
# Chester Lauer Ward (47), wealthy industrialist
# Merle Collison (34), traveling salesman

Starkweather also killed two family dogs.

==In popular culture==
{{Multiple issues|
{{In popular culture|section|date=August 2023}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2023}}
}}

===Representation in film and television===
* The Starkweather–Fugate case inspired the films ''[[The Sadist (film)|The Sadist]]'' (1963), ''[[Badlands (film)|Badlands]]'' (1973), ''[[Guncrazy]]'' (1992), ''[[Kalifornia]]'' (1993), ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' (1994), and ''[[Starkweather (film)|Starkweather]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural Born Killers: La ola de crímenes que inspiró la película de Oliver Stone |series=True Crime |url=https://www.gq.com.mx/entretenimiento/articulo/natural-born-killers-de-oliver-stone-historia-real-charles-starkweather-y-caril-ann-fugate |language=Spanish |first=Pamela |last=González |issn=0016-6979 |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States of America |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] ([[Advance Publications|Advance Publications, Inc.]]) }}</ref>
* "A Case Study of Two Savages," a 1962 episode of the TV series ''[[Naked City (TV series)|Naked City]]'', was also inspired by the Starkweather killings (the couple was played by [[Rip Torn]] and [[Tuesday Weld]]).
* The 1968 first season [[Robert Stack]]-segment episode "The Bobby Currier Story" of ''[[The Name of the Game (TV series)|The Name of the Game]]'', was also based on these events.
* The made-for-TV movie ''[[Murder in the Heartland]]'' (1993) is a biographical depiction of Starkweather, with [[Tim Roth]] in the starring role.
* ''[[Stark Raving Mad (1981 film)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' (1981), a feature film starring Russell Fast and Marcie Severson, is a fictionalized account of the Starkweather–Fugate murder spree.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}
* The [[Peter Jackson]] film ''[[The Frighteners]]'' (1996) features a Starkweather-inspired killer who goes on a similar murder spree, and has a female accomplice.
* The fourth episode, "Dangerous Liaisons" (aired September 2, 2010), of season four from the ID series, ''[[Deadly Women]]'', covers the murders.
*"Teenage Wasteland", the Season 4 premiere episode (aired December 6, 2016) from the ID series ''[[A Crime to Remember]]'', also covers the Starkweather–Fugate murder spree.
*In "Fun with Chemistry", Season 1 Episode 7 of ''[[Breakout Kings]]'', Starkweather and Fugate are mentioned as spree killers.
*''The 12th Victim'' (2023) the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime limited series]] focuses on Fugate's role in the crime spree.

===Literature===
* [[Wright Morris]]' 1960 novel ''Ceremony at Lone Tree'' is based, in part, on Starkweather's murders.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ceremony at Lone Tree and Badlands: The Starkweather Case and the Nebraska Plains |jstor=40630085 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40630085 |first=Ginny Brown |last=MacHann |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |journal=[[Prairie Schooner]] |issn=0032-6682 |publication-place=[[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln]], [[Nebraska]], United States of America |editor1-first=Kwame |editor1-last=Dawes |editor1-link=Kwame Dawes |date=20 June 1979 |access-date=8 September 2021 |via=[[JSTOR]] }}</ref>
* The 1974 book ''Caril'' is an [[unauthorized biography]] of Caril Ann Fugate written by Ninette Beaver.
* Liza Ward, the granddaughter of victims C. Lauer and Clara Ward, wrote the novel ''[[Outside Valentine]]'' (2004), based on the events of the Starkweather–Fugate murders.
* The novel ''Not Comin' Home to You'' (1974) by [[Lawrence Block]] has fictional events that are similar to the Starkweather and Fugate spree.
* Horror author [[Stephen King]] has said that he was strongly influenced by reading about the Starkweather murders when he was a youth, and that he kept a scrapbook of articles about them.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Adams |title=The Stephen King interview, uncut and unpublished |date=14 September 2000 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/sep/14/stephenking.fiction |editor1-first=Katharine |editor1-last=Viner |editor1-link=Katharine Viner |issn=0261-3077 |publisher=Guardian Media Group plc (Scott Trust) |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=Rusbridger |editor2-link=Alan Rusbridger |editor3-first=Neil |editor3-last=Berkett |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508223532/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/sep/14/stephenking.fiction |access-date=8 September 2021 }}</ref> Starkweather is mentioned in King's novel ''[[The Stand]]'' as an acquaintance of [[Randall Flagg]], the main antagonist of the book.

===Visual arts===
* In 2011, art photographer [[Christian Patterson]] released ''Redheaded Peckerwood'',<ref>{{cite news |first1=Christian |last1=Patterson |first2=Luc |last2=Sante |title=Violence, dissected |date=8 September 2012 |access-date=8 September 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/opinion/sunday/violence-dissected.html |editor3-first=Arthur Ochs |editor3-last=Sulzberger Jr. |editor3-link=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. |page=SR9 |volume=CLXI |editor1-first=A.G. |editor1-last=Sulzberger |editor1-link=A.G. Sulzberger |editor2-first=Dean |editor2-last=Baquet |editor2-link=Dean Baquet |oclc=1645522 |issn=0362-4331 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issue=72 |department=Sunday Review section }}</ref> a collection of photos made each January from 2005 to 2010 along the 500-mile route traversed by Starkweather and Fugate. The book includes reproductions of documents and photographs of objects that belonged to Starkweather, Fugate, and their victims. Patterson had discovered several of these objects while making his photographs and they had never been seen publicly before or identified with these figures.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.mackbooks.co.uk/books/15-redheaded-peckerwood.html|title=Redheaded Peckerwood by Christian Patterson|access-date=December 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209125859/http://www.mackbooks.co.uk/books/15-Redheaded-Peckerwood.html|archive-date=December 9, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The comic book series ''[[Northlanders]]'' referred to the murder spree in its 2010 story arc ''Metal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warrenellis.com/?p=9801|title=Brian Wood On Northlanders: Metal |publisher=Warren Ellis|date=June 10, 2010|access-date=August 10, 2012}}</ref>

===Music===
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s 1982 song [[Nebraska (song)|"Nebraska"]] is a first-person narrative based on the Starkweather murders.
* [[J Church (band)|J Church]]'s 1993 song "Hate So Real" retells the Starkweather murders.
* "Starkweather homicide" is referenced in the lyrics to singer-songwriter [[Billy Joel]]'s 1989 music single, "[[We Didn't Start the Fire]]".
* The 2009 [[Church of Misery]] song "Badlands (Charles Starkweather & Caril Fugate)" is about the Starkweather murders.
* A picture of Starkweather's arrest was used as a backdrop on singer-songwriter [[Morrissey]]'s 2019 live tour, during the song "Jack The Ripper".
* [[Nicole Dollanganger]]'s 2012 song "Nebraska" details the events of the Starkweather murders.
* The band [[Blood for Blood]] featured a photo of Charles Starkweather on the cover of their 1997 7-inch ''[[Enemy (Blood for Blood album)|Enemy]]''.
* The Philadelphia metalcore band [[Starkweather (band)|Starkweather]] took their name from Charles Starkweather.

===Video games===
* Lionel Starkweather, a [[snuff film]] director inspired by the eponymous murderer, is the primary antagonist in the stealth-horror game ''[[Manhunt (video game)|Manhunt]]''. He is voiced by [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]].

==See also==
* [[Capital punishment in Nebraska]]
* [[Crime in Nebraska]]
* [[List of people executed in Nebraska]]
* [[List of rampage killers in the United States]]
{{Portal bar|Biography|Law|1950s}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Allen, William. ''Starkweather: Inside the Mind of a Teenage Killer''. (2004), Emmis Books, 240 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-57860-151-6}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.archive.org/details/killerscontractk0000cawt |first1=Nigel |last1=Cawthorne |first2=Geoff |last2=Tibballs |title=Killers: Contract killers, spree killers, sex killers, the ruthless exponents of murder, the most evil crime of all |isbn=9780752208503 |orig-date=1993 |year=1994 |edition=2nd |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |publisher=Boxtree Limited |series=True Crime |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}
*Del Harding, reporter for the Lincoln, Nebr., Star, who covered the murders, the Starkweather and Fugate trials, and Starkweather's execution.
*{{cite book
|last=Newton
|first=Michael
|title=Waste Land: The Savage Odyssey of Charles Starkweather and Caril Ann Fugate
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40oMAAAACAAJ
|access-date=October 22, 2010
|date=February 1998
|publisher=Pocket Books
|isbn=978-0-671-00198-8}}
*{{cite book
|last=O'Donnell
|first=Jeff
|title=Starkweather: A Story Of Mass Murder On The Great Plains
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TV3jAAAACAAJ
|access-date=October 22, 2010
|year=1993
|publisher=J & L Lee Publishers
|isbn=978-0-934904-31-5}}
*Strand, Ginger. ''Killer on the Road: Violence and the American Interstate''. (2012), University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|978-0-292-72637-6}}

==External links==
* Bardsley, Marilyn. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831072214/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/starkweather/index_1.html Charles Starkweather & Caril Fugate]. ''[[Crime Library]]''. Retrieved on 2009-07-30.
*{{Find a Grave|2191}}
* [http://www.christianpatterson.com/redheaded-peckerwood/ "Redheaded Peckerwood" on Christian Patterson web site.]
* [http://nebraskahistory.pastperfectonline.com/byperson?keyword=Starkweather%2C+Charles Nebraska State Historical Society]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zFUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 Life Magazine article Feb. 10, 1958]

{{sequence|
prev=[[Roland Sundahl]]|
list=[[Capital punishment in Nebraska|Executions carried out in Nebraska]]|
next=[[Harold Lamont Otey]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Starkweather, Charles}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:1957 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by Nebraska]]
[[Category:20th-century executions of American people]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American murderers of children]]
[[Category:American rapists]]
[[Category:American robbers]]
[[Category:Burials in Nebraska]]
[[Category:Executed American spree killers]]
[[Category:Executed people from Nebraska]]
[[Category:Family murders]]
[[Category:History of Lincoln, Nebraska]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Nebraska]]
[[Category:People executed by Nebraska by electric chair]]
[[Category:People from Lincoln, Nebraska]]
[[Category:People with speech impediment]]

Bopol Mansiamina

2023-11-15T09:43:51Z

RockinCrystal: /* 1969 to c.1980: Zaire, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo */Fixed the hyperlink to M’pongo Love’s Wikipedia page.

{{Short description|Congolese musician (1949–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bopol Mansiamina
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|7|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|11|7|1949|7|26|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| birth_place = [[Kinshasa]], DR Congo
| birth_name = Paul Mansiamina Mfoko
| genre = [[Soukous]]
| occupation = [[Guitarist]]
| years_active = 1969–2010s
| associated_acts = [[Les Quatre Etoiles]] · [[Nyboma Mwan'dido]] · [[Wuta Mayi]] · [[Syran Mbenza]]
}}

'''Bopol Mansiamina''' (26 July 1949 – 7 November 2021), also known as Bopol or Don Paolo, was a prolific and renowned Congolese musician (bass player, guitar player most commonly as a rhythm guitarist, vocalist, composer, and producer). He recorded and performed extensively over four decades as a solo artist, as a member of leading African bands, and in support of many African musicians. Bopol was best known for his work in the 1980s and early 1990s as one of the four members of the Paris-based supergroup [[Les Quatre Étoiles|Les Quatre Etoiles]] (the 4 Stars) and as a solo artist.

==Career and history==
===Early life===
Mansiamina was born 26 July 1949, in Leopoldville (now [[Kinshasa]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) as Paul Mansiamina Mfoko (or M'Foko Mansiamina).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1283828-Bopol-Mansiamina|website=Discogs|accessdate=21 August 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gregory [editor]|first1=Andy|title=International who's who in popular music|date=2002|publisher=Europa|location=London|isbn=1857431618|page=348|edition=4th}}</ref>

===1969 to c.1980: Zaire, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo===
From 1969 to 1978 Bopol was based in [[Zaire]] and played in a series of bands. He joined many of the leading Congolese musicians of the past and next generations. After that time, he moved to West Africa for a few years.

After completing secondary school, in 1969 he joined Orchestre Bamboula (led by [[Papa Noel Nedule|Papa Noel]] and also including [[Madilu System]]; [[Pepe Kalle]]; [[Bozi Boziana]]; and [[Wuta Mayi]], then known as Blaise Pasco, with whom Bopol would work for decades). Orchestre Bamboula was chosen to represent Zaire in the 1969 Festival of African Music in [[Algeria]].<ref name="AMP">{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina|url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/bopol.htm|website=africanmusiciansprofiles|accessdate=21 August 2017|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024194859/http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/bopol.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The band broke up, however, shortly after its return from Algiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=L'orchestre Bamboula de Papa Noël|url=http://www.mbokamosika.com/2017/05/l-orchestre-bamboula-de-papa-noel.html|website=MBOKAMOSIKA|accessdate=22 August 2017|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

After that Bopol led a revival of Orchestre [[Rock-a-Mambo]]. He then joined [[Dr. Nico|Dr Nico's]] [[African Fiesta|African Fiesta Sukisa]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=kenyalive, SAMBA MAPANGALA & VIRUNGA LIVE AT YOSHI'S|url=http://www.muzikifan.com/kenyalive.html|website=www.muzikifan.com|accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref> In 1971 he co-founded Orchestre [or L'Orchestre or Orchestra] Continental, which included Blaise Pasco (later Wuta Mayi), and [[Josky]]. From 1973 to 1976 he joined Afrisa, led by [[Tabu Ley]].<ref name="AMP"/> Another report, however, says that Bopol and Wuta Mayi joined Franco and [[TPOK Jazz]] from 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orchestre Mamumay (African 90.972)|url=https://dial-africa.blogspot.com/search/label/Bopol%20Mansiamina|website=DIAL AFRICA|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref> In 1975, Bopol and Wuta had a joint band, or "activity," called Orchestre Mamumay, which released at least two records.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orchestre Mamumay|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/4343519-Orchestre-Mamumay|website=Discogs|accessdate=27 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1976 he started the group Ya Toupas, with [[Ray Lema]] and [[Félix Manuaku Waku]].<ref name="AMP"/> Ya Toupas either supported or included the singer [[M'Pongo Love|M'pongo Love]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mpongo Love : Partager (1987)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2v8YRw_sHI4|website=Youtube|accessdate=26 August 2017|date=3 December 2015}}</ref> Bopol continued to work musically with her until her death in 1990. For example, Bopol played rhythm guitar on her 1987 album ''Partager'', and three of its six songs (including the title track) were written by him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mpongo Love* - Partager|url=https://www.discogs.com/Mpongo-Love-Partager/release/2380896|website=Discogs|accessdate=26 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 1978 he moved to West Africa - Lome, Togo, and Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire - and joined [[Sam Mangwana|Sam Mangwana's]] African All-Stars.<ref name="AMP"/><ref name="BessemBopol">{{cite web|last1=Bessem|first1=F.J.|title=Bopol Mansiamina|url=http://www.musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_bopol.html|website=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique|accessdate=26 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827001434/http://www.musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_bopol.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other Congolese musicians in that band included [[Syran Mbenza]], [[Ringo Moya]], and many others. The original version of that band only lasted about a year, though, then split in two, with one group (including Mangwana, Bopol, and Syran Mbenza) moving to Abidjan, and another staying in Lome.<ref name="Stewart">{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Gary|title=Rumba on the river : a history of the popular music of the two Congos|url=https://archive.org/details/rumbaonriverhist00stewa|date=2000|publisher=Verso|location=New York|isbn=1859843689|pages=249–50|edition=Paperback}}</ref>

===1980s and early 1990s: Paris===
In 1980, Bopol began recording as a solo artist. What some may consider to be his first solo albums are not labelled as such: they are three of the series of eight albums released under the name Orchestre Mode Succes, Innovations (vols. 1-8). Volumes 1, 3, and 4 in that series feature Bopol and Baba Ley Assaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiland & l'Orchestre Mabatalaï -Zaïre Promotion 2000, vol. ?, Zaïre Promotion |url=http://www.globalgroovers.com/2010/03/kiland-lorchestre-mabatalai-zaire.html|website=Global Groove|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref> By 1982 Bopol was living in Paris and recording solo albums. That year he formed [[Les Quatre Étoiles]] (the Four Stars), with [[Wuta Mayi]], [[Nyboma]], and [[Syran Mbenza]]. Les Quatre Etoiles played together as a band, but also served as a core group of talented musicians who often played on each other's records, and those of other artists—as is evident from Bopol's discography during the 1980s. He recorded and performed with that band, as a solo artist, and in support of other artists through the 1980s and early 1990s. On some of his records, the producer or a songwriter is listed as Don Paolo, another name for Bopol.<ref name="DISCOG-B">{{cite web|title=Bopol* - Bopol|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Bopol/release/2230615|website=Discogs|accessdate=26 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===Recent years===
By 1996, Bopol was living in the United States. [[Georges Collinet]] reported on an edition of his radio program [[Afropop Worldwide]] devoted to Les Quatre Etoiles, "After more than ten years living in France, Bopol and Nyboma have now come to the US, looking for a new base, because they say that in America, business is business, while in France, people are always looking at the color of your skin." Collinet continued, translating from his interview in French with Bopol for the program, "Bopol says, if there were good studios in Zaire I would prefer to work there, because there I have lots of inspiration -- you can see what people are doing. We compose our songs by observing people around us. In Europe it's very difficult; you have a different life."<ref>Public Radio International, Afropop Worldwide, recorded February 1996 from KSKA Anchorage.</ref>

Between 2000 and 2010, Bopol recorded and toured with other artists, notably [[Samba Mapangala|Samba Mapangala's]] band, Virunga, and [[Ricardo Lemvo]].

===Death===
Bopol died on 7 November 2021, at his home in Paris, of a stroke.<ref name="Heraldo-Death">{{cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Jonathan |title=Muere Bopol Mansiamina, un grande de la Música Africana |url=https://www.elheraldo.co/entretenimiento/muere-bopol-mansiamina-un-grande-de-la-musica-africana-863497 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=El Heraldo (Barranquilla, Colombia) |date=7 November 2021 |language=es}}</ref>

==Evaluations==
Bopol contributed to much of the best Congolese [[soukous]] music made during its 1980s and 90s heyday. His best work may be that from the early 1980s. "Manuela" is recognized among his outstanding tracks.<ref name="RC">{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Manuela (1983)|url=https://rhythmconnection.blogspot.com/2012/01/bopol-mansiamina-manuela-1983.html|website=Rhythm Connection|accessdate=26 August 2017|date=6 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Quatre Etoiles (Four Stars)|url=http://rumbaontheriver.com/etoiles.html|website=Rumba on the River|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref>

Much of his music is recognized as being highly danceable, although somewhat repetitive. Some of his songs - such as "Pitie, Je Veux La Reconciliation", "Samedi Soir", "Bety Bety" - were common staples on many 1980s dance floors around the world.

On his solo recordings, he consistently surrounded himself with stellar musicians.<ref name="RC"/> The guitar interplay between Bopol and his frequent collaborator, Syran Mbenza, has been described as "legendary."<ref name="BessemBopol" />

==Discography==

===Solo albums===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"

|-
! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Date
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Label
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Tracks
! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Notes
|-
! scope="row"| ''The Original Innovation, Deception Motema''
| 1981?<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bessem|first1=Frank|title=Déception Motema|url=http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_deceptionmotema.html|website=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique|accessdate=21 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827001605/http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_deceptionmotema.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Star Musique (USA) (SMP 6011)

|
* "Déception Motema"
* "Cardiaque ya l'amour"
* "Issa Touré"
* "Papy Ozonga"
| With Nyboma, Dally Kimoko. Tracks may be listed in wrong order.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina -The Original Innovation,Star Musique |url=http://www.globalgroovers.com/2012/01/bopol-mansiamina-original-innovation.html|website=Global Groove|accessdate=24 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Maillot Jaune''
(Bopol Mansiamina & Besisimou)
| 1982<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Besisimou (Maillot Jaune)|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Besisimou-Maillot-Jaune/release/6165760|website=Discogs|accessdate=21 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Editions Tina (Zaire) (MAR 100)
|
* "Maillot Jaune"
* "Because No Money"
* "Bety Bety"
* "Zola Zola"
| With Syran Mbenza
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mariage Forcé''
| 1982<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Mariage Forcé|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Star-82/master/906821|website=Discogs|accessdate=21 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Star (Cote d'Ivoire) (SHA 021),
Sacodis (France) (LDS 21/001) (1983)
|
* "Mariage Forcé"
* "Yenga Yenga"
* "Kala Ye Ngangu"
* "Ye A Bouger"
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Manuela''
| 1983<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Manuela|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Manuela/release/2519273|website=Discogs|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Syllart (France) (SYL 8301)
|
* "Manuela"
* "Controleur"
* "Choisi"
* "Bameli Pena"
* "Bonjour Le Soleil"
| With Syran Mbenza, Nyboma, Wuta Mayi
|-
! scope="row"| ''Bopol''
(a/k/a/ "Samedi Soir" or "Afric'Ambiance")
| 1984<ref name="DISCOG-B"/>
| Syllart (France) (SYL 8305)
|
* "Samedi Soir"
* "Madela"
* "Afric' Ambiance"
* "Muana Samba"
| With Syran Mbenza, Ray Lema, Jean Papy
|-
! scope="row"| ''Helena'' (12" single)
(Bopol & Innovation)
| 1984<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol* & Innovation (2) - Helena|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Innovation-Helena/release/1572571|website=Discogs|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Syllart (France) (SYL 8310)
|
* Helena
* Oh! Motema
| With Daly Kimoko, [[Jacob Desvarieux]], Syran Mbenza, Wuta Mayi
|-
! scope="row"| ''Bopol Mansiamina''
(a/k/a "Ca C'est Quoi")
| 1985<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bessem|first1=Frank|title=Ça c'est quoi ?|url=http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_cacestquoi.html|website=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique|accessdate=24 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827004041/http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_cacestquoi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Bopol Mansiamina|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Bopol-Mansiamina/release/1989989|website=Discogs|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Celluloid (CEL 6749)
|
* "Ça c'est quoi?"
* "Mu Karame"
* "Makwandungu"
* "Patience"
* "Maizo"
| With Wuta Mayi, Jean-Papi, Dally Kimoko
|-
! scope="row"| ''Serrez Ceinture''
| 1987<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bessem|first1=Frank|title=Serrez ceinture|url=http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_serrez.html|website=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique|accessdate=24 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827003656/http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_serrez.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Syllart (France) (SYL 8320)
|
* Serrez ceinture
* Moi pas confiance
* Houle Muke Kuela Ngue
* Cousin cousine
* Motema mo vire
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Bopol''
| 1988<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol* - Bopol|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Bopol/master/891970|website=Discogs|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Syllart (France) (BM 004)
Bleu Caraibes (France) 82426-1
|
* Dada Micha
* Yo Mukarame
* Yo Mukarame (remix)
* Ce Le
* Samala
* Cheri Coco (A.B.C)
| [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]] record
|-
! scope="row"| ''Belinda''
| 1989<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Belinda|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Belinda/master/1006380|website=Discogs|language=en}}</ref>
| Syllart (France) (SYL 8397)
|
* Belinda
* M.F.A.
* Nzungu Yakala Instrumental
* Fausta Mare
* Afrinight
* Nzungu Yakala
(CD version with "3 titres bonus" adds three tracks from ''Serrez Ceinture'')
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Innovation''
| 1991 (or 1990)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bessem|first1=Frank|title=Innovation|url=http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_innovation.html|website=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique|accessdate=24 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827043300/http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_innovation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - Innovation|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Innovation/release/7343597|website=Discogs|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| B.M. Productions (BM 005)
|
* Dienaba
* Misère
* Aida (instrumental)
* Aida
* Yembele Yembele
| With Nyboma, Dally Kimoko
|-
! scope="row"| ''Koumbe Trahison''
| 1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol* - Koumbe Trahison|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Koumbe-Trahison/release/4478194|website=Discogs|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Afro-Rythmes (France) (20611, AR 1023)
|
* Bouchira
* Bamako Night
* Mahele (Mix)
* Afric Antilles
* Koumbe Trahison
* Mahele (Instrumental)
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Akuna Matata''
| 1997<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bessem|first1=Frank|title=Akuna Matata|url=http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_akunamatata.html|website=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique|accessdate=24 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827004001/http://www.musiques-afrique.com/popup/pop_bopol_akunamatata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| H&R Ents. (HR2243)
|
* Mama Afrika (Paris Mix)
* Misere
* Caresse Moin R.A.
* M'Bongi
* Isabella "Akuna Matata"
* Mukarame "La Rumba"
* Maweke Weke
* La Vie
* Ati Kayla
* Aidara
* Djeneba
* Mama Africa (LA Mix)

|
|-
|}

===Compilations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"

|-
! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Date
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Label
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Tracks
|-
! scope="row"| ''Greatest Hits''
| ?<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol* - Greatest Hits|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Greatest-Hits/release/3728210|website=Discogs|accessdate=25 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Serengeti (SER129)
|
* Pitie, Je Veux La Reconciliation
* Ca C'Est Quoi?
* Afric' Ambiance
* Samedi Soir
* Because No Money
* Muana Samba
|-
! scope="row"| ''The Very Best of Bopol''
| 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina - The Very Best Of Bopol Mansiamina|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-The-Very-Best-Of-Bopol-Mansiamina/release/7268029|website=Discogs|accessdate=25 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| H&R Enterprises (Irving, Texas, USA) (HR 2561)
|
* Jalousie
* Belinda
* Fausta Mare
* Bouchira
* Bamako Night
* Marie Jeanne Innovation
* Pitie Je Veux
* Makwadungu
* Choisi
* Controleur
|-
|}

===Featured among other artists===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"

|-
! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Album Artist
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Date
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Label
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Tracks
! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Notes
|-
! scope="row"| ''Innovation, vol. 1''
|Orchestre Mode Succes, Baba Ley Assaka, Bopol Mansiamina
| 1980
| (INLP 001)

|
* "Pitié, Je Veux La Réconciliation",
* "Le Lycée",
* "Bibiche Oyambaka Ngaï",
* "Titina"
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Innovation, vol. 3''
|Orchestre Mode Succes, Baba Ley Assaka, Bopol Mansiamina
| 1980
| (INLP 003)

|
* "Tu m'as déçu, Marie-Jeanne"
* "Diffamation Ya Nini?"
* "Naboyi Amour na sense unique"
* "Mystère de Popol"
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Innovation, vol. 4''
|Orchestre Mode Succes, Baba Ley Assaka, Bopol Mansiamina
| 1981
| (INLP 004)

|
* "Nabeli Maladie Ya Tension"
* "Je Peux Attraper Hypertension"
* "Elisa Kina Kimbwa"
* "Contre Temps"
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Deception Motema''
| Bopol Mansiamina & Nyboma Mwan'Dido
| 1984<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina & Nyboma Mwan'dido - Deception Motema|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Mansiamina-Nyboma-Mwandido-Deception-Motema/release/6301040|website=Discogs|accessdate=25 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Overseas Records (Japan)
|
* Deception Motema
* Cardiaque Ya L'Amour
* Issa Toure Muana Sokode
* S. S. Sans Souci
|
|-
! scope="row"|''The Best African Sound''
a/k/a "Sambela"
| Bopol Mansiamina & Syran Mbenza
| 1987<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Masiamina* Et Syran Mbenza - The Best African Sound|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bopol-Masiamina-Et-Syran-Mbenza-The-Best-African-Sound/release/5286814|website=Discogs|accessdate=25 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| PG Production (France) (PG 87101)
|
* Sambela
* Marie Jeanne
* Reviens Moussa
* Mokili
* Africa Diaspora

| With Sam Mangwana, Teo Blaise
|-
! scope="row"|''Hommage À Emoro''
| Les Etoiles du Zaire—Pepe Kalle, Nyboma, Bopol
| 1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Etoiles Du Zaire, Pepe Kalle* - Nyboma* - Bopol* - Hommage À Emoro|url=https://www.discogs.com/Les-Etoiles-Du-Zaire-Pepe-Kalle-Nyboma-Bopol-Hommage-Emoro/release/6130658|website=Discogs|accessdate=25 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| Syllart (France) (38117-1)
|
* Pardon Faina
* Moussa Hypocrite
* Pembe
* Amba
|
|-
|}

===As a band member===
* Orchestre Continental, Les Grands Succes de l'Orchestre Continental (1975, compiling singles from c. 1972)
* Tabu Ley, The Voice of Lightness, CD2, tracks 1-8 (Afrisa International tracks)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bembeya Jazz National & Tabu Ley: Masterpieces From The Guinean And Congolese Belle Epoques|url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/bembeya-jazz-national-and-tabu-ley-masterpieces-from-the-guinean-and-congolese-belle-epoques-by-chris-may.php?width=1366|website=All About Jazz| date=22 August 2007 |accessdate=27 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Orchestre Mamumay, "Luila" / "Beaux parents" (1975)
* Orchestre Mamumay, "Mamy Zola" / "Mayanda" (1975)
*Les Ya Toupas du Zaïre, Vol. 1 - Je Ne Bois Pas Beaucoup (1976)
* Orchestre Les Ya Tupa's [sic] (with Mpongo Love), Ndaya (1977)
* Les Ya Toupas du Zaïre, Les Ya Toupas du Zaïre (1978)
* Sam Mangwana & African All-Stars, vol. 1 (or "Matinda") (1979)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, 4 Grandes Vedettes de la Musique Africaine (1983)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, 4 Stars (or "Enfant Bamileke") (1984)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Dance (1985)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, 6 Hits / 6 Tubes (1987)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Zairian Stars Show in the US - Kilimanjaro Heritage Hall (1988, live)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Four Stars (or "Kouame") (1989, live)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Les 4 Etoiles (or "Souffrance") (1991)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Sangonini (1993)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Adama Coly (1995)
* Les Quatre Etoiles, Live in London (1996)

===As a supporting artist===
Bopol has played on certainly dozens, and probably hundreds, of other artists' records. This lists only some of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1283828-Bopol-Mansiamina?filter_anv=0&subtype=Instruments-Performance&type=Credits|website=Discogs|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bopol Mansiamina Credits|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bopol-mansiamina-mn0000730900/credits|website=AllMusic|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref>

* Wuta Mayi, Le Beach (1980s)
* Nyboma, Doublé Doublé'' (1982)
* Nyboma & Les Kamale Dynamiques, Dé Dé (1982)
* Nyboma Et Les Kamale Dynamiques Du Zaire, Aïcha Motema (1983)
* Mpongo Love, Safari Sound (1983)
* Mpongo Love, Partager (1987)
* Syran Mbenza with the best of Paris, Symbiose (1990 or 1991)
* Nyboma, Anicet (1994)
* Sam Mangwana, Maria Tebbo (1995)
* Mose Fan Fan & Somo Somo, Hello Hello (1995)
* Ricardo Lemvo & Makina Loca, Tata Masamba (1996)
* Madilu, L'Eau (1998)
* Ricardo Lemvo & Makina Loca, Mambo Yo Yo (1998)
* Ricardo Lemvo, Sao Salvador (2000)
* Samba Mapangala & Orchestra Virunga, Ujumbe (2001)
* Déesse Mukangi, Lettre Anonyme (2002)
* Ricardo Lemvo, Ay Valeria! (2003)
* Mose Fan Fan, Bayekeleye (2004)
* Samba Mapangala & Orchestra Virunga, Song and Dance (2006)
* Columbiafrica, Voodoo Love Inna Champeta Land (2007)
*Zaïko Langa Langa, Rencontres (2007)
* Ricardo Lemvo, Isabela (2007)
* Ricardo Lemvo, Retrospectiva (2009)
* Syran Mbenza, Immortal Franco (2009)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.galletascalientes.com/interview-with-bopol-mansiamina/ July 2017 Interview with Bopol in Bogota, Colombia, in French with English subtitles, on website of Galletas Calientes Records]
* {{Discogs artist|Bopol Mansiamina}}
* {{imdb name|9245055}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mansiamina, Bopol}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kinshasa]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo musicians]]
[[Category:Soukous musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century bass guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century bass guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century guitarists]]
[[Category:Rhythm guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people]]

Black Rock Coalition

2023-05-14T10:02:17Z

RockinCrystal: /* BRC's stance on origins of rock music */Fixed typo - changed “Muddy Water” to “Muddy Waters”.

{{Short description|U.S.-based organization promoting black musicians}}
The '''Black Rock Coalition''' is a New York-based artists' [[collective]] and [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to promoting the creative freedom and works of [[Black people|black]] [[musician]]s.

==Founding and purpose==

The BRC was founded in [[1985 in music|1985]] in [[New York City]] by [[Vernon Reid]] (guitarist for the [[rock band]] [[Living Colour]]), [[Greg Tate]] (journalist for the ''[[Village Voice]]''), Dk Dyson (lead singer of Eye & I), and Konda Mason (producer),<ref>Daphne Brooks, "Burnt Sugar: Post-Soul Satire and Rock Memory", p. 103–116 in Eric Weisbard, ed., ''This is Pop'', Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-674-01321-2}} (cloth), {{ISBN|0-674-01344-1}} (paper). p. 109.</ref> but today has members from around the world. Members that helped propel BRC at that time include but are not limited to; [[Chuck Mosley|Chuck Mosely]] (lead singer, [[Faith No More|Faith no More]],1983-1988), [[Angelo Moore]] (lead singer, [[Fishbone]]), [[Corey Glover]] (lead singer, Living Colour), [[Bevis M. Griffin]] (frontman, Banzai Kik).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Browne|first1=David|title=Black Rock: An Oral History|url=http://www.spin.com/2008/10/black-rock-oral-history/|website=Spin|access-date=14 December 2015|date=2008-10-23}}</ref><ref name="Tate">{{cite web |last1=Tate |first1=Greg |title=28 Days of Bevis Griffin, Day 18: The Impeccable Warrior |date=22 February 2021 |url=https://austinmusicfoundation.org/28-days-of-bevis-griffin-day-18-the-impeccable-warrior/ |publisher=Austin Music Foundation |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> Many of these members were key players in the formation centered on the band Living Colour to start with. The Black Rock Coalition was created to band black rockers together in the music world because of racial discrimination in the music industry.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brownlee|first1=Henry|title=The Journal of African American History|page=111}}</ref> At the time of formation of the BRC, society was racially stratified in that structural differences remained even though musical aesthetics spread beyond original borders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Monson|first1=Ingrid|title=Freedom Sounds|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> There existed racialized associations that defined and categorized mankind. In other words, stereotypes depicted which music was coded as black or white, making claims of who had the right to produce a certain genre. African American musicians were experiencing a categorical struggle, as stereotypes were pervasive in the music industry. Behind the stereotypes, there was a notion produced by culture and mass media that “it was just easier to market conventional R&B to black kids, and conventional rock and roll to white kids.”<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Brandt|title=Musicians group fights racial stereotypes|url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/12/03_williamsb_music/?refid=0|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> Consumers were ignorant to the fact that black musicians were capable of producing certain genres of music, such as rock ‘n’ roll, due to lack of exposure provided by mass media. Further, the idea that black people even wanted to play rock 'n' roll was implausible to many record executives and music consumers who held opinions as to what constituted authentic black music.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mahon|first1=Maureen|title=Black like This: Race, Generation, and Rock in the Post-Civil Rights Era|date=May 2000|publisher=American Ethnologist|pages=283–311}}</ref> With black musicians wanting their sound to be heard and recognized, they began fighting racial stereotypes. One way these artists began pushing past the barriers was through marketing their albums by strategically designing album covers. In the 1980s and 1990s, some Black rock bands such as Living Colour and Fishbone had illustrations rather than photos as their album covers. LaRonda Davis, the executive of the Black Rock Coalition, explained this was a marketing tactic used to avoid any confusion that the consumer may have off their judgment of the album cover. "If you saw a Black person on the cover, the assumption was that the music was R&B or hip-hop. It was about the look of the person on the cover as opposed to the sound inside, which created more work for the marketers."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Francisco|first1=Jones|title=Black Rock Coalition Creates Much Needed Outlet for Alternative Artists|url=http://inityweekly.com/defying-convention-black-rock-coalition-creates-outlet-for-alternative-black-artists/|website=Inity Weekly|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119101129/http://inityweekly.com/defying-convention-black-rock-coalition-creates-outlet-for-alternative-black-artists/|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The BRC began to combat racial stereotypes through accepting the “total spectrum” of black music. During this time, society essentially assigned certain genres of music to white people, and other genres black people. Furthermore, society decided "what constitutes 'real' rock ‘n’ roll music, including who is authorized to play that music and who is authorized to listen to and talk about it."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamilton|first1=Jack|title=How Rock and Roll Became White|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2016/10/race_rock_and_the_rolling_stones_how_the_rock_and_roll_became_white.html|journal=Slate|date=6 October 2016 |publisher=The Slate Group|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> Because of this discrimination, along with the lasting effects of the Jim Crow laws, black musicians were limited in all aspects of their industry - the types of music they could play, where they could record, and where they could perform their music. Therefore, the Black Rock Coalition came together to band against racism in the music business. In order to do this, the group followed through on their manifesto - to find recording and performance spaces for black musicians to give them equal opportunities for success.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Rock Coalition Turns 30|url=http://us.napster.com/blog/post/black-rock-coalition-turns-30|website=Napster|publisher=Rhapsody International}}</ref>

==BRC's stance on origins of rock music==
The Black Rock Coalition was formed in order to reaffirm that white rock had evolved from black origins, to combat racial stereotyping in music, and also to work to re-establish rock forms as functionally black music and as further proof of black music’s power to make innovative leaps. By the 1960s, popular culture dictated that soul music was “black” and rock was “white,” despite the fact that black artists had created the rock genre.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamilton|first1=Jack|title=How Rock and Roll Became White|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2016/10/race_rock_and_the_rolling_stones_how_the_rock_and_roll_became_white.html|journal=Slate|date=6 October 2016 |publisher=The Slate Group|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> In order to fight against these stereotypes and promote racial equality, the BRC supports and advocates performances by black musicians of musical styles publicly associated with whiteness – hard rock, heavy metal and thrash.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=Simon|title=The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00frit/page/266 266]|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00frit|url-access=registration|quote=black rock coalition.|isbn=9780521556606}}</ref>

Another one of the BRC's main goals was to re-establish Rock forms as black music. Because rock was commonly considered white music as many of the musical forms and styles associated with rock are considered white music. However, this is not the case in fact most of the musical elements associated with rock were invented by black musicians. Because rock has origins in blues, R&B, and gospel and in the 60's many rock artists were highly influenced by blues artists,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Americans: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/musicofblackamer00sout|url-access=registration|last=Southern|first=Eileen|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, inc|year=1971|isbn=9780393021561 }}</ref> rock music has many of the same elements as blues and gospel. For example, the 12-bar blues structure is prominent in rock songs. Also the use of bending guitar strings and bottleneck slides became a staple of rock music, although these styles were created by blues artist years earlier.
Furthermore, other rock music forms not necessarily based in blues were also created by black rock artists. Other elements of rock such as many rock guitar sounds were developed my black rock artists such as Chuck Berry, Jimi Hendrix, and others. The rock guitar sounds and rhythms that define rock music were developed by artists like Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, and Sister Rosetta Tharpe. For example, Muddy Waters was one of the first musicians to amplify a guitar, which is one of the defining features of Rock music: “Muddy Waters caused a storm by playing through an amplifier, the sort of thing associated with rock n’ roll.”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rock: The Primary Text|last=Moore|first=Allan F.|publisher=Ashgate|year=2001}}</ref> The BRC seeks to reclaim these innovations that have come to be considered as white music.

One of the first rock ‘n’ roll songs to ever be recorded was titled Sh-boom by the Chords, an all Black male rhythm ‘n’ blues group in 1954. The increase in popularity struck influence of covers by both Black and White musicians, and unfortunately the new cover made by the Canadian group greatly surpassed the popularity of the original recording. Although there was an increased interest that brought in White audiences to the musical genre due to its new exotic sound, the White audience revealed that they felt more comfortable with the Canadian made cover during the beginning of the racial integration stages in music.<ref>Southern, Eileen. The music of Black Americans: a history. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. Print. Web. 5 June 2017.</ref>

As a part of their mission, the Black Rock Coalition strives to embrace every aspect of black music, regardless of the genre being performed. The coalition itself works to document the culture and history of black music so it will be appreciated for what it is and the origins of a genre will not be lost. From the time of its creation, the Black Rock Coalition has been famous for hosting historical parties and exhibits, many of which follow along the guidelines that “Rock is black music. Rock is everyone’s music, but the origins of rock are Black… And there’s no way you can get around that”.<ref>"Historic: Closing Party for BRC Exhibit." Black Rock Coalition. Black Rock Coalition, n.d. Web. 31 May 2017.</ref>

==Support for black artists==
Among other activities, the BRC actively seeks performance [[music venue|venue]]s, [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]] opportunities, and equitable [[distribution (business)|distribution]] opportunities for black artists. They work to [[archive]] performance footage of cultural events related to their ''oeuvre'', and to provide or publicize various educational opportunities (e.g. lectures, workshops, [[seminar]]s, research, library and audio-visual resources, public forums/discussions, etc.). BRC also solicits funding for projects and provides [[social network|networking]] opportunities. BRC and their volunteer base is a resource to their community of members and other organizations such as the Willie Mae Rock Camp for Girls. In 2015 the BRC celebrated their 30th anniversary throughout the month of September with "30 Years in 30 Days" that encompassed events to showcase their support. Events in Brooklyn, New York and neighboring locations ranged from a fund raiser for BRC's Original Rocker Scholarships, a vocal clinic at the Metrosonic Showroom, rehearsal space at the Funkadelic Studios for members and friends, performances by BRC's Orchestra playing tribute to Jimi Hendrix's live album Band of Gypsys at the BAMCafé, and various social events.<ref>{{cite web|title=30 Years in 30 Days|url=http://blackrockcoalition.org/brc-celebrates-30-years-in-30-days-all-of-september/|website=Black Rock Coalition|access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> They also hosted "Million Man Mosh 3" at The Wind Up Space featuring artists such as [[Tamar-kali]], Thaylo Bleu, and Throwdown Syndicate.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Mitchell|first1=Gail|title=Living Colour's Vernon Reid, Corey Glover & Black Rock Coalition Celebrate '30 Years in 30 Days'|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/videos/popular/6700617/living-colour-vernon-reid-corey-glover-black-rock-coalition|magazine=Billboard|access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Some of the live recordings taken at the events will be included onto BRC's 8th Rock’n’Roll Reparations compilation album that highlights "songs that bring to light some of the issues that affect people and musicians of color" says BRC's executive LaRonda Davis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brickler|first1=Samantha|title=Thirty (Year) Rock: How the Black Rock Coalition Keeps Process Alive, Nurtures a Vivid Scene|url=http://www.rockpaperscissors.biz/dispatch/e289e9899fb2aa743d22fb2d3daf9c14|website=Rock Paper Scissors|access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
Additionally, the BRC documents events and concerts performed by black rock groups, and puts on educational "workshops, seminars, research, library resources, audio-visual resources and public forums/discussions" to expose the public to black rock music and the true origins of rock music.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cordovez|first1=Danielle|title=The Black Rock Coalition: Empowering Artists Who Break the Mold|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/03/01/black-rock-coalition|website=The New York Public Library|publisher=The New York Public Library|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> Without this contribution, it is likely that many black artists would have received a lack of publicity and opportunity in the music industry because of persisting racial stereotypes. The goal of the BRC was to "push for and end to 'musical apartheid,'.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hochman|first1=Steve|title=Black Rock Coalition Pushes for an End to 'Musical Apartheid'|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-14/entertainment/ca-2227_1_black-rock-coalition-konda-mason-sound-barrier|work=Los Angeles Times|date=14 June 1989 |access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

==Trans-racial audiences==
BRC addresses a phenomenon about the crossover of black musicians to white audiences. Two different positions were expressed on the crossover of black musicians to white audiences. Steve Perry (musician) saw the phenomenon of black artists topping the “Hot 100” as positive for its integration and implications for cross-racial harmony. Nelson George (music critic) saw this as a dilution of black social and cultural power, arguing that black artist who aimed at the mainstream were forsaking the black musical tradition. Living Color was one of the bands that were closely connected to the BRC and it played a significant role in the impact of the crossover of black music to white audiences. In the band's song “Which Way to America”, the effects of the crossover are reflected through the lyrics even though the two different lives depicted were not racially defined explicitly. The song also includes notions of problems within politics and economics that were derived from the crossover: “don’t want to crossover / but how do I keep from going under?” The lyrics signify the desire to live a traditional American life that is portrayed in the media, but their realistic America is far from that.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frith|first1=Simon|title=The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00frit/page/266 266]–268|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00frit|url-access=registration|quote=black rock coalition.|isbn=9780521556606}}</ref>

==Structure==
The BRC is governed by an executive board and an advisory board; board members have included [[Me'shell Ndegeocello]], [[Bernie Worrell]], [[24-7 Spyz]], the members of [[Living Colour]], Bill Stephney, [[Craig Street]], [[Sekou Sundiata]], [[Chocolate Genius]], [[Don Byron]] and [[Nona Hendryx]]. Artists who have participated in BRC activities include [[Doug Pinnick]] (frontman and bassist for the [[progressive metal]] band [[King's X]]), Spacey T, [[Keziah Jones]], Tamar-kali, [[Suffrajett]], [[Graph Nobel]], [[Imani Coppola]], [[David Ryan Harris]], [[Jeffrey Gaines]], Sophia Ramos, FunkFace, Pillow Theory, [[Apollo Heights]], [[Avery Brooks]], [[The Family Stand]], [[Carl Hancock Rux]], [[Caron Wheeler]], and DJ Reborn.

BRC had an active radio show in the 1980s. As of 2020 it maintains a website as well as an email list and a regular mailing list, an Internet radio station (BRC Radio @ Soul-Patrol.Net), and a Twitter page.

==See also==
* Mahon, Maureen. ''Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race''. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524043114/http://www.aaanet.org/aes/bkreviews/result_details.cfm?bk_id=3329 Review]
*[[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]]
*[[Afro-punk]]
*[[Black rock music]]
*[[Progressive soul]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.blackrockcoalition.org/ Black Rock Coalition Official Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207072123/http://www.musicdish.com/mag/?id=7440 BRC] at MusicDish.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061112201916/http://www.soul-patrol.com/funk/blk_rock.htm BRC spot] at Soul-Patrol.net

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:African-American music]]
[[Category:African-American organizations]]
[[Category:DIY culture]]
[[Category:Music organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Musical collectives]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1985]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in New York City]]
[[Category:Organizations based in New York City]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T20:22:14Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Fixed link for the citation

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
| kickbox_loss =
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
| am_subwin =
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| other =
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| spouse =
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| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://talksport.com/sport/mma/822091/khalil-rountree-father-murdered-manager-boyz-ii-men-ufc-conor-mcgregor-card/amp/|title=RESILIENT Khalil Rountree’s father was murdered whilst managing Boyz II Men – now he is a UFC star fighting on Conor McGregor’s card | last1=Coleman|first1=Joe | work=[[talkSPORT]] | date=January 22, 2021 |}}</ref> {{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T20:20:23Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Fixed link for the citation.

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
| kickbox_loss =
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
| am_subwin =
| am_loss =
| am_koloss =
| am_subloss =
| am_draw =
| am_nc =
| other =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| students =
| university =
| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://talksport.com/sport/mma/822091/khalil-rountree-father-murdered-manager-boyz-ii-men-ufc-conor-mcgregor-card/amp/]|title=RESILIENT Khalil Rountree’s father was murdered whilst managing Boyz II Men – now he is a UFC star fighting on Conor McGregor’s card | last1=Coleman|first1=Joe | work=[[talkSPORT]] | date=January 22, 2021 |}}</ref> {{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T20:19:03Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Fixed the link for the citation.

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T20:17:19Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Added title to the citation.

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
| kickbox_loss =
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
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| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://talksport.com/sport/mma/822091/khalil-rountree-father-murdered-manager-boyz-ii-men-ufc-conor-mcgregor-card/amp/|title=RESILIENT Khalil Rountree’s father was murdered whilst managing Boyz II Men – now he is a UFC star fighting on Conor McGregor’s card | last1=Coleman|first1=Joe | work=[[talkSPORT]] | date=January 22, 2021 |}}</ref> {{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T19:54:51Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Added the “/“ to the last “ref” of my previous edit.

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
| kickbox_loss =
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
| am_subwin =
| am_loss =
| am_koloss =
| am_subloss =
| am_draw =
| am_nc =
| other =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| students =
| university =
| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].<ref>[https://talksport.com/sport/mma/822091/khalil-rountree-father-murdered-manager-boyz-ii-men-ufc-conor-mcgregor-card/amp/]</ref> {{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T19:53:04Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Added a citation and link to the source of the article that says his father was murdered while being a tour manager for Boys II Men.

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
| kickbox_loss =
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
| am_subwin =
| am_loss =
| am_koloss =
| am_subloss =
| am_draw =
| am_nc =
| other =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| students =
| university =
| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].<ref>[https://talksport.com/sport/mma/822091/khalil-rountree-father-murdered-manager-boyz-ii-men-ufc-conor-mcgregor-card/amp/]<ref> {{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T19:38:32Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Deleted <ref> that was left in the paragraph.

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
| kickbox_loss =
| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
| am_subwin =
| am_loss =
| am_koloss =
| am_subloss =
| am_draw =
| am_nc =
| other =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| students =
| university =
| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].{{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Khalil Rountree Jr.

2023-03-22T19:37:23Z

RockinCrystal: /* Background */Fixed hyperlink to “Los Angeles, California” and “Boys II Men”

{{short description|American mixed martial arts fighter}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Khalil Rountree Jr.
| image = Khalil Rountree, Jr..jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ibn Rountree
| other_names = The War Horse<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/khalil-rountree?id=|title=Khalil Rountree - Official UFC® Profile|website=www.ufc.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
| fighting_out_of = [[Phuket]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| weight_lb = 205
| weight_class = [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]
| reach = 76+1/2 in
| style =
| rank =
| stance = Southpaw
| teacher =
| team = Syndicate MMA (present)<ref name=mmaj19>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/04/ufc-236-khalil-rountree-moved-thailand-johnny-walker-exposed-clinch-game|title=UFC 236's Khalil Rountree moved to Thailand after Johnny Walker exposed clinch game|author=Mike Bohn|date=April 10, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Tiger Muay Thai (2019–present)<ref name=mmaj19 />
| trainer =
| years_active = 2010–present
| kickbox_win =
| kickbox_kowin =
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| kickbox_koloss =
| kickbox_draw =
| kickbox_nc =
| mma_kowin = 7
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc = 1
| am_label =
| am_win =
| am_kowin =
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| other =
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| spouse =
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| students =
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| url =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 77674
}}

'''Khalil Ibn Rountree Jr.''' (born February 26, 1990)<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2018_Results/07-07-18MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 7, 2018]</ref> is an American [[mixed martial artist]] who currently competes in the [[Light heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC).<ref name="auto"/> As of January 24, 2023, he is #13 in the [[List of current UFC fighters#Rankings|UFC light heavyweight rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.ufc.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rountree was born in [[Los Angeles, California]]. When he was two years old, his father was shot and killed in an attempted robbery while working as the tour manager for [[Boyz II Men]].<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Citation |last=The Ultimate Fighter |title=Khalil Rountree has an emotional moment |date=2016-06-01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlBdCQax08 |access-date=2017-07-01}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/tuf-ultimate-fighter-khalil-rountree-dad-death-on-tour-boyz-2-men-060116|title=TUF: Khalil Rountree tells story of dad's tragic death on tour with Boyz II Men {{!}} FOX Sports|date=2016-06-01|work=FOX Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Growing up overweight and self-described as "non-confrontational," Rountree was in a band traveling the country. Eating unhealthy and smoking cigarettes, he decided to begin training after watching [[The Ultimate Fighter]] with his brother. At the age of 20 and weighing 300 lbs, Rountree joined Wand Fight Team gym in an attempt to lose weight. After one year of MMA training, Rountree started his MMA amateur career in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/3/30/8306391/2015-bloody-elbow-mma-scouting-report-middleweight-khalil-rountree|title=BE Scouting Report #3 MW: Khalil Rountree|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Before his UFC 236 fight against Eryk Anders, Rountree trained in Thailand, focusing on [[Muay Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/combat-sports/ufc/1078423/watch-khalil-rountree-who-went-to-train-in-thailand-smashes-eryk-anders-in-performance-of-a-lifetime/|title=WATCH: Khalil Rountree, who went to train in Thailand, smashes Eryk Anders in performance of a lifetime|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Aditya|work=[[Fox Sports]]|date=April 14, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
=== Resurrection Fighting Alliance ===
Rountree had a record of 6–1 in his amateur fights, competing as a Middleweight under the Tuff-N-Uff and [[King of the Cage]] (KOTC) banners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree made his professional debut, as a light heavyweight, with Resurrection Fighting Alliance against Livingston Lukow at RFA 15 on June 6, 2014. Rountree won the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMAWeekly.com Staff |title=RFA 15 Results: King Kevin Casey Claims Crown |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/rfa-15-results-king-kevin-casey-claims-crown |website=mmaweekly.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree was scheduled to face Blake Troop in a 190 lbs catchweight bout at RFA 21 on December 5, 2014. Rountree won the fight by a first-round knockout, after just 39 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 21 results: Baghdad claims vacant belt, Murphy stuns Frazatto |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2014/12/rfa-21-results-baghdad-claims-vacant-belt-murphy-stuns-frazatto |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his middleweight debut against Cameron Olson at RFA 25 on April 10, 2015. Rountree won the fight by a unanimous decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MMA Junkie Staff |title=RFA 25 results: Justin Lawrence tears through Sam Toomer to retain title |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/rfa-25-results-justin-lawrence-tears-through-sam-toomer-to-retain-title |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Rountree made his final appearance with RFA against Justin Polendey at RFA 33 on December 11, 2015. Rountree won the fight by first-round knockout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reinsmith |first1=Trent |title=RFA 33 results, video: Legs aren't supposed to bend that way |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/12/rfa-33-results-ernest-chavez-edges-adam-townsend-at-finish-filled-event |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Fighter ===
In April 2016, Rountree competed as a fighter on [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/01/champ-jedrzejczyk-gadelha-announced-as-tuf-23-coaches-rematch-on-july-8|title=Champ Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha announced as 'TUF 23' coaches, rematch on July 8|date=2016-01-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/1/18/10785284/joanna-jedrzejczyk-vs-claudia-gadelha-rematch-set-july-8-coaching-slots-tuf-23-mma|title=Jedrzejczyk, Gadelha Coach TUF 23, Rematch July 8|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> In the first round, he faced Muhammed DeReese and won via knockout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> In the elimination round, he faced Cory Hendricks and lost via submission in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/04/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-23-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia|title=Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 23: Team Joanna vs. Team Claudia'|date=2016-04-21|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in the show, Hendricks withdrew himself from the competition due to neck injury and [[Dana White]] decided to bring back Rountree for the semi-final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/defeated-tuf-23-contestant-gets-new-life-after-cory-hendricks-withdraws-due-to-injury|title=Defeated TUF 23 Contestant Gets New Life After Cory Hendricks Withdraws Due to Injury {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Rountree moved on to faced [[Josh Stansbury]] and won via knockout in the first round to advance and face [[Andrew Sanchez]] at the finale.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/7/7/12112012/ufc-tuf-23-finale-jedzrejczyk-vs-gadelha-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream|title=TUF 23 Finale weigh-in results: Joanna 114.5, Gadelha 115|work=Bloody Elbow|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/07/tuf-23-finale-lineup-set-with-rountree-sanchez-cooper-suarez-tourney-finals|title=Friday's TUF 23 Finale lineup set with Rountree-Sanchez, Cooper-Suarez tourney finals|date=2016-07-07|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/6/12102876/tuf-23-results-recap-team-joanna-vs-team-claudia-fox-sports-1-rountree-stansbury-mma|title=TUF 23 Full Results, Recap For Episode 12|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Rountree made his promotional debut on July 8, 2016 at UFC [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale]] for the TUF 23 Light Heavyweight title against [[Andrew Sanchez]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmamania.com/2016/7/9/12133518/tuf-23-finale-results-andrew-sanchez-khalil-rountree-decision-light-heavyweight-season-mma|title='El Dirte' Dominates Rountree, Win TUF 23 Final|work=MMAmania.com|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

Rountree next faced [[Tyson Pedro]] at [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]] on November 27, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/khalil-rountree-vs-newcomer-tyson-pedro-added-to-ufc-fight-night-101-in-australia|title=Khalil Rountree vs. newcomer Tyson Pedro added to UFC Fight Night 101 in Australia|date=2016-11-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He was submitted via rear-naked choke in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/ufc/video-aussie-fighter-tyson-pedro-makes-incredible-ufc-debut-in-melbourne/news-story/949315f738bb2bcd4ad030183fed77b0|title=UFC Video: Tyson Pedro debut submission of Khalil Rountree|date=2016-11-27|work=Fox Sports|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On his third fight Rountree faced Daniel Jolly at [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]] on February 4, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round-up/khalil-rountree-v-daniel-jolly-added-ufc-fn-104/|title=Khalil Rountree vs. Daniel Jolly added to UFC Fight Night 104 - MMA Plus|last=Ryan|first=Seán|date=2017-01-05|work=MMA Plus|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> He won via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/video-khalil-rountree-had-no-idea-if-this-knee-strike-was-legal-since-i-was-just-in-the-moment|title=Video: Khalil Rountree had no idea if this knee strike was legal since 'I was just in the moment'|date=2017-02-05|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Paul Craig]] on July 16, 2017 at [[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/ufc/619204/UFC-Glasgow-Paul-Craig-Khalil-Rountree|title=Paul Craig believes UFC Glasgow bout with Rountree will make or break his UFC career|date=2017-06-02|work=Dailystar.co.uk|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>{{deps|certain=y|date=March 2023}} He won the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/07/ufc-fight-night-113-khalil-rountree-thrashes-paul-craig-first-round-knockout|title=UFC Fight Night 113 results: Khalil Rountree thrashes Paul Craig for first-round KO|date=2017-07-16|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Gökhan Saki]] on December 30, 2017 at [[UFC 219]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/09/kickboxing-legend-gokhan-saki-back-in-ufc-action-against-khalil-rountree-on-new-years-eve-6987133/|title=Gokhan Saki back in UFC action against Khalil Rountree on New Year's Eve|publisher=metro.co.uk|author=Coral Barry|date=2017-10-09|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> However, Saki was forced to pull out, citing knee injury, and was replaced by [[Michał Oleksiejczuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/gokhan-saki-out-of-ufc-219-khalil-rountree-jr-gets-new-opponent-for-year-end-card|title=Gokhan Saki Out of UFC 219; Khalil Rountree Gets New Opponent for Year End Card {{!}} MMAWeekly.com|website=www.mmaweekly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Rountree lost the fight by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/michal-oleksiejczuk-dominates-khalil-rountree-upset-ufc-219-results|title=UFC 219 results: Michal Oleksiejczuk sweeps 4-1 favorite Khalil Rountree for upset|date=2017-12-31|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the fight, it was revealed that Oleksiejczuk had tested positive for [[clomiphene]], an anti-estrogenic substance. As a result, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/3/13/17117464/michal-oleksiejczuk-gets-one-year-suspension-win-overturned-for-ufc-219-drug-test-failure|title=Michal Oleksiejczuk gets one-year suspension, win overturned for UFC 219 drug test failure|date=2018-03-13|work=MMAfighting|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bout between Rountree and [[Gökhan Saki]] eventually took place at [[UFC 226]] on July 7, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/gokhan-saki-en-khalil-rountree-jr-alsnog-tegen-elkaar-tijdens-ufc-226-in-las-vegas/|title=Gökhan Saki en Khalil Rountree Jr. alsnog tegen elkaar tijdens UFC 226 in Las Vegas|last=DNA|first=MMA|website=mmadna.nl|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/7/17545178/ufc-226-results-khalil-rountree-jr-knocks-out-gokhan-saki|title=UFC 226 results: Khalil Rountree Jr. knocks out Gokhan Saki|work=MMA Fighting|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref> This fight earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/tuf-27-finale-bonuses-ultimate-fighter-ufc-israel-adesanya-luis-pena-alex-caceres-martin-bravo|title=TUF 27 Finale bonuses: 'Violent Bob Ross' Luis Pena gets a happy accident worth $50k|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=Staff|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

Rountree faced promotional newcomer [[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]] on November 17, 2018 at [[UFC Fight Night 140]].<ref name="twoadded">{{cite web|url=http://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-maakt-opwachting-tijdens-ufc-buenos-aires-tegen-johnny-walker/|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. makes an appearance during UFC Buenos Aires against Johnny Walker|publisher=mmadna.nl|author=Marcel Dorff|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-08-29|language=nl}}</ref> He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/ufc-argentina-results-johnny-walker-rocks-khalil-rountree-in-first-round-ko|title=UFC Argentina results: Johnny Walker rocks Khalil Rountree in first-round KO|date=2018-11-18|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Eryk Anders]] on April 13, 2019 at [[UFC 236]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/2/23/18237615/ufc-236-adds-eryk-anders-vs-khalil-rountree-ovince-saint-preux-vs-nikita-krylov-2-more|title=UFC 236 adds Eryk Anders vs. Khalil Rountree, Ovince Saint Preux vs. Nikita Krylov 2, more|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-02-23|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He won the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/04/ufc-236-results-khalil-rountree-batters-eryk-anders-over-three-rounds|title=UFC 236 results: Khalil Rountree batters Eryk Anders over three rounds|date=2019-04-14|website=MMA Junkie|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Ion Cuțelaba]] on September 28, 2019 at [[UFC Fight Night 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mmadna.nl/ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr-officieel-bevestigd-voor-ufc-kopenhagen/|title=Ion Cutelaba vs. Khalil Rountree Jr. officially confirmed for UFC Copenhagen|author=Staff|website=mmadnanl.com|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-12|language=nl}}</ref> He lost via TKO in the first round.<ref name="ION">{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/09/28/ufc-copenhagen-results-ion-cutelaba-vs-khalil-rountree-jr/|title=UFC Copenhagen Results: Ion Cuțelaba Smashes Khalil Rountree Jr.|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-09-28|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

Rountree was expected to face [[Sam Alvey]] on March 28, 2020 at [[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/28/greg-hardy-vs-yorgan-de-castro-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-sam-alvey-among-ufc-columbus-additions/|title=Greg Hardy, Sam Alvey Among UFC Columbus Additions|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2019-12-28|website=Cageside Press|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was eventually postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-postpones-three-events-coronavirus-pandemic|title=UFC postpones three events amid growing coronavirus outbreak|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Nolan King and John Morgan|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Despite talks of retiring after the scrapped bout with Alvey, Rountree signed a contract extension with the UFC in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CG-EnyGhg53/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CG-EnyGhg53 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=registration|title=I'm extremely happy to announce that I've decided to extend my contract with the @ufc and will be making my return at the start of 2021...|date=October 30, 2020|author=Khalil Rountree Jr.|website=instagram.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Marcin Prachnio]] on January 24, 2021  at [[UFC 257]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2020-12-13|title=UFC 257 krijgt Khalil Rountree Jr. vs. Marcin Prachnio|url=https://mmadna.nl/ufc-257-krijgt-khalil-rountree-jr-vs-marcin-prachnio/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Ryan|date=2021-01-23|title=UFC 257 Results: Marcin Prachnio Survives Knockdown, Outvolumes Khalil Rountree Jr to Claim First UFC Victory|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/23/ufc-257-results-marcin-prachnio-survives-knockdown-outworks-khalil-rountree-jr-to-claim-first-ufc-victory/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Modestas Bukauskas]] on September 4, 2021 at [[UFC Fight Night 191]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=MMA|date=2021-06-16|title=Khalil Rountree Jr. en Modestas Bukauskas treffen elkaar op 4 september|url=https://mmadna.nl/khalil-rountree-jr-en-modestas-bukauskas-treffen-elkaar-op-4-september/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=MMA DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the fight via TKO in round two after catching Bukauskas with an oblique kick, marking the first time the technique had been used to finish a fight in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behunin|first=Alex|date=2021-09-04|title=UFC Vegas 36 Results: Khalil Rountree Jr. Finishes Modestas Bukauskas With Leg Kick|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/04/ufc-vegas-36-results-khalil-rountree-jr/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cageside Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Karl Roberson]] on March 12, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 203]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Rountree Jr. vs. Roberson toegevoegd aan UFC Vegas 50|url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/rountree-jr.-vs.-roberson-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-vegas-50_sto8722957/story.shtml|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Eurosport|language=nl}}</ref> Rountree won the fight via TKO in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prawdzik |first=Chris |date=2022-03-12 |title=UFC Vegas 50: Ruthless Pressure Sees Khalil Rountree Jr. Finish Karl Roberson |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/12/ufc-vegas-50-khalil-rountree-jr-finishes-roberson-with-ruthless-pressure-in-round-2/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> This win earned him the [[List of UFC bonus award recipients|''Performance of the Night'']] award.<ref name="UFN203">{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-203-bonuses-yadong-rountree-among-four-total-winners|title=UFC Fight Night 203 bonuses: Yadong, Rountree among four total winners|publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com|author=Staff|date=2022-03-12|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Rountree faced [[Dustin Jacoby]] on October 29, 2022 at [[UFC Fight Night 213]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/light-heavyweights-dustin-jacoby-khalil-rountree-jr-booked-oct-29-ufc-card/|title=Light Heavyweights Dustin Jacoby and Khalil Rountree Jr. booked for Oct. 29 UFC card|website=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2022-08-03|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> He won the fight via split decision which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-10-29 |title=UFC Vegas 63: Khalil Rountree Jr. Outdoes Dustin Jacoby In Split Decision War |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/29/ufc-vegas-63-khalil-rountree-jr-outdoes-dustin-jacoby-in-split-decision-war/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Championships and achievements ==
*'''[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]''')
**[[List of UFC bonus award recipients|Performance of the Night]] (Two times) {{small|vs. [[Gökhan Saki]] and [[Karl Roberson]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-bonuses-daniel-cormier-anthony-pettis-khalil-rountree-paulo-costa-las-vegas|title=UFC 226 bonuses: Daniel Cormier, not surprisingly, among $50,000 winners in Vegas|date=2018-07-08|work=MMAjunkie|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="UFN203"/>

== Personal life ==
Rountree enjoys dancing and listening to music. He is a fan of the [[Village People]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/khalil-rountree-talks-about-what-he-missed-while-filming-tuf-23-video/|title=Khalil Rountree talks about what he missed while filming 'TUF' 23 — VIDEO|date=2016-06-30|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc= 1
| ko-wins= 7
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 4
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-losses= 1
| dec-losses= 2
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–5 (1)
|[[Dustin Jacoby]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen]]
|{{dts|2022|October|29}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5 (1)
|[[Karl Roberson]]
|TKO (body kick and punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Ankalaev]]
|{{dts|2022|March|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:25
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Modestas Bukauskas]]
|TKO (leg kick)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till]]
|{{dts|2021|September|4}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–5 (1)
|[[Marcin Prachnio]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 257]]
|{{dts|2021|January|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Ion Cuțelaba]]
|TKO (elbows)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Hermansson vs. Cannonier]]
|{{dts|2019|September|28}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–3 (1)
|[[Eryk Anders]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 236]]
|{{dts|2019|April|13}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|[[Johnny Walker (fighter)|Johnny Walker]]
|KO (elbow)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magny vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2018|November|17}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:57
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–2 (1)
|[[Gökhan Saki]]
|TKO (punches)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|7}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:36
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Michał Oleksiejczuk]]
|NC (overturned)
|[[UFC 219]]
|{{dts|2017|December|30}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Originally a unanimous decision win for Oleksiejczuk; overturned after he tested positive for [[clomiphene]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2
|[[Paul Craig]]
|KO (punches)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]]
|{{dts|2017|July|16}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:56
|[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Daniel Jolly
| KO (knee)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie]]
| {{dts|2017|February|04}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| [[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| [[Tyson Pedro]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson]]
| {{dts|2016|November|27}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| [[Melbourne]], Australia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| [[Andrew Sanchez]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia#The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale]]
| {{dts|2016|July|08}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|Return to Light Heavyweight. [[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|The Ultimate Fighter 23]] Light Heavyweight Tournament Final.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Justin Polendey
| KO (punch)
| RFA 33
| {{dts|2015|December|11}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cameron Olson
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 25
| {{dts|2015|April|10}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States
|{{small|Middleweight debut.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Blake Troop
| KO (punch)
| RFA 21
| {{dts|2014|December|05}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:39
| [[Costa Mesa, California]], United States
|{{small|Catchweight (190 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Livingston Lukow
| Decision (unanimous)
| RFA 15
| {{dts|2014|June|06}}
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| [[Culver City, California]], United States
|{{small|Light Heavyweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|title=Khalil|last=Sherdog.com|website=Sherdog|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

{{MMA exhibition record box
|ko-wins=2
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=
|dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|[[Josh Stansbury]]
|TKO (punches)
|rowspan=3|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia]]
|{{dts|2016|July|6}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|rowspan=3|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Semifinal round}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Cory Hendricks
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|{{dts|2016|April|27}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:34
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Quarterfinal round}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Muhammed Dereese
|TKO (punches and soccer kicks to the body)
|{{dts|2016|April|20}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:38
|{{small|[[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia|TUF 23]] Elimination round}}
|-
{{end}}

{{MMA amateur record box
|ko-wins=4
|ko-losses=
|sub-wins=1
|sub-losses=
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=
|nc=
|other-losses=1}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-1
|Dylan Jahrling
|KO (punch)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2013|July|5}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:47
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|Won the Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Middleweight Championship.
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-1
|Lee Cordova
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Festibrawl 6
|{{dts|2013|May|26}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:49
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
|Prentice Williams
|Decision (unanimous)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Knock Out Cancer 2
|{{dts|2012|October|11}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
|Giovani Zavala
|TKO (knee and punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Beauties and Beasts
|{{dts|2012|January|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
|Aaron Fonseca
|N/A
|Nevada Regional Circuit
|{{dts|2011|September|16}}
|align=center|N/A
|align=center|N/A
|[[Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
|Niels Berlemann
|KO (punch)
|KOTC - Future Legends 2
|{{dts|2011|June|4}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:16
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
|Travis Jelmyer
|TKO (punches)
|Tuff-N-Uff - Future Stars of MMA
|{{dts|2011|March|12}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Khalil|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Khalil-Rountree-77674|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Sherdog}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of male mixed martial artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UFC|khalil-rountree-jr|Khalil Rountree}}
* {{Sherdog|77674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rountree, Khalil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters]]

Marietta Martin

2023-02-20T13:24:26Z

RockinCrystal: /* Resistance worker */Fixed grammar - changed “et” to “and” since this is an English Wikipedia page.

{{Short description|French journalist and writer (1902–1944)}}
{{Expand French|topic=culture|date=July 2011|Marietta Martin}}
'''Marietta Martin''' (1902–1944) was a French writer, journalist and [[French Resistance]] worker. She was an editor of ''[[:fr:La France Continue|La France Continue]]'', a clandestine Resistance newspaper, transformed, after her death, into ''[[Ici Paris]]''.

==Early years and education==
Marietta Martin (also called Marietta Arthur-Martin or Marietta Martin-Le Dieu) was born 4 October 1902 at [[Arras]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]). She was the daughter of Arthur Martin, editor-in-chief of ''Le Courrier du Pas-de-Calais'', and Henriette Martin-Le Dieu. When she was four, her father died, and she lived with her mother, a piano teacher at Arras, and her sister Lucie. During the German offensive in the north of France in August 1914, the family took refuge in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plaques-commemoratives.org/plaques/ile-de-france/plaque.2006-09-29.0175398730/view |title= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310114556/http://plaques-commemoratives.org/plaques/ile-de-france/plaque.2006-09-29.0175398730/view |archive-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

After attending high school at the [[:fr:lycée Molière|lycée Molière]], she enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine then switched to study for a degree in literature. She learned several languages, becoming fluent in English, German, Spanish, Italian, Polish and Danish. She was a musician, playing the piano and the violin. She travelled in several countries, and had long stays in Poland, where she lived with her sister and her brother-in-law, [[:fr:Adam Rosé|Adam Rosé]], a diplomat and minister. Her travels inspired her to write an essay on [[Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin|Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32424300j/PUBLIC|title = Marietta Martin,... Une Française à Varsovie en 1766. Madame Geoffrin chez le roi de Pologne Stanislas Auguste , mémoire présenté au cours de civilisation polonaise|year = 1936}}</ref>

In 1925, under the guidance of thesis supervisor [[:fr:Fernand Baldensperger|Fernand Baldensperger]], she presented her thesis for the degree of doctor of comparative literature. Its subject was the life and work of [[David Ferdinand Koreff]], a German doctor whose connections included some notable French writers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb30896161j/PUBLIC|title = Un aventurier intellectuel sous la Restauration et la monarchie de Juillet : Le Dr Koreff (1783-1851), thèse présentée à la Sorbonne pour le doctorat d'Université|year = 1925|publisher = É. Champion}}</ref>

==Writer==
Suffering from lung disease, Marietta Martin spent several years between 1927 and 1931 in Switzerland, in a sanatorium in [[Leysin]] in the Canton of [[Vaud]].

In 1933, her first literary work was published, ''Histoires du paradis'' (Stories of Paradise).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32424298t/PUBLIC|title = Histoires du paradis|year = 1934|publisher = les Oeuvres représentatives}}</ref>

In a letter written from Switzerland, she summarised her thought: "If a message has to be sent around the world, it shouldn't be based on suffering, that would increase suffering; it would be a false message. If it is a message for the earth, it should be a message for body and spirit. To really live, according to all the rules, the definitive teaching is: be joyous."

In 1936, Martin was approached by [[:fr:Maurice Tailliandier|Maurice Tailliandier]] (1873-1951), out-going deputy of the second electorate of Pas-de-Calais (Arras), where he belonged to the [[:fr:Republicain et social|Republicain et social]] group. He asked her to prepare documents for his political campaign. She accepted the work, in the name of support given by her father to [[:fr:Henri Tailliandier|Henri Tailliandier]], Maurice's father, who had been deputy in the same electorate from 1885-1910.

In 1938 Marietta Martin prepared a collection of her poems, ''Adieu temps'' (Farewell, time) that was published posthumously in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.poetesses.fr/martin-marietta-1902-1944-adieu-temps-version-page-unique |title=Martin (Marietta) 1902-1944: Adieu Temps (Version page unique) - Poétesses d'expression française, du Moyen-Age au 20ème siècle |access-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117121131/http://www.poetesses.fr/martin-marietta-1902-1944-adieu-temps-version-page-unique |archive-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Resistance worker==
Shortly after the beginning of the war, Marietta Martini became part of the [[:fr:Réseau Hector|Réseau Hector]], an important intelligence and combat group in the Zone Nord, the northern and western part of France under the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II]].

She joined ''[[:fr:La France Continue|La France Continue]]'', a resistance movement in France which between 1941 and 1942 published an underground newspaper with the same name. Her bedroom in the rue de l'Assomption in Paris (16 th arrondissement) became the editorial office of the newspaper. Others who worked in this movement included [[Henri de Montfort|Henri]] and [[Annie de Montfort]], [[Paul Petit (writer)|Paul Petit]], [[Émile Coornaert]], [[Suzanne Feingold]] and [[Raymond Burgard]].

Twelve issues of the newspaper were published between 1941 and 1942. Marietta Martin wrote articles for the newspaper, and delivered copies by bicycle in Paris. She also sent out several thousand copies by post.

''[[:fr:La France Continue|La France Continue]]'' was distributed by a group led by [[Robert Guédon]]. In February 1942, the group was shut down by [[Geheime Feldpolizei]], the German secret military police. [[Paul Petit (writer)|Paul Petit]], [[Raymond Burgard]] and Marietta Martin were taken in the same raid. The military police searched Marietta Martin's room on the night of 7 to 8 February 1942 and seized a document with the title "Avec de Gaulle, avec l'Angleterre" (With de Gaulle, with England). In a judgement in 1943, it was described as a fairly long political article, written by her and reworked several times. The German authorities would have put it in a safe place, but it has never been found.

Marietta Martin was accused of writing and circulating clandestine publications and of being an activist in the Libération Nationale movement of [[Henri Frenay]] and [[Robert Guédon]]. She was imprisoned in [[La Santé Prison]] in Paris, and then deported to Germany 16 March 1942, where she stayed in eight successive penitentiary establishments. Along with [[Paul Petit (writer)|Paul Petit]] and [[Raymond Burgard]], she was condemned to death on 16 October 1943 by the [[People's Court (Germany)]] (Volksgerichtshof) of [[Saarbrücken]] for complicity with the enemy.

In prison in [[Cologne]] awaiting execution, she was cared for by fellow prisoner and Resistance worker [[:fr:Gilberte Bonneau du Martray|Gilberte Bonneau du Martray]]. Other Resistance workers in the prison at that time included [[:fr:Elizabeth Dussauze|Elizabeth Dussauze]], [[:fr:Jane Sivadon|Jane Sivadon]], [[:fr:Hélène Vautrin|Hélène Vautrin]] and [[:fr:Odile Kienlen|Odile Kienlen]]. Because of bombardments, Marietta Martin was transferred, on a stretcher because of weakness, to [[Frankfurt]]. She died there on 11 November 1944. In 1949, her body was repatriated to Paris where she was buried with military honours in the [[Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine|Clichy]] cemetery.

==Honours and recognition==
On 18 April 1946 Mariette Martin was posthumously awarded the [[Legion of Honour]] and the [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre]]. On 26 August 1947, she was cited for the order of the army corps. She was made a sub-lieutenant of [[Free France]] (Forces françaises combattantes, France Libre).

[[Image:Plaque Marietta Martin, 34 rue de l'Assomption, Paris 16.jpg|thumb|Commemorative plaque]]

Marietta Martin is included among the 157 writers whose names are cited in the [[Panthéon]] in Paris as having died for France during the war 1939-1945.

In the 16th arrondissement in Paris there as a commemorative plaque for her at 34 [[:fr:rue de l'Assomption|rue de l'Assomption]], and a street in the same arrondissement bears her name.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Marietta}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:20th-century French women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century French journalists]]

June 4

2022-12-03T19:27:35Z

RockinCrystal: /* 1901–present */Fixed grammar - changed “Hitler arrive” to “Hitler arrives”.

{{Redirect|June Fourth|the student protest which is often referred as the June Fourth Incident|1989 Tiananmen Square protests}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{calendar}}
{{This date in recent years}}
{{Day}}

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[1411]] – King [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] granted a monopoly for the ripening of [[Roquefort|Roquefort cheese]] to the people of [[Roquefort-sur-Soulzon]] as they had been doing for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Cheese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRrGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|access-date=2018-06-02|date=2016-10-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199330904|page=237}}</ref>
*[[1561]] – The [[steeple]] of [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]], the medieval cathedral of [[London]], is destroyed in a fire caused by lightning and is never rebuilt.
===1601–1900===
*[[1615]] – [[Siege of Osaka]]: Forces under [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] take [[Osaka Castle]] in Japan.
*[[1745]] – [[Battle of Hohenfriedberg]]: [[Frederick the Great|Frederick the Great's]] [[Prussia]]n army decisively defeated an Austrian army under [[Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine]] during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].
*[[1760]] – [[Great Upheaval]]: [[New England]] planters arrive to claim land in [[Nova Scotia]], Canada, taken from the [[Acadians]].
*[[1783]] – The [[Montgolfier brothers]] publicly demonstrate their ''montgolfière'' ([[hot air balloon]]).
*[[1784]] – [[Élisabeth Thible]] becomes the first woman to fly in an untethered hot air balloon. Her flight covers four kilometres in 45 minutes, and reached 1,500 metres altitude (estimated).
*[[1792]] – [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[George Vancouver]] claims [[Puget Sound]] for the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].
*[[1802]] – King [[Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia]] abdicates his throne in favor of his brother, [[Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia|Victor Emmanuel]].
*[[1812]] – Following [[Louisiana]]'s admittance as a [[U.S. state]], the [[Louisiana Territory]] is renamed the [[Missouri Territory]].
*[[1825]] – [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|General Lafayette]], a French officer in the [[American Revolutionary War]], speaks at what would become [[Lafayette Square (Buffalo)|Lafayette Square, Buffalo]], during [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|his visit to the United States]].
*[[1855]] – Major [[Henry C. Wayne]] departs New York aboard the {{USS|Supply|1846|6}} to procure [[camel]]s to establish the [[U.S. Camel Corps]].
*[[1859]] – [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italian Independence wars]]: In the [[Battle of Magenta]], the French army, under [[Louis-Napoleon]], defeat the Austrian army.
*[[1862]] – [[American Civil War]]: [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] troops evacuate [[Fort Pillow, Tennessee|Fort Pillow]] on the [[Mississippi River]], leaving the way clear for [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] troops to take [[Memphis, Tennessee]].
*[[1876]] – An [[express train]] called the ''[[Transcontinental Express]]'' arrives in [[San Francisco]], via the [[First transcontinental railroad]] only 83 hours and 39 minutes after leaving New York City.
*[[1878]] – [[Cyprus Convention]]: The [[Ottoman Empire]] cedes [[Cyprus]] to the United Kingdom but retains nominal title.
*[[1896]] – [[Henry Ford]] completes the [[Ford Quadricycle]], his first gasoline-powered automobile, and gives it a successful test run.
===1901–present===
*[[1912]] – [[Massachusetts]] becomes the first state of the United States to set a [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]].
*[[1913]] – [[Emily Davison]], a [[suffragist]], runs out in front of King [[George V]]'s horse at [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]]. She is trampled, never regains consciousness, and dies four days later.
*[[1916]] – [[World War I]]: [[Russian Empire|Russia]] opens the [[Brusilov Offensive]] with an [[artillery]] barrage of [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] lines in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]].
*[[1917]] – The first [[Pulitzer Prize]]s are awarded: [[Laura E. Richards]], [[Maude H. Elliott]], and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for biography (for ''[[Julia Ward Howe]]''). [[Jean Jules Jusserand]] receives the first Pulitzer for history for his work ''[[With Americans of Past and Present Days]]''. [[Herbert B. Swope]] receives the first Pulitzer for [[journalism]] for his work for the ''[[New York World]]''.
*[[1919]] – [[Women's rights]]: The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] approves the [[19th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which guarantees [[Women's suffrage in the United States|suffrage to women]], and sends it to the [[U.S. state]]s for ratification.
*[[1920]] – [[Hungary]] loses 71% of its territory and 63% of its population when the [[Treaty of Trianon]] is signed in Paris.
*[[1928]] – The [[President of the Republic of China]], [[Zhang Zuolin]], is assassinated by Japanese agents.
*[[1932]] – [[Marmaduke Grove]] and other Chilean military officers lead a [[coup d'état]] establishing the short-lived [[Socialist Republic of Chile]].
*[[1939]] – [[The Holocaust]]: The {{MS|St. Louis}}, a ship carrying 963 [[Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe|German Jewish refugees]], is denied permission to land in [[Florida]], in the United States, after already being turned away from [[Cuba]]. Forced to return to Europe, more than 200 of its passengers later die in [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[concentration camp]]s.
*[[1940]] – [[World War II]]: The [[Dunkirk evacuation]] ends: the [[British Armed Forces]] completes evacuation of 338,000 troops from [[Dunkirk]] in France. To rally the morale of the country, [[Winston Churchill]] delivers, only to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], his famous "[[We shall fight on the beaches]]" speech.
*[[1942]] – World War II: The [[Battle of Midway]] begins. The Japanese [[Admiral]] [[Chūichi Nagumo]] orders a strike on [[Midway Island]] by much of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]].
* 1942 – World War II: [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Gustaf Mannerheim]], the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Finnish Army]], is granted the title of [[Field marshal (Finland)|Marshal of Finland]] by the government on his 75th birthday. On the same day, [[Adolf Hitler]] arrives in Finland [[Hitler and Mannerheim recording|for a surprise visit to meet Mannerheim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mannerheim.fi/10_ylip/e_arvoni.htm|title=Commander-in-Chief - Title of Marshal of Finland|website=Mannerheim.fi|access-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2018/06/04/hitlers-secretly-recorded-conversation-in-finland|title=Hitler's secretly recorded conversation in Finland|first=Kim|last=Haldin|location=Helsinki|work=Elävä arkisto|publisher=[[Yle]]|date=June 4, 2018|access-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref>
*[[1943]] – A [[1943 Argentine coup d'état|military coup]] in [[Argentina]] ousts [[Ramón Castillo]].
*[[1944]] – World War II: A hunter-killer group of the [[United States Navy]] captures the German [[Kriegsmarine]] submarine [[German submarine U-505|''U-505'']]: The first time a U.S. Navy vessel had captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.
* 1944 – World War II: The [[United States Fifth Army]] [[Battle of Anzio#Breakout|captures Rome]], although much of the [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Fourteenth Army]] is able to withdraw to the north.
*[[1961]] – [[Cold War]]: In the [[Vienna summit]], the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] sparks the [[Berlin Crisis of 1961|Berlin Crisis]] by threatening to sign a separate peace treaty with [[East Germany]] and ending American, British and French access to [[East Berlin]].
*[[1967]] – Seventy-two people are killed when a [[Canadair C-4 Argonaut]] [[Stockport air disaster|crashes at Stockport]] in England.
*[[1970]] – [[Tonga]] gains independence from the [[British Empire]].
*[[1975]] – The [[Governor of California]] [[Jerry Brown]] signs the [[California Agricultural Labor Relations Act]] into law, the first law in the United States giving farmworkers [[collective bargaining]] rights.
*[[1977]] – [[JVC]] introduces its [[VHS]] videotape at the [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in [[Chicago]]. It will eventually prevail against [[Sony]]'s rival [[Betamax]] system in a [[Videotape format war|format war]] to become the predominant [[home video]] medium.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Ganapati|first=Priya|title=June 4, 1977: VHS Comes to America|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/06/0604vhs-ces/|access-date=2022-01-18|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
*[[1979]] – [[Flight Lieutenant]] [[Jerry Rawlings]] takes power in [[Ghana]] after a [[1979 Ghanaian coup d'état|military coup]] in which General [[Fred Akuffo]] is overthrown.
*[[1983]] – [[Gordon Kahl]], who killed two [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals]] in [[Medina, North Dakota]] on February 13, is killed in a shootout in [[Smithville, Arkansas]], along with a local sheriff, after a four-month manhunt.
*[[1986]] – [[Jonathan Pollard]] pleads guilty to [[espionage]] for selling top secret United States [[military intelligence]] to [[Israel]].
*[[1988]] – Three cars on a train carrying [[hexogen]] to [[Kazakhstan]] [[Arzamas train disaster|explode]] in [[Arzamas]], [[Gorky Oblast]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]], killing 91 and injuring about 1,500.
*[[1989]] – In the [[1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election]], [[Ali Khamenei]] is elected as the new [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini|death and funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini]].
* 1989 – The [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests|Tiananmen Square protests]] are [[People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests|suppressed in Beijing by the People's Liberation Army]], with between 241 and 10,000 dead (an unofficial estimate).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42465516|title=Tiananmen Square protest death toll 'was 10,000'|work=BBC News|date=December 23, 2017|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-02/tiananmen-square-massacre-30-year-anniversary/11163332|title='Consternation, fear and disbelief': Chinese soldier remembers Tiananmen Square massacre|date=June 1, 2019|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref>
* 1989 – [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]'s victory in the [[1989 Polish legislative election]], the first election since the Communist [[Polish United Workers Party]] abandoned its monopoly of power. It sparks off the [[Revolutions of 1989]] in Eastern Europe.
* 1989 – [[Ufa train disaster]]: A [[natural gas]] explosion near [[Ufa]], Russia, kills 575 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.
*[[1996]] – The first flight of [[Ariane 5]] explodes after roughly 37 seconds. It was a [[Cluster mission]].
*[[1998]] – [[Terry Nichols]] is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the [[Oklahoma City bombing]].
*[[2010]] – [[Falcon 9 Flight 1]] is the [[maiden flight]] of the [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 9]] rocket, which launches from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40]].

==Births==
===Pre-1600===
*[[1394]] – [[Philippa of England]], Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (d. 1430)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panton |first1=James |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7497-8 |page=370 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&pg=PA370 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1489]] – [[Antoine, Duke of Lorraine]] (d. 1544)
*[[1563]] – [[George Heriot]], Scottish goldsmith (d. 1624)
===1601–1900===
*[[1604]] – [[Claudia de' Medici]], Italian daughter of [[Christina of Lorraine]] (d. 1648)
*[[1665]] – [[Zacharie Robutel de La Noue]], Canadian captain (d. 1733)
*[[1694]] – [[François Quesnay]], French economist and physician (d. 1774)
*[[1704]] – [[Benjamin Huntsman]], English inventor and businessman (d. 1776)
*[[1738]] – [[George III of the United Kingdom]] (d. 1820)
*[[1744]] – [[Patrick Ferguson]], Scottish soldier, designed the [[Ferguson rifle]] (d. 1780)
*[[1754]] – [[Miguel de Azcuénaga]], Argentinian soldier (d. 1833)
* 1754 – [[Franz Xaver von Zach]], Slovak astronomer and academic (d. 1832)
*[[1787]] – [[Constant Prévost]], French geologist and academic (d. 1856)
*[[1801]] – [[James Pennethorne]], English architect, designed [[Victoria Park, London|Victoria Park]] (d. 1871)
*[[1821]] – [[Apollon Maykov]], Russian poet and playwright (d. 1897)
*[[1829]] – [[Jinmaku Kyūgorō]], Japanese sumo wrestler, the 12th [[Makuuchi#Yokozuna|Yokozuna]] (d. 1903)
*[[1854]] – [[Solko van den Bergh]], Dutch target shooter (d. 1916)
*[[1860]] – [[Alexis Lapointe]], Canadian runner (d. 1924)
*[[1861]] – [[William Propsting]], Australian politician, 20th [[Premier of Tasmania]] (d. 1937)
*[[1866]] – [[Miina Sillanpää]], Finnish journalist and politician (d. 1952)
*[[1867]] – [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], Finnish general and politician, 6th [[President of Finland]] (d. 1951)
*[[1873]] – [[Nictzin Dyalhis]], American author (d.1942)
*[[1877]] – [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], German chemist and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. 1957)
*[[1879]] – [[Mabel Lucie Attwell]], English author and illustrator (d. 1964)
*[[1880]] – [[Clara Blandick]], American actress (d. 1962)
*[[1885]] – [[Arturo Rawson]], Argentinian general and politician, 26th [[President of Argentina]] (d. 1952)
*[[1889]] – [[Beno Gutenberg]], German-American seismologist (d. 1960)
===1901–present===
*[[1903]] – [[Yevgeny Mravinsky]], Russian conductor (d. 1988)
*[[1904]] – [[Bhagat Puran Singh]], Indian publisher, environmentalist, and philanthropist (d. 1992)
*[[1907]] – [[Jacques Roumain]], Haitian journalist and politician (d. 1944)
* 1907 – [[Rosalind Russell]], American actress (d. 1976)
* 1907 – [[Patience Strong]], English poet and journalist (d. 1990)
*[[1910]] – [[Christopher Cockerell]], English engineer, invented the [[hovercraft]] (d. 1999)
*[[1912]] – [[Robert Jacobsen]], Danish sculptor and painter (d. 1993)
*[[1915]] – [[Walter Hadlee]], New Zealand cricketer (d. 2006)
* 1915 – [[Modibo Keïta]], Malian educator and politician, 1st [[President of Mali]] (d. 1977)
* 1915 – [[Nils Kihlberg]], Swedish actor, singer, and director (d. 1965)
*[[1916]] – [[Robert F. Furchgott]], American biochemist and pharmacologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. 2009)
* 1916 – [[Fernand Leduc]], Canadian painter (d. 2014)
*[[1917]] – [[Robert Merrill]], American actor and singer (d. 2004)
*[[1921]] – [[Milan Komar]], Slovenian-Argentinian philosopher and academic (d. 2006)
* 1921 – [[Bobby Wanzer]], American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
*[[1923]] – [[Elizabeth Jolley]], English-Australian author and academic (d. 2007)
* 1923 – [[Mas Oyama|Masutatsu Ōyama]], Japanese karateka (d. 1994)
*[[1924]] – [[Tofilau Eti Alesana]], Samoan politician, 5th [[Prime Minister of Samoa]] (d. 1999)
* 1924 – [[Dennis Weaver]], American actor and director (d. 2006)
*[[1925]] – [[Antonio Puchades]], Spanish footballer (d. 2013)
*[[1926]] – [[Robert Earl Hughes]], American [[List of the heaviest people|who was the heaviest human being recorded in the history of the world during his lifetime]] (d. 1958)
* 1926 – [[Ain Kaalep]], Estonian poet, playwright, and critic (d. 2020)
* 1926 – [[Judith Malina]], German-American actress and director, co-founded [[The Living Theatre]] (d. 2015)
*[[1927]] – [[Henning Carlsen]], Danish director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
* 1927 – [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]], English actor (d. 2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Geoffrey Palmer, star of Butterflies and As Time Goes By |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/obituary-geoffrey-palmer-star-butterflies-and-time-goes-3034891 |website=www.scotsman.com |date=14 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1928]] – [[Ruth Westheimer]], German-American sex therapist, talk show host, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor
*[[1929]] – [[Karolos Papoulias]], Greek lawyer and politician, 5th [[President of Greece]] (d. 2021)
*[[1930]] – [[George Chesworth]], English air marshal and politician, [[Lord Lieutenant of Moray]] (d. 2017)
* 1930 – [[Morgana King]], American singer and actress (d. 2018)
* 1930 – [[Viktor Tikhonov (ice hockey, born 1930)|Viktor Tikhonov]], Russian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2014)
*[[1931]] – [[Gustav Nossal]], Austrian-Australian biologist and academic
*[[1932]] – [[John Drew Barrymore]], American actor (d. 2004)
* 1932 – [[Oliver Nelson]], American saxophonist and composer (d. 1975)
* 1932 – [[Maurice Shadbolt]], New Zealand author and playwright (d. 2004)
*[[1934]] – [[Monica Dacon]], Vincentian educator and politician, 6th [[Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
* 1934 – [[Daphne Sheldrick]], Kenyan-British conservationist and author (d. 2018)
*[[1935]] – [[Colette Boky]], Canadian soprano and actress
* 1935 – [[Berhanu Dinka]], Ethiopian economist and diplomat (d. 2013)
*[[1936]] – [[Vince Camuto]], American fashion designer and businessman, co-founded [[Nine West]] (d. 2015)
* 1936 – [[Bruce Dern]], American actor
*[[1937]] – [[Freddy Fender]], American singer and guitarist (d. 2006)
* 1937 – [[Mortimer Zuckerman]], Canadian-American businessman and publisher, founded [[Boston Properties]]
*[[1938]] – [[John Harvard (politician)|John Harvard]], Canadian journalist and politician, 23rd [[Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba]] (d. 2016)
* 1938 – [[Art Mahaffey]], American baseball player
*[[1939]] – [[Jeremy Browne, 11th Marquess of Sligo]], Anglo-Irish peer (d. 2014)
* 1939 – [[Denis de Belleval]], Canadian civil servant and politician
* 1939 – [[Henri Pachard]], American director and producer (d. 2008)
* 1939 – [[George Reid (Scottish politician)|George Reid]], Scottish journalist and politician, 2nd [[Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament]]
*[[1940]] – [[Ludwig Schwarz]], Slovak-Austrian bishop
*[[1941]] – [[Kenneth G. Ross]], Australian playwright and screenwriter
*[[1942]] – [[Louis Reichardt]], American mountaineer
* 1942 – [[Bill Rowe]], Canadian lawyer and politician
*[[1943]] – [[John Burgess (host)|John Burgess]], Australian radio and television host
* 1943 – [[Sandra Haynie]], American golfer
* 1943 – [[Tom Jaine]], English author
*[[1944]] – [[Roger Ball (musician)|Roger Ball]], Scottish saxophonist and songwriter
* 1944 – [[Michelle Phillips]], American singer-songwriter and actress
*[[1945]] – [[Anthony Braxton]], American saxophonist, clarinet player, and composer
* 1945 – [[Daniel Topolski]], English rower and coach (d. 2015)
* 1945 – [[Gordon Waller]], Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2009)
*[[1947]] – [[Viktor Klima]], Austrian businessman and politician, 25th [[Chancellor of Austria]]
*[[1948]] – [[Bob Champion]], English jockey
* 1948 – [[Sandra Post]], Canadian golfer and sportscaster
* 1948 – [[Jürgen Sparwasser]], German footballer and manager
*[[1949]] – [[Gabriel Arcand]], Canadian actor
* 1949 – [[Mark B. Cohen]], American lawyer and politician
*[[1950]] – [[Raymond Dumais]], Canadian bishop (d. 2012)
*[[1951]] – [[Leigh Kennedy]], American author
* 1951 – [[Bronisław Malinowski (athlete)|Bronisław Malinowski]], Polish runner (d. 1981)
* 1951 – [[Melanie Phillips]], English journalist and author
* 1951 – [[Wendy Pini]], American author and illustrator
* 1951 – [[David Yip]], English actor and playwright
*[[1952]] – [[Bronisław Komorowski]], Polish historian and politician, 5th [[President of Poland]]
* 1952 – [[Dambudzo Marechera]], Zimbabwean author and poet (d. 1987)
*[[1953]] – [[Linda Lingle]], American journalist and politician, 6th [[Governor of Hawaii]]
* 1953 – [[Jimmy McCulloch]], Scottish musician and songwriter (d. 1979)
* 1953 – [[Susumu Ojima]], Japanese businessman, founded [[Huser]]
* 1953 – [[Paul Samson]], English guitarist and producer (d. 2002)
*[[1954]] – [[Raphael Ravenscroft]], English saxophonist and composer (d. 2014)
* 1954 – [[Kazuhiro Yamaji]], Japanese actor and voice actor
*[[1955]] – [[Val McDermid]], Scottish author
* 1955 – [[Mary Testa]], American singer and actress
*[[1956]] – [[Keith David]], American actor
* 1956 – [[John Hockenberry]], American journalist and author
* 1956 – [[Terry Kennedy (baseball)|Terry Kennedy]], American baseball player and manager
* 1956 – [[Joyce Sidman]], American author and poet
*[[1957]] – [[Neil McNab]], Scottish footballer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/tottenham-hotspur-fc/neil-mcnab-9203/league-appearances-for-spurs_a16625/|title=Neil McNab|publisher=sporting-heroes.net|access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>
*[[1959]] – [[Juan Camacho (Bolivian athlete)|Juan Camacho]], Bolivian runner
* 1959 – [[Georgios Voulgarakis]], Greek politician, 21st [[Minister for Culture (Greece)|Greek Minister for Culture]]
* 1959 – [[Anil Ambani]], Indian businessman and Chairman of Reliance Infrastructure
*[[1960]] – [[Miloš Đelmaš]], Serbian footballer and manager
* 1960 – [[Kristine Kathryn Rusch]], American author
* 1960 – [[Paul Taylor (Winger)|Paul Taylor]], American guitarist and keyboard player
* 1960 – [[Bradley Walsh]], English television presenter, comedian, singer and former footballer
*[[1961]] – [[El DeBarge]], American singer-songwriter and producer
* 1961 – [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]], Hungarian businessman and politician, 6th [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
*[[1962]] – [[Krzysztof Hołowczyc]], Polish race car driver
* 1962 – [[Zenon Jaskuła]], Polish cyclist
* 1962 – [[John P. Kee]], American singer-songwriter and pastor
* 1962 – [[Junius Ho]], Hong Kong solicitor and politician
*[[1963]] – [[Sean Fitzpatrick]], New Zealand rugby union player
* 1963 – [[Jim Lachey]], American football player and sportscaster
* 1963 – [[Xavier McDaniel]], American basketball player and coach
*[[1964]] – [[Sean Pertwee]], English actor
* 1964 – [[Kōji Yamamura]], Japanese animator, producer, and screenwriter
*[[1965]] – [[Mick Doohan]], Australian motorcycle racer
* 1965 – [[Andrea Jaeger]], American tennis player and preacher
*[[1966]] – [[Cecilia Bartoli]], Italian soprano and actress
*1966 – [[Svetlana Jitomirskaya]], American mathematician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Svetlana Jitomirskaya - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jitomirskaya/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>
* 1966 – [[Vladimir Voevodsky]], Russian mathematician and academic (d. 2017)
* 1966 – [[Bill Wiggin]], English politician, [[Shadow Secretary of State for Wales]]
*[[1967]] – [[Robert S. Kimbrough]], American colonel and astronaut
*[[1968]] – [[Roger Lim]], American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
* 1968 – [[Niurka Montalvo]], Cuban-Spanish long jumper
* 1968 – [[Al B. Sure!]], American R&B singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer
* 1968 – [[Scott Wolf]], American actor
*[[1969]] – [[Horatio Sanz]], Chilean-American actor and comedian
*[[1970]] – [[Deborah Compagnoni]], Italian skier
* 1970 – [[Richie Hawtin]], English-Canadian DJ and producer
* 1970 – [[Dave Pybus]], English bass player and songwriter
* 1970 – [[Izabella Scorupco]], Polish-Swedish actress and model
*[[1971]] – [[Joseph Kabila]], Congolese soldier and politician, [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* 1971 – [[Mike Lee (U.S. politician)|Mike Lee]], American lawyer and politician
* 1971 – [[Shoji Meguro]], Japanese director and composer
* 1971 – [[Noah Wyle]], American actor and producer<ref>{{cite book|author=((Editors of Chase's))|title=Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309|date=30 September 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-64143-264-1|pages=309}}</ref>
*[[1972]] – [[Derian Hatcher]], American ice hockey defenseman
* 1972 – [[Rob Huebel]], American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter
*[[1973]] – [[Mikey Whipwreck]], American wrestler and trainer
*[[1974]] – [[Jacob Sahaya Kumar Aruni]], Indian chef (d. 2012)
* 1974 – [[Darin Erstad]], American baseball player and coach
* 1974 – [[Andrew Gwynne]], English lawyer and politician
* 1974 – [[Janette Husárová]], Slovak tennis player
* 1974 – [[Buddy Wakefield]], American poet and author
*[[1975]] – [[Russell Brand]], English comedian and actor
* 1975 – [[Henry Burris]], American football player
* 1975 – [[Angelina Jolie]], American actress, filmmaker, humanitarian, and activist<ref>{{cite web |title=Angelina Jolie {{!}} Biography, Movies, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angelina-Jolie |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1975 – [[Dinanath Ramnarine]], Trinidadian cricketer
*[[1976]] – [[Kasey Chambers]], Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1976 – [[Alexei Navalny]], Russian lawyer and politician
* 1976 – [[Nenad Zimonjić]], Serbian tennis player
*[[1977]] – [[Dionisis Chiotis]], Greek footballer
* 1977 – [[Alex Manninger]], Austrian footballer
* 1977 – [[Roman Miroshnichenko]], Ukrainian guitarist and composer
* 1977 – [[Roland G. Fryer Jr.]], American economist and professor
*[[1979]] – [[Naohiro Takahara]], Japanese footballer
* 1979 – [[Daniel Vickerman]], South African-Australian rugby player (d. 2017)
*[[1980]] – [[François Beauchemin]], Canadian ice hockey player
*[[1981]] – [[Jennifer Carroll (swimmer)|Jennifer Carroll]], Canadian swimmer
* 1981 – [[Giourkas Seitaridis]], Greek footballer
* 1981 – [[Natalia Vodopyanova]], Russian basketball player
*[[1982]] – [[Abel Kirui]], Kenyan runner
* 1982 – [[Ronnie Prude]], American-Canadian football player
*[[1983]] – [[Romaric (footballer)|Romaric]], Ivorian footballer
* 1983 – [[Emmanuel Eboué]], Ivorian footballer
* 1983 – [[Olha Saladuha]], Ukrainian triple jumper
*[[1984]] – [[Enrico Rossi Chauvenet]], Italian footballer
* 1984 – [[Rainie Yang]], Taiwanese actress
* 1984 – [[Ian White (ice hockey)|Ian White]], Canadian ice hockey player
*[[1985]] – [[Leon Botha]], South African painter and DJ (d. 2011)
* 1985 – [[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]], German tennis player
* 1985 – [[Evan Lysacek]], American figure skater
* 1985 – [[Lukas Podolski]], German footballer
* 1985 – [[Oddvar Reiakvam]], Norwegian politician
*[[1988]] – [[Matt Bartkowski]], American ice hockey defenseman<ref>{{Ice hockey stats |nhl=8474749 }}</ref>
* 1988 – [[Kimberley Busteed]], Australian model
*[[1989]] – [[Federico Erba]], Italian footballer
* 1989 – [[Paweł Fajdek]], Polish hammer thrower
*[[1990]] – [[Evan Spiegel]], American Internet entrepreneur<ref>{{cite web|last=Van Grove|first=Jennifer|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57613694-93/snapchats-evan-spiegel-saying-no-to-$3b-and-feeling-lucky|title=Snapchat's Evan Spiegel: Saying no to $3B, and feeling lucky|publisher=[[CNET]]|date=November 26, 2013|access-date=December 10, 2013|archive-date=December 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207070452/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57613694-93/snapchats-evan-spiegel-saying-no-to-$3b-and-feeling-lucky/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[1991]] – [[Lorenzo Insigne]], Italian footballer
* 1991 – [[Matt McIlwrick]], New Zealand rugby league player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/matt-mcilwrick/summary.html|title=Matt McIlwrick - Career Stats & Summary|publisher=Rugby League Project|date=1991-06-04|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>
* 1991 – [[Ben Stokes]], New Zealand-English cricketer<ref>{{cite web |title=Ben Stokes: He's all smiles but is this the new Flintoff? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ben-stokes-he-s-all-smiles-but-is-this-the-new-flintoff-2274163.html |website=The Independent |access-date=9 January 2022 |language=en |date=23 April 2011}}</ref>
*[[1993]] – [[Jonathan Huberdeau]], Canadian ice hockey player
*[[1999]] – [[Kim So-hyun]], South Korean actress
* 1999 – [[Drew Pavlou]], Australian activist<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pavlou|first=Drew|date=4 June 2020|title=Drew Pavlou 柏乐志 @DrewPavlou|url=https://twitter.com/DrewPavlou/status/1268335820533936128|website=[[Twitter]]|quote=I was born June 4th, 1999, exactly ten years to the day of Tiananmen. For my 21st birthday today, please honour the brave students of Tiananmen by donating to this fundraiser to support @amnesty’s human rights work in China. Help protect dissidents.}}</ref>
*[[2004]] – [[Mackenzie Ziegler]], American [[Child actor|child actress]], dancer, and [[Recording Artist|recording artist]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-19|title=Mackenzie Ziegler - 25 Facts, Age, Birthday, Height & More|url=https://www.thefactninja.com/mackenzie-ziegler-facts|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Fact Ninja|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[2021]] – [[Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor]], British royal<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/06/meghan-harry-baby-girl-lilibet-diana/%3foutputType=amp|title=Meghan and Harry announce birth of baby girl, Lilibet Diana|access-date=June 6, 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

==Deaths==
===Pre-1600===
* [[756]] – [[Emperor Shōmu|Shōmu]], Japanese emperor (b. 701)
* [[863]] – [[Charles (archbishop of Mainz)|Charles]], archbishop of [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]]
* [[895]] – [[Li Xi (Tang dynasty)|Li Xi]], [[Chancellor of the Tang dynasty|chancellor]] of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]]
* [[946]] – [[Guaimar II of Salerno|Guaimar II]] (Gybbosus), Lombard prince
* [[956]] – [[Muhammad III of Shirvan]], Muslim ruler
*[[1039]] – [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (b. 990)
*[[1102]] – [[Władysław I Herman]], Polish nobleman (b. c. 1044)
*[[1134]] – [[Magnus I of Sweden]] (b. 1106)
*[[1135]] – [[Emperor Huizong of Song]] (b. 1082)
*[[1206]] – [[Adela of Champagne]] (b. 1140)
*[[1246]] – [[Isabella of Angoulême]] (b. 1188)
*[[1257]] – [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland]] (b. 1221)
*[[1394]] – [[Mary de Bohun]], wife of [[Henry IV of England]] (b.c. 1368)
*[[1453]] – [[Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos]], Byzantine commander
*[[1463]] – [[Flavio Biondo]], Italian historian and author (b. 1392)
*[[1472]] – [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]], Aztec poet (b. 1402)
*[[1585]] – [[Muretus]], French philosopher and author (b. 1526)
===1601–1900===
*[[1608]] – [[Francis Caracciolo]], Italian Catholic priest (b. 1563)
*[[1622]] – [[Péter Révay]], Hungarian soldier and historian (b. 1568)
*[[1647]] – [[Canonicus]], Grand Chief Sachem of the Narragansett (b. 1565)
*[[1663]] – [[William Juxon]], English archbishop and academic (b. 1582)
*[[1798]] – [[Giacomo Casanova]], Italian adventurer and author (b. 1725)
*[[1801]] – [[Frederick Muhlenberg]], American minister and politician, 1st [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] (b. 1750)
*[[1809]] – [[Nicolai Abildgaard]], Danish neoclassical and history painter, sculptor and architect (b. 1743)
*[[1830]] – [[Antonio José de Sucre]], Venezuelan general and politician, 2nd [[President of Bolivia]] (b. 1795)
*[[1872]] – [[Johan Rudolph Thorbecke]], Dutch historian, jurist, and politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (b. 1798)
*[[1875]] – [[Eduard Mörike]], German pastor and poet (b. 1804)
*[[1876]] – [[Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire]], 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1830)
===1901–present===
*[[1922]] – [[W. H. R. Rivers]], English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist, and psychiatrist (b. 1864)
*[[1925]] – [[Margaret Murray Washington]], American Academic (b. 1865)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/washington-margaret-murray-1865-1925/|title=Margaret Murray Washington (1865-1925) • BlackPast|last=Espiritu|first=Allison|date=2007-02-15|website=BlackPast|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>
*[[1926]] – [[Fred Spofforth]], Australian-English cricketer and coach (b. 1853)
*[[1928]] – [[Zhang Zuolin]], Chinese warlord (b. 1873)
*[[1929]] – [[Harry Frazee]], American director, producer, and agent (b. 1881)
*[[1931]] – [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]], Sharif and Emir of Mecca, King of the Hejaz (b. 1853–54)
*[[1933]] – [[Ahmet Haşim]], Turkish poet and author (b. 1884)
*[[1936]] – [[Mathilde Verne]], English pianist and educator (b. 1869)<ref>{{cite book|last=Schonberg|first=Harold C.|title=The Great Pianists|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1998|isbn=978-0-67164-200-6|page=524}}</ref>
*[[1939]] – [[Tommy Ladnier]], American trumpet player (b. 1900)
*[[1941]] – [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]] (b. 1859)
*[[1942]] – [[Reinhard Heydrich]], German [[SS]] officer and politician (b. 1904)
*[[1951]] – [[Serge Koussevitzky]], Russian-American bassist, composer, and conductor (b. 1874)
*[[1956]] – [[Katherine MacDonald]], American actress and producer (b. 1881)
*[[1962]] – [[Clem McCarthy]], American sportscaster (b. 1882)
*[[1967]] – [[Linda Eenpalu]], Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1890)
*[[1968]] – [[Dorothy Gish]], American actress (b. 1898)
*[[1970]] – [[Sonny Tufts]], American actor (b. 1911)
*[[1971]] – [[György Lukács]], Hungarian historian and philosopher (b. 1885)
*[[1973]] – [[Maurice René Fréchet]], French mathematician and academic (b. 1878)
* 1973 – [[Murry Wilson]], American songwriter, producer, and manager (b. 1917)
*[[1981]] – [[Leslie Averill]], New Zealand doctor and soldier (b. 1897)
*[[1989]] – [[Dik Browne]], American cartoonist (b. 1917)
*[[1990]] – [[Stiv Bators]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1949)
*[[1992]] – [[Carl Stotz]], American businessman, founded [[Little League Baseball]] (b. 1910)
*[[1993]] – [[Bernard Evslin]], American writer (b. 1922)
*[[1994]] – [[Derek Leckenby]], English musician (b. 1943) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-derek-leckenby-1421402.html|title=Obituary: Derek Leckenby|date=9 June 1994|work=The Independent|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
*[[1997]] – [[Ronnie Lane]], English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1946) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/faces-ronnie-lane-dead-at-51-19970605 |title=Faces' Ronnie Lane Dead at 51 |date=5 June 1997 |work=Rolling Stone magazine|publisher=Rolling Stone magazine; Jann Wenner 2010 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
*[[1998]] – [[Josephine Hutchinson]], American actress (b. 1903) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-josephine-hutchinson-1164556.html|title=Obituary: Josephine Hutchinson|date=June 13, 1998|access-date=February 29, 2020|work=The Independent}}</ref>
*[[2002]] – [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]], Peruvian architect and politician, 42nd [[President of Peru]] (b. 1912) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/06/obituaries/06BELA.html|title=Fernando Belaunde Terry, 89, Former Peruvian Leader, Dies|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=2002-06-06|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>
*[[2004]] – [[Steve Lacy (saxophonist)|Steve Lacy]], American saxophonist and composer (b. 1934) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/05/business/steve-lacy-69-who-popularized-the-soprano-saxophone.html|title=Steve Lacy, 69, Who Popularized the Soprano Saxophone|work=The New York Times|first1=Ben|last1=Ratliff|date=June 5, 2004}}</ref>
* 2004 – [[Nino Manfredi]], Italian actor (b. 1921) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/italy-mourns-death-of-nino-manfredi/4018946.article|title=Italy mourns death of Nino Manfredi|publisher=Screen Daily|first1=Melanie|last1=Rodier}}</ref>
*[[2007]] – [[Clete Boyer]], American baseball player and manager (b. 1937) <ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/04/AR2007060401471.html |title=Former Yankees third baseman Boyer dies|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date= June 4, 2007|first1=Ben|last1=Walker}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Bill France Jr.]], American businessman (b. 1933) <ref>{{cite news|title=Bill France Jr., 74, Dies; Gave Nascar Its National Reach|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/sports/othersports/05francejr.html|work=The New York Times|date=2007-06-05}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Craig L. Thomas]], American captain and politician (b. 1933) <ref>{{cite news |title=Wyoming Sen. Craig Thomas Dies at 74. |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,277993,00.html |work=Fox News |date=2007-06-05 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607140513/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,277993,00.html|archive-date=2007-06-07}}</ref>
*[[2010]] – [[John Wooden]], American basketball player and coach (b. 1910) <ref>{{cite news |url = http://sports.espn.go.com/los-angeles/news/story?id=5253601 |title = Wooden dies at age 99 |publisher = ESPN Los Angeles |date = June 4, 2010 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104203520/https://www.espn.com/los-angeles/news/story?id=5253601|archive-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
*[[2011]] – [[Juan Francisco Luis]], Virgin Islander sergeant and politician, 23rd [[Governor of the United States Virgin Islands]] (b. 1940) <ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Bauer|title=Former Gov. Juan F. Luis Dies at 70|url=http://stcroixsource.com/content/news/local-news/2011/06/05/former-gov-juan-f-luis-dies-70|work=St. Croix Source|date=2011-06-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318132848/http://stcroixsource.com/content/news/local-news/2011/06/05/former-gov-juan-f-luis-dies-70|archive-date=2012-03-18}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Andreas P. Nielsen]], Danish author and composer (b. 1953)
*[[2012]] – [[Peter Beaven]], New Zealand architect, designed the [[Lyttelton Road Tunnel Administration Building]] (b. 1925) <ref>{{cite news |last=Turner |first=Anna |title=Tributes flow for top Chch architect |url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/7048708/Tributes-flow-for-top-Chch-architect |newspaper=[[The Press]]|date=6 June 2012 |author2=Rachel Young|page=A1}}</ref>
* 2012 – [[Pedro Borbón]], Dominican-American baseball player (b. 1946)
* 2012 – [[Rodolfo Quezada Toruño]], Guatemalan cardinal (b. 1932) <ref>{{cite news|title=Guatemalan 'Peace Cardinal' Quezada Toruno dies|date=2012-06-05|newspaper=British Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18325894|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217011945/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18325894|archive-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>
* 2012 – [[Herb Reed]], American violinist (b. 1929) <ref>{{cite news|title=Herb Reed of vocal group – The Platters dead at 83|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment-us-platters-herbreed-idUSBRE8540VN20120605|work=[[Reuters]]|date=June 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402113154/https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment-us-platters-herbreed/herb-reed-of-vocal-group-the-platters-dead-at-83-idUSBRE8540VN20120605|archive-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>
*[[2013]] – [[Walt Arfons]], American race car driver (b. 1916)
* 2013 – [[Joey Covington]], American drummer (b. 1945) <ref>{{cite news|last=Covington|first=Joey|title=Joey Covington, Jefferson Airplane Drummer, Dies in Palm Springs Car Crash|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/joey-covington-jefferson-airplane-drummer-dies-563703|date=June 5, 2012|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612022151/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/joey-covington-jefferson-airplane-drummer-dies-563703|archive-date=June 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2013 – [[Hermann Gunnarsson]], Icelandic footballer, handball player, and sportscaster (b. 1946)
* 2013 – [[Will Wynn (American football)|Will Wynn]], American football player (b. 1949)
*[[2014]] – [[George Ho]], American-Hong Kong businessman (b. 1919) <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1525301/commercial-radios-founder-and-honourary-chairman-george-ho-ho-chi|title=Commercial Radio's founder George Ho Ho-chi dies aged 95|first=Phila|last=Siu|date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628003834/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1525301/commercial-radios-founder-george-ho-ho-chi-dies-aged-95|archive-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>
* 2014 – [[Nathan Shamuyarira]], Zimbabwean journalist and politician, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zimbabwe)|Zimbabwean Minister of Foreign Affairs]] (b. 1928)
* 2014 – [[Sydney Templeman, Baron Templeman]], English lawyer and judge (b. 1920)
* 2014 – [[Don Zimmer]], American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1931) <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/06/04/don-zimmer-obituary/9988783/ |title=Don Zimmer, iconic coach, manager, dies at 83 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=June 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619072359/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/06/04/don-zimmer-obituary/9988783/|archive-date=June 19, 2014}}</ref>
*[[2015]] – [[Marguerite Patten]], English economist and author (b. 1915) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33082773|title=Cookery writer Marguerite Patten dies aged 99|date=2015-06-10|newspaper=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127090945/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33082773|archive-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[Leonid Plyushch]], Ukrainian mathematician and academic (b. 1938) <ref>{{cite news|title=Leonid Plyushch, Soviet Dissident Punished in an Asylum, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/world/europe/leonid-plyushch-ukrainian-mathematician-and-soviet-dissident-dies.html|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=David|last1=Stout|date=2015-06-05}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[Jabe Thomas]], American race car driver (b. 1930) <ref>{{cite news|title=Friends, family remember former NASCAR driver Jabe Thomas, 85|url=https://www.roanoke.com/sports/national/friends-family-remember-former-nascar-driver-jabe-thomas/article_8c73e38c-24cb-55c7-b958-4f5be641786c.html|newspaper=[[The Roanoke Times]]|date=2015-06-08|url-status=live|first1=Randy|last1=King|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228234153/https://www.roanoke.com/sports/national/friends-family-remember-former-nascar-driver-jabe-thomas/article_8c73e38c-24cb-55c7-b958-4f5be641786c.html|archive-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[Anne Warburton]], British academic and diplomat, [[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Denmark|British Ambassador to Denmark]] (b. 1927) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lucy-cav.cam.ac.uk/news-blog/latest-news/a-college-remembers-dame-anne-warburton|title=A College Remembers: Dame Anne Warburton|date=2015-06-10|publisher=Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123065746/https://www.lucy-cav.cam.ac.uk/news-blog/latest-news/a-college-remembers-dame-anne-warburton|archive-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
*[[2016]] – [[Carmen Pereira]], Bissau-Guinean politician (b. 1937)
*[[2017]] – [[Juan Goytisolo]], Spanish essayist, poet and novelist (b. 1931) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/books/juan-goytisolo-dead-spanish-novelist-who-won-cervantes-prize.html|title=Juan Goytisolo, novelist who took aim at Spanish Conservatism, dies at 86|author=William Grimes|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2017-07-06|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>
*[[2021]] – [[Clarence Williams III]], American actor (b. 1939)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Hollie|date=June 7, 2021|title='The Mod Squad' actor Clarence Williams III dies at 81|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/06/us/clarence-williams-iii-obit/index.html|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
*[[2022]] – [[George Lamming]], Barbadian novelist (b. 1927)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=George Lamming obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jun/14/george-lamming-obituary |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>


==Holidays and observances==
*Christian [[feast day]]:
**[[Filippo Smaldone]]
**[[Francis Caracciolo]]
**[[Optatus]]
**[[Saint Petroc|Petroc of Cornwall]]
**[[Quirinus of Sescia]]
**[[Saturnina]]
**[[June 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]]
*Birthday of [[C. G. E. Mannerheim]], [[Marshal of Finland]] and the [[Flag flying days in Finland|flag flying day]] of the [[Finnish Defence Forces]] ([[Finland]])<ref>[https://intermin.fi/en/flag-and-arms/flag-flying-days Finnish flag days - Ministry of the Interior (Finland)]</ref><ref>[https://finlandtoday.fi/flag-day-of-the-finnish-defence-forces-celebrated-honorably-under-covid-19-restrictions/ Flag Day of the Finnish Defence Forces Celebrated Honorably Under COVID-19 Restrictions]</ref>
*[[Emancipation Day#Tonga|Emancipation Day]] or [[Independence Day]], commemorates the abolition of [[serfdom]] in Tonga by King [[George Tupou I|George Tupou]] in 1862, and the independence of Tonga from the [[British protectorate]] in 1970. ([[Tonga]])
*[[International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression]] ([[International observance|International]])<ref>{{cite web |title=International Days |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/international-days/ |website=www.un.org |access-date=2 January 2021 |language=en |date=6 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[National Unity Day (Hungary)]]
*[[Trianon Treaty Day]] ([[Romania]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.g4media.ro/legea-controversata-care-prevede-instituirea-datei-de-4-iunie-drept-ziua-tratatului-de-la-trianon-a-fost-promulgata-de-presedintele-klaus-iohannis.html|title=Legea controversată care prevede instituirea datei de 4 iunie drept "Ziua Tratatului de la Trianon" a fost promulgată de președintele Klaus Iohannis|newspaper=G4Media|date=18 November 2020|language=ro}}</ref>
*[[Memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 Memorial Day]] (International)
* Day of state symbols in the Republic of Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://kbtu.edu.kz/en/students/library-en/library-news/1270-4-iyunya-v-kazakhstane-otmechaetsya-den-gosudarstvennykh-simvolov-3|title=JUNE 4 - DAY OF STATE SYMBOLS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN|work=KBTU}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/4 |title=On This Day |publisher=BBC}}
* {{NYT On this day|month=06|day=04}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.onthisday.com/events/june/4 |title=Historical Events on June 4 |publisher=OnThisDay.com}}

{{months}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:June 04}}
[[Category:Days of the year]]
[[Category:June]]

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

2022-10-26T16:11:52Z

RockinCrystal: /* State-Sponsored Homophobia */Fixed typo - the citation has the person’s last name as Huneke.

{{short description|International umbrella organization for LGBTI organizations}}
{{Redirect|ILGA|the Illinois state legislature|Illinois General Assembly}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
| image_border =
| logo = International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.gif
| logo_size = 140px
| motto =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|1978|08|df=y}}
| type = [[NGO]]
| status = UN [[Ecosoc]] Consultative Status
| purpose = [[LGBTI]] ([[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]] and [[intersex]]) rights
| headquarters = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/about_ilga |title=About ILGA – The only worldwide federation campaigning for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex rights. Since 1978 |publisher=ILGA |access-date=2014-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117232941/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/about_ilga |archive-date=2014-01-17 }}</ref>
| location =
| region_served = 155 countries and territories
| membership = 1,593 organisations in 155 countries
| language = English and Spanish
| leader_title = Co-Secretaries General
| leader_name = Luz Elena Aranda and Tuisina Ymania Brown
| main_organ =
| affiliations =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{url|https://ilga.org/|ilga.org}}
| remarks =
}}

The '''International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association''' ('''ILGA'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) |url=https://ilga.org/ |website=ilga.org |publisher=ILGA |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>) is an organization who is committed to advancing human rights to all people, disregarding gender identity, sex characteristics and expression. ILGA participates in a multitude of agendas within the United Nations, such as creating visibility for LGBTI issues by conducting advocacy and outreach at the Human Rights Council, working with members to help their government improve LGBTI rights, ensuring LGBTI members are not forgotten in international law, and advocating for LBTI women’s issues at the Commission on the Status of Women.

==History==
{{see also|ILGA consultative status controversy}}
The International Lesbian and Gay Association was founded in 1978 by activists from United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere. Finding it difficult to repeal the [[criminalization of homosexuality]] based on the [[common law]] tradition, the activists adopted a [[human rights]] based framing and focused on [[international courts]], especially the [[European Court of Human Rights]] as it was easier to access. ILGA was involved in the ''[[Dudgeon v. United Kingdom]]'' (1981) and ''[[Norris v. Ireland]]'' (1988) cases that led to the repeal of laws criminalizing homosexuality in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. At the same time, it worked on cases related to unequal ages of consent, military service, transgender rights, asylum and housing rights, but these did not lead to a successful outcome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson-Schmich |first1=Louise K. |title=LGBT Politics in Germany: Unification as a Catalyst for Change |journal=German Politics |date=2017 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=534–555 |doi=10.1080/09644008.2017.1370705|s2cid=158602084 }}</ref>

ILGA was formerly known as International Lesbian and Gay Association, it adopted its current title in 2008. ILGA has grown to include 1,600 organizations from over 150 countries to fight for equal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex people.

The Coventry conference also called upon [[Amnesty International]] (AI) to take up the issue of persecution of lesbians and gays. After a 13-year campaign AI made the human rights of lesbians and gays part of its mandate in 1991 and now advocates for LGBT rights on the international level.<ref>[http://www.brazilianresolution.com/4706/5137.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216185112/http://www.brazilianresolution.com/4706/5137.html|date=February 16, 2012}}</ref>

ILGA obtained consultative status at the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) in mid-1993. Statements were made in the name of ILGA in the 1993 and 1994 sessions of the United Nations [[Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities]] and in the 1994 session of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]. ILGA's NGO status was [[ILGA consultative status controversy|suspended]] in September 1994 due to the group's perceived ties with pro-pedophilia organizations such as the [[North American Man/Boy Love Association]].<ref name="nyt94">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/18/world/un-suspends-group-in-dispute-over-pedophilia.html|title=U.N. Suspends Group in Dispute Over Pedophilia|date=18 September 1994|work=New York Times}}</ref> In 1994, these groups were expelled from the organization,{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} and in June 2011, the ECOSOC granted consultative status to ILGA after a 29 to 14 vote, despite the strong opposition from African and Islamic countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ILGA Granted UN Consultative Status |url=https:/freedomhouse.org/article/ilga-granted-un-consultative-status#.U2TDpN_LdPY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503102324/https:/freedomhouse.org/article/ilga-granted-un-consultative-status#.U2TDpN_LdPY |archive-date=2014-05-03 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Consultative status gives the ILGA the ability to attend and speak at UN meetings and participate in Human Rights Council proceedings.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

ILGA was involved in getting the [[World Health Organization]] to drop homosexuality from its list of illnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilga.org/sexual-orientation-in-international-law|title=Sexual Orientation in International Law|website=ILGA.org|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>{{secondary source needed|date=May 2022}}

==Conferences==
According to its constitution,<ref>ILGA World Constitution, clause 7</ref> ILGA has a world conference in which all of its member organisations can attend. The world conference normally sets the time and place for the next conference.<ref>ILGA World Constitution, clause 7.2</ref> However, the Executive Board has used its power under the constitution to set an alternative venue, in the event the venue originally set becomes unviable, as was the case in 2008, when the originally chosen venue of Quebec had to be abandoned due to difficulties encountered by the local organizing committee in raising the necessary funds and the conference had to be held in Vienna instead. The 2010 ILGA world conference took place in São Paulo, Brazil, the 2012 Conference took place in Stockholm, and the 2014 Conference took place in Mexico City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilga.org/ilga-world-conference-2014-decolonizing-bodies-mexico-city-results-acknowledgments/|title=ILGA World Conference 2014 "Decolonizing our bodies" Mexico City: Results and Acknowledgments – ILGA|website=ilga.org|date=24 November 2014 }}</ref>

Protests often made the conferences that the organization held more dramatic and having more negative attention then would've been wanted. A problem encountered was financial in nature which recently came to a head when an ILGA conference actually had to be postponed because of lack of [[funding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/ilga_decided_to_postpone_the_conference |title=ILGA decided to postpone the Conference |publisher=Trans.ilga.org |date=2008-03-07 |access-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724184820/http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/ilga_decided_to_postpone_the_conference |archive-date=2012-07-24 }}</ref> In 2022, ILGA held its first world conference since the beginning of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in [[Long Beach, California]].<ref>{{cite news |title=LGBTQ leaders warn of renewed wave of hostility - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/05/lgbtq-leaders-warn-renewed-wave-hostility |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== International Intersex Forum ===
[[File:Third International Intersex Forum.jpg|thumb|Third [[International Intersex Forum]], [[Malta]], December 2013]]
{{main| International Intersex Forum}}
With a move to include intersex people in its remit, ILGA and [[ILGA-Europe]] have sponsored the only international gathering of intersex activists and organisations. The [[International Intersex Forum]] has taken place annually since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/what-we-do/our-advocacy-work/trans-and-intersex/intersex/events/first-ever-international-intersex|title=First ever international intersex forum {{!}} ILGA-Europe|website=www.ilga-europe.org|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref>[http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/n9NPXKR1a1 First ever international intersex forum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517091424/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/n9NPXKR1a1 |date=2014-05-17 }}, ILGA, 7 September 2011</ref><ref>[http://oii.org.au/24241/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Public statement by the third international intersex forum], [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]], 2 December 2013</ref><ref name="star-observer">[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 Global intersex community affirms shared goals], [[Star Observer]], December 4, 2013</ref>

The third forum was held in [[Malta]] with 34 people representing 30 organisations "from all continents". The closing statement affirmed the existence of intersex people, reaffirmed "the principles of the First and Second International Intersex Fora and extend the demands aiming to end discrimination against intersex people and to ensure the right of bodily integrity, physical autonomy and self-determination". For the first time, participants made a statement on birth registrations, in addition to other human rights issues.<ref name="star-observer" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/3rd-international-intersex-forum-concluded|title=3rd International Intersex Forum concluded {{!}} ILGA-Europe|website=www.ilga-europe.org|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref>[http://www.oii.tw/Home/3rd-is-forum-statement (Chinese) 2013第三屆世界陰陽人論壇宣言], Oii-Chinese, December 2013</ref>

== Funding ==
ILGA's main source of income are donations from governments, organizations, private foundations, amongst the contribution of individuals. In 2020, [https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_Annual_Report_2020.pdf the total income of ILGA amounted to 2,213,268 CHF].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Reports==
===State-Sponsored Homophobia===
In 2011, ILGA released its State-Sponsored Homophobia Report<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia report {{!}} ILGA|date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Ilga.org|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref> and map that brings to light 75 countries that still criminalize same-sex relationships between two consenting adults. These countries are mainly in Africa and in Asia.

In 2016, ILGA released an updated version of the ''State-Sponsored Homophobia Report''. The Report found that "same-sex sexual acts" are illegal in 72 countries. These countries are 37% of the States in the United Nations. Of these 72 countries, 33 are in Africa, 23 are in Asia, 11 are in the Americas, and six are in Oceania.<ref>[http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf ''State-Sponsored Homophobia 2016'' (ILGA, May 2016), 36–37.]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-LGBT views still prevail, global survey finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/global-lgbt-rights-new-survey-ilga |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=17 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Historian [[Samuel Huneke]] criticized ILGA maps for showing most Western and non-Western countries in different colors, stating that while "This division probably make sense to the casual observer... queer scholars and activists have noted that it also has colonial overtones".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huneke |first1=Samuel |title=Beyond Gay Imperialism |url=https://thebaffler.com/latest/beyond-gay-imperialism-huneke |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Baffler |date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

===Global Attitudes Survey===
In 2016, ILGA published its ''2016 Global Attitudes Survey on LGBTI People''. The principal subject surveyed was attitudes about "sexual orientation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/07_THE_ILGA_RIWI_2016_GLOBAL_ATTITUDES_SURVEY_ON_LGBTI_PEOPLE.pdf|title=''The ILGA-RIWI 2016 Global Attitudes Survey on LGBTI'' (2016). Retrieved October 9, 2016.}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT}}
* [[European Lesbian* Conference]]
* [[International Lesbian Information Service|International Lesbian Information Service (ILIS)]]
* [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Intersex Law Association]]
* [[Intersex human rights]]
* [[LGBT social movements]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Adam |first1=Barry D. |title=Globalization and Social Movements |date=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-55444-3 |pages=166–179 |language=en |chapter=Globalization and the Mobilization of Gay and Lesbian Communities}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ayoub |first1=Phillip M. |last2=Paternotte |first2=David |title=L'International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) et l'expansion du militantisme LGBT dans une Europe unifiée |journal=Critique Internationale |date=2016 |volume=N° 70 |issue=1 |pages=55 |doi=10.3917/crii.070.0055}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Croucher |first1=Sheila |title=South Africa's Democratisation and the Politics of Gay Liberation |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |date=2002 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=315–330 |doi=10.1080/03057070220140720|s2cid=144395845 }}
* Johansson, Warren & Percy, William A. ''Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence''. Harrington Park Press, 1994. pp. 192–193.
*{{cite journal |last1=Paternotte |first1=David |title=The International (Lesbian and) Gay Association and the question of pedophilia: Tracking the demise of gay liberation ideals |journal=Sexualities |date=2014 |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–138 |doi=10.1177/1363460713511103|s2cid=144898738 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=Lisa |author1-link=Lisa Power |title=The International Lesbian and Gay Association |journal=Feminist Review |date=1991 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |doi=10.1057/fr.1991.59|s2cid=144088933 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=Douglas |title=Getting Lesbian and Gay Issues on the International Human Rights Agenda |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |date=1996 |volume=18 |pages=67–106 |doi=10.1353/hrq.1996.0010 |s2cid=143728662 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hurq18&div=10&id=&page=}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Swiebel |first1=Joke |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender human rights: the search for an international strategy |journal=Contemporary Politics |date=2009 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1080/13569770802674196|s2cid=154229358 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Tremblay |first1=Manon |last2=Paternotte |first2=David |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Lesbian and Gay Activism |date=2015 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-5709-1 |language=en}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://ilga.org/}}

{{LGBT}}
{{intersex}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans And Intersex Association}}
[[Category:International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association| ]]
[[Category:International LGBT political advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Brussels]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in England]]

Mesa, Arizona

2022-09-28T19:36:14Z

RockinCrystal: /* History */Fixed grammar: deleted the first “called” - it should just be “originally called”.

{{Short description|City in Maricopa County, Arizona}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mesa, Arizona
| official_name = City of Mesa
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Mesa Arts Center - West - 2009-09-16.JPG
| imagesize =
| image_caption = [[Mesa Arts Center]] building in downtown Mesa
| image_flag = Flag of Mesa, Arizona.svg
| image_seal =
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of City of Mesa.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| blank_emblem_alt = Logo of the City of Mesa
| image_map = File:Maricopa County Arizona Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Mesa Highlighted 0446000.svg
| mapsize = 250x250px
| map_caption = Location of Mesa in Maricopa County, Arizona
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| pushpin_map = USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| coordinates = {{coord|33|25|20|N|111|49|22|W|type:city_region:US-AZ|display=it}}<ref name=gnis/>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States.svg}}[[United States]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Arizona|County]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Arizona.svg}}[[Arizona]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|}}[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1878
| government_type = [[Mayor-council government]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Mesa, Arizona|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[John Giles (Mayor)|John Giles]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 361.09
| area_total_sq_mi = 139.42
| area_land_km2 = 359.48
| area_land_sq_mi = 138.79
| area_water_km2 = 1.62
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.62
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|7890}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 1,240
| population_total = 504258
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est = 509475
| pop_est_as_of = 2021
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2021"/>
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|36th]] in the United States [[List of municipalities in Arizona|3rd]] in Arizona
| population_density_sq_mi = 3633.14
| population_density_km2 = 1402.76
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code = 85200-85299
| area_code = [[Area code 480|480]] [[Area code 602|602]]
| website = {{URL|www.mesaaz.gov}}
| footnotes =
| pushpin_label = Mesa
| timezone = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]] (no [[Daylight savings time|DST]])
| utc_offset = −7
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 04-46000
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 7890<ref name=gnis/>
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_04.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Mesa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|s|ə}} {{respell|MAY|sə}}) is a city in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], in the U.S. state of [[Arizona]]. It is the most populous city in the [[East Valley (Phoenix metropolitan area)|East Valley]] section of the [[Phoenix Metropolitan Area]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-07/how-to-define-american-suburbs|title=How to Tell If You Live in the Suburbs|website=[[Bloomberg News]]| date=July 7, 2020 }}</ref> It is bordered by [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] on the west, the [[Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community]] on the north, [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] and [[Gilbert, Arizona|Gilbert]] on the south along with [[Queen Creek, Arizona|Queen Creek]], and [[Apache Junction]] on the east.

Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona after Phoenix and [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], the [[List of United States cities by population|37th-largest city in the US]], and the largest city that is not a county seat. The city is home to 504,258 people as of 2020 according to the [[Census Bureau]],<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Mesa city, Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/mesacityarizona/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> which makes it more populous than [[Minneapolis]], [[St. Louis]], and [[Miami]]. Mesa has been described as "America's most [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] city".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Epstein|first=Ethan|title=Are Conservative Cities Better?|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/09/mesa-arizona-are-conservative-cities-better-111069|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Politico Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

More than 40,000 students are currently enrolled in more than 10 colleges and universities located in Mesa, including the [[Arizona State University Polytechnic campus|Polytechnic campus]] of [[Arizona State University]], Benedictine University, A.T. Still University, Upper Iowa University, [[Mesa Community College]] and [[Chandler–Gilbert Community College|Chandler-Gilbert Community College]].<ref name="selectmesa.com">{{Cite web|title=Mesa – Higher Education Institutions|url=https://www.selectmesa.com/business-environment/education/higher-education-institutions|url-status=live|access-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref> Private for-profit institutions include [[List of colleges and universities in Arizona|Arizona College]], [[Carrington College (US)|Carrington College]], [[DeVry University]], [[Pima Medical Institute]], and CAE Phoenix Aviation Academy.<ref name="selectmesa.com"/> In January 2020, Arizona State University broke ground on ASU at Mesa City Center, a project offering programs from the Herberger Institute for Design and Arts that will be located in downtown Mesa that is scheduled to open in spring 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State-of-the-art project to offer programs from Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, feature spaces for entrepreneurship and community collaboration|date=January 10, 2020|url=https://news.asu.edu/20200110-arizona-impact-asu-mesa-center-groundbreaking|url-status=live|access-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref> It is also home to the largest [[relief airport]] in the Phoenix area, [[Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport]], which is in the southeastern corner of the city.

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Mesa, Arizona}}
The history of Mesa dates back at least 2,000 years to the arrival of the [[Hohokam]] people. The Hohokam, whose name means "All Used Up" or "The Departed Ones", built the original canal system. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric New World. Some were up to {{convert|90|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|10|ft}} deep at their head gates, extending for as far as {{convert|16|mi|km}} across the desert. By A.D. 1100 water could be delivered to an area over {{convert|110000|acre|km2}}, transforming the Sonoran Desert into an agricultural oasis. By A.D. 1450, the Hohokam had constructed hundreds of miles of canals many of which are still in use today.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/hohokam.aspx |title= A Brief History of Mesa, Arizona: Hohokam |date=July 2003 |work= Mesalibrary.org |publisher= City of Mesa Library |access-date= March 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307003136/http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/hohokam.aspx|archive-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

After the disappearance of the Hohokam and before the arrival of the early settlers little is known, as explorers did not venture into this area. By the late 19th century near present-day Mesa, [[U.S. Army]] troops relocated the [[Apache]], opening the way for settlement.<ref>{{citation |last=Bourke|first=John|url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/apache.htm|title=Battle with the Apache, 1872}}</ref>

[[Mormon pioneer]] [[Daniel Webster Jones (Mormon)|Daniel Webster Jones]], with Henry Clay Rogers as his right-hand man, left [[St. George, Utah|St. George]], Utah in March 1877. Jones had been asked by Mormon officials to direct a party of people in establishing a settlement in Arizona. They traveled south and settled on the north side of the present Mesa area. This settlement was initially known as Fort Utah and later as Jonesville. It was located about where Lehi Road is now. In 1883 it was named [[Lehi, Arizona|Lehi]] at the suggestion of [[Brigham Young, Jr.]]<ref>{{citation |last= Jenson |first= Andrew |author-link= Andrew Jenson |title= Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |location= Salt Lake City |publisher= [[Deseret News|Deseret News Publishing Company]] |year= 1941 |page= 426 |url= http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/BYUIBooks/id/2694/show/2249 }}</ref>

About this same time, another group dubbed the First Mesa Company arrived from Utah and Idaho. Their leaders were named Francis Martin Pomeroy, Charles Crismon, George Warren Sirrine and Charles I. Robson. Rather than accepting an invitation to settle at Jones' Lehi settlement, they moved up onto the [[mesa]] that serves as the city's namesake. They dug irrigation canals and used some of the original Hohokam canals. By April 1878, water was flowing through them.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/firstmesa.aspx |title= A Brief History of Mesa, Arizona: First Mesa Company |date=July 2003 |work= Mesalibrary.org |publisher= City of Mesa Library |access-date= March 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007033038/http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/firstmesa.aspx|archive-date=October 7, 2011 }}</ref> The Second Mesa Company arrived in 1879 and settled to the west of the First Mesa Company because of more available farmland. This settlement was originally called Alma and later Stringtown. It was located about where Alma School Road is now.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/secondmesa.aspx |title= A Brief History of Mesa, Arizona: Second Mesa Company |date=July 2003 |work= Mesalibrary.org |publisher= City of Mesa Library |access-date= March 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007033144/http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/secondmesa.aspx|archive-date=October 7, 2011 }}</ref>

On July 17, 1878, Mesa City was registered as a {{convert|1|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} townsite. The first school was built in 1879. In 1883, Mesa City was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] with a population of 300 people. Dr. A. J. Chandler, who would later go on to found the [[Chandler, Arizona|city of Chandler]], worked on widening the Mesa Canal in 1895 to allow for enough flow to build a power plant. In 1917, the city of Mesa purchased this utility company. The revenues from the company provided enough for capital expenditures until the 1960s. During the [[Great Depression]], [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] funds provided paved streets, a new hospital, a new town hall and a library.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/mesacity.aspx |title= A Brief History of Mesa, Arizona: Mesa City – 1878 to Depression |date=July 2003 |work= Mesalibrary.org |publisher= City of Mesa Library |access-date= March 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307003141/http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/mesacity.aspx|archive-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref>

After the founding of the city the elected official that most impacted the municipality was [[George Nicholas Goodman]]. He was mayor 5 different times<ref name=news>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23142973/nice_article_photo_of_george_n/ |title=Nice article & photo of George N. Goodman, mayor 1952 June 10 AZ Republic|newspaper=Arizona Republic|date=June 10, 1952|pages=11|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> in parts of 3 different decade (1938–1942, 1946–1948, 1952–1956) (see: [[List of mayors of Mesa, Arizona]]). As mayor he was directly involved in the process of acquiring land for both [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field]] and [[Williams Air Force Base|Williams Field]].<ref name=news/>

With the opening of [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field]] and [[Williams Air Force Base|Williams Field]] in the early 1940s, more military personnel began to move into the Mesa area. With the advent of [[air conditioning]] and the rise of tourism, population growth exploded in Mesa as well as the rest of the Phoenix area. Industry—especially early aerospace companies—grew in the 1950s and 1960s. As late as 1960, half of the residents of Mesa made a living with agriculture, but this has declined substantially as Mesa's suburban growth continued on track with the rest of the Phoenix metro area.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/wwii.aspx |title= A Brief History of Mesa, Arizona: World War II to Present |date=July 2003 |work= Mesalibrary.org |publisher= City of Mesa Library |access-date= March 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307003144/http://www.mesalibrary.org/about_mesa/mesahistory/wwii.aspx|archive-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref>

==Geography==

===Defining east and west Mesa===
{{Original research section|date=May 2018}}
Due to Mesa's long east to west travel distance, in excess of {{convert|18|mi|km}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.yahoo.com/|title=Yahoo Search - Web Search|website=search.yahoo.com}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2010}} and large land area {{convert|133.13|sqmi|km2}}, locations in Mesa are often referred to as residing within either West Mesa or East Mesa.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesaaz.gov/transportation/tabdocs/4-09/Item4.pdf |contribution= West Mesa Park-and-ride Project No. 06-045-001 |title= Transportation Advisory Board Report |date= April 21, 2009 |publisher= City of Mesa |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045042/http://www.mesaaz.gov/transportation/tabdocs/4-09/Item4.pdf |archive-date= July 21, 2011 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesaaz.gov/Police/media_releases/2008/barnes-rico_032508.aspx |title= West Mesa crime spree ends in arrest |agency= Mesa Police Department – Press Release Archive |work= Mesaaz.gov |publisher= City of Mesa |access-date= July 2, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100528023917/http://www.mesaaz.gov/police/media_releases/2008/barnes-rico_032508.aspx |archive-date= May 28, 2010}}</ref>

Mesa employs a grid system for street numbering that is different from that used in Phoenix and other portions of the metropolitan area. Center Street, running north to south, bisects Mesa into eastern and western halves and serves as the east and west numbering point of origin within Mesa. Streets west of Center St., such as W. University Drive or W. Main St. are considered to be in West Mesa, whereas streets east of Center St., such as E. University or E. Main St., are considered to be in East Mesa.

Mesa Drive, running north to south and bisecting Mesa into east and west sections, is located {{convert|0.5|mi|m}} east of Center Street, and serves as the [[zip code]] boundary between the 85281, 85201, 85202, and 85210 zip codes of Western Mesa and the 85203, 85204, 85205, 85206, 85207, 85208, 85209, 85212, 85213, 85215, 85220, and 85242 zip codes of Eastern Mesa.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mesaaz.gov/maps/pdf/zip_code_map.pdf |title= Mesa ZIP codes |work= mesaaz.gov |publisher= City of Mesa |date= October 15, 2009 |access-date= March 13, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120227155608/http://www.mesaaz.gov/maps/pdf/zip_code_map.pdf |archive-date= February 27, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

Country Club Drive, running north to south and bisecting Mesa into east and west sections, is located {{convert|0.5|mi|m}} west of Center St, and serves as the jurisdictional boundary between [[Arizona's 5th congressional district|Arizona's 5th]] and [[Arizona's 6th congressional district|6th congressional districts]].<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.govtrack.us/congress/findyourreps.xpd?state=AZ&district=5 |title= Arizona's 5th Congressional District & Map |work= govtrack.us |publisher= [[GovTrack]] |date= January 3, 2011 |access-date= March 13, 2012}}</ref> Note that this same road (as Arizona Avenue) serves as the official east and west numbering point of origin within the city of [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]], located south of Mesa.

===Climate===
Located in the [[Sonoran Desert]], Mesa has a hot [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), with mild winters and very hot summers. The hottest month is July, with an average high of {{convert|106|F|C}} and an average low of {{convert|77|F|C}}. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Mesa was in July 1995 at {{convert|122|F|C}}.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.mesa.azweather.com/archives/recordtemps.html |title= azweather.com |access-date= September 30, 2021}}</ref> The coldest month is December, with an average high of {{convert|67|F|C}} and an average low of {{convert|40|F|C}}.<ref name = twc />
{{Weather box
| location = Mesa, Arizona
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 89
| Feb record high F = 95
| Mar record high F = 99
| Apr record high F = 106
| May record high F = 118
| Jun record high F = 116
| Jul record high F = 122
| Aug record high F = 115
| Sep record high F = 115
| Oct record high F = 107
| Nov record high F = 97
| Dec record high F = 86
| Jan high F = 67
| Feb high F = 71
| Mar high F = 77
| Apr high F = 85
| May high F = 94
| Jun high F = 104
| Jul high F = 106
| Aug high F = 104
| Sep high F = 99
| Oct high F = 89
| Nov high F = 75
| Dec high F = 67
| Jan low F = 41
| Feb low F = 45
| Mar low F = 49
| Apr low F = 54
| May low F = 61
| Jun low F = 70
| Jul low F = 77
| Aug low F = 76
| Sep low F = 70
| Oct low F = 59
| Nov low F = 47
| Dec low F = 40
| Jan record low F = 15
| Feb record low F = 19
| Mar record low F = 24
| Apr record low F = 30
| May record low F = 37
| Jun record low F = 43
| Jul record low F = 54
| Aug record low F = 51
| Sep record low F = 40
| Oct record low F = 30
| Nov record low F = 22
| Dec record low F = 17
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.01
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.03
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.19
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.33
| May precipitation inch = 0.17
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.06
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.89
| Aug precipitation inch = 1.14
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.89
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.81
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.77
| Dec precipitation inch = 0.98
| source 1 = The Weather Channel<ref name = twc >{{citation |url= http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/85202 |title= Monthly Averages for Mesa, AZ (85202) |publisher= [[Weather.com]] |access-date= March 13, 2012 |archive-date= July 12, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712121149/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/85202 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| date = November 2011
| source =
}}

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Mesa
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF5D;color:#000000;"|14.5
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF4C;color:#000000;"|13.5
|style="background:#FFFF3B;color:#000000;"|12.5
|style="background:#FBFB2A;color:#000000;"|11.5
|style="background:#F4F419;color:#000000;"|10.5
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#FFFF36;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.2
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/arizona-usa/mesa-climate |title=Mesa, Arizona, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=April 11, 2019 }}</ref>
|}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1900= 722
|1910= 1692
|1920= 3036
|1930= 3711
|1940= 7224
|1950= 16790
|1960= 33772
|1970= 63049
|1980= 152404
|1990= 288104
|2000= 396375
|2010= 439041
|2020= 504258
|estyear=2021
|estimate=509475
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=May 29, 2022|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=May 31, 2022}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref> 2010–2020<ref name="QuickFacts" />
}}

According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of Mesa was as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/mesacityarizona/RHI125217#RHI125217|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Mesa city, Arizona|website=census.gov|access-date=February 17, 2019}}</ref>
* [[White American|White]]: 83.8% ([[Non-Hispanic Whites]]: 62.6%)
* [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race): 27.4%
* [[African American|Black or African American]]: 3.7%
* [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]: 3.1%
* Native American: 2.3%
* [[Asian American|Asian]]: 2.0%
* [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]: 0.4%

As of the census of 2010, there were 439,041 people, 146,643 households, and 99,863 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,171.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 175,701 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,405.7|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.

The racial make-up of the city was 81.6% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 2.4% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 2.2% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 2.0% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.1% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 9.3% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.3% from two or more races. 24.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 146,643 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.20.

The age distribution was 27.3% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,817, and the median income for a family was $49,232. Males had a median income of $35,960 versus $27,005 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,601. About 6.2% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==

===Top employers===
According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Mesa 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report|url=https://www.mesaaz.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/42151/637460484053700000|url-status=live|access-date=November 8, 2021|publisher=City of Mesa|page=152|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> the top employers in the city are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
|1
|[[Banner Health|Banner Health System]]
|8,321
|-
|2
|[[Mesa Public Schools]]
|7,994
|-
|3
|[[Boeing|The Boeing]] Company
|4,600
|-
|4
|City of Mesa
|4,135
|-
|5
|[[Walmart|Wal-Mart]]
|2,853
|-
|6
|[[Drivetime Automotive Group Inc]]
|1,401
|-
|7
|[[24-7 Intouch]]
|1,400
|-
|8
|[[Frys Food Stores]]
|1,359
|-
|9
|[[AT&T]]
|1,311
|-
|10
|[[The Home Depot]]
|1,111
|}

==Cultural attractions==
[[File:Mesa-Mesa Grande Ruins-5.JPG|thumb|[[Mesa Grande|Mesa Grande Ruins]]]]
* [[HoHoKam Park]] of the [[Cactus League]], home of the [[Oakland Athletics]] and former home of the [[Chicago Cubs]] during spring training, the [[WAC Baseball Tournament]] and former summer home to the now defunct [[Mesa Miners]] professional baseball team of the [[Golden Baseball League]]
* [[Sloan Park]], opened in 2014 as the new Cactus League spring training home of the [[Chicago Cubs]]
* [[Mesa Arts Center]]
* [[Mesa Amphitheater]]
* Museums
** [[I.d.e.a. Museum]]
** [[Commemorative Air Force]] Arizona Wing Aircraft Museum, located at [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field]] – B-17 ''Sentimental Journey''
** Mesa Contemporary Arts Museum, Mesa Arts Center
*** [[Mesa Historical Museum]]
*** [[Arizona Museum of Natural History]]
* Archeological sites
** [[Mesa Grande|Mesa Grande Ruins]]
** [[Park of the Canals]]
* [[Public library|Public libraries]]
** Main Library (MN)
** Dobson Ranch Branch (DR)
** Mesa Express Library (MEL)
** Red Mountain Branch (RM)
* Water parks
** [[Golfland|Golfland Sunsplash]] waterpark on [[U.S. Route 60 (Arizona)|U.S. 60]]
* The only highrise in Mesa is the [[Bank of America]] (formerly [[Western Savings and Loan|Western Savings]]) building near [[Fiesta Mall]].
* [[Organ Stop Pizza]], containing the world's largest [[Wurlitzer organ]]
* [[Bell Bank Park]] a 320 acre sports and recreation complex

===Historic properties in Mesa===
{{Main|List of historic properties in Mesa, Arizona}}
Numerous properties in the city are considered to be historical and have been included either in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]<ref name="nationalregisterofhistoricplaces">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/az/Maricopa/state.html|title=National Register of Historical Places – Arizona (AZ), Maricopa County |website=nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com|access-date=November 10, 2018}}</ref> or the listings of the [[List of historic properties in Mesa, Arizona|Mesa Historic Properties]].

==Parks and recreation==
Mesa has over 2,280 acres of parkland in the city limits. Its largest is Red Mountain Park which spans 1,146 acres. It includes a lake, playgrounds, a basketball court and a cement volleyball court.<ref>[http://www.mesaaz.gov/parksrec/parks/redmountain.aspx "Red Mountain Park"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901032350/http://mesaaz.gov/parksrec/Parks/RedMountain.aspx |date=September 1, 2013 }}
''City of Mesa, Arizona''. Retrieved July 9, 2013.</ref>

===Golf===
Mesa is home to numerous championship golf courses, including the original course in town, Mesa Country Club.<ref name="mesacountryclub">{{cite web|url=http://www.mesacountryclub.com|title=Arizona Private Country Club | Phoenix Arizona Private Golf Course, Wedding Venue|website=mesacountryclub.com|access-date=November 10, 2018}}</ref> This course was founded in the late 1940s by the original leaders of the town, and "Country Club Drive", the most prominent street in Mesa, was at one point the modest entrance to the club.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

===West Mesa===
{{Main|Fiesta Mall|Mesa Riverview}}

The abandoned [[Fiesta Mall]] is located in West Mesa, and owned by [[Westcor]]. Its anchors were [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears]] and [[Best Buy]]. It is located near several shopping centers, Mesa's [[Bank of America]],<ref name="bofabuilding">{{citation |url= http://timboyle.com/writing/westernsavings.html |title= A Big Bang in Downtown, or The History of the Financial Plaza |first= Tim |last= Boyle |date=April 2001 |access-date= March 13, 2012}}</ref> and other retail stores, banks, and restaurants. Though deserted, a refurbishment and expansion of the mall has been planned.<ref name="fiesta-redevelopment">{{citation |url= http://www.shopfiesta.com/redirect.asp?p=centerredevelopment |access-date= April 6, 2008 |title= Fiesta Mall – Center Redevelopment |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220205608/http://www.shopfiesta.com/redirect.asp?p=centerredevelopment |archive-date= December 20, 2008 }}</ref>

Mesa Riverview is a new outdoor destination retail center in the northwestern corner of the city, near [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]] and Dobson Road. At build-out the center will include {{convert|1300000|sqft|m2}} of retail space.<ref name="riverview-info">{{citation |url= http://mesariverview.com/index.php?page=center-information |title= Mesa Riverview – Center Information |access-date= April 6, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080312020800/http://mesariverview.com/index.php?page=center-information  |archive-date= March 12, 2008}}</ref> Its anchors include [[Bass Pro Shops]], [[Cinemark Theaters]], [[Wal-Mart]], and [[Home Depot]].

===East Mesa===
Located in East Mesa is Superstition Springs Business Park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Superstition Springs Business Park Trades for $13.98M| date=September 21, 2014 |publisher=AZ Big Media|url=https://azbigmedia.com/featured/superstition-springs-business-park-trades-1398m|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> It includes the [[Superstition Springs Center]], a shopping mall owned by [[Macerich]]. It features an outdoor [[amphitheatre]] and fountain which convert to a stage. Anchor stores at the mall are [[Dillard's]], [[JCPenney]], and [[Macy's]]. [[Mission Community Church]], previously known as Superstition Springs Community Church, was initially named after this [[business park]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History|publisher=[[Mission Community Church]]|url=http://www.mission68.org/about-mission/our-history/|access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605155053/http://www.mission68.org/about-mission/our-history/|archive-date=June 5, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
Almost all of the city of Mesa is served by public schools operated by [[Mesa Public Schools]]; however, a small southern portion is served by the [[Gilbert Public Schools]] and the [[Queen Creek Unified School District]], and a small western portion is served by the [[Tempe Elementary School District]] and the [[Tempe Union High School District]].

Pilgrim Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K-8 school of the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] in Mesa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Pilgrim Lutheran School |url=https://www.pilgrimmesa.com/page/welcome-to-pilgrim-lutheran-school |access-date=March 1, 2020}}</ref>

Mesa is home to [[Mesa Community College]], the largest of the [[Maricopa Community Colleges]], which enrolls over 24,000 full and part-time students. The [[Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus|Polytechnic]] campus of [[Arizona State University]] lies in southeast Mesa. This satellite campus enrolls over 6,000 undergraduate and graduate students in scientific and engineering fields. [[A. T. Still University]] operates an [[A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona|Osteopathic Medical School in Mesa]]. The aviation school [[CAE Global Academy Phoenix]] is located in Mesa.

After launching a higher education initiative in 2012, Mesa became home to branch campuses of five private, liberal arts institutions: [[Albright College]], Westminster College, [[Benedictine University]], [[Upper Iowa University]] and [[Wilkes University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mesaaz.gov/economic/HigherEducationTitle.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708115642/http://mesaaz.gov/economic/HigherEducationTitle.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Higher Education Initiative|archivedate=July 8, 2014}}</ref> Two have since left (Albright College and Westminster College), while a third, Wilkes University, recently announced it would move entirely online.<ref name="azcentral">{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/mesa-education/2017/03/20/higher-education-mesa-gilbert-benedictine-university-upper-iowa-mesa-community-college/99278534/|website=The Arizona Republic|title=What is the state of higher education in Mesa, Gilbert?|access-date=November 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Mesa City Hall.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mesa City Hall in downtown Mesa]]
{{Main|Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways}}
Several [[Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways|area freeways]] serve the Mesa area, such as [[U.S. Route 60 (Arizona)|U.S. Route 60]], locally known as the Superstition Freeway, which runs between [[Apache Junction, Arizona|Apache Junction]] and Phoenix. It is also served by [[Arizona State Route 87|SR 87]] and bypass loops [[Arizona State Route 101|Loop 101]], which skirts the western city limits as the Price Freeway, and [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]], which bypasses the city on the north and east. The main east–west arterial road in Mesa is Main Street (former US 60/70/80/89), serving Downtown Mesa. The primary north–south arterials include Country Club Drive, Gilbert Road, and Power Road.

Public transportation in Mesa is provided by [[Valley Metro]] via bus and light rail ([[Valley Metro Rail]]). The light rail section in Mesa spans about four miles from [[Sycamore/Main St (VMR station)|Sycamore/Main St]] in the west of the city, through downtown to [[Mesa Dr/Main St (VMR station)|Mesa Dr/Main St]]. Until July 2008, Mesa was the largest U.S. city with no public transit service on Sundays, but now has Sunday service available on Routes 40-Apache/Main, 61-Southern, 96-Dobson, 108-Elliot, 112-Country Club/Arizona, 156-Chandler/Williams Field, and 184-Power. Up to the final years of [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] passenger railroad service, the ''[[Sunset Limited]]'' passenger train used to make stops in Mesa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Southern Pacific Lines, Table 1 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=101 |issue=1 |date=June 1968}}</ref>

Air service in the city is provided by two airports. [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field]], located in the northeastern part of the area, was established as a training field for British [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] pilots during [[World War II]] and was transferred to the city at the end of the war. Falcon Field has 605 aircraft based there.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.airnav.com/airport/KFFZ |title= Airport Information – KFFZ: Falcon Field Airport, Mesa, Arizona, USA |work= airnav.com |publisher= AirNav, LLC }}</ref> [[The Boeing Company|Boeing]] builds the [[AH-64 Apache]] attack helicopter at a facility adjoining Falcon Field. [[Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport]] is located in the far southeastern area of the city, and provides alternate but limited air service when compared to [[Sky Harbor International Airport]]. Phoenix-Mesa Gateway was formerly [[Williams Gateway Airport]], and before that, [[Williams Air Force Base]], which closed in 1993. Williams Gateway was announced as a new Focus City for [[Allegiant Air]]. Service started October 25, 2007.

==Healthcare==
The public hospital system, [[Valleywise Health]] (formerly Maricopa Integrated Health System), operates Valleywise Community Health Center – Mesa and Valleywise Behavioral Health Center – Mesa. Its sole hospital, Valleywise Health Medical Center, is in Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://valleywisehealth.org/locations/|title=Locations|publisher=Valleywise Health|accessdate=2021-12-02}}</ref>

==Notable people==


{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jim Adkins]], musician in the band from Mesa, [[Jimmy Eat World]]<ref name=PNT1 />
* [[Murder of Travis Alexander|Travis Alexander]], murder victim
* [[Beau Allred]], professional baseball pitcher<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/bio/AZ_born.shtml | publisher=Baseball-Reference.com | title=98 players born in Arizona |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705074732/http://www.baseball-reference.com/bio/AZ_born.shtml | archive-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Janice Merrill Allred]], author<ref name=mfew>{{cite book |last1=Steenblik |first1=Rachel Hunt|last2=Wheelwright |first2=Hannah |date=2015 |title=Mormon Feminism: Essential Writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IgvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=196 |isbn=978-0190248031}}</ref>
* [[Helen Andelin]], author
* [[Tyson Apostol]], reality television star
* [[Authority Zero]], punk rock band<ref name=PNT1>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2014/08/biggest_arizona_rock_stars.php | website=Phoenix New Times | date=August 6, 2014 | last=Leatherman | first=Benjamin | title=The 15 Biggest Rock Stars Who Live in Arizona | access-date=September 15, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808164253/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2014/08/biggest_arizona_rock_stars.php | archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref>
* [[John Beck (American football)|John Beck]], professional football player
* [[Art Bisch]], race car driver
* [[Mike Brown (basketball, born 1970)|Mike Brown]], professional [[basketball]] coach<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA Coach Mike Brown Began Career at MCC|url=https://www.mesacc.edu/50/success/mike-brown|website=Alumni & Friends|publisher=Mesa Community College Alumni Association|access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Marcus Brunson]], professional sprinter
* [[Bruce Crandall]], Medal of Honor pilot, 1st Cavalry Veteran of Ia Drang November 14, 1965<ref>{{citation | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4Tnz-3in5s| title=Medal of Honor Pilot Bruce Crandall, 1st Cavalry Veteran of Ia Drang (Full Interview) }}</ref>
* [[Jonathan Dean]], ambassador, representative to the [[Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions]]
* [[Julie Ertz]], world champion soccer player
* [[Austin Gibbs]], musician<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/Austin_Gibbs/EP_Music_Album/prweb2373494.htm | publisher=PR Web | title=Austin Gibbs Releases His Monumental 'EP' through 101 Distribution |date=April 30, 2009 | access-date=September 16, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005122150/http://www.prweb.com/releases/Austin_Gibbs/EP_Music_Album/prweb2373494.htm | archive-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref>
* [[George Nicholas Goodman]], pharmacist and former [[List of mayors of Mesa, Arizona|mayor of Mesa]]<ref>{{cite news| title=George N Goodman, Fair Secretary, Dies| page=37 |newspaper=Arizona Republic| date=November 4, 1959 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23142884/obituary_george_nicholas_goodman_az/|access-date= January 9, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Max Hall]], professional football player
* [[Mickey Hatcher]], professional baseball player
* [[Carl Hayden]], Arizona [[U.S. Senate|senator]], and its first representative in the [[United States House of Representatives|House]]; died in Mesa in 1972<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000385 | publisher=United States Congress | title=Hayden, Carl Trumbull, (1877–1972) | access-date=September 6, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226181727/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000385 | archive-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Todd Heap]], professional football player
* [[Kalani Hilliker]], dancer, actress, model, fashion designer, and YouTuber
* [[Jamar Hunt]], professional football player<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.utepathletics.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/hunt_jamar00.html | publisher=University of Texas, El Paso | title=87 Jamar Hunt |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019002916/http://www.utepathletics.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/hunt_jamar00.html | archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Autumn Hurlbert]], actress
* [[Misty Hyman]], Olympic gold medalist in swimming
* [[Troy Kotsur]], Academy Award winning deaf actor
* [[Rudy Lavik]], college basketball coach
* [[Mike Lee (American politician)|Mike Lee]], U.S. senator
* [[Albie Lopez]], professional baseball player<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/l/lopezal02.shtml |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |title=Albie Lopez |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703084848/http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/l/lopezal02.shtml |archive-date=July 3, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Brad Mills (pitcher)|Brad Mills]], professional baseball pitcher
* [[Ernesto Miranda]], conviction overturned by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in [[Miranda v. Arizona]] creating the [[Miranda warning]], buried in the [[City of Mesa Cemetery]]
* [[Carolyn Morris]], professional baseball player (A.A.G.P.B.L.){{cn|date=June 2022}}
* [[Buck Owens]], singer, member of the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]]
* [[Rudy Owens]], professional baseball player
* [[John Jacob Rhodes]], politician, House Minority Leader of the U.S. House of Representatives
* [[John Jacob Rhodes III]], politician, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives
* [[Larry Schweikart]], author
* [[Jake Shears]], lead male singer for the pop band [[Scissor Sisters]]
* [[Vai Sikahema]], professional football player, General Authority [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
* [[Lynn Toler]], judge for ''[[Divorce Court]]''
* [[Kelly Townsend]], Arizona state representative, Legislative District 16 (including parts of East Mesa)
* [[Don Taylor Udall]], state legislator and judge
* [[Tara VanFlower]], singer, songwriter of Lycia
* [[Brooke White]], singer-songwriter and fifth place finalist on the [[American Idol (season 7)|seventh season]] of ''[[American Idol]]''
* [[Danny White]], professional football player, Arizona Athlete of the Century (20th)
* [[Wilford White|Wilford "Whizzer" White]], professional football player
* [[Vance Wilson]], former [[New York Mets]] catcher and current coach for the [[Kansas City Royals]]
* [[Roger L. Worsley]], educator, formerly with [[Mesa High School (Mesa, Arizona)|Mesa High School]] and [[Mesa Community College]]
{{div col end}}

==Sister cities==
{{SisterCities|Mesa|five}}
* {{Flagdeco|CAN}} [[Burnaby]], British Columbia, Canada
* {{Flagdeco|Peru}} [[Caraz]], Peru
* {{Flagdeco|MEX}} [[Guaymas]], Mexico
* {{Flagdeco|PRC}} [[Kaiping]], Guangdong, China
* {{Flagdeco|New Zealand}} [[Upper Hutt]], New Zealand

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|North America|United States|Arizona}}
* [[Arizona Commemorative Air Force Museum]]
* [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arizona]]
* [[City of Mesa Cemetery]]
* [[Life Teen]]
* [[Mesa Distance Learning Program]]
* [[Shooting of Daniel Shaver]]
* [[Tri-City Pavilions]]
{{clear}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliograph'''
{{See also|Timeline of Mesa, Arizona#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Mesa, Arizona}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|commons=Category:Mesa, Arizona|voy=Mesa}}
* [http://www.mesaaz.gov/ Official government website]
* [http://www.Visitmesa.com/ Mesa Arizona Convention and Visitors Bureau – Tourism]
* [http://mesa.azcentral.com/ Mesa news, sports and things to do from ''The Mesa Republic'' newspaper]
* [http://www.mesalibrary.org Mesa Public Library]
* [http://www.mesachamber.org/ Mesa Chamber of Commerce]

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles relating to Mesa and [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]]
| list =
{{Maricopa County, Arizona}}
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[[Category:Mesa, Arizona| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Arizona]]
[[Category:Phoenix metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1878]]
[[Category:Cities in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Sonoran Desert]]
[[Category:1878 establishments in Arizona Territory]]

Indomalayan realm

2022-06-25T10:09:40Z

RockinCrystal: Fixed grammar.

{{short description|One of the Earth's eight ecozones}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Ecozone Indomalaya.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|The Indomalayan realm]]

The '''Indomalayan realm''' is one of the eight [[biogeographic realm]]s.<ref>[https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/indomalayan-realm Indomalayan realm] ''biologyonline.com''. Retrieved 29 August 2021</ref> It extends across most of [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] and into the southern parts of [[East Asia]].

Also called the '''Oriental realm''' by [[biogeography|biogeographers]], Indomalaya spreads all over the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] to lowland southern [[China]], and through [[Indonesia]] as far as [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Bali]], and [[Borneo]], east of which lies the [[Wallace line]], the realm boundary named after [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] which separates Indomalaya from [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]. Indomalaya also includes the [[Philippines]], lowland [[Taiwan]], and [[Japan]]'s [[Ryukyu Islands]].

Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]], with [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]] predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The [[tropical forest]]s of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families [[Dipterocarpaceae]] and [[Fabaceae]].

== Major ecological regions ==

The [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) divides Indomalayan realm into three bio-regions, which it defines as "geographic clusters of eco-regions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)".

=== Indian subcontinent ===
The [[Indian subcontinent]] bioregion covers most of [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Sri Lanka]] and eastern parts of [[Pakistan]]. The [[Hindu Kush]], [[Karakoram]], [[Himalaya]], and [[Patkai]] ranges bound the bioregion on the northwest, north, and northeast; these ranges were formed by the collision of the northward-drifting Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 45 million years ago. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate-climate [[Palearctic]] realm.

=== Indochina ===
The Indochina bioregion includes most of mainland [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Cambodia]], as well as the subtropical forests of southern [[China]].

=== Sunda Shelf and the Philippines ===
{{main|Sundaland}}
{{main|Ecoregions of the Philippines}}

[[Malesia]] is a botanical province which straddles the boundary between Indomalaya and Australasia. It includes the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the western Indonesian islands (known as [[Sundaland]]), the Philippines, the eastern Indonesian islands, and New Guinea. While the Malesia has much in common botanically, the portions east and west of the [[Wallace Line]] differ greatly in land animal species; Sundaland shares its fauna with mainland Asia, while terrestrial fauna on the islands east of the Wallace line are derived at least in part from species of Australian origin, such as [[marsupial]] mammals and [[ratite]] birds.

== History ==
The flora of Indomalaya blends elements from the ancient supercontinents of [[Laurasia]] and [[Gondwana]]. Gondwanian elements were first introduced by India, which detached from Gondwana approximately 90 [[mya (unit)|MYA]], carrying its Gondwana-derived flora and fauna northward, which included [[cichlid]] fish and the [[flowering plant]] [[family (biology)|families]] [[Crypteroniaceae]] and possibly Dipterocarpaceae. India collided with Asia 30-45 MYA, and exchanged species. Later, as [[Australia-New Guinea]] drifted north, the collision of the Australian and Asian plates pushed up the islands of [[Wallacea]], which were separated from one another by narrow straits, allowing a botanic exchange between Indomalaya and [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]. Asian rainforest flora, including the dipterocarps, island-hopped across Wallacea to New Guinea, and several Gondwanian plant families, including [[podocarp]]s and [[araucaria]]s, moved westward from Australia-New Guinea into western Malesia and Southeast Asia.

== Flora ==
The subfamily [[Dipterocarpoideae]] comprises characteristic tree species in Indomalaya's moist and seasonally dry forests, with the greatest species diversity in the moist forests of [[Borneo]].<ref>Appanah, Simmathiri and Jennifer M. Turnbull, eds. (1998). ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture.'' Center for International Forestry Research, 1998.</ref> Teak (''[[Tectona]]'') is characteristic of the seasonally dry forests of the Indomalaya, from India through Indochina, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Tropical pitcher plants (''[[Nepenthes]]'') are also characteristic of Indomalaya, and the greatest diversity of species is in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines.

The tropical forests of Indomalaya and Australasia share many lineages of plants, which have managed over millions of years to disperse across the straits and islands between Sundaland and New Guinea. The two floras evolved in long isolation, and the fossil record suggests that Asian species dispersed to Australasia starting 33 million years ago as Australasia moved northwards, and dispersal increased 12 million years ago as the two continents approached their present positions. The exchange was asymmetric, with more Indomalayan species spreading to Australasia than Australasian species to Indomalaya.<ref>Ebach, Malte C. (2017). ''Handbook of Australasian Biogeography''. CRC Press, Jan 6, 2017.</ref>

== Fauna ==
Two orders of mammals, the [[colugo]]s (Dermoptera) and [[treeshrew]]s (Scandentia), are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the realm, as are families Craseonycteridae ([[Kitti's hog-nosed bat]]), [[Diatomyidae]], [[Platacanthomyidae]], Tarsiidae ([[tarsier]]s) and Hylobatidae ([[gibbon]]s). Large mammals characteristic of Indomalaya include the [[leopard]], [[tiger]]s, [[Bubalus|water buffalos]], [[Asian elephant]], [[Indian rhinoceros]], [[Javan rhinoceros]], [[Malayan tapir]], [[orangutan]]s, and [[gibbon]]s.

Indomalaya has three endemic bird families, the Irenidae ([[fairy bluebird]]s), [[Megalaimidae]] and Rhabdornithidae ([[Philippine creeper]]s). Also characteristic are [[pheasant]]s, [[Pitta (bird)|pittas]], [[Old World babbler]]s, and [[flowerpecker]]s.

Indomalaya has 1000 species of [[amphibian]]s in 81 genera, about 17 of global species. 800 Indomalayan species, or 80%, are endemic. Indomalaya has three endemic families of amphibians, [[Nasikabatrachidae]], [[Ichthyophiidae]], and [[Uraeotyphlidae]]. 329, or 33%, of Indomalayan amphibians are considered threatened or extinct, with habitat loss as the principal cause.<ref>Bain, R.H., Biju, S.D., Brown, R.M., Das, I., Diesmos, A.C., Dutta, S.K., Gower, D.J., Inger, R.F., Iskandar, D.T., Kaneko, Y., Neng, M.W., Lau, Meegaskumbura, M., Ohler, A., Papenfuss, T., Pethiyagoda, R., Stuart, B.L., & Wilkinson, M. (2008). ''Amphibians of the Indomalayan Realm''. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/AMPHIBIANS-OF-THE-INDOMALAYAN-REALM-Bain-Biju/b78802b0da3523e3164cc48a35f14ad04e9f0429]</ref>

More information is available under [[:Category:Indomalayan realm fauna|Indomalayan realm fauna]].

== See also ==
* [[Ecoregions of India]]
* [[Ecoregions of the Philippines]]
* [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] (the Indochinese Peninsula)
* [[Malesia]]
* [[Sundaland]]

== Indomalayan ecoregions ==
[[File:Indomalayan biomes.svg|thumb|600px|center|Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by [[biome]]. Beige: [[deserts and xeric shrublands]]. Light brown: [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]. Green: [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]. Bright green: [[tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]]. light green: [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]. Dark green: [[temperate coniferous forests]]. Light blue: [[flooded grasslands and savannas]]. Light purple: [[montane grasslands and shrublands]]. Magenta: [[mangroves]].]]

{{Indomalayan tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests}}
{{Indomalayan tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests}}
{{Indomalayan tropical and subtropical coniferous forests}}
{{Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests}}
{{Indomalayan temperate coniferous forests}}
{{Indomalayan tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands}}
{{Indomalayan flooded grasslands and savannas}}
{{Indomalayan montane grasslands and shrublands}}
{{Indomalayan deserts and xeric shrublands}}
{{Indomalaya mangrove}}

==Bibliography==
* Wikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002. ''Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment''. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC].

==References==
{{commons category|Indomalaya}}
{{Wikivoyage|Wildlife in South and Southeast Asia}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Biomes}}

{{coord|7|00|N|97|00|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Indomalayan realm| ]]
[[Category:Biogeographic realms]]
[[Category:Biogeography]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Asia|.]]
[[Category:Environment of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia|*]]
[[Category:Natural history of Asia]]
[[Category:Phytogeography]]

Morris Katz

2022-05-26T02:32:34Z

RockinCrystal: Capitalized “United States” and “President Kennedy”. Also added commas for grammar.

{{short description|American painter}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Morris Katz
| birth_name = Moshe Katz
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1932|03|05}}
| birth_place = [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]], [[Poland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|11|12|1932|03|05}}
| death_place = [[Bronx]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| nationality = American
| other_names = Moshe Katz
| known_for = Painting US Presidents, Fastest Toilet Paper Painter, Finishing a painting in a record 30 seconds
| occupation = Painter
}}
'''Morris Katz''' (born '''Moshe Katz''' on March 5, 1932 – November 12, 2010) was a [[Polish-American]] painter. He holds two Guinness World Records as the world's fastest painter and the world's most prolific artist. He has also been called the "King of Schlock Art" and the "King of Toilet Paper Art" because of a novel means of painting he developed using a palette knife and toilet tissue instead of a paintbrush.<ref name="Salzberg"/>

On October 1, 1985 Morris wrested the Guinness World Record from none other than Picasso himself as the world most prolific Artist at the Art Students League on 57th Street in New York City.

As a holocaust survivor and symbol of gratitude to the United States immediately after the assassination of President Kennedy, Morris undertook his longest and most dear project The [https://morriskatz.org/ President Collection]. Morris who is world famous for completing beautiful portraits within minutes using his Instant Art method picked up his brush painting each US president spending six years and an average of 200 hours on each Presidential portrait using the “Old Master” style.

Each Portrait includes the US flag.
It is the first of its kind collection displaying the exact amount of stars per colony on each flag per president.
The US presidents was the apple of his eye, with millions of postcards sold to collectors throughout the world.
In 1965, the Vatican commissioned Morris, a world famous artist and Holocaust Survivor, to paint the portrait of Pope Paul VI. 3 million copies of this portrait were sold worldwide.
[[File:Morris Katz Painting President Regan in Studio.jpg|thumb|Nicknamed the "Einstein of Art" Morris Katz is seen Painting President Ronald Reagan's Portrait in his Studio]]

== Early life ==
Katz was born in 1932 in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], Poland.<ref name=IMDB>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1375463/bio|title=Biography for Morris Katz|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> At age 13 he studied under Dr. Hans Fokler of the [[Munich Academy]].<ref name="Salzberg">{{cite news|title=The King of Toilet Paper Art|last=Salzberg|first=Charles|date=Nov 13, 1978|publisher=New York Magazine/New York Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OACAAAAMBAJ&q=Morris+Katz+New+York+Magazine&pg=PA156}}</ref><ref name=IMDB/> During the Holocaust, Morris suffered unspeakable horrors in Nazi concentration camps and lost most of his family. After World War II, he lived for a while in a [[displaced person]]s camp, where he earned a diploma in carpentry, and he said later that toilet paper was his "diploma in art."<ref name="Salzberg"/>

He moved to the United States in 1949, when he took a job in carpentry while maintaining a sideline with his art. Morris began working as a carpenter after struggling to find a job where he was able to keep Shabbos.<ref name="Salzberg"/> While working on his unpublished ''Dictionary of Color'' in 1956, he decided to try painting with his palette knife instead of his brushes.<ref name="Salzberg"/> After some time he also began experimenting with the use of rags; when he ran out of rags he turned to toilet tissue.<ref name="Salzberg"/> He would use up almost 10000 toilet paper rolls each year for his paintings.<ref name=":0" />

As of February 2007, over his career he had painted more than 280,000 paintings.<ref name="heller">{{cite web|url=http://www.yaacovheller.com/yaacov_heller_morris_katz.htm|title=The World's Fastest Painter Returns to Boca Raton|publisher=Yaacov Heller|accessdate=2009-09-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133252/http://www.yaacovheller.com/yaacov_heller_morris_katz.htm|archivedate=2011-07-18}}</ref>

Over his long career, in addition to being a world famous artist he established himself as a painter, comedian and television personality hosting and Producing over 600 TV shows using his Instant Art Method.<ref name="Salzberg"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0366032/
|title=Instant Art Show|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref>

An obituary <ref>The Jewish Press, Nov. 19, 2010</ref> described him as "creating 'instant art' and entertaining generations of guests in the old Borscht Belt hotels.

== Instant Art ==
On May 9, 1988, Katz painted a 12- by 16-inch canvas of a child in just 30 seconds setting a new Guinness World Record.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Morris Katz - Artist Biography for Morris Katz|url=https://www.askart.com/artist_bio/Morris_Katz/62649/Morris_Katz.aspx|access-date=2020-07-24|website=www.askart.com}}</ref> Katz described his method of painting as "Instant Art,"<ref>using the motto Paint it good, paint it fast, and sell it cheap" page 3,The Jewish Press,Nov. 19, 2010</ref> because of how quickly he would complete these paintings.<ref name=morriskatz.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.morriskatz.com/mostProlific.cfm|title=Morris Katz "The World's Fastest Artist"|publisher=Morris Katz|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref><ref name=zion>{{cite web|url=http://www.zionbooks.com/mkatzwho.htm |title=Morris Katz - World's Fastest Painter |publisher=zionbooks.com |accessdate=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514020215/http://www.zionbooks.com/mkatzwho.htm |archivedate=May 14, 2008 }}</ref>

In a 1987 event to benefit the [[Boy Scouts of America]], Katz completed 103 paintings (selling 55 of them on the spot) in 12 hours.<ref name=zion/> He is listed as a human oddity in ''Ripley's Believe It Or Not'' because of his ability to paint full works of art in less than five minutes.<ref name=heller/>

A 2003 review of a serious painting <ref>http://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/15335/{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> said "Normally this artist's works are notable only for their carefree and speedy execution, but this painting is a welcome exception."

== Death ==
Katz died on November 12, 2010 after suffering a stroke. He was 78.

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}




==External links==
* [https://morriskatz.org/ Morris Katz Foundation]
* [http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/11/13/2010-11-13_morris_katz_eccentric_artist_who_used_toilet_paper_to_create_works_dies.html NY Daily News, Morris Katz obituary]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katz, Morris}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American painters]]
[[Category:American male painters]]
[[Category:21st-century American painters]]
[[Category:21st-century American male artists]]
[[Category:Jewish American artists]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]

Santeria (song)

2022-05-22T01:01:28Z

RockinCrystal: /* Commercial performance */I added the year 2016 to reflect the source of the citation since it is now 2022.

{{About|the Sublime song|the Pusha T song|Daytona (album)}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Santeria
| cover = Santeria (song).jpg
| alt =
| caption = US promotional single
| type = single
| artist = [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]]
| album = [[Sublime (album)|Sublime]]
| released = January 7, 1997
| format =
| recorded = 1996
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reggae rock]]
* [[alternative rock]]
* [[reggae]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Sartini Garner|first=Marty|url=https://www.avclub.com/sublime-s-legacy-is-more-complicated-than-the-bros-and-1835008844|title=Sublime’s legacy is more complicated than the bros (and the haters) would have you think|website=AV Club|date=May 28, 2019|access-date=March 8, 2022}}</ref>
}}
| length = 3:03
| label = [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]]
| writer = {{flatlist|
* [[Bradley Nowell]]
* [[Bud Gaugh]]
* [[Eric Wilson (bassist)|Eric Wilson]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20131024165035/http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&keyid=3800344&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID BMI database]</ref>
}}
| producer = {{flatlist|
* [[Paul Leary]]
* [[David Kahne]]
}}
| prev_title = [[What I Got]]
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title = [[Wrong Way]]
| next_year = 1997
}}

"'''Santeria'''" is a [[Sentimental ballad|ballad]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kemp|first=Mark|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bradley-nowell-life-after-death-250120/|title=Bradley Nowell: Life After Death|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=December 25, 1997|access-date=March 8, 2022}}</ref> by American [[ska punk]] band [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]] from their third, [[Sublime (album)|self-titled album]]. The song was released as a single on January 7, 1997. Although the song was released after the death of lead singer [[Bradley Nowell]], "Santeria" along with "[[What I Got]]" are often considered the band's signature songs.

==Composition and context==
The song includes the bassline and guitar riff from Sublime's earlier song "Lincoln Highway Dub" off the 1994 album ''[[Robbin' the Hood]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=3798 |title=Santeria by Sublime Songfacts |publisher=Songfacts.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> [[Santería]] is an Afro-Cuban religion, practiced in [[Cuba]], [[South Florida]], and exported to other areas in the [[Caribbean]].

The song tells the story of a jealous ex-boyfriend who is planning to take revenge on the man who stole his girlfriend. The man then decides to find a new girlfriend, instead. However, the man then mentions using violent force as he describes his plans to "pop a cap in Sancho" and "stick that barrel straight down Sancho's throat" if he ever sees him again. The lead singer of Sublime, [[Bradley Nowell]], refers to the man as "Sancho" and his ex-girlfriend as "Heina".{{cn|date=December 2021}} In Chicano culture, a man who steals another man's girlfriend is often referred to as "Sancho"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/sancho|title=What does sancho mean? sancho Definition. Meaning of sancho.and sancho is the man that is cheating with a mans woman behind his backOnlineSlangDictionary.com|publisher=|accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> while a man's woman or girlfriend is referred to as "Heina", which is adapted from the Spanish word ''reina'', meaning "queen" in Spanish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/heina|title=What does heina mean? heina Definition. Meaning of heina.thats not true hiena its a way to call the gf or a woman as the cheater OnlineSlangDictionary.com|publisher=|accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref>

==Music video==
A music video was filmed after the death of lead singer Bradley Nowell, who makes a cameo via stock footage. During the video, his beloved [[Lou Dog]] is seen along with the other members of [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]] remembering him. The video was a visualization of the story told in the song in the form of a [[Western (genre)|Western]], and featured [[Tom Lister, Jr.]] as Sancho. Lister was bitten by Lou Dog on the lip in a particular scene where he gets too close to Lou Dog's face.

==Commercial performance==
"Santeria" was a moderate U.S. crossover hit, cracking the Top 5 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''s [[Modern Rock Tracks]] chart as well as reaching number 43 on the [[Billboard Hot 100 Airplay|Hot 100 Airplay]] chart. As of June 2016, the song has sold 1,971,291 downloads in US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defjampromo.com/files/2009/10/BB-Digital-Songs-Chart-Wk.-Ending-6-23-16.pdf|publisher=[[Nielsen Soundscan]]|title=Chart: Digital Songs|date=June 23, 2016|accessdate=November 8, 2021}}</ref>

==Media usage==
The song is a playable track on the 2008 video game ''[[Guitar Hero World Tour]]'', and was released as a downloadable song for ''[[Rock Band 3]]'' in 2012 as well as ''[[Rocksmith 2014]]'' in 2014. The song was featured in the films ''[[Idle Hands]]'', ''[[Knocked Up]]'', ''[[Remember the Daze]]'' and ''[[This is 40]]''.

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!Chart (1997)
!Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Canadatopsingles|90|chartid=3196|rowheader=true|access-date=April 21, 2021}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardradiosongs|43|artist=Sublime|rowheader=true|access-date=April 21, 2021}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardalternativesongs|3|artist=Sublime|rowheader=true|access-date=April 21, 2021}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardadultpopsongs|38|artist=Sublime|rowheader=true|access-date=April 21, 2021}}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{youtube|AEYN5w4T_aM|"Santeria" Official music video}}

{{sublimeband}}

[[Category:1997 singles]]
[[Category:Sublime (band) songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by McG]]
[[Category:1996 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Bradley Nowell]]
[[Category:MCA Records singles]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by David Kahne]]
[[Category:Songs about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Santería]]

"The Spaghetti Incident?"

2022-01-07T19:26:35Z

RockinCrystal: /* Track listing */Put spaces in between the slashes to make the page look nicer - it looked confusing before.

{{confuse|The Linguini Incident}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox album
| name = "The Spaghetti Incident?"
| type = Studio
| longtype = of [[cover songs]]
| artist = [[Guns N' Roses]]
| cover = Guns n' Roses; Spaghetti Incident? cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = November 23, 1993
| recorded = 1992–93
| venue =
| studio = A&M Studios, [[Record Plant Studios]], Rumbo Recorders, CanAm Studios, Sound Techniques, Triad Studios, [[Conway Recording Studios]], [[Ocean Way Recording]]{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hard rock]]<ref name="Abbott"/>
* [[punk rock]]<ref name="Abbott"/><ref name="Erlewine"/>
}}
| length = 46:03
| label = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]
| producer = {{flatlist|
* [[Mike Clink]]
* [[Guns N' Roses]]
* [[Duff McKagan]]
* Jim Mitchell
}}
| prev_title = [[Garden of Eden (Guns N' Roses song)#Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition|Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Use Your Illusion]]
| next_year = 1998
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Guns N' Roses]] studio album
| type = studio
| prev_title = [[Use Your Illusion II]]
| prev_year = 1991
| title = "The Spaghetti Incident?"
| year = 1993
| next_title = [[Chinese Democracy]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{Singles
| name = The Spaghetti Incident?
| type = Studio
| single1 = [[Ain't It Fun (The Dead Boys song)|Ain't It Fun]]
| single1date = November 20, 1993
| single2 = [[Since I Don't Have You]]
| single2date = May 1994
}}
}}

'''''"The Spaghetti Incident?"''''' is the fifth studio album by the American [[hard rock]] band [[Guns N' Roses]]. The album is composed of [[cover song|covers]] of older [[punk rock]], [[hard rock]], and other songs.<ref name="Abbott">{{cite news|last=Abbott|first=Jim|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-11-26/entertainment/9311240056_1_janis-haddaway-kiki-dee|accessdate=June 21, 2013|title=Here's what's new in the record racks:Guns N' Roses|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|date=November 26, 1993}}</ref> ''"The Spaghetti Incident?"'' is the only studio album to feature rhythm guitarist [[Gilby Clarke]], who replaced original Guns N' Roses member [[Izzy Stradlin]] during the band's ''Use Your Illusion'' tour in 1991, as well as the last album to feature guitarist [[Slash (musician)|Slash]], bassist [[Duff McKagan]] and drummer [[Matt Sorum]], following the departure of them in 1996 and 1997, respectively. It is also their final album to date featuring longtime producer [[Mike Clink]].

It is the only album released not backed by a tour.<ref name="LOUDSPAG"/> Although somewhat well received critically; it is the band's worst selling studio album, having sold 1 million copies by 2018.<ref name="UCRSPG"/>

== Background ==
Initially, the band planned to release an [[Extended play|EP]] of covers in 1992 or 1993, but decided to record a full album.<ref name="LOUDSPAG"/> Many of the tracks were recorded during the same sessions as the ''Illusions'' albums, which were originally intended to produce three or four albums.<ref name="Recses">{{Cite web|year=2001|publisher=Here Today, Gone To Hell|url=http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/misc/recordingsessions.html|title=Guns N' Roses Recording Sessions|access-date=March 9, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231224809/http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/misc/recordingsessions.html|archive-date=December 31, 2009}}</ref> Izzy Stradlin's guitar parts were reportedly re-recorded entirely by [[Gilby Clarke]].<ref name="RSSPAG"/><ref name="Slashspag"/>{{efn|Clarke later disputed the claim, stating "Izzy didn't play on a lot of them, so I got to just put my parts on songs that were recorded. So it was a little bit of both."<ref name="UCRSPG">{{Cite web |title=25 Facts About Guns N' Roses' 'The Spaghetti Incident?' |author=Dave Liffon |work=Ultimate Classic Rock |date=November 22, 2018 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |url= https://ultimateclassicrock.com/guns-n-roses-spaghetti-incident-facts/ |quote=}}</ref>}} Slash described the recording as "spontaneous and unpainted",<ref name="Slashspag">{{cite web|url=http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/articles/showarticle.php?articleid=13|title=Guns N' Roses: Okej interview|first=Anders|last=Tegnér|date=November 1993|work=Okej; Here Today, Gone to Hell|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025752/http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/articles/showarticle.php?articleid=13|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> and recording the songs served as "a purpose to alleviate the pressure of making the ''Illusions'' records".<ref name="RSSPAG">{{Cite web |title=Inside Guns N' Roses' Scrappy Covers Album 'The Spaghetti Incident?' |last=Weingarten |first=Christopher R. |work=Rolling Stone |date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/inside-guns-n-roses-scrappy-covers-album-the-spaghetti-incident-108881/ |quote=}}</ref> The band wanted to increase the profile of some of their favorite bands and help them financially via royalties with the tracklist selection, and considered naming the album "Pension Fund".<ref name="UCRSPG"/>

The album is collection of [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[glam rock]] covers.<ref name="LOUDSPAG">{{Cite web |title=27 Years Ago: Guns N' Roses Release 'The Spaghetti Incident?' |author=Jon Wiederhorn |work=Loudwire |date=November 28, 2020 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |url= https://loudwire.com/guns-n-roses-the-spaghetti-incident-anniversary/ |quote=}}</ref> The album features covers of songs of punk artists such as [[U.K. Subs]], [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]], [[New York Dolls]], [[The Stooges]], [[Dead Boys]], [[Misfits (band)|Misfits]], [[Johnny Thunders]], [[The Professionals (band)|The Professionals]], [[Fear (band)|FEAR]], as well as [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]], [[Soundgarden]] and [[The Skyliners]].<ref name="LOUDSPAG"/> The lead single, "[[Ain't It Fun (The Dead Boys song)|Ain't It Fun]]" featured [[Hanoi Rocks]] singer [[Michael Monroe]] as a guest vocalist.
<ref name="blab_MICH">{{Cite web |title=MICHAEL MONROE 'Never Wanted Any Money' For His Guest Appearances On GUNS N' ROSES Albums |author= |work=Blabbermouth |date=October 4, 2019 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |url= https://blabbermouth.net/news/michael-monroe-never-wanted-any-money-for-his-guest-appearances-on-guns-n-roses-albums/ }}</ref>

During the studio sessions the band also recorded instrumental tracks of the song titled "Beer and a Cigarette", originally by [[Hanoi Rocks]]. The vocals were not recorded and the song was left off the record because the band did not want songwriter [[Andy McCoy]] to receive any money.<ref name="abeerandacigarette">{{cite web|url=http://www.slashparadise.com/discography/albums-guns-n-roses-1993-the-spaghetti-incident.php |title=The Spaghetti Incident? on SlashParadise |publisher=www.slashparadise.com |date=November 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq7sZt9tz4EC&q=%22hanoi+rocks%22&pg=PA162|title=Off the Record|first=Sue|last=Welfare|date=January 28, 1999|publisher=Univ. of Queensland Press|isbn=9780006513490|accessdate=January 28, 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> The band also did an instrumental version of the song "Down on the Street" by [[The Stooges]] which also was never released.<ref name="downonthestreet">{{cite web|url=http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/misc/recordingsessions.html |title=Recording Sessions on Here Today... Gone To Hell |publisher=heretodaygonetohell.com |date=April 25, 2016}}</ref>

==Title==
The title references an incident [[Steven Adler]] had in 1989 while the band was temporarily staying at an apartment in Chicago. Adler stored his drugs in a refrigerator next to the band's takeout containers, which contained Italian food. McKagan explained that Adler's code word for his stash was 'spaghetti'. In his lawsuit against the band, Adler's lawyer asked the band to "tell us about the spaghetti incident," which the band found amusing and used as the title of the album.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/50-wildest-guns-n-roses-moments-20151124/summer-1989-the-actual-spaghetti-incident-20151119 |title=Summer 1989: The Actual Spaghetti Incident |date=November 24, 2015 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The album includes a [[hidden track]], a cover of "[[Look at Your Game, Girl]]", originally by cult leader [[Charles Manson]].<ref name="Manson cover" /> The track was kept secret and left off of advance tapes sent to reviewers.<ref name="Manson cover">{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1993-11-21/entertainment/ca-59128_1_charles-manson|title=It's No Illusion: Guns N' Roses Does Charles Manson|last1=Hochman|first1=Steve|date=November 21, 1993|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150509200759/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-11-21/entertainment/ca-59128_1_charles-manson|archive-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref> The inclusion of the song caused controversy, with law enforcement and victims rights groups expressing outrage.<ref name="Stickwith" /><ref name="baltsun">{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-12-03/features/1993337105_1_charles-manson-record-a-song-spaghetti-incident|title=Guns N' Roses under fire for Manson 'bonus' song|last1=Considine|first1=J.D.|date=December 3, 1993|website=Baltimoresun.com, Tribune Publishing|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222000420/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-12-03/features/1993337105_1_charles-manson-record-a-song-spaghetti-incident|archive-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> Rose stated "...we wanted to downplay it. We don't give any credit to Charles Manson on the album". Label president [[David Geffen]] commented: "[If] Rose had realized how offensive people would find this, he would not have ever recorded this song".<ref name="remove?" /> Slash mentioned that the song was "done with naive and innocent black humor on our part".<ref name="Stickwith">{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-08/entertainment/ca-65317_1_charles-manson-song|title=Guns N' Roses to Stick With Manson Song on Album: Convict's royalties from 'Girl' will be paid to the son of one of those killed in a spree masterminded by the cult leader|last1=Philips|first1=Chuck|date=December 8, 1993|website=LAtimes.com, Tribune Publishing|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150509190452/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-08/entertainment/ca-65317_1_charles-manson-song|archive-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref> Rose stated he would donate all performance royalties from the song to a nonprofit environmental organization.<ref name="manson">{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/rattlesnake_suitcase/qmanson94.htm|title=Bring Out The Manson|date=March 1994|publisher=Q Magazine|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073224/http://www.oocities.org/rattlesnake_suitcase/qmanson94.htm|archive-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="remove?">{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-01/local/me-62793_1_charles-manson|title=Guns N' Roses May Remove Manson Song From Album|last1=Philips|first1=Chuck|date=December 1, 1993|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150508204553/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-01/local/me-62793_1_charles-manson|archive-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> The band was going to remove the song before learning that royalties would be donated to the son of one of Manson's victims.<ref name="Stickwith" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/26/us/victim-s-son-gets-manson-royalties.html|title=Victim's Son Gets Manson Royalties|date=December 26, 1993|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 7, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130611/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/26/us/victim-s-son-gets-manson-royalties.html|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Geffen Records stated their share of royalties would be donated to the [[Doris Tate]] Crime Victims Bureau.<ref name="Stickwith" />

==Live performances==
Although Guns N' Roses never toured in support of ''"The Spaghetti Incident?"'', some of the songs were performed live prior to its release. The first track, "Since I Don't Have You", was performed a few times as an intro to songs "[[Sweet Child o' Mine]]" or "[[Paradise City]]" in 1992 and 1993. "Down on the Farm" was performed once in its full length during the 1990 performance in the [[Farm Aid|Farm Aid IV]] show. It was also played a few times during the [[Chinese Democracy Tour|''Chinese Democracy'' Tour]] in 2006. The band performed "Hair of the Dog" once in 1988, and again in 1990, during the only known "The Gak" (band featuring members of Guns N' Roses, [[Metallica]] and [[Skid Row (American band)|Skid Row]]) performance. "Attitude" was performed frequently during the [[Use Your Illusion Tour|''Use Your Illusion'' Tour]], and Duff still plays it in [[Loaded (band)|Loaded]] and his solo career. Other songs played live by [[Duff McKagan]] are "New Rose", "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory" and "Raw Power". The other songs were never played live by [[Guns N' Roses]], but might have been played by some of the members' side projects, like Matt Sorum's supergroup [[Camp Freddy]], that plays cover versions of famous songs, as well as [[Neurotic Outsiders]], the supergroup Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum were part of. Guns N' Roses played "Attitude" and - for the first time - "Raw Power" live in Buenos Aires (Argentina) in April 2014 with Duff McKagan on vocals.<ref>setlist.fm [http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/guns-n-roses/2014/estadio-ferrocarril-oeste-buenos-aires-argentina-53c247ad.html "Guns N’ Roses Setlist at Estadio Ferrocarril Oeste, Buenos Aires, Argentina"]</ref> "Attitude", "Raw Power" and "New Rose" were played during the [[Not in This Lifetime... Tour]].

==Commercial performance and reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref name="Erlewine">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-spaghetti-incident-mw0000105038|title=The Spaghetti Incident? - Guns N' Roses - Songs, Reviews, Credits|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=January 28, 2019}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Robert Christgau]]
| rev2Score = A−<ref name="Christgau">{{cite news|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|date=January 18, 1994|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv194-94.php|title=Consumer Guide|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|location=New York|accessdate=June 21, 2013}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev3Score = A−<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: 'The Spaghetti Incident?'|journal=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|location=New York|date=November 26, 1993|pages=62–3|quote=The Spaghetti Incident? scales everything back a notch ... Guns 'N' Roses aims to prove it doesn't need two padded CDs, a horn section and a bevy of backup singers to make a joyful racket...}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[NME]]''
| rev4Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: 'The Spaghetti Incident?'|journal=[[NME]]|location=London|page=31|date=November 27, 1993|quote=...a bizarre mixture of swagger, nihilism and bad attitood which is as funny as it is exhilarating...}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[Q magazine|Q]]''
| rev5Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: 'The Spaghetti Incident?'|journal=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|location=London|page=92 |quote=...relatively faithful cover versions... |date=February 1994}}</ref>
| rev6 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev6Score = {{rating|3.5|5}}<ref name="RS">{{cite magazine|last=Gold|first=Jonathan|title=Guns N' Roses: The Spaghetti Incident? Review|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/the-spaghetti-incident-19931209|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=9 December 1993|accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
| rev7 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev7Score = positive<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76xCnQy_X-0C&pg=PA67|accessdate=June 21, 2013|title=Spins|last=Weisbard|first=Eric|page=67|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|location=New York|date=February 1994}}</ref>

}}''"The Spaghetti Incident?"'' debuted at No. 4 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], selling about 190,000 albums in its first week of release, significantly fewer than their previous releases.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hasty |first=Katie |date=December 3, 2008 |title=Kanye Edges GNR, Ludacris For No. 1 Debut |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/kanye-edges-gnr-ludacris-for-no-1-debut-1003918838.story |url-status=live |magazine=[[billboard.com]] |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mptVsGSH?url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/kanye-edges-gnr-ludacris-for-no-1-debut-1003918838.story |archive-date=January 16, 2010 |df=mdy-all |accessdate=2010-01-16 }}</ref> The album was certified platinum by RIAA on January 26, 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum|website=Riaa.com|accessdate=January 28, 2019}}</ref>

In his retrospective review for [[AllMusic]], music critic [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] said that, "As punk albums go, ''"The Spaghetti Incident?"'' lacks righteous anger and rage. As Guns N' Roses albums go, it's a complete delight, returning to the ferocious, hard-rocking days of ''[[Appetite for Destruction]]''."<ref name="Erlewine"/>

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Original artist
| title1 = [[Since I Don't Have You#Guns N' Roses version|Since I Don't Have You]]
| writer1 = Joseph Rock, James Beaumont, Jackie Taylor, Janet Vogel, Joe Verscharen, Lennie Martin, and Wally Lester
| extra1 = [[The Skyliners]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = [[New Rose#Guns N' Roses version|New Rose]]
| writer2 = [[Brian James (guitarist)|Brian James]]
| extra2 = [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]]
| length2 = 2:38
| title3 = Down on the Farm
| writer3 = [[Alvin Gibbs]], [[Charlie Harper (singer)|Charlie Harper]], Nicholas Garratt
| extra3 = [[U.K. Subs]]
| length3 = 3:29
| title4 = [[Too Much Too Soon (album)|Human Being]]
| writer4 = [[Johnny Thunders]], [[David Johansen]]
| extra4 = [[New York Dolls]]
| length4 = 6:48
| title5 = [[Raw Power]]
| writer5 = [[Iggy Pop]], [[James Williamson (musician)|James Williamson]]
| extra5 = [[The Stooges]]
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = [[Ain't It Fun (Dead Boys song)#Covers|Ain't It Fun]]
| note6 = featuring [[Michael Monroe]]
| writer6 = [[Cheetah Chrome]], [[Peter Laughner]]
| extra6 = [[Dead Boys]]
| length6 = 5:06
| title7 = [[Buick Makane]] ([[Louder Than Love|Big Dumb Sex]])
| writer7 = [[Marc Bolan]] / [[Chris Cornell]]
| extra7 = [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]] / [[Soundgarden]]
| length7 = 2:40
| title8 = [[Hair of the Dog (song)|Hair of the Dog]]
| writer8 = [[Dan McCafferty]], [[Pete Agnew]], [[Manny Charlton]], [[Darrell Sweet (musician)|Darrell Sweet]]
| extra8 = [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]]
| length8 = 3:55
| title9 = [[Attitude (Misfits song)#Cover versions|Attitude]]
| writer9 = [[Glenn Danzig]]
| extra9 = [[Misfits (band)|Misfits]]
| length9 = 1:27
| title10 = [[Black Leather (song)|Black Leather]]
| writer10 = [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]]
| extra10 = [[The Professionals (band)|The Professionals]]
| length10 = 4:09
| title11 = [[You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory]]
| writer11 = Johnny Thunders
| extra11 = Johnny Thunders
| length11 = 3:35
| title12 = [[The Record (album)|I Don't Care About You]]
| writer12 = [[Lee Ving]]
| extra12 = [[Fear (band)|Fear]]
| length12 = 4:51
| title13 = [[Look at Your Game, Girl#Guns N' Roses version|Look at Your Game, Girl]]
| note13 = [[hidden track]] starting at 2:17 called "I Don't Care About You"
| writer13 = [[Charles Manson]]
| extra13 = Charles Manson
| length13 = 2:34
|total_length = 46:03
}}

==Personnel==
{{col-start}}
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title="The Spaghetti Incident?" |others=[[Guns N' Roses]] |year=1993 |publisher=[[Geffen Records]] }}</ref>
{{col-2}}
'''Guns N' Roses'''
*[[W. Axl Rose]] – [[lead vocals]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] on "Since I Don't Have You", [[kazoo]] on "Human Being"
*[[Slash (musician)|Slash]] – [[lead guitar]], co-lead vocals on "Buick Mackane (Big Dumb Sex)", [[talkbox]] on "Hair of the Dog", [[backing vocals]] on "Attitude"
*[[Duff McKagan]] – [[bass guitar|bass]], backing vocals, [[acoustic guitar]], lead vocals on "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory", "New Rose" and "Attitude", co-lead vocals on "Raw Power", drums on "You Can't Put Your Arms Around A Memory", [[Record producer|production]]
*[[Matt Sorum]] – drums, [[percussion]] on "Hair of the Dog", backing vocals on "Human Being" and "Attitude"
*[[Dizzy Reed]] – keyboards, [[piano]] on "Since I Don't Have You", percussion on "Look at Your Game Girl", backing vocals on "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory"
*[[Gilby Clarke]] – [[rhythm guitar]], backing vocals
*[[Izzy Stradlin]] – [[rhythm guitar]] (uncredited)<ref name="UCRSPG"/>

'''Production'''
*[[Mike Clink]] – production on all tracks except 1 and 11
*Jim Mitchell – production on track 11
*[[Bill Price (record producer)|Bill Price]] – [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]]
*[[George Marino]] – [[Audio mastering|mastering]]
*Kevin Reagan – art direction; graphic design
*Dennis Keeley, Gene Kirkland & Robert John – [[photography]]

{{col-2}}

'''Additional musicians'''
*[[Michael Monroe]] – co-lead vocals on "Ain't It Fun"
*Mike Staggs – additional guitar on "Ain't It Fun"
*[[Mike Fasano (musician)|Mike Fasano]] – percussion on "Hair of the Dog"
*Richard Duguay – lead and rhythm guitars on "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory"
*Eddie Huletz – backing vocals on "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory"
*Blake Stanton – backing vocals on "I Don't Care About You"
*Eric Mills – backing vocals on "I Don't Care About You"
*[[Rikki Rachtman]] – backing vocals on "I Don't Care About You"
*Stuart Bailey – backing vocals on "I Don't Care About You"
*Carlos Booy – acoustic guitar on "Look at Your Game, Girl"
{{col-end}}

==Charts==
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Chart (1993)
!Peak position
|-
{{album chart|Australia|1|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Austria|4|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Netherlands|4|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Germany4|5|id=1732|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Hungary|3|year=1993|week=47|rowheader=true|access-date=November 25, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|New Zealand|3|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Norway|2|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
!scope="row"|Spanish Albums ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959-2002|edition=1st|date=September 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
{{album chart|Sweden|2|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Switzerland|3|artist=Guns n' Roses|album=The Spaghetti Incident?|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|-
{{album chart|Billboard200|4|artist=Guns n' Roses|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Chart (1993)
!Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1993/albums-chart|title=ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 1993|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
|29
|-
!scope="row"|Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1993&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten – Album 1993|website=dutchcharts.nl|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
|37
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Chart (1994)
!Position
|-
!scope="row"|Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1994&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten – Album 1994|website=dutchcharts.nl|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
|67
|-
!scope="row"|German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1994|title=Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts|language=de|work=[[GfK Entertainment]]|publisher=offiziellecharts.de|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
|56
|-
!scope="row"|Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1994|title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994|website=hitparade.ch|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
|48
|-
!scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1994/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1994|work=Billboard|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
|61
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{certification Table Top}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Australia|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|access-date=16 November 2021}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Austria|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Brazil|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1997|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Canada|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|number=3|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Finland|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|salesamount=33,935|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=France|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=1997|relyear=1993|number=2|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Germany|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Italy|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=2017|relyear=1993|note=since 2009|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Japan|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|certmonth=12|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Netherlands|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=New Zealand|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|relyear=1993|refname="RMNZdemocracy"|id=1523|access-date=16 November 2021}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Norway|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=1993|certyear=1994|certref=<ref>{{cite book |last=Salaverrie |first=Fernando |date=September 2005 |url=http://www.mediafire.com/file/vqzno2c0fe48zam/Spanish+Certifications+for+1991-1995.pdf |title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 |language=es |edition=1st |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Sociedad General de Autores y Editores|Fundación Autor/SGAE]] |page=937 |isbn=84-8048-639-2 |accessdate=16 September 2019}}</ref>}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Sweden|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Switzerland|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United Kingdom|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Gold|certyear=1993|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019|id=7334-145-2}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United States|artist=Guns|title=Spaghetti Incident|award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=16 September 2019}}
{{Certification Table Bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[List of number-one albums in Australia during the 1990s]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Jim|date=November 26, 1993|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61837496.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+26%2C+1993&author=Jim+Sullivan%2C+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Guns+N'+Roses+dips+into+history&pqatl=google|title=Guns N' Roses dips into history|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|at=Living section, p. 79}}

== External links ==
* {{Discogs master|type=album|9620}}

{{Guns N' Roses}}
{{Gilby Clarke}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spaghetti Incident}}
[[Category:1993 albums]]
[[Category:Covers albums]]
[[Category:Guns N' Roses albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Mike Clink]]
[[Category:Geffen Records albums]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to spaghetti]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]

Dr. Dre

2022-01-06T23:01:06Z

RockinCrystal: /* Violence against women */Added “Lisa” and “Dre” added to clarify the sentence.

{{Short description|American rapper, record producer, and businessman from California}}
{{Redirect|Andre Young}}
{{About|the rapper|the New York State radio and television presenter|Doctor Dré}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Dre
| image = Dr. Dre in 2011.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Dr. Dre in 2011
| birth_name = Andre Romelle Young
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|18}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Nicole Plotzker|1996|2021|end={{abbr|div.|divorced}}}}
| alias = {{hlist|Brickhard|The Mechanic}}
| education = [[John C. Fremont High School]]
| birth_place = [[Compton, California]], U.S.
| relatives = [[Sir Jinx]] (cousin) [[Warren G]] (step-brother)
| occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|record producer|actor|entrepreneur|record executive}}
| years_active = 1985–present
| net_worth = US$800 million (2019)
| children = 8
| awards = [[#Awards and nominations|Full list]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* synthesizer
* keyboards
* turntables
* drum machine
* sampler
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.drdre.com/}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[West Coast hip hop]]
* [[gangsta rap]]
* [[G-funk]]
}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]|[[Aftermath Records|Aftermath]]|[[Death Row Records|Death Row]]|[[Priority Records|Priority]]|[[Ruthless Records|Ruthless]]|Kru-Cut}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[N.W.A]]
* [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]]
* [[2Pac]]
* [[50 Cent]]
* [[Anderson .Paak]]
* [[The D.O.C.]]
* [[Eminem]]
* [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]]
* [[J. J. Fad]]
* [[Kendrick Lamar]]
* [[Michel'le]]
* [[Nate Dogg]]
* [[Snoop Dogg]]
* [[Tha Dogg Pound]]
* [[Warren G]]
* [[Xzibit]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Andre Romelle Young''' (born February 18, 1965), known professionally as '''Dr. Dre''', is an American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur. He is the founder and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Aftermath Entertainment]] and [[Beats Electronics]], and previously co-founded, co-owned, and was the president of [[Death Row Records]]. Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]] in 1985 and later found fame with the [[gangsta rap]] group [[N.W.A]]. The group popularized explicit lyrics in [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] to detail the violence of street life. During the early 1990s, Dre was credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of [[West Coast hip hop|West Coast]] [[G-funk]], a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a [[synthesizer]] foundation and slow, heavy beats.

Dre's solo debut studio album ''[[The Chronic]]'' (1992), released under Death Row Records, made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993. It earned him a [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance]] for the single "[[Let Me Ride]]", as well as several accolades for the single "[[Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang]]". That year, he produced Death Row labelmate [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]]'s debut album ''[[Doggystyle]]'' and mentored producers such as his stepbrother [[Warren G]] (leading to the multi-platinum debut ''[[Regulate...G Funk Era]]'' in 1994) and Snoop Dogg's cousin [[Daz Dillinger]] (leading to the double-platinum debut ''[[Dogg Food]]'' by [[Tha Dogg Pound]] in 1995), as well as mentor to upcoming producers [[Sam Sneed]] and [[Melvin "Mel-Man" Bradford|Mel-Man]]. In 1996, Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. He produced a compilation album, ''[[Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath]],'' in 1996, and released a solo album, ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'', in 1999.

During the 2000s, Dre focused on producing other artists, occasionally contributing vocals. He signed [[Eminem]] in 1998 and [[50 Cent]] in 2002, and co-produced their albums. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many other rappers, including [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]], [[the D.O.C.]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Xzibit]], [[Knoc-turn'al]], [[Game (rapper)|the Game]], [[Kendrick Lamar]], and [[Anderson .Paak]]. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as ''[[Set It Off (film)|Set It Off]]'', ''[[The Wash (2001 film)|The Wash]]'' and ''[[Training Day]]''. He has won six [[Grammy Awards]], including [[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical|Producer of the Year, Non-Classical]]. ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' ranked him number 56 on the list of [[Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time|100 Greatest Artists of All Time]]. He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of $800 million.

Accusations of Dre's violence against women have been widely publicized. Following his assault of television host [[Dee Barnes]], he was fined $2,500, given two years' probation, ordered to undergo 240 hours of [[community service]], and given a spot on an anti-violence [[public service announcement]]. A civil suit was settled out of court. In 2015, [[Michel'le]], the mother of one of his children, accused him of [[domestic violence]] during their time together as a couple. Their abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic ''[[Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel'le]].'' Lisa Johnson, the mother of three of Dr. Dre's children, stated that he beat her many times, including while she was pregnant. She was granted a restraining order against him. Former labelmate [[Tairrie B]] claimed that Dre assaulted her at a party in 1990, in response to her track "Ruthless Bitch". Two weeks following the release of his third album, [[Compton (album)|''Compton'']] in August 2015, he issued an apology to the women "I've hurt".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre: "I apologize to the women I've hurt"|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dr-dre-i-apologize-to-the-women-ive-hurt/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dre was born Andre Romelle Young{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=1}} in [[Compton, California]], on February 18, 1965,<ref>{{cite news |last=Naoreen |first=Nuzhat |title=Monitor: Feb. 22 2013 |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2013/02/15/monitor-feb-22-2013 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> the son of Theodore and Verna Young. His middle name is derived from the Romells, his father's amateur [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] group. His parents married in 1964, separated in 1968, and divorced in 1972. His mother later remarried to Curtis Crayon and had three children: sons Jerome and Tyree (both deceased) and daughter Shameka.{{sfn|Ro|2007|pp=6–8, 25}}

In 1976, Dre began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton, but due to [[gang violence]], he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=9}} The family moved often and lived in apartments and houses in Compton, [[Carson, California|Carson]], [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], and the [[Watts, Los Angeles|Watts]] and [[South Los Angeles|South Central]] neighborhoods of Los Angeles.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Westhoff |first=Ben |title=Original Gangstas: Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, and the Birth of West Coast Rap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0T5UCwAAQBAJ|date=2016 |isbn=9780316344869|place=New York|publisher=Hachette Book Group|oclc=964683937|format=e-book|page=21}}</ref> Dre has said that he was mostly raised by his grandmother in the New Wilmington Arms housing project in Compton.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ro |first=Ronin |title=Moving Target |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/paxtonholley/26241328270/in/album-72157667164486172/ |magazine=The Source |number=38 |pages=38–44 |date=November 1992 |access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> His mother later married Warren Griffin,{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=10}} which added three step-sisters and one step-brother to the family; the latter would eventually begin rapping under the name [[Warren G]].{{sfn|Kenyatta|2001|p=14}} Dre is also the cousin of producer [[Sir Jinx]].
Dre attended [[Centennial High School (Compton, California)|Centennial High School]] in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to [[John C. Fremont High School|Fremont High School]] in [[South Central Los Angeles]] due to poor grades. He attempted to enroll in an apprenticeship program at [[Northrop Corporation|Northrop Aviation Company]], but poor grades at school made him ineligible. Thereafter, he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=2}}

Dre's frequent absences from school jeopardized his position as a diver on his school's swim team. After high school, he attended Chester Adult School in Compton following his mother's demands for him to get a job or continue his education. After brief attendance at a radio broadcasting school, he relocated to the residence of his father and residence of his grandparents before returning to his mother's house.{{sfn|Ro|2007|pp=18–19}}

==Musical career==
===1985–1986: World Class Wreckin' Cru===
Inspired by the [[Grandmaster Flash]] song "[[The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel]]", Dr. Dre often attended a club called Eve's After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live. He subsequently became a DJ in the club, initially under the name "Dr. J", based on the nickname of [[Julius Erving]], his favorite basketball player. At the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member [[DJ Yella]] of [[N.W.A]].{{sfn|Kenyatta|2001|p=15}} Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre, a mix of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, referring to himself as the "Master of Mixology".{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=14}}

Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four-track studio. In this studio, Dre and Yella recorded several demos. In their first recording session, they recorded a song entitled "Surgery".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Williams |first=Justin A. |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |title=Dr. Dre [Young, Andre Romelle] |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002224243 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2224243 |date=July 10, 2012 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=23}} Dr. Dre's earliest recordings were released in 1994 on a compilation titled ''[[Concrete Roots]]''. Critic [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] of [[allmusic]] described the compiled music, released "several years before Dre developed a distinctive style", as "surprisingly generic and unengaging" and "for dedicated fans only."<ref>{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|title="Concrete Roots" > Overview|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/concrete-roots-mw0000118370|website=AllMusic|access-date=December 30, 2021}}</ref>

Dre later joined the musical group [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]], which released its debut album under the Kru-Cut label in 1985.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=26}} The group would become stars of the electro-hop scene that dominated early-mid 1980s [[West Coast hip hop]]. "Surgery", which was officially released after being recorded prior to the group's official formation, would prominently feature Dr. Dre on the turntable. The record would become the group's first hit, selling 50,000 copies within the Compton area.{{sfn|Kenyatta|2001|pp=14–15}} Dr. Dre and DJ Yella also performed mixes for local radio station [[KDAY]], boosting ratings for its afternoon rush-hour show ''The Traffic Jam''.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=17}}

===1986–1991: N.W.A and Ruthless Records===
{{listen|pos=left|filename=N.W.A - Fuck Tha Police.ogg|title="Fuck Tha Police"|description=from ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]''|format=[[Ogg]]}}
[[File:Uncle Jam's Army - Eazy-E and N.W.A. 1988 Skateland Concert Poster.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Poster for one of N.W.A's first concerts at a Compton skating rink, 1988]]
In 1986, Dr. Dre met rapper O'Shea Jackson—known as [[Ice Cube]]—who collaborated with him to record songs for [[Ruthless Records]], a hip hop record label run by local rapper [[Eazy-E]]. [[N.W.A]] and fellow West Coast rapper [[Ice-T]] are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre, a profanity-heavy subgenre of hip hop, replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle. Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]] or [[Boogie Down Productions]], N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics, offering stark descriptions of violent, inner-city streets. Propelled by the hit "[[Fuck tha Police]]", the group's first full album ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'' became a major success, despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song's content.<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|title=Dr. Dre – Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dr-dre-mn0000805274/biography|website=AllMusic|year=2016|access-date=December 30, 2021}}</ref>

After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes, Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of the group's second album ''[[Efil4zaggin]]''. He also produced tracks for a number of other acts on Ruthless Records, including Eazy-E's 1988 solo debut ''[[Eazy-Duz-It]]'', [[Above the Law (group)|Above the Law]]'s 1990 debut ''[[Livin' Like Hustlers]]'', [[Michel'le]]'s 1989 [[Michel'le (album)|self-titled debut]], the D.O.C.'s 1989 debut ''[[No One Can Do It Better]]'', [[J.J. Fad]]'s 1988 debut ''[[Supersonic (J. J. Fad album)|Supersonic]]'' and funk rock musician [[Jimmy Z]]'s 1991 album ''[[Muzical Madness]].''<ref name="doc formula">{{cite web|title=Q&A w/The D.O.C.: From Ruthless to Death Row|url=http://www.thaformula.com/doc_ruthless_to_death_row_thaformula_music.html|work=ThaFormula.com|year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409061930/http://www.thaformula.com/doc_ruthless_to_death_row_thaformula_music.html|archive-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/concrete-roots-mw0000118370|title=Concrete Roots - Dr. Dre - Songs, Reviews, Credits |website=AllMusic |access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref>

===1991–1996: ''The Chronic'' and Death Row Records===
{{listen|filename=Dr. Dre - Nuthin' But a "G" Thang.ogg|title="Nuthin' But a "G" Thang"|description=from ''The Chronic''|format=[[Ogg]]}}
After a dispute with Eazy-E, Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend, and N.W.A lyricist, the D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time, [[Suge Knight]]. Knight, a notorious strongman and intimidator, was able to have Eazy-E release Young from his contract and, using Dr. Dre as his flagship artist, founded [[Death Row Records]]. In 1992, Young released his first single, the [[Deep Cover (song)|title track]] to the film ''[[Deep Cover]]'', a collaboration with rapper [[Snoop Dogg]], whom he met through Warren G.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Dr. Dre's debut solo album was ''[[The Chronic]]'', released under Death Row Records with Suge Knight as executive producer. Young ushered in a new style of rap, both in terms of musical style and lyrical content, including introducing a number of artists to the industry including Snoop Dogg, [[Kurupt]], [[Daz Dillinger]], [[RBX]], [[the Lady of Rage]], [[Nate Dogg]] and [[Jewell (singer)|Jewell]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Huey|first= Steve|title="The Chronic" – Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r70573|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=September 22, 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Dr. Dre logo b.png|thumb|Logo used by ''Chronic''-era Dr. Dre]]
On the strength of singles such as "[[Nuthin' but a "G" Thang|Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang]]", "[[Let Me Ride]]", and "[[Fuck wit Dre Day (and Everybody's Celebratin')]]" (known as "Dre Day" for radio and television play), all of which featured Snoop Dogg as guest vocalist, ''The Chronic'' became a cultural phenomenon, its [[G-funk]] sound dominating much of hip hop music for the early 1990s.<ref name="AllMusic"/> In 1993, the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) certified the album triple platinum,<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Dr.+Dre%22 |title=Gold & Platinum Dr. Dre |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |access-date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231917/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Dr.+Dre%22 |archive-date=December 31, 2015 }}</ref> and Dr. Dre also won the [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance]] for his performance on "Let Me Ride".<ref name="grammy">{{cite web|title=Dr. Dre – Grammy Awards|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26119|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> For that year, ''Billboard'' magazine also ranked Dr. Dre as the eighth best-selling musical artist, ''The Chronic'' as the sixth best-selling album, and "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" as the 11th best-selling single.<ref name="pop life">{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|title=The Pop Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/12/movies/the-pop-life-849405.html|work=The New York Times|date=January 14, 1994|access-date=March 3, 2008}}</ref>

[[File:California Love (1995), by Tupac Shakur.png|thumb|150px|"California Love" earned Dr. Dre his first number one spot on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and two [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] nominations.]]
Besides working on his own material, Dr. Dre produced Snoop Dogg's debut album ''[[Doggystyle]]'', which became the first debut album for an artist to enter the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] album charts at number one.<ref>{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|title="Doggystyle" – Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r185654|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=February 15, 2008}}</ref> In 1994 Dr. Dre produced some songs on the soundtracks to the films ''[[Above the Rim]]'' and ''[[Murder Was the Case]]''. He collaborated with fellow N.W.A member Ice Cube for the song "[[Natural Born Killaz]]" in 1995.<ref name="AllMusic"/> For the film ''[[Friday (1995 film)|Friday]]'', Dre recorded "[[Keep Their Heads Ringin']]", which reached number ten on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Singles (now Hot Rap Tracks) charts.<ref name="dr-dre-sin">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26119|pure_url=yes}}|title=Dr. Dre – Awards|website=AllMusic|access-date=January 1, 2009}}</ref>

In 1995, Death Row Records signed rapper [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]], and began to position him as their major star: he collaborated with Dr. Dre on the commercially successful single "[[California Love]]", which became both artists' first song to top the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref name="AllMusic"/><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118 | title=Bone Broken: 2Pac Takes Over At No. 1 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=July 1996 | volume=108 | issue=28 | page=118 | issn=0006-2510 | access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> However, in March 1996 Young left the label amidst a contract dispute and growing concerns that label boss Suge Knight was corrupt, financially dishonest and out of control. Later that year, he formed his own label, Aftermath Entertainment, under the distribution label for Death Row Records, [[Interscope Records]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> Subsequently, Death Row Records suffered poor sales by 1997, especially following the death of 2Pac and the [[Racket (crime)|racketeering]] charges brought against Knight.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huey|first=Steve|title=Suge Knight – Biography|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p279843|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|year=2003|access-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref>

Dr. Dre also appeared on the single "[[No Diggity]]" by [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] group [[Blackstreet]] in 1996: it too was a sales success, topping the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks, and later won the award for Best R&B Vocal by a Duo or Group at the [[1997 Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/blackstreet-mn0000049774 | title=Blackstreet – Biography | website=AllMusic | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Huey, Steve}}</ref> After hearing it for the first time, several of Dr. Dre's former Death Row colleagues, including 2Pac, recorded and attempted to release a song titled "[[Toss It Up]]", containing numerous insults aimed at Dr. Dre and using a deliberately similar instrumental to "No Diggity", but were forced to replace the production after Blackstreet issued the label with a [[cease and desist]] order stopping them from distributing the song.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11343/title.danny-boy-tells-all-about-death-row-years-part-two | title=Danny Boy Tells All About Death Row Years, Part Two | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=May 27, 2010 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Arnold, Paul W. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231636/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11343/title.danny-boy-tells-all-about-death-row-years-part-two | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===1996–2000: Move to Aftermath Entertainment and ''2001''===
[[File:Dr. Dre logo a.png|thumb|Logo used by ''2001''-era Dr. Dre]]
The ''[[Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath]]'' album, released on November 26, 1996, featured songs by Dr. Dre himself, as well as by newly signed [[Aftermath Entertainment]] artists, and a solo track "[[Been There, Done That (Dr. Dre song)|Been There, Done That]]", intended as a symbolic farewell to [[gangsta rap]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|title="Dr. Dre Presents...The Aftermath" – Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r243986|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> Despite being classified platinum by the RIAA,<ref name="RIAA"/> the album was not very popular among music fans.<ref name="AllMusic"/> In October 1996, Dre performed "Been There, Done That" on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Dana Carvey/Dr. Dre |url=http://www.nbc.com/Saturday_Night_Live/episodes/Show_963.shtml |series=[[Saturday Night Live]] |number=22-4 |air-date=October 26, 1996 |network=[[NBC]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329123040/http://www.nbc.com/Saturday_Night_Live/episodes/Show_963.shtml |archive-date=March 29, 2008 }}</ref> In 1997, Dr. Dre produced several tracks on [[The Firm (hip hop group)|the Firm]]'s ''[[The Album (The Firm album)|The Album]]''; it was met with largely negative reviews from critics. Rumors began to abound that Aftermath was facing financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Birchmeier|first= Jason|title=The Firm – Biography|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p276628|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=September 22, 2007}}</ref> Aftermath Entertainment also faced a [[trademark infringement]] lawsuit by the underground thrash metal band Aftermath.<ref>''Tsiolis v. Interscope. Records. Inc.'', 946 F.Supp. 1344, 1349 (N.D.III. 1996).</ref>

''[[First Round Knock Out]]'', a compilation of various tracks produced and performed by Dr. Dre, was also released in 1996, with material ranging from World Class Wreckin' Cru to N.W.A to Death Row recordings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Alex|title=First Round Knock Out > Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r234875|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=June 26, 2008}}</ref> Dr. Dre chose to take no part in the ongoing [[East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry]] of the time, instead producing for, and appearing on, several New York artists' releases, such as [[Nas]]' "Nas Is Coming", [[LL Cool J]]'s "[[Zoom (Dr. Dre song)|Zoom]]" and [[Jay-Z]]'s "Watch Me".

The turning point for Aftermath came in 1998, when [[Jimmy Iovine]], the head of Aftermath's parent label Interscope, suggested that Dr. Dre sign [[Eminem]], a white rapper from [[Detroit]]. Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem's successful and controversial debut album ''[[The Slim Shady LP]]'', released in 1999.<ref name="em-bio">{{cite web|last=Ankeny|first= Jason|author2=Torreano, Bradley|title=Eminem – Biography|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p347307|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|year=2006|access-date=September 22, 2007}}</ref> The Dr. Dre-produced lead single from that album, "[[My Name Is]]", brought Eminem to public attention for the first time, and the success of ''The Slim Shady LP'' – it reached number two on the ''Billboard'' 200 and received general acclaim from critics – revived the label's commercial ambitions and viability.<ref name="em-bio"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-slim-shady-lp-mw0000601851/awards | title=The Slim Shady LP – Eminem – Awards | website=AllMusic | access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.liveabout.com/biography-of-dr-dre-2857158| title=Biography: Dr. Dre| publisher=[[About.com]] | author=Adaso, Henry|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326172423/http://rap.about.com/od/artists/p/DrDreBio.htm|archivedate=March 26, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{listen|filename=Dr. Dre - Still D.R.E..ogg|title="Still D.R.E."|description=from ''2001''|format=[[Ogg]]}}
[[File:Up in Smoke Tour concert ticket 2.jpg|thumb|295px|Ticket for Dr. Dre's [[Up in Smoke Tour]] in Albany, New York, July 2000]]
Dr. Dre's second solo album, ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'', released on November 16, 1999, was considered an ostentatious return to his gangsta rap roots.<ref name="2001 amg">{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|title="2001" – Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r441973|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|year=1999|access-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> It was initially titled ''The Chronic 2000'' to imply being a sequel to his debut solo effort ''The Chronic'' but was re-titled ''2001'' after Death Row Records released an unrelated compilation album with the title ''[[Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000]]'' in May 1999. Other tentative titles included ''The Chronic 2001'' and ''Dr. Dre''.<ref name="changes 2001"/>

The album featured numerous collaborators, including [[Devin the Dude]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Kurupt]], [[Xzibit]], [[Nate Dogg]], [[Eminem]], [[Knoc-turn'al]], [[King T]], Defari, [[Kokane]], [[Mary J. Blige]] and new protégé [[Hittman (rapper)|Hittman]], as well as co-production between Dre and new Aftermath producer [[Melvin "Mel-Man" Bradford|Mel-Man]]. [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] of the website [[AllMusic]] described the sound of the album as "adding ominous [[strings (music)|strings]], soulful vocals, and [[reggae]]" to Dr. Dre's style.<ref name="2001 amg"/> The album was highly successful, charting at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] charts<ref name="drecharts">{{cite web|title=Dr. Dre – ''Billboard'' Albums|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26119|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=September 22, 2007}}</ref> and has since been certified six times platinum,<ref name="RIAA"/> validating a recurring theme on the album: Dr. Dre was still a force to be reckoned with, despite the lack of major releases in the previous few years. The album included popular hit singles "[[Still D.R.E.]]" and "[[Forgot About Dre]]", both of which Dr. Dre performed on NBC's ''Saturday Night Live'' on October 23, 1999.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Norm Macdonald/Dr. Dre |url=http://www.nbc.com/Saturday_Night_Live/episodes/Show_1119.shtml |series=[[Saturday Night Live]] |air-date=October 23, 1999 |network=[[NBC]] |number=24-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307124034/http://www.nbc.com/Saturday_Night_Live/episodes/Show_1119.shtml |archive-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref> Dr. Dre won the [[Grammy Award]] for [[Producer of the Year, Non-Classical]] in 2000,<ref name="AllMusic"/> and joined the [[Up in Smoke Tour]] with fellow rappers Eminem, Snoop Dogg, and Ice Cube that year as well.<ref name="up in smoke">{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=Four Hours Of Swagger From Dr. Dre And Friends|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2114375/|work=The New York Times|date=July 17, 2000|access-date=May 24, 2008}}</ref>

During the course of ''2001''{{'}}s popularity, Dr. Dre was involved in several lawsuits. [[Lucasfilm Ltd.]], the film company behind the [[Star Wars|Star Wars film franchise]], sued him over the use of the [[THX]]-trademarked "[[Deep Note]]".<ref name="lucasfilm">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Tina|title=Dr. Dre Sued By Lucasfilm|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1428253/20000419/dr_dre.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=April 19, 2000|access-date=December 28, 2021|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510220951/http://www.mtv.com/news/gallery/d/drdre000419.html|archivedate=May 10, 2000}}</ref> The Fatback Band also sued Dr. Dre over alleged infringement regarding its song "Backstrokin'" in his song "Let's Get High" from the ''2001'' album; Dr. Dre was ordered to pay $1.5 million to the band in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471763/20030507/dr_dre.jhtml |title=Jury Orders Dr. Dre To Pay $1.5 Million For Copyright Infringement|access-date=December 28, 2021|last=Moss |first=Corey |date=May 7, 2003 |publisher=MTV News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030601073404/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471763/20030507/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=June 1, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> French jazz musician [[Jacques Loussier]] sued Aftermath for $10 million in March 2002, claiming that the Dr. Dre-produced Eminem track "Kill You" plagiarized his composition "Pulsion".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dansby|first1=Andrew|title=Composer Addresses Eminem Suit|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/composer-addresses-eminem-suit-20020403|access-date=May 8, 2018|work=Rolling Stone|date=April 3, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eminem sued by jazz star|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1904507.stm|access-date=May 8, 2018|work=BBC News|date=March 31, 2002}}</ref> The online music file-sharing company [[Napster]] also settled a lawsuit with him and [[Heavy metal music|metal]] band [[Metallica]] in the summer of 2001, agreeing to block access to certain files that artists do not want to have shared on the network.<ref>{{cite news|title=Napster settles suits|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/07/12/news/napster/|work=Money|publisher=CNN |date=July 12, 2001|access-date=December 28, 2021|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020210223139/http://money.cnn.com:80/2001/07/12/news/napster/index.htm|archivedate=February 10, 2002}}</ref>

===2000–2010: Focus on production and ''Detox''===
[[File:Dr. Dre.jpg|thumb|180px|Dr. Dre in 2008]]
Following the success of ''2001'', Dr. Dre focused on producing songs and albums for other artists. He co-produced six tracks on Eminem's landmark ''[[Marshall Mathers LP]]'', including the Grammy-winning lead single, "[[The Real Slim Shady]]". The album itself earned a Grammy and proved to be the fastest-selling rap album of all time, moving 1.76 million units in its first week alone.<ref name="Sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5923810/eminem_bounces_britney_from_top_spot |title=Eminem Bounces Britney From Top Spot|work=Rolling Stone |date=May 31, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503141820/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5923810/eminem_bounces_britney_from_top_spot|archive-date=May 3, 2008}}</ref> He produced the single "[[Family Affair (Mary J. Blige song)|Family Affair]]" by R&B singer [[Mary J. Blige]] for her album ''[[No More Drama]]'' in 2001.<ref name="wealth 2001">{{cite web|last=LaFranco|first=Robert|author2=Binelli, Mark |author3=Goodman, Fred |title=U2, Dre Highest Earning Artists|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5933378/u2_dre_highest_earning_artists|work=Rolling Stone|date=June 13, 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222024659/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5933378/u2_dre_highest_earning_artists|archive-date=February 22, 2008}}</ref> He also produced "[[Let Me Blow Ya Mind]]", a duet by rapper [[Eve (entertainer)|Eve]] and [[No Doubt]] lead singer [[Gwen Stefani]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moss|first1=Corey|last2=Gottlieb|first2=Meredith|title=Eve, Gwen Stefani Bust Loose In Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1441675/20010315/eve.jhtml|publisher=MTV News|date=March 15, 2001|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011027043928/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1441675/20010315/eve.jhtml|archivedate=October 27, 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref> and signed R&B singer [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]] to Aftermath in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=Truth Hurts|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/truth_hurts/|work=You Hear It First|publisher=MTV News|date=April 9, 2002|access-date=June 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020411092058/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/truth_hurts/|archive-date=April 11, 2002}}</ref>

Dr. Dre produced and rapped on singer and Interscope labelmate [[Bilal (American singer)|Bilal]]'s 2001 single "[[Fast Lane (Bilal song)|Fast Lane]]", which barely missed the [[Top 40]] of the R&B charts.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/25-greatest-songs-produced-by-dr-dre-and-jimmy-lovine-194388/bilal-fast-lane-2001-198434/|title=25 Greatest Songs Produced by Dr. Dre and Jimmy lovine|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=June 29, 2017|last=Reeves|first=Mosi|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> He later assisted in the production of Bilal's second album, ''[[Love for Sale (Bilal album)|Love for Sale]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Kellman|first=Andy|date=n.d.|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bilal-mn0000057280/biography|title=Bilal|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> which Interscope controversially shelved because of its creative direction.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gray|first=Arielle|date=November 26, 2018|url=https://www.wbur.org/artery/2018/11/26/bilal-isabella-stewart-gardner-rise-series|title=Bilal Brings Creative Resistance To The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|department=The ARTery|publisher=[[WBUR]]|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem's 2002 release, ''[[The Eminem Show]]''. He produced three songs on the album, one of which was released as a [[Business (song)|single]], and he appeared in the award-winning video for "[[Without Me (Eminem song)|Without Me]]". He also produced the D.O.C.'s 2003 album ''[[Deuce (The D.O.C. album)|Deuce]]'', where he made a guest appearance on the tracks "Psychic Pymp Hotline", "Gorilla Pympin'" and "Judgment Day".

Another copyright-related lawsuit hit Dr. Dre in the fall of 2002, when [[Sa Re Ga Ma]], a film and music company based in [[Calcutta, India]], sued Aftermath Entertainment over an uncredited sample of the [[Lata Mangeshkar]] song "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" on the Aftermath-produced song "Addictive" by singer [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]]. In February 2003, a judge ruled that Aftermath would have to halt sales of Truth Hurts' album ''Truthfully Speaking'' if the company would not credit Mangeshkar.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Judge Rules Truth Hurts' Album Must Be Pulled Or Stickered|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1459838/20030204/truth_hurts.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=February 4, 2003|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216060232/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1459838/20030204/truth_hurts.jhtml|archivedate=February 16, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another successful album on the Aftermath label was ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'', the 2003 major-label debut album by [[Queens]], New York-based rapper [[50 Cent]]. Dr. Dre produced or co-produced four tracks on the album, including the hit single "[[In da Club]]", a joint production between Aftermath, Eminem's boutique label [[Shady Records]] and Interscope.<ref>{{cite web|last=Birchmeier|first=Jason|title=50 Cent – Biography|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p372609|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|date=September 11, 2007|access-date=May 24, 2008}}</ref> Eminem's fourth album since joining Aftermath, ''[[Encore (Eminem album)|Encore]]'', again saw Dre taking on the role of executive producer, and this time he was more actively involved in the music, producing or co-producing a total of eight tracks, including three singles.

In November 2004, at the ''Vibe'' magazine awards show in Los Angeles, Dr. Dre was attacked by a fan named Jimmy James Johnson, who was supposedly asking for an autograph. In the resulting scuffle, then-G-Unit rapper [[Young Buck]] stabbed the man.<ref>{{cite news|last=Moss|first=Corey|title=Warrant Issued For Young Buck In Vibe Awards Stabbing|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1493786/20041116/young_buck.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=November 16, 2004|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119030919/http://www.mtv.com:80/news/articles/1493786/20041116/young_buck.jhtml|archivedate=November 19, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Johnson claimed that Suge Knight, president of Death Row Records, paid him $5,000 to assault Dre in order to humiliate him before he received his Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Pam|title=Dr. Dre Puncher Snitches On Suge Knight|url=http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/6622|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127221827/http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/6622|archive-date=November 27, 2006|work=SOHH|date=November 27, 2006|access-date=July 2, 2008}}</ref> Knight immediately went on [[CBS]]'s ''[[The Late Late Show (CBS TV series)|The Late Late Show]]'' to deny involvement and insisted that he supported Dr. Dre and wanted Johnson charged.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why the Lingering Hate|url=http://www.thuglifearmy.com/news/?id=656|work=ThugLifeArmy.com|date=January 5, 2005|access-date=July 2, 2008}}</ref> In September 2005, Johnson was sentenced to a year in prison and ordered to stay away from Dr. Dre until 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Dr. Dre Attacker Sentenced To One Year In Jail|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509596/20050915/dr_dre.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=September 15, 2005|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129233042/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509596/20050915/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=November 29, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dr. Dre also produced "[[How We Do (song)|How We Do]]", a 2005 hit single from rapper [[The Game (rapper)|the Game]] from his album ''[[The Documentary]]'',<ref name="kingmaker">{{cite web|last=Koerner|first=Brendan I.|title=The Game Is Up: Why Dr. Dre's protégés always top the charts.|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2114375/|work=Slate|date=March 10, 2005|access-date=May 24, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128002033/http://slate.com/id/2114375/|archivedate=November 28, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as tracks on 50 Cent's successful second album ''[[The Massacre]]''. For an issue of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine in April 2005, Dr. Dre was ranked 54th out of 100 artists for ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's list "The Immortals: The Greatest Artists of All Time". [[Kanye West]] wrote the summary for Dr. Dre, where he stated Dr. Dre's song "Xxplosive" as where he "got (his) whole sound from".<ref>{{cite web|last=West|first=Kanye|author-link=Kanye West|title=The Immortals – The Greatest Artists of All Time: 54) Dr. Dre|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32310|work=Rolling Stone|date=April 21, 2005|access-date=June 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610224037/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32310|archive-date=June 10, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2006, Dr. Dre began working with [[Raekwon]] on his album ''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=Raekwon Partners With Dr. Dre for Cuban Linx Sequel|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1545239/20061108/raekwon.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=November 8, 2006|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919003853/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1545239/20061108/raekwon.jhtml|archivedate=September 19, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also produced tracks for the rap albums ''[[Buck the World]]'' by [[Young Buck]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeffries|first=David|title="Buck the World" – Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r935536|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|date=November 28, 2006|access-date=May 26, 2008}}</ref> ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' by 50 Cent,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reid|first1=Shaheem|last2=Rodriguez|first2=Jayson|title=50 Cent Album Preview: Eminem, Dr. Dre Help Curtis 'Keep It Funky'|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568676/20070830/50_cent.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=August 30, 2007|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001003553/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568676/20070830/50_cent.jhtml|archivedate=October 1, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Tha Blue Carpet Treatment]]'' by Snoop Dogg,<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoard|first=Christian|title=Snoop Dogg: Tha Blue Carpet Treatment|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/snoopdogg/albums/album/12392153/review/12665512/tha_blue_carpet_treatment|work=Rolling Stone|date=November 27, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417031714/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/snoopdogg/albums/album/12392153/review/12665512/tha_blue_carpet_treatment|archive-date=April 17, 2008}}</ref> and ''[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)|Kingdom Come]]'' by Jay-Z.<ref>{{cite web|author=J-23|title=Dr. Dre & Just Blaze Dominate Kingdom Come|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.4610/title.dr-dre-just-blaze-dominate-kingdom-come|work=HipHopDX.com|date=November 7, 2006|access-date=July 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105184029/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.4610/title.dr-dre-just-blaze-dominate-kingdom-come|archive-date=January 5, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dre also appeared on [[Timbaland]]'s track "Bounce", from his 2007 solo album, ''[[Timbaland Presents Shock Value]]'' alongside, [[Missy Elliott]], and [[Justin Timberlake]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|title=Timbaland, Shock Value|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/mar/30/urban.popandrock|work=The Guardian|date=March 30, 2007|access-date=December 28, 2021 | location=London|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019050913/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,2045412,00.html|archivedate=October 19, 2007}}</ref> During this period, the D.O.C. stated that Dre had been working with him on his fourth album ''Voices through Hot Vessels'', which he planned to release after ''Detox'' arrived.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nima|title=The D.O.C. Interview (December 2006)|url=http://www.dubcnn.com/interviews/thedoc/|work=dubcnn.com|date=December 2006|access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kiser|first=Chad|title=The D.O.C. Interview (Part 1) (April 2008)|url=http://www.dubcnn.com/interviews/thedoc08-part1/|work=dubcnn.com|date=April 2008|access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref>

Planned but unreleased albums during Dr. Dre's tenure at Aftermath have included a full-length reunion with Snoop Dogg titled ''Breakup to Makeup'', an album with fellow former N.W.A member Ice Cube which was to be titled ''Heltah Skeltah'',<ref name="doc formula"/> an N.W.A reunion album,<ref name="doc formula"/> and a joint album with fellow producer [[Timbaland]] titled ''Chairmen of the Board''.<ref name="no nwa reunion">{{cite news|last=Moss|first=Corey|title=N.W.A. May Still Have Attitude, But They Don't Have An Album|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453589/20020424/nwa.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=April 24, 2002|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004122855/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453589/20020424/nwa.jhtml|archivedate=October 4, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2007, Dr. Dre's third studio album, formerly known as ''Detox'', was slated to be his final studio album.<ref name="billboard 2007">{{cite web|last=Crosley|first=Hillary|title=Dr. Dre: 'Detox' To Be My Last Album|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049098/dr-dre-detox-to-be-my-last-album|work=Billboard|date=September 21, 2007|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082951/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003645120|archivedate=September 29, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Work for the upcoming album dates back to 2001,<ref name="Dr. Dre's Final Album Will Be Hip-Hop Musical"/> where its first version was called "the most advanced rap album ever", by producer [[Scott Storch]].<ref name="Dr. Dre's Detox 'The Most Advanced Rap Album Ever,' Co-Producer Says">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484683/20040129/dr_dre.jhtml|publisher=MTV News|first=Jon|last=Wiederhorn|title=Dr. Dre's ''Detox'' 'The Most Advanced Rap Album Ever,' Co-Producer Says|date=January 29, 2004|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205044339/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484683/20040129/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=December 5, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that same year, he decided to stop working on the album to focus on producing for other artists, but then changed his mind; the album had initially been set for a fall 2005 release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=Dr. Dre Gets His Groove Back, Revives Plans For Detox LP|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1493418/20041103/dr_dre.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=November 3, 2004|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106013442/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1493418/20041103/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=November 6, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Producers confirmed to work on the album include [[DJ Khalil]], [[Nottz]], Bernard "Focus" Edwards Jr.,<ref name="focus">{{cite news|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Focus Is Busy With Eminem, Dr. Dre Albums – And A Free One Of His Own|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1582507/20080228/eminem.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=February 29, 2008|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304152150/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1582507/20080228/eminem.jhtml|archivedate=March 4, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hi-Tek]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Dick|title=Scratch Magazine "Covers" Dr. Dre's "Detox"|url=http://sohh.com/articles/article.php/9451|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621035619/http://sohh.com/articles/article.php/9451|archive-date=June 21, 2007|date=July 24, 2006|work=SOHH|access-date=August 9, 2007}}</ref> [[J.R. Rotem]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Crosley|first= Hillary|title=Rotem Rolling with Dr. Dre, 50 Cent |url= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1063464/rotem-rolling-with-dr-dre-50-cent |date=January 5, 2007| work=Billboard|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133213/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003528365|archivedate=September 29, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[RZA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rolandus.com/products/productdetails.aspx?ObjectId=848&skip=true&page=video&file=mv_8800_rza_interview.flv |title=Roland – MV-8800 | Production Studio |publisher=Rolandus.com |access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref> and [[Jay-Z]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Shake|title=Jay Talks Dre, Detox and Beyonce|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.4591/title.jay-talks-dre-detox-and-beyonce|work=HipHopDX|date=November 1, 2006|access-date=August 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819114357/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.4591/title.jay-talks-dre-detox-and-beyonce|archive-date=August 19, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Snoop Dogg]] claimed that ''Detox'' was finished, according to a June 2008 report by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|title=Snoop Dogg Snoop Dogg Confirms Dr. Dre's "Detox" is Finished|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/06/26/snoop-dogg-confirms-dr-dres-detox-is-finished/|work=Rolling Stone|date=June 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801102042/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/06/26/snoop-dogg-confirms-dr-dres-detox-is-finished/|archive-date=August 1, 2008}}</ref>

After another delay based on producing other artists' work, ''Detox'' was then scheduled for a 2010 release, coming after 50 Cent's ''[[Before I Self Destruct]]'' and Eminem's ''[[Relapse (Eminem album)|Relapse]]'', an album for which Dr. Dre handled the bulk of production duties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1600808/20081205/eminem.jhtml |title=New Eminem Song 'Number One' – Apparently Produced By Dr. Dre – Drops On Mixtape |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=December 5, 2008 |publisher=MTV News |access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207010346/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1600808/20081205/eminem.jhtml|archivedate=December 7, 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266116/exclusive-eminem-talks-new-album-book|title=Exclusive: Eminem Talks New Album, Book|date=December 12, 2008|work=Billboard|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216003329/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/exclusive-eminem-talks-new-album-book-1003922190.story|archivedate=December 16, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a [[Dr Pepper]] commercial that debuted on May 28, 2009, he premiered the first official snippet of ''Detox''.<ref name="Billboard Dr Pepper">{{cite web|last=Concepcion|first=Mariel|title=Dr. Dre Debut 'Detox' in Dr. Pepper Ad|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/dr-dre-debuts-detox-in-dr-pepper-ad-268516/|work=Billboard|date=May 29, 2009|accessdate=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611162534/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/dr-dre-debuts-detox-in-dr-pepper-ad-1003977800.story|archivedate=June 11, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dr Pepper ad">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oIMwxg8-J0|author=Interscope Records|title=Dr. Dre and Dr. Pepper |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=December 28, 2021|date=June 2, 2009}}</ref> 50 Cent and Eminem asserted in a 2009 interview on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]'s ''[[106 & Park]]'' that Dr. Dre had around a dozen songs finished for ''Detox''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1612353/20090528/dr_dre.jhtml|title=50 Cent, Eminem On Relationship With Dr. Dre: 'We Understand Our Positions'|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=May 28, 2009|publisher=MTV News|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531041517/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1612353/20090528/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=May 31, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On December 15, 2008, Dre appeared in the remix of the song "[[Set It Off (Kardinal Offishall song)|Set It Off]]" by Canadian rapper [[Kardinal Offishall]] (also with [[Clipse|Pusha T]]); the remix debuted on [[DJ Skee]]'s radio show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601364/20081216/dr_dre.jhtml|title=Dr. Dre Raps On Leaked Remix Of Kardinal Offishall's 'Set It Off'|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=December 16, 2008|publisher=MTV News|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720005102/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601364/20081216/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=July 20, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the beginning of 2009, Dre produced, and made a guest vocal performance on, the single "[[Crack a Bottle]]" by [[Eminem]] and the single sold a record 418,000 downloads in its first week<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE51B7LK20090212|title=Eminem's "Bottle" breaks download record|date=February 12, 2009|work=Reuters |access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216115631/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE51B7LK20090212|archivedate=February 16, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and reached the top of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart on the week of February 12, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/269427/eminems-bottle-breaks-digital-record|title=Eminem's 'Bottle' Breaks Digital Record|first=Silvio |last=Pietroluongo|date=February 11, 2009|work=Billboard|access-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> Along with this single, in 2009 Dr. Dre produced or co-produced 19 of 20 tracks on Eminem's album ''[[Relapse (Eminem album)|Relapse]]''. These included other hit singles "[[We Made You]]", "[[Old Time's Sake]]", and "[[3 a.m. (Eminem song)|3 a.m.]]" (The only track Dre did not produce was the Eminem-produced single "[[Beautiful (Eminem song)|Beautiful]]".).

On April 20, 2010, "Under Pressure", featuring [[Jay-Z]] and co-produced with [[Scott Storch]], was confirmed by Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre during an interview at [[Fenway Park]] as the album's first single.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1635417/20100405/dr_dre.jhtml |title=Dr. Dre Announces Jay-Z Collabo, 'Under Pressure' |publisher=MTV News|date=April 5, 2010|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409093333/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1635417/20100405/dr_dre.jhtml|archivedate=April 9, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=n |url=http://www.rapbasement.com/scott-storch/041910-scott-storch-help-produce-dr-dre-and-jay-zs-new-under-pressure-single-from-detox-watch-here.html |title=Scott Storch Produces Dre's "Under Pressure" |publisher=Rap Basement |date=April 19, 2010 |access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref> The song leaked prior to its intended release in an unmixed, unmastered form without a chorus on June 16, 2010;<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid |first=Shaheem |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641742/20100616/dr_dre.jhtml |title=Dr. Dre's 'Under Pressure,' Featuring Jay-Z, Leaks Online – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV |date=June 16, 2010 |access-date=October 10, 2010}}</ref> however, critical reaction to the song was lukewarm, and Dr. Dre later announced in an interview that the song, along with any other previously leaked tracks from ''Detox''{{'}}s recording process, would not appear on the final version of the album.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.12355/title.dr-dre-says-under-pressure-other-leaked-detox-tracks-wont-make-album | title=Dr. Dre Says "Under Pressure" & Other Leaked "Detox" Tracks Won't Make Album | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=September 27, 2010 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Kuperstein, Slava | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022002424/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.12355/title.dr-dre-says-under-pressure-other-leaked-detox-tracks-wont-make-album | archive-date=October 22, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two genuine singles – "[[Kush (song)|Kush]]", a collaboration with Snoop Dogg and fellow rapper [[Akon]], and "[[I Need a Doctor]]" with Eminem and singer [[Skylar Grey]] – were released in the United States during November 2010 and February 2011 respectively:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kush-feat.-snoop-dogg-akon/id405129686 | title=Kush (feat. Snoop Dogg & Akon) – Single by Dr. Dre | publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | work=[[iTunes Store]] | date=January 2010 | access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/i-need-doctor-feat.-eminem/id415573229 | title=I Need a Doctor (feat. Eminem & Skylar Grey) – Single by Dr. Dre | publisher=Apple | work=iTunes Store | date=February 2011 | access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> the latter achieved international chart success, reaching number four on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and later being certified double platinum by the RIAA and the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA).<ref name="RIAA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.auSINGLEaccreds2011.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2011 Singles |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=April 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515024609/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.auSINGLEaccreds2011.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 }}</ref> On June 25, 2010, the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] honored Dr. Dre with its Founders Award for inspiring other musicians.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|title= Dr. Dre To Be Honored By ASCAP|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957947/dr-dre-to-be-honored-by-ascap|work=Billboard|access-date=June 5, 2010|date=June 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Founders Award Dr. Dre|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2010/FoundersAward.aspx|publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|access-date=September 7, 2012}}</ref>

===2010–present: ''The Planets'', hiatus, Coachella, and ''Compton''===
[[File:Dr. Dre at Coachella 2012 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. Dre performs at the [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival#2012|2012 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]]]]
In an August 2010 interview, Dr. Dre stated that an [[instrumental]] album titled ''The Planets'' is in its first stages of production; each song being named after a [[planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Barrow|first=Jerry|title=Dr. Dre Talks The Detox Wait,"Under Pressure" Frustration And Instrumental Album|url=http://www.vibe.com/posts/dr-dre-talks-detox-waitunder-pressure-frustration-and-instrumental-album|work=Vibe|date=August 3, 2010|access-date=August 5, 2010}}</ref> On September 3, Dr. Dre showed support to longtime protégé [[Eminem]], and appeared on his and [[Jay-Z]]'s [[The Home & Home Tour|Home & Home Tour]], performing hit songs such as "Still D.R.E.", "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", and "Crack a Bottle", alongside [[Eminem]] and another protégé, 50 Cent. Sporting an "R.I.P. Proof" shirt, Dre was honored by Eminem telling Detroit's Comerica Park to do the same. They did so, by chanting "DEEE-TOX", to which he replied, "I'm coming!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2010/09/02/eminem-jay-z-concert-detroit/?xrs=share_twitter |title=Eminem And Jay-Z: We're Live From Detroit! |publisher=Rapfix.mtv.com |access-date=September 20, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311190626/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2010/09/02/eminem-jay-z-concert-detroit/?xrs=share_twitter |archive-date=March 11, 2012 }}</ref>

On November 14, 2011, Dre announced that he would be taking a break from music after he finished producing for artists [[Slim the Mobster]] and [[Kendrick Lamar]]. In this break, he stated that he would "work on bringing his Beats By Dre to a standard as high as Apple" and would also spend time with his family.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harling |first=Danielle |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17603/title.dr-dre-says-after-27-years-of-working-on-music-hes-taking-a-break |title=Dr. Dre Says After 27 Years Of Working On Music He's Taking A Break |publisher=HipHop DX |date=November 14, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219164815/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17603/title.dr-dre-says-after-27-years-of-working-on-music-hes-taking-a-break |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On January 9, 2012, Dre headlined the final nights of the 2012 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], on the weekends of April 13–15 and April 20–22, 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/01/coachella-2012-dr-dre-radiohead-headliners.html |title=Coachella 2012: Full lineup revealed; Dr. Dre, Radiohead headline |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111065941/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/01/coachella-2012-dr-dre-radiohead-headliners.html|archivedate=January 11, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a June 2014 interview with RapUpTV, [[Marsha Ambrosius]] talked about working on Dr. Dre's third album. She stated that she had gone to Hawaii before the end of 2013 for a few weeks to work with him on "so many things" including his upcoming album and a project of her own among other unspecified projects. Ambrosius also told RapUpTV that Dr. Dre's third album is no longer called ''Detox'', but didn't reveal the new title.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDrZSMmYSVM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GDrZSMmYSVM| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Marsha Ambrosius Talks Visual Album, 'Detox,' & Kanye West|date=June 19, 2014|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In a September interview with Shots Fired that same year, Aftermath Entertainment in-house producer [[Dawaun Parker]] confirmed the title change. Parker also refrained from revealing the new title because the title hadn't been leaked online. He also told Shots Fired that there are as many as 300 beats that have been created for the album over the years, but few of them have had vocals recorded over them.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GY6ppcbv7C0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GY6ppcbv7C0| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Dawaun Parker Talks Detox|date=September 17, 2014|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The length of time that ''Detox'' had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry.<ref name="dj-quik-detox">{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17363/title.snoop-dogg-dj-quik-the-doc-others-team-up-for-dr-dres-detox | title=Snoop Dogg, DJ Quik, The D.O.C. & Others Team Up For Dr. Dre's "Detox" | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=October 25, 2011 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Vasquez, Andrez | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827131527/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17363/title.snoop-dogg-dj-quik-the-doc-others-team-up-for-dr-dres-detox | archive-date=August 27, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine.<ref name="hhwireddetox">{{cite web | url=http://hiphopwired.com/2012/06/22/7-reasons-why-dr-dres-detox-will-never-drop/ | title=7 Reasons Why Dr. Dre's ''Detox'' Will Never Drop | publisher=Hip-Hop Wired | date=June 22, 2012 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Muhammad, Latifah}}</ref><ref name="complex-detox">{{cite web | url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/08/50-unreleased-albums-that-wed-kill-to-hear/dr-dre-detox | title=3. Dr, Dre ''Detox'' – 50 Unreleased Albums We'd Kill To Hear | publisher=Complex Media | work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] | date=August 8, 2012 | access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers [[50 Cent]], [[The Game (rapper)|the Game]] and producer [[DJ Quik]], had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.<ref name="hhwireddetox"/><ref name="complex-detox"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.19070/title.dj-quik-does-not-believe-dr-dre-will-ever-release-detox-says-dre-is-professional-but-mean-in-studio | title=DJ Quik Does Not Believe Dr. Dre Will Ever Release "Detox," Says Dre Is "Professional" But "Mean" In Studio | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=March 20, 2012 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Vasquez, Andrez | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205041213/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.19070/title.dj-quik-does-not-believe-dr-dre-will-ever-release-detox-says-dre-is-professional-but-mean-in-studio | archive-date=December 5, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22607/title.game-says-dr-dre-will-never-release-detox- | title=Game Says Dr. Dre Will "Never" Release "Detox" | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=January 19, 2012 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Horowitz, Steven J. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313214514/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22607/title.game-says-dr-dre-will-never-release-detox-/ | archive-date=March 13, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On his Beats 1 radio show "The Pharmacy" on August 1, 2015, Dre announced that he would release what would be his final album, titled ''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]''. It is inspired by the [[N.W.A]] biopic ''[[Straight Outta Compton (film)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' and is a compilation-style album, featuring a number of frequent collaborators, including Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, Xzibit and the Game, among others. It was released exclusively for iTunes and Apple Music on August 7. A physical version was published on August 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/08/01/dr-dre-announces-final-album-compton/ |title=Dr. Dre Announces Final Album, "Compton" |publisher=BallerStatus.com |date=August 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.34907/title.dr-dre-announces-compton-album-on-the-pharmacy|title=Dr. Dre "Compton: A Soundtrack By Dr. Dre" Release Date, Cover Art & Tracklist|author=HipHopDX|date=August 1, 2015|work=HipHopDX}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', he revealed that he had about 20 to 40 tracks for ''Detox'' but he didn't release it because it didn't meet his standards and he thought he was done being an artist. He also revealed that he suffers from [[social anxiety]] and due to this he remains secluded and out of attention.<ref name="Rolling">{{cite magazine|url= http://www.rap-up.com/2015/08/12/dr-dre-opens-up-about-detox-abuse-allegations-social-anxiety-in-rolling-stone/|title= Dr. Dre opens about 'Detox', abuse allegations, & social anxiety in Rolling Stone|magazine= [[Rap-Up]]|date= August 12, 2015|access-date= August 19, 2015}}</ref>

On February 12, 2016, it was revealed that [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] would create its first original scripted television series and it would star Dr. Dre.<ref name="Dr. Dre set to star in new series">{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/12/media/dr-dre-apple-tv-series/|title=Dr. Dre to star in autobiographical series|last=Pallota|first=Frank|work=[[CNNMoney|Money.CNN]]|date=February 12, 2016|access-date=February 12, 2016}}</ref> Called ''Vital Signs'', it was set to reflect the life of Dr. Dre.<ref name="Dr. Dre set to star in new series"/> Dr. Dre was an executive producer on the show<ref>{{cite news|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|title=Apple and Dr. Dre Are Said to Be Planning an Original TV Show|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 12, 2016}}</ref> before the show's cancellation sometime in 2017.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dr-dre-apple-music-series-vital-signs-728252/|title=Dr. Dre's Apple Music Series 'Vital Signs' Shelved Due to Graphic Content|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|date=September 24, 2018|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> In October 2016, [[Sean Combs]] brought out Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and others on his Bad Boy Reunion tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allhiphop.com/2016/10/05/diddy-brings-dr-dre-snoop-nas-bad-boy-tour-comes-close-los-angeles/ |title=Puff Daddy brings out Dr. Dre on last day of tour |last=Winslow |first=Mike |date=October 5, 2016 |website=Allhiphop |access-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref>

On September 30, 2021, it was revealed that Dre would perform at the [[Super Bowl LVI]] halftime show alongside [[Eminem]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Mary J. Blige]], and [[Kendrick Lamar]]. In 2021, a ''[[Grand Theft Auto Online]]'' update added some unreleased tracks from Dr. Dre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rowley|first=Glenn|title=Dr. Dre Set to Release New Music Through ‘Grand Theft Auto’|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/dr-dre-new-music-grand-theft-auto-1235007190/|date=December 8, 2021|access-date=December 8, 2021|website=Billboard}}</ref>

==Other ventures==
===Film appearances===
Dr. Dre made his first on screen appearance as a weapons dealer in the 1996 bank robbery movie ''[[Set It Off (film)|Set It Off]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117603/fullcredits#cast|title=Set It Off (1996) : Full Cast & Crew|publisher=IMDb.com|access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, Dr. Dre also appeared in the movies ''[[The Wash (2001 film)|The Wash]]'' and ''[[Training Day]]''.<ref name="Dr. Dre's Final Album Will Be Hip-Hop Musical">{{cite news|last=Moss|first=Corey|title=Dr. Dre's Final Album Will Be Hip-Hop Musical|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453255/20020403/dr_dre.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=April 3, 2002|access-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> A song of his, "Bad Intentions" (featuring [[Knoc-Turn'Al]]) and produced by Mahogany, was featured on [[The Wash (soundtrack)|''The Wash'' soundtrack]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Birchmeier|first=Jason|title="The Wash" – Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r553057|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|year=2001|access-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Dr. Dre also appeared on two other songs "On the Blvd." and "The Wash" along with his co-star Snoop Dogg. 

===Crucial Films===
{{Infobox company
|name = Crucial Films
|logo =
|industry = Film production company
|fate = Inactive
|founded = 2007
|owner = [[New Line Cinema]]
|founder = Dr. Dre
|website = {{url|https://crucialfilms.com}}
}}
In February 2007, it was announced that Dr. Dre would produce dark comedies and horror films for [[New Line Cinema]]-owned company Crucial Films, along with longtime video director [[Phillip Atwell]]. Dr. Dre announced "This is a natural switch for me, since I've directed a lot of music videos, and I eventually want to get into directing."<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Dre To Produce Films for New Line|url=http://www.illhill.com/headline.asp?id=4222|publisher=IllHill.com|date=February 9, 2007|access-date=February 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917141620/http://www.illhill.com/headline.asp?id=4222|archive-date=September 17, 2008}}</ref> Along with fellow member Ice Cube, Dr. Dre produced ''[[Straight Outta Compton (2015 film)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' (2015), a biographical film about N.W.A.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Adam|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1638256/20100503/nwa.jhtml|title=N.W.A Biopic 'Straight Outta Compton' In The Works|date=May 3, 2010|publisher=MTV News|access-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref>

===Entrepreneurship===
[[File:Beats by dre.PNG|thumb|250px|Beats by Dr. Dre logo]]
In July 2008, Dr. Dre released his first brand of headphones, [[Beats by Dr. Dre]]. The line consisted of Beats Studio, a [[circumaural]] headphone; Beats Tour, an in-ear headphone; Beats Solo & Solo HD, a [[supra-aural]] headphone; Beats Spin; Heartbeats by [[Lady Gaga]], also an in-ear headphone; and [[Sean Combs|Diddy]] Beats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatsbydre.com/products/ShowProducts.aspx |title=Products |access-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102064016/http://beatsbydre.com/products/ShowProducts.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2010 }}</ref> In autumn 2009, [[Hewlett-Packard]] participated in a deal to bundle Beats By Dr. Dre with some HP laptops and headsets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/hp-dr-dre-plan-new-digital-music-ecosystem/|title=HP, Dr. Dre plan new 'digital music ecosystem'|last=Sandoval|first=Greg|date=August 11, 2009|work=CNET|access-date=January 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref> HP and Dr. Dre announced the deal on October 9, 2009, at a press event in [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], California. An exclusive laptop, known as the HP ENVY 15 Beats limited edition, was released for sale October 22. In May 2014, technology giant [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] purchased the Beats brand for $3 billion, Apple's most expensive purchase by far.<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/electronics/10861601/Apple-agrees-deal-to-buy-Dr-Dres-Beats-headphones-firm-for-3bn.html |title= Apple agrees deal to buy Dr Dre's Beats headphones firm for $3bn|first= Andrew|last= Trotman|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date =May 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529063943/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/electronics/10861601/Apple-agrees-deal-to-buy-Dr-Dres-Beats-headphones-firm-for-3bn.html|archivedate=May 29, 2014|accessdate=December 28, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> The deal made Dr. Dre the "richest man in hip hop", surpassing [[Sean Combs|Diddy]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.theguardian.com/music/shortcuts/2014/may/09/dr-dre-apple-richest-hip-hop-headphones-beats |title=Dr Dre's Apple deal will make him the richest man in hip-hop|newspaper=The Guardian |date =May 9, 2014}}</ref> Dr. Dre became an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] employee in an executive role,<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Adegoke|first=Yinka|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6099410/apple-buys-beats-3-billion-deal-dr-dre-jimmy-iovine|title=Apple Buys Beats for $3 Billion; Dr Dre, Jimmy Iovine Join Executive Team|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=May 28, 2014|accessdate=December 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Newman|first=Jason|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/watch-dr-dre-get-awkwardly-introduced-as-a-new-apple-employee-90853/|title=Watch Dr. Dre Get Awkwardly Introduced as a New Apple Employee|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=June 2, 2014}}</ref> and worked with Apple for years.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Sinha-Roy|first1=Piya |title=Apple defends Dr Dre after he apologies to 'women I've hurt'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/people-drdre/apple-defends-dr-dre-after-he-apologies-to-women-ive-hurt-idINKCN0QR01920150822 |access-date=December 28, 2021|agency=[[Reuters]] |date= August 21, 2015 |language=en |quote=Apple said in a statement to Reuters. "After working with him for a year and a half, we have every reason to believe that he has changed."}}</ref>

===Philanthropy===
During May 2013, Dr. Dre and [[Jimmy Iovine]] donated a $70 million endowment to the [[University of Southern California]] to create the USC Jimmy Iovine and Andre Young Academy for Arts, Technology and the Business of Innovation. The goal of the Academy has been stated as "to shape the future by nurturing the talents, passions, leadership and risk-taking of uniquely qualified students who are motivated to explore and create new art forms, technologies, and business models." The first class of the Academy began in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/technology/dr-dre-and-jimmy-iovine-start-usc-program.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/technology/dr-dre-and-jimmy-iovine-start-usc-program.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|first=Jenna|last=Wortham|date=May 14, 2013|title=Two Musical Minds Seek a Different Kind of Mogul}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In June 2017, it was announced that Dr. Dre has committed $10 million to the construction of a performing arts center for the new [[Compton High School]]. The center will encompass creative resources and a 1,200-seat theater, and is expected to break ground in 2020. The project is a partnership between Dr. Dre and the Compton Unified School District.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barker |first1=Andrew |title=Dr. Dre Donates $10 Million for Compton High School Performing Arts Center |url=https://variety.com/2017/music/news/dr-dre-donates-10-million-for-compton-high-school-performing-arts-center-1202468143/ |access-date=August 9, 2018 |work=Variety |date=June 15, 2017}}</ref>

===Commercial endorsements===

In 2002 and 2003, Dr. Dre appeared in TV commercials for [[Coors Light]] beer.<ref name="AdForum">{{cite web|title=Dr. Dre|url=https://www.adforum.com/creative-work/search?peoplecredits=Dr.%20Dre|publisher=AdForum|accessdate=December 28, 2021}}</ref>
Dr. Dre later made appearances in TV commercials that also featured his [[Beats Electronics]] product line. He spoke in a 2009 TV commercial for the [[Dr Pepper]] soft drink where Beats headphones were also used.<ref name="Dr Pepper ad"/> The commercial included a brief snippet off the never-released ''Detox'' album.<ref name="Billboard Dr Pepper"/> In 2010, Dr. Dre had a cameo in a commercial for [[HP Inc.]] laptops that featured Beats Audio.<ref name="AdForum"/> Then in 2011, the [[Chrysler 300S]] "Imported from Detroit" ad campaign had a commercial starring Dr. Dre and including a plug for Beats Audio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1061083_dr-dre-stars-in-new-2012-chrysler-300s-commercial-video|title=Dr. Dre stars in new 2012 Chrysler 300s commercial: Video|last=Vijayenthiran|first=Viknesh|work=Motor Authority|date=June 6, 2011|accessdate=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609071217/http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1061083_dr-dre-stars-in-new-2012-chrysler-300s-commercial-video|archivedate=June 9, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dr. Dre started Burning Man rumors===
An urban legend surfaced in 2011 when a [[Tumblr]] blog titled Dr. Dre Started Burning Man<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Dre Started Burning Man|url=http://drdrestartedburningman.tumblr.com/|website=Dr. Dre Started Burning Man|access-date=April 19, 2015|ref=dre burning man tumblr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stern|first1=Marlow|title=Did Dr. Dre Discover Burning Man?|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/02/did-dr-dre-discover-burning-man.html|work=The Daily Beast|date=September 2, 2015}}</ref> began promulgating the notion that the producer, rapper and entrepreneur had discovered [[Burning Man]] in 1995 during a music video shoot and offered to cover the cost of the event's permit from the Nevada Bureau of Land Management under an agreement with the festival's organizers that he could institute an entrance fee system, which had not existed before his participation.<ref name="salon.com">{{cite web|last1=Grant|first1=Drew|title=Dr. Dre not actually responsible for Burning Man sucking|url=http://www.salon.com/2011/02/25/dr_dre_burning_man_letter/ |website=Salon.com|date=February 25, 2011|access-date=April 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Duncan |title=Dr. Dre Definitely Started Burning Man|url=http://www.thefader.com/2011/02/10/dr-dre-definitely-started-burning-man|website=Fader|access-date=April 19, 2015|ref=fader dre burning man}}</ref> This claim was supported by an alleged letter from Dre to Nicole Threatt Young that indicated that Dre had shared his experience witnessing the Burning Man festival with her.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parkman|first1=Dave|title=Dr. Dre vs. The Hippies: Did Dre Try to Make Money Out of Burning Man?|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/dr-dre-vs-the-hippies-did-dre-try-to-make-money-out-of-burning-man-2410483|website=LA Weekly|date=February 11, 2011|publisher=LA Weekly|access-date=April 19, 2015|ref=LA Weekly Burning Man}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pescovitz|first1=David|title=Burning Man: Dr. Dre considered how to "make some loot off these fools"?|url=http://boingboing.net/2011/02/11/burning-man-dr-dre-c.html|website=Boing Boing|date=February 11, 2011|access-date=April 19, 2015|ref=Boing Boing Burning Man}}</ref>

''[[Business Insider]]'' mentions the portion of the letter where Dr. Dre purportedly states "someone should get behind this...and make some money off these fools" and compares Dr. Dre's potential entrepreneurial engagement with Burning Man as a parallel to [[Steve Jobs]]' efforts to centralize and profit from the otherwise unorganized online music industry.<ref name="Business Insider Burning Man">{{cite news|last1=Van Buskirk|first1=Eliot|title=Steve Jobs is the Real Dr. Dre|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-is-the-real-dr-dre-2011-2|access-date=April 19, 2015|agency=Business Insider|issue=Feb 23, 2011|date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> According to [[Salon (website)|''Salon'']], Dr. Dre's ethos seems to be aligned with seven of the ten principles of the Burning Man community: "radical self-reliance, radical self-expression, communal effort, civic responsibility, leaving no trace, participation and immediacy."<ref name="salon.com"/>

==Musical influences and style==
{{blockquote|The space, about the size of a college dorm room, is splattered with papers, ideas scribbled down in black ink. Nuthin' but G thangs waiting to happen. Those that don't happen end up in a round, purple [[L.A. Lakers]] trash can. A kitchen, red and stainless steel like a '50s diner, adjoins the control room...|author=Corey Moss of [[MTV News]]|source=in a 2002 profile of Dr. Dre with a visit to his studio<ref name="Dre at home 1">{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Corey|title=Dr. Dre: At home in the studio|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/d/dr_dre/news_feature_april_02/index.jhtml|publisher=MTV News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611075725/http://www.mtv.com/bands/d/dr_dre/news_feature_april_02/index.jhtml|archive-date=June 11, 2002|date=April 12, 2002}}</ref>}}

===Production style===
[[File:Dr. Dre 2013.jpg|thumb|190px|Dre in 2013]]
Dre is noted for his evolving production style, while always keeping in touch with his roots{{Clarify|date=October 2021}} and re-shaping elements from previous work. At the beginning of his career as a producer for the [[World Class Wreckin Cru]] with DJ Alonzo Williams in the mid-1980s, his music was in the [[electro-hop]] style pioneered by [[The Unknown DJ]], and that of early hip-hop groups like the [[Beastie Boys]] and [[Whodini]].

From ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'' on, Dre uses live musicians to replay old melodies rather than sampling them. With [[Ruthless Records]], collaborators included guitarist Mike "Crazy Neck" Sims, multi-instrumentalist Colin Wolfe, [[DJ Yella]] and sound engineer Donovan "The Dirt Biker" Sound. Dre is receptive of new ideas from other producers, one example being his fruitful collaboration with [[Above the Law (group)|Above the Law]]'s producer [[Cold 187um]] while at Ruthless. Cold 187 um was at the time experimenting with 1970s [[P-Funk]] samples ([[Parliament (band)|Parliament]], [[Funkadelic]], [[Bootsy Collins]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]] etc.), that Dre also utilized. Dre has since been accused of "stealing" the concept of [[G-funk]] from Cold 187 um.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allhiphop.com/2012/12/01/on-the-record-and-above-the-law-with-cold187um/|title=AllHipHop " On the Record and Above the Law With Cold187um|work=AllHipHop|date=December 2012}}</ref>

Upon leaving Ruthless and forming [[Death Row Records]] in 1991, Dre called on veteran West Coast DJ [[Chris "The Glove" Taylor]] and sound engineer Greg "Gregski" Royal, along with Colin Wolfe, to help him on future projects. His 1992 album ''[[The Chronic]]'' is thought to be one of the most well-produced hip-hop albums of all time.<ref name=RapCentral>[http://www.rapcentral.co.uk/drdreLyricsCHRON.html Dr. Dre The Chronic Album Info] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408060315/http://www.rapcentral.co.uk/drdreLyricsCHRON.html |date=April 8, 2014 }}. RapCentral. Accessed March 5, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-chronic-mw0000093671|title=The Chronic – Dr. Dre – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic|first=Steve|last=Huey|work=AllMusic}}</ref><ref name=BBC25Years>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3734910.stm Timeline: 25 years of rap records] BBC News (October 11, 2004). Accessed April 8, 2008.</ref> Musical themes included hard-hitting synthesizer solos played by Wolfe, bass-heavy compositions, background female vocals and Dre fully embracing 1970s funk samples. Dre used a [[minimoog]] synth to replay the melody from [[Leon Haywood]]'s 1972 song "I Wanna Do Somethin' Freaky to You" for the Chronic's first single "[[Nuthin' but a "G" Thang]]" which became a global hit. For his new protégé [[Snoop Doggy Dogg]]'s album ''[[Doggystyle]]'', Dre collaborated with then 19-year-old producer [[Daz Dillinger]], who received co-production credits on songs "Serial Killa" and "For all My Niggaz & Bitches", [[The Dramatics]] bass player [[Edward Tony Green|Tony "T. Money" Green]], guitarist Ricky Rouse, keyboardists Emanuel "Porkchop" Dean and Sean "Barney Rubble" Thomas and engineer Tommy Daugherty, as well as [[Warren G]] and [[Sam Sneed]], who are credited with bringing several samples to the studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.13484/title.sam-sneed-talks-dr-dres-abandonment-and-that-crazy-meeting-with-tupac|title=Sam Sneed Talks Dr. Dre's Abandonment And "That Crazy Meeting" With Tupac|author=HipHopDX|date=December 28, 2010|work=HipHopDX|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105044259/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.13484/title.sam-sneed-talks-dr-dres-abandonment-and-that-crazy-meeting-with-tupac|archivedate=January 5, 2011|url-status=dead|accessdate=December 28, 2021}}</ref>

The influence of ''The Chronic'' and ''Doggystyle'' on the popular music of the 1990s went not only far beyond the West Coast, but beyond hip-hop as a genre. Artists as diverse as [[Master P]] ("Bout It, Bout It"), [[George Michael]] ("[[Fastlove]]"), [[Mariah Carey]] ("[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]"), [[Adina Howard]] ("[[Freak Like Me]]"), [[Luis Miguel]] ("Dame"), and [[The Spice Girls]] ("[[Say You'll Be There]]") used G-funk instrumentation in their songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/mariah-carey-daydream/|title=Mariah Carey: Daydream Album Review - Pitchfork|website=pitchfork.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-03-09/news/9703090194_1_girl-power-dance-floor-fluff|title=Fluffed Up|work=Chicago Tribune|date=March 9, 1997|last=Kot|first=Greg|accessdate=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709095018/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-03-09/news/9703090194_1_girl-power-dance-floor-fluff|archivedate=July 9, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bad Boy Records]] producer [[Chucky Thompson]] stated in the April 2004 issue of ''[[XXL magazine|XXL]]'' magazine that the sound of ''Doggystyle'' and ''The Chronic'' was the basis for the [[Notorious B.I.G.]]'s 1995 hit single "[[Big Poppa]]":

{{blockquote|At that time, we were listening to Snoop's album. We knew what was going on in the West through Dr. Dre. Big just knew the culture, he knew what was going on with hip-hop. It was more than just New York, it was all over.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://escobar300.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/the-making-of-ready-to-die/ |title=The Making of Ready To Die |work=Escobar300's Blog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714184223/https://escobar300.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/the-making-of-ready-to-die/ |archive-date=July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/09/the-making-of-ready-to-diefamily-business/ |title=The Making of 'Ready To Die': Family Business – XXL |publisher=Xxlmag.com |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>}}

In 1994, starting with the [[Murder was the Case]] soundtrack, Dre attempted to push the boundaries of G-funk further into a darker sound. In songs such as "Murder was the Case" and "[[Natural Born Killaz]]", the synthesizer pitch is higher and the drum tempo is slowed down to 91 BPM<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.audiokeychain.com/track/PUM/snoop-dogg-murder-was-the-case|title=Key and BPM of Snoop Dogg – Murder Was The Case – AudioKeychain|work=AudioKeychain}}</ref> (87 BPM in the remix) to create a dark and gritty atmosphere. [[Percussion]] instruments, particularly [[sleigh bell]]s, are also present. Dre's frequent collaborators from this period included [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] natives Stuart "Stu-B-Doo" Bullard, a multi-instrumentalist from the Ozanam Strings Orchestra,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://harlemworld.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/the-men-behind-the-man-ii-part-2-stu-b-doo/|title=The Men Behind The Man (ii): Part 2: Stu-B-Doo|work=H World|date=January 29, 2010}}</ref> [[Sam Sneed]], Stephen "[[Bud'da]]" Anderson,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://harlemworld.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/the-men-behind-the-man-part-1-budda-no-homo/|title=The men behind the man. Part 1.Bud'da (no homo) – H World|work=H World|date=November 3, 2009}}</ref> and percussionist Carl "Butch" Small. This style of production has been influential far beyond the West Coast. The beat for the [[Houston]]-based group [[Geto Boys]] 1996 song "Still" follows the same drum pattern as "Natural Born Killaz" and Eazy E's "Wut Would U Do" (a diss to Dre) is similar to the original "Murder was the Case" instrumental. This style of production is usually accompanied by [[Horror fiction|horror]] and [[occult]]-themed lyrics and imagery, being crucial to the creation of [[horrorcore]].

By 1996, Dre was again looking to innovate his sound. He recruited keyboardist Camara Kambon to play the keys on "[[Been There, Done That (Dr. Dre song)|Been There, Done That]]", and through Bud'da and Sam Sneed he was introduced to fellow Pittsburgh native [[Melvin "Mel-Man" Bradford]]. At this time, he also switched from using the E-mu SP-1200 to the Akai MPC3000 drum kit and sampler, which he still uses today. Beginning with his 1996 compilation [[Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath]], Dre's production has taken a less sample-based approach, with loud, layered [[snare drum]]s dominating the mix, while synthesizers are still omnipresent. In his critically acclaimed second album, [[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]], live instrumentation takes the place of sampling, a famous example being "[[The Next Episode]]", in which keyboardist Camara Kambon re-played live the main melody from [[David McCallum]]'s 1967 jazz-funk work "The Edge". For every song on ''2001'', Dre had a [[keyboardist]], [[guitarist]] and [[bassist]] create the basic parts of the beat, while he himself programmed the [[drums]], did the [[music sequencer|sequencing]] and [[overdubbing]] and added sound effects, and later mixed the songs. During this period, Dre's signature "west coast whistle" riffs are still present albeit in a lower pitch, as in "Light Speed", "Housewife", "Some L.A. Niggaz" and Eminem's "[[Guilty Conscience (song)|Guilty Conscience]]" hook. The sound of "2001" had tremendous influence on hip-hop production, redefining the West Coast's sound and expanding the G-funk of the early 1990s. To produce the album, Dre and Mel-Man relied on the talents of [[Scott Storch]] and Camara Kambon on the keys, [[Mike Elizondo]] and Colin Wolfe on bass guitar, Sean Cruse on lead guitar and sound engineers Richard "Segal" Huredia and Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Dr-Dre-2001-/release/6149535|title=Dr. Dre - 2001: Credits|work=Discogs.com}}</ref>

From the mid-2000s, Dr. Dre has taken on a more soulful production style, using more of a classical piano instead of a keyboard, and having [[clapping|claps]] replace snares, as evidenced in songs such as Snoop Dogg's "Imagine" and "[[Boss' Life]]", [[Busta Rhymes]]' "Get You Some" and "Been Through the Storm", [[Stat Quo]]'s "Get Low" and "The Way It Be", Jay-Z's "[[Lost One]]", Nas' "Hustlers", and several beats on Eminem's Relapse album. Soul and R&B pianist [[Mark Batson]], having previously worked with [[The Dave Matthews Band]], [[Seal (musician)|Seal]] and [[Maroon 5]] has been credited as the architect of this sound. Besides Batson, Aftermath producer and understudy of Dre's, [[Dawaun Parker]], who has named [[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]] and [[J Dilla]] as his primary influences, is thought to be responsible for giving Dre's newest beats an East Coast feel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2kmusic.com/fr/topic/interview-de-dawaun-parker/31490|title=Interview de Dawaun Parker|work=2KMUSIC.COM}}</ref>

===Production equipment===
Dr. Dre has said that his primary instrument in the studio is the [[Music Production Center|Akai MPC3000]], a drum machine and sampler, and that he often uses as many as four or five to produce a single recording. He cites 1970s [[funk]] musicians such as [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]], [[Isaac Hayes]] and [[Curtis Mayfield]] as his primary musical influences. Unlike most rap producers, he tries to avoid samples as much as possible, preferring to have studio musicians re-play pieces of music he wants to use, because it allows him more flexibility to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo.<ref name="scratch 2004">{{cite web|title=Dr. Dre Interview|url=http://www.dr-dre.com/info/interview_scratch_dr_dre.php|work=[[Scratch (magazine)|Scratch]]|date=May 2004|access-date=December 6, 2006}}</ref> In 2001 he told ''Time'' magazine, "I may hear something I like on an old record that may inspire me, but I'd rather use musicians to re-create the sound or elaborate on it. I can control it better."<ref name="in the doctor's house">{{Cite news|last=Tyrangiel|first=Josh|author-link=Josh Tyrangiel|title=In the Doctor's House|url=http://www.time.com/time/musicgoesglobal/na/mdre.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831152555/http://www.time.com/time/musicgoesglobal/na/mdre.html|archive-date=August 31, 2010|magazine=TIME|volume=158|issue=14|date=September 15, 2001|url-status=dead|access-date=January 12, 2007}}</ref>

Other equipment he uses includes the [[E-mu SP-1200]] drum machine and other keyboards from such manufacturers as Korg, Rhodes, Wurlitzer, Moog, and Roland.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=234}} Dr. Dre also stresses the importance of [[Equalization (audio)|equalizing]] drums properly, telling Scratch magazine in 2004 that he "used the same drum sounds on a couple of different songs on one album before but you'd never be able to tell the difference because of the EQ."<ref name="scratch 2004"/> Dr. Dre also uses the digital audio workstation [[Pro Tools]] and uses the software to combine hardware drum machines and vintage analog keyboards and synthesizers.<ref name="scratch 2004"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://protoolstutorial.org/blog/top-10-producers-that-use-pro-tools/ | title=Top 10 Producers That Use Pro Tools | publisher=Pro Tools | date=October 20, 2013 | access-date=November 11, 2014 | archive-date=November 11, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111162553/http://protoolstutorial.org/blog/top-10-producers-that-use-pro-tools/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

After founding Aftermath Entertainment in 1996, Dr. Dre took on producer [[Melvin "Mel-Man" Bradford|Mel-Man]] as a co-producer, and his music took on a more synthesizer-based sound, using fewer vocal samples (as he had used on "Lil' Ghetto Boy" and "Let Me Ride" on ''The Chronic'', for example). Mel-Man has not shared co-production credits with Dr. Dre since approximately 2002, but fellow Aftermath producer Focus has credited Mel-Man as a key architect of the signature Aftermath sound.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Focus|url=http://www.aftermathmusic.com/_interviews/focus_may_2004.html|publisher=Aftermath Music|date=March 14, 2004|access-date=December 8, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070210083642/http://www.aftermathmusic.com/_interviews/focus_may_2004.html |archive-date = February 10, 2007}}</ref>

In 1999, Dr. Dre started working with [[Mike Elizondo]], a bassist, guitarist, and keyboardist who has also produced, written and played on records for female singers such as [[Ann Danielewski|Poe]], [[Fiona Apple]] and [[Alanis Morissette]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Mike Elizondo – Credits|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p240514|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=March 2, 2008}}</ref> In the past few years Elizondo has since worked for many of Dr. Dre's productions.<ref name="shock">{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|title=Dr. Dre Hoping To 'Shock' On Next Album|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/61651/dr-dre-hoping-to-shock-on-next-album|work=Billboard|date=August 25, 2005|access-date=March 2, 2008}}</ref><ref name="songwriter universe">{{cite web|last=Kawashima|first=Dale|title=Superhot Mike Elizondo Co-Writes/Produces "Just Lose It" for Eminem, "In Da Club" for 50 Cent|url=http://www.songwriteruniverse.com/elizondo.htm|work=Songwriter Universe|year=2005|access-date=December 6, 2006}}</ref> Dr. Dre also told ''[[Scratch (magazine)|Scratch]]'' magazine in a 2004 interview that he has been studying piano and music theory formally, and that a major goal is to accumulate enough musical theory to score movies. In the same interview he stated that he has collaborated with famed 1960s songwriter [[Burt Bacharach]] by sending him hip hop beats to play over, and hopes to have an in-person collaboration with him in the future.<ref name="scratch 2004"/>

===Work ethic===
Dr. Dre has stated that he is a perfectionist and is known to pressure the artists with whom he records to give flawless performances.<ref name="scratch 2004"/> In 2006, Snoop Dogg told the website Dubcnn.com that Dr. Dre had made new artist [[Bishop Lamont]] re-record a single bar of vocals 107 times.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snoop Dogg Interview, Part 1|url=http://www.dubcnn.com/interviews/snoopdogg06/part1/|publisher=West Coast News Network|date=July 2006|access-date=October 8, 2006}}</ref> Dr. Dre has also stated that Eminem is a fellow perfectionist, and attributes his success on Aftermath to his similar work ethic.<ref name="scratch 2004"/> He gives a lot of input into the delivery of the vocals and will stop an [[MC]] during a take if it is not to his liking.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|pp=285–286}} However, he gives MCs that he works with room to write lyrics without too much instruction unless it is a specifically conceptual record, as noted by [[Bishop Lamont]] in the book ''[[How to Rap]]''.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|pp=234–235}}

A consequence of his perfectionism is that some artists who initially sign deals with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label never release albums. In 2001, Aftermath released the soundtrack to the movie ''The Wash'', featuring a number of Aftermath acts such as Shaunta, Daks, Joe Beast and Toi. To date, none have released full-length albums on Aftermath and have apparently ended their relationships with the label and Dr. Dre. Other noteworthy acts to leave Aftermath without releasing albums include [[King Tee]], ''2001'' vocalist Hittman, [[Joell Ortiz]], [[Raekwon]] and [[Rakim]].<ref name="source 2003">{{Cite news|title=Before & Aftermath|newspaper=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|pages=100–102|issue=168|date=September 2003|url=http://www.hiphopgame.com/index2.php3?page=dresource|access-date=February 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401101228/http://www.hiphopgame.com/index2.php3?page=dresource|archive-date=April 1, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Collaborators and co-producers===
[[File:Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre.jpg|thumb|Dr. Dre performing with Snoop Dogg, 2012]]
Over the years, word of other collaborators who have contributed to Dr. Dre's work has surfaced. During his tenure at Death Row Records, it was alleged that Dr. Dre's stepbrother Warren G and [[Tha Dogg Pound]] member [[Daz Dillinger|Daz]] made many uncredited contributions to songs on his solo album ''The Chronic'' and Snoop Doggy Dogg's album ''[[Doggystyle]]'' (Daz received production credits on Snoop's similar-sounding, albeit less successful album ''Tha Doggfather'' after Young left Death Row Records).<ref name="DPG-Eulogy">Tha Dogg Pound. (2005). ''[[DPG Eulogy]]'' [DVD]. Innovative Distribution Network. Retrieved April 27, 2008.</ref>

It is known that [[Scott Storch]], who has since gone on to become a successful producer in his own right, contributed to Dr. Dre's second album ''2001''; Storch is credited as a songwriter on several songs and played keyboards on several tracks. In 2006 he told ''Rolling Stone'':

{{blockquote|At the time, I saw Dr. Dre desperately needed something," Storch says. "He needed a fuel injection, and Dr. Dre utilized me as the nitrous oxide. He threw me into the mix, and I sort of tapped on a new flavor with my whole piano sound and the strings and orchestration. So I'd be on the keyboards, and Mike [Elizondo] was on the bass guitar, and Dr. Dre was on the drum machine.<ref>{{cite web|author=Touré|author-link=Touré (journalist)|title=Scott Storch's Outrageous Fortune|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/scott-storchs-outrageous-fortune-51499/|work=Rolling Stone|date=June 29, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419055040/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10699242/scott_storchs_outrageous_fortune/print|archive-date=April 19, 2008|accessdate=December 28, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

Current collaborator [[Mike Elizondo]], when speaking about his work with Young, describes their recording process as a collaborative effort involving several musicians. In 2004 he claimed to ''Songwriter Universe'' magazine that he had written the foundations of the hit Eminem song "[[The Real Slim Shady]]", stating, "I initially played a bass line on the song, and Dr. Dre, Tommy Coster Jr. and I built the track from there. [[Eminem]] then heard the track, and he wrote the rap to it."<ref name="songwriter universe"/> This account is essentially confirmed by Eminem in his book ''Angry Blonde'', stating that the tune for the song was composed by a studio bassist and keyboardist while Dr. Dre was out of the studio but Young later programmed the song's beat after returning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eminem|author-link=Eminem|title=Angry Blonde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmIJ1crh9DwC|year=2000|place=New York City|publisher=[[Regan Books]]|isbn=0-06-620922-6 |page=107}}</ref>

A group of disgruntled former associates of Dr. Dre complained that they had not received their full due for work on the label in the September 2003 issue of ''[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]''. A producer named Neff-U claimed to have produced the songs "Say What You Say" and "My Dad's Gone Crazy" on ''[[The Eminem Show]]'', the songs "If I Can't" and "Back Down" on 50 Cent's ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'', and the beat featured on Dr. Dre's commercial for [[Coors Brewing Company|Coors beer]].<ref name="source 2003"/>

Although Young studies piano and music theory, he serves as more of a [[conductor (music)|conductor]] than a musician himself, as Josh Tyrangiel of ''TIME'' magazine has noted:

{{blockquote|Every Dre track begins the same way, with Dre behind a drum machine in a room full of trusted musicians. (They carry beepers. When he wants to work, they work.) He'll program a beat, then ask the musicians to play along; when Dre hears something he likes, he isolates the player and tells him how to refine the sound. "My greatest talent," Dre says, "is knowing exactly what I want to hear."<ref name="in the doctor's house"/>}}

Although Snoop Dogg retains working relationships with Warren G and Daz, who are alleged to be uncredited contributors on the hit albums ''The Chronic'' and ''Doggystyle'', he states that Dr. Dre is capable of making beats without the help of collaborators, and that he is responsible for the success of his numerous albums.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snoop Dogg Interview Part 4|url=http://www.dubcnn.com/interviews/snoopdogg06/part4/|publisher=West Coast News Network|date=July 2006|access-date=October 8, 2006}}</ref> Dr. Dre's prominent studio collaborators, including [[Scott Storch]], Elizondo, [[Mark Batson]] and [[Dawaun Parker]], have shared co-writing, instrumental, and more recently co-production credits on the songs where he is credited as the producer.

[[Anderson .Paak]] also praised Dr. Dre in a 2016 interview with ''Music Times,'' telling the publication that it was a dream come true to work with Dre.<ref>{{cite web|title = Anderson .Paak Talks 'Malibu,' Working with Dr. Dre, Growth and More [Q&A]|url = http://www.musictimes.com/articles/61870/20160115/anderson-paak-talks-malibu-working-dr-dre-growth-more-q.htm|website = Music Times|date = January 15, 2016|access-date = February 17, 2016}}</ref>

===Ghostwriters===
It is acknowledged that most of Dr. Dre's raps are written for him by others, though he retains ultimate control over his lyrics and the themes of his songs.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=229}} As Aftermath producer Mahogany told ''Scratch'': "It's like a class room in [the booth]. He'll have three writers in there. They'll bring in something, he'll recite it, then he'll say, 'Change this line, change this word,' like he's grading papers."<ref name="scratch 2006">{{Cite news|last1=Barrow|first1=Jerry L.|last2=Basch|first2=Josephine|last3=Blanco|first3=Alvin|last4=Golianopolous|first4=Thomas|title=The Legend of Detox|periodical=[[Scratch (magazine)|Scratch]]|date=September–October 2006}}</ref>
As seen in the credits for tracks Young has appeared on, there are often multiple people who contribute to his songs (although often in hip hop many people are officially credited as a writer for a song, even the producer).

In the book ''[[How to Rap]]'', [[RBX]] explains that writing ''[[The Chronic]]'' was a "team effort"{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=MC}} and details how he [[ghostwriter|ghostwrote]] "[[Let Me Ride]]" for Dre.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=MC}} In regard to ghostwriting lyrics he says, "Dre doesn't profess to be no super-duper rap dude – Dre is a super-duper producer".{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=MC}} As a member of N.W.A, the D.O.C. wrote lyrics for him while he stuck with producing.<ref name="doc formula"/> New York City rapper [[Jay-Z]] ghostwrote lyrics for the single "Still D.R.E." from Dr. Dre's album ''2001''.<ref name="changes 2001">{{cite news|last=Gill|first=John|title=Dr. Dre Changes Album Title... Again|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1428265/19991013/dr_dre.jhtml|work=MTV News|date=October 13, 1999|access-date=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000123064015/http://www.mtv.com/news/gallery/d/drdre991013.html|archivedate=January 23, 2000|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On December 15, 1981, when Dre was 16 years old and his then-girlfriend Cassandra Joy Greene was 15 years old, the two had a son named Curtis, who was brought up by Greene and first met Dre 20 years later.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=11}} Curtis performed as a rapper under the name Hood Surgeon.{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=19}}

In 1983, Dre and Lisa Johnson had a daughter named La Tanya Danielle Young.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopwired.com/529283/beats-dre-original-gangstas-author-uncovers-dr-dre-abuse-hit-pregnant-woman/|title=Beats By Dre: Original Gangstas Author Uncovers More Dr. Dre Abuse, Hit Pregnant Woman|date=December 12, 2016|website=Hip-Hop Wired|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|author=Cowie|first=Del F.|date=November 26, 2019|title=Dr. Dre: The Pioneer|url=http://exclaim.ca/amparticle/dr_dre-pioneer#referrer=https://www.google.com|access-date=January 13, 2020|publisher=[[Exclaim!]]}}</ref> Dre and Johnson have three daughters together.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/dr-dres-eldest-daughter-says-she-is-homeless-living-in-a-car-and-delivering-doordash/|title=Dr. Dre’s Eldest Daughter Says She is Homeless, Living In a Car, and Delivering DoorDash|work=Black Enterprise|date=August 5, 2021|last=Thornton|first=Cedric|accessdate=December 28, 2021}}</ref>

In 1988, Dre and Jenita Porter had a son named Andre Young Jr. In 1990, Porter sued Dre, seeking $5,000 of child support per month.<ref name="Andre Jr" /> On August 23, 2008, Andre died at the age of 20 from an overdose of [[heroin]] and [[morphine]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Ken|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20249863,00.html|title=Coroner: Dr. Dre's Son Died From Overdose of Heroin and Morphine|work=People|date=January 2, 2009}}</ref> at his mother's [[Woodland Hills, California|Woodland Hills]] home.<ref name="Andre Jr">{{cite news |last1=Blankstein |first1=Andrew |last2=Lee |first2=Chris |title=Son of rap producer Dr. Dre found dead; Andre Young Jr. was 20 |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-dreson27-2008aug27,0,5839535.story |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 26, 2008 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829202823/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-me-dreson27-2008aug27,0,7425285.story |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

From 1987 to 1996, Dre dated singer [[Michel'le]], who frequently contributed vocals to Ruthless Records and Death Row Records albums.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Lauren|date=October 14, 2016|title=Before 'Surviving Compton:' 6 Things To About Michel'le, Dr. Dre And Suge Knight's Relationship|url=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/surviving-compton-michelle-dr-dre-suge-knight-things-to-know/|access-date=December 5, 2020|website=Essence|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1991, they had a son named Marcel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McDonald|first=Soraya Nadia|date=August 20, 2015|title=Michel'le was more than a battered girlfriend. She was instrumental to Dr. Dre's success.|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/08/20/michelle-wasnt-just-some-girlfriend-who-got-beat-up-she-was-instrumental-to-the-early-success-of-dr-dre-and-ruthless-records/|access-date=December 5, 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=53}}

In 1996, Dre married Nicole (née Plotzker) Threatt, who was previously married to basketball player [[Sedale Threatt]].{{sfn|Ro|2007|p=145}}<ref name=":3" /> They have two children together: a son named Truice (born 1997) and a daughter named Truly (born 2001).{{sfn|Ro|2007|pp=156, 204}}

In 2001, Dre earned a total of about US$52 million from selling part of his share of Aftermath Entertainment to [[Interscope Records]] and his production of such hit songs that year as "[[Family Affair (Mary J. Blige song)|Family Affair]]" by [[Mary J. Blige]]. ''Rolling Stone'' magazine thus named him the second highest-paid artist of the year.<ref name="wealth 2001"/> Dr. Dre was ranked 44th in 2004 from earnings of $11.4 million, primarily from production royalties from such projects as albums from [[G-Unit]] and [[D12]] and the single "[[Rich Girl (Gwen Stefani song)|Rich Girl]]" by singer [[Gwen Stefani]] and rapper [[Eve (entertainer)|Eve]].<ref name="wealth 2004">{{cite magazine|last=LaFranco|first=Robert|title=Money Makers|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6959138/money_makers/print|date=February 10, 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402071008/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6959138/money_makers/print|archive-date=April 2, 2008}}</ref> Forbes estimated his net worth at US$270 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/forbesfive.html |title=The Forbes Five: Hip-Hop's Wealthiest Artists |magazine=Forbes |access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref> The same publication later reported that he acquired US$110 million via his various endeavors in 2012, making him the highest–paid artist of the year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22039/title.dr-dre-named-forbes-highest-paid-musician-of-2012/ | title=Dr. Dre Named Forbes' Highest-Paid Musician Of 2012 | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=November 29, 2012 | access-date=April 11, 2013 | author=Horowitz, Steven J. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408013555/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22039/title.dr-dre-named-forbes-highest-paid-musician-of-2012 | archive-date=April 8, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Income from the 2014 sale of [[Beats Electronics|Beats]] to Apple, contributing to what ''Forbes'' termed "the biggest single-year payday of any musician in history", made Dr. Dre the world's richest musical performer of 2015.<ref name="forbes2">{{cite magazine |url=http://www3.forbes.com/forbes/the-worlds-30-highest-paid-musicians-2/32/ |title=World's 30 Highest Paid Musicians: 1. Dr. Dre: $620 million |last=Greenburg |first=Zack O'Malley |author-link=Zack O'Malley Greenburg |date=March 26, 2015 |magazine=Forbes Magazine |access-date=March 26, 2015}}</ref>

In 2014, Dre purchased a $40 million home in the [[Brentwood, Los Angeles|Brentwood]] neighborhood of [[Los Angeles]] from its previous owners, [[NFL]] player [[Tom Brady]] and supermodel [[Gisele Bundchen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.velvetropes.com/backstage/dr-dre-house/|title=Dr Dre House: Humble Beginnings To A Baller Compound|last=Farrow|first=Emma|website=velvetropes.com|publisher=Velvet Ropes|access-date=January 12, 2019|quote=Dr Dre house is truly stunning. He bought his $40 million mansion in Brentwood, LA in 2014.}}</ref>

It was reported that Dre suffered a [[brain aneurysm]] on January 5, 2021,<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Dr Dre: Rap legend in hospital after brain aneurysm|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55556794|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> and that he was admitted to [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]]'s ICU in Los Angeles, California.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/dr-dre-hospitalized-brain-aneurysm-los-angeles-1234665415/|title=Dr. Dre Hospitalized In Intensive Care With Brain Aneurysm In Los Angeles|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=January 5, 2021|date=January 5, 2021|author=Erik Pedersen}}</ref> Hours after his admission to the hospital, Dre's home was targeted for an attempted burglary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=4 arrested in attempted burglary of Dr. Dre's home while music mogul hospitalized|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-06/4-arrested-attempted-burglary-dr-dre-home|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> He eventually received support from [[LeBron James]], [[Martin Lawrence]], [[LL Cool J]], [[Missy Elliott]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Ice Cube]], [[50 Cent]], [[Ellen DeGeneres]], [[Ciara]], her husband [[Russell Wilson]], [[T.I.]], [[Quincy Jones]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=Dr. Dre Gets Well-Wishes From Celebs, Speaks Out After Brain Aneurysm|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/pictures/dr-dre-gets-well-wishes-from-celebs-speaks-out-after-brain-aneurysm/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Us Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=January 6, 2021|title=Dr. Dre Gets Love From Ice Cube, Missy Elliott, LL Cool J & More After Hospitalization|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/dr-dre-hospitalization-celebrities-react-9507335/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> In February, he was released with a following message on Instagram: "Thanks to my family, friends and fans for their interest and well wishes. I’m doing great and getting excellent care from my medical team. I will be out of the hospital and back home soon. Shout out to all the great medical professionals at Cedars. One Love!!"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre on Instagram: "Thanks to my family, friends and fans for their interest and well wishes. I’m doing great and getting excellent care from my medical team.…"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CJsHFm7pS5q/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Instagram|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre Shares Message After Suffering Brain Aneursym|url=https://www.tmz.com/2021/01/05/dre-suffers-brain-aneursym-la-health/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=TMZ|language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies and legal issues==
===Violence against women===
Dre has been accused of multiple incidents of violence against women.<ref name="RStone-Beating-1991">{{cite web|last=Light |first=Alan |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beating-up-the-charts-19910808 |title=N.W.A.: Beating Up the Charts |work=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]] |date=August 8, 1991 |access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref>
On January 27, 1991, at a music industry party at the Po Na Na Souk club in Hollywood, Dr. Dre assaulted television host [[Dee Barnes]] of the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] television program ''Pump it Up'', following an episode of the show. Barnes had interviewed NWA, which was followed by an interview with Ice Cube in which Cube mocked NWA.{{sfn|Reeves|2009|p=110}} Barnes filed a $22.7 million lawsuit in response to the incident.<ref>{{cite news | title=N.W.A's Dr. Dre Target of Suit by Host of Rap Show | date=July 23, 1991 | access-date=December 28, 2021 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-23-ca-55-story.html| newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Subsequently, Dr. Dre was fined $2,500, given two years' probation, ordered to undergo 240 hours of [[community service]], and given a spot on an anti-violence [[public service announcement]] on television.{{sfn|Kenyatta|2001|p=27}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Noel |first=Peter |title=Revenge of the Mad Rappers |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9848,noel,1748,1.html |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=November 24, 1998 |access-date=February 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082119/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9848%2Cnoel%2C1748%2C1.html |archive-date=February 4, 2008 }}</ref> The civil suit was settled out of court.<ref name="HReporter-Barnes-2015">{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/straight-outta-compton-dr-dre-816135|title=Woman Allegedly Assaulted by Dr. Dre Says 'Straight Outta Compton' "Ignores" His Victims|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 18, 2015 |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> Barnes stated that he "began slamming her face and the right side of her body repeatedly against a wall near the stairway." Dr. Dre later commented: "People talk all this shit, but you know, somebody fucks with me, I'm gonna fuck with them. I just did it, you know. Ain't nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it ain't no big thing – I just threw her through a door."<ref name="RStone-Beating-1991" />

In March 2015, [[Michel'le]], the mother of one of Dre's children, accused him of subjecting her to [[domestic violence]] during their time together as a couple, but did not initiate legal action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/michelle-blasts-ex-dr-dre-beating-her_n_3914949.html |title=Michel'le Blasts Ex Dr. Dre For Beating Her |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="HReporter-Michelle-2015">{{cite news|last1=Weiner|first1=Natalie|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dr-dres-michelle-i-was-816079|title=Dr. Dre's Ex Michel'le: "I Was Just a Quiet Girlfriend Who Got Beat Up"|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 18, 2015|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> Their abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic ''[[Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel'le]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/surviving-compton-dre-suge-michelle_n_57f67929e4b0c1a524cbbd0f|title=Michel'le Opens Up About Her Abusive Relationship With Dr. Dre|last=Williams|first=Brennan|date=October 7, 2016|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/surviving-compton-exposes-michelles-abuse-dr-dre-relationship-suge-knight-16-things-2428963|title='Surviving Compton' Exposes Michel'le's Abuse By Dr. Dre And Relationship With Suge Knight; 16 Things We Learned From Lifetime Biopic|last=Mojica|first=Nicholas|date=October 15, 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref>

Interviewed by Ben Westhoff for the book ''Original Gangstas: the Untold Story of Dr Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Tupac Shakur, and the Birth of West Coast Rap'', Lisa Johnson stated that Dre beat her many times, including while she was pregnant.<ref name=":1" /> She was granted a restraining order against him.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Westhoff|first=Ben|date=October 17, 2016|title=The new NWA movie depicts Michel'le's abuse by Dr Dre – but is it true?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/oct/17/surviving-compton-nwa-michelle-dr-dre-beating|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Former labelmate [[Tairrie B]] claimed that Dre assaulted her at a post-[[Grammy]] party in 1990, in response to her track "Ruthless Bitch".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.laweekly.com/music/tairrie-b-hip-hops-original-bad-bitch-is-back-5874080|title= TAIRRIE B, HIP-HOP'S ORIGINAL BAD BITCH, IS BACK|first= Ben|last= Westhoff|work= [[LA Weekly]]|publisher= [[Voice Media Group]]|date= August 4, 2015|access-date= October 22, 2015}}</ref>

During press for the 2015 film ''Straight Outta Compton'', questions about the portrayal and behavior of Dre and other prominent figures in the rap community about violence against women – and the question about its absence in the film – were raised.<ref name="NYTimes-Apologizes-2015">{{cite news|last1=Coscarelli|first1=Joe|title=Dr. Dre Apologizes to the 'Women I've Hurt'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/arts/music/dr-dre-apologizes-to-the-women-ive-hurt.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/arts/music/dr-dre-apologizes-to-the-women-ive-hurt.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|access-date=August 22, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 21, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The discussion about the film led to Dre addressing his past behavior in the press. In August 2015, in an interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'',<ref name="RStone-BehindCover-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/n-w-a-tell-all-inside-the-original-gangstas-rolling-stone-cover-story-20150812|title=N.W.A Tell All: Inside the Original Gangstas' Rolling Stone Cover Story|work=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|date=August 12, 2015|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> Dre lamented his abusive past, saying, "I made some fucking horrible mistakes in my life. I was young, fucking stupid. I would say all the allegations aren't true—some of them are. Those are some of the things that I would like to take back. It was really fucked up. But I paid for those mistakes, and there's no way in hell that I will ever make another mistake like that again."<ref name="Rolling" /><ref name="HReporter-DreAddresses-2015">{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Hilary|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dr-dres-michelle-i-was-816079|title=Dr. Dre Apologizes "to the Women I've Hurt"|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 21, 2015|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref>

In a statement to ''[[The New York Times]]'' on August 21, 2015, exactly two weeks after his album, ''Compton'', was released, Dre again addressed his abusive past, stating, "25 years ago I was a young man drinking too much and in over my head with no real structure in my life. However, none of this is an excuse for what I did. I've been married for 19 years and every day I'm working to be a better man for my family, seeking guidance along the way. I'm doing everything I can so I never resemble that man again. [...] I apologize to the women I've hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives."<ref name="NYTimes-Apologizes-2015"/>

In the 2017 film, ''[[The Defiant Ones (TV series)|The Defiant Ones]]'', Dr. Dre explained about the Dee Barnes incident again, "This was a very low point in my life. I’ve done a lot of stupid shit in my life. A lot of things I wish I could go and take back. I’ve experienced abuse. I’ve watched my mother get abused. So there’s absolutely no excuse for it. No woman should ever be treated that way. Any man that puts his hands on a female is a fucking idiot. He’s out of his fucking mind, and I was out of my fucking mind at the time. I fucked up, I paid for it, I’m sorry for it, and I apologize for it. I have this dark cloud that follows me, and it’s going to be attached to me forever. It’s a major blemish on who I am as a man."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre apologizes for 1991 assault: 'Any man that puts his hands on a female is a f---ing idiot'|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/dr-dre-apologizes-1991-assault-232301144.html|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Divorce from Nicole Plotzker and legal claims (2020-2021) ===
Dre's wife, Nicole Plotzker-Young, filed for divorce in June 2020, citing irreconcileable differences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 30, 2020|title=Nicole Young, Dr. Dre's Wife of 24 Years, Files for Divorce|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/06/nicole-young-dr-dres-wife-of-24-years-files-for-divorce.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre's wife files for divorce after 24 years of marriage, cites irreconcilable differences|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/06/29/dr-dres-wife-nicole-young-files-divorce-after-24-years/3282328001/|website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Dr. Dre's Wife of 24 Years, Nicole Young, Files for Divorce|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9411655/dr-dre-wife-files-for-divorce|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> In November 2020, she filed legal claims that Dre engaged in verbal violence and infidelity during their marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Brenda|last2=Articles|first2=More|last3=Published on September 5|first3=2020|date=September 5, 2020|title=Dr. Dre's Estranged Wife Alleges She Experienced Domestic Violence During Their Marriage|url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/dr-dres-estranged-ex-wife-alleges-she-experienced-domestic-violence-during-their-marriage.html/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Showbiz Cheat Sheet|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=January 13|first=Tomás Mier|last2=Pm|first2=2021 02:45|title=Dr. Dre's Estranged Wife Nicole Young Says He 'Held a Gun to My Head' Twice, Alleges Years of Abuse|url=https://people.com/music/dr-dre-wife-nicole-young-alleges-abuse-held-gun-to-head/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=PEOPLE.com|language=en}}</ref> She also stated that he tore up their prenuptial agreement that he wanted him to sign out of anger.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre Files Prenup That Nicole Young Has Contested|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/12/dr-dre-files-prenup-document-nicole-young-can-get-spousal-support|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Complex|language=en}}</ref> Dre's representative responded, calling her claims of infidelity and violence in their marriage "false".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre Accuses Estranged Wife Nicole Young of Making Up Abuse Claims to Get Money From Him|url=https://www.complex.com/music/dr-dre-accuses-estranged-wife-nicole-young-of-bringing-up-abuse-claims-to-get-money-from-him|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Complex|language=en}}</ref> Before being released from the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, he was ordered to pay Plotzker-Young $2 million in temporary spousal support.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woods|first=Aleia|title=Dr. Dre Agrees to Pay Wife $2 Million in Temporary Spousal Support - Report|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/dr-dre-pay-wife-2-million-dollars-temporary-spousal-support/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Between the spring and summer of the year, Dre was ordered by the Los Angeles County judge to pay his ex-wife over $300,000 a month in spousal support.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pesce|first=Nicole Lyn|title=Pay day: Dr. Dre ordered to drop almost $300,000 a month in spousal support to ex Nicole Young: reports|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pay-day-dr-dre-ordered-to-drop-almost-300-000-a-month-in-spousal-support-to-ex-nicole-young-reports-11626970282|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=MarketWatch|language=EN-US}}</ref> The $2 million extension request was also dismissed, due to insufficient claims.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre Wins Legal Battle in Divorce, Won’t Have to Pay $1.5 Million to Estranged Wife|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/dr-dre-wins-legal-battle-in-divorce-wont-have-to-pay-million-to-estranged-wife-nicole-young|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Complex|language=en}}</ref> In July 2021, Dr. Dre was ordered by the Los Angeles Superior Court Judge to pay an additional $293,306 a month to estranged wife in spousal support starting August 1 until she decides to remarry or "further order of the Court".<ref>{{cite web|last=Olonilua|first=Ademola|date=August 5, 2021|title=Dr Dre to pay $300,000 monthly spousal support to ex-wife|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/other/dr-dre-to-pay-300000-monthly-spousal-support-to-ex-wife/ar-AAMXSY4|website=MSN|publisher=The Punch}}</ref> Then, in August, the judge denied his wife's request for a [[Restraining order|protective order]], due to her being feared of Dre after a snippet leaked on [[Instagram]] of him rapping about the divorce proceedings and his possible brain anuerysm earlier that February; in this snippet, he called his wife a "greedy bitch".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bacardi|first=Francesca|date=March 12, 2021|title=Nicole Young denied restraining order against Dr. Dre over song lyrics|url=https://pagesix.com/2021/03/12/nicole-young-denied-restraining-order-against-dr-dre/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Page Six|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudson|first=Tanay|date=February 23, 2021|title=Dr. Dre Called Estranged Wife ‘Greedy B****’ on Unreleased Track|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/dr-dre-diss-wife/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Heavy.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre Calls Out His Wife on Leaked Snippet|url=https://genius.com/discussions/413107-Dr-dre-calls-out-his-wife-on-leaked-snippet|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Genius|language=en}}</ref> In mid-October, Dr. Dre was served more divorce papers, during his grandmother's burial.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Rebecca|title=Dr. Dre's estranged wife served him with divorce papers during his grandmother's funeral|url=https://www.insider.com/dr-dre-divorce-papers-grandmother-funeral-2021-10|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=https://hiphopdx.com|first=HipHopDX-|date=October 20, 2021|title=Dr. Dre 'Angry' After Being Served With $1.5M Divorce Papers At Grandmother's Funeral|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.65317/title.dr-dre-angry-served-divorce-papers-grandmother-funeral|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=HipHopDX}}</ref> That same month, Dre was officially deemed "single" by the judge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniels|first=Karu F.|title=Dr. Dre declared legally single amid messy divorce from Nicole Young|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-dr-dre-declared-legally-single-divorce-nicole-young-irreconcilable-difference-20210616-gn3n4wewlzczpefhcxmp5roxca-story.html|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> The financial owings in this case included expenses of Dre's Malibu, Palisades and Hollywood Hills homes, but not his stock in past ownership of Beats Electronics, prior to its sale to Apple in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|date=December 28, 2021|title=Dr. Dre's Ex-Wife Scores Massive Divorce Settlement|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dr-dre-divorce-nicole-young-settlement-1276640/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dre to Pay Ex-Wife Nicole Young $3.5 Million a Year in Spousal Support Amid Divorce {{!}} Entertainment Tonight|url=https://www.etonline.com/dr-dre-to-pay-ex-wife-nicole-young-35-million-a-year-in-spousal-support-amid-divorce-169309|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.etonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> As of December 2021, the divorce proceedings have entered its final stages.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aderoju|first=Darlene|date=December 10, 2021|title=Dr. Dre Pictured With ‘Divorced AF’ Balloons as Divorce From Nicole Young Is Reportedly Finalized|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/dr-dre-divorce-nicole-young-finalized-1235008184/|work=Billboard|publisher=Penske Media Corporation}}</ref> On December 28, the divorce was settled with Dre keeping most of his assets and income due to the prenuptial agreement, although he would have to pay a 9-figure settlement within one year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woods|first=Aleia|title=Dr. Dre to Pay Ex-Wife $100 Million in Divorce Settlement - Report|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/dr-dre-ex-wife-divorce-settlement-100-million-dollars/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref>

===Other===
Dre pleaded guilty in October 1992 in a case of battery of a police officer and was convicted on two additional battery counts stemming from a brawl in the lobby of the New Orleans hotel in May 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-15-ca-2260-story.html |title=The Violent Art, Violent Reality of Dr. Dre |work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 15, 1992 |access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref>

On January 10, 1994, Dre was arrested after leading police on a 90 mph pursuit through Beverly Hills in his 1987 Ferrari. It was revealed Dr. Dre had a blood alcohol of 0.16, twice the state's legal limit. The conviction violated the conditions of parole following 1991 Dre's battery conviction; in September 1994 he was sentenced to eight months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-09-01/living/25839228_1_andre-young-probation-jail-time |title=Rapper Dr. Dre Sentenced To 8 Months In Prison – philly-archives |publisher=Articles.philly.com |date=September 1, 1994 |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>

On April 4, 2016, [[TMZ]] and the ''New York Daily News'' reported that [[Suge Knight]] had accused Dre and the [[Los Angeles Sheriff's Department]] of a kill-for-hire plot in the 2014 shooting of Knight in club 1 OAK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2016/04/04/suge-knight-sheriffs-dr-dre-kill-conspiracy/ |title=Suge Knight: Sheriff's Deputy Conspired with Dr. Dre to Kill Me |website=TMZ.com |access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dillon |first=Nancy |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/suge-knight-harsh-jail-rules-blamed-massive-scandal-article-1.2588537 |title=Suge Knight's harsh jail rules blamed on 'massive scandal' |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Three months later, in July, Dre was reportedly detained by police after confronting a next-door neighbor in Malibu about a test drive.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gonzalez|first=Sandra|date=July 26, 2016|title=Dr. Dre briefly detained by police|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/entertainment/dr-dre-detained-by-police/index.html|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> It was also alleged that Dre brandished a handgun on the neighbor, but no evidence would be linked and Dre was soon released.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allah|first=Sha Be|date=July 26, 2016|title=The Source {{!}}Dr .Dre Arrested At His Malibu Home After Road Rage Incident|url=https://thesource.com/2016/07/26/dr-dre-arrested-at-his-malibu-home-after-road-rage-incident/|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=The Source|language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2021, Dr. Dre's oldest daughter LaTanya Young spoke out about being homeless and unable to support her four children. She is currently working for [[UberEats]] and [[DoorDash]], and she also works at warehouse jobs. She is living in debt in her SUV while her children are living with friends. Dr. Dre has allegedly stopped supporting LaTanya financially since January 2020 because she has "spoken about him in the press."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/you/celebs/international/dr-dres-daughter-latanya-young-talks-about-being-homeless-despite-her-fathers-800-million-fortune-20210806|title=Dr Dre's daughter LaTanya Young talks about being homeless despite her father's $800 million fortune|last=Peters|first=Maxine|date=August 6, 2021|website=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pagesix.com/2021/08/04/dr-dres-oldest-daughter-latanya-young-says-shes-homeless/|title=Dr. Dre's oldest daughter, LaTanya Young, says she's homeless, living out of her car|date=August 4, 2021|last=Bacardi|first=Francesca|website=Page Six}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Dr. Dre discography|Dr. Dre production discography|l2=production discography}}

===Studio albums===
* ''[[The Chronic]]'' (1992)
* ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]'' (2015)

===Soundtrack albums===
* ''[[The Wash (soundtrack)|The Wash]]'' (2001)

===Collaboration albums===
'''with World Class Wreckin' Cru'''
* ''[[World Class]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Rapped in Romance]]'' (1986)

'''with N.W.A.'''
* ''[[N.W.A. and the Posse]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'' (1988)
* ''[[100 Miles and Runnin']]'' (1990)
* ''[[Niggaz4Life]]'' (1991)

==Awards and nominations==
===[[BET Hip Hop Awards]]===
{{award table}}
|-
| [[2014 BET Hip Hop Awards|2014]]
| rowspan="3"| Himself
| rowspan="2"| Hustler of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2015 BET Hip Hop Awards|2015]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2016 BET Hip Hop Awards|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/hip-hop-awards/2016/photos/show/and-the-nominees-are.html|title=And the Nominees Are|website=Bet.com}}</ref>
| Producer of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]''
| [[BET Hip Hop Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
|}

===[[Grammy Awards]]===
Dr. Dre has won six Grammy Awards. Three of them are for his production work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=dr.+dre&title=&year=All&genre=All|title=Past Winners Search – Dr. Dre|publisher=Grammy.com|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=andre+young&title=&year=All&genre=All|title=Past Winners Search – Andre Young|publisher=Grammy.com|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/index.htm |title=Grammy Awards History |publisher=Rock On The Net |access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref>
{{awards table}}
|-
|align=center|[[33rd Annual Grammy Awards|1990]]
|"[[We're All in the Same Gang]]"
|rowspan="2"| [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group|Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 1994|1994]]
|"[[Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang]]" (with [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|"[[Let Me Ride]]"
|rowspan="2"|[[Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance|Best Rap Solo Performance]]
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[Grammy Awards of 1996|1996]]
|"[[Keep Their Heads Ringin']]"
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[Grammy Awards of 1997|1997]]
|"[[California Love]]" (with [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] & [[Roger Troutman]])
|Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 1998|1998]]
||"[[No Diggity]]" (with [[Blackstreet]] & [[Queen Pen]])
|[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 2000|2000]]
|"[[Still D.R.E.]]" (with [[Snoop Dogg]])
|rowspan="4"|Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
|{{nom}}
|-
|"[[Guilty Conscience (song)|Guilty Conscience]]" (with [[Eminem]])
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 2001|2001]]
|"[[Forgot About Dre]]" (with Eminem)
|{{won}}
|-
|"[[The Next Episode]]" (with Snoop Dogg, [[Kurupt]] & [[Nate Dogg]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[The Marshall Mathers LP]]'' (as engineer)
|[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Grammy Award for Best Rap Album|Best Rap Album]]
|{{won}}
|-
|''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|Himself
|rowspan="3"|[[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical|Producer of the Year, Non-Classical]]
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[Grammy Awards of 2002|2002]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 2003|2003]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|"[[The Knoc|Knoc]]" (with [[Knoc-turn'al]] & [[Missy Elliott]])
|[[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Music Video, Short Form]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[The Eminem Show]]'' (as producer)
|Album of the Year
|{{nom}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[46th Annual Grammy Awards|2004]]
|"[[In da Club]]" (as songwriter)
|[[Grammy Award for Best Rap Song|Best Rap Song]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 2006|2006]]
|''[[Love. Angel. Music. Baby.]]'' (as producer)
|Album of the Year
|{{nom}}
|-
|"[[Encore (Eminem song)|Encore]]" (with Eminem & [[50 Cent]])
|rowspan="2"|Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 2010|2010]]
|"[[Crack a Bottle]]" (with Eminem & [[50 Cent]])
|{{won}}
|-
|''[[Relapse (Eminem album)|Relapse]]'' (as engineer)
|Best Rap Album
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[53rd Annual Grammy Awards|2011]]
|''[[Recovery (Eminem album)|Recovery]]'' (as producer)
|Album of the Year
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Grammy Awards of 2012|2012]]
|rowspan="2"|"[[I Need a Doctor]]" (with Eminem & [[Skylar Grey]])
|[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Rap Song
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[56th Annual Grammy Awards|2014]]
|''[[Good Kid, M.A.A.D City|good kid, m.A.A.d city]]'' (as featured artist)
|Album of the Year
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[58th Annual Grammy Awards|2016]]
|''[[Compton (album)|Compton]]''
|Best Rap Album
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]]
|''[[Straight Outta Compton: Music from the Motion Picture|Straight Outta Compton]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media]]
|{{nom}}
|-
{{end}}

===[[MTV Video Music Award]]s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Result
|-
|align=center|[[1993 MTV Video Music Awards|1993]]
|"Nuthin' But a "G" Thang"
|rowspan="4"|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video|Best Rap Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[1994 MTV Video Music Awards|1994]]
|"Let Me Ride"
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[1995 MTV Video Music Awards|1995]]
|"Keep Their Heads Ringin'"
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[1997 MTV Video Music Awards|1997]]
| rowspan="2"|"Been There, Done That"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[1999 MTV Video Music Awards|1999]]
|"My Name Is"
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|"Guilty Conscience"
|[[MTV Video Music Award – Breakthrough Video|Breakthrough Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[2000 MTV Video Music Awards|2000]]
|"The Real Slim Shady"
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction in a Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[2000 MTV Video Music Awards|2000]]
|"Forgot About Dre"
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video|Best Rap Video]]
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[2001 MTV Video Music Awards|2001]]
|"Stan"
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction in a Video]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[2009 MTV Video Music Awards|2009]]
|"Nuthin' But a "G" Thang"
|Best Video (That Should Have Won a Moonman)
|{{nom}}
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Films
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Niggaz4Life: The Only Home Video]]''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Set It Off (film)|Set It Off]]''
| Black Sam
| Minor role
|-
| 1999
| ''Whiteboyz''
| Don Flip Crew #1
| Minor role
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Up in Smoke Tour]]''
| Himself
| Concert film
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Training Day]]''
| Paul
| Minor role
|-
| 2001
|''[[The Wash (2001 film)|The Wash]]''
| Sean
| Main role
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Unity (film)|Unity]]''<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Dave|last1=McNary|title=Documentary 'Unity' Set for Aug. 12 Release with 100 Star Narrators|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/documentary-unity-set-for-aug-12-release-with-100-star-narrators-1201477200/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=May 1, 2015|date=April 22, 2015}}</ref>
| Narrator
| Documentary
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Defiant Ones (documentary)|The Defiant Ones]]''<ref>{{IMDb title|6958022|The Defiant Ones}}</ref>
| Himself
| Documentary
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Video games
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[50 Cent: Bulletproof]]''
| Grizz
| Voice role and likeness
|-
|2020
|''[[Grand Theft Auto Online|Grand Theft Auto Online: The Cayo Perico Heist]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=December 2020|first=Alyssa Mercante 15|date=December 15, 2020|title=Dr. Dre makes a surprise appearance in GTA Online Cayo Perico Heist|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/dr-dre-gta-online-cameo/|access-date=December 15, 2020|website=gamesradar|language=en}}</ref>''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|Voice role and likeness; cameo
|-
|2021
|''[[Grand Theft Auto Online|Grand Theft Auto Online: The Contract]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|date=December 8, 2021|title=GTA Online Is Getting a Franklin Story Expansion, Set Years After GTA 5|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/gta-online-story-dlc-franklin-dr-dre-years-later-campaign|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|accessdate=December 9, 2021}}</ref>''
|Voice role and likeness; update also features new music created by Dre for the game
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Biographical portrayals in film
|-
! Year !! Title !! Portrayed by !! Notes
|-
| | 2015 || ''[[Straight Outta Compton (2015 film)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' || [[Corey Hawkins]] || Biographical film about [[N.W.A]]
|-
| | 2016 || ''[[Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel'le]]'' || Chris Hamilton || Biographical film about [[Michel'le]]
|-
| | 2017 || ''[[All Eyez on Me (film)|All Eyez on Me]]'' || Harold Moore<ref>{{cite web |title=Harold House Moore plays to Dr. Dre in All Eyez on Me |url=http://www.lamanagement.co/harold-house-moore-plays-dr-dre-in-all-eyez-on-me/ |publisher=www.lamanagement.co |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084516/http://www.lamanagement.co/harold-house-moore-plays-dr-dre-in-all-eyez-on-me/ |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Biographical film about [[Tupac Shakur]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

; Works cited

* {{cite book|last1=Edwards|first=Paul|title=[[How to Rap|How to Rap: The Art and Science of the Hip-Hop MC.]]|location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=2009|isbn=978-1-569-76375-9|oclc=527853431}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kenyatta|first1=Kelly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCFq7jRrhFsC|title=You Forgot About Dre!: The Unauthorized Biography of Dr. Dre and Eminem: from NWA to Slim Shady: a Tale of Gangsta Rap, Violence, and Hit Records|location=Los Angeles|publisher=Busta Books|date=2001|isbn=978-0-970-22249-7|oclc=45162196}}
* {{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Marcus|title=Somebody Scream!: Rap Music's Rise to Prominence in the Aftershock of Black Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gC1GkSRr0gC|place=New York|publisher=Faber and Faber|year=2009|isbn=0865479976|oclc=855701348}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ro|first1=Ronin|title=Dr. Dre: The Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/drdrebiography00roro|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-970-22249-7|oclc=671560558}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.drdre.com}}
* {{IMDb name|0236564}}

{{Dr. Dre}}
{{Dr. Dre songs}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Dr. Dre
| list =
{{American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance}}
{{Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical}}
{{2016 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{N.W.A}}
{{Aftermath Entertainment}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Music|United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dre, Dr.}}
[[Category:Dr. Dre| ]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American rappers]]
[[Category:African-American businesspeople]]
[[Category:African-American film producers]]
[[Category:African-American male actors]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:African-American record producers]]
[[Category:African-American television producers]]
[[Category:Aftermath Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:American businesspeople convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:American chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:American corporate directors]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American hip hop record producers]]
[[Category:American music industry executives]]
[[Category:American music publishers (people)]]
[[Category:American music video directors]]
[[Category:American people convicted of assault]]
[[Category:American retail chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Cannabis music]]
[[Category:Death Row Records artists]]
[[Category:Film producers from California]]
[[Category:Gangsta rappers]]
[[Category:G-funk artists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for rap music]]
[[Category:John C. Fremont High School alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Musicians from Compton, California]]
[[Category:N.W.A members]]
[[Category:People convicted of battery]]
[[Category:Priority Records artists]]
[[Category:Rappers from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Record collectors]]
[[Category:Record producers from California]]
[[Category:Ruthless Records artists]]
[[Category:Television producers from California]]
[[Category:West Coast hip hop musicians]]

List of video games that support cross-platform play

2021-12-25T12:21:00Z

RockinCrystal: /* Games which currently support cross-platform play */Added reference to Among Us that it is coming to Xbox, PlayStation and Xbox Game Pass in December 2021 per article https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2021/10/21/22738583/among-us-xbox-playstation-game-pass-release-date

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
[[Cross-platform play]] is the ability to allow different gaming platforms to share the same online servers in a [[Video game|game]], allowing [[Gamer|players]] to join together regardless of the platform they own. Since the [[Dreamcast]] and [[PlayStation 2]], there have been online video games that support cross-play. Listed here is an incomplete list of games that support cross-play with their consoles, computers, mobile and handheld game consoles note when using.

==Games which currently support cross-platform play==
{{Dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:86%;" id="softwarelist"
! rowspan="3" |Title
! colspan="6" |[[Personal computer|PC]]
! colspan="2" |Mobile
! colspan="3" |[[Eighth generation of video game consoles|Eighth gen consoles]]
! colspan="2" |[[Ninth generation of video game consoles|Ninth gen consoles]]
! rowspan="3" |Stadia
! rowspan="3" |Others
! rowspan="3" |References
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Linux
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Mac
! colspan="4" |Windows PC
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|iOS|iOS}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|Android|Android}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |{{abbr|PS4|PlayStation 4}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |{{abbr|XBO|Xbox One}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |{{abbr|Switch|Nintendo Switch}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|PS5|PlayStation 5}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|XBSX/XBSS|Xbox Series X and Series S}}
|-
!{{abbr|GOG|GOG}}
!{{abbr|Steam|Steam}}
!{{abbr|W10|Windows 10}}
!Other
|-
| ''#IDARB''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [https://apkinstallation.com/fire-kirin-apk/ Fire Kirin]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2017/07/beat-em-99vidas-launches-ps4-ps3-ps-vita-july-18-americas|title=Beat ’em up 99Vidas launches for PS4, PS3, and PS Vita on July 18 in the Americas|date=July 12, 2017|website=Gematsu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A-Men]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Olivier Latanicki. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2012/10/17/a-men-out-today-for-ps3-with-ps-vita-cross-play-support/ A-MEN out today for PS3 with PS Vita Cross Play support], blog.eu.playstation.com, October 17, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alien Breed (video game)|Alien Breed]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Kevin Carthew. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/02/05/alien-breed-launches-ps3-and-ps-vita-assault-this-week/ Alien Breed launches PS3 and PS Vita assault this week], blog.eu.playstation.com, February 5, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Among Us]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knezevic |first=Kevin |date=December 15, 2020 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/among-us-for-nintendo-switch-releases-today-with-cross-play/1100-6485548/ |title=Among Us For Nintendo Switch Releases Today With Cross-Play |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web
|last=Warren |first=Tom
|date=October 21, 2021
|url=https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2021/10/21/22738583/among-us-xbox-playstation-game-pass-release-date|title=Among Us is coming to Xbox, PlayStation and Xbox Game Pass on December 14th |publisher=[[The Verge]] |accessdate=October 21, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Apex Legends]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Chad Grenier. [https://www.ea.com/games/apex-legends/news/season-6-aftermarket-event Cross-play arrives along with the aftermarket collection event], www.ea.com, October 7, 2020.</ref>
|-
|''[[Aragami (video game)|Aragami]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[Amazon Luna|Luna]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/08/aragami_shadow_edition_coming_to_switch_this_fall_will_include_cross-play|title=Aragami: Shadow Edition Coming To Switch This Fall, Will Include Cross-Play|date=2018-08-28|work=Nintendo Life|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ark: Survival Evolved]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Community Crunch 225: Crystal Isles, Anniversary Event, Epic Games Store, and more!|url=https://survivetheark.com/index.php?/articles.html/community-crunch-225-crystal-isles-anniversary-event-epic-games-store-and-more-r1569/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ARK - Official Community Forums|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Ascent (video game)|The Ascent]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1423520742541508608|user=AscentTheGame|title=@Doppelganger351 Hi there, and thank you for reaching out! The Windows 10 version of The Ascent does support crossp… |accessdate=2020-09-08|language=en-US|date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Astroneer]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.player.one/astroneer-update-119-introduces-cross-platform-multiplayer-support-580247|title='Astroneer' Update 119 Introduces Cross-Platform Multiplayer Support|date=January 24, 2017|website=Player.One}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Atomic Ninjas]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Jakub Mikyska. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/05/16/atomic-ninjas-storm-ps3-ps-vita-later-this-year/ Atomic Ninjas storm PS3, PS Vita later this year], blog.eu.playstation.com, May 16, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''Atom Universe''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Alex Newhouse. [https://www.gamespot.com/articles/old-playstation-home-social-space-re-released-on-p/1100-6451624/ Old PlayStation Home Social Space Re-Released On PS4 and PC], GameSpot, July 14, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Back 4 Blood]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref> Ryan Gilliam. [https://www.polygon.com/guides/22727765/back-4-blood-crossplay-ps4-ps5-xbox-one-xbox-series-x-windows-pc-setting-friends-list-username Back 4 Blood crossplay guide], Polygon, October 15, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''Backgammon Blitz''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Robert Karp. [http://www.develop-online.net/press-releases/backgammon-blitz-comes-to-north-and-south-america/0191721 Backgammon Blitz comes to North and South America!], ''Ddevelop'', April 11, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Black Desert Online]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Joseph Bradford [https://www.mmorpg.com/black-desert/news/cross-play-now-live-in-black-desert-2000117428 Cross Play Now Live In Black Desert], ''MMORPG'', March 4, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[BlazBlue: Chrono Phantasma]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
| align="center" |<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2015/02/19/blazblue-chrono-phantasma-extend-vita-wont-cross-platform-online-battles/ BlazBlue: Chrono Phantasma Extend For Vita Won't Have Cross Platform Online Battles], Siliconera, February 19, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''BlobCat''
|
|
|
|{{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>BlobCat. [https://twitter.com/BlobCatGame/status/982188532784492551 BlobCat Twitter, April 6, 2018.]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Borderlands 3]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Borderlands 3 Steam FAQ: PC Cross-Play, Steam Pre-Load, Save Transfers, and more|url=https://borderlands.com/en-US/news/2020-03-05-borderlands-3-steam-faq/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=borderlands.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boundless (video game)|Boundless]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Adam Smith. [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/10/28/boundless-announcement/ Minecraft-like Boundless To Include PS4 Cross-Play], rockpapershotgun.com, October 28, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brawlhalla]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Play Brawlhalla for free! Now with cross-play for all platforms.|url=https://www.brawlhalla.com/play/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Brawlhalla|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019 video game)|Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dexerto.com/call-of-duty/infinity-ward-dev-explains-how-modern-warfare-cross-play-will-work-679536|title=Infinity Ward dev explains how Modern Warfare cross-play will work|website=Dexerto.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Crackdown 3]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Crazy Justice''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chessaria: The Tactical Adventure]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.steampowered.com/app/575340/Chessaria_The_Tactical_Adventure/|title=Steam store page|publisher=Steam|accessdate=June 18, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Chess Ultra''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ripstone.com/game/chess-ultra/|title=Chess Ultra|website=Ripstone}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Crash Drive 3''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worthplaying.com/article/2021/6/24/news/126931-crash-drive-3-races-to-switch-ps4-ps5-xbox-xbox-series-xs-and-pc-next-month-screens-trailer/|title='Crash Drive 3' Races To Switch, PS4, PS5, Xbox, Xbox Series X{{!}}S And PC Next Month|work=worthplaying.com|date=June 24, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Crusader Kings III]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>[https://gamerjournalist.com/is-crusader-kings-crossplay/ Cross-platform between Steam and Xbox Game Pass owners], ''gamerjournalist.com'', Aprel 25, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cubemen 2]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Wii U]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sheattack.com/cubemen-2-cross-platform-multiplayer-wii-u-pc/|title=Alessio Palumbo. Sheattack, August 2014.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Curses 'N Chaos]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2015/07/08/curses-n-chaos-is-punching-and-kicking-to-ps4-ps-vita-and-pc-this-summer/|title=Chris Priestman. Curses 'N Chaos Is Punching And Kicking To PS4, PS Vita, And PC This Summer, Siliconera, July 8, 2015.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dauntless (video game)|Dauntless]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/dauntless-heading-to-epic-games-store-aiming-for-crossplay-across-all-platforms/|title=Dauntless heading to Epic Games store, aiming for crossplay across all platforms|last=Davenport|first=James|date=2018-12-07|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[DC Universe Online]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Alessio Palumbo. [http://wccftech.com/pcps4ps3-crossplay-dc-universe-online-works/ PC/PS4/PS3 CrossPlay Now Available In DC Universe Online], wccftech.com, February 2016.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dead by Daylight]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
| [[GeForce Now]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.deadbydaylight.com/en/discussion/100036/news-introducing-the-windows-store|title=Introducing the Windows Store|website=Dead by Daylight Forums|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanbyte.com/guides/is-dead-by-daylight-crossplay-supported-cross-platform-play-guide/|title=Is Dead By Daylight Crossplay & Cross Progression Supported? – Supported Consoles Guide|website=www.fanbyte.com|language=en-us|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dead or Alive 5]] [[Dead or Alive 5 Plus|Plus]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Chin Soon Sun. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/01/17/dead-or-alive-5-picks-a-fight-on-ps-vita-in-march/ Dead or Alive 5+ picks a fight on PS Vita in March], blog.eu.playstation.com, January 17, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Deathmatch Village]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Robert Purchese. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-01-31-a-f2p-multiplayer-cross-platform-ps3-and-vita-game A F2P, multiplayer, cross-platform PS3 and Vita game], blog.eu.playstation.com, January 31, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Deception IV: Blood Ties]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|
|-
| ''[[Deep Rock Galactic]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/2/28/17064132/deep-rock-galactic-steam-xbox-one-price-release-date-early-access|title=Deep Rock Galactic is the best new co-op shooter on Steam and Xbox One|first=Charlie|last=Hall|date=February 28, 2018|website=Polygon}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Destiny 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
| [[Xbox Cloud Gaming]], [[GeForce Now]]
|
|-
| ''Dick Wilde 2''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Scott Hayden. [https://www.roadtovr.com/dick-wilde-2-rift-vive-psvr-february/ 'Dick Wilde 2' to Bring Cross-platform Co-op to PSVR, Rift & Vive Next Month], roadtovr.com, January 16, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dofus]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| ''[[Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|
|-
|-
| ''[[Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth – Hacker's Memory]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.playstation.com/en-gb/product/EP0700-CUSA09923_00-DSHACKERSMEMORY1|title=DIGIMON STORY: CYBER SLEUTH - HACKER'S MEMORY|website=store.playstation.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dirt 5]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 May 2021|title=New DIRT 5 update features online cross-play and Red Bull liveries|url=https://www.motorsport.com/gaming/news/new-dirt-5-update-features-online-cross-play-and-red-bull-liveries/6506722|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=motorsport.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Disc Jam]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="Dreii review">Charlie Large. [http://thevitalounge.net/2016/03/21/dreii/ Dreii review], thevitalounge.net, Mar 21, 2016.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.terminals.io/games/disc-jam|title=Disc Jam | Terminals|website=www.terminals.io}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Divekick]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Heidi Kemps. [https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/divekick-review/1900-6413310/ Divekick Review], GameSpot, August 20, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon Quest Builders 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[http://www.siliconera.com/2018/11/27/dragon-quest-builders-2s-has-partial-cross-platform-support-for-ps4-and-switch/ Dragon Quest Builders 2 Has Partial Cross-Platform Support For PS4 And Switch], [[Siliconera]], November 27, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon Quest Heroes II]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2016/05/dragon-quest-heroes-ii-details-multiplayer Dragon Quest Heroes II details multiplayer], ''Gematsu'', May 18, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon's Crown]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2017/09/dragons-crown-pro-announced-ps4 Dragon's Crown Pro announced for PS4], ''Gematsu'', September 19, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon's Dogma|Dragon's Dogma Online]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Eddie Makuch. [https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dragon-s-dogma-online-ps4-is-1080p-60fps-cross-pla/1100-6426429/ Dragon's Dogma Online PS4 is 1080p/60fps, Cross-Platform Play Revealed], GameSpot, April 6, 2015.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Dreii''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="Dreii review"/>
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Wii U]]
|align=center|<ref>[https://twitter.com/etterstudio/status/705663392963502080 Etter Studio on Twitter], March 4, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Duke Nukem 3D|Duke Nukem 3D Megaton Edition]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Brian Sharon. [http://thevitalounge.net/2014/01/29/duke-nukem-3d-megaton-edition-to-boast-cross-platform-multiplayer-via-psn/ Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition to Boast Cross-platform Multiplayer via PSN], thevitalounge.net, January 29, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dynasty Warriors 8]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/10/dynasty-warriors-8-empires-ps-vita-features-detailed Dynasty Warriors 8: Empires PS Vita features detailed Dynasty Warriors 8: Empires PS Vita features detailed], ''Gematsu'', October 27, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eagle Flight]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="ubisoft">Giancarlo Varanini. [http://blog.ubi.com/ubisofts-vr-lineup-support-cross-platform-play/ Ubisoft's VR Lineup to Support Cross-Platform Play], blog.ubi.com, November 28, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enlisted (video game)|Enlisted]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{no|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{no|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="enlisted">[https://enlisted.net/en/news/show/86-the-open-beta-testing-of-enlisted-has-begun-en/#!/ The Open Beta Testing of Enlisted Has Begun], enlisted.net/en/news, April 8, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Elder Scrolls: Blades]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Elemental Knights R''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Eve Online]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Eve: Valkyrie]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Robert Purchese. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-08-15-non-vr-eve-valkyrie-launching-september-with-cross-reality-play Non-VR Eve: Valkyrie launching September with cross-reality play], ''Eurogamer'', August 15, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Everybody's Golf 6]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2012/08/23/hot-shots-golf-world-invitationals-ps3-port-has-extra-characters-and-courses/ Hot Shots Golf: World Invitational's PS3 Port Has Extra Characters And Courses], Siliconera, August 23, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''Exorder''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nintendoeverything.com/exorder-nintendo-switch-cross-platform-play/#373611|title=Exorder coming to Switch this month, supports cross-platform play with the PC version - Nintendo Everything|date=2018-09-11|work=Nintendo Everything|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fable Fortune]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Factorio]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Faeria]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.guidestash.com/news/faeria/faeria-is-now-available-on-playstation-4-with-cross-play-support/ Full cross-play support, meaning players can face off against one another PS4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and PC] ''Guide Stash'', November 3, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fall Guys|Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout - Season 4 Out Now!|url=https://fallguys.com/news/fall-guys-ultimate-knockout-season-4-5-release-notes|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fantasy Strike]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fantasystrike.com/blog/2019/full-crossplay-is-coming-to-fantasy-strike|title=Full Crossplay is Coming to Fantasy Strike|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy: Crystal Chronicles]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gematsu.com/2019/09/final-fantasy-crystal-chronicles-remastered-edition-launches-january-23-2020|title=Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Remastered Edition launches January 23, 2020|website=Gematsu|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.destructoid.com/final-fantasy-xiv-a-realm-reborn-plays-like-a-dream-on-the-ps4/|title=Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn plays like a dream on the PS4|date=April 5, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy XV]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/final-fantasy-xv-windows-edition/9pm9v34lw091|title=Buy FINAL FANTASY XV WINDOWS EDITION|website=Microsoft Store}}</ref>
|-
| ''Foosball 2012''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jakub Mikyska. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2012/03/22/foosball-2012-coming-to-ps3-and-ps-vita-with-ps-move-support-and-cross-play/ Foosball 2012 Coming to PS3 and PS Vita, with PS Move Support and Cross Play], blog.us.playstation.com, March 22, 2012.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Football Manager 2022]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan="2"|<ref>[https://www.footballmanager.com/compare-games Online network games between Steam, Epic and Microsoft] ''Official Site'', November 8, 2021.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]''
|
| {{no|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{no|IOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/26/17905146/sony-fortnite-ps4-cross-play-support|title=Sony enabling Fortnite cross-play for PS4 against Xbox and Switch|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goslin|first=Austen|date=2020-08-26|title=Fortnite's new Marvel season won't launch on iPhone or Mac|url=https://www.polygon.com/fortnite/2020/8/26/21402635/fortnite-marvel-season-4-blocked-iphone-mac-release-date|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Forza Horizon 3]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Forza Horizon 4]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heavy.com/games/2018/06/forza-horizon-4-cross-platform/|title=Forza Horizon 4 Cross-Platform Confirmed|first=Collin|last=MacGregor|date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Forza Horizon 5]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Forza Motorsport 7]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Frozen Synapse]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/indie/frozen-synapse-now-primed-cross-platform-play|title=Frozen Synapse now primed for cross-platform play|website=PCGamesN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Full Metal Furies]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cellardoorgames.com/our-games/full-metal-furies/|title=Cellar Door Games|website=cellardoorgames.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Games of Glory''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Chris Pereira. [https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4pc-open-beta-begins-for-cross-play-shooter-game/1100-6449562/ PS4/PC Open Beta Begins For Cross-Play Shooter Games Of Glory], GameSpot, April 25, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Garou: Mark of the Wolves]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-07-18-garou-mark-of-the-wolves-confirmed-for-ps4-and-vita Garou: Mark of the Wolves confirmed for PS4 and Vita ], ''Eurogamer'', July 18, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gears of War 4]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gears 5]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/gears-5-ultimate-edition-pre-order/9p29x4pjg09x|title=Buy Gears 5 Ultimate Edition Pre-Order|website=Microsoft Store|language=en-us|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Genesis (video game)|Genesis]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genesismoba.com/news/detail/97.html|title=Genesis Open Beta Test on 14th March|website=genesismoba.com|accessdate=July 7, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Genshin Impact]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gods Eater Burst|God Eater Resurrection]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="god-eater">[http://www.god-eater.com/en/cross-play-for-god-eater-games-and-cross-buy-for-ge-resurrection/ Cross play for God Eater games and cross-buy for GE Resurrection], god-eater.com, August 26, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[God Eater 2|God Eater 2 Rage Burst]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="god-eater"/>
|-
| ''[[Grand Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/06/grand-kingdom-debut-trailer-website-opened Grand Kingdom debut trailer, website opened], ''Gematsu'', June 15, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grounded (video game)|Grounded]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Guilty Gear Xrd|Guilty Gear Xrd: Revelator]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Chris Carter. [https://www.destructoid.com/guilty-gear-xrd-revelator-is-being-localized-next-year-321546.phtml Guilty Gear Xrd Revelator is being localized next year], Destructoid, November 19, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guilty Gear Xrd|Guilty Gear Xrd: Sign]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Ishaan Sahdev. [http://www.siliconera.com/2014/06/03/guilty-gear-xrd-sign-allow-cross-play-ps3-ps4/ Guilty Gear Xrd Sign To Allow Cross-Play Between PS3 And PS4], Siliconera, June 3, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gundam Breaker]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2013/08/29/gundam-breaker-for-vita-supports-cross-save-and-cross-play/ Gundam Breaker For Vita Supports Cross Save And Cross Play], Siliconera, August 29, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''Guns of Icarus: Alliance''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[http://gunsoficarus.com/faq/#ps42 Guns of Icarus Alliance - FAQ], gunsoficarus.com, 2018.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Gwent: The Witcher Card Game]]''
|
|
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.playgwent.com/en/faq Gwent: The Witcher Card Game - FAQ], playgwent.com, June 6, 2017.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Halo: The Master Chief Collection]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |date=November 16, 2020 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/huge-halo-mcc-update-is-out-now-adds-series-x-updates-cross-play-and-brings-halo-4-to-pc/1100-6484526/ |title=Huge Halo: MCC Update Is Out Now, Adds Series X Updates, Cross-Play, And Brings Halo 4 To PC |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=November 16, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Halo Wars 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egmnow.com/articles/news/halo-wars-2-update-adds-cross-platform-play-xbox-one-x-support/|title=Matthew Bennett. ''Egmnow'', November, 6 2017.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hearthstone (video game)|Hearthstone]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Heavy Metal Machines]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/heavy-metal-machines-crossplay-210040 Heavy Metal Machines Crossplay] Freshers Live, March 1, 2021.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Hero Siege''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://steamcommunity.com/games/269210/announcements/detail/1719702292265405444|title=Hero Siege :: Hero Siege Switch + PS4|date=2018-09-17|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hex: Shards of Fate|Hex]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2017/08/hex-card-clash-announced-ps4 HEX: Card Clash announced for PS4], ''Gematsu'', August 23, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Helldivers]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Xav de Matos. [https://www.engadget.com/2013/08/21/helldivers-coming-to-ps4-ps3-and-vita-with-cross-play/ Helldivers coming to PS4, PS3 and Vita with Cross-Play], Engadget, August 21, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Honkai Impact 3rd]]''
|
|
|
|
||
| {{yes|Other}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honkai Impact 3 Official Site - Fight for All That's Beautiful in the World!|url=https://honkaiimpact3.mihoyo.com/global/en-us/download|access-date=2020-07-13|website=honkaiimpact3.mihoyo.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Hover''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/280180/view/2921103526306069932|title=Steam :: Hover :: Hover Patch 1.6.0|date=March 17, 2018|website=store.steampowered.com}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Human: Fall Flat]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hunt: Showdown]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2020/05/19/crossplay-ps4-xbox-one-comes-hunt-showdown/|title=Cross-play between PS4 and Xbox One comes to Hunt: Showdown|website=VG247|accessdate=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hustle Kings]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="hustle-wipeout">Nathan Ingraham. [https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/16/2802242/sony-cross-play-ps-vita-launch-promotions Sony details different 'cross-play' promotions for PS Vita launch titles], ''The Verge'', February 16, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''Invisigun Reloaded''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Invizimals: The Alliance]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="invizimals">Nick Accordino. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/09/23/invizimals-the-alliance-the-lost-kingdom-launch-next-week/ Invizimals: The Alliance, The Lost Kingdom Launch Next Week], blog.us.playstation.com, September 23, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Invizimals: The Lost Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="invizimals"/>
|-
| ''Invokers Tournament''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Antonio Gigato. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/12/03/free-play-moba-invokers-tournament-arrives-ps4-ps-vita-today/ Free-to-play MOBA Invokers Tournament arrives on PS4 and PS Vita today], blog.eu.playstation.com, December 3, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jet Car Stunts]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jakub Mikyska. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/05/20/jet-car-stunts-races-onto-ps3-ps-vita-july-check-trailer/ Jet Car Stunts races onto PlayStation Store in July], blog.eu.playstation.com, May 20, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Just Dance (video game series)|Just Dance]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://support.ubisoft.com/en-US/faqs/30318/World-Dance-Floor-PS4-PS3-XB1-XB360-Wii-WiiU-Switch-JD2018/|title=World Dance Floor|website=support.ubisoft.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kabounce''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Ross Miller. [https://www.psu.com/news/kabounce-ps4-beta-multiplayer-pinball-game/ Kabounce PS4 Beta – Testers Wanted for Multiplayer Pinball Game], psu.com, March 14, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Killer Instinct (2013 video game)|Killer Instinct]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Killer Queen (video game)|Killer Queen Black]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_wkvxqWwzc|title=GI Show – Our Top 5 Arcade Games, Killer Queen Interview|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The King of Fighters '97|The King of Fighters '97 Global Match]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>News release. [https://www.snk-corp.co.jp/us/press/2018/020901/ The King of Fighters '97 Global Match comes to PS4, PS Vita and Steam in April 2018], SNK Corporation, February 9, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Knockout City]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic, Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shepherd|first=Harry|date=2021-05-25|title=What you should know about crossplay in Knockout City|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/is-knockout-city-crossplay-cross-platform/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|data-sort-value="Last Blade"| ''[[The Last Blade 2]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Keisuke Nishikawa. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2016/04/19/the-last-blade-2-strikes-ps4-ps-vita-on-may-24/ The Last Blade 2 Strikes PS4, PS Vita on May 24], blog.us.playstation.com, April 19, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lethal League|Lethal League Blaze]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''LevelHead''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Lightseekers''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playfusion-lightseekers-is-storming-onto-the-nintendo-switch-805472290.html|title=PlayFusion: Lightseekers Is Storming Onto the Nintendo Switch|last=PlayFusion|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lost Planet: Extreme Condition Colonies Edition]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Xbox 360]]
|align=center|<ref>Frank Caron. [https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/03/lost-planet-colonies-edition-features-cross-platform-multiplayer/ Lost Planet Colonies Edition features cross-platform multiplayer], ''Ars Technica'', March 13, 2008.</ref>
|-
| ''Lucadian Chronicles''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Wii U]]
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2015/04/29/pc-game-got-cross-platform-multiplayer-wii-u/ How A PC Game Got Cross Platform Multiplayer With Wii U], Siliconera, April 29, 2015.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Mantis Burn Racing''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>Aernout van de Velde. [http://wccftech.com/mantis-burn-racing-update-ps4xopc-crossplay/ Massive Mantis Burn Racing Update Adds Console/PC Crossplay But Not Between PS4/XO], wccftech.com, September 6, 2017.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[MechWarrior 5]]''
|
|
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Glagowski |first=Peter|date=May 4, 2021|url=https://www.thegamer.com/mechwarrior-5-crossplay-update/ |title=MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries To Receive Cross-play Support Alongside Steam, GOG, And Xbox Releases |publisher=Gamer Now |accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mecho Wars|Mecho Wars: Desert Ashes]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>[https://nintendoeverything.com/mecho-wars-desert-ashes-heading-to-switch-this-month-with-ps-vita-cross-platform-play/ Mecho Wars: Desert Ashes heading to Switch this month with PS Vita cross-platform play], nintendoeverything.com, November 9, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Metal Slug 3]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Adam Laatz. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2015/03/24/metal-slug-3-out-today-on-ps4-ps3-ps-vita/ Metal Slug 3 Out Today on PS4, PS3, PS Vita], blog.us.playstation.com, March 24, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 video game)|Microsoft Flight Simulator]]'' (2020)
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xboxachievements.com/news/news-33159-Microsoft-Flight-Simulator-To-Feature-Cross-Platform-Support-for-Xbox-One-and-PC.html|title=Microsoft Flight Simulator To Feature Cross-Platform Support for Xbox One and PC|website=XboxAchievements|language=en|access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minecraft|Minecraft: Java Edition]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://help.minecraft.net/hc/en-us/articles/360034753992-Different-Minecraft-Editions|title=Different Minecraft Editions|website=Home|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minecraft|Minecraft: Bedrock Edition]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Minecraft Dungeons]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[Xbox Cloud Gaming]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/cross-platform-play-comes-minecraft-dungeons|title=Cross-Platform Play Comes to Minecraft Dungeons|website=Minecraft Net|language=en-us|access-date=2020-11-17}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minetest]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Windows Phone|WP]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minetest.net/|title=Minetest - Open source voxel game engine|website=www.minetest.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mobius Final Fantasy]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{yes|iOS}}
|{{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Nintendo_3DS|3DS]], [[Wii U]]
|align=center|<ref>Stone. [http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2012/09/capcom_explains_wii_u_and_3ds_cross_play_in_monster_hunter_3_ultimate Capcom Explains Wii U and 3DS Cross-Play in Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate], Minecraft.net, June 11, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Monster Hunter Generations Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|[[Nintendo_3DS|3DS]]
|align=center|<ref>Sato. [http://www.siliconera.com/2017/05/26/monster-hunter-xx-releases-august-25-switch-japan-supports-online-cross-play-3ds/ Monster Hunter XX Releases August 25 For Switch In Japan, Supports Online Cross-Play With 3DS], Siliconera, May 26, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Monster Train]]''
|
|
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://twitter.com/themonstertrain/status/1338940536141590528 Cross-play is enabled by default on all platforms], Twitter, Dec 15, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''Morphies Law''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/948960/Morphies_Law/|title=Morphies Law on Steam|website=store.steampowered.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mortal Kombat 11]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/12/12/mortal-kombat-11-adds-crossplay-in-latest-patch|title=Mortal Kombat 11 Adds Crossplay In Latest Patch|website=IGN|accessdate=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mushroom Wars 2]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://steamcommunity.com/app/457730/discussions/0/1728701877512497776/|title=Nintendo switch crossplay?? :: Mushroom Wars 2 General Discussions|website=steamcommunity.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Natural Doctrine]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Hamza Aziz. [https://www.destructoid.com/natural-doctrine-will-have-cross-play-cross-save-on-ps4-ps3-and-vita-274952.phtml Natural Doctrine will have cross-play & cross-save on PS4, PS3, and Vita], Destructoid, May 16, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K Playgrounds 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1121722933985062912|user=2K_UK|title=Plus, you can now truly ball without limits with cross-play support for Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and PC! |accessdate=2019-04-26|language=en|date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nidhogg (video game)|Nidhogg]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Kristy Norindr. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/11/12/nidhogg-arrives-ps4-ps-vita-today/ Nidhogg arrives on PS4 and PS Vita today], blog.eu.playstation.com, November 12, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Need for Speed Heat]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 Jun 2020|title=Need for Speed Heat: Cross-Play to Be Added in Game's Final Update, First EA Game to Do So|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/need-for-speed-heat-cross-play-to-be-added-in-games-final-update-first-ea-game-to-do-so|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=IGN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010 video game)|Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit Remastered]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="polygon-nfshpr">{{cite web|last=Good|first=Owen S.|title=Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit Remastered launches with cross-play next month|url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/10/5/21502305/need-for-speed-hot-pursuit-remastered-release-date-ps4-xbox-one-nintendo-switch-pc-criterion-stellar|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=2020-10-06|date=2020-10-05|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/neverwinter-nights-enhanced-edition-nintendo-switch-includes-crossplay-pc-dungeon-masters-1442108|title='Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition' for Nintendo Switch includes crossplay and PC Dungeon Masters|last=Andrew Whalen On 6/4/19 at 12:07 PM EDT|date=2019-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Next Up Hero]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nitroplus Blasterz: Heroines Infinite Duel]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Jenni Lada. [http://www.siliconera.com/2015/12/10/nitroplus-blasterz-heroines-infinite-duel-will-offer-free-senran-kagura-and-arcana-heart-dlc-at-launch/ Nitroplus Blasterz Will Offer Free Senran Kagura And Arcana Heart DLC At Launch], Siliconera, December 10, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[No Man's Sky]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Introducing Crossplay for No Man's Sky|url=https://www.nomanssky.com/2020/06/introducing-crossplay-for-no-mans-sky/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=No Man's Sky|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Onigiri (video game)|Onigiri]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crossplay.onigiri.cyberstep.com/|title=Onigiri Nintendo Switch ＆ steam|last=Inc|first=CyberStep|website=Onigiri Nintendo Switch ＆ steam|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Overload (video game)|Overload]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://steamcommunity.com/app/448850/discussions/0/1698293703769706178/|title=Multiplayer Update (March 14th) :: Overload General Discussions|date=March 15, 2018|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cross-Play is Now Live!|url=https://playoverwatch.com/en-us/news/23684155/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Overwatch|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paladins (video game)|Paladins]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/11/16/cross-platform-play-coming-to-paladins-realm-royale-and-smite/|title=Cross-platform play coming to Paladins, Realm Royale and Smite|work=Rock Paper Shotgun|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantasy Star Online 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Liam Martin. [http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/news/a663750/phantasy-star-online-2-coming-to-playstation-4-in-2016/ Phantasy Star Online 2 coming to PlayStation 4 in 2016], ''Digital Spy'', August 17, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantom Dust]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Liam Martin. [https://www.vg247.com/2017/05/16/phantom-dust-pc-xbox-one-free/ Phantom Dust is heading to PC and Xbox One tomorrow, and it's free], ''BG 24/7'', May 16, 2017.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Pinball FX 3]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Akos Gyorkei. [https://blog.zenstudios.com/?p=7191 Pinball FX3 Table Roster Confirmed + Details on Cross-Platform Play], blog.zenstudios.com, August 17, 2017.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-11-02-pinball-fx3-hits-nintendo-switch-later-this-month Pinball FX3 hits Nintendo Switch later this month], ''Eurogamer'', November 11, 2017.</ref><ref>Zen Studios [http://www.pinballfx.com/?page_id=7565 Pinball FX3 Now Available on Nintendo Switch!], ''pinballfx.com'', December 12, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[PixelJunk Shooter|PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Richard Snowdon. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/03/05/pixeljunk-shooter-ultimate-coming-to-ps4-ps-vita-this-summer/ PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate Coming to PS4, PS Vita], playstation.com, March 5, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/19/pubg-console-crossplay-ps4-xbox-one/|title='PUBG' will support crossplay on PS4 and Xbox One in October|website=Engadget|accessdate=September 6, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Russ Frushtick. [https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/6/4/3064313/playstation-all-stars-coming-to-vita-will-support-cross-play-with-ps3 'PlayStation All-Stars' coming to Vita, will support Cross Play with PS3], ''Polygon'', June 4, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pokémon Unite]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Portal 2]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-01-18-portal-2-ps3-steam-cross-platform-play | title = Portal 2 PS3, Steam cross-platform play | first = Wesley | last = Yin-Poole | date = 2011-01-18 | website = [[Eurogamer]] | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221700/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-01-18-portal-2-ps3-steam-cross-platform-play | archivedate = March 3, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2019/jan/23/power-rangers-battle-grid-will-not-have-cross-platform-play-enabled-playstation-4/|title=Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid will not have cross-platform play enabled on PlayStation 4|last=Hills|first=Dakota 'DarkHorse'|date=2019-01-23|website=EventHubs|language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Brett|last=Makedonski|url=https://www.destructoid.com/power-rangers-morphs-to-add-cross-play-between-all-four-platforms-579870.phtml|title=Power Rangers morphs to add cross-play between all four platforms|website=destructoid|date=February 5, 2020|accessdate=February 6, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Project Winter''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pox Nora]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Linsay Craten. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2017/05/10/card-based-strategy-game-pox-nora-hits-ps4-on-23rd-may/ Card-based strategy game Pox Nora hits PS4 on 23rd May], playstation.com, May 10, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pure Chess]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Nintendo_3DS|3DS]], Wii U
|
|-
| ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ragnarok Odyssey Ace]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Ryan Graff. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/10/24/ragnarok-odyssey-ace-coming-to-ps3-and-vita-in-2014/ Ragnarok Odyssey ACE Coming to PS3 and Vita in 2014], blog.us.playstation.com, October 24, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ratchet & Clank: Full Frontal Assault]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>James Stevenson. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2012/10/26/ratchet-clank-full-frontal-assault-out-1127-for-19-99/ Ratchet & Clank: Full Frontal Assault Out 11/27 for $19.99], blog.us.playstation.com, October 26, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''ReadySet Heroes''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gematsu.com/2019/08/readyset-heroes-launches-october-1|title=ReadySet Heroes launches October 1|website=Gematsu|accessdate=August 21, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Realm Royale]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Rec Room (video game)|Rec Room]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[Oculus Quest|OQ]]
|align=center|<ref>Jamie Feltham. [https://uploadvr.com/rec-room-coming-psvr-cross-platform-play/ Rec Room Is Coming To PSVR With Cross-Platform Play], UploadVR, September 28, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Remnant: From the Ashes]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Riptide GP Renegade''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://twitter.com/vectorunit/status/938818977958121474 Twitter Vector Unit, December 7, 2017.]</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/riptide-gp-renegade/9nblggh68lsx|title=Buy Riptide GP: Renegade|website=Microsoft Store}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Risk of Rain]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jeffrey Matulef. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-02-24-forecast-calls-for-risk-of-rain-on-ps4-and-vita Forecast calls for Risk of Rain on PS4 and Vita], ''Eurogamer'', February 2, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Risk (game)]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Bogdan Robert Mateș. [https://www.gamewatcher.com/news/risk-global-domination-steam-online-functionality RISK: GLOBAL DOMINATION COMES TO STEAM WITH ONLINE FUNCTIONALITY], ''Gamewatcher'', August 1, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roblox]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|
|-
| ''[[Rocket Arena (video game)|Rocket Arena]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-06-19-ea-published-rocket-arena-arrives-next-month|title=Rocket Arena will launch on July with Crossplay|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=2020-06-19|website=Eurogamer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rocket League]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rocketleague.com/news/full-cross-platform-play-now-live-in-rocket-league/|title=Full Cross-Platform Play Now Live in Rocket League|website=Rocket League® - Official Site|language=en-us|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rogue Company]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>Rogue Company[https://www.roguecompany.com/linking-faq]Rogue Company Linking FAQ.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samurai Shodown V|Samurai Shodown V Special]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Joshua Weatherford. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/09/11/samurai-shodown-v-special-out-tomorrow-on-ps4-ps-vita/ Samurai Shodown V Special Out Tomorrow on PS4, PS Vita], blog.eu.playstation.com, September 11, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sea of Thieves]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Alessio Palumbo. [http://wccftech.com/rare-testing-crossplay-sea-of-thieves/ Rare Started Testing Crossplay In Sea of Thieves], wccftech.com, May 12, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shadowverse]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization V]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Siegecraft Commander''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/09/action-strategy_game_siegecraft_commander_is_hurtling_towards_a_september_switch_release|title=Action-Strategy Game Siegecraft Commander Is Hurtling Towards A September Switch Release|date=2018-09-05|work=Nintendo Life|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Skullgirls: 2nd Encore]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Tom Phillips. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-04-30-skullgirls-2nd-encore-headed-to-ps4-vita-with-new-features Skullgirls 2nd Encore gets new features on PS4, Vita], ''Eurogamer'', April 30, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''SkullPirates''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Luc Bernard. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/11/27/arcade-distillery-details-upcoming-titles-skullpirates-war-theatre-manufactured-beauty/ Arcade Distillery Details Upcoming Titles], blog.us.playstation.com, November 27, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Smite (video game)|Smite]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac|color=red}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Sniper Elite V2|Sniper Elite V2 Remastered]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/sniper-elite-v2-supports-xbox-play-anywhere|title=Sniper Elite V2 remaster supports Xbox Play Anywhere|date=2019-04-17|website=Windows Central|language=en|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spacelords]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press Release. [https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/350515/Spacelords_One_of_the_Very_First_Games_to_feature_Full_CrossPlay.php Spacelords, One of the Very First Games to feature Full Cross-Play], Gamasutra, September 11, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''Space Junkies''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Mikel Reparaz. [https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/345916/space-junkies-open-beta-starts-march-21 Space Junkies Open Beta Starts March 21], blog.ubi.com, March 20, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''Sparc''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press Release. [http://www.develop-online.net/press-releases/sparc-the-worlds-first-virtual-sport-launches-november-15-on-oculus-rift-and-htc-vive/0237055 Sparc Launches November 15 on Oculus Rift and HTC Vive], Develop, 2 November 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spelunky]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jeffrey Matulef. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-08-09-spelunky-on-vita-lets-you-move-freely-in-co-op Spelunky on Vita will let you move freely in co-op], ''Eurogamer'', August 9, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spellbreak]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://go.playspellbreak.com/blog/2020/9/3/spellbreak-official-launch-release-notes Spellbreak official launch release notes], Proletariat, September 3, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Splitgate]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Anthony Puleo. [https://gamerant.com/splitgate-crossplay/ Does Splitgate Have Cross-play?], Gamerant, August 11, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''Sports Bar VR''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Kevin Joyce. [https://www.vrfocus.com/2017/09/sports-bar-vr-adds-pcplaystation-4-cross-play-new-mini-games-and-more/ Sports Bar VR Adds PC/PlayStation 4 Cross-Play, New Mini-Games and More], VR Focus, September 6, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[StarCraft II]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|
|-
| ''[[Star Trek: Bridge Crew]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="ubisoft"/>
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: Hunters]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: Squadrons]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Citation|title=Star Wars: Squadrons Officially Revealed, Out in October - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/star-wars-squadrons-release-date-details-trailer-multiplayer|language=en|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[State of Decay 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Street Fighter V]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Ross Miller. [https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/6/7345275/street-fighter-v-will-support-cross-platform-play-between-pc-and-ps4 Street Fighter V will support cross-platform play between PC and PS4], ''The Verge'', December 6, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Street Fighter X Tekken]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Russ Pitts. [https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/4/10/2924630/new-characters-and-cross-platform-matching-for-street-fighter-x Street Fighter x Tekken Vita gets new characters and cross-platform matching], ''Polygon'', April 10, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Streets of Rage 4]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Square Heroes''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Aranda Morrison. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2016/02/25/multiplayer-twin-stick-shooter-square-heroes-hits-ps4-next-month/ Multiplayer twin stick shooter Square Heroes hits PS4 next month], blog.eu.playstation.com, February 25, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Animal Royale]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Super Bomberman R Online]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.gamepur.com/guides/does-super-bomberman-r-online-have-cross-play Super Bomberman R Online does support cross-play between Nintendo, PC, PlayStation, and Xbox], 'gamepur.com', May 27, 2021.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Super Dungeon Bros]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Kevin Dunsmore. [http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2015/03/13/castle-crashers-meets-diablo-in-super-dungeon-bros/138883/ Castle Crashers Meets Diablo in Super Dungeon Bros.], ''Hardcore Gamer'', March 13, 2015.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Super Exploding Zoo''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Pat Ashe. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/09/19/closer-look-super-exploding-zoo-new-game-hohokum-team/ A closer look at Super Exploding Zoo], blog.eu.playstation.com, September 19, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Mega Baseball|Super Mega Baseball 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/9/5/20850947/super-mega-baseball-2-cross-platform-play-ps4-xbox-one-nintendo-switch-pc|title=Super Mega Baseball 2 adds cross-platform support to PlayStation 4|work=Polygon|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Surviv.io]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Switch Galaxy Ultra''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Gary Nichols. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/05/14/switch-galaxy-ultra-races-ps4-ps-vita-soon/ Switch Galaxy Ultra races to PS4 and PS Vita soon], blog.eu.playstation.com, May 14, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Talisman (video game)|Talisman: Digital Edition]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/359309/TALISMAN_DIGITAL_EDITION_LAUNCHES_ON_NINTENDO_SWITCH.php TALISMAN: DIGITAL EDITION LAUNCHES ON NINTENDO SWITCH], ''Gamasutra'', March 9th, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tannenberg (video game)|Tannenberg]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://nichegamer.com/2020/12/10/tannenberg-and-verdun-get-cross-play-support-on-ps4-and-xbox-one/|title=Tannenberg and Verdun Get Cross-Play Support on PS4 and Xbox One|date=December 10, 2020|website=Niche Gamer}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (PC Version)
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan=4|<ref>Richard Gittins. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/11/06/terraria-comes-to-ps4-tuesday-bigger-world-new-items-cross-play/ Terraria Comes to PS4 Tuesday: Bigger World, New Items, Cross-Play], playstation.com, November 6, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (PlayStation Version)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (Mobile Version)
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (Xbox Version)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[Xbox 360|360]]
|-
| ''[[Tetris Effect]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[Oculus Quest|OQ]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ticket to Ride (video game)|Ticket to Ride]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://asmodee.helpshift.com/hc/en/3-ticket-to-ride/faq/430-does-ticket-to-ride-have-a-cross-platform-option/T"cross-platform" game, that means that regardless of your store, you can play online with PS4, Steam, iOS or Android users], ''Asmodee Digital Support'', November 11, 2020.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://asmodee.helpshift.com/hc/en/3-ticket-to-ride/faq/430-does-ticket-to-ride-have-a-cross-platform-option/ Xbox One, PC (Microsoft Store) and Xbox GamePass players who can only play together], ''Asmodee Digital Support'', November 11, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tom Clancy's The Division]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-gb/game/the-division/the-division-2/the-division-1|title=Tom Clancy's The Division|website=Ubisoft|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xbox.com/en-us/games/store/tom-clancys-the-division/brgpd72khm3q|title=Tom Clancy's The Division|website=Xbox.com|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tom Clancy's The Division 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-gb/game/the-division/the-division-2|title=Tom Clancy's The Division 2|website=Ubisoft|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xbox.com/en-us/games/store/tom-clancys-the-division-2/bvq3v30zxvt5|title=Tom Clancy's The Division 2|website=Xbox.com|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Touring Karts''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/355622/Touring_Karts_is_out_on_PlayStation_4_and_PlayStation_VR.php|title=Touring Karts is out on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation VR|website=Gamasutra|accessdate=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| ''[[Trailblazers (video game)|Trailblazers]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/621970/Trailblazers/|title=Save 80% on Trailblazers on Steam|website=store.steampowered.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Treasure Stack''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/nintendo-announces-diverse-lineup-of-nindies-coming-to-nintendo-switch|title=Nintendo announces diverse lineup of Nindies coming to Nintendo Switch - Nintendo Official Site|work=Nintendo.com|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tooth and Tail]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Torchlight II]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.gog.com/forum/torchlight_series/torchlight_2_corss_platform_multiplayer_gog_and_steam Torchlight 2 uses its own online stuff, so all versions (GOG, Humble, Steam, Origin, etc.) should be able to play online with each other], ''GOG Forum'', May 24, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Toukiden 2]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/09/toukiden-2-announced-ps4-ps3-ps-vita Toukiden 2 announced for PS4, PS3, and PS Vita], ''Gematsu'', September 15, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Toukiden: Kiwami]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/01/toukiden-kiwami-coming-ps4-ps-vita-march Toukiden: Kiwami coming to PS4 and PS Vita in March], ''Gematsu'', January 15, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ultimate Chicken Horse]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press Release. [https://www.cleverendeavourgames.com/aco-update Ultimate Chicken Horse - A·cobra·tic Update], Clever Endeavour Games, March 12, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Under Night In-Birth|Under Night In-Birth EXE:Late[st]]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [https://gematsu.com/2017/04/night-birth-exelatest-announced-ps4-ps3-ps-vita Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[st] announced for PS4, PS3, and PS Vita], ''Gematsu'', April 18, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vainglory (video game)|Vainglory]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{Yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vainglorygame.com/crossplatform/|title=VAINGLORY GOES CROSS PLATFORM – TEST THE ALPHA BUILD FOR MACOS & WINDOWS NOW|website=vainglorygames.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Verdun (video game)|Verdun]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|[https://villagersandheroes.com/ Villagers & Heroes]
|| {{yes|Mac}}
|| {{Yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Wargroove]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gonintendo.com/stories/327103-wargroove-to-support-cross-platform-play-between-switch-pc-and|title=Wargroove to support cross-platform play between Switch, PC, and Xbox One on day one|last=Comments: 2|first=rawmeatcowboy {{!}}|website=GoNintendo|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''Warhammer Age of Sigmar: Champions''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/warhammer-age-of-sigmar-champions-is-coming-to-steam-in-february/|title=Warhammer Age of Sigmar: Champions is coming to Steam in February|last=Chalk|first=Andy|date=2019-01-30|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jenna Pitcher. [https://www.polygon.com/2014/5/23/5744246/warriors-orochi-3-ultimate-hits-ps3-ps4-vita-xbox-one-this-fall Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate hits PS3, PS4, Vita, Xbox One this fall], Polygon, May 23, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[War Thunder]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://warthunder.com/en/news/2608--en War Thunder is now available on Linux!], ''warthunder.com.'' Gaijin Entertainment. Retrieved 28 December 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Warspear Online|Warspear]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|WP
|
|-
| ''[[Warface]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>Shaun Savage. [https://tryhardguides.com/is-warface-crossplay/ Is Warface Crossplay?], ''Try Hard Guides'', August 31, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''Weapons of Mythology: New Age''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2014/11/mmorpg-weapons-mythology-coming-ps4 MMORPG Weapons of Mythology coming to PS4], ''Gematsu'', May 4, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Werewolves Within]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="ubisoft"/>
|-
| ''[[When Vikings Attack!]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Ludwig Kietzmann. [https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/28/when-vikings-attack-brings-cel-shaded-crowd-control-to-ps3-and-v/ When Vikings Attack brings cel-shaded crowd control to PS3 and Vita], Engadget, May 28, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''Windward''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/326410/view/4042499938190934949 use your tablet to play cross-platform with your friends on PC, Mac and Linux], Windward News, August 13, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wipeout 2048]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="hustle-wipeout"/>
|-
| ''[[Wipeout HD]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="hustle-wipeout"/>
|-
| ''[[World of Tanks]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[World of Warcraft]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[World of Warships|World of Warships: Legends]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dualshockers.com/world-of-warships-legends-cross-play-details/|title=World of Warships: Legends is the First Wargaming Title to Receive Cross-Play Support|website=DualShockers|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[World War Z (2019 video game)|World War Z]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forums.focus-home.com/topic/43280/the-horde-mode-z-update-is-live|title=The Horde Mode Z Update is LIVE!|website=forums.focus-home.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Worms Rumble]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.team17.com/worms-rumble-new-arena-and-out-now-on-nintendo-switch-xbox-epic/|title=Worms Rumble supports cross-platform play across all platforms|website=team17.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Worms W.M.D]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/worms-wmd-has-enabled-cross-platform-multiplayer-in-the-latest-patch.8904/|title=Worms W.M.D has enabled cross-platform multiplayer in the latest patch|website=GamingOnLinux}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ryū ga Gotoku Ishin!]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Cameron Ohara. [http://gematsu.com/2013/09/yakuza-ishin-another-life-cross-play-and-more-revealed Yakuza: Ishin: Another Life, Cross Play, and more revealed], ''Gematsu'', September 20, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Links]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Zaccaria Pinball''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Zoo Tycoon: Ultimate Animal Collection''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2017/10/20/zoo-tycoon-ultimate-animal-collection-qa/|title=Zoo Tycoon: Ultimate Animal Collection Q&A|date=October 20, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zombie Army 4: Dead War]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://zombiearmy.com/en/news/2338 Cross-platform multiplayer added for Windows 10 Store with Steam and Epic], zombiearmy.com, April 6, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zombie Tycoon|Zombie Tycoon 2]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Laurent Mercure. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/03/05/zombie-tycoon-2-brainhovs-revenge-invading-ps3-and-ps-vita-soon/ Zombie Tycoon 2: Brainhov's Revenge invading PS3 and PS Vita soon], eu.playstation.com, March 5, 2013.</ref>
|}

==Discontinued==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:96%; font-size:84%;" id="softwarelist"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:25%;"|Title
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|360
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Dreamcast
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Linux
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Mac
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Windows PC
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|PS2
! rowspan="1"style="width:5%;"|PS3
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|PS4
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|PSP
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Vita
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Others
! rowspan="1" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|''[[4x4 Evolution]]''
|
|{{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
|
|{{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-08-16-blazblue-calamity-trigger-pc-dated BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger PC dated], ''Eurogamer'', August 8, 2010.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Capcom vs. SNK 2: Mark of the Millennium 2001|Capcom vs. SNK 2: Millionaire Fighting 2001]]''
|
| {{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010712/capcom.htm|title=「CAPCOM VS. SNK 2」でPS2とDCの異機種間通信対戦を実現|trans-title=Crossplatform versus multiplayer between PS2 and Dreamcast now possible in Capcom vs. SNK 2|website=Game Watch|language=Japanese|author=Funatsu, Minoru}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dawn of the Breakers''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/911260/Dawn_of_the_Breakers/|title=Steam store page|publisher=Steam|accessdate=May 22, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dead Star''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Alessio Palumbo. [http://wccftech.com/dead-star-features-pcps4-cross-play-coming-to-steam-early-access-on-december-14/ Dead Star Features PC/PS4 Cross-Play], wccftech.com, December 11, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dust 514]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{included|Windows PC}}
|
| {{yes|PS3}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="eve-dust">Emily Gera. [https://www.polygon.com/2013/1/9/3854522/eve-online-and-dust-514-merging-servers-tomorrow-for-a-single-cross Eve Online and Dust 514 merging servers tomorrow for a single cross-platform universe], ''Polygon'', January 9, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eve Online]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
| {{included|PS3}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="eve-dust"/>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy XI]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>David Adams. [http://ign.com/articles/2004/01/07/final-fantasy-xi-hits-subscriber-milestone Final Fantasy XI Hits Subscriber Milestone], IGN, January 7, 2004.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gigantic (video game)|Gigantic]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|-
| ''[[Little Battlers eXperience W]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PSP}}
| {{yes|Vita}}
|
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2012/08/09/the-little-battlers-w-is-the-first-game-to-support-vita-vs-psp-multiplayer/ The Little Battlers W Is The First Game To Support Vita Vs. PSP Multiplayer], Siliconera, August 9, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Need for Speed: Underground]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news150903eaonline EA announces new PS2 online titles], ''Eurogamer'', September 15, 2003.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paragon (video game)|Paragon]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Jeff Grubb. [https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/13/how-epic-built-a-player-base-of-nearly-1-million-paragon-players/ How Epic built a player base of nearly 1 million Paragon players], VentureBeat, April 13, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantasy Star Online]]''
|
| {{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Phantasy Star Universe]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>James Orry. [https://www.videogamer.com/news/xbox-360-phantasy-star-gets-no-cross-platform-play Xbox 360 Phantasy Star gets no cross platform play], VideoGamer, April 27, 2006.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Portal 2]]''
|
|
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
| {{yes|PS3}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-01-18-portal-2-ps3-steam-cross-platform-play Portal 2 PS3, Steam cross-platform play], ''Eurogamer'', January 18, 2011.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Quake III Arena]]''
|
| {{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Cribba. [https://www.giantbomb.com/quake-iii-arena/3030-3874/ Quake III Arena], ''Giant Bombcast'', February 15, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shadowrun (2007 video game)|Shadowrun]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Christopher Grant. [https://www.engadget.com/2007/05/09/shadowrun-lands-on-xbox-and-windows-may-29th/ Shadowrun lands on Xbox and Windows May 29th], Engadget, May 9, 2007.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Universe at War: Earth Assault]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press release. [http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/universe-at-war-earth-assault-to-support-microsofts-games-for-windows-live Universe at War: Earth Assault To Support Microsoft's Games For Windows – Live], gamesindustry.biz, June 27, 2007.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uno (video game)|Uno]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Michel Marriott. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE6DA1131F937A25750C0A9619C8B63 Microsoft to Open Its Online Gaming Service, Once Just for Xbox, to Windows Users], ''New York Times'', March 14, 2007.</ref>
|-
| ''Way of Redemption''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Way of Redemption on Twitter. [https://twitter.com/Wayofredemption/status/955843986115133441 Online Features and Support End Feb 10, 2018], Jan 23, 2018.</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Lists of video games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}[https://delete.digidash.in Delete Games Account]
[[Category:Lists of video games|Cross-platform play]]
[[Category:Video game lists by technology or feature|Cross-platform play]]
[[Category:Video games with cross-platform play| ]]

List of video games that support cross-platform play

2021-12-25T11:59:52Z

RockinCrystal: /* Games which currently support cross-platform play */Among Us is now on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S as of December 21, 2021 per article: https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2021/10/21/22738583/among-us-xbox-playstation-game-pass-release-date

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
[[Cross-platform play]] is the ability to allow different gaming platforms to share the same online servers in a [[Video game|game]], allowing [[Gamer|players]] to join together regardless of the platform they own. Since the [[Dreamcast]] and [[PlayStation 2]], there have been online video games that support cross-play. Listed here is an incomplete list of games that support cross-play with their consoles, computers, mobile and handheld game consoles note when using.

==Games which currently support cross-platform play==
{{Dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:86%;" id="softwarelist"
! rowspan="3" |Title
! colspan="6" |[[Personal computer|PC]]
! colspan="2" |Mobile
! colspan="3" |[[Eighth generation of video game consoles|Eighth gen consoles]]
! colspan="2" |[[Ninth generation of video game consoles|Ninth gen consoles]]
! rowspan="3" |Stadia
! rowspan="3" |Others
! rowspan="3" |References
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Linux
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Mac
! colspan="4" |Windows PC
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|iOS|iOS}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|Android|Android}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |{{abbr|PS4|PlayStation 4}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |{{abbr|XBO|Xbox One}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |{{abbr|Switch|Nintendo Switch}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|PS5|PlayStation 5}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|XBSX/XBSS|Xbox Series X and Series S}}
|-
!{{abbr|GOG|GOG}}
!{{abbr|Steam|Steam}}
!{{abbr|W10|Windows 10}}
!Other
|-
| ''#IDARB''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [https://apkinstallation.com/fire-kirin-apk/ Fire Kirin]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2017/07/beat-em-99vidas-launches-ps4-ps3-ps-vita-july-18-americas|title=Beat ’em up 99Vidas launches for PS4, PS3, and PS Vita on July 18 in the Americas|date=July 12, 2017|website=Gematsu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A-Men]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Olivier Latanicki. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2012/10/17/a-men-out-today-for-ps3-with-ps-vita-cross-play-support/ A-MEN out today for PS3 with PS Vita Cross Play support], blog.eu.playstation.com, October 17, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alien Breed (video game)|Alien Breed]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Kevin Carthew. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/02/05/alien-breed-launches-ps3-and-ps-vita-assault-this-week/ Alien Breed launches PS3 and PS Vita assault this week], blog.eu.playstation.com, February 5, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Among Us]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knezevic |first=Kevin |date=December 15, 2020 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/among-us-for-nintendo-switch-releases-today-with-cross-play/1100-6485548/ |title=Among Us For Nintendo Switch Releases Today With Cross-Play |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Apex Legends]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Chad Grenier. [https://www.ea.com/games/apex-legends/news/season-6-aftermarket-event Cross-play arrives along with the aftermarket collection event], www.ea.com, October 7, 2020.</ref>
|-
|''[[Aragami (video game)|Aragami]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[Amazon Luna|Luna]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/08/aragami_shadow_edition_coming_to_switch_this_fall_will_include_cross-play|title=Aragami: Shadow Edition Coming To Switch This Fall, Will Include Cross-Play|date=2018-08-28|work=Nintendo Life|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ark: Survival Evolved]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Community Crunch 225: Crystal Isles, Anniversary Event, Epic Games Store, and more!|url=https://survivetheark.com/index.php?/articles.html/community-crunch-225-crystal-isles-anniversary-event-epic-games-store-and-more-r1569/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=ARK - Official Community Forums|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Ascent (video game)|The Ascent]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1423520742541508608|user=AscentTheGame|title=@Doppelganger351 Hi there, and thank you for reaching out! The Windows 10 version of The Ascent does support crossp… |accessdate=2020-09-08|language=en-US|date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Astroneer]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.player.one/astroneer-update-119-introduces-cross-platform-multiplayer-support-580247|title='Astroneer' Update 119 Introduces Cross-Platform Multiplayer Support|date=January 24, 2017|website=Player.One}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Atomic Ninjas]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Jakub Mikyska. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/05/16/atomic-ninjas-storm-ps3-ps-vita-later-this-year/ Atomic Ninjas storm PS3, PS Vita later this year], blog.eu.playstation.com, May 16, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''Atom Universe''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Alex Newhouse. [https://www.gamespot.com/articles/old-playstation-home-social-space-re-released-on-p/1100-6451624/ Old PlayStation Home Social Space Re-Released On PS4 and PC], GameSpot, July 14, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Back 4 Blood]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref> Ryan Gilliam. [https://www.polygon.com/guides/22727765/back-4-blood-crossplay-ps4-ps5-xbox-one-xbox-series-x-windows-pc-setting-friends-list-username Back 4 Blood crossplay guide], Polygon, October 15, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''Backgammon Blitz''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Robert Karp. [http://www.develop-online.net/press-releases/backgammon-blitz-comes-to-north-and-south-america/0191721 Backgammon Blitz comes to North and South America!], ''Ddevelop'', April 11, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Black Desert Online]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Joseph Bradford [https://www.mmorpg.com/black-desert/news/cross-play-now-live-in-black-desert-2000117428 Cross Play Now Live In Black Desert], ''MMORPG'', March 4, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[BlazBlue: Chrono Phantasma]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
| align="center" |<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2015/02/19/blazblue-chrono-phantasma-extend-vita-wont-cross-platform-online-battles/ BlazBlue: Chrono Phantasma Extend For Vita Won't Have Cross Platform Online Battles], Siliconera, February 19, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''BlobCat''
|
|
|
|{{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>BlobCat. [https://twitter.com/BlobCatGame/status/982188532784492551 BlobCat Twitter, April 6, 2018.]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Borderlands 3]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Borderlands 3 Steam FAQ: PC Cross-Play, Steam Pre-Load, Save Transfers, and more|url=https://borderlands.com/en-US/news/2020-03-05-borderlands-3-steam-faq/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=borderlands.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boundless (video game)|Boundless]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Adam Smith. [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/10/28/boundless-announcement/ Minecraft-like Boundless To Include PS4 Cross-Play], rockpapershotgun.com, October 28, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brawlhalla]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Play Brawlhalla for free! Now with cross-play for all platforms.|url=https://www.brawlhalla.com/play/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Brawlhalla|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019 video game)|Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dexerto.com/call-of-duty/infinity-ward-dev-explains-how-modern-warfare-cross-play-will-work-679536|title=Infinity Ward dev explains how Modern Warfare cross-play will work|website=Dexerto.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Crackdown 3]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Crazy Justice''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chessaria: The Tactical Adventure]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.steampowered.com/app/575340/Chessaria_The_Tactical_Adventure/|title=Steam store page|publisher=Steam|accessdate=June 18, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Chess Ultra''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ripstone.com/game/chess-ultra/|title=Chess Ultra|website=Ripstone}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Crash Drive 3''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worthplaying.com/article/2021/6/24/news/126931-crash-drive-3-races-to-switch-ps4-ps5-xbox-xbox-series-xs-and-pc-next-month-screens-trailer/|title='Crash Drive 3' Races To Switch, PS4, PS5, Xbox, Xbox Series X{{!}}S And PC Next Month|work=worthplaying.com|date=June 24, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Crusader Kings III]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>[https://gamerjournalist.com/is-crusader-kings-crossplay/ Cross-platform between Steam and Xbox Game Pass owners], ''gamerjournalist.com'', Aprel 25, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cubemen 2]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Wii U]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sheattack.com/cubemen-2-cross-platform-multiplayer-wii-u-pc/|title=Alessio Palumbo. Sheattack, August 2014.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Curses 'N Chaos]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2015/07/08/curses-n-chaos-is-punching-and-kicking-to-ps4-ps-vita-and-pc-this-summer/|title=Chris Priestman. Curses 'N Chaos Is Punching And Kicking To PS4, PS Vita, And PC This Summer, Siliconera, July 8, 2015.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dauntless (video game)|Dauntless]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/dauntless-heading-to-epic-games-store-aiming-for-crossplay-across-all-platforms/|title=Dauntless heading to Epic Games store, aiming for crossplay across all platforms|last=Davenport|first=James|date=2018-12-07|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[DC Universe Online]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Alessio Palumbo. [http://wccftech.com/pcps4ps3-crossplay-dc-universe-online-works/ PC/PS4/PS3 CrossPlay Now Available In DC Universe Online], wccftech.com, February 2016.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dead by Daylight]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
| [[GeForce Now]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.deadbydaylight.com/en/discussion/100036/news-introducing-the-windows-store|title=Introducing the Windows Store|website=Dead by Daylight Forums|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanbyte.com/guides/is-dead-by-daylight-crossplay-supported-cross-platform-play-guide/|title=Is Dead By Daylight Crossplay & Cross Progression Supported? – Supported Consoles Guide|website=www.fanbyte.com|language=en-us|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dead or Alive 5]] [[Dead or Alive 5 Plus|Plus]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Chin Soon Sun. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/01/17/dead-or-alive-5-picks-a-fight-on-ps-vita-in-march/ Dead or Alive 5+ picks a fight on PS Vita in March], blog.eu.playstation.com, January 17, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Deathmatch Village]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
| align="center" |<ref>Robert Purchese. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-01-31-a-f2p-multiplayer-cross-platform-ps3-and-vita-game A F2P, multiplayer, cross-platform PS3 and Vita game], blog.eu.playstation.com, January 31, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Deception IV: Blood Ties]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|
|-
| ''[[Deep Rock Galactic]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/2/28/17064132/deep-rock-galactic-steam-xbox-one-price-release-date-early-access|title=Deep Rock Galactic is the best new co-op shooter on Steam and Xbox One|first=Charlie|last=Hall|date=February 28, 2018|website=Polygon}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Destiny 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
| [[Xbox Cloud Gaming]], [[GeForce Now]]
|
|-
| ''Dick Wilde 2''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>Scott Hayden. [https://www.roadtovr.com/dick-wilde-2-rift-vive-psvr-february/ 'Dick Wilde 2' to Bring Cross-platform Co-op to PSVR, Rift & Vive Next Month], roadtovr.com, January 16, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dofus]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| ''[[Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|
|-
|-
| ''[[Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth – Hacker's Memory]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.playstation.com/en-gb/product/EP0700-CUSA09923_00-DSHACKERSMEMORY1|title=DIGIMON STORY: CYBER SLEUTH - HACKER'S MEMORY|website=store.playstation.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dirt 5]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 May 2021|title=New DIRT 5 update features online cross-play and Red Bull liveries|url=https://www.motorsport.com/gaming/news/new-dirt-5-update-features-online-cross-play-and-red-bull-liveries/6506722|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=motorsport.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Disc Jam]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="Dreii review">Charlie Large. [http://thevitalounge.net/2016/03/21/dreii/ Dreii review], thevitalounge.net, Mar 21, 2016.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.terminals.io/games/disc-jam|title=Disc Jam | Terminals|website=www.terminals.io}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Divekick]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Heidi Kemps. [https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/divekick-review/1900-6413310/ Divekick Review], GameSpot, August 20, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon Quest Builders 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[http://www.siliconera.com/2018/11/27/dragon-quest-builders-2s-has-partial-cross-platform-support-for-ps4-and-switch/ Dragon Quest Builders 2 Has Partial Cross-Platform Support For PS4 And Switch], [[Siliconera]], November 27, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon Quest Heroes II]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2016/05/dragon-quest-heroes-ii-details-multiplayer Dragon Quest Heroes II details multiplayer], ''Gematsu'', May 18, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon's Crown]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2017/09/dragons-crown-pro-announced-ps4 Dragon's Crown Pro announced for PS4], ''Gematsu'', September 19, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon's Dogma|Dragon's Dogma Online]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Eddie Makuch. [https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dragon-s-dogma-online-ps4-is-1080p-60fps-cross-pla/1100-6426429/ Dragon's Dogma Online PS4 is 1080p/60fps, Cross-Platform Play Revealed], GameSpot, April 6, 2015.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Dreii''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="Dreii review"/>
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Wii U]]
|align=center|<ref>[https://twitter.com/etterstudio/status/705663392963502080 Etter Studio on Twitter], March 4, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Duke Nukem 3D|Duke Nukem 3D Megaton Edition]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Brian Sharon. [http://thevitalounge.net/2014/01/29/duke-nukem-3d-megaton-edition-to-boast-cross-platform-multiplayer-via-psn/ Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition to Boast Cross-platform Multiplayer via PSN], thevitalounge.net, January 29, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dynasty Warriors 8]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/10/dynasty-warriors-8-empires-ps-vita-features-detailed Dynasty Warriors 8: Empires PS Vita features detailed Dynasty Warriors 8: Empires PS Vita features detailed], ''Gematsu'', October 27, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eagle Flight]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="ubisoft">Giancarlo Varanini. [http://blog.ubi.com/ubisofts-vr-lineup-support-cross-platform-play/ Ubisoft's VR Lineup to Support Cross-Platform Play], blog.ubi.com, November 28, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enlisted (video game)|Enlisted]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{no|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{no|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="enlisted">[https://enlisted.net/en/news/show/86-the-open-beta-testing-of-enlisted-has-begun-en/#!/ The Open Beta Testing of Enlisted Has Begun], enlisted.net/en/news, April 8, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Elder Scrolls: Blades]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Elemental Knights R''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Eve Online]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Eve: Valkyrie]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Robert Purchese. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-08-15-non-vr-eve-valkyrie-launching-september-with-cross-reality-play Non-VR Eve: Valkyrie launching September with cross-reality play], ''Eurogamer'', August 15, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Everybody's Golf 6]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2012/08/23/hot-shots-golf-world-invitationals-ps3-port-has-extra-characters-and-courses/ Hot Shots Golf: World Invitational's PS3 Port Has Extra Characters And Courses], Siliconera, August 23, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''Exorder''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nintendoeverything.com/exorder-nintendo-switch-cross-platform-play/#373611|title=Exorder coming to Switch this month, supports cross-platform play with the PC version - Nintendo Everything|date=2018-09-11|work=Nintendo Everything|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fable Fortune]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Factorio]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Faeria]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.guidestash.com/news/faeria/faeria-is-now-available-on-playstation-4-with-cross-play-support/ Full cross-play support, meaning players can face off against one another PS4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and PC] ''Guide Stash'', November 3, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fall Guys|Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout - Season 4 Out Now!|url=https://fallguys.com/news/fall-guys-ultimate-knockout-season-4-5-release-notes|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fantasy Strike]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fantasystrike.com/blog/2019/full-crossplay-is-coming-to-fantasy-strike|title=Full Crossplay is Coming to Fantasy Strike|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy: Crystal Chronicles]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gematsu.com/2019/09/final-fantasy-crystal-chronicles-remastered-edition-launches-january-23-2020|title=Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Remastered Edition launches January 23, 2020|website=Gematsu|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.destructoid.com/final-fantasy-xiv-a-realm-reborn-plays-like-a-dream-on-the-ps4/|title=Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn plays like a dream on the PS4|date=April 5, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy XV]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/final-fantasy-xv-windows-edition/9pm9v34lw091|title=Buy FINAL FANTASY XV WINDOWS EDITION|website=Microsoft Store}}</ref>
|-
| ''Foosball 2012''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jakub Mikyska. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2012/03/22/foosball-2012-coming-to-ps3-and-ps-vita-with-ps-move-support-and-cross-play/ Foosball 2012 Coming to PS3 and PS Vita, with PS Move Support and Cross Play], blog.us.playstation.com, March 22, 2012.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Football Manager 2022]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan="2"|<ref>[https://www.footballmanager.com/compare-games Online network games between Steam, Epic and Microsoft] ''Official Site'', November 8, 2021.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]''
|
| {{no|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{no|IOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/26/17905146/sony-fortnite-ps4-cross-play-support|title=Sony enabling Fortnite cross-play for PS4 against Xbox and Switch|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goslin|first=Austen|date=2020-08-26|title=Fortnite's new Marvel season won't launch on iPhone or Mac|url=https://www.polygon.com/fortnite/2020/8/26/21402635/fortnite-marvel-season-4-blocked-iphone-mac-release-date|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Forza Horizon 3]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Forza Horizon 4]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heavy.com/games/2018/06/forza-horizon-4-cross-platform/|title=Forza Horizon 4 Cross-Platform Confirmed|first=Collin|last=MacGregor|date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Forza Horizon 5]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Forza Motorsport 7]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Frozen Synapse]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/indie/frozen-synapse-now-primed-cross-platform-play|title=Frozen Synapse now primed for cross-platform play|website=PCGamesN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Full Metal Furies]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cellardoorgames.com/our-games/full-metal-furies/|title=Cellar Door Games|website=cellardoorgames.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Games of Glory''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Chris Pereira. [https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4pc-open-beta-begins-for-cross-play-shooter-game/1100-6449562/ PS4/PC Open Beta Begins For Cross-Play Shooter Games Of Glory], GameSpot, April 25, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Garou: Mark of the Wolves]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-07-18-garou-mark-of-the-wolves-confirmed-for-ps4-and-vita Garou: Mark of the Wolves confirmed for PS4 and Vita ], ''Eurogamer'', July 18, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gears of War 4]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gears 5]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/gears-5-ultimate-edition-pre-order/9p29x4pjg09x|title=Buy Gears 5 Ultimate Edition Pre-Order|website=Microsoft Store|language=en-us|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Genesis (video game)|Genesis]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genesismoba.com/news/detail/97.html|title=Genesis Open Beta Test on 14th March|website=genesismoba.com|accessdate=July 7, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Genshin Impact]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gods Eater Burst|God Eater Resurrection]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="god-eater">[http://www.god-eater.com/en/cross-play-for-god-eater-games-and-cross-buy-for-ge-resurrection/ Cross play for God Eater games and cross-buy for GE Resurrection], god-eater.com, August 26, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[God Eater 2|God Eater 2 Rage Burst]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="god-eater"/>
|-
| ''[[Grand Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/06/grand-kingdom-debut-trailer-website-opened Grand Kingdom debut trailer, website opened], ''Gematsu'', June 15, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grounded (video game)|Grounded]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Guilty Gear Xrd|Guilty Gear Xrd: Revelator]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Chris Carter. [https://www.destructoid.com/guilty-gear-xrd-revelator-is-being-localized-next-year-321546.phtml Guilty Gear Xrd Revelator is being localized next year], Destructoid, November 19, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guilty Gear Xrd|Guilty Gear Xrd: Sign]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Ishaan Sahdev. [http://www.siliconera.com/2014/06/03/guilty-gear-xrd-sign-allow-cross-play-ps3-ps4/ Guilty Gear Xrd Sign To Allow Cross-Play Between PS3 And PS4], Siliconera, June 3, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gundam Breaker]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2013/08/29/gundam-breaker-for-vita-supports-cross-save-and-cross-play/ Gundam Breaker For Vita Supports Cross Save And Cross Play], Siliconera, August 29, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''Guns of Icarus: Alliance''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[http://gunsoficarus.com/faq/#ps42 Guns of Icarus Alliance - FAQ], gunsoficarus.com, 2018.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Gwent: The Witcher Card Game]]''
|
|
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.playgwent.com/en/faq Gwent: The Witcher Card Game - FAQ], playgwent.com, June 6, 2017.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Halo: The Master Chief Collection]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |date=November 16, 2020 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/huge-halo-mcc-update-is-out-now-adds-series-x-updates-cross-play-and-brings-halo-4-to-pc/1100-6484526/ |title=Huge Halo: MCC Update Is Out Now, Adds Series X Updates, Cross-Play, And Brings Halo 4 To PC |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=November 16, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Halo Wars 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egmnow.com/articles/news/halo-wars-2-update-adds-cross-platform-play-xbox-one-x-support/|title=Matthew Bennett. ''Egmnow'', November, 6 2017.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hearthstone (video game)|Hearthstone]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Heavy Metal Machines]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/heavy-metal-machines-crossplay-210040 Heavy Metal Machines Crossplay] Freshers Live, March 1, 2021.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Hero Siege''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://steamcommunity.com/games/269210/announcements/detail/1719702292265405444|title=Hero Siege :: Hero Siege Switch + PS4|date=2018-09-17|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hex: Shards of Fate|Hex]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2017/08/hex-card-clash-announced-ps4 HEX: Card Clash announced for PS4], ''Gematsu'', August 23, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Helldivers]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Xav de Matos. [https://www.engadget.com/2013/08/21/helldivers-coming-to-ps4-ps3-and-vita-with-cross-play/ Helldivers coming to PS4, PS3 and Vita with Cross-Play], Engadget, August 21, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Honkai Impact 3rd]]''
|
|
|
|
||
| {{yes|Other}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honkai Impact 3 Official Site - Fight for All That's Beautiful in the World!|url=https://honkaiimpact3.mihoyo.com/global/en-us/download|access-date=2020-07-13|website=honkaiimpact3.mihoyo.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Hover''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/280180/view/2921103526306069932|title=Steam :: Hover :: Hover Patch 1.6.0|date=March 17, 2018|website=store.steampowered.com}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Human: Fall Flat]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hunt: Showdown]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2020/05/19/crossplay-ps4-xbox-one-comes-hunt-showdown/|title=Cross-play between PS4 and Xbox One comes to Hunt: Showdown|website=VG247|accessdate=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hustle Kings]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="hustle-wipeout">Nathan Ingraham. [https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/16/2802242/sony-cross-play-ps-vita-launch-promotions Sony details different 'cross-play' promotions for PS Vita launch titles], ''The Verge'', February 16, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''Invisigun Reloaded''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Invizimals: The Alliance]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="invizimals">Nick Accordino. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/09/23/invizimals-the-alliance-the-lost-kingdom-launch-next-week/ Invizimals: The Alliance, The Lost Kingdom Launch Next Week], blog.us.playstation.com, September 23, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Invizimals: The Lost Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="invizimals"/>
|-
| ''Invokers Tournament''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Antonio Gigato. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/12/03/free-play-moba-invokers-tournament-arrives-ps4-ps-vita-today/ Free-to-play MOBA Invokers Tournament arrives on PS4 and PS Vita today], blog.eu.playstation.com, December 3, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jet Car Stunts]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jakub Mikyska. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/05/20/jet-car-stunts-races-onto-ps3-ps-vita-july-check-trailer/ Jet Car Stunts races onto PlayStation Store in July], blog.eu.playstation.com, May 20, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Just Dance (video game series)|Just Dance]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://support.ubisoft.com/en-US/faqs/30318/World-Dance-Floor-PS4-PS3-XB1-XB360-Wii-WiiU-Switch-JD2018/|title=World Dance Floor|website=support.ubisoft.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kabounce''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Ross Miller. [https://www.psu.com/news/kabounce-ps4-beta-multiplayer-pinball-game/ Kabounce PS4 Beta – Testers Wanted for Multiplayer Pinball Game], psu.com, March 14, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Killer Instinct (2013 video game)|Killer Instinct]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Killer Queen (video game)|Killer Queen Black]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_wkvxqWwzc|title=GI Show – Our Top 5 Arcade Games, Killer Queen Interview|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The King of Fighters '97|The King of Fighters '97 Global Match]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>News release. [https://www.snk-corp.co.jp/us/press/2018/020901/ The King of Fighters '97 Global Match comes to PS4, PS Vita and Steam in April 2018], SNK Corporation, February 9, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Knockout City]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic, Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shepherd|first=Harry|date=2021-05-25|title=What you should know about crossplay in Knockout City|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/is-knockout-city-crossplay-cross-platform/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|data-sort-value="Last Blade"| ''[[The Last Blade 2]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Keisuke Nishikawa. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2016/04/19/the-last-blade-2-strikes-ps4-ps-vita-on-may-24/ The Last Blade 2 Strikes PS4, PS Vita on May 24], blog.us.playstation.com, April 19, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lethal League|Lethal League Blaze]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''LevelHead''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Lightseekers''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playfusion-lightseekers-is-storming-onto-the-nintendo-switch-805472290.html|title=PlayFusion: Lightseekers Is Storming Onto the Nintendo Switch|last=PlayFusion|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lost Planet: Extreme Condition Colonies Edition]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Xbox 360]]
|align=center|<ref>Frank Caron. [https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/03/lost-planet-colonies-edition-features-cross-platform-multiplayer/ Lost Planet Colonies Edition features cross-platform multiplayer], ''Ars Technica'', March 13, 2008.</ref>
|-
| ''Lucadian Chronicles''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Wii U]]
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2015/04/29/pc-game-got-cross-platform-multiplayer-wii-u/ How A PC Game Got Cross Platform Multiplayer With Wii U], Siliconera, April 29, 2015.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Mantis Burn Racing''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>Aernout van de Velde. [http://wccftech.com/mantis-burn-racing-update-ps4xopc-crossplay/ Massive Mantis Burn Racing Update Adds Console/PC Crossplay But Not Between PS4/XO], wccftech.com, September 6, 2017.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[MechWarrior 5]]''
|
|
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Glagowski |first=Peter|date=May 4, 2021|url=https://www.thegamer.com/mechwarrior-5-crossplay-update/ |title=MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries To Receive Cross-play Support Alongside Steam, GOG, And Xbox Releases |publisher=Gamer Now |accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mecho Wars|Mecho Wars: Desert Ashes]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>[https://nintendoeverything.com/mecho-wars-desert-ashes-heading-to-switch-this-month-with-ps-vita-cross-platform-play/ Mecho Wars: Desert Ashes heading to Switch this month with PS Vita cross-platform play], nintendoeverything.com, November 9, 2018.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Metal Slug 3]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Adam Laatz. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2015/03/24/metal-slug-3-out-today-on-ps4-ps3-ps-vita/ Metal Slug 3 Out Today on PS4, PS3, PS Vita], blog.us.playstation.com, March 24, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 video game)|Microsoft Flight Simulator]]'' (2020)
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xboxachievements.com/news/news-33159-Microsoft-Flight-Simulator-To-Feature-Cross-Platform-Support-for-Xbox-One-and-PC.html|title=Microsoft Flight Simulator To Feature Cross-Platform Support for Xbox One and PC|website=XboxAchievements|language=en|access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minecraft|Minecraft: Java Edition]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://help.minecraft.net/hc/en-us/articles/360034753992-Different-Minecraft-Editions|title=Different Minecraft Editions|website=Home|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minecraft|Minecraft: Bedrock Edition]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Minecraft Dungeons]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[Xbox Cloud Gaming]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/cross-platform-play-comes-minecraft-dungeons|title=Cross-Platform Play Comes to Minecraft Dungeons|website=Minecraft Net|language=en-us|access-date=2020-11-17}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minetest]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Windows Phone|WP]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minetest.net/|title=Minetest - Open source voxel game engine|website=www.minetest.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mobius Final Fantasy]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{yes|iOS}}
|{{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Nintendo_3DS|3DS]], [[Wii U]]
|align=center|<ref>Stone. [http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2012/09/capcom_explains_wii_u_and_3ds_cross_play_in_monster_hunter_3_ultimate Capcom Explains Wii U and 3DS Cross-Play in Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate], Minecraft.net, June 11, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Monster Hunter Generations Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|[[Nintendo_3DS|3DS]]
|align=center|<ref>Sato. [http://www.siliconera.com/2017/05/26/monster-hunter-xx-releases-august-25-switch-japan-supports-online-cross-play-3ds/ Monster Hunter XX Releases August 25 For Switch In Japan, Supports Online Cross-Play With 3DS], Siliconera, May 26, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Monster Train]]''
|
|
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://twitter.com/themonstertrain/status/1338940536141590528 Cross-play is enabled by default on all platforms], Twitter, Dec 15, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''Morphies Law''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/948960/Morphies_Law/|title=Morphies Law on Steam|website=store.steampowered.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mortal Kombat 11]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/12/12/mortal-kombat-11-adds-crossplay-in-latest-patch|title=Mortal Kombat 11 Adds Crossplay In Latest Patch|website=IGN|accessdate=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mushroom Wars 2]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://steamcommunity.com/app/457730/discussions/0/1728701877512497776/|title=Nintendo switch crossplay?? :: Mushroom Wars 2 General Discussions|website=steamcommunity.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Natural Doctrine]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Hamza Aziz. [https://www.destructoid.com/natural-doctrine-will-have-cross-play-cross-save-on-ps4-ps3-and-vita-274952.phtml Natural Doctrine will have cross-play & cross-save on PS4, PS3, and Vita], Destructoid, May 16, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K Playgrounds 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1121722933985062912|user=2K_UK|title=Plus, you can now truly ball without limits with cross-play support for Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and PC! |accessdate=2019-04-26|language=en|date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nidhogg (video game)|Nidhogg]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Kristy Norindr. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/11/12/nidhogg-arrives-ps4-ps-vita-today/ Nidhogg arrives on PS4 and PS Vita today], blog.eu.playstation.com, November 12, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Need for Speed Heat]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 Jun 2020|title=Need for Speed Heat: Cross-Play to Be Added in Game's Final Update, First EA Game to Do So|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/need-for-speed-heat-cross-play-to-be-added-in-games-final-update-first-ea-game-to-do-so|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=IGN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010 video game)|Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit Remastered]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="polygon-nfshpr">{{cite web|last=Good|first=Owen S.|title=Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit Remastered launches with cross-play next month|url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/10/5/21502305/need-for-speed-hot-pursuit-remastered-release-date-ps4-xbox-one-nintendo-switch-pc-criterion-stellar|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=2020-10-06|date=2020-10-05|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/neverwinter-nights-enhanced-edition-nintendo-switch-includes-crossplay-pc-dungeon-masters-1442108|title='Neverwinter Nights: Enhanced Edition' for Nintendo Switch includes crossplay and PC Dungeon Masters|last=Andrew Whalen On 6/4/19 at 12:07 PM EDT|date=2019-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Next Up Hero]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nitroplus Blasterz: Heroines Infinite Duel]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Jenni Lada. [http://www.siliconera.com/2015/12/10/nitroplus-blasterz-heroines-infinite-duel-will-offer-free-senran-kagura-and-arcana-heart-dlc-at-launch/ Nitroplus Blasterz Will Offer Free Senran Kagura And Arcana Heart DLC At Launch], Siliconera, December 10, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[No Man's Sky]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Introducing Crossplay for No Man's Sky|url=https://www.nomanssky.com/2020/06/introducing-crossplay-for-no-mans-sky/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=No Man's Sky|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Onigiri (video game)|Onigiri]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crossplay.onigiri.cyberstep.com/|title=Onigiri Nintendo Switch ＆ steam|last=Inc|first=CyberStep|website=Onigiri Nintendo Switch ＆ steam|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Overload (video game)|Overload]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://steamcommunity.com/app/448850/discussions/0/1698293703769706178/|title=Multiplayer Update (March 14th) :: Overload General Discussions|date=March 15, 2018|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cross-Play is Now Live!|url=https://playoverwatch.com/en-us/news/23684155/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Overwatch|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paladins (video game)|Paladins]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/11/16/cross-platform-play-coming-to-paladins-realm-royale-and-smite/|title=Cross-platform play coming to Paladins, Realm Royale and Smite|work=Rock Paper Shotgun|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantasy Star Online 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Liam Martin. [http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/news/a663750/phantasy-star-online-2-coming-to-playstation-4-in-2016/ Phantasy Star Online 2 coming to PlayStation 4 in 2016], ''Digital Spy'', August 17, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantom Dust]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Liam Martin. [https://www.vg247.com/2017/05/16/phantom-dust-pc-xbox-one-free/ Phantom Dust is heading to PC and Xbox One tomorrow, and it's free], ''BG 24/7'', May 16, 2017.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Pinball FX 3]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Akos Gyorkei. [https://blog.zenstudios.com/?p=7191 Pinball FX3 Table Roster Confirmed + Details on Cross-Platform Play], blog.zenstudios.com, August 17, 2017.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-11-02-pinball-fx3-hits-nintendo-switch-later-this-month Pinball FX3 hits Nintendo Switch later this month], ''Eurogamer'', November 11, 2017.</ref><ref>Zen Studios [http://www.pinballfx.com/?page_id=7565 Pinball FX3 Now Available on Nintendo Switch!], ''pinballfx.com'', December 12, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[PixelJunk Shooter|PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Richard Snowdon. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/03/05/pixeljunk-shooter-ultimate-coming-to-ps4-ps-vita-this-summer/ PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate Coming to PS4, PS Vita], playstation.com, March 5, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/19/pubg-console-crossplay-ps4-xbox-one/|title='PUBG' will support crossplay on PS4 and Xbox One in October|website=Engadget|accessdate=September 6, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Russ Frushtick. [https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/6/4/3064313/playstation-all-stars-coming-to-vita-will-support-cross-play-with-ps3 'PlayStation All-Stars' coming to Vita, will support Cross Play with PS3], ''Polygon'', June 4, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pokémon Unite]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Portal 2]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-01-18-portal-2-ps3-steam-cross-platform-play | title = Portal 2 PS3, Steam cross-platform play | first = Wesley | last = Yin-Poole | date = 2011-01-18 | website = [[Eurogamer]] | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221700/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-01-18-portal-2-ps3-steam-cross-platform-play | archivedate = March 3, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2019/jan/23/power-rangers-battle-grid-will-not-have-cross-platform-play-enabled-playstation-4/|title=Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid will not have cross-platform play enabled on PlayStation 4|last=Hills|first=Dakota 'DarkHorse'|date=2019-01-23|website=EventHubs|language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Brett|last=Makedonski|url=https://www.destructoid.com/power-rangers-morphs-to-add-cross-play-between-all-four-platforms-579870.phtml|title=Power Rangers morphs to add cross-play between all four platforms|website=destructoid|date=February 5, 2020|accessdate=February 6, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Project Winter''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pox Nora]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Linsay Craten. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2017/05/10/card-based-strategy-game-pox-nora-hits-ps4-on-23rd-may/ Card-based strategy game Pox Nora hits PS4 on 23rd May], playstation.com, May 10, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pure Chess]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[Nintendo_3DS|3DS]], Wii U
|
|-
| ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ragnarok Odyssey Ace]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Ryan Graff. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/10/24/ragnarok-odyssey-ace-coming-to-ps3-and-vita-in-2014/ Ragnarok Odyssey ACE Coming to PS3 and Vita in 2014], blog.us.playstation.com, October 24, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ratchet & Clank: Full Frontal Assault]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>James Stevenson. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2012/10/26/ratchet-clank-full-frontal-assault-out-1127-for-19-99/ Ratchet & Clank: Full Frontal Assault Out 11/27 for $19.99], blog.us.playstation.com, October 26, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''ReadySet Heroes''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gematsu.com/2019/08/readyset-heroes-launches-october-1|title=ReadySet Heroes launches October 1|website=Gematsu|accessdate=August 21, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Realm Royale]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Rec Room (video game)|Rec Room]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[Oculus Quest|OQ]]
|align=center|<ref>Jamie Feltham. [https://uploadvr.com/rec-room-coming-psvr-cross-platform-play/ Rec Room Is Coming To PSVR With Cross-Platform Play], UploadVR, September 28, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Remnant: From the Ashes]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Riptide GP Renegade''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://twitter.com/vectorunit/status/938818977958121474 Twitter Vector Unit, December 7, 2017.]</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/riptide-gp-renegade/9nblggh68lsx|title=Buy Riptide GP: Renegade|website=Microsoft Store}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Risk of Rain]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jeffrey Matulef. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-02-24-forecast-calls-for-risk-of-rain-on-ps4-and-vita Forecast calls for Risk of Rain on PS4 and Vita], ''Eurogamer'', February 2, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Risk (game)]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Bogdan Robert Mateș. [https://www.gamewatcher.com/news/risk-global-domination-steam-online-functionality RISK: GLOBAL DOMINATION COMES TO STEAM WITH ONLINE FUNCTIONALITY], ''Gamewatcher'', August 1, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roblox]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|
|-
| ''[[Rocket Arena (video game)|Rocket Arena]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-06-19-ea-published-rocket-arena-arrives-next-month|title=Rocket Arena will launch on July with Crossplay|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=2020-06-19|website=Eurogamer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rocket League]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rocketleague.com/news/full-cross-platform-play-now-live-in-rocket-league/|title=Full Cross-Platform Play Now Live in Rocket League|website=Rocket League® - Official Site|language=en-us|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rogue Company]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>Rogue Company[https://www.roguecompany.com/linking-faq]Rogue Company Linking FAQ.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samurai Shodown V|Samurai Shodown V Special]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Joshua Weatherford. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/09/11/samurai-shodown-v-special-out-tomorrow-on-ps4-ps-vita/ Samurai Shodown V Special Out Tomorrow on PS4, PS Vita], blog.eu.playstation.com, September 11, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sea of Thieves]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Alessio Palumbo. [http://wccftech.com/rare-testing-crossplay-sea-of-thieves/ Rare Started Testing Crossplay In Sea of Thieves], wccftech.com, May 12, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shadowverse]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization V]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Siegecraft Commander''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/09/action-strategy_game_siegecraft_commander_is_hurtling_towards_a_september_switch_release|title=Action-Strategy Game Siegecraft Commander Is Hurtling Towards A September Switch Release|date=2018-09-05|work=Nintendo Life|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Skullgirls: 2nd Encore]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Tom Phillips. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-04-30-skullgirls-2nd-encore-headed-to-ps4-vita-with-new-features Skullgirls 2nd Encore gets new features on PS4, Vita], ''Eurogamer'', April 30, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''SkullPirates''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Luc Bernard. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/11/27/arcade-distillery-details-upcoming-titles-skullpirates-war-theatre-manufactured-beauty/ Arcade Distillery Details Upcoming Titles], blog.us.playstation.com, November 27, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Smite (video game)|Smite]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac|color=red}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Sniper Elite V2|Sniper Elite V2 Remastered]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/sniper-elite-v2-supports-xbox-play-anywhere|title=Sniper Elite V2 remaster supports Xbox Play Anywhere|date=2019-04-17|website=Windows Central|language=en|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spacelords]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press Release. [https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/350515/Spacelords_One_of_the_Very_First_Games_to_feature_Full_CrossPlay.php Spacelords, One of the Very First Games to feature Full Cross-Play], Gamasutra, September 11, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''Space Junkies''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Mikel Reparaz. [https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/345916/space-junkies-open-beta-starts-march-21 Space Junkies Open Beta Starts March 21], blog.ubi.com, March 20, 2019.</ref>
|-
| ''Sparc''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press Release. [http://www.develop-online.net/press-releases/sparc-the-worlds-first-virtual-sport-launches-november-15-on-oculus-rift-and-htc-vive/0237055 Sparc Launches November 15 on Oculus Rift and HTC Vive], Develop, 2 November 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spelunky]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jeffrey Matulef. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-08-09-spelunky-on-vita-lets-you-move-freely-in-co-op Spelunky on Vita will let you move freely in co-op], ''Eurogamer'', August 9, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spellbreak]]''
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://go.playspellbreak.com/blog/2020/9/3/spellbreak-official-launch-release-notes Spellbreak official launch release notes], Proletariat, September 3, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Splitgate]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Anthony Puleo. [https://gamerant.com/splitgate-crossplay/ Does Splitgate Have Cross-play?], Gamerant, August 11, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''Sports Bar VR''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Kevin Joyce. [https://www.vrfocus.com/2017/09/sports-bar-vr-adds-pcplaystation-4-cross-play-new-mini-games-and-more/ Sports Bar VR Adds PC/PlayStation 4 Cross-Play, New Mini-Games and More], VR Focus, September 6, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[StarCraft II]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|
|-
| ''[[Star Trek: Bridge Crew]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="ubisoft"/>
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: Hunters]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: Squadrons]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Origin}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Citation|title=Star Wars: Squadrons Officially Revealed, Out in October - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/star-wars-squadrons-release-date-details-trailer-multiplayer|language=en|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[State of Decay 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Street Fighter V]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Ross Miller. [https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/6/7345275/street-fighter-v-will-support-cross-platform-play-between-pc-and-ps4 Street Fighter V will support cross-platform play between PC and PS4], ''The Verge'', December 6, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Street Fighter X Tekken]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Russ Pitts. [https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/4/10/2924630/new-characters-and-cross-platform-matching-for-street-fighter-x Street Fighter x Tekken Vita gets new characters and cross-platform matching], ''Polygon'', April 10, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Streets of Rage 4]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Square Heroes''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Aranda Morrison. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2016/02/25/multiplayer-twin-stick-shooter-square-heroes-hits-ps4-next-month/ Multiplayer twin stick shooter Square Heroes hits PS4 next month], blog.eu.playstation.com, February 25, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Animal Royale]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Super Bomberman R Online]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.gamepur.com/guides/does-super-bomberman-r-online-have-cross-play Super Bomberman R Online does support cross-play between Nintendo, PC, PlayStation, and Xbox], 'gamepur.com', May 27, 2021.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Super Dungeon Bros]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Kevin Dunsmore. [http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2015/03/13/castle-crashers-meets-diablo-in-super-dungeon-bros/138883/ Castle Crashers Meets Diablo in Super Dungeon Bros.], ''Hardcore Gamer'', March 13, 2015.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Super Exploding Zoo''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Pat Ashe. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/09/19/closer-look-super-exploding-zoo-new-game-hohokum-team/ A closer look at Super Exploding Zoo], blog.eu.playstation.com, September 19, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Mega Baseball|Super Mega Baseball 2]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/9/5/20850947/super-mega-baseball-2-cross-platform-play-ps4-xbox-one-nintendo-switch-pc|title=Super Mega Baseball 2 adds cross-platform support to PlayStation 4|work=Polygon|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Surviv.io]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Switch Galaxy Ultra''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Gary Nichols. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2014/05/14/switch-galaxy-ultra-races-ps4-ps-vita-soon/ Switch Galaxy Ultra races to PS4 and PS Vita soon], blog.eu.playstation.com, May 14, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Talisman (video game)|Talisman: Digital Edition]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/359309/TALISMAN_DIGITAL_EDITION_LAUNCHES_ON_NINTENDO_SWITCH.php TALISMAN: DIGITAL EDITION LAUNCHES ON NINTENDO SWITCH], ''Gamasutra'', March 9th, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tannenberg (video game)|Tannenberg]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://nichegamer.com/2020/12/10/tannenberg-and-verdun-get-cross-play-support-on-ps4-and-xbox-one/|title=Tannenberg and Verdun Get Cross-Play Support on PS4 and Xbox One|date=December 10, 2020|website=Niche Gamer}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (PC Version)
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center rowspan=4|<ref>Richard Gittins. [https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/11/06/terraria-comes-to-ps4-tuesday-bigger-world-new-items-cross-play/ Terraria Comes to PS4 Tuesday: Bigger World, New Items, Cross-Play], playstation.com, November 6, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (PlayStation Version)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (Mobile Version)
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|-
| ''[[Terraria]]'' (Xbox Version)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[Xbox 360|360]]
|-
| ''[[Tetris Effect]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
| [[Oculus Quest|OQ]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ticket to Ride (video game)|Ticket to Ride]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://asmodee.helpshift.com/hc/en/3-ticket-to-ride/faq/430-does-ticket-to-ride-have-a-cross-platform-option/T"cross-platform" game, that means that regardless of your store, you can play online with PS4, Steam, iOS or Android users], ''Asmodee Digital Support'', November 11, 2020.</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://asmodee.helpshift.com/hc/en/3-ticket-to-ride/faq/430-does-ticket-to-ride-have-a-cross-platform-option/ Xbox One, PC (Microsoft Store) and Xbox GamePass players who can only play together], ''Asmodee Digital Support'', November 11, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tom Clancy's The Division]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-gb/game/the-division/the-division-2/the-division-1|title=Tom Clancy's The Division|website=Ubisoft|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xbox.com/en-us/games/store/tom-clancys-the-division/brgpd72khm3q|title=Tom Clancy's The Division|website=Xbox.com|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tom Clancy's The Division 2]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
| {{yes|Stadia}}
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-gb/game/the-division/the-division-2|title=Tom Clancy's The Division 2|website=Ubisoft|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xbox.com/en-us/games/store/tom-clancys-the-division-2/bvq3v30zxvt5|title=Tom Clancy's The Division 2|website=Xbox.com|accessdate=December 10, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Touring Karts''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/355622/Touring_Karts_is_out_on_PlayStation_4_and_PlayStation_VR.php|title=Touring Karts is out on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation VR|website=Gamasutra|accessdate=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| ''[[Trailblazers (video game)|Trailblazers]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/621970/Trailblazers/|title=Save 80% on Trailblazers on Steam|website=store.steampowered.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Treasure Stack''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/nintendo-announces-diverse-lineup-of-nindies-coming-to-nintendo-switch|title=Nintendo announces diverse lineup of Nindies coming to Nintendo Switch - Nintendo Official Site|work=Nintendo.com|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tooth and Tail]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Torchlight II]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|GOG}}
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Other}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://www.gog.com/forum/torchlight_series/torchlight_2_corss_platform_multiplayer_gog_and_steam Torchlight 2 uses its own online stuff, so all versions (GOG, Humble, Steam, Origin, etc.) should be able to play online with each other], ''GOG Forum'', May 24, 2016.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Toukiden 2]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/09/toukiden-2-announced-ps4-ps3-ps-vita Toukiden 2 announced for PS4, PS3, and PS Vita], ''Gematsu'', September 15, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Toukiden: Kiwami]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2015/01/toukiden-kiwami-coming-ps4-ps-vita-march Toukiden: Kiwami coming to PS4 and PS Vita in March], ''Gematsu'', January 15, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ultimate Chicken Horse]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press Release. [https://www.cleverendeavourgames.com/aco-update Ultimate Chicken Horse - A·cobra·tic Update], Clever Endeavour Games, March 12, 2020.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Under Night In-Birth|Under Night In-Birth EXE:Late[st]]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [https://gematsu.com/2017/04/night-birth-exelatest-announced-ps4-ps3-ps-vita Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[st] announced for PS4, PS3, and PS Vita], ''Gematsu'', April 18, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vainglory (video game)|Vainglory]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{Yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vainglorygame.com/crossplatform/|title=VAINGLORY GOES CROSS PLATFORM – TEST THE ALPHA BUILD FOR MACOS & WINDOWS NOW|website=vainglorygames.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Verdun (video game)|Verdun]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|[https://villagersandheroes.com/ Villagers & Heroes]
|| {{yes|Mac}}
|| {{Yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Wargroove]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gonintendo.com/stories/327103-wargroove-to-support-cross-platform-play-between-switch-pc-and|title=Wargroove to support cross-platform play between Switch, PC, and Xbox One on day one|last=Comments: 2|first=rawmeatcowboy {{!}}|website=GoNintendo|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''Warhammer Age of Sigmar: Champions''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/warhammer-age-of-sigmar-champions-is-coming-to-steam-in-february/|title=Warhammer Age of Sigmar: Champions is coming to Steam in February|last=Chalk|first=Andy|date=2019-01-30|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Jenna Pitcher. [https://www.polygon.com/2014/5/23/5744246/warriors-orochi-3-ultimate-hits-ps3-ps4-vita-xbox-one-this-fall Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate hits PS3, PS4, Vita, Xbox One this fall], Polygon, May 23, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[War Thunder]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://warthunder.com/en/news/2608--en War Thunder is now available on Linux!], ''warthunder.com.'' Gaijin Entertainment. Retrieved 28 December 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Warspear Online|Warspear]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|WP
|
|-
| ''[[Warface]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|[[GeForce Now]]
|align=center|<ref>Shaun Savage. [https://tryhardguides.com/is-warface-crossplay/ Is Warface Crossplay?], ''Try Hard Guides'', August 31, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''Weapons of Mythology: New Age''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Sal Romano. [http://gematsu.com/2014/11/mmorpg-weapons-mythology-coming-ps4 MMORPG Weapons of Mythology coming to PS4], ''Gematsu'', May 4, 2014.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Werewolves Within]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="ubisoft"/>
|-
| ''[[When Vikings Attack!]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Ludwig Kietzmann. [https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/28/when-vikings-attack-brings-cel-shaded-crowd-control-to-ps3-and-v/ When Vikings Attack brings cel-shaded crowd control to PS3 and Vita], Engadget, May 28, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''Windward''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/326410/view/4042499938190934949 use your tablet to play cross-platform with your friends on PC, Mac and Linux], Windward News, August 13, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wipeout 2048]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="hustle-wipeout"/>
|-
| ''[[Wipeout HD]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref name="hustle-wipeout"/>
|-
| ''[[World of Tanks]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[World of Warcraft]]''
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Battle.net}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[World of Warships|World of Warships: Legends]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dualshockers.com/world-of-warships-legends-cross-play-details/|title=World of Warships: Legends is the First Wargaming Title to Receive Cross-Play Support|website=DualShockers|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[World War Z (2019 video game)|World War Z]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forums.focus-home.com/topic/43280/the-horde-mode-z-update-is-live|title=The Horde Mode Z Update is LIVE!|website=forums.focus-home.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Worms Rumble]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
| {{yes|XBO}}
| {{yes|Switch}}
| {{yes|PS5}}
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.team17.com/worms-rumble-new-arena-and-out-now-on-nintendo-switch-xbox-epic/|title=Worms Rumble supports cross-platform play across all platforms|website=team17.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Worms W.M.D]]''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/worms-wmd-has-enabled-cross-platform-multiplayer-in-the-latest-patch.8904/|title=Worms W.M.D has enabled cross-platform multiplayer in the latest patch|website=GamingOnLinux}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ryū ga Gotoku Ishin!]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS5}}
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Cameron Ohara. [http://gematsu.com/2013/09/yakuza-ishin-another-life-cross-play-and-more-revealed Yakuza: Ishin: Another Life, Cross Play, and more revealed], ''Gematsu'', September 20, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Links]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Zaccaria Pinball''
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Zoo Tycoon: Ultimate Animal Collection''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|W10}}
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|
| {{yes|XBSX/XBSS}}
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2017/10/20/zoo-tycoon-ultimate-animal-collection-qa/|title=Zoo Tycoon: Ultimate Animal Collection Q&A|date=October 20, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zombie Army 4: Dead War]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
| {{yes|W10}}
| {{yes|Epic}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[https://zombiearmy.com/en/news/2338 Cross-platform multiplayer added for Windows 10 Store with Steam and Epic], zombiearmy.com, April 6, 2021.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zombie Tycoon|Zombie Tycoon 2]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]]
|align=center|<ref>Laurent Mercure. [https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2013/03/05/zombie-tycoon-2-brainhovs-revenge-invading-ps3-and-ps-vita-soon/ Zombie Tycoon 2: Brainhov's Revenge invading PS3 and PS Vita soon], eu.playstation.com, March 5, 2013.</ref>
|}

==Discontinued==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:96%; font-size:84%;" id="softwarelist"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:25%;"|Title
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|360
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Dreamcast
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Linux
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Mac
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Windows PC
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|PS2
! rowspan="1"style="width:5%;"|PS3
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|PS4
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|PSP
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Vita
! rowspan="1" style="width:5%;"|Others
! rowspan="1" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|''[[4x4 Evolution]]''
|
|{{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
|
|{{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-08-16-blazblue-calamity-trigger-pc-dated BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger PC dated], ''Eurogamer'', August 8, 2010.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Capcom vs. SNK 2: Mark of the Millennium 2001|Capcom vs. SNK 2: Millionaire Fighting 2001]]''
|
| {{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010712/capcom.htm|title=「CAPCOM VS. SNK 2」でPS2とDCの異機種間通信対戦を実現|trans-title=Crossplatform versus multiplayer between PS2 and Dreamcast now possible in Capcom vs. SNK 2|website=Game Watch|language=Japanese|author=Funatsu, Minoru}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dawn of the Breakers''
|
|
|
| {{yes|Steam}}
|
|
| {{yes|iOS}}
| {{yes|Android}}
|
|
| {{yes|Switch}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/911260/Dawn_of_the_Breakers/|title=Steam store page|publisher=Steam|accessdate=May 22, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dead Star''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Alessio Palumbo. [http://wccftech.com/dead-star-features-pcps4-cross-play-coming-to-steam-early-access-on-december-14/ Dead Star Features PC/PS4 Cross-Play], wccftech.com, December 11, 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dust 514]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{included|Windows PC}}
|
| {{yes|PS3}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="eve-dust">Emily Gera. [https://www.polygon.com/2013/1/9/3854522/eve-online-and-dust-514-merging-servers-tomorrow-for-a-single-cross Eve Online and Dust 514 merging servers tomorrow for a single cross-platform universe], ''Polygon'', January 9, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eve Online]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
| {{included|PS3}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref name="eve-dust"/>
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy XI]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>David Adams. [http://ign.com/articles/2004/01/07/final-fantasy-xi-hits-subscriber-milestone Final Fantasy XI Hits Subscriber Milestone], IGN, January 7, 2004.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gigantic (video game)|Gigantic]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|XBO}}
|
|-
| ''[[Little Battlers eXperience W]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|PSP}}
| {{yes|Vita}}
|
|align=center|<ref>Spencer Yip. [http://www.siliconera.com/2012/08/09/the-little-battlers-w-is-the-first-game-to-support-vita-vs-psp-multiplayer/ The Little Battlers W Is The First Game To Support Vita Vs. PSP Multiplayer], Siliconera, August 9, 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Need for Speed: Underground]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news150903eaonline EA announces new PS2 online titles], ''Eurogamer'', September 15, 2003.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paragon (video game)|Paragon]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Jeff Grubb. [https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/13/how-epic-built-a-player-base-of-nearly-1-million-paragon-players/ How Epic built a player base of nearly 1 million Paragon players], VentureBeat, April 13, 2017.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantasy Star Online]]''
|
| {{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Phantasy Star Universe]]''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
| {{yes|PS2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>James Orry. [https://www.videogamer.com/news/xbox-360-phantasy-star-gets-no-cross-platform-play Xbox 360 Phantasy Star gets no cross platform play], VideoGamer, April 27, 2006.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Portal 2]]''
|
|
| {{yes|Linux}}
| {{yes|Mac}}
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
| {{yes|PS3}}
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Wesley Yin-Poole. [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-01-18-portal-2-ps3-steam-cross-platform-play Portal 2 PS3, Steam cross-platform play], ''Eurogamer'', January 18, 2011.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Quake III Arena]]''
|
| {{yes|Dreamcast}}
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Cribba. [https://www.giantbomb.com/quake-iii-arena/3030-3874/ Quake III Arena], ''Giant Bombcast'', February 15, 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shadowrun (2007 video game)|Shadowrun]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Christopher Grant. [https://www.engadget.com/2007/05/09/shadowrun-lands-on-xbox-and-windows-may-29th/ Shadowrun lands on Xbox and Windows May 29th], Engadget, May 9, 2007.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Universe at War: Earth Assault]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Press release. [http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/universe-at-war-earth-assault-to-support-microsofts-games-for-windows-live Universe at War: Earth Assault To Support Microsoft's Games For Windows – Live], gamesindustry.biz, June 27, 2007.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uno (video game)|Uno]]''
| {{yes|360}}
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Michel Marriott. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE6DA1131F937A25750C0A9619C8B63 Microsoft to Open Its Online Gaming Service, Once Just for Xbox, to Windows Users], ''New York Times'', March 14, 2007.</ref>
|-
| ''Way of Redemption''
|
|
|
|
| {{yes|Windows PC}}
|
|
| {{yes|PS4}}
|
|
|
|align=center|<ref>Way of Redemption on Twitter. [https://twitter.com/Wayofredemption/status/955843986115133441 Online Features and Support End Feb 10, 2018], Jan 23, 2018.</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Lists of video games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}[https://delete.digidash.in Delete Games Account]
[[Category:Lists of video games|Cross-platform play]]
[[Category:Video game lists by technology or feature|Cross-platform play]]
[[Category:Video games with cross-platform play| ]]

Mathilde Franziska Anneke

2021-10-29T11:59:01Z

RockinCrystal: Added death date November 24, 1884 in the top paragraph. All Wikipedia articles do this.

{{Expand German|Mathilde Franziska Anneke|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mathilde Franziska Anneke
| lived =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1817|04|04}}
| birth_place = [[Sprockhövel|Hiddinghausen]], [[Province of Westphalia|Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1884|11|25|1817|04|04}}
| death_place = [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], USA
| image = Mathilde_Franziska_Anneke.jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children =
| movement = [[Abolitionist]], [[Communist]], [[Women's rights|Women's Rights Movement]], [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|German Revolution 1848/49]]
| organization = [[Republican Party (United States)]], [[International Workingman's Association|First International]], [[National Woman Suffrage Association | National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)]]
| monuments =
| awards =
}}
'''Mathilde Franziska Anneke''' (née Giesler; April 3, 1817 - November 25, 1884) was a German writer, feminist, and radical democrat who participated in the [[Revolutions of 1848|Revolutions of 1848–1849]]. In late 1849, she moved to the United States, where she campaigned to end slavery, agitated to enfranchise women, and ran a girls’ school.

== Biography ==

===Early life, 1817–1841===

On April 3, 1817, Mathilde Franziska Giesler was born to wealthy family in Hiddinghausen (today [[Sprockhövel]]) in the Prussian province of [[Westphalia]].<ref name="r1">Karen Hockamp, "Von vielem Geist und grosser Herzensgüte": Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817-1884), Brockmeyer Verlag, 2012. 11-16.

</ref> She was educated in languages, literature, history, and classical studies and mixed with the educated, left-leaning Germans in her parents' circle.<ref name="r1"/>

As a teenager, however, Giesler's family suffered a decline in fortune due to investment losses. Her marriage at age nineteen was one strategy to secure family finances.<ref name="r2">Annette Hanschke, "Frauen und Scheidung im Vormärz: Mathilde Franziska Anneke. Ein Beitrag zum Scheidungsrecht und zur Scheidungswirklichkeit von Frauen im landrechtlichen Preußen," Geschichte in Köln 34, no. 1 (1993), 67–98.</ref> Alfred von Tabouillot, a wealthy wine merchant, agreed to pay off Giesler's father's debts in return for her hand in marriage.<ref name="r2"/> The union was short-lived, however, as her new husband was abusive and drank to excess.<ref name="r2"/> Mathilde left Alfred within a year, taking her infant daughter, Johanna (known as "Fanny"), with her.<ref name="r2"/> The grueling process of obtaining an official divorce (secured in 1841) made it clear that law and custom left women and children vulnerable.<ref name="r2"/>

===As a German radical, 1839–1850===

In 1839, Giesler moved to [[Münster]], where she worked as a writer, publishing fiction, poetry, and columns in periodicals and prayer books. Moving in radical circles, she met her second husband, [[Fritz Anneke|Friedrich (Fritz) Theodor Anneke]], in 1845. A passionate communist and former Prussian military officer, Fritz shared Mathilde Anneke's dream of creating a unified, democratic, and egalitarian Germany. The couple married on June 3, 1847 and moved to [[Cologne]] in the Rhine Province of Prussia.

It was at this time that Anneke published a feminist treatise, ''Das Weib im Conflict mit den socialen Verhältnissen'' (Woman in Conflict with Society). In the 1847 piece defending [[Berlin]] feminist [[Luise Aston|Louise Aston]], Mathilde argued that society, and especially the Catholic Church, perpetuated a version of marriage that enslaved women.<ref name="r3">Bilic, Viktorija. "'Warum noch länger die demütige Magd, die ihrem Herrn die Füße wäscht?': Mathilde Franziska Anneke's Feminist Manifest Das Weib im Conflict mit den socialen Verhältnissen (1847)." The Sophie Journal 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–16.</ref> From that time on she distanced herself from organized religion.

Both Annekes organized and published in support of the democratic uprisings in Cologne in 1848. Mathilde continued writing and editing a newspaper after Prussian authorities briefly jailed Fritz for his dissent. In May 1849, shortly after having her first son (Fritz), Mathilde joined her husband in armed support of revolutionary forces in the southern state of [[Baden]]. Mathilde assisted Fritz on the battlefield, conveying messages on horseback. Eventually on July 23, 1849, Prussia and Baden defeated the revolutionary forces at [[Rastatt]], Baden.

===In the United States and Switzerland, 1849–1865===

Like many other refugees of the Revolutions of 1848, the Anneke family fled to the United States. Following other relatives, they moved to [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin in 1849.<ref name="r4">Mischa Honeck, We Are the Revolutionists: German-Speaking Immigrants & American Abolitionists after 1848, University of Georgia Press, 2011. 104-36.</ref> This chapter of Anneke's life saw her publish beginning in 1852 the ''Deutsche Frauen-Zeitung'' (German Women's Newspaper), which was the first woman-owned feminist periodical in the United States. The new venture faced resistance from male printers who boycotted the periodical, and while Anneke continued publication in New Jersey in 1852, the ''Deutsche Frauen-Zeitung'' failed after a few years.<ref name="r4"/> Anneke continued to write for other German-language publications in the United States.

Anneke's time in New Jersey was fraught with tragedy as she lost four children, including her oldest son Fritz and three younger children. Johanna (“Fanny”) left home, while Anneke, her husband, her son, Percy, and her daughter, Hertha, returned to Milwaukee in 1858.

Soon after returning to Milwaukee, Anneke met the Anglo-American abolitionist, Mary Booth, and the two developed a close relationship. There is some disagreement among scholars over how to characterize the relationship. Joey Horsley describes it as a lesbian one,<ref name="r5">{{cite web|last=Horsley|first=Joey|title=A German-American Feminist and her Female Marriages: Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817-1884)|access-date=April 17, 2021|url=https://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography_extra/mathilde-franziska-anneke/|website=Fembio}}</ref> while Mischa Honeck describes it as a friendship exhibiting the emotional intensity common between female friends in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref name="r4"/> The two women did live together, pool their resources, raise each other's children, and express their passionate love for each other. Anneke moved in with Booth in 1859, while Fritz returned to Europe to report on the war in Italy.

In August 1860, Anneke and Booth moved to [[Zürich]], where they lived with Fritz until he sailed back to the United States to fight in the [[American Civil War]] in 1861. The Annekes continued to correspond regularly and sometimes show affection to each other, but they never lived together again. Meanwhile, Anneke and Booth raised three of their children and collaborated to write abolitionist fiction. “Die Sclaven-Auction” (The slave auction) appeared serially in ''Didaskalia'' that year, and other collaborative works would follow.<ref name="r4"/> They often struggled to get paid for their writing, and their husbands were not forthcoming with financial support, so the two women often had to go into debt to afford necessities. Both were also often unwell, and Booth's progressing [[tuberculosis]] finally convinced her to return to the United States in summer 1864 to see her oldest daughter and receive medical care.<ref name="r4"/> Anneke was devastated by the separation and saddened although not surprised to learn of Booth's death on April 11, 1865.

===Later life in the United States, 1865–1884===

Anneke returned to Milwaukee in 1865 with another female friend, Cäcilie Kapp, and opened a private girls’ school called the Töchter-Institut (Daughters’ Institute).<ref name="r6">{{Cite web|title=Mathilde Franziska Anneke (née Giesler) (1817-1884)|last=Richards-Wilson|first=Stephanie|url= https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/mathilde-franziska-anneke-neacutee-giesler/|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> Some of Milwaukee's most prominent German American families sent their daughters to the school, and Anneke won wide respect in the community despite espousing views that identified her with radicalism.<ref name="r7">Michaela Bank, ''Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848-1890,'' Berghahn Books, 2012. 33-34.</ref>

Anneke had participated in women's suffrage events back in the 1850s and became more focused on the cause after the war. She corresponded with leaders such as [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Susan B. Anthony]], and Elizabeth Miller. She was elected as a vice-president (representing Wisconsin) at the inaugural meeting of the [[National Woman Suffrage Association]] in 1869, joining women who protested that the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]] had not prohibited discrimination in voting law on the basis of sex as well as race. Woman suffrage was unpopular among men in the US, especially immigrant men, who associated it with temperance and Yankee Protestantism. Anneke found herself mediating between the organized suffrage movement and the immigrant community within which she felt comfortable.<ref name="r8">Alison Clark Efford, ''German Immigrants, Race, and Citizenship in the Civil War Era'', Publications of the German Historical Institute, German Historical Institute, 2013.</ref> In 1876, she founded a women-only chapter of the [[International Workingmen's Association]].<ref name="r8"/> Although she occasionally gave speeches in English, she preferred to use German her whole life.

Mathilde Anneke died on November 23, 1884 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Haubrich, Paul. "[http://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/articles/class-of-1846-mathilde-franziska-anneke/ Class of 1846: Mathilde Franziska Anneke]". ''Milwaukee Independent'', May 22, 2016.
* Krueger, Lillian. "[https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/11410 Madame Mathilda Franziska Anneke: An Early Wisconsin Journalist]". ''Wisconsin Magazine of History'', vol. 21, no. 2 (December 1937): 160–167.
* Piepke, Susan L. ''Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817 – 1884): The Works and Life of a German-American Activist''. New York: Peter Lang, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0820479132}} (including English translations of "Woman in Conflict with Society" and "Broken Chains").
* Terbeek, Erin. "[https://shepherdexpress.com/news/happening-now/famous-milwaukeeans-mathilde-anneke/#/questions Famous Milwaukeeans: Mathilde Anneke]". ''Shepherd Express'', December 1, 2012.

==External links==
*{{Find a Grave|30|Mathilde Anneke}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anneke, Mathilde Franziska}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1884 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sprockhövel]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Westphalia]]
[[Category:German-American Forty-Eighters]]
[[Category:German feminists]]
[[Category:German revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Writers from Milwaukee]]
[[Category:German socialist feminists]]

Michael Malloy

2021-10-26T13:17:33Z

RockinCrystal: Fixed grammar - added “in”.

[[File:Death record of Mike Malloy alias Nicolas Mellory.jpg|thumb|]]
{{short description|Irishman who lived in NYC during the 1920s and 30s}}
{{About|the Irish murder victim|the American radio host|Mike Malloy|the Australian comedian|Mick Molloy}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Michael Malloy
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1873
| birth_place = [[County Donegal]], Ireland
| death_date = February 22, 1933 (aged 59{{ndash}}60)
| death_place = [[The Bronx, New York]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
| resting_place = [[Ferncliff Cemetery|Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum]]
| other_names = {{plainlist|
*Mike the Durable
*Iron Mike
*Iron Mike Malloy
*Irish Rasputin
*The Juggernaut}}
| occupation = [[Stationary engineer]]<ref name=murdertrust />
}}

'''Michael Malloy''' (1873 – February 22, 1933), later known as either '''Mike the Durable''' or '''Iron Mike''', was a homeless Irishman from County Donegal who lived in [[New York City]] during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name=read>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-425-20678-2 |title=On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy |first=Simon |last=Read |year=2005 |publisher=[[Berkley Books]]}}</ref><ref name=blum>{{cite book |isbn=978-1-59420-243-8 |first=Deborah |last=Blum |author-link=Deborah Blum |title=The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York |title-link=The Poisoner's Handbook |date=February 18, 2010 |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |chapter=Carbon Monoxide}}</ref> A former [[firefighter]], he is most famous for surviving a number of [[murder]] attempts on his life by five acquaintances, who were attempting to commit [[homicide]] as a life [[insurance fraud]].<ref name=read /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trivia-library.com/b/new-york-gangs-murder-trust-and-michael-malloy-part-1.htm |title=New York Gangs Murder Trust and Michael Malloy Part 1 |first1=Irving |last1=Wallace |first2=David |last2=Wallechinsky |website=www.trivia-library.com |access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref>

==Failed murder attempts==
[[File:Tony Marino's no-name speakeasy, 3rd Avenue, NY.jpg|thumb|left|Marino's [[speakeasy]] on [[Third Avenue]], [[New York City]]]]
Beginning in January 1933, while Malloy was unemployed, [[alcoholic]] and homeless, five of his acquaintances {{ndash}} Tony Marino, Joseph "Red" Murphy, Francis Pasqua, Hershey Green, and Daniel Kriesberg (later dubbed "the Murder Trust" by the headlines)<ref name=murdertrust>{{cite news |last1=Keating |first1=Isabelle |title=Doctor and Undertaker Held in 'Murder Trust' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2057969/doctor_and_undertaker_held_in_murder/ |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, New York |date=May 12, 1933 |page=1 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> {{ndash}} plotted to kill Malloy by getting him to drink himself to death to collect life insurance. Presumably achieved with the aid of a corrupt insurance agent, they collected insurance policies on Malloy's life under the name Nicholas Malloy<ref name="Criminal 2020">{{cite web | title=Episode 151: The Many Lives of Michael Malloy (11.6.2020) | website=This Is Criminal | date=2020-11-06 | url=https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-151-the-many-lives-of-michael-malloy-11-6-2020/ | access-date=2020-11-17}}</ref> and stood to gain over {{Currency|3500|US}} ({{Inflation|US|3500|1933|fmt=eq|r=-3}}) if Malloy died an accidental death.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum />

Marino owned a [[speakeasy]] and gave Malloy unlimited credit, thinking the alcoholic Malloy would abuse it and drink himself to death. Although Malloy drank for a majority of his waking day, it did not kill him. Marino then replaced Malloy's liquor with [[antifreeze]], but Malloy would continue to drink with no problems.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum /> A possible explanation for the antifreeze not killing him is the fact that [[ethanol]] blocks absorption of [[ethylene glycol]] in the liver; and is used as an antidote for antifreeze poisoning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brent|first=Jeffrey|date=2001|title=Current Management of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning:|url=http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00003495-200161070-00006|journal=Drugs|language=en|volume=61|issue=7|pages=979–988|doi=10.2165/00003495-200161070-00006|issn=0012-6667}}</ref> Antifreeze was replaced with [[turpentine]], followed by [[horse liniment]], and finally [[rat poison]] was mixed in. After these mixtures failed to kill Malloy, Marino mixed shots of [[wood alcohol]] (pure [[methanol]]) in with his normal shots of liquor. This did not kill Malloy, presumably because the normal liquor helped negate the methanol poisoning.<ref name=read /><ref name=nydailynews>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime_file/2007/10/14/2007-10-14_the_durable_mike_malloy.html |title=The Durable Mike Malloy |last=O'Connor |first=Michael |date=October 7, 2007 |publisher=New York Daily News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023039/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/durable-mike-malloy-article-1.226396 |archive-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref>

The group then gave Malloy raw [[oyster]]s soaked in wood alcohol<ref name=read /><ref name=blum /> - the idea apparently coming from Pasqua, who claimed he saw a man die after eating oysters with [[whiskey]].<ref name=read /> A sandwich of spoiled [[sardine]]s mixed with poison and carpet tacks was then tried.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KOMhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5261,2067448&dq=michael+malloy&hl=en |title=4 Men Go On Trial in Old Insurance Plot |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date=October 18, 1933|access-date=March 30, 2010 |page=1}}</ref>

Concluding that it was unlikely that anything Malloy ingested was going to kill him quickly enough before the insurance policies ran out, the group decided to freeze him to death. On an extremely cold night, after Malloy drank until passing out, he was carried to a park, dumped in the snow, and had {{Convert|5|USgal}} of water poured on his bare chest. However, shortly thereafter, Malloy was rescued by police who took him to a homeless charity where he was re-clothed.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum />

The group then attempted to kill Malloy by running him down with Green's [[taxicab|taxi]], moving at {{Convert|45|mph}}.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum /> This put Malloy in the hospital for three weeks with broken bones.<ref name=blum /> The group presumed he was dead, but they were unable to collect the policy on him.<ref name=read />{{clear}}

==Malloy's murder==
On February 23, 1933, after he had passed out for the night, the murderers took Malloy to Murphy's room, put a hose in his mouth that was connected to the [[coal gas]] jet, and turned it on. This finally killed Malloy, with his death occurring within an hour.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum /> He was pronounced dead of [[lobar pneumonia]] and quickly buried,<ref name=nydailynews /> with Dr. Frank Manzella signing the [[death certificate]].<ref name=newspapers>{{cite news |title=4 Murder Attempts Cited in Weird Insurance Plot |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058104/4_murder_attempts_cited_in_weird/ |work=Altoona Tribune |location=Altoona, Pennsylvania |date=May 13, 1933 |page=4 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Police heard rumors of "Mike the Durable" in speakeasies all over town, and upon learning that a Michael Malloy had died that night, they had the body [[Exhumation|exhumed]] and forensically examined.<ref name=read /><ref name=blum />

The five men were put on trial and subsequently convicted, and Dr. Manzella was held as an [[accessory after the fact]], with a {{Currency|10000|US}} bail.<ref name=newspapers /> Green went to prison, while the other four members were sentenced to death and executed in the electric chair at [[Sing Sing]] in [[Ossining (town), New York|Ossining, New York]]: Kriesberg, Marino, and Pasqua on June 7, 1934, and Murphy on July 5, 1934.<ref name=read /><ref>{{cite book |last=Trestrail |first=John Harris |author2=Trestrail, John Harris III |title=Criminal Poisoning: Investigational Guide for Law Enforcement, Toxicologists, Forensic Scientists, And Attorneys |url=https://archive.org/details/criminalpoisonin00iiij |url-access=limited |publisher=Humana Press |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/criminalpoisonin00iiij/page/n28 15] |isbn=978-1-58829-821-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://deathpenaltyusa.org/usa1/state/new_york5.htm |title=Executions in New York - 1926-1940 |first=Juan Ignacio |last=Blanco |publisher=DeathPenaltyUSA, the database of executions in the United States}}</ref>
<gallery mode=packed heights="200px">
File:Mike Malloy's body, during autopsy.jpg|Malloy's body, during his autopsy
File:Tony Marino, after his arrest.jpg|Marino's [[mug shot]]
File:Frank Pasqua, after his arrest.jpg|Pasqua's mug shot
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
*A 1986 episode of ''[[Amazing Stories (1985 TV series)|Amazing Stories]],'' called "One for the Road", is a fictionalized version of this incident, in which a group of friends conspire to kill a drunk named Mike Malloy for insurance money.
*Funk Metal band [[Primus (band)|Primus]] recorded Matt Winegar playing "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" for their album ''[[Frizzle Fry]]''.
==See also==
* [[List of unusual deaths]]
* [[Grigori Rasputin]] (1869–1916) – a Russian [[Mysticism|mystic]] and self-proclaimed holy man, assassinated by a group of conservative noblemen who opposed his influence in late imperial Russia
* [[Angelina Rodriguez]] (born 1968) – an American woman, sentenced to death for the murder of her fourth husband after taking out a US$250,000 life insurance policy on him

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite web |url=https://womenincrimeink.blogspot.com/2010/03/strange-death-of-mike-durable.html |title=The Strange Death of Mike the Durable |date=March 23, 2010 |first=Deborah |last=Blum |website=womenincrimeink.blogspot.com |access-date=August 7, 2019}}

==External links==
* {{Find a Grave|10195637}}

{{Portalbar|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malloy, Michael}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery]]
[[Category:Deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning]]
[[Category:American firefighters]]
[[Category:Homeless people]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Irish people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:People from County Donegal]]
[[Category:People murdered in New York City]]

Middle age

2021-10-08T10:36:36Z

RockinCrystal: /* Middle adulthood */Added “(0.394 inches)” for the Imperial measurement.

{{other uses|Middle Ages (disambiguation)}}
{{weasel|date=May 2021}}{{Short description|Period of age beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age}}

{{Human growth and development}}
'''Middle age''' is the period of age beyond [[young adult]]hood but before the onset of [[old age]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1986-19674-001|title=PsycNET - Option to Buy}}</ref> Though the exact range is disputed, most sources {{by whom|date=May 2021}} place middle adulthood between the ages of 45-65.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|date=30 July 2020|title=Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission|work=The Lancet|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30367-6/fulltext|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> This phase of life is marked by gradual physical, cognitive, and social changes in the individual as they [[Ageing|age]].

==Middle adulthood==
This time span can be referred to as 'middle age' and has been defined as the time between ages 45 and 65.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Middle Age: definition of middle age in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/middle-age|access-date=2016-06-15|website=Oxforddictionaries.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Middle Age: definition of middle age in Oxford English Dictionary (subscription needed)|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/118142|access-date=2020-10-11|website=oed.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=US Census|title=About Age and Sex|url=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/age-and-sex/about.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Definition of MIDDLE AGE|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/middle%20age}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/middle-age Middle age]. CollinsDictionary.com. ''Collins English Dictionary'' – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 05, 2012.</ref><ref name=":3">Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998),</ref> Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMsXWRjHRfwC&q=cognitive%20decline%20may%20occur%20with%20age|title=The Aging Auditory System|author-link1=Sandra Gordon-Salant|first1=Sandra|last1=Gordon-Salant|first2=Robert D.|last2=Frisina|first3=Richard R.|last3=Fay|first4=Arthur|last4=Popper|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=9781441909947}}
</ref>

The body may slow down and the middle aged might become more sensitive to diet, substance abuse, stress, and rest. Chronic health problems can become an issue along with disability or disease. Approximately one centimeter (0.394 inches) of height may be lost per decade.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis-diagnosis#Overview1|title=Osteoporosis Tests and Diagnosis|date=10 November 2017}}</ref> Emotional responses and retrospection vary from person to person, for example, experiencing a sense of mortality, sadness, or loss are common emotions at this age.<ref name=ted2016/>

Those in middle adulthood or middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to the changes in relationships. These changes are highly evident in the maturing relationships between growing/grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood,<ref name=ted2016>{{cite book | last = Stern | first = Theodore | title = Massachusetts General Hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry | publisher = Elsevier | location = London | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0-323-29507-9|postscript=. Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh. }}</ref> as well as continued career development.

===Physical characteristics===
Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of [[aging]].<ref name="auto1"/> This process can be more rapid in women who have [[osteoporosis]]. Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. Women experience [[menopause]] in the years surrounding the age of 51, which ends natural fertility.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SozvHsW4VysC&q=gynecology%20menopause%20range%2048-55&pg=PA435|title=Obstetrics and Gynecology Recall|first1=F. John|last1=Bourgeois|first2=Paola A.|last2=Gehrig|first3=Daniel S.|last3=Veljovich|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|via=Google Books|isbn=9780781748797}}</ref> Menopause can have many side effects. Changes can occur to [[Skin#Age|skin]] and other changes may include a decline in [[physical fitness]], including a reduction in aerobic performance and a decrease in maximal heart rate. Sensory sensitivity in middle-aged adults has been shown to be one of the lowest.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harkins|first1=S. W.|last2=Price|first2=D. D.|last3=Martelli|first3=M.|date=1986-01-01|title=Effects of Age on Pain Perception: Thermonociception|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/41.1.58|journal=Journal of Gerontology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=58–63|doi=10.1093/geronj/41.1.58|pmid=3941257|issn=0022-1422}}</ref> These measurements are generalities and people may exhibit these changes at different rates and times.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leyk|first1=Dieter|last2=Rüther|first2=Thomas|last3=Wunderlich|first3=Max|last4=Sievert|first4=Alexander|last5=Eßfeld|first5=Dieter|last6=Witzki|first6=Alexander|last7=Erley|first7=Oliver|last8=Küchmeister|first8=Gerd|last9=Piekarski|first9=Claus|last10=Löllgen|first10=Herbert|date=2010-11-19|title=Physical Performance in Middle Age and Old Age|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0809|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt Online|volume=107|issue=46|pages=809–816|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0809|pmid=21151416|issn=1866-0452|pmc=2999945}}</ref>

The mortality rate can begin to increase from 50 and onwards, mainly due to health problems like heart problems, [[cancer]], [[hypertension]], and [[diabetes]].<ref name=ted2016/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db193.htm|title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 193 - March 2015}}</ref>
Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into [[old age]].

===Cognitive characteristics===
Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as the generativity-versus-stagnation this is the seventh out of eight stages of Erik Erikson's stages. People in middle adulthood or middle age may suffer some cognitive loss. This loss usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies are developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.<ref name="auto3"/>

During this stage, we can see that adults strive to have things that will outlast them. Generativity, which is the concern and the commitment middle-aged people have for future generations, is a big part of the development during this age.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APA PsycNet|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-07169-002|access-date=2021-05-26|website=psycnet.apa.org|language=en}}</ref>

Some characteristics of generativity:

* Mentoring others
* To develop relationships with family
* Contributing to the next generation

Stagnation means a failure to find a way to contribute. When people experience this stage they might feel disconnected from the community and society.

Key characteristics of stagnation:

* No improvement of oneself
* Placing themselves above everything
* Being self-centered

When we understand how to increase our generativity and ensure that we are not using stagnation, we can become better and more connected in cognitive ways.<ref>{{Citation|title=Generativity versus Stagnation (Erikson's Middle Age)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_180097|work=SpringerReference|year=2011|place=Berlin/Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/springerreference_180097|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref>

===Social and personality characteristics===
For some, marital satisfaction remains intact, but other family relationships can be more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to "advance".<ref name=ted2016/> Even so, career changes occur often. Middle adulthood or middle age can be a time when a person re-examines their life by taking stock and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kellner|first1=Douglas|last2=Habermas|first2=Jurgen|date=March 1992|title=Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075511|journal=Contemporary Sociology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=278|doi=10.2307/2075511|jstor=2075511|issn=0094-3061}}</ref> The perception that those in this stage of development of life undergo a "mid-life" crisis is largely false.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Levenson|first1=Michael R.|title=Change in Personality Processes and Health Outcomes|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315805610.ch21|work=Handbook of Personality Development|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-80561-0|access-date=2021-06-23|last2=Aldwin|first2=Corolyn M.|year=2014|doi=10.4324/9781315805610.ch21}}</ref> This period in life is usually satisfying and tranquil.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period.<ref name="auto2"/> The relationships in middle adulthood may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.<ref name=ted2016/>

==See also==
*[[Youth]]
*[[Young adult]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Aging]]
*[[Midlife crisis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title= [[Stages of human development]] |before=[[Adult]]hood|after=[[Old age]]|years=Middle age}}
{{s-end}}
{{Human development}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Life Reimagined: The Science, Art, and Opportunity of Midlife |author=Barbara Bradley Haggerty |year=2016 |publisher=Riverhead Books |isbn=978-1594631702 }}
*Lachman, M. E. (Ed.). (2001). [https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Handbook+of+Midlife+Development-p-9780471333319 Handbook of midlife development]. NY: John Wiley.
*Lachman, M. E., Salom, T., & Agrigoroaei, S. (2015). Midlife as a pivotal period in the life course: Balancing growth and decline at the crossroads of youth and old age. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39. 20-31. doi: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0165025414533223 10.1177/0165025414533223]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Middle age| ]]
[[Category:Human development]]

George W. Romney

2021-07-08T05:50:04Z

RockinCrystal: Fixed typo: changed “Republicans” to “Republican”.

{{short description|American businessman and politician (1907–1995)}}
{{other people||George Romney (disambiguation)}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image = George W. Romney official portrait.jpg
|office = 3rd [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
|president = [[Richard Nixon]]
|term_start = January 22, 1969
|term_end = January 20, 1973
|predecessor = [[Robert Coldwell Wood]]
|successor = [[James Thomas Lynn]]
|order1 = 43rd [[Governor of Michigan]]
|lieutenant1 = [[T. John Lesinski]] [[William Milliken]]
|term_start1 = January 1, 1963
|term_end1 = January 22, 1969
|predecessor1 = [[John Swainson]]
|successor1 = [[William Milliken]]
|birth_name = George Wilcken Romney
|birth_date = {{birth date|1907|7|8}}
|birth_place = [[Colonia Dublán]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico
|death_date = {{death date and age|1995|7|26|1907|7|8}}
|death_place = {{nowrap|[[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]], U.S.}}
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1959–1995)
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Lenore Romney|Lenore LaFount]]|1931}}
|children = 4, including [[Scott Romney|Scott]] and [[Mitt Romney|Mitt]]
|relatives = [[Romney family]]
|education = 
}}
'''George Wilcken Romney''' (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was a businessman and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] politician in the United States. He was chairman and president of [[American Motors|American Motors Corporation]] from 1954 to 1962, the [[List of governors of Michigan|43rd]] [[Governor of Michigan]] from 1963 to 1969, and 3rd [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] from 1969 to 1973. He was the father of [[Mitt Romney]], the 70th [[Governor of Massachusetts]], [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 Republican presidential nominee]], and [[List of United States Senators from Utah|United States Senator from Utah]]; the husband of 1970 U.S. Senate candidate [[Lenore Romney]]; and the grandfather of current [[Republican National Committee]] chair [[Ronna McDaniel]].

Romney was born to American parents living in the [[Mormon colonies in Mexico]]; events during the [[Mexican Revolution]] forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child. The family lived in several states and ended up in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], where they struggled during the [[Great Depression]]. Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a [[Mormon missionary]] in the United Kingdom, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any of them. In 1939, he moved to [[Detroit]] and joined the [[Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers|American Automobile Manufacturers Association]], where he served as the chief spokesman for the [[automobile industry]] during [[World War II]] and headed a cooperative arrangement in which companies could share production improvements. He joined [[Nash-Kelvinator Corporation|Nash-Kelvinator]] in 1948, and became the chief executive of its successor, [[American Motors Corporation]], in 1954. There he turned around the struggling firm by focusing all efforts on the compact [[Rambler (automobile)#1958-1969|Rambler]] car. Romney mocked the products of the "[[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)#United States and Canada|Big Three]]" automakers as "gas-guzzling dinosaurs" and became one of the first high-profile, media-savvy business executives. Devoutly religious, he presided over the Detroit [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|Stake]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].

Having entered politics in 1961 by participating in a state [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] to rewrite the [[Michigan Constitution]], Romney was elected Governor of Michigan in 1962. Re-elected by increasingly large margins in 1964 and 1966, he worked to overhaul the state's financial and revenue structure, greatly expanding the size of state government and introducing Michigan's first [[state income tax]]. Romney was a strong supporter of the [[American Civil Rights Movement]]. He briefly represented moderate Republicans against conservative Republican [[Barry Goldwater]] during the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 U.S. presidential election]]. He requested the intervention of federal troops during the [[1967 Detroit riot]].

Initially a front runner for the Republican nomination for President of the United States [[1968 United States presidential election|in the 1968 election cycle]], he proved [[George Romney presidential campaign, 1968|an ineffective campaigner]] and fell behind [[Richard Nixon]] in polls. After a mid-1967 remark that his earlier support for the [[Vietnam War]] had been due to a "brainwashing" by U.S. military and diplomatic officials in Vietnam, his campaign faltered even more and he withdrew from the contest in early 1968. After being elected president, Nixon appointed Romney as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Romney's ambitious plans, which included housing production increases for the poor and open housing to desegregate suburbs, were modestly successful but often thwarted by Nixon. Romney left the administration at the start of Nixon's second term in 1973. Returning to private life, he advocated volunteerism and public service and headed the [[National Center for Voluntary Action]] and its successor organizations from 1973 through 1991. He also served as a [[regional representative of the Twelve]] within his church.

==Early life and background==
{{see also|Romney family|Pratt family}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| header_align = center
| header_background =
| footer =
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| footer_background =
| width =
| image1 = Anna Amelia Pratt Romney with George Romney 1908.jpg
| width1 = 140
| caption1 = <center>George with his mother, [[Anna Amelia Pratt Romney]], in Mexico in 1908</center>
| alt1 =
| image2 = Miles Park Romney family.jpg
| width2 = 260
| caption2 = <center>[[Gaskell Romney]], sitting, and family, of [[Colonia Dublan]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], c. 1908. Son George is fourth from the left.</center>
| alt2 = Five children standing in descending order of age and height, adult male sitting next to the youngest one
}}
Romney's grandparents were [[Mormonism and polygamy|polygamous Mormons]] who fled the United States with their children owing to the federal government's prosecution of polygamy.<ref name="ap022407">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,254362,00.html |title=Polygamy Prominent in GOP Presidential Hopeful Mitt Romney's Family Tree |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=February 24, 2007 |last1=Dobner |first1=Jennifer |last2=Johnson |first2=Glen |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130045734/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,254362,00.html |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="romneyplural">{{cite news | url=http://toddmcompton.com/romney_plural_lives.htm | title=Mitt Romney's Polygamous Heritage | date=May 2012 |last=Compton |first=Todd}}</ref> His maternal grandfather was [[Helaman Pratt]] (1846–1909), who presided over the Mormon mission in [[Mexico City]] before moving to the Mexican state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and who was the son of original Mormon apostle [[Parley P. Pratt]] (1807–1857).<ref name="romneyplural"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://jared.pratt-family.org/parley_family_histories/helaman-pratt-obituary.html | title=Brilliant Career of Noted Pioneer: Helaman Pratt, a Frontiersman From Birth, Closes Long Missionary Life at 63 | newspaper=[[Deseret Evening News]] | date=December 20, 1909 | page=3}}</ref><ref name="letters"/> In the 1920s, Romney's uncle [[Rey L. Pratt]] (1878–1931) played a major role in the preservation and expansion of the Mormon presence in Mexico and in its introduction to South America.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Dale F. | last=Beecher | title=Rey L. Pratt and the Mexican Mission | journal=[[BYU Studies]] | volume=15 | issue=3 | year=1975 | url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/PDFLibrary/15.3Beecher.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609231549/http://byustudies.byu.edu/PDFLibrary/15.3Beecher.pdf | archive-date=June 9, 2011}}</ref> A more distant kinsman was [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]] (1734–1802), a noted portrait painter in Britain during the last quarter of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Striking Likeness: The Life of George Romney | first=David A. | last=Cross | publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |location=Aldershot, Hants, UK | year= 2000 | isbn=1-84014-671-0 | page=243}}</ref>

Romney's parents, [[Gaskell Romney]] (1871–1955) and Anna Amelia Pratt (1876–1926), were United States citizens and natives of the [[Territory of Utah]].<ref name="ap-mex-roots"/><ref>Kranish; Helman, ''The Real Romney'', p. 40.</ref><ref name="mahoney-53"/> They married in 1895 in Mexico and lived in [[Colonia Dublán]] in [[Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua|Nuevo Casas Grandes]] in the state of Chihuahua (one of the [[Mormon colonies in Mexico]]), where George was born on July 8, 1907.<ref name="ap022407"/><ref name="letters">{{cite book | title=Letters of Catharine Cottam Romney, Plural Wife | editor-first=Jennifer Moulton | editor-last=Hansen | publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] | location=Urbana, Illinois | year=1992 | isbn=0-252-01868-0 | url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofcathari00romn }}</ref><ref name="gwr-ssps">{{cite book | title=George W. Romney: Shirtsleeve Public Servant | publisher=George W. Romney Institute of Public Management, Brigham Young University | location=Provo, Utah | url=http://marriottschool.byu.edu/empa/pdf/Romney_George_Servant.pdf | pages=3–5}}</ref> They practiced monogamy<ref name="ap022407"/> (polygamy having been abolished by the [[1890 Manifesto]], although it persisted in places, especially Mexico).<ref>Ostling; Ostling, ''Mormon America'', pp. 87–89.</ref> George had three older brothers, two younger brothers, and a younger sister.<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 53, 65.</ref> Gaskell Romney was a successful carpenter, house builder, and farmer who headed the most prosperous family in the colony,<ref name="mahoney-53">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 52–54.</ref><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 39–40.</ref> which was situated in an agricultural valley below the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]].<ref name="ap-mex-roots"/> The family chose U.S. citizenship for their children, including George.<ref name="ap-mex-roots">{{cite news | url=http://www.chron.com/news/article/In-campaign-Romney-rarely-notes-Mexican-heritage-2742503.php | title=In campaign, Romney rarely notes Mexican heritage | first=Adriana Gomez | last=Licon | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] | date=January 26, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Mexican Revolution]] broke out in 1910 and the Mormon colonies were endangered in 1911–1912 by raids from marauders,<ref name="nyt-celler">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0B14FA3458137A93C7A8178ED85F438685F9 | title=Celler Suggests G.O.P. Name Group to Investigate Romney's Eligibility | last=Caldwell|first=Earl | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 15, 1967 | format=fee required}}</ref> including "Red Flaggers" [[Pascual Orozco]] and [[José Inés Salazar]].<ref name="harris-42">Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 42–43.</ref> Young George heard the sound of distant gunfire and saw rebels walking through the village streets.<ref name="harris-42"/><ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', p. 24.</ref> The Romney family fled and returned to the United States in July 1912, leaving their home and almost all of their property behind.<ref name="ap022407"/><ref name="mahoney-60">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 59–62.</ref> Romney later said, "We were the first displaced persons of the 20th century."<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 44.</ref>

In the United States, Romney grew up in humble circumstances.<ref name="white-1968-36">White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 36.</ref> The family subsisted with other Mormon refugees on government relief in [[El Paso, Texas]],<ref name="cby-366"/> benefiting from a $100,000 fund for refugees that the [[U.S. Congress]] had set up.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30611157.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517193250/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30611157.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 17, 2013 | title=Much unsaid as Romney cites his tie to Mexico | first=Michael | last=Kranish | author-link=Michael Kranish | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> After a few months they moved to [[Los Angeles, California]], where [[Gaskell Romney]] worked as a carpenter.<ref name="mahoney-60"/><ref name="cby-366">''Current Biography Yearbook 1958'', p. 366.</ref> In kindergarten, other children mocked Romney's national origin by calling him "Mex".<ref name="time-cover"/><ref name="kotlowski-50">Kotlowski, ''Nixon's Civil Rights'', p. 50.</ref>

[[File:Anna Meryl Maurice George Charles Gaskell & Douglas Romney.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|alt=Five males of varying ages stand in a tight group, outdoors. Two sitting females huddle with them: a woman in a dress and a 1920s-style bonnet and a young girl in a dress. All have somber expressions. All the males wear jackets and suit ties with the exception of a teenage youth in a collared shirt and loop-collared, pullover sweater with a large block letter sewn onto the sweater's front.|The family in Idaho in 1921, visiting the grave of George's younger brother Lawrence, who died that year of rheumatic fever.<ref name="mahoney-64"/> George is standing, second from left. His mother Anna is sitting on the left while his father Gaskell is standing, second from right.]]
In 1913, the family moved to [[Oakley, Idaho]], and bought a farm, where they grew and subsisted largely on [[Idaho potato]]es.<ref name="mahoney-64">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 63–65.</ref><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 46.</ref> The farm was not on good land and failed when potato prices fell.<ref name="mahoney-64"/> The family moved to [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], in 1916, where [[Gaskell Romney]] resumed construction work, but the family remained generally poor.<ref name="mahoney-64"/> In 1917, they moved to [[Rexburg, Idaho]], where [[Gaskell Romney|Gaskell]] became a successful home and commercial builder in a growing area due to high [[World War I]] commodities prices.<ref name="mahoney-66">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 65–67.</ref>

George started working in wheat and sugar beet fields at the age of eleven and was the valedictorian at his grammar school graduation in 1921<ref name="mahoney-66"/> (by the sixth grade he had attended six schools).<ref name="nym-bww"/> The [[Depression of 1920–21]] brought a collapse in prices, and local building was abandoned.<ref name="mahoney-66"/> His family returned to Salt Lake City in 1921, and while his father resumed construction work, George became skilled at [[lath-and-plaster]] work.<ref name="mahoney-68">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 68–69.</ref><ref name="cby-367">''Current Biography Yearbook 1958'', p. 367.</ref> The family was again prospering when the [[Great Depression]] hit in 1929 and ruined them.<ref name="cby-366"/> George watched his parents fail financially in Idaho and Utah<ref name="nyt-course"/> and having to take a dozen years to pay off their debts.<ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', p. 30.</ref> Seeing their struggles influenced his life and business career.<ref name="cby-367"/>

In Salt Lake City, Romney worked while attending Roosevelt Junior High School and, beginning in 1922, [[Latter-day Saints High School]].<ref name="cby-367"/><ref>Fuller, ''George Romney and Michigan'', p. 15.</ref> There he played [[Halfback (American football)|halfback]] on the football team, [[Guard (basketball)|guard]] on the basketball team, and [[right field]] on the baseball team, all with more persistence than talent, but in an effort to uphold the family tradition of athleticism, he earned [[varsity letter]]s in all three sports.<ref name="gwr-ssps"/><ref name="mahoney-68"/><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 59–60.</ref> In his senior year, he and junior [[Lenore Romney|Lenore LaFount]] became high school sweethearts;<ref name="nyt-course"/><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 53.</ref> she was from a more well-assimilated Mormon family.<ref name="bg-series-1">{{cite news| author=Swidey, Neil | author2=Paulson, Michael | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/24/privilege_tragedy_and_a_young_leader/ | title=The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=June 24, 2007 | author-link2=Michael Paulson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918153844/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_main/|archive-date=September 18, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 53–55.</ref> Academically, Romney was steady but undistinguished.<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 61.</ref> He graduated from high school in 1925; his yearbook picture caption was "Serious, high minded, of noble nature – a real fellow."<ref name="mahoney-68"/>

Partly to stay near Lenore,<ref name="time-cover"/> Romney spent the next year as a junior college student at the co-located [[Latter-day Saints University]], where he was elected [[student body president]].<ref name="mahoney-71">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 71–72.</ref> He was also president of the [[booster club]] and played on the basketball team that won the Utah–Idaho Junior College Tournament.<ref name="mahoney-71"/>

==Missionary work==
After becoming an [[Elder (Latter Day Saints)|elder]], Romney earned enough money working to fund himself as a [[Missionary (LDS Church)|Mormon missionary]].<ref name="mahoney-76"/> In October 1926, he sailed to Great Britain and was first assigned to preach in a slum in [[Glasgow]], Scotland.<ref name="mahoney-76">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 73–76.</ref> The abject poverty and hopelessness he saw there affected him greatly,<ref name="gwr-ssps"/> but he was ineffective in gaining converts and temporarily suffered a crisis of faith.<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 76–77.</ref>

In February 1927, he was shifted to [[Edinburgh]] and in February 1928 to London,<ref name="mahoney-79">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 77–81.</ref> where he kept track of mission finances.<ref name="harris-78">Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 78, 81.</ref> He worked under renowned [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] intellectuals [[James E. Talmage]] and [[John A. Widtsoe]]; the latter's admonitions to "Live mightily today, the greatest day of all time is today" made a lasting impression on him.<ref name="gwr-ssps"/><ref name="harris-78"/> Romney experienced British sights and culture and was introduced to members of the [[peerage]] and the [[Oxford Group]].<ref name="mahoney-83">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 83–87.</ref>

In August 1928, Romney became president of the Scottish missionary district.<ref name="mahoney-83"/> Operating in a [[whisky]]-centric region was difficult, and he developed a new "task force" approach of sending more missionaries to a single location at a time; this successfully drew local press attention and several hundred new recruits.<ref name="harris-78"/><ref name="mahoney-83"/> Romney's frequent public proselytizing – from [[The Mound|Edinburgh's Mound]] and in London from soap boxes at [[Speakers' Corner]] in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and from a platform at [[Trafalgar Square]] – developed his gifts for debate and sales, which he would use the rest of his career.<ref name="cby-367"/><ref name="nyt-course"/><ref name="mahoney-79"/> Three decades later, Romney said that his missionary time had meant more to him in developing his career than any other experience.<ref name="mahoney-76"/>

==Early career, marriage and children==
Romney returned to the U.S. in late 1928 and studied briefly at the [[University of Utah]] and [[LDS Business College]].<ref name="mahoney-89">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 89–94.</ref> He followed LaFount to [[Washington, D.C.]], in fall 1929, after her father, [[Harold A. Lafount]], had accepted an appointment by President [[Calvin Coolidge]] to serve on the [[Federal Radio Commission]].<ref name="nyt-course"/><ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref name="mahoney-89"/> He worked for [[Massachusetts]] Democratic [[U.S. Senator]] [[David I. Walsh]] during 1929 and 1930, first as a stenographer using [[speedwriting]], then, when his abilities at that proved limited, as a staff aide working on tariffs and other legislative matters.<ref name="time-cover"/><ref name="nyt-gear"/> Romney researched aspects of the proposed [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act|Smoot-Hawley tariff legislation]] and sat in on committee meetings; the job was a turning point in his career and gave him lifelong confidence in dealing with Congress.<ref name="mahoney-89"/>

With one of his brothers, Romney opened a [[Milk bar#Similar establishments|dairy bar]] in nearby [[Rosslyn, Virginia]], during this time. The business soon failed, in the midst of the Great Depression.<ref name="nyt-course"/><ref name="harris-91">Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 91–92.</ref> He also attended [[George Washington University]] at night.<ref name="gwr-ssps"/><ref name="cby-367"/><ref name="nyt-gear">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F40B1EF73F55107A93C2A81789D85F468685F9 | title=Politician in High Gear; George Wilcken Romney Wants a Citizen Party | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 10, 1962 | format=fee required}}</ref> Based upon a connection he made working for Walsh, Romney was hired as an apprentice for [[Alcoa]] in [[Pittsburgh]] in June 1930.<ref name="harris-91"/>

When LaFount, an aspiring actress, began earning bit roles in Hollywood movies, Romney arranged to be transferred to Alcoa's Los Angeles office for training as a salesman.<ref name="cby-367"/><ref name="harris-91"/> There he took night classes at the [[University of Southern California]].<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 67.</ref> (Romney did not attend for long, or graduate from, any of the colleges in which he was enrolled, accumulating only 2½ years of credits;<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 84–85.</ref> instead he has been described as an [[autodidact]].)<ref name="nyt-course"/> LaFount had the opportunity to sign a $50,000, three-year contract with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studios, but Romney convinced her to return to Washington with him<ref name="nytm-mav">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60E15F6345D1A728DDDA10A94DA405B808AF1D3 | title=A Maverick Starts a New 'Crusade' | last=Raskin|first= A.H. | magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | date=February 28, 1960 | format=fee required}}</ref> as he was assigned a position there with Alcoa as a [[lobbyist]].<ref name="harris-91"/> She later said she had never had a choice of both marriage and an acting career, because the latter would have upstaged him, but expressed no regrets about having chosen the former.<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 68.</ref><ref>Kranish; Helman, ''The Real Romney'', pp. 12–13.</ref> Romney would later consider wooing her his greatest sales achievement.<ref name="nytm-mav"/><ref name="life050567"/>

The couple married on July 2, 1931, at [[Salt Lake City Temple]].<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', p. 98.</ref> They would have four children: Margo Lynn (born 1935), Jane LaFount (born 1938), [[G. Scott Romney|George Scott]] (born 1941), and [[Mitt Romney|Willard Mitt]] (born 1947).<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 104, 113.</ref> The couple's marriage reflected aspects of their personalities and courtship. George was devoted to Lenore, and tried to bring her a flower every day, often a single rose with a love note.<ref name="real-18">Kranish; Helman, ''The Real Romney'', pp. 18–19.</ref> George was also a strong, blunt personality used to winning arguments by force of will, but the more self-controlled Lenore was unintimidated and willing to push back against him.<ref name="real-18"/><ref name="nyt-lessons">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/us/politics/political-lessons-from-a-mothers-losing-run.html | title=Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run | first=Sheryl Gay | last=Stolberg | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 23, 2012 | page=1}}</ref> The couple quarreled so much as a result that their grandchildren would later nickname them "the Bickersons", but in the end, their closeness would allow them to settle arguments amicably.<ref name="real-18"/>

As a lobbyist, Romney frequently competed on behalf of the aluminum industry against the copper industry, and defended Alcoa against charges of being a monopoly.<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 100–101.</ref><ref name="nyt-reunion"/> He also represented the Aluminum Wares Association.<ref name="cby-367"/><ref name="nyt-gear"/> In the early 1930s, he helped get aluminum windows installed in the [[Herbert C. Hoover Building|U.S. Department of Commerce Building]],<ref name="nyt-reunion"/> at the time the largest office building in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc42.htm | title=Federal Triangle Historic District | publisher= [[National Park Service]] | access-date=July 25, 2009}}</ref>

Romney joined the [[National Press Club (USA)|National Press Club]] and the [[Burning Tree Club|Burning Tree]] and [[Congressional Country Club]]s; one reporter watching Romney hurriedly play golf at the last said, "There is a young man who knows where he is going."<ref name="mahoney-103"/><ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', p. 50.</ref> Lenore's cultural refinement and hosting skills, along with her father's social and political connections, helped George in business, and the couple met the Hoovers, the Roosevelts, and other prominent Washington figures.<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref name="mahoney-103">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 102–105.</ref> He was chosen by Pyke Johnson, a Denver newspaperman and automotive industry trade representative he met at the Press Club, to join the newly formed Trade Association Advisory Committee to the [[National Recovery Administration]].<ref name="mahoney-103"/> The committee's work continued even after the agency was declared unconstitutional in 1935.<ref name="mahoney-103"/> During 1937 and 1938, Romney was also president of the Washington Trade Association Executives.<ref name="cby-367"/>

==Automotive industry representative==
After nine years with Alcoa, Romney's career had stagnated; there were many layers of executives to climb through and a key promotion he had wanted was given to someone with more seniority.<ref name="time-cover"/><ref name="mahoney-103"/> Pyke Johnson was vice president of the [[Automobile Manufacturers Association]], which needed a manager for its new [[Detroit]] office.<ref name="mahoney-108">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 108–109.</ref> Romney got the job and moved there with his wife and two daughters in 1939.<ref name="nyt-gear"/><ref name="mahoney-108"/> An association study found Americans using their cars more for short trips and convinced Romney that the trend was towards more functional, basic transportation.<ref name="time-cover"/> In 1942, he was promoted to general manager of the association, a position he held until 1948.<ref name="cby-367"/> Romney also served as president of the Detroit Trade Association in 1941.<ref name="cby-367"/>

In 1940, as [[World War II]] raged overseas, Romney  helped start the Automotive Committee for Air Defense, which coordinated planning between the automobile and aircraft industries.<ref name="mollenhoff-59">Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', pp. 58–59.</ref> Immediately following the December 1941 [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] that drew the U.S. into the war, Romney helped turn that committee into, and became managing director of, the [[Automotive Council for War Production]].<ref name="mollenhoff-59"/> This organization established a cooperative arrangement in which companies could share machine tools and production improvements, thus maximizing the industry's contribution to the war production effort.<ref name="time-cover"/><ref name="harris-110"/> It embodied Romney's notion of "competitive cooperative capitalism".<ref name="harris-110">Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 109–111.</ref>

With labor leader [[Victor Reuther]], Romney led the Detroit Victory Council, which sought to improve conditions for Detroit workers under wartime stress and deal with the causes of the [[Detroit race riot of 1943]].<ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', pp. 62–63.</ref> Romney successfully appealed to the [[Federal Housing Administration]] to make housing available to black workers near the [[Willow Run|Ford Willow Run]] plant.<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 115.</ref> He also served on the labor-management committee of the Detroit section of the [[War Manpower Commission]].<ref name="cby-367"/>

Romney's influence grew while he positioned himself as chief spokesman of the automobile industry, often testifying before Congressional hearings about production, labor, and management issues;<ref name="cby-367"/> he was mentioned or quoted in over 80 stories in ''[[The New York Times]]'' during this time.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=george+romney+war&srchst=p&submit.x=16&submit.y=5&submit=sub&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=01&year1=1939&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1945 | title=Archive Search for 'george romney war' | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | access-date=December 24, 2009}}</ref> By war's end, 654 manufacturing companies had joined the Automotive Council for War Production, and produced nearly $29 billion in output for the Allied military forces.<ref name="nyt-merch"/> This included over 3 million motorized vehicles, 80 percent of all tanks and tank parts, 75 percent of all aircraft engines, half of all diesel engines, and a third of all machine guns.<ref name="mahoney-110">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 110–114, 120.</ref> Between a fifth and a quarter of all U.S. wartime production was accounted for by the automotive industry.<ref name="nyt-merch">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60E10FC3D5B127A93C6A8178BD95F418485F9 | title=The Merchant's Point of View | last=Hughes |first=C.F. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 14, 1945 | page=F8 | format=fee required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Nelson | first=Donald M. | author-link=Donald M. Nelson | title=Arsenal of Democracy | publisher=[[Harcourt, Brace and Company]] | location=New York | year=1946 | page=217 |oclc=172637}}</ref>

As peacetime production began, Romney persuaded government officials to forgo complex contract-termination procedures, thus freeing auto plants to quickly produce cars for domestic consumption and avoid large layoffs.<ref name="time-cover"/> Romney was director of the American Trade Association Executives in 1944 and 1947, and managing director of the National Automobile Golden Jubilee Committee in 1946.<ref name="cby-367"/> From 1946 to 1949, he represented U.S. employers as a delegate to the Metal Trades Industry conference of the [[International Labor Office]].<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 128–129, 155.</ref> By 1950, Romney was a member of the Citizens Housing and Planning Council, and criticized [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] in Detroit's housing program when speaking before the [[Detroit City Council]].<ref name="fine-216">Fine, ''Expanding the Frontiers of Civil Rights'', p. 216.</ref> Romney's personality was blunt and intense, giving the impression of a "man in a hurry", and he was considered a rising star in the industry.<ref name="bg-series-1"/>

==American Motors Corporation chief executive==
As managing director of the Automobile Manufacturers Association, Romney became good friends with then-president [[George W. Mason]]. When Mason became chairman of the manufacturing firm [[Nash-Kelvinator Corporation|Nash-Kelvinator]] in 1948, he invited Romney along "to learn the business from the ground up" as his roving assistant,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823618,00.html | title=Changes of the Week | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=October 25, 1954}}</ref> and the new executive spent a year working in different parts of the company.<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 139.</ref> At a Detroit refrigerator plant of the Kelvinator appliance division, Romney battled the [[Mechanics Educational Society of America]] union to institute a new industrial–labor relations program that forestalled the whole facility being shut down.<ref name="harris-142">Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 140–143.</ref> He appealed to the workers by saying, "I am no college man. I've laid floors, I've done lathing. I've thinned beets and shocked wheat."<ref name="harris-142"/> As Mason's protégé, Romney assumed executive assignment for the development of the [[Rambler (car)|Rambler]].<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', p. 159.</ref>

Mason had long sought a merger of Nash-Kelvinator with one or more other companies, and on May 1, 1954, it merged with [[Hudson Motor Car]] to become the [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC).<ref name="mahoney-168">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 168–171.</ref> It was the largest merger in the history of the industry, and Romney became an executive vice president of the new firm.<ref name="mahoney-168"/> In October 1954,<ref name="nytm-mav"/> Mason suddenly died of acute [[pancreatitis]] and [[pneumonia]].<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', p. 181.</ref> Romney was named AMC's president and chairman of the board the same month.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/10/13/85669378.pdf | title=American Motors Picks President and Chairman | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 13, 1954}}</ref>

When Romney took over, he cancelled Mason's plan to merge AMC with [[Studebaker-Packard Corporation]] (or any other automaker).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,823618,00.html | title=Personnel: Changes of the Week | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=October 25, 1954}}</ref> He reorganized upper management, brought in younger executives, and pruned and rebuilt AMC's [[Car dealership|dealer network]].<ref name="time-cover"/> Romney believed that the only way to compete with the "[[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)#United States and Canada|Big Three]]" ([[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]) was to stake the future of AMC on a new smaller-sized car line.<ref name="time-gamble">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861782,00.html | title=Gamble on the Rambler | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=December 19, 1955}}</ref> Together with chief engineer Meade Moore, by the end of 1957 Romney had completely phased out the [[Nash Motors|Nash]] and [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] brands, whose sales had been lagging.<ref name="cby-367"/> The [[Rambler (automobile)#1958-1969|Rambler brand]] was selected for development and promotion,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-1952-rambler1.htm | title=1950–1952 Rambler: The Low-Priced Rambler | publisher=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide | date= August 28, 2007 | access-date= July 2, 2009}}</ref> as AMC pursued an innovative strategy: manufacturing only [[compact car]]s. The company struggled badly at first, losing money in 1956, more in 1957, and experiencing defections from its dealer network.<ref name="time-cover"/><ref name="time-gamble"/><ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', p. 16.</ref> Romney instituted company-wide savings and efficiency measures, and he and other executives reduced their salaries by up to 35 percent.<ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 190–191.</ref>

Though AMC was on the verge of being taken over by corporate raider [[Louis Wolfson]] in 1957, Romney was able to fend him off.<ref name="time-cover"/> Then sales of the Rambler finally took off, leading to unexpected financial success for AMC.<ref name="time-cover"/> It posted its first quarterly profit in three years in 1958, was the only car company to show increased sales during the [[recession of 1958]], and moved from thirteenth to seventh place among worldwide auto manufacturers.<ref name="cby-367"/>
In contrast with the Hudson's [[NASCAR]] racing success in the early 1950s,<ref>{{cite book | last = Adler | first = Dennis | title = Fifties Flashback: The American Car | publisher = MotorBooks/MBI | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | year = 2004 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=kexmjJbrA5oC&pg=PA101 101] | isbn = 0-7603-1927-8 }}</ref> the Ramblers were frequent winners in the coast-to-coast [[Mobil Economy Run]], an annual event on U.S. highways.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,864627,00.html | title=Autos: Victory for Rambler | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 20, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E3DF1131F937A15751C1A9609C8B63 | title=Coast to Coast In the Pursuit Of Economy | last=Knoll|first=Bob | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 24, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://catch21.ca/article/392689 |title=Discontinued Rambler bounced back |last=Vance |first=Bill |newspaper=[[Waterloo Region Record]] |date=August 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116232823/http://catch21.ca/article/392689 |archive-date=January 16, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> Sales remained strong during 1960 and 1961; the Rambler was America's third most popular car both years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1965-1966-rambler-ambassador1.htm| title=1965–1966 Rambler Ambassador | date=October 23, 2007 | publisher=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide | access-date= November 14, 2009}}</ref>

A believer in "competitive cooperative consumerism",<ref name="cby-368">''Current Biography Yearbook 1958'', p. 368.</ref> Romney was effective in his frequent appearances before Congress.<ref name="nytm-mav"/> He discussed what he saw as the twin evils of "big labor" and "big business", and called on Congress to break up the Big Three.<ref name="nyt-course"/> As the Big Three automakers introduced ever-larger models, AMC undertook a "gas-guzzling dinosaur fighter" strategy,<ref name="nyt-obit"/> and Romney became the company spokesperson in print advertisements, public appearances, and commercials on the ''[[Walt Disney anthology television series|Disneyland]]'' television program.<ref name="cby-368"/> Known for his fast-paced, short-sleeved management style that ignored organizational charts and levels of responsibility, he often wrote the ad copy himself.<ref name="nytm-mav"/>

Romney became what automotive writer Joe Sherman termed "a folk hero of the American auto industry"<ref>{{cite book | last = Sherman | first = Joe | title = In the rings of Saturn | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York | year = 1994 | page = [https://archive.org/details/inringsofsaturn00sher/page/67 67] | isbn = 0-19-507244-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/inringsofsaturn00sher/page/67 }}</ref> and one of the first high-profile media-savvy business executives. His focus on small cars as a challenge to AMC's domestic competitors, as well as the foreign-car invasion, was documented in the April 6, 1959, cover story of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, which concluded that "Romney has brought off singlehanded one of the most remarkable selling jobs in U.S. industry."<ref name="time-cover">The cover can be seen at: {{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19590406,00.html | title=TIME Magazine Cover: George Romney – Apr. 6, 1959 – George Romney | work=Time}} The cover story itself is: {{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810925,00.html | title=The Dinosaur Hunter | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 6, 1959}}</ref> A full biography of him was published in 1960;<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10614FB3F5A1A7A93C1AB178AD85F448685F9 | title=Books – Authors | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 23, 1960 | format=fee required}}</ref> the company's resurgence made Romney a household name.<ref name="alum-making"/> The [[Associated Press]] named Romney its Man of the Year in Industry for four consecutive years, 1958 through 1961.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8JgrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6907,482655 | title=Secretary Romney Will Address Lincoln Day Dinner at Amherst | newspaper=[[Nashua Telegraph]] | date=February 3, 1972 | page=8}}</ref>

The company's stock rose from $7 per share to $90 per share,<ref name="nyt-course"/> making Romney a millionaire from [[stock options]].<ref name="nyt112667">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10B14FF345914728FDDAF0A94D9415B878AF1D3 | title=Romneys Reported $3-Million Income From 1955 to 1966 | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 26, 1967 | page=46 | format=fee required}}</ref> However, whenever he felt his salary and bonus was excessively high for a year, he gave the excess back to the company.<ref name="nyt112667"/> After initial wariness, he developed a good relationship with [[United Automobile Workers]] leader [[Walter Reuther]],<ref name="nytm-mav"/> and AMC workers also benefited from a then-novel [[Profit-sharing agreement (USA)|profit-sharing plan]].<ref name="white-1968-37"/> Romney was one of only a few Michigan corporate chiefs to support passage and implementation of the state Fair Employment Practices Act.<ref name="fine-216"/>

==Local church and civic leadership==

Religion was a paramount force in Romney's life.<ref name="nytm-mav"/><ref name="life050567"/><ref name="dfp-rel">{{cite news | url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120130/NEWS05/201300344/Mormon-faith-helped-George-Romney-decide-run-governor-Michigan | title=Mormon faith helped George Romney decide to run for governor of Michigan | first=Niraj | last=Warikoo | newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]] | date=January 30, 2012}}</ref> In a 1959 essay for the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' he said, "My religion is my most precious possession. ... Except for my religion, I easily could have become excessively occupied with industry, social and recreational activities. Sharing personal responsibility for church work with my fellow members has been a vital counterbalance in my life."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.freep.com/assets/freep/pdf/C4184398127.PDF | title=A Yardstick to Measure Life's Values | last=Romney | first=George | newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]] | date=February 15, 1959}}</ref> Following [[LDS Church]] practices, he did not drink alcohol or caffeinated beverages, smoke, or swear.<ref name="nytm-mav"/> Romney and his wife [[tithe]]d,<ref name="wapo-obit"/> and from 1955 to 1965, gave 19 percent of their income to the church and another 4 percent to charity.<ref name="nyt112667"/>

Romney was a high priest in the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek priesthood of the LDS]],<ref name="life050567"/> and beginning in 1944 he headed the Detroit [[Branch (Mormonism)|church branch]]<ref name="nytm-mav"/> (which initially was small enough to meet in a member's house).<ref name="ostlings-134">Ostling; Ostling, ''Mormon America'', p. 134.</ref> By the time he was AMC chief, he presided over the [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|Detroit Stake]],<ref name="nytm-mav"/> which included not only all of Metro Detroit, Ann Arbor, and the Toledo area of Ohio but also the western edge of Ontario along the Michigan border.<ref name="mahoney-3">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 3–4, 87.</ref> In this role, Romney oversaw the religious work of some 2,700 church members, occasionally preached sermons, and supervised the construction of the first stake tabernacle east of the [[Mississippi River]] in 100 years.<ref name="cby-368"/><ref name="mahoney-3"/> Because the stake covered part of Canada, he often interacted with Canadian Mission President [[Thomas S. Monson]].<ref name="cn-mem">{{cite news | url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/1998-04-25/byu-names-institute-of-public-management-after-george-romney-13945 | title=BYU names Institute of Public Management after George Romney | first=Sarah Jane | last=Weaver | newspaper=[[Church News]] | date=April 25, 1998}}</ref> Romney's rise to a leadership role in the church reflected the church's journey from a fringe pioneer religion to one that was closely associated with mainstream American business and values.<ref name="bg-series-1"/> Due in part to his prominence, the larger Romney family tree would become viewed as "LDS royalty".<ref name="ostlings-134"/>

Romney and his family lived in affluent [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan|Bloomfield Hills]],<ref name="nyt-gear"/> having moved there from Detroit around 1953.<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/10/22/84361620.pdf | title=Harold A. Lafount, U.S. Radio Ex-Aide | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 22, 1952}}</ref> He became deeply active in Michigan civic affairs.<ref name="mich-575">Dunbar; May, ''Michigan'', p. 575.</ref> He was on the board of directors of the [[Children's Hospital of Michigan]] and the United Foundation of Detroit, and was chairman of the executive committee of the Detroit Round Table of Catholics, Jews, and Protestants.<ref name="cby-368"/> In 1959, he received the [[Anti-Defamation League|Anti-Defamation League of B'nai {{Not a typo|B'rith}}]]'s Americanism award.<ref name="fine-216"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/27755/ | title='America Has Some Important Unfinished Business,' George Romney Tells DePauw Audience | publisher=[[DePauw University]] | date=April 28, 1962}}</ref>

Starting in 1956, Romney headed a citizen-based committee for improved educational programs in Detroit's public schools.<ref name="nyt-obit"/><ref name="mich-575"/> The 1958, final report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on School Needs was largely Romney's work and received considerable public attention; it made nearly 200 recommendations for economy and efficiency, better teacher pay, and new infrastructure funding.<ref name="mahoney-232">Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 228, 232–233, 236–237.</ref><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 212–214.</ref> Romney helped a $90-million education-related bond issue and tax increase win an upset victory in an April 1959 statewide referendum.<ref name="mahoney-232"/> He organized Citizens for Michigan in 1959, a nonpartisan group that sought to study Detroit's problems and build an informed electorate.<ref name="nytm-mav"/><ref>Mahoney, ''The Story of George Romney'', pp. 239, 244.</ref> Citizens for Michigan built on Romney's belief that assorted interest groups held too much influence in government, and that only the cooperation of informed citizens acting for the benefit of all could counter them.<ref name="mich-575"/>

Based on his fame and accomplishments in a state where automobile making was a central topic of conversation, Romney was seen as a natural to enter politics.<ref name="mich-575"/> He first became directly involved in politics in 1959, when he was a key force in the petition drive calling for a constitutional convention to rewrite the [[Michigan Constitution]].<ref name="nyt-course"/><ref name="white-1968-37"/> Romney's sales skills made Citizens for Michigan one of the most effective organizations among those calling for the convention.<ref name="mich-575"/><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 215–216.</ref> Previously unaffiliated politically, Romney declared himself a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and gained election to the convention.<ref name="mich-575"/> By early 1960, many in Michigan's somewhat moribund Republican Party were touting Romney as a possible candidate for governor, U.S. senator, or even U.S. vice president.<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref name="nytm-mav"/>

Also in early 1960, Romney served on the [[Fair Campaign Practices Committee]], a group also having Jewish, Catholic, mainline and evangelical Protestant, and Orthodox Christian members. It issued a report whose guiding principles were that no candidate for elected office should be supported or opposed due to their religion and that no campaign for office should be seen as an opportunity to vote for one religion against another. This statement helped pave the way for [[John F. Kennedy]]'s famous speech on religion and public office later that year.<ref>Haws, ''The Mormon Image in the American Mind'', pp. 15–16.</ref> Romney briefly considered a run in the [[1960 United States Senate elections|1960 Senate election]],<ref name="nytm-mav"/> but instead became a vice president of the constitutional convention that revised the Michigan constitution during 1961 and 1962.<ref name="mich-576">Dunbar; May, ''Michigan'', p. 576.</ref><ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', pp. 168–169.</ref>

==Governor of Michigan==
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F026120-0014, US-Gouverneur Romney und Freiherr von Guttenberg.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Two middle-aged men sitting in a sofa and a chair around the corner of an empty table|Governor Romney meeting with German Secretary of State [[Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg|Freiherr von Guttenberg]] in December 1967]]
After a period of pained indecision and a 24-hour prayer fast, Romney stepped down from AMC in February 1962 to enter electoral politics<ref name="nyt-obit"/><ref name="alum-making">{{cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Kathleen Lubeck|title=The Making of George Romney|journal=Marriott Alumni Magazine|page=16|publisher=[[Marriott School of Management]]|date=Fall 2007|url=http://marriottschool.byu.edu/marriottmag/fall07/features/spfeature1.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415052506/http://marriottschool.byu.edu/marriottmag/fall07/features/spfeature1.cfm|archive-date=April 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
</ref><ref name="dfp-rel"/> (given an indefinite leave of absence, he was succeeded as president of AMC by [[Roy Abernethy]]).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19620212&id=vRxPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3782,5964236 | title=Romney Gets AMC Leave For Gubernatorial Race | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]]|location=Toledo, Ohio|date=February 12, 1962|page=1}}</ref>
Romney's position as the leader of the moderate Republicans at the constitutional convention helped gain him the Republican nomination for [[Governor of Michigan]].<ref name="mich-576"/>
He ran against incumbent Democratic Governor [[John B. Swainson]] in the general election. Romney campaigned on revising the state's tax structure, increasing its appeal to businesses and the general public, and getting it "rolling again".<ref name="nyt-gear"/> Romney decried both the large influence of labor unions within the Democratic Party and the similarly large influence of big business within the Republican Party.<ref name="nyt-gear"/> His campaign was among the first to exploit the capabilities of [[electronic data processing]].<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', pp. 2–3, 227–228.</ref>

Romney won by some 80,000 votes and ended a fourteen-year stretch of Democratic rule in the state executive spot.<ref name="white-1968-37">White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 37.</ref> His win was attributed to his appeal to independent voters and to those from the increasingly influential suburbs of Detroit, who by 1962 were more likely to vote Republican than the heavily Democratic residents of the city itself. Additionally, Romney had appeal to labor union members that was unusual for a Republican.<ref name="nyt-obit"/> Democrats won all the other statewide executive offices in the election,<ref name="mich-576"/> including Democratic incumbent [[T. John Lesinski]] in the separate election for [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan]].<ref name="nyt110862">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10615F93454157B93CAA9178AD95F468685F9 | title=Romney Victory Held Personal As Running-Mates Are Beaten | last=Stetson | first=Damon | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 8, 1962 | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney's success caused immediate mention of him as a presidential possibility for 1964,<ref name="nyt110862"/> and President John F. Kennedy said privately in 1963 that, "The one fellow I don't want to run against is Romney."<ref name="nym-bww"/>

Romney was sworn in as governor on January 1, 1963.<ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', p. 192.</ref> His initial concern was the implementation of the overhaul of the state's financial and revenue structure that had been authorized by the constitutional convention.<ref name="mich-577">Dunbar; May, ''Michigan'', p. 577.</ref> In 1963, he proposed a comprehensive tax revision package that included a flat-rate [[state income tax]], but general economic prosperity alleviated pressure on the state budget and the [[Michigan Legislature]] rejected the measure.<ref name="mich-577"/><ref name="nyt-impatient"/> Romney's early difficulties with the legislature helped undermine an attempted push that year of Romney as a national political figure by former [[Richard Nixon]] associates.<ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1964'', p. 88.</ref> One Michigan Democrat said of Romney, "He has not yet learned that things in government are not necessarily done the moment the man at the top gives an order. He is eager and sometimes impatient."<ref name="nyt-impatient"/> But over his first two years in office, Romney was able to work with Democrats – who often had at least partial control of the legislature – and an informal bipartisan coalition formed which allowed Romney to accomplish many of his goals and initiatives.<ref name="mich-576"/><ref name="nyt-impatient"/>

Romney held a series of Governor's Conferences, which sought to find new ideas from public services professionals and community activists who attended.<ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 242.</ref> He opened his office in the [[Michigan State Capitol]] to visitors, spending five minutes with every citizen who wanted to speak with him on Thursday mornings,<ref name="nyt-impatient"/> and was always sure to shake the hands of schoolchildren visiting the capitol.<ref name="wapo-obit"/> He almost always eschewed political activities on Sunday, the Mormon Sabbath.<ref name="nyt-impatient">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20A16F73F581B728DDDA10894DE405B848AF1D3 | title=An Impatient Politician: George Wilcken Romney | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 8, 1964 | format=fee required}}</ref> His blunt and unequivocal manner sometimes caused friction,<ref name="wapo-obit"/> and family members and associates used the idiom "bull in a china shop" to describe him.<ref name="nyt-lessons"/><ref name="time-dreams"/> He took a theatrical approach to governance, staging sudden appearances in settings where he might be politically unwelcome.<ref name="nym-bww"/> One former aide later said that ''willful'' was too weak a word to describe him, and chose ''messianic'' instead.<ref name="nym-bww"/> Romney saw a moral dimension in every issue and his political views were held with as much fervor as religious ones;<ref name="nym-bww"/> writer [[Theodore H. White]] said "the first quality that surfaced, as one met and talked with George Romney over a number of years, was a sincerity so profound that, in conversation, one was almost embarrassed."<ref name="white-1968-36"/>

Romney supported the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] while governor.<ref name="wapo-factcheck">{{cite news | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/four_pinocchios_for_romney_on_1.html | title=Four Pinocchios for Romney on MLK | last=Dobbs | first=Michael | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 23, 2007  | author-link=Michael Dobbs (US author)}}</ref> Although he belonged to a church that [[Black people and Mormonism|did not allow black people in its lay clergy]], Romney's hardscrabble background and subsequent life experiences led him to support the movement.<ref name="white-1968-36"/> He reflected, "It was only after I got to Detroit that I got to know Negroes and began to be able to evaluate them and I began to recognize that some Negroes are better and more capable than lots of whites."<ref name="white-1968-37"/> During his first [[State of the State address]] in January 1963, Romney declared that "Michigan's most urgent human rights problem is racial discrimination—in housing, public accommodations, education, administration of justice, and employment."<ref>Fine, ''Expanding the Frontiers of Civil Rights'', pp. 216, 218.</ref> Romney helped create the state's first civil rights commission.<ref name="usa-rights">{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2007-12-20-romney-mlk_N.htm | title=Romney campaign backpedals on MLK march claim | last=Spangler|first=Todd | publisher=[[Detroit Free Press]] for [[USA Today]] | date=December 20, 2007}}</ref>

[[File:George W. Romney - NCAA antisegregation march.jpeg|thumb|alt=A group of four middle-aged men in suits and one woman in a dress walk in the first rank of a procession of individuals down the middle of a street. Brick upper-stories of storefronts appear in the background, from middle to the right; tops of trees appear in the distance, far left. Three placards tacked onto pickets and held by two men in the second rank and one in the first rank read as follows. "I Am John A. Maxwell I Was Discriminated Against In The Pointes." "The Freedoms We Lose May Be Your Own." "A House Holds No Prejudice."|The governor (shirt sleeves) walking in the first rank of an [[NAACP]] march, 600-strong, in protest of [[housing discrimination]], June 1963<ref name="GrossPointeNews">{{cite news|newspaper = Gross Pointe News|url = http://digitize.gp.lib.mi.us/digitize/newspapers/gpnews/1960-64/63/1963-07-04.pdf|date = July 4, 1963|title = Whites and Negroes Join In Demonstration Against Housing Discrimination}}</ref>]]
When [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] came to Detroit in June 1963 and led the 120,000-strong<ref name="ap063063">{{cite news|agency = [[Associated Press]]|last = Sawyer|first = Whitey|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GDoiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1923,5172637 |location=Owosso, Michigan |newspaper=[[Argus-Press]]|date = June 30, 1963|title=120,000 Stage Peaceful Walk Against Bias|page=1}}</ref> [[Great March on Detroit]], Romney designated the occasion Freedom March Day in Michigan, and sent state senator Stanley Thayer to march with King as his emissary, but did not attend himself because it was on Sunday.<ref name="wapo-factcheck"/><ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19630624&id=w8ROAAAAIBAJ&pg=3429,3351548|title = 120,000 Join Detroit March|date = June 24, 1963|agency = [[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]]|location=Toledo, Ohio|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page = 174|title = As Long as They Don't Move Next Door: Segregation and Radical Conflict in American Neighborhoods|last = Meyer|first = Stephen Grant|publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=Lanham, Maryland|year = 2001|isbn = 0-8476-9701-0}}</ref> Romney did participate in a much smaller march protesting housing discrimination the following Saturday in [[Grosse Pointe, Michigan|Grosse Pointe]], after King had left.<ref name="wapo-factcheck"/><ref name="GrossPointeNews" /><ref name="ap063063"/> Romney's advocacy of civil rights brought him criticism from some in his own church;<ref name="dfp-rel"/> in January 1964, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles member [[Delbert L. Stapley]] wrote him that a proposed civil rights bill was "vicious legislation" and telling him that "the Lord had placed the curse upon the Negro" and men should not seek its removal.<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref name="stapley-letter">{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/daily/24/delbert_stapley.pdf | title=Delbert L. Stapley letter to Governor George W. Romney | date=January 23, 1964 | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Romney refused to change his position and increased his efforts towards civil rights.<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref name="stapley-letter"/> Regarding the church policy itself, Romney was among those liberal Mormons who hoped the church leadership would revise the theological interpretation that underlay it,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OegmAAAAIBAJ&pg=717,1492483 | title=Romney Insists His Mormon Faith Won't Mar His Liberal Stand | first=Louis | last=Cassels | agency=[[United Press International]] | newspaper=[[Baltimore Afro-American]] | date=March 11, 1967 | page=4}}</ref> but Romney did not believe in publicly criticizing the church, subsequently saying that fellow Mormon [[Stewart Udall]]'s 1967 published denunciation of the policy "cannot serve any useful religious purpose".<ref name="nytm-weaver"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g-srAAAAIBAJ&pg=2448,4198396 | title=Romney Quiets Race Charges | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Kentucky New Era]] | date=May 20, 1967 | page=9}}</ref>

[[File:Delegates to the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, hold signs and balloons supporting George Romney.jpg|thumb|left|Delegates hold signs and balloons supporting the Michigan governor as a [[favorite son]] at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]]]]
In the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 U.S. presidential election]], Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] quickly became the likely Republican Party nominee. Goldwater represented a new wave of [[American conservatism]], of which the moderate Romney was not a part.<ref name="nyt-impatient"/> Romney also felt that Goldwater would be a drag on Republicans running in all the other races that year, including Romney's own<ref name="nyt-impatient"/> (at the time, Michigan had two-year terms for its governor).<ref name="nyt010367"/> Finally, Romney disagreed strongly with Goldwater's views on civil rights; he would later say, "Whites and Negroes, in my opinion, have ''got'' to learn to know each other. Barry Goldwater didn't have any background to understand this, to fathom them, and I couldn't get through to him."<ref name="white-1968-37"/>

During the June 1964 [[National Governors' Conference]], 13 of 16 Republican governors present were opposed to Goldwater; their leaders were [[Jim Rhodes]] of Ohio, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] of New York (whose own campaign had just stalled out with a loss to Goldwater in the California primary), [[William Scranton]] of Pennsylvania, and Romney.<ref name="white-1964-154">White, ''The Making of the President, 1964'', pp. 154–155, 157.</ref> In an unusual Sunday press conference,<ref name="nyt-impatient"/> Romney declared, "If [Goldwater's] views deviate as indicated from the heritage of our party, I will do everything within my power to keep him from becoming the party's presidential nominee."<ref name="white-1964-154"/> Romney had, however, previously vowed to Michigan voters that he would not run for president in 1964.<ref name="white-1964-160">White, ''The Making of the President, 1964'', p. 160.</ref> Detroit newspapers indicated they would not support him in any such bid, and Romney quickly decided to honor his pledge to stay out of the contest.<ref name="white-1964-160"/> Scranton entered instead, but Goldwater prevailed decisively at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]]. Romney's name was entered into nomination as a [[favorite son]] by U.S. Representative [[Gerald Ford]] of Michigan<ref>{{cite book | first1=F. Clifton |last1=White |first2=William J. |last2=Gill | title=Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement |publisher=Ashbrook Press | location=Ashland, Ohio |year=1992 |isbn=1-878802-10-0 |pages=372, 375}}</ref> (who had not wanted to choose between candidates during the primary campaign)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/fordbiop.asp | title=Gerald R. Ford Biography | publisher=[[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum]] | date=February 5, 2008 | access-date=October 20, 2009}}</ref> and he received the votes of 41 delegates in the roll call<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20C12FF3E581B728DDDAF0994DF405B848AF1D3 | title=Vote Is 883 To 214 | last=Wicker|first= Tom | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 16, 1964 | format=fee required | author-link=Tom Wicker}}</ref> (40 of Michigan's 48 and one from Kansas).<ref>''National Party Conventions 1831–2004'', p. 229.</ref>

[[File:George Romney 1964 RNC 02746u (cropped1).jpg|thumb|left|Romney speaking at the 1964 Republican National Convention]]
At the convention, Romney fought for a strengthened civil rights plank in the party platform that would pledge action to eliminate discrimination at the state, local, and private levels, but it was defeated on a voice vote.<ref name="nyt071764"/><ref name="npc-descr-64">''National Party Conventions 1831–2004'', pp. 127–128.</ref> He also failed to win support for a statement that condemned both left- and right-wing extremism without naming any organizations, which lost a standing vote by a two-to-one margin.<ref name="nyt071764">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00E16FC3E581B728DDDAE0994DF405B848AF1D3 | title=Romney's 'Reservations' | agency=[[United Press International]] | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 17, 1964 | format=fee required}}</ref><ref name="npc-descr-64"/> Both of Romney's positions were endorsed by former President [[Dwight Eisenhower]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10D12FF3E581B728DDDAF0994DF405B848AF1D3 | title=Eisenhower Chides Senator's Forces | last=Belair | first=Felix Jr. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 16, 1964 | format=fee required}}</ref> who had an approach to civic responsibilities similar to Romney's.<ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1964'', p. 148.</ref> As the convention concluded, Romney neither endorsed nor repudiated Goldwater and vice presidential nominee [[William E. Miller]], saying he had reservations about Goldwater's lack of support for civil rights and the political extremism that Goldwater embodied.<ref name="nyt071764"/>

For the fall 1964 elections, Romney cut himself off from the national ticket, refusing to even appear on the same stage with them<ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1964'', p. 351.</ref> and continuing to feud with Goldwater privately.<ref name="nym-bww">{{cite news | url=http://nymag.com/news/features/george-romney-2012-5/ | title=George Romney for President, 1968 | first=Benjamin |last=Wallace-Wells|date= May 20, 2012 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> He campaigned for governor in mostly Democratic areas, and when pressed at campaign appearances about whether he supported Goldwater, he replied, "You know darn well I'm not!"<ref name="life103064">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0gEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 | title= ... A Trio of G.O.P. Stars Fighting Hard Not to Be Buried with Barry | last=Ajemian|first=Robert | magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] | date=October 30, 1964 | pages=35–38}}</ref> Romney was re-elected in 1964 by a margin of over 380,000 votes over Democratic Congressman [[Neil Staebler]], despite Goldwater's landslide defeat to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] that swept away many other Republican candidates.<ref name="white-1968-37"/><ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1964'', p. 405.</ref><ref>Harris, ''Romney's Way'', p. 241.</ref> Romney won 15 percent of Michigan's black vote, compared to Goldwater's two percent.<ref name="white-1968-37"/>

In 1965, Romney visited [[South Vietnam]] for 31 days and said that he was continuing his strong support for U.S. military involvement there.<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref name="time-bw">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941126,00.html | title=The Brainwashed Candidate | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=September 15, 1967 | format=fee required}}</ref>
During 1966, while son Mitt was away in France on missionary work, George Romney guided Mitt's fiancée [[Ann Romney|Ann Davies]] in her conversion to Mormonism.<ref name="bg-series-1"/> Governor Romney continued his support of civil rights; after violence broke out during the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]] in 1965, he marched at the front of a Detroit parade in solidarity with the marchers.<ref name="usa-rights"/> In 1966, Romney had his biggest electoral success, winning re-election again by some 527,000 votes over Democratic lawyer [[Zolton Ferency]]<ref name="white-1968-37"/><ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', p. 249.</ref> (this time to a four-year term, after a change in Michigan law).<ref name="nyt010367">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00D1FF73958117B93C1A9178AD85F438685F9 | title=Romney Attacks Big Government | agency=[[United Press International]] | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 3, 1967 | page=1 | format=fee required}}</ref> His share of the black vote rose to over 30 percent, a virtually unprecedented accomplishment for a Republican.<ref name="white-1968-37"/>

By 1967, a looming deficit prompted the legislature to overhaul Michigan's tax structure.<ref name="mich-577"/> Personal and corporate state income taxes were created while business receipts and corporation franchise taxes were eliminated.<ref name="mich-577"/> Passage of an income levy had eluded past Michigan governors, no matter which party controlled of the legislature.<ref name="nyt062967"/> Romney's success convincing Democratic and Republican factions to compromise on the details of the measure was considered a key test of his political ability.<ref name="life050567"/><ref name="nyt062967">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F40B15FB345C14738DDDA00A94DE405B878AF1D3 | title=Romney Wins Key Test in Fight For Fiscal Reform in Michigan | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 29, 1967 | page=16 | format=fee required}}</ref>

The massive [[12th Street riot]] in Detroit began during the predawn hours of July 23, 1967, precipitated by a police raid of a [[blind pig|speakeasy]] in a predominantly black neighborhood.<ref name="mich-583">Dunbar; May, ''Michigan'', p. 583.</ref> As the day wore on and looting and fires got worse, Romney called in the [[Michigan State Police]] and the [[Michigan National Guard]].<ref name="mich-583"/> At 3 a.m. on July 24, Romney and Detroit Mayor [[Jerome Cavanagh]] called [[U.S. Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] and requested that federal troops be sent.<ref name="mich-583"/><ref name="enc-riots">{{cite book | last=Herman | first=Max | chapter=Detroit (Michigan) Riot of 1967 | editor-last=Rucker | editor-first=Walter C. | editor2-last=Upton | editor2-first=James N.| title=Encyclopedia of American Race Riots | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer00jrwa_447 | url-access=limited | publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | location=Westport, Connecticut | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-313-33301-9 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer00jrwa_447/page/n233 167]–170}}</ref> Clark indicated that to do so, Romney would have to declare a state of [[civil insurrection]], which the governor was loath to do from fear that insurance companies would seize upon it as a reason to not cover losses owing to the riot.<ref name="enc-riots"/> Elements of the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd]] and [[101st Airborne Division (United States)|101st U.S. Army Airborne Divisions]] were mobilized outside of the city.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,1607,7-126-2360_3003_3009-27393--,00.html | title=The Tumultuous 1960s | publisher=[[Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs]] | access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref>
As the situation in Detroit worsened, Romney told [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary of Defense]] [[Cyrus Vance]], "We gotta move, man, we gotta move."<ref name="time-detroit">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837152,00.html | title=Politics: After Detroit | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=August 4, 1967 | format=fee required}}</ref> Near midnight on July 24, President Johnson authorized thousands of paratroopers to enter Detroit.<ref name="enc-riots"/> Johnson went on national television to announce his actions and made seven references to Romney's inability to control the riot using state and local forces.<ref name="time-detroit"/><ref name="mich-584">Dunbar; May, ''Michigan'', p. 584.</ref> Thousands of arrests took place and the rioting continued until July 27.<ref name="enc-riots"/> The final toll was the largest of any American civil disturbance in fifty years:<ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 202.</ref> 43 dead, over a thousand injured, 2,500 stores looted, hundreds of homes burned, and some $50 million overall in property damage.<ref name="mich-583"/>

There were strong political implications in the handling of the riot, as Romney was seen as a leading Republican contender to challenge Johnson's presidential re-election the following year;<ref name="time-detroit"/> Romney believed the White House had intentionally slowed its response<ref name="nym-bww"/> and he charged Johnson with having "played politics" in his actions.<ref name="mich-584"/><ref>Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', pp. 283–284.</ref> The riot notwithstanding, by the end of Romney's governorship the state had made strong gains in civil rights related to public employment, government contracting, and access to public accommodations.<ref name="fine-335">Fine, ''Expanding the Frontiers of Civil Rights'', p. 335.</ref> Lesser improvements were made in combating discrimination in private employment, housing, education, and law enforcement.<ref name="fine-335"/> Considerable state and federal efforts were made during this time to improve the lot of Michigan's [[Migrant worker|migrant farm workers]] and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], without much progress for either.<ref name="fine-335"/>

Romney greatly expanded the size of state government while governor.<ref name="bg-memory">{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/01/13/romney_names_faded_familiarity/ | title=Romney name's faded familiarity | last=Issenberg |first=Sasha | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=January 13, 2008 }}</ref> His first state budget, for fiscal year 1963, was $550 million, a $20 million increase over that of his predecessor Swainson.<ref name="mollenhoff-269">Mollenhoff, ''George Romney'', p. 269.</ref> Romney had also inherited an $85 million budget deficit, but left office with a surplus.<ref name="nytm-weaver"/> In the following fiscal years, the state budget increased to $684 million for 1964, $820 million for 1965, $1 billion for 1966, $1.1 billion for 1967, and was proposed as $1.3 billion for 1968.<ref name="mollenhoff-269"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F5061EF7345D147493C7AB178AD85F4C8685F9 | title=Romney Budgets a Rise in Outlay | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 25, 1968 | page=19 | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney led the way for a large increase in state spending on education, and Michigan began to develop one of the nation's most comprehensive systems of higher education.<ref name="brace"/> There was a significant increase in funding support for local governments<ref name="nytm-weaver"/> and there were generous benefits for the poor and unemployed.<ref name="brace"/> Romney's spending was enabled by the [[Economic history of the United States#Postwar prosperity: 1945–1973|post–World War II economic expansion]] that generated continued government surpluses<ref name="nytm-weaver"/><ref name="mollenhoff-269"/> and by a consensus of both parties in Michigan to maintain extensive state bureaucracies and expand public sector services.<ref name="brace">{{cite book | title=State Government and Economic Performance | first=Paul | last=Brace | edition=Second | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | location=Baltimore | year=1994 | isbn=0-8018-4971-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/stategovernmente0000brac/page/54 54–55] | url=https://archive.org/details/stategovernmente0000brac/page/54 }}</ref>

The bipartisan coalitions that Romney worked with in the state legislature enabled him to reach most of his legislative goals.<ref name="fine-216"/> His record as governor continued his reputation for having, as writer [[Theodore H. White]] said, "a knack for getting things done."<ref name="white-1968-37"/> Noted [[University of Michigan]] historian [[Sidney Fine (historian)|Sidney Fine]] assessed him as "a highly successful governor".<ref name="fine-216"/>

==1968 presidential campaign==
{{main|George Romney 1968 presidential campaign}}
Romney's wide margin of re-election as governor in November 1966 thrust him to the forefront of national Republicans.<ref name="wapo-obit"/><ref name="ambrose-104">Ambrose, ''Nixon: Volume Two'', p. 104.</ref> In addition to his political record, the tall, square-jawed, handsome, graying Romney matched what the public thought a president should look like.<ref name="life050567"/><ref name="white-1968-37"/><ref>Wills, ''Nixon Agonistes'', p. 202.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Independent Nation: How Centrists Can Change American Politics | first=John P. | last=Avlon | publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]] | location=New York | year=2005 | isbn=1-4000-5024-3 | page=[https://archive.org/details/independentnatio0000avlo_e5b5/page/174 174] | url=https://archive.org/details/independentnatio0000avlo_e5b5/page/174 }}</ref> Republican governors were determined not to let a Goldwater-sized loss recur, and neither Rockefeller nor Scranton wanted to run again; the governors quickly settled on Romney as their favorite for the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 1968|Republican presidential nomination in the 1968 U.S. presidential election]].<ref name="white-1968-38">White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', pp. 38–39.</ref>

[[File:Romney in 68.jpg|thumb|alt=Block letters and simple font saying "Romney in 68 For a Better America!"|Romney campaign bumper sticker]]
Former Congressman and [[Republican National Committee]] chair [[Leonard W. Hall]] became Romney's informal campaign manager.<ref name="white-1968-38"/> A [[Gallup Poll]] after the November elections showed Romney as favored among Republicans over former Vice President Richard Nixon for the Republican nomination, 39 percent to 31 percent;<ref name="johns"/> a [[Harris Poll]] showed Romney besting President Johnson among all voters by 54 percent to 46 percent.<ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 41.</ref> Nixon considered Romney his chief opponent.<ref name="ambrose-104"/> Romney announced an exploratory phase for a possible campaign in February 1967, beginning with a visit to Alaska and the Rocky Mountain states.<ref name="white-1968-56">White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', pp. 56–57.</ref>

Romney's greatest weakness was a lack of foreign policy expertise and a need for a clear position on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="johns"/><ref name="white-1968-56"/> The press coverage of the trip focused on Vietnam and reporters were frustrated by Romney's initial reluctance to speak about it.<ref name="white-1968-56"/> The qualities that helped Romney as an industry executive worked against him as a presidential candidate;<ref name="bg-series-1"/> he had difficulty being articulate, often speaking at length and too forthrightly on a topic and then later correcting himself while maintaining he was not.<ref name="life050567"/><ref name="witcover-88">Witcover, ''Marathon'', p. 88.</ref><ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 40.</ref> Reporter [[Jack Germond]] joked that he was going to add a single key on his typewriter that would print, "Romney later explained ..."<ref name="witcover-88"/> ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine wrote that Romney "manages to turn self-expression into a positive ordeal" and that he was no different in private: "nobody can sound more like the public George Romney than the real George Romney let loose to ramble, inevitably away from the point and toward some distant moral precept."<ref name="life050567">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84-IA2 | title=Puzzling Front Runner | last=Brower|first= Brock | magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] | date=May 5, 1967 | pages=84–95}}</ref>

The perception grew that Romney was gaffe-prone.<ref name="witcover-88"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AH4_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3965,8673933 | title=One Gaffe Can Define a Campaign | first=Walter | last=Mears | author-link=Walter Mears | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The Mount Airy News]] | date=June 26, 1992 | page=4A}}</ref> The campaign, beset by internal rivalries, soon went through the first of several reorganizations.<ref name="white-1968-56"/> By then, Nixon had already overtaken Romney in Gallup's Republican preference poll, a lead he would hold throughout the rest of the campaign.<ref name="lfls">{{cite news | url=http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article.php?id=FRC2007092001 | title=Like Father, Like Son? | last=Cook|first=Rhodes | newspaper=[[Sabato's Crystal Ball|Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball]] | publisher=[[University of Virginia Center for Politics]] | date=September 20, 2007 | access-date=July 19, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606225654/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article.php?id=FRC2007092001 |archive-date = June 6, 2008}}</ref><ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 134.</ref> The techniques that had brought Romney victories in Michigan, such as operating outside established partisan formulas and keeping a distance from Republican Party organizational elements, proved ineffective in a party nominating contest.<ref name="bachelder">{{cite journal | last=Bachelder | first=Chris | title=Crashing the Party: The Ill-Fated 1968 Presidential Campaign of Governor George Romney | journal=[[Michigan Historical Review]] | volume=33 | issue=2 | date=Fall 2007 | pages=131–162| doi=10.1353/mhr.2007.0042 |jstor=20174227}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; font-size:86%; margin: .33em 0 0 .4em;"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE" colspan="3" |Romney's poll numbers
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:50px; white-space:nowrap;"|Percentage
! style="width:45px; white-space:nowrap;"|Margin
|-
| November 1966
| 39%
| +8
|-
| January 1967
| 28%
| –11
|-
| February 1967
| 31%
| –10
|-
| March 1967
| 30%
| –9
|-
| April 1967
| 28%
| –15
|-
| June 1967
| 25%
| –14
|-
| August 1967
| 24%
| –11
|-
| style=white-space:nowrap|September 1967
| 14%
| –26
|-
| October 1967
| 13%
| –29
|-
| November 1967
| 14%
| –28
|-
| January 1968
| 12%
| –30
|-
| February 1968
| 7%
| –44
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"|
Gallup Poll percentages of Republican Party 
voters preferring Romney for the presidential 
nomination, and margin ahead or behind usual 
poll leader Richard Nixon. Romney was trailing 
almost from the start, and his numbers dropped 
further after the August 31, 1967, "brainwashing" 
remark.<ref name="johns"/><ref name="lfls"/>
|}
Romney's national poll ratings continued to erode, and by May he had lost his edge over Johnson.<ref name="white-1968-56"/> The Detroit riots of July 1967 did not change his standing among Republicans,<ref name="lfls"/> but did give him a bounce in national polls against the increasingly unpopular president.<ref name="white-1968-56"/>

Questions were occasionally asked about Romney's eligibility to run for [[President of the United States|President]] owing to his birth in Mexico, given the ambiguity in the [[United States Constitution]] over the phrase "[[natural-born citizen]]".<ref name="nyt-celler"/><ref name="lfls"/><ref name="mitt-bc">{{cite news | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-29/news/sns-rt-us-usa-campaign-romney-birth-certificatebre84s1gf-20120529_1_george-romney-republican-mitt-romney-citizen | title=Romney's birth certificate evokes his father's controversy | first=Mark | last=Hosenball | agency=[[Reuters]] | newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=May 29, 2012}}</ref> Romney would depart the race before the matter could be more definitively resolved,<ref name="lfls"/> although the preponderance of opinion then and since has been that he was eligible.<ref name="mitt-bc"/><ref>{{cite news|publisher = [[ABC News]]|url = https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/01/how-mitt-romneys-mexican-born-father-was-eligible-to-be-president/|date = January 27, 2012|title = How Mitt Romney's Mexican-Born Father Was Eligible to be President|last = Khan|first = Huma}}</ref>

Romney was also the first Mormon to stage a credible run for the presidency.<ref>Haws, ''The Mormon Image in the American Mind'', p. 12.</ref> By this time, he was well known as a Mormon and perhaps the most nationally visible one since [[Brigham Young]].<ref>Haws, ''The Mormon Image in the American Mind'', pp. 13, 17.</ref> But his membership in the LDS Church was scarcely mentioned at all during the campaign.<ref name="lfls"/><ref name="bachelder"/><ref name="ap073107">{{cite news|url=http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070731/NEWS08/207310301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808081534/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070731%2FNEWS08%2F207310301 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 8, 2007 |title=Presidential candidates' religion playing big role in contest |last=Raum |first=Tom |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Nashua)|The Telegraph]] |location=Nashua |date=July 31, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.observer.com/2007/romney-more-ghwb-jfk |title=Romney More G.H.W.B. Than J.F.K. |last=Kornacki |first=Steve |newspaper=[[The New York Observer]] |date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010010908/http://www.observer.com/2007/romney-more-ghwb-jfk |archive-date=October 10, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref> What indirect discussion there was helped bring to national attention the church's policy regarding blacks, but the contrast of Romney's pro-civil rights stance deflected any criticism of him and indirectly benefited the image of the church.<ref name="nyt-course">{{cite news |title=For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago |date=December 18, 2007 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/us/politics/18romney.html | last=Kirkpatrick | first=David D.}}</ref><ref name="haus">{{cite book | last=Haws | first=J. B. | chapter=Mormonism's Contested Identity | editor-last=Reeve | editor-first=W. Paul | editor2-last=Parshall | editor2-first=Ardis E.| title=Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] | location=Santa Barbara, California | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-59884-107-7 | pages=374–375}}</ref> Some historians and Mormons suspected then and later that had Romney's campaign lasted longer and been more successful, his religion might have become a more prominent issue.<ref name="lfls"/><ref name="ap073107"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00617F9395C107B93C0A9178BD95F438685F9 | title=Mormon Leaders Heard By 25,000 | last=Windeler | first=Robert | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 2, 1967 | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney's campaign did often focus on his core beliefs; a Romney billboard in New Hampshire read "The Way To Stop Crime Is To Stop Moral Decay".<ref name="bg-memory"/><ref name="white-1968-56"/> [[Dartmouth College]] students gave a bemused reaction to his morals message, displaying signs such as "God Is Alive and Thinks He's George Romney".<ref name="nytm-weaver">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00A10FE3C5B1B7A93CBA8178AD95F438685F9 | title=Romney Sounds An Uncertain Trumpet | last=Weaver | first=Warren Jr. | magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | date=November 19, 1967 | format=fee required}}</ref> A spate of books were published about Romney, more than for any other candidate, and included a friendly campaign biography, an attack from a former staffer, and a collection of Romney's speeches.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30710FC3E5D137A93C2A81788D85F4C8685F9 | title=By, About, For, With and Against the Candidates | last=Jellinek | first=Roger | magazine=[[The New York Times Book Review]] | date=March 10, 1968 | page=BR6 | format=fee required}}</ref>

On August 31, 1967, in a taped interview with locally influential (and nationally syndicated) talk show host [[Lou Gordon (journalist)|Lou Gordon]] of [[WKBD-TV]] in Detroit,<ref name="nym-bww"/> Romney stated: "When I came back from Viet Nam [in November 1965], I'd just had the greatest brainwashing that anybody can get." He then shifted to opposing the war: "I no longer believe that it was necessary for us to get involved in South Vietnam to stop Communist aggression in Southeast Asia." Decrying the "tragic" conflict, he urged "a sound peace in South Vietnam at an early time." Thus Romney disavowed the war and reversed himself from his earlier stated belief that the war was "morally right and necessary".<ref name="johns">{{cite journal | first=Andrew L. | last=Johns | title=Achilles' Heel: The Vietnam War and George Romney's Bid for the Presidency, 1967 to 1968 | journal=Michigan Historical Review | volume= 26 | year=2000 | pages=1–29 | doi=10.2307/20164896 | issue=1| jstor=20164896 }}</ref>

The "brainwashing" reference had been an offhand, unplanned remark that came at the end of a long, behind-schedule day of campaigning.<ref name="white-1968-58">White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', pp. 58–60.</ref> By September 7, it found its way into prominence at ''The New York Times''.<ref name="lfls"/> Eight other governors who had been on the same 1965, trip as Romney said no such activity had taken place, and one of them, [[Philip H. Hoff]] of Vermont, said Romney's remarks were "outrageous, kind of stinking ... Either he's a most naïve man or he lacks judgment."<ref name="time-bw"/> The connotations of [[brainwashing]], following the experiences of American prisoners of war (highlighted by the 1962 film ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]''), made Romney's comment devastating,<ref name="nym-bww"/><ref name="johns"/> especially as it reinforced the negative image of Romney's abilities that had already developed.<ref name="witcover-88"/> The topic of brainwashing quickly became newspaper editorial and television talk show fodder, and Romney bore the brunt of the topical humor.<ref name="johns"/> Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]], running against Johnson for the Democratic nomination, said that in Romney's case, "a light rinse would have been sufficient."<ref name="lfls"/> Republican Congressman [[Robert T. Stafford]] of Vermont sounded a common concern: "If you're running for the presidency, you are supposed to have too much on the ball to be brainwashed."<ref name="johns"/> After the remark was aired, Romney's poll ratings nosedived, going from 11 percent behind Nixon to 26 percent behind.<ref name="lfls"/>

He nonetheless persevered, staging a three-week, 17-city tour of the nation's ghettos and disadvantaged areas that none of his advisors thought politically worthwhile.<ref name="nym-bww"/><ref name="nytm-weaver"/> He sought to engage militants in dialogue,<ref name="nytm-weaver"/> found himself exposed to the harsh realities and language of ghetto areas,<ref name="nym-bww"/> and had an unusual encounter with [[hippies]] and [[Diggers (theater)|The Diggers]] in San Francisco's [[Haight-Ashbury]].<ref name="nytm-weaver"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/09/23/83141132.pdf | title=Romney Pays Visit to Coast Hippies | last=Weaver | first=Warren Jr. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 23, 1967}}</ref>

Romney formally announced on November 18, 1967, at Detroit's [[UAW-Ford National Programs Center|Veterans Memorial Building]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F7071EF63D5B1B7A93CBA8178AD95F438685F9 | title=Text of Romney's Statement | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 19, 1967 | page=62 | format=fee required}}</ref> that he had "decided to fight for and win the Republican nomination and election to the Presidency of the United States."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Elections/12303074818188-11/ | title=1967 Year In Review | publisher=United Press International | access-date=October 20, 2009}}</ref> His subsequent release of his federal tax returns – twelve years' worth going back to his time as AMC head – was groundbreaking<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YMAbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3066746 | title=Romney Reveals 12–Year Income | agency=[[United Press International]] | newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] | date=November 26, 1967 | pages=1, 9}}</ref> and established a precedent that many future presidential candidates would have to contend with.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/08/investigating-mitt-romney-offshore-accounts | title=Where the Money Lives | first=Nicholas | last=Shaxson | magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=August 2012}}</ref> He spent the following months campaigning tirelessly, focusing on the [[New Hampshire primary]], the first of the season, and doing all the on-the-ground activities known to that state: greeting workers at factory gates before dawn, having neighborhood meetings in private homes, and stopping at bowling alleys.<ref name="white-1968-61"/> He returned to Vietnam in December 1967 and made speeches and proposals on the subject, one of which presaged Nixon's eventual policy of [[Vietnamization]].<ref name="witcover-88"/><ref name="white-1968-61"/> For a while, he got an improved response from voters.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/28/archives/romney-is-gaining-in-new-hampshire-response-found-stronger-than-on.html | title=Romney is Gaining in New Hampshire | last=Ripley | first=Anthony | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 28, 1968 | format=fee required}}</ref>

[[Image:Publicity photo Romney 68 Convention.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Headshot of a greying man in a suit who is indirectly facing the camera as he listens to a man a portion of whose head is shown from its side-to-rear |Romney at the [[1968 Republican National Convention]] ]]
Two weeks before the March 12 primary, an internal poll showed Romney losing to Nixon by a six-to-one margin in New Hampshire.<ref name="white-1968-61"/> Rockefeller, seeing the poll result as well, publicly maintained his support for Romney but said he would be available for a draft; the statement made national headlines and embittered Romney<ref name="white-1968-61"/> (who would later claim it was Rockefeller's entry, and not the "brainwashing" remark, that doomed him).<ref name="nyt-reunion"/><ref name="wapo-obit"/> Seeing his cause was hopeless, Romney announced his withdrawal as a presidential candidate on February 28, 1968.<ref name="white-1968-61">White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', pp. 60–61, 229.</ref> Romney wrote his son Mitt, still away on missionary work: "Your mother and I are not personally distressed. As a matter of fact, we are relieved. ... I aspired, and though I achieved not, I am satisfied."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1619212,00.html | title=What Romney Believes | last=Tumulty | first=Karen | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=May 10, 2007 | author-link=Karen Tumulty}}</ref>

Nixon went on to gain the nomination. At the [[1968 Republican National Convention]] in Miami Beach, Romney refused to release his delegates to Nixon, something Nixon did not forget.<ref name="bg-series-4-side">{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/27/nixon_romney_relationship_came_to_frosty_end/?page=full | title=The Making of Mitt Romney: Nixon, Romney relationship came to frosty end | last=Kranish | first=Michael | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=June 27, 2007 | author-link=Michael Kranish}}</ref> Romney finished a weak fifth, with only 50 votes on the roll call (44 of Michigan's 48, plus six from Utah).<ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', Appendix B.</ref> When party liberals and moderates and others expressed dismay at Nixon's choice of [[Spiro Agnew]] as his running mate, Romney's name was placed into nomination for vice president by [[Mayor of New York]] [[John Lindsay]] and pushed by several delegations.<ref name="ambrose-174">Ambrose, ''Nixon: Volume Two'', pp. 174–175.</ref><ref name="ap081068">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA071EFE3B54157493C2A81783D85F4C8685F9 | title=Romney Declares His Party Is United | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 10, 1968 | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney said he did not initiate the move,<ref name="ap081068"/> but he made no effort to oppose it.<ref name="npc-131"/> Nixon saw the rebellion as a threat to his leadership and actively fought against it;<ref name="ambrose-174"/> Romney lost to Agnew 1,119–186.<ref name="npc-131">''National Party Conventions 1831–2004'', p. 131.</ref> Romney, however, worked for Nixon's eventually successful campaign in the fall, which did earn him Nixon's gratitude.<ref name="nyt-cabinet"/>

Presidential historian Theodore H. White wrote that during his campaign Romney gave "the impression of an honest and decent man simply not cut out to be President of the United States."<ref name="white-1968-61"/> Governor [[Jim Rhodes]] of Ohio more memorably said, "Watching George Romney run for the presidency was like watching a duck try to make love to a football."<ref name="bg-series-1"/><ref>White, ''The Making of the President, 1968'', p. 54.</ref>

==Secretary of Housing and Urban Development==
[[File:RomneySwornInSecHUD.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A formal-looking room with flags and drapery; in it, a middle-aged man, another middle-aged man with his right hand raised, a middle-aged woman, and an older man, are all beside a podium|Romney was sworn in as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] on January 22, 1969, with President [[Richard Nixon]] and wife [[Lenore Romney]] at his side.]]
After the election, Nixon named Romney to be [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD). The president-elect made the announcement as part of a nationally televised presentation of his new cabinet on December 11, 1968.<ref name="nyt-cabinet">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20D12FB3C54157493C0A81789D95F4C8685F9 | title=Nixon Presents the New Cabinet, Pledges to Seek Peace and Unity; All Republicans | last=Semple | first=Robert B. Jr. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 12, 1968 | format=fee required}}</ref> Nixon praised Romney for his "missionary zeal" and said that he would also be tasked with mobilizing volunteer organizations to fight poverty and disease within the United States.<ref name="nyt-cabinet"/> In actuality, Nixon distrusted Romney politically, and appointed him to a liberally oriented, low-profile federal agency partly to appease Republican moderates and partly to reduce Romney's potential to challenge for the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 Republican presidential nomination]].<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/><ref>Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', p. 72.</ref><ref name="kotlowski-52"/>

Romney was confirmed by the Senate without opposition on January 20, 1969, the day of Nixon's inauguration,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20F13FE3F5E147493C3AB178AD85F4D8685F9 | title=Cabinet Approved Except for Hickel | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 21, 1969 | format=fee required}}</ref> and was sworn into office on January 22, with Nixon at his side.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0B14FD3F5E147493C1AB178AD85F4D8685F9 | title=11 Cabinet Members Take Oath of Office; Hickel Vote Today | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 23, 1969 | last=Blair | first=William M. | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney resigned as Governor of Michigan that same day, and was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor [[William G. Milliken]]. Milliken continued Romney's model of downplaying party label and ideology, and Republicans held onto the governorship for three more terms until 1983, though Michigan was one of the nation's most blue-collar states.<ref>Witcover, ''Marathon'', p. 424.</ref>

As secretary, Romney conducted the first reorganization of the department since its 1966 creation.<ref name="nenno-11">Nenno, ''Ending the Stalemate'', p. 11.</ref> His November 1969, plan brought programs with similar functions together under unified, policy-based administration at the Washington level, and created two new assistant secretary positions.<ref name="nenno-11"/> At the same time, he increased the number of regional and area offices and decentralized program operations and locality-based decisions to them.<ref name="nenno-11"/>

The [[Fair Housing Act of 1968]] mandated a federal commitment towards housing desegregation, and required HUD to orient its programs in this direction.<ref name="mason">Mason, ''Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority'', pp. 149–150.</ref> Romney, filled with moral passion, wanted to address the widening economic and geographic gulf between whites and blacks by moving blacks out of inner-city ghettos into suburbs.<ref name="kotlowski-45">Kotlowski, ''Nixon's Civil Rights'', p. 45.</ref> Romney proposed an [[open housing]] scheme to facilitate desegregation, dubbed "Open Communities"; HUD planned it for many months without keeping Nixon informed.<ref name="lamb-69">Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', pp. 69–72.</ref><ref name="kotlowski-55">Kotlowski, ''Nixon's Civil Rights'', pp. 55–57.</ref>

[[File:Richard M. Nixon in a cabinet meeting - NARA - 194640.tif|Romney with Nixon at a Cabinet meeting in 1969|thumb|alt=Two middle-aged men sit at the right side of a large tabletop, with others alongside and behind them.]]
When the open housing proposal became public, local reaction was often hostile.<ref name="mason"/> Such was the reaction of many residents in [[Warren, Michigan]], a predominately white blue-collar suburb of Detroit.<ref name="nyt072970"/> While it had no formal discriminatory laws, most blacks were excluded by zoning practices, refusals to sell to them, and intimidatory actions of white property owners, many of whom were ethnic Polish and Catholic and had moved to the suburb as part of [[white flight]].<ref name="nyt072970"/><ref name="lamb-93">Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', pp. 85–93.</ref> By this time, Detroit was 40–50 percent black.<ref name="nyt072970">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20813F63A5A157493CBAB178CD85F448785F9 | title=Michiganites Jeer Romney Over Suburbs' Integration | last=Flint |first=Jerry M. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 29, 1970 | page=27 | format=fee required}}</ref> HUD made Warren a prime target for Open Communities enforcement and threatened to halt all federal assistance to the town unless it took a series of actions to end racial discrimination there; town officials said progress was being made and that their citizens resented forced integration.<ref name="lamb-93"/> Romney rejected this response, partly because when he was governor, Warren residents had thrown rocks and garbage and yelled obscenities for days at a biracial couple who moved into town.<ref name="nyt072970"/> Now the secretary said, "The youth of this nation, the minorities of this nation, the discriminated of this nation are not going to wait for 'nature to take its course.' What is really at issue here is responsibility – moral responsibility."<ref name="lamb-93"/>

Romney visited Warren in July 1970, where he addressed leaders from it and around 40 nearby suburbs.<ref name="nyt072970"/> He emphasized that the government was encouraging [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] rather than forced integration, but the local populace saw little difference and Romney was jeered as a police escort took him away from the meeting place.<ref name="nyt072970"/> Nixon saw what happened in Warren<ref name="lamb-93"/> and had no interest in the Open Communities policy in general, remarking to domestic adviser [[John Ehrlichman]] that, "This country is not ready at this time for either forcibly integrated housing or forcibly integrated education."<ref name="mason"/> The Open Communities policy conflicted with Nixon's use of the [[Southern strategy]] of gaining political support among traditionally white southern Democrats, and his own views on race.<ref>Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', pp. 112, 119.</ref> Romney was forced to back down on Warren and release federal monies to them unconditionally.<ref name="lamb-93"/>

When [[Black Jack, Missouri]], subsequently resisted a HUD-sponsored plan for desegregated lower- and middle-income housing, Romney appealed to U.S. Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]] for [[U.S. Justice Department|Justice Department]] intervention.<ref name="mason"/> In September 1970, Mitchell refused and Romney's plan collapsed.<ref name="mason"/> Under Romney, HUD did establish stricter affirmative racial guidelines in relation to new public housing projects, but overall administration implementation of the Fair Housing Act was lacking.<ref name="mason"/> Some of the responsibility lay with Romney's inattentiveness to gaining political backing for the policy, including the failure to rally natural allies such as the [[NAACP]].<ref name="kotlowski-55"/> [[Salisbury University]] historian Dean J. Kotlowski writes that, "No civil rights initiative developed on Nixon's watch was as sincerely devised or poorly executed as open communities."<ref name="kotlowski-55"/>

[[Image:Press conference with cabinet members - NARA - 194631.tif|thumb|right|Nixon's cabinet at a 1969 press conference (Romney is last on the right in middle row)|alt=A large number of middle-aged men watch something out of view on the left-hand side]]

Another of Romney's initiatives was "Operation Breakthrough," which was intended to increase the amount of housing available to the poor and which initially had Nixon's support.<ref name="kotlowski-52"/> Based on his automotive industry experience, Romney thought that the cost of housing could be significantly reduced if in-factory [[modular building|modular construction]] techniques were used.<ref name="huduser"/> HUD officials believed that introduction of this technique could help bring about desegregation; Romney said, "We've got to put an end to the idea of moving to suburban areas and living only among people of the same economic and social class".<ref>Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', p. 63.</ref> This aspect of the program brought about strong opposition at the local suburban level and lost support in the White House as well.<ref>Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', pp. 64–66.</ref> Over half of HUD's research funds during this time were spent on Operation Breakthrough, and it was modestly successful in its building goals.<ref name="nyt-obit"/><ref name="nenno-13">Nenno, ''Ending the Stalemate'', p. 13.</ref> It did not revolutionize home construction, and was phased out once Romney left HUD.<ref name="nenno-13"/> But it resulted indirectly in more modern and consistent [[building codes]] and introduction of technological advances such as the [[smoke alarm]].<ref name="huduser"/>

In any case, using conventional construction methods, HUD set records for the amount of construction of assisted housing for low- and moderate-income families.<ref name="nenno-13"/> Toward the end of his term, Romney oversaw demolition of the infamous [[Pruitt–Igoe]] housing project in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], which had become crime-ridden, drug-infested, and largely vacant.<ref name="huduser">{{cite journal | url=http://www.huduser.org/Periodicals/CITYSCPE/VOL1NUM3/foote.pdf | title=As They Saw It: HUD's Secretaries Reminisce About Carrying Out the Mission | last=Foote | first=Joseph | journal=Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research | volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=71–92 |date=September 1995}}</ref>

[[File:NixonAndRomneyInOffice.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two middle-aged men at a desk, in a forced pose of engaged conversation|President Nixon and Secretary Romney confer at The White House]]
Romney was largely outside the president's inner circle and had minimal influence within the [[Nixon administration]].<ref name="nyt-obit"/> His intense, sometimes bombastic style of making bold advances and awkward pullbacks lacked adequate guile to succeed in Washington.<ref name="kotlowski-50"/><ref name="drew-41">Drew, ''Richard M. Nixon'', p. 41.</ref> Desegregation efforts in employment and education had more success than in housing during the Nixon administration, but HUD's many missions and unwieldy structure, which sometimes worked at cross-purposes, made it institutionally vulnerable to political attack.<ref name="bonastia-3">Bonastia, ''Knocking on the Door'', [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8205.pdf pp. 3–5].</ref><ref name="bonastia-paper"/> Romney also failed to understand or circumvent Nixon's use of counsel Ehrlichman and [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[H. R. Haldeman]] as policy gatekeepers, resulting in ''de facto'' downgrading of the power of cabinet officers.<ref name="kotlowski-52">Kotlowski, ''Nixon's Civil Rights'', p. 52.</ref><ref name="drew-41"/> Romney was used to being listened to and making his own decisions;<ref name="reeves-231">Reeves, ''President Nixon'', p. 231.</ref> he annoyed Nixon by casually interrupting him at meetings.<ref name="reeves-71"/> At one point, Nixon told Haldeman, "Just keep [Romney] away from me."<ref name="reeves-71">Reeves, ''President Nixon'', p. 71.</ref> A statement by Romney that he would voluntarily reduce his salary to aid the federal budget was viewed by Nixon as an "ineffective grandstand play".<ref name="reeves-231"/>

By early 1970, Nixon had decided he wanted Romney removed from his position.<ref name="kotlowski-53"/> Nixon, who hated to fire people<ref name="drew-41"/> and was, as Ehrlichman later described, "notoriously inadept" at it,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice/bob/erlichman.html | title=Stories of Bob: John Ehrlichman, Domestic Policy Advisor and Special Assistant to President Nixon | work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] | publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] | date=May 28, 1996}}</ref> instead hatched a plot to get Romney to run in the [[1970 United States Senate election in Michigan|1970 U.S. Senate race in Michigan]].<ref name="kotlowski-53">Kotlowski, ''Nixon's Civil Rights'', p. 53.</ref> Instead, Romney proposed that his wife Lenore run, and she received the backing of some state Republicans.<ref name="time-dreams">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,2115636,00.html | title=Dreams from His Mother | first=Barton | last=Gellman | author-link=Barton Gellman | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=June 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name="wapo-tale">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/for-mitt-romney-mothers-failed-run-offers-cautionary-tale/2012/02/23/gIQAXtQAYR_story.html | title=For Mitt Romney, mother's failed run offers cautionary tale | first=Brady | last=Dennis | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=February 24, 2012}}</ref> There was also resistance to her candidacy and an initial suspicion that it was just a [[stalking horse]] for keeping his options open.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/02/22/452128762.pdf | title=Mrs. Romney Fails to Get Senate Nod | first=Donald | last=Janson | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 22, 1970 | page=52}}</ref> She barely survived a primary against a conservative opponent, then lost badly in the general election to incumbent Democrat [[Philip A. Hart]].<ref name="time-dreams"/> Romney blamed others for his wife having entered the race, when he had been the major force behind it.<ref name="time-dreams"/>

In late 1970, after opposition to Open Communities reached a peak, Nixon again decided that Romney should go.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/><ref name="mason"/> Still reluctant to dismiss him, Nixon tried to get Romney to resign by forcing him to capitulate on a series of policy issues.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/> Romney surprised both Nixon and Haldeman by agreeing to back off his positions, and Nixon kept him as HUD secretary.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/><ref name="mason"/> Nixon remarked privately afterwards, "[Romney] talks big but folds under pressure."<ref name="reeves-277"/> Puzzled by Nixon's lack of apparent ideological consistency across different areas of the government, Romney told a friend, "I don't know what the president believes in. Maybe he doesn't believe in anything,"<ref name="reeves-277">Reeves, ''President Nixon'', p. 277.</ref> an assessment shared by others both inside and outside the administration.<ref>{{cite book | title=Domestic Policy and Ideology: Presidents and the American State, 1964–1987 | first=David H. | last=McKay | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=Cambridge, UK | year=1989 | isbn=0-521-32033-X}}</ref>

[[File:Richard M. Nixon posing with his Cabinet - NARA - 194437.tif|thumb|Romney in a group photo of Nixon's cabinet on June 16, 1972, second from the left in the back row.]]
In spring 1972, the [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA), an agency within HUD, was struck by scandal.<ref name="time-fha"/> Since passage of the [[Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968]] and the creation of the [[Government National Mortgage Association]] (Ginnie Mae), it had been responsible for helping the poor buy homes in inner-city areas via government-backed mortgages.<ref name="time-fha"/> These were financed by [[Mortgage-backed security|mortgage-backed securities]], the first issues of which Romney had announced in 1970.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/02/20/357416132.pdf | title=U.S.-Backed Issues For Housing Sold | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 20, 1970 | format=fee required}}</ref> A number of FHA employees, along with a number of real estate firms and lawyers, were indicted for a scheme in which the value of cheap inner city homes was inflated and they were sold to black buyers who could not really afford them, based on using those government-backed mortgages.<ref name="time-fha"/> The government was stuck for the bad loans when owners defaulted, as the properties were overvalued and could not be resold at the inflated prices.<ref name="time-fha">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905892-2,00.html | title=Ghetto Shakedown | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 10, 1972}}</ref><ref name="bonastia-132">Bonastia, ''Knocking on the Door'', pp. 132–133.</ref> Romney conceded that HUD had been unprepared to deal with speculators and had not been alert to earlier signs of illegal activity at the FHA.<ref name="time-fha"/><ref name="bonastia-132"/> The FHA scandal gave Nixon the ability to shut down HUD's remaining desegregation efforts with little political risk;<ref name="bonastia-paper">{{cite journal | last=Bonastia | first=Christopher | title=Hedging His Bets: Why Nixon Killed HUD's Desegregation Efforts | journal=[[Social Science History]] | volume=28 | issue=1 | date=Spring 2004 | pages= 19–52 | doi=10.1215/01455532-28-1-19}}</ref> by January 1973, all federal housing funds had been frozen.<ref name="bonastia-3"/>

In August 1972, Nixon announced Romney would inspect [[Hurricane Agnes]] flood damage in [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania]], but neglected to tell Romney first.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/> Much of the area lacked shelter six weeks after the storm, residents were angry, and Romney got into a three-way shouting match with Governor [[Milton J. Shapp]] and a local citizens' representative.<ref name="nyt081072">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20714FD3A591A7493C2A81783D85F468785F9 | title=Romney and Shapp Clash Over Flood Relief Plans | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 10, 1972 | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney denounced Shapp's proposal that the federal government pay off the mortgages of victims as "unrealistic and demagogic", and the representative angrily said to Romney, "You don't give a damn whether we live or die."<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/><ref name="nyt081072"/> The confrontation received wide media attention, damaging Romney's public reputation.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/> Feeling very frustrated, Romney wanted to resign immediately, but Nixon, worried about the fallout to his 1972 re-election campaign, insisted that Romney stay on.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/> Romney agreed, although he indicated to the press that he would leave eventually.<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60A12FA3C5B107A93C0A81783D85F468785F9 | title=Romney Announces He'll Leave Cabinet, But Not Right Now | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 12, 1972 | format=fee required}}</ref>

Romney finally turned in his resignation on November 9, 1972, following Nixon's re-election.<ref name="nyt-sec-leave"/> His departure was announced on November 27, 1972, as part of the initial wave of departures from Nixon's first-term cabinet.<ref name="nyt-sec-leave">{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30B16FF35591A7493CAAB178AD95F468785F9 | title=Romney and Laird Leaving as Nixon Reshapes Cabinet | last=Naughton | first=James M. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 28, 1972 | format=fee required}}</ref> Romney said he was unhappy with presidential candidates who declined to address "the real issues" facing the nation for fear they would lose votes, and said he would form a new national citizens' organization that would attempt to enlighten the public on the most vital topics.<ref name="nyt-sec-leave"/> He added that he would stay on as secretary until his successor could be appointed and confirmed,<ref name="nyt-sec-leave"/> and did stay until Nixon's second inauguration on January 20, 1973.<ref name="hud-secys">{{cite web | url=http://www.hud.gov/about/secretary/hudsecy.cfm | title=HUD Secretaries | publisher=[[Department of Housing and Urban Development]] | date=April 2, 2009 | access-date=July 22, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152338/http://www.hud.gov/about/secretary/hudsecy.cfm | archive-date=December 14, 2007}}</ref> Upon his departure, Romney said he looked forward "with great enthusiasm" to his return to private life.<ref name="wapo-obit"/>

''[[The Boston Globe]]'' later termed Romney's conflicts with Nixon a matter that "played out with Shakespearean drama".<ref name="bg-series-4-side"/> Despite all the setbacks and frustrations, [[University at Buffalo]] political scientist Charles M. Lamb concluded that Romney pressed harder to achieve suburban integration than any prominent federal official in the ensuing 1970s through the 1990s.<ref name="lamb-57">Lamb, ''Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960'', p. 57.</ref> In 2008, [[Lehman College]] sociology professor Christopher Bonastia assessed the Romney-era HUD as having come "surprisingly close to implementing unpopular antidiscrimination policies" but finally being unable to produce meaningful alterations in American residential segregation patterns, with no equivalent effort having happened since then or likely to in the foreseeable future.<ref name="bonastia-3"/>

==Public service, volunteerism, and final years==
Romney was known as an advocate of public service, and [[volunteerism]] was a passion of his.<ref name="nyt-course"/> He initiated several volunteer programs while Governor of Michigan,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z0pSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7166,4938192 | title=Volunteers – Real Helpers For the Poor | first=Nick | last=Thimmesch | newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] | date=March 29, 1969 | page=14A}}</ref> and at the beginning of the Nixon administration chaired the Cabinet Committee on Voluntary Action.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5vdHAAAAIBAJ&pg=1611,56134 | title=Nixon Urges Volunteers To Solve Nation Ills | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Record-Journal|The Morning Record]] | location=Meriden, Connecticut | date=May 1, 1969 | page=10}}</ref> Out of this the [[National Center for Voluntary Action]] was created: an independent, private, non-profit organization intended to encourage volunteerism on the part of American citizens and organizations, to assist in program development for voluntary efforts, and to make voluntary action an important force in American society.<ref name="e-k-rev">{{cite book | first1=Susan J. | last1=Ellis | first2=Katherine H. | last2=Noyes | title=By the People: A History of Americans as Volunteers | publisher=[[Jossey-Bass]] | edition=Revised | location=San Francisco | year=1990 | isbn=1-55542-217-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/bypeoplehistoryo0000elli/page/267 267] | url=https://archive.org/details/bypeoplehistoryo0000elli/page/267 }}</ref><ref name="nyt011673"/> Romney's long interest in volunteerism stemmed from the Mormon belief in the power of institutions to transform the individual,<ref name="nym-bww"/> but also had a secular basis. At the National Center's first meeting on February 20, 1970, he said:

<blockquote>Americans have four basic ways of solving problems that are too big for individuals to handle by themselves. One is through the federal government. A second is through state governments and the local governments that the states create. The third is through the private sector – the economic sector that includes business, agriculture, and labor. The fourth method is the independent sector – the voluntary, cooperative action of free individuals and independent association. Voluntary action is the most powerful of these, because it is uniquely capable of stirring the people themselves and involving their enthusiastic energies, because it is their own – voluntary action is the people's action. ... As Woodrow Wilson said, "The most powerful force on earth is the spontaneous cooperation of a free people." Individualism makes cooperation worthwhile – but cooperation makes freedom possible.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://speeches.byu.edu/index.php?act=viewitem&id=213 |title=In the Line of Service |last=Colton |first=Kent W. |publisher=[[Brigham Young University]] | date=April 9, 2002 |access-date=July 28, 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1973, after he left the cabinet, Romney became chair and CEO of the National Center for Voluntary Action.<ref name="nyt011673">{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/01/16/99110596.pdf | title=Romney Agrees to Head Voluntary Action Center | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 16, 1973 | page=22}}</ref>  In 1979, this organization merged with the Colorado-based [[National Information Center on Volunteerism]] and became known as [[VOLUNTEER: The National Center for Citizen Involvement]];<ref name="vol-doc">{{cite web | url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2WhpvTX6Gl8J:www.handsonnetwork.org/resources/download/1420+%22national+center+for+voluntary+action%22+%22national+volunteer+center%22&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi3NCIgY13tsQgkln_apAZAmpnO-j_8dwXyO-LYOgWY_urRhvouUHPKVBqa3uiSHzMxgRQBy2gjk1hISNvfuHtidOtnHN-in6j-VGRgZFsjegwNXi9DgjuE0uftJcQ8n_WKxDLN&sig=AHIEtbRgKWOBLSZhXsikz9EiZK95Ws_M8g |title=Volunteer Centers: A History of America |publisher=[[Points of Light Foundation]] |date=March 31, 2005}}</ref> Romney headed the new organization.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1N00AAAAIBAJ&pg=5717,2320968 |title=3 on White House task force |newspaper=[[Church News]] |date=December 5, 1981 |page=4}}</ref> The organization simplified its name to [[VOLUNTEER: The National Center]] in 1984 and to the [[National Volunteer Center]] in 1990.<ref name="ellis-web">{{cite web | url=http://www.energizeinc.com/hot/2007/07aug-append.html | title=Historical Context of the Merger Between POL and HON | first=Susan J. | last=Ellis | publisher=Energize, Inc. |access-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref> Romney remained as chair of these organizations throughout this time.<ref name="pol-award"/>

[[File:Ford, Matthews, and Romney (1986).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three men in business suits, two sitting one standing, the standing one on the right is tall, slim, graying|George Romney with former President [[Gerald Ford]] and former Cabinet secretary [[F. David Mathews|David Mathews]] during a conference at the [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]] in 1986]]

Within the LDS Church, Romney remained active and prominent, serving as [[Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)|patriarch]] of the Bloomfield Hills Stake and holding the office of [[regional representative of the Twelve]], covering Michigan and northern Ohio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://marriottschool.byu.edu/mpa/newsletters/Summer2007.pdf |title=George Romney: Committed to Service |last=Glad |first=Cindy |publisher=George W. Romney Institute of Public Management, [[Marriott School of Management]] |date=Summer 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306074810/http://marriottschool.byu.edu/mpa/newsletters/Summer2007.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wmUaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4333,6466989 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711001826/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wmUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7ioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4333,6466989 | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 11, 2012 | title=Romney active in church | newspaper=[[The Milwaukee Journal]] | date=December 9, 1979 | page=17 }}</ref> As part of a longtime habit of playing golf daily,<ref name="cby-368"/> he had long ago concocted a "compact 18" format in which he played three balls on each of six holes, or similar formulations depending upon the amount of daylight.<ref name="life050567"/><ref name="wapo-obit"/> During the early part of the [[Reagan administration]], Romney served on the [[President's Task Force for Private Sector Initiatives]] along with LDS leader Monson.<ref name="byu-tribute">{{cite news | url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/624538/BYU-renames-institute-to-honor-George-Romney.html | title=BYU renames institute to honor George Romney | first=Spencer | last=Young | newspaper=Deseret News | date=April 15, 1998}}</ref> In 1987, he held a four-generation extended family reunion in Washington, where he showed the places and recounted the events of his life which had occurred there.<ref name="nyt-reunion">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/06/us/washington-talk-a-family-reunion-romney-recalling-1968-explains-it-all.html | title=A Family Reunion: Romney, Recalling 1968, Explains It All | last=Hershey |first= Robert D. Jr. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 6, 1987}}</ref> Looking back on his and some other failed presidential bids, he once concluded, "You can't be right too soon and win elections."<ref name="ms-bradee"/>

President [[George H. W. Bush]]'s [[Points of Light Foundation]] was created in 1990, also to encourage volunteerism.<ref name="vol-doc"/> Romney received the Points of Light Foundation's inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award from President Bush in April 1991.<ref name="pol-award">{{cite news | url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/1991-05-25/former-cabinet-member-george-romney-cited-for-lifetime-of-service-3604 | title=Former Cabinet member George Romney cited for lifetime of service | work=[[Church News]] | date=May 25, 1991 }}</ref> The Bush administration wanted to tap Romney to chair the new foundation, but he reportedly refused to head two organizations doing the same thing and suggested they merge.<ref name="ellis-web"/> They did so in September 1991, and Romney became one of the founding directors of the [[Points of Light Foundation & Volunteer Center National Network]].<ref name="lat-pol">{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-09/news/mn-18043_1_light-foundation | title=Bush-Inspired Charity Shadowed by Questions: Charges of wasteful spending practices dim success of the Points of Light Foundation | first=Glenn F. | last=Bunting | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=January 9, 1995}}</ref>
In the early 1990s, Romney was also involved in helping to set up the [[Commission on National and Community Service]],<ref name="ms-bradee">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oIZQAAAAIBAJ&pg=3741,3144114 | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151021224842/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oIZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1hIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3741,3144114&hl=en | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 21, 2015 | title=Romney makes list of those who spoke the truth too soon | first=Richard | last=Bradee | newspaper=[[Milwaukee Sentinel]] | date=January 15, 1992 | page=10A | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="rj-addr">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IqRYAAAAIBAJ&pg=1251,2426710 | title=George Romney addresses chamber | first=Jim | last=Zebora | newspaper=[[Record-Journal]] | location=Meriden, Connecticut | date=May 15, 1992 | pages=1, 4}}</ref> one of the predecessors to the later [[Corporation for National and Community Service]]. He gave speeches emphasizing the vital role of people helping people,<ref name="rj-addr"/> and in 1993 inspired the first national meeting of [[volunteer center]]s.<ref name="vol-doc"/>

[[Image:George and Lenore Romney Grave, Fairview Cemetery, Brighton, Michigan - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Cemetery view|Final resting place]]

For much of his final two decades, Romney had been out of the political eye,<ref name="nyt-obit"/> but he re-emerged to the general public when he campaigned for his son, Mitt Romney, during the younger Romney's bid to unseat Senator [[Edward M. Kennedy]] in the [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994|1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/29/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-religion-latest-volatile-issue-ignite-kennedy.html | title=Religion Is Latest Volatile Issue to Ignite Kennedy Contest | last=Rimer | first=Sara | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 29, 1994 | page=A22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-last-weekend-senate-races-where-battle-has-been.html | title=Massachusetts The Last Weekend: Senate Races Where the Battle Has Been Intense; Romney Eclectic In Final Sprint | last=Cooper | first= Michael | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 6, 1994 | page=26}}</ref> Romney had urged Mitt to enter the race and moved into his son's house for its duration, serving as an unofficial advisor.<ref name="nyt-course"/><ref name="lat122507">{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/25/nation/na-romneydadson25 | title=Romney's running mate – His father, an admired public servant undone by an offhand comment, is both a role model and cautionary example | last=Martelle | first=Scott | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=December 25, 2007}}</ref> Romney was a vigorous surrogate for his son in public appearances and at fundraising events.<ref name="bg-series-4">{{cite news | last1=Swidey | first1=Neil | last2=Ebbert | first2=Stephanie | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/27/raising_sons_rising_expectations/ | title=The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 4: Journeys of a shared life: Raising sons, rising expectations bring unexpected turns | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=June 27, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112211501/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part4_main/ | archive-date=January 12, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> When Kennedy's campaign sought to bring up the LDS Church's past policy on blacks, Romney interrupted Mitt's press conference and said loudly, "I think it is absolutely wrong to keep hammering on the religious issues. And what Ted is trying to do is bring it into the picture."<ref name="bg-series-4"/> The father counseled the son to be relaxed in appearance and to pay less attention to his political consultants and more to his own instincts, a change that the younger Romney made late in the ultimately unsuccessful campaign.<ref name="bg-series-4"/>

That same year, [[Ronna Romney]], Romney's ex-daughter-in-law (formerly married to G. Scott Romney), decided to seek the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate from Michigan.<ref name="bg072694">{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8289470.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517193204/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8289470.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 17, 2013 | title=Romney to stump for former in-law; His father backs rival Mich. hopeful | last=Phillips | first=Frank | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=July 26, 1994 | page=19 | format=fee required}}</ref> While Mitt and G. Scott endorsed Ronna Romney, George Romney had endorsed her opponent and the eventual winner, [[Spencer Abraham]], during the previous year when Ronna was considering a run but had not yet announced.<ref name="bg072694"/><ref name="c-and-e">{{cite news | title=Abraham vs. Romney | last=Beiler | first=David | magazine=[[Campaigns and Elections]] | date=October 1994 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16389040.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517183544/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16389040.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-05-17 | format=fee required}}</ref> A family spokesperson said that George Romney had endorsed Abraham before knowing Ronna Romney would run and could not go back on his word,<ref name="bg072694"/> although he did refrain from personally campaigning on Abraham's behalf.<ref name="c-and-e"/>

By January 1995, amid press criticism of the Points of Light Foundation engaging in ineffective, wasteful spending, Romney expressed concern that the organization had too high a budget.<ref name="lat-pol"/> Active to the end, in July 1995, four days before his death, Romney proposed a presidential summit to encourage greater volunteerism and community service,<ref name="cnn-summit">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1997-04-27/us/9704_27_volunteer.ceremony_1_volunteer-work-summit-hope-presidents-summit?_s=PM:US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119142416/http://articles.cnn.com/1997-04-27/us/9704_27_volunteer.ceremony_1_volunteer-work-summit-hope-presidents-summit?_s=PM:US |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |title=Clinton kicks off volunteer summit |publisher=CNN |date=April 27, 1997 }}</ref> and the night before his death he drove to a meeting of another volunteer organization.<ref name="gwr-ssps"/>

On July 26, 1995, Romney died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at the age of 88 while he was doing his morning exercising on a [[treadmill]] at his home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; he was discovered by his wife Lenore but it was too late to save him.<ref name="nyt-obit">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/27/obituaries/george-romney-dies-at-88-a-leading-gop-figure.html | title=George Romney Dies at 88; A Leading G.O.P. Figure | last=Rosenbaum | first=David E. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 27, 1995}}</ref> He was buried at the Fairview Cemetery in [[Brighton, Michigan]]. In addition to his wife and children, Romney was survived by 23 grandchildren and 33 great-grandchildren.<ref name="wapo-obit">{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=July 27, 1995 | title=George W. Romney Dies at Age 88; Michigan Governor, HUD Secretary | last=Barnes | first=Bart | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-845342.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517194841/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-845342.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 17, 2013 | format=fee required}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:TNRB Tanner Building.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Large, gray, rectangular building with rows of windows lining every other floor|In 1998, [[Brigham Young University|BYU's]] [[Marriott School of Management]] named its Institute of Public Management in Romney's honor.]]

The [[Presidents' Summit For America's Future]] took place in Philadelphia in 1997, manifesting Romney's last volunteerism proposal,<ref name="cnn-summit"/> with the organization [[America's Promise]] coming out of it. For many years, the Points of Light Foundation (and its predecessor organization) has given out an annual Lenore and George W. Romney Citizen Volunteer Award (later retitled the George and Lenore Romney Citizen Volunteer Award); the inaugural such award in 1987 went to George Romney himself.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030604005617/en/Raymond-Chambers-Honored-Lifetime-Achievement-Volunteer-Service | title=Raymond Chambers Honored for Lifetime Achievement in Volunteer Service | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=June 4, 2003}}</ref> The Points of Light Foundation and the [[Corporation for National and Community Service]] also give out a George W. Romney Volunteer Center Excellence Award (later the George W. Romney Excellence Award) at the annual National Conference on Community Volunteering and National Service (later the National Conference on Volunteering and Service).<ref>See for example {{cite press release | url=http://www.bergenvolunteers.org/pdf/RomneyAwardPressRelease.pdf | title=Volunteer Center Honored with National Award | publisher=Volunteer Center of Bergen County, Inc | date=June 18, 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725062134/http://www.bergenvolunteers.org/pdf/RomneyAwardPressRelease.pdf | archive-date=July 25, 2011}}, {{cite press release | url=http://www.volunteerhr.org/AboutUs/index.php/about/Romney%20Award.html | title=Hampton Roads is Recognized as Nation's Outstanding Volunteer Center | publisher=Volunteer Hampton Roads | date=August 1, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908075834/http://www.volunteerhr.org/AboutUs/index.php/about/Romney%20Award.html | archive-date=September 8, 2010}}, {{cite press release | url=http://www.pointsoflight.org/press-releases/points-light-institute-recognizes-outstanding-champions-service | title=Points of Light Institute Recognizes Outstanding Champions of Service | publisher=[[Points of Light Institute]] | date=June 8, 2011}}</ref> The George W. Romney Volunteer Center itself is sponsored by the [[United Way of America|United Way for Southeastern Michigan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map/MI |title=Action Centers in MI |publisher=[[Citizen Corps#Points of Light Foundation and the HandsOn Network|HandsOn Network]] |access-date=December 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162436/http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map/MI |archive-date=January 24, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> and began during Romney's lifetime.<ref>{{cite news | title=Volunteers | last=Chase | first=Anne | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=July 15, 1993 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-955686.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517183239/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-955686.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 17, 2013 | format=fee required}}</ref>

[[Image:BYU MPA (Tanner Building).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lobby with writing on left wall, photograph on right wall|BYU room that gives information about the Masters in Public Administration]]

The [[Automotive Hall of Fame]] of [[Dearborn, Michigan]] honored Romney with its Distinguished Service Citation award in 1956.<ref name="a-hof"/> He was then inducted into the hall of fame itself in 1995.<ref name="a-hof">{{cite web | url=https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/george-w-romney/ | title=George W. Romney | publisher=[[Automotive Hall of Fame]] | access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref>

Founded in 1998 with a grant from [[Romney family|Romney's immediate family]],<ref>{{citation|url = http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/jan/20/mitt-romney/mitt-romney-says-he-didnt-inherit-money-his-parent/|publisher = [[Tampa Bay Times]] [[PolitiFact]]|title = Mitt Romney says he didn't inherit money from his parents|date = January 20, 2012|last = Bowers|first = Becky}}</ref> the George W. Romney Institute of Public Management in the [[Marriott School of Management]] at [[Brigham Young University]] honors the legacy left by Romney.<ref name="cn-mem"/><ref name="byu-tribute"/><ref name="marriot">{{cite web | url=http://marriottschool.byu.edu/empa/index/about | title=About the Romney Institute | publisher=[[Marriott School of Management]] | access-date=June 14, 2009}}</ref> Its mission is to develop people of high character who are committed to service, management, and leadership in the public sector and in non-profit organizations throughout the world.<ref name="marriot"/>

The building housing the main offices of the Governor of Michigan in [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] is known as the [[George W. Romney Building]] following a 1997 renaming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/%28bazdwwy4g3jue33e1d0hrfm4%29/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-173-of-1968.pdf |title=Act 173 of 1968 "Naming of State Buildings" |publisher=Legislative Council, State of Michigan |date=July 20, 2012 |access-date=July 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hobbs-black.com/romneyinfo.html | title=The Romney Building Renovation | publisher=Hobbs + Black Architects | access-date=October 22, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061101162911/http://www.hobbs-black.com/romneyinfo.html |archive-date = November 1, 2006}}</ref> The Governor George Romney Lifetime Achievement Award is given annually by the State of Michigan, to recognize citizens who have demonstrated a commitment to community involvement and volunteer service throughout their lifetimes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.michigan.gov/mcsc/0,1607,7-137-8168-68495--,00.html | title=Governor Granholm Honors 91-Year-Old Volunteer Hero | publisher=Michigan Community Service Committee | year=2003 | access-date=October 21, 2009}}</ref> In 2010, [[Adrian College]] in Michigan announced the opening of its George Romney Institute for Law and Public Policy.<ref name="adrian"/> Its purpose is to explore the interdisciplinary nature of law and public policy and encourage practitioners, academics, and students to work together on issues in this realm.<ref name="adrian">{{cite press release | url=http://www.adrian.edu/news/7_10institute-law-public-policy.php | title=Adrian College Announces George Romney Institute for Law and Public Policy | publisher=[[Adrian College]] | date=July 27, 2010 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Authored books==
* {{cite book | title=[[The Concerns of a Citizen]] | publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] | location=New York | year=1968 | oclc= 897237}}
* {{cite book | title=The Mission and the Dream | publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] | location=New York | year=1968}} ([[Galley proof]]s produced, but [[prepress]] process ceased before actual publication)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Latter Day Saint movement}}
* [[List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Ambrose | first=Stephen E. | author-link=Stephen Ambrose | title=Nixon: Volume Two: The Triumph of a Politician 1962–1972 | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | location=New York | year=1989 | isbn=0-671-52837-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr_0 }}
* {{cite book | last=Bonastia | first=Christopher | title=Knocking on the Door: The Federal Government's Attempt to Desegregate the Suburbs | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | location=Princeton, New Jersey | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-691-13619-6}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Candee | editor-first=Marjorie Dent| title=[[Current Biography Yearbook|Current Biography Yearbook 1958]] | location=New York | publisher=[[H. W. Wilson Company]] | year=1958 | oclc= 145427784}}
* {{cite book | first=Elizabeth | last=Drew | author-link=Elizabeth Drew | title=Richard M. Nixon | publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] | location=New York | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8050-6963-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/richardmnixon00drew }}
* {{cite book | last1=Dunbar | first1=Willis Frederick | last2=May | first2=George S. | title=Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State | edition=Third revised | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan | year= 1995 | publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]] | isbn= 0-8028-7055-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Fine | first=Sidney | author-link=Sidney Fine (historian) | title=Expanding the Frontiers of Civil Rights: Michigan, 1948–1968 | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | location=Detroit | year=2000 | isbn=0-8143-2875-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Fuller | first=Richard C. | title=George Romney and Michigan | location=New York | publisher= Vantage Press | year=1966 | oclc= 2899574}}
* {{cite book | last=Harris | first= T. George | title=Romney's Way: A Man and an Idea | year=1967 | publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]] | location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey | oclc= 437793}}
* {{cite book | first=J. B. | last=Haws | title=The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Fifty Years of Public Perception | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-19-989764-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Kotlowski | first=Dean J. | title=Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2001 | isbn=0-674-00623-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/nixonscivilright00kotl }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kranish | first1=Michael | author-link=Michael Kranish | first2=Scott | last2=Helman | title=The Real Romney | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | location=New York | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-06-212327-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/realromney00kran }}
* {{cite book | last=Lamb | first= Charles M. | title=Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960: Presidential and Judicial Politics | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=Cambridge, UK |year=2005 | isbn=0-521-83944-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Mahoney | first=Tom | title=The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader | publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] | location=New York | year=1960 | oclc= 236830}}
* {{cite book | last=Mason | first=Robert | title=Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority | publisher=[[UNC Press]] | location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina | year=2004 | isbn=0-8078-2905-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Mollenhoff | first= Clark R. | title=George Romney: Mormon in Politics | publisher=Meredith Press | year=1968 | location=New York | oclc= 440747}}
* {{cite book | title=National Party Conventions 1831–2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/nationalpartycon0000unse | url-access=registration | location= Washington | publisher=[[CQ Press]] | year=2005 | isbn= 1-56802-982-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Nenno | first= Mary K. | title=Ending the Stalemate: Moving Housing and Urban Development into the Mainstream of America's Future | publisher=[[University Press of America]] | location=Lanham, Maryland | year=1996 | isbn=0-7618-0217-7}}
* {{cite book | last1=Ostling | first1=Richard N. | author-link=Richard N. Ostling | last2=Ostling | first2=Joan K. | author-link2=Joan K. Ostling | title=Mormon America: The Power and the Promise | publisher=[[HarperOne]] | location=New York | year=2007 | edition=Revised | isbn=978-0-06-143295-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Reeves | first=Richard | author-link=Richard Reeves (American writer) | title=President Nixon: Alone in the White House | url=https://archive.org/details/presidentnixonal00reev | url-access=registration | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | location=New York | year=2001 | isbn=0-7432-2719-0}}
* {{cite book | last=White | first=Theodore H. | author-link=Theodore H. White| title=The Making of the President, 1964 | url=https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden00whit | url-access=registration | location= New York | publisher=[[Atheneum Publishers]] | year=1965 |oclc= 28896132}}
* {{cite book | last=White | first=Theodore H. | author-link=Theodore H. White| title=The Making of the President, 1968 | location= New York | publisher=[[Atheneum Publishers]] | year=1969 |oclc= 19350}}
* {{cite book | last=Wills | first=Garry | author-link=Garry Wills | title=Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man | publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] | location=New York | year=2002 | isbn=0-618-13432-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Witcover | first=Jules | author-link=Jules Witcover | title=Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency 1972–1976 | location=New York | publisher=[[The Viking Press]] | year=1977 | isbn=0-670-45461-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/marathonpursuit000witc }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Angel | first=D. Duane | title=Romney: A Political Biography | publisher=Exposition Press | location=New York | year=1967 | oclc= 669406}}
* {{cite journal | last=Biles | first=Roger | title=A Mormon in Babylon: George Romney as Secretary of HUD, 1969–1973 | journal=[[Michigan Historical Review]] | volume=38 | issue=2 | date=Fall 2012 | pages=63–89| doi=10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0063 }}
* {{cite book | last=Plas | first=Gerald O. | title=The Romney Riddle | publisher=Berwyn Publishers | location=Detroit | year=1967 | type=paperback | oclc= 885994}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|George W. Romney}}
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n50-48290}}
* [http://marriottschool.byu.edu/mpa George W. Romney Institute of Public Management]
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead&idno=umich-bhl-852178 Finding Aid for George Romney Papers 1939–1973] at [[Bentley Historical Library]], [[University of Michigan]]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/special/audio_slideshows/romney_father/soundslide/ Boston Globe Magazine, Lessons of the Father]
* [http://vtap.com/video/From+the+archives%253A+Mitt+Romney%25C3%25A2%25C2%2580%25C2%2599s+father+defends+his+success/CL0389485281_19540cf98_V0lLSTMxODY3N35pbjozfnE6YnJ-Ync6V0lLSTMxODY3Nw Video of George W. Romney defending his success, NBC, 1967]
* [http://www.detroits-great-rebellion.com/George-Romney.html George Romney photo essay]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef|before=[[George W. Mason]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman and President of [[American Motors]]|years=1954–1962}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Roy Abernethy]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=Paul Bagwell}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of Michigan]]|years=[[1962 Michigan gubernatorial election|1962]], [[1964 Michigan gubernatorial election|1964]], [[1966 Michigan gubernatorial election|1966]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Milliken]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Swainson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Michigan]]|years=1963–1969}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Milliken]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert Coldwell Wood]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]|years=1969–1973}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James T. Lynn]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Michigan}}
{{USSecHUD}}
{{American Motors}}
{{Mitt Romney}}
{{Nixon cabinet}}
{{United States presidential election, 1968}}
{{Romney family|state=collapsed}}
{{1995 Automotive Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Romney, George W.}}
[[Category:George W. Romney| ]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Mormon missionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1964 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1968 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:American chief executives in the automobile industry]]
[[Category:American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:American lobbyists]]
[[Category:American Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:American Motors people]]
[[Category:American nonprofit executives]]
[[Category:American automotive pioneers]]
[[Category:Automotive businesspeople]]
[[Category:Burials in Michigan]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Salt Lake City]]
[[Category:Governors of Michigan]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Idaho]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Michigan]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah]]
[[Category:Mexican emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Mexican Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:Mexican people of American descent]]
[[Category:Michigan Republicans]]
[[Category:Mitt Romney]]
[[Category:Nixon administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Patriarchs (LDS Church)]]
[[Category:People from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Colonia Dublán]]
[[Category:People from Oakley, Idaho]]
[[Category:Politicians from Salt Lake City]]
[[Category:Romney family]]
[[Category:Regional representatives of the Twelve]]
[[Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development]]

Gary Webb

2021-04-21T19:05:32Z

RockinCrystal: /* TV */Fixed typo: changed “Web” to “Webb”.

{{short description|American investigative journalist (1955-2004)}}
{{Other people|Gary Webb}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gary Webb
| image = Gary webb portrait.jpg
| caption =
| birthname = Gary Stephen Webb
| birth_date = August 31, 1955
| birth_place = [[Corona, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|12|10|1955|08|31|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Carmichael, California]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Suicide]]
| education = [[Northern Kentucky University]]
| occupation = [[Investigative journalist]]
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse = Susan Bell (m. 1979)
| children = 3
| years_active = 1980–2004
| credits = ''[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]'' ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''
| URL =
}}
'''Gary Stephen Webb''' (August 31, 1955 – December 10, 2004) was an American [[investigative journalist]].

He began his career working for newspapers in Kentucky and Ohio, winning numerous awards, and building a strong reputation for investigative writing. Hired by the ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', Webb contributed to the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of the [[Loma Prieta earthquake]].

Webb is best known for his "Dark Alliance" series, which appeared in ''The Mercury News'' in 1996. The series examined the origins of the [[crack cocaine]] trade in [[Los Angeles]] and claimed that members of the anti-communist [[Contras|Contra]] rebels in [[Nicaragua]] had played a major role in creating the trade, using cocaine profits to finance their fight against the government in Nicaragua. It also stated that the Contras may have acted with the knowledge and protection of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). The series provoked outrage, particularly in the [[History of African Americans in Los Angeles|Los Angeles African-American community]], and led to four major investigations of its charges.

The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and other major papers published articles suggesting the "Dark Alliance" claims were overstated and, in November 1996, [[Jerome Ceppos]], the executive editor at ''Mercury News,'' wrote about being "in the eye of the storm". In May 1997, after an internal review, Ceppos stated that, although the story was right on many important points, there were shortcomings in the writing, editing and production of the series. He wrote that the series likely "oversimplified" the crack epidemic in America and the supposed "critical role" the dealers written about in the series played in it. Webb disagreed with this conclusion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1997-04-09|title=Dark Alliance: Postscript|url=http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1103.htm|access-date=2020-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409180318/http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1103.htm|archive-date=1997-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ceppos |first=Jerry |title=To readers of our 'Dark Alliance' series |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-11 |date=1997-05-11 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/column051197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971119070955/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/column051197.htm |archive-date=November 19, 1997 }}</ref>

Webb resigned from ''The Mercury News'' in December 1997. He became an investigator for the California State Legislature, published a book based on the "Dark Alliance" series in 1998, and did freelance investigative reporting. He died by suicide on December 10, 2004.

The "Dark Alliance" series remains controversial. Critics view the series' claims as inaccurate or overstated, while supporters point to the results of a later CIA investigation as vindicating the series. The follow-up reporting in the ''Los Angeles Times'' and other papers has been criticised for focusing on problems in the series rather than re-examining the earlier CIA-Contra claims.<ref>Contemporary discussions of the series are discussed in the section on [[Gary Webb#Response to the series|Response to the series]]. Later discussions of the series are described in the section [[Gary Webb#Views on "Dark Alliance" series|Views on "Dark Alliance" series]].</ref>

== Early life and education==
Webb was born in [[Corona, California]]. His father was a Marine sergeant, and the family moved frequently, as his career took him to new assignments.<ref name="Schou2006">{{Cite book | author=Schou, Nick | title=Kill the Messenger: How the CIA's Crack Cocaine Controversy Destroyed Gary Webb | publisher=Nation Books | year=2006 | isbn=1-56025-930-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/killmessenger00scho }}, 13-14.</ref> When Webb's father retired from the Marines, the family settled in a suburb of [[Indianapolis]], where Webb and his brother attended high school.<ref>Schou 2006, 15-16.</ref>

After high school, Webb attended an Indianapolis community college on a scholarship until his family moved to Cincinnati. He then transferred to nearby [[Northern Kentucky University]].<ref>Schou 2006, 22.</ref>

Webb first began writing for the student newspaper at his college in Indianapolis.<ref>Schou 2006, 20–21.</ref> After transferring to Northern Kentucky, he entered its journalism program and wrote for the school paper, ''The Northerner''. Although he attended Northern Kentucky for four years, he did not finish his degree. Instead, he found work in 1978 as a reporter at the ''[[Kentucky Post]]'', a local paper affiliated with the larger ''[[Cincinnati Post]]''.<ref>Schou 2006, 27–29.</ref> In 1979, Webb married Susan Bell; the couple eventually had three children.<ref>Schou 2006, 33.</ref>

== Early career ==
Webb's first major investigative work appeared in 1980, when the ''[[Cincinnati Post]]'' published "The Coal Connection," a seventeen-part series by Webb and ''Post'' reporter Thomas Scheffey.<ref>Webb 2011, "The Coal Connection"</ref> The series, which examined the murder of a coal company president with ties to organized crime, won the national Investigative Reporters and Editors Award for reporting from a small newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web | title = 1980 IRE Award winners | work = Investigative Reporters and Editors | access-date = 2015-01-27 | url = http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/1980-ire-award-winners/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150204084007/http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/1980-ire-award-winners/ | archive-date = 2015-02-04 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 1983, Webb moved to the ''[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]'', where he continued doing investigative work. A 1985 series, "Doctoring the Truth," uncovered problems in the State Medical Board<ref>Webb 2011, "Doctoring the Truth."</ref> and led to an Ohio House investigation which resulted in major revisions to the state Medical Practice Act.<ref>{{Cite journal
| issn = 0030-1124 | volume = 82 | issue = 10 | pages = 677–683 | last = Porter | first = S. | title = The Ohio State Medical Board. An interim report | journal = The Ohio State Medical Journal | date = October 1986 | pmid = 3785826 }}</ref> Webb then moved to the paper's statehouse bureau, where he covered statewide issues and won numerous regional journalism awards.<ref>Paterno 2005, 26.</ref> In 1984, Webb wrote a story titled “Driving Off With Profits” which claimed that the promoters of a race in Cleveland paid themselves nearly 1 million dollars from funds that should have gone to the city of Cleveland. The article resulted in a lawsuit against Webb's paper which the plaintiffs won. A jury awarded the plaintiffs over 13 million dollars and the case was later settled. In 1986, Webb wrote a article saying that the Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court, [[Frank D. Celebrezze]] accepted contributions from groups with organized crime connections. Celebrezze eventually sued the ''Plain Dealer'' and won an undisclosed out of court settlement.<ref>Schou 2006, 48, 51.</ref>

In 1988, Webb was recruited by the ''[[The Mercury News|San Jose Mercury News]]'', which was looking for an investigative reporter. He was assigned to its Sacramento bureau, where he was allowed to choose most of his own stories.<ref>Schou 2006, 54–55.</ref> As part of ''The Mercury News'' team that covered the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]], Webb and his colleague [[Pete Carey]] wrote a story examining the reasons for the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct.<ref>Webb 2011, "Caltrans Ignored Elevated Freeway Safety."</ref> ''The Mercury News'' coverage of the earthquake won its staff the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for General News Reporting in 1990.<ref name="Pulitzer">[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/General-News-Reporting "General News Reporting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918140732/http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/General-News-Reporting |date=2013-09-18 }}. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-09.</ref>

== Dark Alliance series ==
Webb began researching "Dark Alliance" in July 1995.<ref>Schou 2006, 65.</ref> The series was published in ''The Mercury News'' in three parts, from August 18–20, 1996, with one long article and one or two shorter articles appearing each day. It was also posted on ''The Mercury News'' website with additional information, including documents cited in the series and audio recordings of people quoted in the articles.<ref>There is an {{cite web |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/stories.htm |title=archived version of the website |access-date=2014-05-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020436/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/stories.htm |archive-date=December 20, 1996 }} which includes the original series, later updates, and other coverage of the story.</ref> The website artwork showed the silhouette of a man smoking a [[crack cocaine|crack]] pipe superimposed over the CIA seal.<ref>Schou 2006, 107</ref> This artwork proved controversial, and ''The Mercury News'' later removed it.<ref>{{Cite book | author=Brown, Fred | title=Journalism Ethics: A Casebook of Professional Conduct For News Media, 4th ed | publisher=Marion Street Press | year=2011 | page=264 | isbn=978-1-933338-80-4 }}</ref>

=== Series claims ===
The lede of the first article set out the series' basic claims: "For the better part of a decade, a San Francisco Bay Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine to the Crips and Bloods street gangs of Los Angeles and funneled millions in drug profits to a Latin American guerrilla army run by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency." This drug ring "opened the first pipeline between Colombia's cocaine cartels and the black neighborhoods of Los Angeles" and, as a result, "The cocaine that flooded in helped spark a [[crack cocaine|crack]] explosion in urban America."<ref name=day1>{{Cite news|last=Webb |first=Gary |title=America's 'crack' plague has roots in Nicaragua war |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-05 |date=1996-08-18 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day1main.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020751/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day1main.htm |archive-date=December 20, 1996 }}</ref>

To show this, the series focused on three men: [["Freeway" Rick Ross|Ricky Ross]], [[Oscar Danilo Blandón]], and Norwin Meneses. Ross was a major drug dealer in Los Angeles. Blandón and Meneses were Nicaraguans who smuggled drugs into the U.S. and supplied dealers like Ross. After introducing the three, the first article discussed primarily Blandón and Meneses, and their relationship with the Contras and the CIA. Much of the article highlighted the failure of law enforcement agencies to successfully prosecute them and stated that this was largely due to their Contra and CIA connections.

The second article described Blandón's background and how he began smuggling cocaine to support the Contras. Meneses, an established smuggler and a Contra supporter as well, taught Blandón how to smuggle and provided him with cocaine. When Ross discovered the market for crack in Los Angeles, he began buying cocaine from Blandón. Blandón and Meneses' high-volume supply of low-priced high-purity cocaine "allowed Ross to sew up the Los Angeles market and move on. In city after city, local dealers either bought from Ross or got left behind."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Webb |first=Gary |title=Shadowy origins of 'crack' epidemic |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-06 |date=1996-08-19 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2main.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020811/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2main.htm |archive-date=December 20, 1996 }}</ref>

The third article discussed the social effects of the crack trade, noting that it had a disparate effect on African-Americans. Asking why crack became so prevalent in the black community of Los Angeles, the article credited Blandón, referring to him as "the Johnny Appleseed of crack in California."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Webb |first=Gary |title=War on drugs has unequal impact on black Americans |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-05 |date=1996-08-20 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day3main.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020830/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day3main.htm |archive-date=December 20, 1996 }}</ref> It also found disparities in the treatment of black and white traffickers in the justice system, contrasting the treatment of Blandón and Ross after their arrests for drug trafficking. Because Blandón cooperated with the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA), he spent only 28 months in prison, became a paid government informer, and received permanent resident status. Ross was also released early after cooperating in an investigation of police corruption, but was rearrested a few months later in a sting operation arranged with the help of Blandón. The article suggested this was in retribution for Ross' testimony in the corruption case.

=== Response to the series ===
After the publication of "Dark Alliance," ''The Mercury News'' continued to pursue the story, publishing follow-ups to the original series for the next three months.<ref>Many of these are in the series archive at {{Cite web|title=Dark Alliance: Update archive |access-date=2015-02-08 |date=1996-12-20 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/archive.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020956/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/archive.htm |archive-date=December 20, 1996 }}</ref> Other papers were slow to pick up the story, but African Americans quickly took note, especially in [[South Los Angeles|South Central Los Angeles]] where the dealers discussed in the series had been active. They were outraged by series' charges.<ref>Schou 2006, 112</ref>

California senators [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Dianne Feinstein]] also took note and wrote to CIA director [[John Deutch]] and Attorney General [[Janet Reno]], asking for investigations into the articles.<ref>Schou 2006, 116.</ref> [[Maxine Waters]], the Representative for California's 35th district, which includes South-Central Los Angeles, was also outraged by the articles and became one of Webb's strongest supporters.<ref>Schou 2006, 115</ref> Waters urged the CIA, the Department of Justice, and the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] to investigate.

By the end of September, three federal investigations had been announced: an investigation into the CIA allegations conducted by CIA Inspector-General [[Frederick Hitz]], an investigation into the law enforcement allegations by Justice Department Inspector-General [[Michael Bromwich]], and a second investigation into the CIA by the House Intelligence Committee.

Webb's continuing reporting also triggered a fourth investigation. The first article in "Dark Alliance" that discussed the failure of law enforcement agencies to prosecute Blandón and Meneses had mentioned several cases. One of these was a 1986 raid on Blandón's drug organization by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, which the article suggested had produced evidence of CIA ties to drug smuggling that was later suppressed. When Webb wrote another story on the raid evidence in early October, it received wide attention in Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department began its own investigation into the "Dark Alliance" claims.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Inquiry Findings |work=San Jose Mercury News – Dark Alliance library |access-date=2015-02-11 |date=1996-12-10 |url=http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/sheriff/finding.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409204504/http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/sheriff/finding.htm |archive-date=April 9, 1997 }}</ref>

=== Coverage in other papers ===
After the announcement of federal investigations into the claims made in the series, other newspapers began investigating, and several papers published articles suggesting the series' claims were overstated.

The first detailed article on the series' claims appeared in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in early October.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Suro | first = Roberto |author2=Walter Pincus | title = The CIA and Crack: Evidence Is Lacking Of Alleged Plot | work = The Washington Post | date = Oct 4, 1996}}</ref> In their front-page article, reporters Roberto Suro and [[Walter Pincus]] wrote that "available information" did not support the series claims and that "the rise of crack" was "a broad-based phenomenon" driven in numerous places by diverse players. The article discussed Webb's contacts with Ross's attorney and prosecution complaints of how Ross's defense had used Webb's series.<ref>This is discussed briefly in Schou 2006, 86.</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' published two articles on the series in mid-October, both written by reporter [[Tim Golden (journalist)|Tim Golden]]. One article, dealing mostly with the response of the Los Angeles black community to the stories, described the series' evidence as "thin".<ref>{{Cite news | last = Golden | first = Tim | title = Though Evidence Is Thin, Tale of C.I.A. and Drugs Has a Life of Its Own | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2015-01-27 | date = 1996-10-21 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-thin.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150209184438/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-thin.html | archive-date = 2015-02-09 | url-status = live }}</ref> Golden also referred to the controversy over Webb's contacts with Ross's lawyer. The other article, citing interviews with current and former intelligence and law-enforcement officials, questioned the importance of the drug dealers discussed in the series, both in the crack cocaine trade and in supporting the Nicaraguan Contras' fight against the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinista]] government in Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Golden | first = Tim | title = Pivotal Figures of Newspaper Series May Be Only Bit Players | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2015-01-27 | date = 1996-10-21 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-pivotal.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150210041554/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-pivotal.html | archive-date = 2015-02-10 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' devoted the most space to the story, publishing a three-part series called "The Cocaine Trail." The series ran from October 20–22, 1996, and was researched by a team of 17 reporters. The three articles in the series were written by four reporters: Jesse Katz, Doyle McManus, John Mitchell and Sam Fulwood. The first article, by Katz, developed a different picture of the origins of the crack trade than "Dark Alliance" had described, with more gangs and smugglers participating.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Katz | first = Jesse | title = Tracking the Genesis of the Crack Trade | work = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 2015-01-29 | date = 1996-10-20 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-20/news/mn-59169_1_crack-cocaine | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215072740/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-20/news/mn-59169_1_crack-cocaine | archive-date = 2015-02-15 | url-status = live }}</ref> The second article, by McManus, was the longest of the series and dealt with the role of the Contras in the drug trade and CIA knowledge of drug activities by the Contras.<ref>{{Cite news | last = McManus | first = Doyle | title = Examining Charges of CIA Role in Crack Sales | work = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 2015-01-29 | date = 1996-10-21 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-21/news/mn-59232_1_cia-officials | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215072706/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-21/news/mn-59232_1_cia-officials | archive-date = 2015-02-15 | url-status = live }}</ref> McManus wrote that Blandón and Meneses' contributions to Contra organizations was significantly less than the "millions" claimed in the series, and stated there was no evidence that the CIA had tried to protect them. The third article, by Mitchell and Fulwood, covered the effects of crack on African-Americans and how it affected their reaction to some of the rumors that arose after the "Dark Alliance" series.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Mitchell | first = John L. | author2 = Sam Fulwood | title = History Fuels Outrage Over Crack Allegations | work = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 2015-01-30 | date = 1996-10-22 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-22/news/mn-56455_1_crack-cocaine | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215072534/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-22/news/mn-56455_1_crack-cocaine | archive-date = 2015-02-15 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2013, Jesse Katz, a former ''Los Angeles Times'' reporter, said of the newspaper's coverage: "As an ''L.A. Times'' reporter, we saw this series in the ''San Jose Mercury News'' and kind of wonder[ed] how legit it was and kind of put it under a microscope, and we did it in a way that most of us who were involved in it, I think, would look back on that and say it was overkill. We had this huge team of people at the ''L.A. Times'' and kind of piled on to one lone muckraker up in Northern California." And "we really didn't do anything to advance his work or illuminate much to the story, and it was a really kind of tawdry exercise. ... And it ruined that reporter's career."<ref>{{Cite news | last = Schou | first = Nick | title = Ex-L.A. Times Writer Apologizes for "Tawdry" Attacks | work = LA Weekly | access-date = 2016-09-16 | date = 2013-05-30 | url = http://www.laweekly.com/news/ex-la-times-writer-apologizes-for-tawdry-attacks-2614004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171016105923/http://www.laweekly.com/news/ex-la-times-writer-apologizes-for-tawdry-attacks-2614004 | archive-date = 2017-10-16 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== ''The Mercury News'' response ===
Surprised by ''The Washington Post'' article, ''The Mercury News'' executive editor [[Jerome Ceppos]] wrote to the ''Post'' defending the series.<ref name=ceplet>{{Cite web|last=Ceppos |first=Jerry |title=Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos' Letter to the Washington Post |work=Dark Alliance: library |access-date=2015-02-15 |date=Oct 18, 1996 |url=http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/46.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409180338/http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/46.htm |archive-date=April 9, 1997 }}</ref> The ''Post'' refused to print his letter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Washington Post response to Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos |access-date=2015-02-15 |date=Oct 24, 1996 |url=http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/44.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970330143139/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/44.htm |archive-date=March 30, 1997 }}</ref> Ceppos also asked reporter [[Pete Carey]] to write a critique of the series for publication in ''The Mercury News'', and had the controversial website artwork changed.<ref name= ceplet /> Carey's critique appeared in mid-October and went through several of the ''Post'' criticisms of the series, including the importance of Blandón's drug ring in spreading crack, questions about Blandón's testimony in court, and how specific series allegations about CIA involvement had been, giving Webb's responses.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carey |first=Pete |title='Dark Alliance' series takes on a life of its own |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-05 |date=Oct 13, 1996 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1013.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220021203/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1013.htm |archive-date=December 20, 1996 }}</ref>

When the ''Los Angeles Times'' series appeared, Ceppos again wrote to defend the original series. He also defended the series in interviews with all three papers.<ref>Schou 2006, 149.</ref> The extent of the criticism, however, convinced Ceppos that ''The Mercury News'' had to acknowledge to its readers that the series had been subjected to strong criticism.<ref>Schou 2006, 153.</ref> He did this in a column that appeared on November 3, defending the series, but also committing the paper to a review of major criticisms.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ceppos |first=Jerry |title=Perspective: In the eye of the storm |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-05 |date=Nov 3, 1996 |url=http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1103.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409180318/http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1103.htm |archive-date=April 9, 1997 }}</ref>

Ceppos' column drew editorial responses from both ''The New York Times'' and ''The Washington Post''. An editorial in the ''Times'', while criticizing the series for making "unsubstantiated charges", conceded that it did find "drug-smuggling and dealing by Nicaraguans with at least tentative connections to the Contras" and called for further investigation.<ref>{{Cite news | title = The CIA and Drugs | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2015-02-15 | date = 1996-11-05 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/05/opinion/the-cia-and-drugs.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215171627/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/05/opinion/the-cia-and-drugs.html | archive-date = 2015-02-15 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The ''Post'' response came from the paper's ombudsman, Geneva Overholser.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Overholser | first = Geneva | title = The CIA, Drugs And the Press | work = The Washington Post | date = 1996-11-10}}</ref> Overholser was harshly critical of the series, "reported by a seemingly hotheaded fellow willing to have people leap to conclusions his reporting couldn't back up." But while calling the flaws in the series "unforgivably careless journalism," Overholser also criticized the ''Post's'' refusal to print Ceppos' letter defending the series and sharply criticized the ''Post's'' coverage of the story. Calling the ''Post's'' overall focus "misplaced", Overholser expressed regret that the paper had not taken the opportunity to re-examine whether the CIA had overlooked Contra involvement in drug smuggling, "a subject ''The Post'' and the public had given short shrift."

In contrast, the series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative Reporters and Editors. In a long review of the series' claims in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', Weinberg said: "I think the critics have been far too harsh. Despite some hyped phrasing, "Dark Alliance" appears to be praiseworthy investigative reporting."<ref>{{Cite news | last = Weinberg | first = Steve | title = Despite critics, a good story Crack and the contras | work = The Baltimore Sun | date = Nov 17, 1996 | access-date = 2015-02-16 | url = http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-11-17/news/1996322013_1_mercury-webb-reporter | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150216063026/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-11-17/news/1996322013_1_mercury-webb-reporter | archive-date = February 16, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>

After the series' publication, the Northern California branch of the national [[Society of Professional Journalists]] voted Webb "Journalist of the Year" for 1996.<ref>{{Cite news | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 34– | last = Shepard | first = Alicia C. | title = The web that Gary spun | work = American Journalism Review | access-date = 2015-02-04 | date = Feb 1997 | url = http://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=257 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150205022750/http://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=257 | archive-date = 2015-02-05 | url-status = live }}</ref> Despite the controversy that soon overtook the series, and the request of one board member to reconsider, the branch's board went ahead with the award in November.

=== End of the series ===
After Ceppos' column, ''The Mercury News'' spent the next several months conducting an internal review of the story. The review was conducted primarily by editor Jonathan Krim and reporter Pete Carey, who had written the paper's first published analysis of the series. Carey ultimately decided that there were problems with several parts of the story and wrote a draft article incorporating his findings.<ref>Schou 2006, 153–156.</ref>

The paper also gave Webb permission to visit Central America again to get more evidence supporting the story.<ref>Schou 2006, 152.</ref> By January, Webb filed drafts of four more articles based on his trip, but his editors concluded that the new articles would not help shore up the original series' claims.<ref name="Schou 2006, 158">Schou 2006, 158.</ref>

The editors met with Webb several times in February to discuss the results of the paper's internal review and eventually decided to print neither Carey's draft article nor the articles Webb had filed.<ref>Schou 2006, 156.</ref> Webb was allowed to keep working on the story and made one more trip to Nicaragua in March. At the end of March, Ceppos told Webb that he was going to present the internal review findings in a column.<ref name="Schou 2006, 158"/> After discussions with Webb, the column was published on May 11, 1997.<ref>Schou 2006, 160.</ref>

In the column, Ceppos defended parts of the article, writing that the series had "solidly documented" that the drug ring described in the series did have connections with the Contras and did sell large quantities of cocaine in inner-city Los Angeles.

But, Ceppos wrote, the series "did not meet our standards" in four areas. 1) It presented only one interpretation of conflicting evidence and in one case "did not include information that contradicted a central assertion of the series." 2) The series' estimates of the money involved was presented as fact instead of an estimate. 3) The series oversimplified how the [[crack epidemic]] grew. 4) The series "created impressions that were open to misinterpretation" through "imprecise language and graphics."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ceppos |first=Jerry |title=To readers of our 'Dark Alliance' series |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2015-02-11 |date=1997-05-11 |url=http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/column051197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971119070955/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/column051197.htm |archive-date=November 19, 1997 }}</ref>

Ceppos noted that Webb did not agree with these conclusions. He concluded, "How did these shortcomings occur? ... I believe that we fell short at every step of our process: in the writing, editing and production of our work. Several people here share that burden ... But ultimately, the responsibility was, and is, mine."

== Resignation ==
Webb strongly disagreed with Ceppos's column and in interviews, was harshly critical of the paper's handling of the story.<ref>Schou, 162–163</ref> Editors at the paper, on the other hand, felt that Webb had failed to tell them about information that contradicted the series' claims and that he "responded to concerns not with reasoned argument, but with accusations of us selling him out."<ref name="Schou, 164">Schou, 164.</ref> In June 1997, ''The Mercury News'' told Webb it was transferring him from the paper's Sacramento bureau and offered him a choice between working at the main offices in San Jose under closer editorial supervision, or spot reporting in Cupertino; both locations were long commutes from his home in Sacramento.<ref name="Schou, 164"/> Webb eventually chose Cupertino, but was unhappy with the routine stories he was reporting there and the long commute.<ref>Schou, 165–166.</ref> He resigned from the paper in November 1997.

== Federal investigation results ==
The reports of the three federal investigations into the claims of "Dark Alliance" were not released until over a year after the series' publication. The reports rejected the series' main claims but were critical of some CIA and law enforcement actions.

=== Justice Department report ===
The Department of Justice Inspector-General's report was released on July 23, 1998. According to the report's "Epilogue," the report was completed in December 1997 but was not released because the DEA was still attempting to use Danilo Blandón in an investigation of international drug dealers and was concerned that the report would affect the viability of the investigation. When Attorney General Janet Reno determined that a delay was no longer necessary, the report was released unchanged.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Bromwich | first = Michael R. | title = CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: Epilogue | access-date = 2015-02-09 | url = http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/9712/epilogue.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150302140819/http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/9712/epilogue.htm | archive-date = 2015-03-02 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The report covered actions by Department of Justice employees in the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], the DEA, the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]], and U.S. Attorneys' Offices. It found that "the allegations contained in the original ''Mercury News'' articles were exaggerations of the actual facts." After examining the investigations and prosecutions of the main figures in the series, Blandón, Meneses and Ross, it concluded: "Although the investigations suffered from various problems of communication and coordination, their successes and failures were determined by the normal dynamics that affect the success of scores of investigations of high-level drug traffickers … These factors, rather than anything as spectacular as a systematic effort by the CIA or any other intelligence agency to protect the drug trafficking activities of Contra supporters, determined what occurred in the cases we examined."<ref>{{Cite web | last = Bromwich | first = Michael R. | title = CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: Conclusions | access-date = 2015-02-09 | url = http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/9712/ch12.htm#Chapter%20XII | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150417231736/http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/9712/ch12.htm#Chapter%20XII | archive-date = 2015-04-17 | url-status = live }}</ref>

It also concluded that "the claims that Blandón and Meneses were responsible for introducing crack cocaine into South Central Los Angeles and spreading the crack epidemic throughout the country were unsupported." Although it did find that both men were major drug dealers, "guilty of enriching themselves at the expense of countless drug users," and that they had contributed money to the Contra cause, "we did not find that their activities were responsible for the crack cocaine epidemic in South Central Los Angeles, much less the rise of crack throughout the nation, or that they were a significant source of support for the Contras."

The report called several of its findings "troubling." It found that Blandón received permanent resident status "in a wholly improper manner" and that for some time the Department "was not certain whether to prosecute Meneses, or use him as a cooperating witness." Regarding issues raised in the series' shorter sidebar stories, it found that some in the government were "not eager" to have DEA agent [[Celerino Castillo III|Celerino Castillo]] "openly probe" activities at Ilopango Airport in El Salvador, where covert operations in support of the Contras were undertaken, and that the CIA had indeed intervened in a case involving smuggler Julio Zavala. It concluded, however, that these problems were "a far cry from the type of broad manipulation and corruption of the federal criminal justice system suggested by the original allegations."

=== CIA report ===
The CIA Inspector-General's report was issued in two volumes. The first one, "The California Story," was issued in a classified version on December 17, 1997, and in an unclassified version on January 29, 1998. The second volume, "The Contra Story," was issued in a classified version on April 27, 1998, and in an unclassified version on October 8, 1998.

According to the report, the Inspector-General's office (OIG) examined all information the agency had "relating to CIA knowledge of drug trafficking allegations in regard to any person directly or indirectly involved in Contra activities." It also examined "how CIA handled and responded to information regarding allegations of drug trafficking" by people involved in Contra activities or support.<ref name=scope>Hitz, "Scope of investigation."</ref>

The first volume of the report found no evidence that "any past or present employee of CIA, or anyone acting on behalf of CIA, had any direct or indirect dealing" with Ross, Blandón, or Meneses or that any of the other figures mentioned in "Dark Alliance" were ever employed by or associated with or contacted by the agency.<ref name = v1c>Hitz, Vol. 1, "Conclusions."</ref>

It found nothing to support the claim that "the drug trafficking activities of Blandón and Meneses were motivated by any commitment to support the Contra cause or Contra activities undertaken by CIA." It noted that Blandón and Meneses claimed to have donated money to Contra sympathizers in Los Angeles, but found no information to confirm that it was true or that the agency had heard of it.<ref name=v1c />

It found no information to support the claim that the agency interfered with law enforcement actions against Ross, Blandón or Meneses.<ref name=v1c />

=== House committee report ===
The House Intelligence Committee issued its report in February 2000.<ref>{{Cite book | author = United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | author-link = United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | title = Report On the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area | date = Feb 2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/WatersCIAContraReportExcerpt}}</ref> According to the report, it used Webb's reporting and writing as "key resources in focusing and refining the investigation." Like the CIA and Justice Department reports, it also found that neither Blandón, Meneses, nor Ross were associated with the CIA.<ref name = psci1>"Report on Alleged Involvement: Findings" 43.</ref>

Examining the support that Meneses and Blandón gave to the local Contra organization in San Francisco, the report concluded that it was "not sufficient to finance the organization" and did not consist of "millions," contrary to the claims of the "Dark Alliance" series. This support "was not directed by anyone within the Contra movement who had an association with the CIA," and the Committee found "no evidence that the CIA or the Intelligence Community was aware of these individuals’ support."<ref name = psci1 /> It also found no evidence to support Webb's suggestion that several other drug smugglers mentioned in the series were associated with the CIA, or that anyone associated with the CIA or other intelligence agencies was involved in supplying or selling drugs in Los Angeles.<ref name = psci1 />

== ''Dark Alliance'' book ==
{{main article|Dark Alliance (book)}}
After his resignation from ''The Mercury News'', Webb expanded the "Dark Alliance" series into a book that responded to the criticism of the series and described his experiences writing the story and dealing with the controversy. It was published in 1998 as ''[[Dark Alliance (book)|Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion]]''. A revised version was published in 1999 that incorporated Webb's response to the CIA and Justice Department reports. The February 2000 report by the House Intelligence Committee in turn considered the book's claims as well as the series' claims.<ref>"Report on Alleged Involvement", 2.</ref>
''Dark Alliance'' was a 1998 Pen/Newman's Own First Amendment Award Finalist, 1998 ''San Francisco Chronicle'' bestseller, 1999 Bay Area Book Reviewers Award Finalist, and 1999 Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award Winner in the Politics category.

== Webb's later views ==
In interviews after leaving ''The Mercury News'', Webb described the 1997 controversy as [[media manipulation]]. "The government side of the story is coming through the ''Los Angeles Times'', ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post''", he stated. "They use the giant corporate press rather than saying anything directly. If you work through friendly reporters on major newspapers, it comes off as ''The New York Times'' saying it and not a mouthpiece of the CIA."<ref name=Osborn>Osborn, Barbara Bliss (Mar./Apr. 1998). [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2056 "Are You Sure You Want to Ruin Your Career?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210081056/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2056 |date=2005-02-10 }}. ''Extra!''. Retrieved 2006-07-21.</ref> Webb's longest response to the controversy was in "The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On," a chapter he contributed to an anthology of press criticism: {{quotation|If we had met five years ago, you wouldn't have found a more staunch defender of the newspaper industry than me ... And then I wrote some stories that made me realize how sadly misplaced my bliss had been. The reason I'd enjoyed such smooth sailing for so long hadn't been, as I'd assumed, because I was careful and diligent and good at my job ... The truth was that, in all those years, I hadn't written anything important enough to suppress.<ref name=buzzsaw >{{cite book | last=Webb | first=Gary | editor-last=Borjesson | editor-first=Kristina | title=Into the Buzzsaw: Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press | publisher=Prometheus Books | date=2002 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/intobuzzsawleadi00br/page/141 141–157] | chapter=The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On | isbn=1-57392-972-7 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/intobuzzsawleadi00br/page/141 }}</ref>}}

== Later career ==
After leaving ''The Mercury News'', Webb worked as an investigator for the [[California State Legislature]]. His assignments included investigating racial profiling by the [[California Highway Patrol]] and charges that the [[Oracle Corporation]] had received a [[no-bid contract]] award of $95 million in 2001.<ref>Schou 2006 196–200</ref>
While working at the legislature, Webb continued to do freelance investigative reporting, sometimes based on his investigative work. For instance, he published an article on racial profiling in traffic stops in ''Esquire'' magazine, in April 1999.<ref>"DWB (Driving While Black)", Webb 2011.</ref>

Webb later moved to the State Assembly's Office of Majority Services. He was laid off in February 2004 when Assembly Member [[Fabian Núñez]] was elected Speaker.<ref>Schou 2006, 206.</ref>

In August 2004, Webb joined the ''[[Sacramento News & Review]]'', an alternative weekly newspaper, where he continued doing investigative writing. One of his last articles examined ''[[America's Army]]'', a video game designed by the U.S. Army.<ref>"The Killing Game", Webb 2011</ref>

== Death ==
Webb was found dead in his Carmichael home on December 10, 2004, with two gunshot wounds to the head. His death was ruled a [[Multiple gunshot suicide|suicide]] by the Sacramento County coroner's office.<ref>According to a description of Webb's injuries in the ''Los Angeles Times'', he shot himself with a .38 revolver, which he placed near his right ear. The first shot went through his face, and exited at his left cheek. The coroner's staff concluded that the second shot hit an artery. {{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/16/entertainment/et-webb16|title=Written In Pain|last=Daunt|first=Tina|date=March 16, 2005|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2015-01-29|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129110448/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/16/entertainment/et-webb16|archive-date=January 29, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After a local paper reported that he had died from multiple gunshots, the coroner's office received so many calls asking about Webb's death that Sacramento County Coroner Robert Lyons issued a statement confirming Webb had died by suicide.<ref name=sacbeedeath>{{cite news |last=Stanton|first=Sam|date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=May 7, 2008|url=http://dwb.sacbee.com/content/news/story/11772749p-12657577c.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507054818/http://dwb.sacbee.com/content/news/story/11772749p-12657577c.html|title=Reporter's suicide confirmed by coroner |newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]}}</ref> When asked by local reporters about the possibility of two gunshots being a suicide, Lyons replied: "It's unusual in a suicide case to have two shots, but it has been done in the past, and it is in fact a distinct possibility." News coverage noted that there were widespread rumors on the Internet at the time that Webb had been killed as retribution for his "Dark Alliance" series, published eight years before. Webb's ex-wife Susan Bell told reporters that she believed Webb had died by suicide.<ref name="sacbeedeath" /> "The way he was acting it would be hard for me to believe it was anything but suicide," she said. According to Bell, Webb had been unhappy for some time over his inability to get a job at another major newspaper. He had sold his house the week before his death because he was unable to afford the mortgage.<ref name="sacbeedeath" />

After Webb's death, a collection of his stories from before and after the "Dark Alliance" series was published. The collection, ''The Killing Game: Selected Stories from the Author of Dark Alliance'', was edited by Webb's son, Eric.

== Legacy ==

=== Views on Webb's journalism ===
Views on Webb's journalism have been polarized. During and immediately after the controversy over "Dark Alliance," Webb's earlier writing was examined closely. A January 1997 article in ''[[American Journalism Review]]'' noted that a 1994 series Webb wrote had also been the subject of a ''Mercury News'' internal review that criticized Webb's reporting.<ref name = shepard>{{Cite news | issn = 1067-8654 | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 39 | last = Shepard | first = Alicia C. | title = A Hard-charging reporter | work = American Journalism Review | access-date = 2015-02-04 | date = Jan 1997 | url = http://www.ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=1625 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150205043526/http://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=1625 | archive-date = 2015-02-05 | url-status = live }}</ref> A ''New York Times'' profile of Webb in June 1997 noted that two of his series written for the Cleveland ''[[The Plain Dealer|Plain Dealer]]'' had resulted in lawsuits that the paper had settled.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Peterson | first = Iver | title = Repercussions From Flawed News Articles | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2015-01-27 | date = June 3, 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-repercussions.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150217133304/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-repercussions.html | archive-date = February 17, 2015 | url-status = live }}. The details of the suits and settlements are discussed in Schou 2006, 48 and 51.</ref>

On the other hand, many of the writers and editors who worked with him have had high praise for him. [[Walt Bogdanich|Walter Bogdanich]], a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter who worked with Webb on ''The Plain Dealer'', told ''American Journalism Review'' editor Susan Paterno "He was brilliant; he knew more about public records than anybody I've ever known."<ref>Paterno 2005</ref> Mary Anne Sharkey, Webb's editor at ''The Plain Dealer'', told writer [[Alicia Shepard]] in 1997 that Webb was known as 'the carpenter' "because he had everything nailed down. Gary's documentation is awesome and his work ethic is unbelievable."<ref name = shepard /> California Representative [[Maxine Waters]], who was Webb's strongest supporter in Congress after the "Dark Alliance" controversy broke, issued a statement after Webb's death calling him "one of the finest investigative journalists that our country has ever seen."<ref name="waters">{{Cite web|title= Waters statement|work= newsmakingnews.com |access-date=2016-09-29 |date=December 13, 2004|url=http://www.newsmakingnews.com/vm,garywebb,12,14,04,maxinewaters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103125948/http://www.newsmakingnews.com/vm,garywebb,12,14,04,maxinewaters.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2005 }}</ref>

Jonathan Krim, ''The Mercury News'' editor who recruited Webb from ''The Plain Dealer'' and who supervised ''The Mercury News'' internal review of "Dark Alliance," told ''AJR'' editor Paterno that Webb "had all the qualities you'd want in a reporter: curious, dogged, a very high sense of wanting to expose wrongdoing and to hold private and public officials accountable." But as Krim told Webb's biographer Nick Schou, "The zeal that helped make Gary a relentless reporter was coupled with an inability to question himself, to entertain the notion that he might have erred."<ref>Schou 2006, 228.</ref> Scott Herhold, Webb's first editor at ''The Mercury-News'', wrote in a 2013 column that "Gary Webb was a journalist of outsized talent. Few reporters I've known could match his nose for an investigative story. When he was engaged, he worked hard. He wrote well. But Webb had one huge blind side: He was fundamentally a man of passion, not of fairness. When facts didn't fit his theory, he tended to shove them to the sidelines."<ref>{{cite web|last=Herhold |first=Scott |title=Herhold: Thinking back on journalist Gary Webb and the CIA |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott-herhold/ci_22560549/herhold-jeremy-renner-gary-webb-movie-cia?IADID=Search-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews.com |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=2 October 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6QumEcCI3?url=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott-herhold/ci_22560549/herhold-jeremy-renner-gary-webb-movie-cia?IADID=Search-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews.com |archive-date=2014-07-08 }} ()</ref>

=== Views on "Dark Alliance" series ===
Webb's reporting in "Dark Alliance" remains controversial. Many writers discussing the series point to errors in it. The claim that the drug ring of Meneses-Blandón-Ross sparked the "crack explosion" has been perhaps the most criticized part of the series. Nick Schou, a journalist who wrote a 2006 biography of Webb, has claimed that this was the most important error in the series. Writing on the ''Los Angeles Times'' opinion page, Schou said, "Webb asserted, improbably, that the Blandón-Meneses-Ross drug ring opened 'the first pipeline between Colombia's cocaine cartels and the black neighborhoods of Los Angeles,' helping to 'spark a crack explosion in urban America.' The story offered no evidence to support such sweeping conclusions, a fatal error that would ultimately destroy Webb, if not his editors."<ref name=Schou2>{{cite news|last=Schou|first=Nick|title=The truth in 'Dark Alliance'|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/aug/18/opinion/oe-schou18|access-date=2011-04-05|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 18, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414134135/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/aug/18/opinion/oe-schou18|archive-date=April 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

While finding this part of the series unsupported, Schou said that some of the series' claims on CIA involvement are supported, writing that "The CIA conducted an internal investigation that acknowledged in March 1998 that the agency had covered up Contra drug trafficking for more than a decade." According to Schou, the investigation "confirmed key chunks of Webb's allegations." In a later article in the ''[[LA Weekly]]'', Schou wrote that Webb was "vindicated by a 1998 CIA Inspector General report, which revealed that for more than a decade the agency had covered up a business relationship it had with Nicaraguan drug dealers like Blandón."<ref name = schou3>"[http://www.laweekly.com/2013-05-30/news/gary-webb-jess-katz-crack/ Ex-L.A. Times Writer Apologizes for "Tawdry" Attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215104947/http://www.laweekly.com/2013-05-30/news/gary-webb-jess-katz-crack/ |date=2013-12-15 }}" ''[[Los Angeles Weekly]]''. May 30, 2013. Retrieved on Feb 15, 2015</ref>

Writing after Webb's death in 2005, ''[[The Nation]]'' magazine's former Washington Editor [[David Corn]] said that Webb "was on to something but botched part of how he handled it." According to Corn, Webb "was wrong on some important details, but he was, in a way, closer to the truth than many of his establishment media critics who neglected the story of the real CIA-contra-cocaine connection." Like Schou, Corn cites the inspector general's report, which he says "acknowledged that the CIA had indeed worked with suspected drugrunners while supporting the contras."<ref>{{Cite web | last = Corn | first = David | title = Gary Webb Is Dead | work = The Nation – Capital Games | access-date = 2015-01-25 | date = 2004-12-13 | url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/156143/gary-webb-dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015458/http://www.thenation.com/blog/156143/gary-webb-dead | archive-date = 2014-10-21 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Not all writers agree that the Inspector-General's report supported the series' claims. Jeff Leen, assistant managing editor at ''The Washington Post'' for investigative reporting, wrote in a 2014 opinion page article that "the report found no CIA relationship with the drug ring Webb had written about." Leen, who covered the cocaine trade for the ''Miami Herald'' in the 1980s, rejects the claim that "because the report uncovered an agency mindset of indifference to drug-smuggling allegations", it vindicated Webb's reporting.<ref name = leen>{{Cite news | last = Leen | first = Jeff | title = Gary Webb was no journalism hero, despite what 'Kill the Messenger' says | work = The Washington Post | access-date = 2015-01-27 | date = 2014-10-17 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/gary-webb-was-no-journalism-hero-despite-what-kill-the-messenger-says/2014/10/17/026b7560-53c9-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215170658/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/gary-webb-was-no-journalism-hero-despite-what-kill-the-messenger-says/2014/10/17/026b7560-53c9-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html | archive-date = 2015-02-15 | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Peter Kornbluh]], a researcher at [[George Washington University]]'s [[National Security Archives]], also does not agree that the report vindicated the series. Noting that most of the activities discussed in the report had nothing to do with the people Webb reported on, Kornbluh told Schou, "I can't say it's a vindication. It was good that his story forced those reports to come out, but part of what made that happen was based on misleading information."<ref>Schou 2006, 185–6.</ref>

=== Films ===
''[[Kill the Messenger (2014 film)|Kill the Messenger]]'' (2014) is based on Webb's book ''Dark Alliance'' and Nick Schou's [[Kill the Messenger (Schou book)|biography of Webb]]. Actor [[Jeremy Renner]] portrays Webb.<ref name="TheWrap">{{cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Todd|title=Jeremy Renner's 'Kill the Messenger' Gets Fall Release Date|url=http://www.thewrap.com/jeremy-renners-kill-messenger-gets-fall-release-date/|access-date=July 2, 2019|work=thewrap.com|date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702072859/https://www.thewrap.com/jeremy-renners-kill-messenger-gets-fall-release-date/|archive-date=July 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== TV ===
[[Snowfall (TV series)|''Snowfall'']] is an American crime drama television series set in Los Angeles in 1983. The series revolves around the first crack epidemic and its impact on the culture of the city. The series follows the stories of several characters whose lives are fated to intersect including CIA operative Teddy McDonald who helps to secure guns for the [[Contras]]. The character reporter Irene Abe is said by fans of the show to be a stand in character for the real life Gary Webb.

== See also ==
* [[Allegations of CIA drug trafficking]]
* [[CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking]]
* [[Iran–Contra affair]]

{{Portalbar|United States|Biography|Journalism}}

== Endnotes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite book | author=Schou, Nick | title=Kill the Messenger: How the CIA's Crack Cocaine Controversy Destroyed Gary Webb | publisher=Nation Books | year=2006 | isbn=1-56025-930-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/killmessenger00scho }}
* {{cite book | last=Webb | first=Gary | editor-last=Borjesson | editor-first=Kristina | title=Into the Buzzsaw: Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press | publisher=Prometheus Books | date=2002 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/intobuzzsawleadi00br/page/141 141–157] | chapter=The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On | isbn=1-57392-972-7 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/intobuzzsawleadi00br/page/141 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Webb | first = Gary | title=Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion | publisher=Seven Stories Press | year=1998 | isbn=1-888363-93-2}}
* {{Cite book | last = Webb | first = Gary | editor-last = Webb | editor-first = Eric | title = The Killing Game | location = New York | publisher = Seven Stories Press | date = Jan 4, 2011 | isbn = 9781609801434}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020436/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/stories.htm |date=December 20, 1996 |title=''San Jose Mercury News'' "Dark Alliance" web page }} Includes follow up stories and links to coverage from other papers (some of these are broken).
* [https://www.justice.gov/oig/special/9712/ The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions] The [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]] report on the claims made in the ''Dark Alliance'' newspaper series, released on July 22, 1998.
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/cocaine Report of Investigation Concerning Allegations of Connections Between CIA and The Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States] The [https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/inspector-general Central Intelligence Agency Office of the Inspector General] report on the claims made in the ''Dark Alliance'' newspaper series, released in two volumes, volume 1 on January 29, 1998, and volume 2 on October 8, 1998.
* {{Cite book | author = United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | author-link = United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | title = Report On the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area | date = Feb 2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/WatersCIAContraReportExcerpt}} House Intelligence Committee report on the claims made in the ''Dark Alliance'' series (excerpt).
* {{Cite book | author = United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence | author-link = United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence | title = Hearings on allegations of a CIA connection to crack cocaine epidemic | access-date = 2015-02-08 | date = 1997 | url = https://archive.org/details/allegationsofcia00unit}} Record of Senate Intelligence Committee hearings on ''Dark Alliance'' series claims, Oct. 23 and Nov. 26, 1996.
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|50em}}
* {{Cite book | author= [[Celerino Castillo III]] & Dave Harmon | title=Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras & the Drug War | publisher=Mosaic Press | year=1994 | isbn=0-8095-4855-0}}
* {{Cite book | author=[[Alexander Cockburn]] & [[Jeffrey St. Clair]] | title=Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press | publisher=[[Verso Books]] | year=1999 | isbn=1-85984-258-5 | url-access=registration | url= https://archive.org/details/whiteoutciadrugs00cock}}
* {{Cite journal | author=Frederick P. Hitz | title=Obscuring Propriety: The CIA and Drugs | journal=[[International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence]] | year=1999 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=448–462 | doi=10.1080/088506099304990}}
* {{Cite book | author=[[Robert Parry (journalist)|Robert Parry]] | title=Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & "Project Truth" | publisher=Media Consortium | year=1999 | isbn=1-893517-00-4 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/losthistorycontr0000parr }}
* [["Freeway" Rick Ross|Rick Ross]] & [[Cathy Scott]] (2014). ''[[Freeway Rick Ross (book)|Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography]]''. Freeway Studios. pp. 263-279. {{ISBN|978-1499651539}}.
* {{Cite book | author=[[Peter Dale Scott]] & Jonathan Marshall | title=Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | year=1991 | isbn=0-520-07312-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/cocainepoliticsd00scot }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{C-SPAN|Gary Webb}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/Gary_Webb2 Gary Webb: In His Own Words]'' (2004), video of interview with Gary Webb from [[Guerrilla News Network]]
* [http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/10/6/inside_the_dark_alliance_gary_webb "Inside the Dark Alliance: Gary Webb on the CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion"], audio interviews (1997–1998) with Gary Webb from ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
* [http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2006/12/10/18336493.php 'A NATURAL STORY': Tribute to 'Dark Alliance' and Journalist Gary Webb], transcripts of a 1997 Webb speech and interview from [[San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center]]
* [http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/gary-webb/author Archive of Gary Webb stories at Sacramento News and Review]
* {{cite web | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/cia.html | title =Frontline: Cocaine, Conspiracy Theories & the C.I.A. in Central America }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Webb, Gary}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:2004 suicides]]
[[Category:20th-century American journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
[[Category:American investigative journalists]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize winners for journalism]]
[[Category:Northern Kentucky University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:People from Corona, California]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in California]]
[[Category:Multiple gunshot suicides]]
[[Category:Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:The Mercury News people]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Journalists from California]]
[[Category:People from Carmichael, California]]

List of women in the video game industry

2021-03-03T15:22:14Z

RockinCrystal: /* Notable women in the video game industry */Fixed typo - changed “mainfame” to “mainframe”.

{{short description|Notable women in the video game industry}}
{{dynamic list}}
This is a '''list of notable [[women in the video game industry]]'''.

== Notable women in the video game industry ==
[[File:TracyFullerton2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tracy Fullerton]]]]
[[File:Yoko Kanno.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Yoko Kanno]]]]
[[File:Heather Kelley (portrait, 2012).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Heather Kelley]]]]
[[File:Siobhan Reddy.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Siobhan Reddy]]]]
[[File:Amy_hennig_gdca_2019_cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amy Hennig]]]]
[[File:Kellee Santiago - Game Developers Conference 2010 - Day 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kellee Santiago]]]]
[[File:Kim Swift - Game Developers Conference 2010 - Panel Day 4 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kim Swift]]]]

* '''[[Mabel Addis]]''' wrote the [[early mainframe games|mainframe game]] ''[[The Sumerian Game]]'' (1964), becoming the first female video game designer.<ref name="SumerianRetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.acriticalhit.com/sumerian-game-most-important-video-game-youve-never-heard/ |title=The Sumerian Game: The Most Important Video Game You've Never Heard Of |last=Willaert |first=Kate |website=A Critical Hit |date=2019-09-09 |accessdate=2019-09-10}}</ref>
* '''[[Anna Anthropy]]''', American video game designer who has worked on multiple indie games such as ''[[Mighty Jill Off]]'' and is the game designer in residence at the [[DePaul University College of Computing and Digital Media]].
* '''[[Dona Bailey]]''', American [[game programmer]] who, along with [[Ed Logg]] in 1981, created the [[arcade video game]] ''[[Centipede (arcade game)|Centipede]]''.<ref name=Krueger1983>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/Video_Games_Volume_1_Number_06_1983-03_Pumpkin_Press_US#page/n50/mode/1up |title=Welcome to the Club |journal=Video Games |volume=1 |issue=6 |date=March 1983 |accessdate=26 May 2014 |last=Krueger |first= Anne | pages=51–54, 81}}</ref><ref name=Ortutay2012b>{{cite news |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/woman-behind-centipede-recalls-game-213543658.html |title=Woman behind 'Centipede' recalls game icon's birth |agency=Associated Press |first=Barbara |last=Ortutay |date=30 June 2012 |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310023353/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/woman-behind-centipede-recalls-game-213543658.html |archivedate=10 March 2014}}</ref>
* '''[[Ellen Beeman]]''', American fantasy and science fiction author, cofounder the industry group Women in Games International, and computer game designer/producer since the 1990s<ref>{{citation|title=Wanted: Girls who Make Video Games|first=Kristin|last=Kalning|date=June 12, 2007|publisher=NBC News|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19112352/ns/technology_and_science-games/t/wanted-girls-who-make-video-games}}</ref> Since 2014, she has been a faculty member at [[DigiPen Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{citation|title=Professor Ellen Beeman Draws From Game Production Career|date=July 24, 2014|publisher=DigiPen Institute of Technology|url=http://news.digipen.edu/academics/professor-ellen-beeman-draws-game-production-career/}}</ref> She is credited for development of over 40 video games, for publishers including Disney, Electronic Arts, Microprose, Microsoft, Monolith, Origin, and Sega.<ref>{{citation|title=Profile: Ellen Beeman|work=[[MobyGames]]|date=January 25, 2007|url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,14237/}}</ref>
* '''Connie Booth''', American business executive as Vice-President of Product Development at [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] and advocate of many of SIE's first-party franchises since ''[[Crash Bandicoot]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gaming-hall-of-fame-announces-this-years-inductee-/1100-6472766/ | title = Gaming Hall Of Fame Announces This Year's Inductee, Connie Booth | first= Eddie | last = Makuch | date = January 14, 2020 | accessdate = January 14, 2020 | work = [[GameSpot]] }}</ref>
* '''[[Danielle Bunten Berry]]''', American game designer and programmer, known for the 1983 game ''[[M.U.L.E.]]'' (one of the first influential multiplayer games), and 1984's ''[[The Seven Cities of Gold (video game)|The Seven Cities of Gold]]''. She was the recipient of a [[Lifetime Achievement Award]] from the [[International Game Developers Association|Computer Game Developers Association]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4524 | title=Danielle Bunten Berry (1949–1998) | work=The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture| accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>
* '''[[Ashly Burch]]''', American voice actress
* '''Brie Code''', former [[Ubisoft]] AI programming lead working on titles such as [[Child of Light]], founder of [[TRU LUV]], co-creator of #SelfCare, an Apple Best Of 2018.<ref>https://www.apple.com/ca/newsroom/2018/12/apple-presents-the-best-of-2018/</ref>
* '''[[Lori Cole]]''', American game designer and writer. She and her husband Corey Cole are best known for the ''[[Quest for Glory]]'' adventure/roleplaying game series from [[Sierra Online]]. Other games she's worked on include ''[[Mixed-Up Fairy Tales]]'' (1991), ''[[Shannara (video game)|Shannara]]'' (1995), the School for Heroes web game, and the Kickstarter-funded ''[[Hero-U: Rogue to Redemption]]'' (2018).<ref>{{citation|title=Profile: Lori Cole|work=[[MobyGames]]|accessdate=October 30, 2019|url=https://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,3681/}}</ref>
*'''Christina "Phazero" Curlee''', Black-American Game designer and researcher, featured at [[IndieCade]], SAAM, and Eyeo Festival. Author of [https://en.calameo.com/books/0059518308384852d1e6e Meaningful Level Design]. Currently a game designer at [[Insomniac Games]].<ref>http://www.christinazero.com/eyeo-festival.html</ref><ref>https://www.indiecade.com/2018-games/artifacts-ii-jacaranda/</ref>
* '''[[Keiko Erikawa]]''' is a Japanese video game designer and co-founder of [[Koei]]. She formed [[Koei Tecmo#Ruby Party|Ruby Party]] team by only women and then the team developed and released ''[[Angelique (video game)|Angelique]]'', the first [[Otome game]], in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Hyeshin|year=2009|title=Women's Games in Japan: Gendered Identity and Narrative Construction|journal=Theory, Culture & Society |publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=26|issue=2–3|pages=165–188|issn=0263-2764|doi=10.1177/0263276409103132}}</ref><ref name="denfaminicogamer20160322">[http://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/projectbook/koei/3 信長から乙女ゲームまで… シブサワ･コウとその妻が語るコーエー立志伝「世界初ばかりだとユーザーに怒られた（笑）」] {{in lang|ja}} [[DWANGO]] March 22, 2016</ref>
* '''Rebecca Ford''', American game developer and voice actress, serving as community manager for [[Digital Extremes]]' ''[[Warframe]]'' and colloquially known as "Space Mom".<ref name="forbes 30under30 2020">{{cite web | url = https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2020/games/#16eb83dc3436 | title = Forbes 30 Under 30 2020 - Games: Leading a technological and artistic revolution | date = December 2019 | accessdate = December 16, 2019 | work = [[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] }}</ref>
* '''[[Tracy Fullerton]]''', American game designer, educator and writer.<ref>https://news.usc.edu/63108/tracy-fullerton-named-director-of-usc-games/</ref><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-online-gaming-world-warcraft-neh-federal-grants-20141208-story.html USC professor Tracy Fullerton is getting $100,000 from the NEH to design a game based on Thoreau's Walden], LA Times, Dec. 9, 2014</ref> Fullerton's work has received numerous industry honors.<ref>[http://fortune.com/2014/09/23/10-powerful-women-video-games/ 10 Powerful Women in Videogames], Fortune.com, September 23, 2014</ref>
* '''[[Emily Greer]]''', cofounder and CEO of [[Kongregate]].
* '''[[Jennifer Hale]]''', voice actress best known for her work in video game franchises including ''[[Baldur's Gate]]'', ''[[Mass Effect]]'', ''[[Metroid Prime]]'', ''[[Metal Gear Solid]]'', ''[[Soulcalibur (video game)|Soulcalibur]]'', Spider-Man, ''[[BioShock Infinite]]'', ''[[Quest for Glory: Shadows of Darkness]]'', and ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]''. In 2013, she was recognized by Guinness World Records for "the most prolific videogame voice actor (female)"
* '''[[Rebecca Heineman]]''', American video game designer and programmer known for her work on ''[[The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)|The Bard's Tale]]'', ''[[The Bard's Tale III: Thief of Fate]]'' and ''[[Myth III: The Wolf Age]]''. Heineman is also considered the first national video game champion.<ref name="Women in Gaming">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ad2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=Women in Gaming: 100 Professionals of Play |first=Meagan |last=Marie |date=December 4, 2018 |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |isbn=9780241395066 |pages=32–33}}</ref>
* '''[[Amy Hennig]]''', American video game director and script writer. Her writing creates include the ''[[Legacy of Kain]]'' series for [[Crystal Dynamics]], and ''[[Jak and Daxter]]'' and ''[[Uncharted]]'' series for [[Naughty Dog]].
* '''[[Miki Higashino]]''', Japanese video game composer known for the ''[[Suikoden]]'' series.
* '''[[Robin Hunicke]]''', producer of ''[[Journey (2012 video game)|Journey]]'' and cofounder of Funomena.
* '''[[Emiko Iwasaki]]''', artist and general director best known for her work on the ''[[Guilty Gear (series)|Guilty Gear]]'' series, and Girls2Pioneers ambassador.
* '''[[Jane Jensen]]''', video game designer most known of the popular and critically acclaimed ''[[Gabriel Knight]]'' series of adventure games
* '''[[Yoko Kanno]]''', Japanese composer, arranger and musician<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bridges|first1=Rose|title=Yoko Kanno's Cowboy Bebop Soundtrack|date=2017|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1501325878|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Uw8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|accessdate=27 January 2018}}</ref>
* '''[[Junko Kawano]]''', Japanese game designer, director, illustrator and writer best known as the co-creator of the ''[[Suikoden]]'' series and director of ''[[Shadow of Memories]]''.
* '''[[Heather Kelley]]''', media artist and video game designer, most famous as the founder of Perfect Plum, a start-up specializing for software for women. She is also a co-founder of the [[Kokoromi]] experimental game collective.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/ss/game-changers-women-tech?slide=4#5 |title=Meet the 5 Most Powerful Women in Gaming |work=Inc.com |date= |accessdate=2015-04-08}}</ref>
* '''[[Rieko Kodama]]''', artist, director, and producer known for her work on the ''[[Phantasy Star]]'' series and other Sega titles including ''[[Skies of Arcadia]]'' and the ''[[7th Dragon]]'' series.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Power Profiles: Rieko Kodama|magazine=Nintendo Power|date=February 2010|issue=251|pages=80–82}}</ref>
* '''[[Aya Kyogoku]]''', manager at [[Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development|Nintendo EPD]] with leading roles in ''[[Animal Crossing]]'' series production since 2008<ref name="Figaro">{{cite web |last1=Woitier |first1=Chloé |title=Ikumi Nakamura, Aya Kyogoku... les créatrices de jeux vidéo mises à l'honneur durant l'E3 2019 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/ikumi-nakamura-aya-kyogoku-les-creatrices-de-jeux-video-mises-a-l-honneur-durant-l-e3-2019-20190618 |website=[[Le Figaro]] |accessdate=12 February 2020 |language=French |date=18 June 2019}}</ref>
* '''[[Christine Love (writer)|Christine Love]]''', Canadian video game developer.
* '''[[Manami Matsumae]]''', Japanese video game composer
* '''[[Carla Meninsky]]''', video game designer during the early years of the Atari 2600
* '''[[Ikumi Nakamura]]''', Japanese artist and director, formerly of [[Clover Studio]], [[PlatinumGames]], and [[Tango Gameworks]], with credits including ''[[Ōkami]]'', ''[[Bayonetta (video game)|Bayonetta]]'', and ''[[The Evil Within]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.polygon.com/e3/2019/6/9/18659141/ikumi-nakamura-bethesda-e3-2019-ghostwire-tokyo-presenter | title = The internet is ready to die for Ikumi Nakamura, the most genuine person at E3 | first = Patricia | last = Hernandez | date = June 9, 2019 | accessdate= December 16, 2019 | work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] }}</ref>
* '''[[Zoë Quinn]]''', developer of ''[[Depression Quest]]'' and subsequently a spokefigure against the harassment from the [[Gamergate controversy]].<ref name="nytimes gg"/>
* '''[[Jade Raymond]]''', Canadian video game executive, founder of [[Electronic Arts]]' Motive Studios, head of [[Visceral Games]], and former Managing Director of [[Ubisoft Toronto]]
* '''[[Siobhan Reddy]]''', co-founder and studio director of [[Media Molecule]], a video game development studio based in the [[United Kingdom]], most famous for their debut title ''[[LittleBigPlanet]]''. In 2009 she won the Production Award at the first ever Microsoft Women in Gaming Awards,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edge-online.com/news/microsoft-recognizes-game-industry-women/ |title=Microsoft Recognizes Game Industry Women |work= Edge |date=26 March 2009 |accessdate=25 September 2014 }}</ref> and at the same awards in 2014 she won the Innovator Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamasutra.com/view/news/213512/Anita_Sarkeesian_more_up_for_nominations_at_Women_in_Gaming_Awards.php |title=Anita Sarkeesian, more up for nominations at Women in Gaming Awards |work= Gamasutra |date=19 March 2014 |accessdate=25 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailygeekette.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/the-women-of-microsofts-women-in-gaming-awards/ |title=The Women of Microsoft's Women In Gaming Awards |work= The Daily Geekette |date=1 April 2014 |accessdate=25 September 2014 }}</ref>
* '''[[Brenda Romero]]''', American [[game designer]] and [[video game developer|developer]] notably of the ''[[Wizardry]]'' series.<ref name=yesteryear>{{cite web|url=http://www.next-gen.biz/features/celebrating-female-game-devs-yesteryear|title=Celebrating Female Game Devs of Yesteryear|accessdate=9 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030183734/http://www.next-gen.biz/features/celebrating-female-game-devs-yesteryear |archivedate=30 October 2011 |url-status=usurped | quote=The longest-serving female game developer in the business will also be attending the WIGI Conference. Brenda Brathwaite...}}</ref> She has won several awards in her long career.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bio Awards |url= http://www.blromero.com/bio-awards/}}</ref><ref name="Pnw">{{cite web |title= Computer Gaming World Announces Winners of 2001 'Premier Awards |url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/computer-gaming-world-announces-winners-of-2001-premier-awards-76279957.html |access-date= 2018-01-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021220/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/computer-gaming-world-announces-winners-of-2001-premier-awards-76279957.html |archive-date= 2018-01-28 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Ful">{{cite web |url= http://www.fulbright.ie/minister-education-skills-welcomes-gaming-super-star-brenda-romero-ireland |title= Minister for Education and Skills welcomes gaming super star Brenda Romero to Ireland |date= 28 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name="G15">{{cite web |url= http://www.gamechoiceawards.com/archive/gdca_15th.html |title= 15th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards }}</ref><ref name="DO">{{cite web |url= http://www.develop-online.net/news/brenda-and-john-romero-to-be-named-development-legends-at-develop-awards-2017/0230759 |title= Brenda and John Romero to be named development legends at Develop Awards 2017}}</ref>
* '''[[Bonnie Ross]]''', American video game developer and head of [[343 Industries]], the studio that manages the ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' video game franchise.
* '''[[Kellee Santiago]]''', video game designer and producer. While studying at the [[USC Interactive Media Division]] at the [[University of Southern California]], Santiago produced the game ''[[Cloud (video game)|Cloud]]'' which was developed by [[Jenova Chen]] and a team of students. After graduating, Santiago and Chen founded [[Thatgamecompany]], and Santiago took on the role of president. Santiago left Thatgamecompany in 2012. She is a backer for the [[Indie Fund]], a [[TED (conference)|TED]] fellow, and the head of [[platform evangelism|developer relations]] for [[OUYA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kelleesantiago.com |title=TED Fellow, Game Developer, Partner At Indie Fund |publisher=Kelleesantiago.com |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2015-04-08}}</ref>
* '''[[Geguri|Kim "Geguri" Se-yeon]]''', South Korean [[esport]] professional and first female player signed into the [[Overwatch League]].
* '''[[Carol Shaw (video game designer)|Carol Shaw]]''', the first woman who was a full-time video game designer. She began as an [[Atari]] employee, designing and programming ''[[3-D Tic-Tac-Toe]]'' (1979) for the Atari 2600.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classicgames.about.com/od/history/tp/HistoricWomeninClassicGames.htm |title=The Most Important Women in the History of Video Games – About Classic Video Games |publisher=Classicgames.about.com |date= |accessdate=2015-04-09}}</ref> Shaw later joined [[Activision]] where she designed ''Happy Trails'' for the [[Intellivision]] and ''[[River Raid]]'' for the [[Atari 400|Atari 800]] and [[Atari 5200]] for which she is most widely known. Additionally, she designed an unreleased ''Polo'' game in 1978 and worked on the game ''[[Super Breakout]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/800 |title=VC&G | VC&G Interview: Carol Shaw, The First Female Video Game Developer |publisher=Vintagecomputing.com |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2015-04-09}}</ref>
* '''[[Kazuko Shibuya]]''', Japanese video game artist known for her work with [[Square (video game company)|Square]] and [[Square Enix]]
* '''[[Yoko Shimomura]]''', Japanese video game composer and pianist who has composed or contributed to nearly one hundred video game soundtracks.
*'''Joelle Silverio,''' [[African-American]] video game designer, software engineer, animator, and visual effects artist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mywit.org/event/wit-forum-film-industry-innovation-and-trends-2/|title=WIT FORUM: Entertainment Industry: Innovation and Trends|website=Women In Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://igdafoundation.org/scholarships/igda-scholars/judging-panel/|title=Judging Panel|date=2016-09-11|website=IGDA Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bit.sched.com/joellesilverio|title=Joelle Silverio's schedule for Blacks in Tech #BiTHouse @SXSW|website=bit.sched.com|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> Notably, the first [[African-American]] female game designer to drive design of a [[AAA (video game industry)|AAA game]], with her work on ''[[Killing Floor 2]]'' for [[Tripwire Interactive]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://killingfloor2.gamepedia.com/Tripwire_Interactive|title=Tripwire Interactive|website=Killing Floor 2 Wiki|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/killing-floor-2/credits|title=Killing Floor 2 (2015) Windows credits|website=MobyGames|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Killing Floor 2|date=2019-10-17|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_Floor_2&oldid=921668821|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> Silverio began her career with [[Hi-Rez Studios]] and [[CCP Games]], working on ''[[Global Agenda]]'', ''[[Tribes: Ascend]]'', ''[[SMITE]]'', ''[[EVE Online]]'', and ''[[World of Darkness]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/museum-design-exhibit-talk-shows-women-touch-video-games/h0V6cKbIDSpehsP6y5FKiJ/|title=Museum of Design exhibit, talk shows women’s touch on video games|last=Howard Pousner|first=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|website=ajc|language=english|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantagirlgeekdinners.wordpress.com/|title=Atlanta Girl Geek Dinners|website=Atlanta Girl Geek Dinners|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/georgia/midtown/design-conversation--women-in-gaming-panel-discussion|title=Design Conversation – Women in Gaming Panel Discussion|date=2013-07-17|website=Midtown, GA Patch|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> Silverio is currently a Gameplay/Combat Designer at [[Electronic Arts]]' [[DICE (company)|DICE LA]] Studio.
* '''[[Kim Swift]]''', American video game designer best known for her work at [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] with games such as ''[[Portal (video game)|Portal]]'' and ''[[Left 4 Dead]]''.<ref name="mentalflossSwift">{{cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/53175/kim-swift-woman-behind-portal|last=Erbland|first=Kate|publisher=Mental Floss|title=Kim Swift, the Woman Behind Portal|date=October 14, 2013|accessdate=October 26, 2015}}</ref> Swift was featured by [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] as one of "30 Under 30" influential figures in the video game industry.<ref name="wiredGamesChanged">{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/11/most-wired-games/|work=WIRED|title=Games That Changed Everything: The Most Wired Games of the Generation|date=November 21, 2013|accessdate=October 26, 2015}}</ref> She was described in [[Mental Floss]] as one of the most recognized women in the industry<ref name="mentalflossSwift" /> and by [[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] as "an artist that will push the medium forward".<ref name="wiredGamesChanged" />
* '''[[Risa Tabata]]''', assistant producer, designer, and director of various Nintendo video games, such as ''[[Paper Mario: Color Splash]]'' and ''[[Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-03-01|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/risa-tabata-on-paper-mario-color-splash|title=A Conversation With Paper Mario: Color Splash Producer Risa Tabata|date=2016-09-05|website=[[USGamer]]|last=Parrish|first=Jeremy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/donkey-kong-country-tropical-freeze-full-e3-interview|title=Donkey Kong Country Tropical Freeze Full E3 Interview|date=2013-06-27|access-date=2021-03-01|website=[[USGamer]]|last=Parrish|first=Jeremy}}</ref>
* '''[[Gail Tilden]]''', former marketing director for [[Nintendo of America]], who helped with the marketing of the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] in the United States and the creation of ''[[Nintendo Power]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/183233/nintendo_power_remembering_.php | title = Nintendo Power: Remembering America's Longest-Lasting Game Magazine | first = Frank | last= Cifaldi | date = December 11, 2012 | accessdate = August 19, 2020 | work = [[Gamasutra]] }}</ref>
* '''[[Muriel Tramis]]''', director of adventure games at [[Coktel Vision]] and recipient of France's [[Legion of Honour]].<ref name=tramis1>{{cite web | url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/322390/French_game_designer_Muriel_Tramis_awarded_Legion_of_Honor.php | title=French game designer Muriel Tramis awarded Legion of Honor | author=Kerr, Chris | date=July 18, 2018 | work=[[Gamasutra]] | accessdate=June 17, 2019 }}</ref>
* '''[[Joyce Weisbecker]]''', first woman to design commercial video games, creating several games for the [[RCA Studio II]] console in 1976.<ref name="edwards20171027">{{Cite news |url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/90147592/rediscovering-historys-lost-first-female-video-game-designer |title=Rediscovering History's Lost First Female Video Game Designer |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2017-10-27 |work=Fast Company |access-date=2017-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Roberta Williams]]''', American [[video game designer]] and writer and a co-founder of Sierra On-Line (later known as [[Sierra Entertainment]]). She is known for her pioneering work in the field of [[graphic adventure game]]s, with titles such as ''[[Mystery House]]'', the ''[[King's Quest]]'' series, and ''[[Phantasmagoria (video game)|Phantasmagoria]]'', and is viewed as one of the most influential PC game designers of the eighties and nineties.<ref name=CGW-HOF>{{cite web | url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=9&cId=3139081#86 | title=Computer Gaming World – Hall of Fame | work=[[Computer Gaming World]] | accessdate=July 6, 2013}}</ref> She has been credited with creating the [[graphic adventure game|graphic adventure]] genre.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.adventureclassicgaming.com/index.php/site/interviews/198/ | first=Philip | last=Jong | title=Roberta Williams Interview | date=July 16, 2006 | publisher=Adventure Classic Gaming | accessdate=July 14, 2015}}</ref>
* '''[[Brianna Wu]]''', game developer and co-founder of Giant Spacecat, and, in wake of the [[Gamergate controversy]], has entered into politics to try to address issues raised during Gamergate.<ref name="nytimes gg">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/15/opinion/what-is-gamergate.html |title= How an Online Mob Created a Playbook for a Culture War | first= Charlie | last =Warzel | date = August 15, 2019 | accessdate = August 21, 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref>
* '''[[Michiru Yamane]]''', Japanese video game composer known for her work with [[Konami]] and the ''[[Castlevania]]'' series.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/features/catching-castlevania-composer-michiru-yamane.html|title=Catching Up With Castlevania Composer Michiru Yamane, Pt. 1|last=Parrish|first=Jeremy|date=October 30, 2012|website=1Up.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625154315/http://www.1up.com/features/catching-castlevania-composer-michiru-yamane.html|archive-date=June 25, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=December 10, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* '''[[Corrinne Yu]]''', American game programmer who started her career with the ''[[King's Quest]]'' series for the Apple II. Yu wrote the original engine for the ''[[Spec Ops (series)|Spec Ops]]'' series, and was a founding member of Microsoft's [[Direct 3D]] Advisory Board.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Women and video games| ]]
[[Category:Women and the arts]]

List of human Sesame Street characters

2021-02-15T17:52:26Z

RockinCrystal: /* Characters */Fixed typo - Changed “Hopper’s” to “Hooper’s”.

{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of human ''Sesame Street'' characters}}{{Dynamic list}}
[[File:Bob McGrath Sesame Place headshot.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Long-running cast member [[Bob McGrath]] (in 2007), who played Bob on ''Sesame Street'' from its premiere in 1969.]]

Since the premiere of the children's television program ''[[Sesame Street]]'' on November 10, 1969, it has included what writer [[Malcolm Gladwell]] has called "the essence of ''Sesame Street''—the artful blend of fluffy monsters and earnest adults".<ref name="gladwell-106">Gladwell, p. 106</ref> The original cast, chosen by original producer [[Jon Stone]], consisted of four [[human]] actors—[[Matt Robinson (actor)|Matt Robinson]], who played [[The Robinson family (Sesame Street)|Gordon]]; [[Loretta Long]], who played Gordon's wife, Susan; [[Will Lee]], who played [[Mr. Hooper]]; and [[Bob McGrath]], who played Bob. Unlike most children's television programs at the time, the producers of ''Sesame Street'' decided against using a single host and cast a group of ethnically diverse, primarily African American actors/presenters,<ref>Lesser, p. 99</ref> with, as ''Sesame Street'' researcher [[Gerald S. Lesser]] put it, "a variety of distinctive and reliable personalities".<ref>Lesser, p. 125</ref>

Stone did not audition actors until spring 1969, a few weeks before five shows, designed to test the show's appeal to children and to examine their comprehension of the material, were due to be filmed. Stone videotaped the auditions, and researcher Ed Palmer took them out into the field to test children's reactions. The actors who received the "most enthusiastic thumbs up" were cast.<ref name="unpaved-15">Borgenicht, p. 15</ref> For example, when the children saw Long's audition, they stood up and sang along with her rendition of "[[I'm a Little Teapot]]".<ref name="unpaved-15" /><ref>Davis, p. 172</ref> As Stone said, casting was the only aspect of the show that was "just completely haphazard".<ref name="davis-167">Davis, p. 167</ref> Most of the cast and crew found jobs on ''Sesame Street'' through personal relationships with Stone and the other producers.<ref name="davis-167" />

The results of the test shows, which were never intended for broadcast and shown to preschoolers in 60 homes throughout Philadelphia and in day care centers in New York City in July 1969,<ref name="davis-167" /> were "generally very positive".<ref name="fisch-39">{{Cite book|title = "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street|last1 = Fisch|first1 = Shalom M.|publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers|year = 2001|isbn = 0-8058-3395-1|location = Mahweh, New Jersey|pages = [https://archive.org/details/gisforgrowingthi00shal/page/39 39]|last2 = Bernstein|first2 = Lewis|editor-last = Fisch|editor-first = Shalom M.|editor2-last = Truglio|editor2-first = Rosemarie T.|chapter = Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/gisforgrowingthi00shal/page/39}}</ref> The researchers found that children learned from the shows, that the show's appeal was high, and that children's attention was sustained over the full hour.<ref name="davis-167" /> However, they found that, although children's attention was high during the Muppet segments, their interest wavered when there were only humans on screen. The producers had followed the advice of child psychologists who were concerned that children would be confused, and had recommended that human actors and Muppets not be shown together. As a result of this decision, the appeal of the test episodes was lower than they would have liked,<ref name="fisch-39" /><ref>Gladwell, p. 105</ref> so the show's producers knew they needed to make significant changes, including defying the recommendations of their advisers and show the human and Muppet characters together. Lesser called this decision "a turning point in the history of ''Sesame Street''".<ref name="gladwell-106"/> Muppet creator [[Jim Henson]] and his coworkers created [[List of Sesame Street Muppets|Muppets for ''Sesame Street'']] that could interact with the human actors, and many segments were re-shot.<ref name="gladwell-106"/>

The human cast currently consists of Alan, Chris, Nina and the newest resident, Charlie. Though no longer part of the show, longtime cast members Bob, Gordon, Luis, Gina, Susan and Maria still make special appearances on occasion, in online videos, TV specials and at live appearances. In 2019, retired characters from the series such as Linda, Miles and Leela returned for the TV special ''[[Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2019-11-09/sesame-street-50-special|title=Who is the 'Sesame Street' 50th anniversary special actually for?|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=June 23, 2020|website=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/hbo-sesame-street-50-anniversary-celebration-details/|title=HBO Reveals Details About Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration|date=October 18, 2019|access-date=June 23, 2020|website=Cbr.com}}</ref>

==Characters==
[[File:Buffy Sainte-Marie 1970.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[Buffy Sainte-Marie]], shown here in 1975, who appeared on ''Sesame Street'' in the late 1970s]]
[[File:Lily Tomlin 2014.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Lily Tomlin]] (2008), one of the many celebrities who have appeared on the show and portrayer of Edith Ann and Ernestine the Telephone Operator]]
[[File:Roscoe orman 2007.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Roscoe Orman]], who played [[The Robinson family (Sesame Street)|Gordon]] (shown here in 2007)]]
[[File:Matt Robinson 1970.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Matt Robinson, who played [[Gordon Robinson (Sesame Street)|Gordon]] on ''Sesame Street'' from 1969 to 1972.]]
[[File:Emilio Delgado.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Luis, played by [[Emilio Delgado]]]]
[[File:Sonia Manzano - 2015 National Book Festival.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Sonia Manzano]] who played Maria]]
[[File:Charlotte Rae at the 1988 Emmy Awards cropped.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Charlotte Rae]] (at the [[40th Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 1988), who played Molly in the early 1970s]]
[[File:Bill Irwin by Gage Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Bill Irwin]] the original [[Mr. Noodle]]]]
[[File:Michael Jeter at the 44th Emmy Awards cropped.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Michael Jeter]] (shown here in 1992), who played [[Mr. Noodle|Mr. Noodle's brother Mr. Noodle]]]]
[[File:Kristin Chenoweth by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Kristin Chenoweth]] (shown here in 2018), who played [[Mr. Noodle|Mr. Noodle's Sister, Ms. Noodle]]]]
[[File:Daveed Diggs, White House, March 2016.png|right|thumb|150px|[[Daveed Diggs]] (2016), who played one of [[Mr. Noodle|Mr. Noodle's Brothers]]]]
[[File:Tina Fey by Gage Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Tina Fey]] played a pirate captain in episode 4135 in 2007]]
[[File:Raul Julia - Dracula.jpg|right|thumb|150px| [[Raúl Juliá]] (shown here in 1977), who played Rafael in 1971]]
[[File: Ruth Buzzi 1996.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Ruth Buzzi]] (shown here in 1996), who played Ruthie in the 1990s]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope= "col" width=15%| Character
! scope= "col" width=15%| Actor
! scope= "col"| Description
|-
! scope="row" | Alan (1998–present)
| [[Alan Muraoka]]<ref>Gikow, p. 81</ref>
| A "warm and welcoming character," who's been the proprietor of [[Hooper's Store]] since its more contemporary redesign in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Frances Kai-Hwa|title=From Broadway to Big Bird: Behind the Scenes With Sesame Street's Alan Muraoka|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/broadway-big-bird-behind-scenes-sesame-streets-alan-muraoka-n387456|access-date=19 August 2019|work=NBC News|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope= "row"| Angela (1993–1995)
| Angel Jemmott
| Part of the "Around-the-Corner" expansion of the 1990s, Angela was a [[day care]] worker. She was the wife of Jamal and mother of baby Kayla.<ref name="gikow-83">Gikow, p. 83</ref>
|-
! scope= "row"| Armando "Mando" Rodriguez (2013–2015)
| [[Ismael Cruz Córdova]]
| An energetic Puerto Rican Latino writer and "techie [who] loves his gadgets"He is related to the Rodriguez family that owns the Fix-it Shop. He is the nephew of Maria and Luis Rodriguez and the cousin of Gabriela "Gabi" Rodriguez. <ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/arts/television/a-chameleon-onstage-and-on-tv.html?_r=0|title = A Chameleon Onstage and on TV|last = Grode|first = Eric|date = 30 August 2013|work = The New York Times|access-date = 19 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope= "row"|Billy Tuesday (2004)
| Taylor Matalon
| Jane Tuesday's "wily and mischievous brother", who seems to always be at the scene of the crime.<ref name="tuesday">{{Cite press release|title = Jane Tuesday World Broadcast Premiere|date = 29 April 2004|publisher = PR Web.com|url = http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/04/prweb121693.htm|access-date = 19 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Bob Johnson (1969–2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Bethonie |title='Sesame Street' says goodbye to Gordon, Bob and Luis. Fans are not happy. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/07/28/sesame-street-says-goodbye-to-gordon-bob-and-luis-fans-are-not-happy/s |access-date=15 September 2019 |work=The Washington Post |date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
| [[Bob McGrath]]
| Bob is an original cast member and Sesame Street's resident music teacher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bob McGrath |url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-kits/sesame-street-season-49/behind-scenes-ss49#bob%20mcgrath |website=Sesame Workshop.org |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Buddy and Jim (1969–1970)
| [[Brandon Maggart]] and Jim Catusi<ref name="ebony">{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bVP7JyMGSaEC|title = A Toddle Down 'Sesame Street'|volume = 25|number = 3|date = January 1970|journal = Ebony|access-date = 19 August 2019|page = 39}}</ref>
| "Two bumblers" who appeared in the first episode of ''Sesame Street''.<ref name="ebony"/><ref name="episode1"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Buffy (1975–1981)
|[[Buffy Sainte-Marie]]
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous Canadian]] folk singer who appeared in an "understated" scene about [[breastfeeding]] with Big Bird and her infant son Cody.<ref>Davis, p. 236</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ditchburn|first1=Jennifer|title=Buffy Sainte-Marie to get Governor General's Award|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2010/04/29/buffy_saintemarie_to_get_governor_generals_award.html|access-date=19 August 2019|work=Toronto Star|date=29 April 2010}}</ref> Buffy helped introduce Native American culture to ''Sesame Street''{{'s}} audience.<ref name="wolfchild"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Carlo (1993–1998)<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15863239|title = I is for Illegal: Acting on Sesame Street without a visa|last = Dailey|first = Kate|date = 24 November 2011|work = BBC News Magazine|access-date = 19 August 2019}}</ref>
| [[Carlo Alban]]
| A teenager who worked at Hooper's Store.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alban |first1=Carlo |title=I Was Undocumented on "Sesame Street" |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2011/03/14/memoir-illegal-sesame-street/ |access-date=25 August 2019 |work=Fox News Latino |date=14 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317092959/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2011/03/14/memoir-illegal-sesame-street/ |archive-date=March 17, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Celina (1993–1998)
| [[Annette Calud]]
| A regular for five years who was part of the "Around the Corner" expansion. She was a dance teacher.<ref>Borgenicht, p. 127</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Charlie (2020–present)
| Violet Tinnirello
| Eight year-old Charlotte, nicknamed “Charlie”, moved to Sesame Street after her parents retired from the military. Her mom is played by Muppet performer, [[Jennifer Barnhart]].
|-
! scope="row"| Chris Robinson (2007–present)
| [[Chris Knowings]]
| Chris is a student who works part-time at [[Hooper's Store]]. He is the nephew of [[The Robinson family (Sesame Street)|Gordon and Susan]].<ref>Gikow, pp. 62–63</ref><ref name="chow">{{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Andrew R.|title=Three Longtime 'Sesame Street' Cast Members Are Let Go|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/29/arts/television/three-longtime-sesame-street-cast-members-are-let-go.html?_r=0|access-date=19 August 2019|work=The New York Times|date=28 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Christy Robinson
| [[Christy Knowings]] 2008, 2011
| Chris' twin sister; appeared in 3 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christy Knowlings |url=https://www.eonline.com/photos/28098/what-the-original-cast-of-all-that-is-up-to-now/935722 |access-date=19 August 2019 |work=Eonline.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Cody (1977)
| Dakota Starblanket Wolfchild
| Infant son of Buffy Saint-Marie and Sheldon Wolfchild; was breast-fed by his mother on-air, and helped demonstrate sibling rivalry with [[Big Bird]].<ref name="wolfchild"/>
|-
! scope="row"| David (1971–1989)<ref name="davis-229">Davis, pp. 229</ref><ref name="callowayobit"/>
| [[Northern Calloway]]<ref name="callowayobit">{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/13/obituaries/northern-calloway-actor-41-on-stage-and-sesame-street.html|title = Northern Calloway, Actor, 41, on Stage And 'Sesame Street'|date = 13 January 1990|work = The New York Times|pages=1–33|access-date = 19 August 2019}}</ref>
| A hip and upbeat individual fond of eccentric hats who worked at Hooper’s Store. He eventually took over management of the store after Mr. Hooper’s death.<ref name="davis-229"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Edith Ann
| [[Lily Tomlin]]
| Tomlin's comic, childlike character who appeared in five segments on ''Sesame Street''.<ref name="gikow-125">Gikow, p. 125</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Ernestine
| Lily Tomlin
| Tomlin's famous nasal-voice telephone operator.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BF0EAAAAMBAJ&q=Ernestine+Lily+Tomlin+Sesame+Street&pg=PA95|title = Kevin Clash, Principle Muppeteer, Jim Henson Productions|last = Clarke|first = Carolyn V.|date = February 1995|journal = Black Enterprise|access-date = 19 August 2019|page = 95}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Gabriela "Gabi" Rodriguez (1989–2012)
| Gabriela Rose Reagan (1989–91) [[Desiree Casado]] (1992–2012)<ref name="gikow-122">Gikow, p. 122</ref>
| Daughter of Luis and Maria Rodriguez (born 1989), her character was created as part of the show's curriculum about love, marriage, and childbirth.<ref>{{Cite book|title = "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street|last1 = Truglio|first1 = Rosemarie T.|publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers|year = 2001|isbn = 0-8058-3395-1|location = Mahweh, New Jersey|pages = [https://archive.org/details/gisforgrowingthi00shal/page/74 74]|last2 = Lovelace|first2 = Valeria O.|last3 = Seqhi|first3 = Ivelisse|last4 = Scheiner|first4 = Scheiner|editor-last = Fisch|editor-first = Shalom M.|editor2-last = Truglio|editor2-first = Rosemarie T.|chapter = The Varied Role of Formative Research: Case Studies From 30 years|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/gisforgrowingthi00shal/page/74}}</ref><ref name="gikow-122"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Dr. Gina Jefferson (1987–2016)
| Alison Bartlett-O'Reilly<ref>Davis, p. 291</ref>
| Started on the show as a teenager who worked in Hooper's Store. She ran a day-care center, later became a [[Veterinary physician|veterinarian]], and adopted a baby named Marco from Guatemala.<ref>Gikow, p. 80</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Robinson family (Sesame Street)|Gordon Robinson]] (1969–2017)
| Garrett Saunders (1969)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pesce|first1=Nicole Lyn|title='Sesame Street' axes one, two, three favorite human characters|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/sesame-street-axes-favorite-human-characters-article-1.2729512|access-date=15 October 2017|work=New York Daily News|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> [[Matt Robinson (actor)|Matt Robinson]] (1969–1972) [[Hal Miller (actor)|Hal Miller]] (1972–1974) [[Roscoe Orman]] (1974–2017)<ref>Gikow, p. 72</ref>
| Named for photographer-filmmaker [[Gordon Parks]].<ref>Davis, p. 168</ref> Gordon was a [[Science education|science teacher]] who owned the brownstone "123 Sesame Street" building with his wife Susan. He was the first character introduced in the show's premiere. Davis described him as "a dutiful husband and steady provider, a well-liked and respected figure in the neighborhood".<ref>Davis, p. 182</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|Hiroshi (1988–1991)
| [[Gedde Watanabe]]
| A [[Japan|Japanese]] artist<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"|[[Mr. Hooper|Mr. Harold Hooper]] (1969–1983)
| [[Will Lee]]
| The original proprietor of [[Hooper's Store]]. Lee described Mr. Hooper as "the gruff grocer with the warm heart".<ref>Davis, p. 178</ref> ''Sesame Street'' dealt with Lee's 1982 death in what Davis called "a landmark broadcast"<ref name="davis-284">Davis, p. 284</ref> that aired on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]], 1983.<ref name="davis-284"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Jamal (1993–1995)
| Jou Jou Papailler
| Introduced when ''Sesame Street'' expanded "Around-the-Corner". Jamal was a [[park ranger]] who was married to Angela and had a baby named Kayla.<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope= "row"|Jane Tuesday (2004)
| Kyla Taub
| Developed to be a strong female role model, Jane is a seven-year-old private investigator in a series of short films.<ref name="tuesday"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Jason (1975)
| [[Jason Kingsley (actor)|Jason Kingsley]]
| Child with [[Down syndrome]] who made 55 appearances on the show from the early-to-mid 1970s. Jason was the son of writer [[Emily Kingsley]], who pushed for more inclusion of people with disabilities on the show.<ref>Gikow, p. 181</ref><ref>Davis, p. 232</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Jelani (1987–1991)
| [[Eugene Byrd]]
| Byrd was hired by producer Dulcy Singer as a part of a curriculum push about race relations.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-11/news/tv-6012_1_sesame-street|title = Dulcy Singer: 22 Years on a Changing 'Street'|last = Lipton|first = Laura|date = 11 November 1990|work = Los Angeles Times|access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Historical Dictionary of African-American Television|last = Fearn-Banks|first = Kathleen|publisher = Scarecrow Press|year = 2006|isbn = 0-8108-5335-3|location = Lanham, Maryland|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fear/page/62 62]|url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fear/page/62}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Jennie (1969)
| [[Jada Rowland]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Rachel |title=Artist profile: Jada Rowland of Greenport |url=https://northforker.com/2014/09/artist-profile-jada-rowland-of-greenport/ |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=Northforker |date=27 September 2014 |location=Long Island, New York}}</ref>
| Appeared in first episode of ''Sesame Street''.<ref name="episode1">Episode 0001 (November 10, 1969), in ''Old School, Volume 1'' (Disc 1) [DVD] (2006), Children's Television Workshop</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Joey
| Joey Calvan<ref name="gikow-123">Gikow, p. 123</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| John-John
| John Williams III
| Best known for his count-to-20 segment with [[Herry Monster]], Gikow said what made him stand out was [his] "effortless connection to the Muppets and the bold confidence of his delivery".<ref name="gikow-123" />
|-
! scope="row"| Kayla (1993–1995)
| Rachael McDaniel and Syvae McDaniel
| Baby daughter of Angela and Jamal.<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"| Larry and Phyllis
| [[Alan Arkin]] and Barbara Dana
| Played by real-life husband-and-wife, they taught cooperation during season two.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073217,00.html|title = Stardom Was a Catch-22 for Alan Arkin, but His Wife and a Guru Helped Beat the System|last = Lague|first = Louise|date = 26 March 1979|work = People Magazine|access-date = 25 August 2019|volume = 11|issue = 12}}</ref><ref>Episode 0131 (1970-11-1090), in Old School, Volume 1 (Disc 2) [DVD] (2006), Children's Television Workshop</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Leela (2008 -2015)
| [[Nitya Vidyasagar]]
| Indian American character who ran Sesame Street's [[laundromat]].<ref>Gikow, p. 63</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Lillian (1990–1994)
| [[Lillias White]]
| White, a Broadway star of many productions, ran a daycare on Sesame Street.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.playbill.com/features/article/a-life-in-the-theatre-lillias-white-164633|title = A Life in the Theatre: Lillias White|last = Rothstein|first = Mervyn|date = 4 January 2010|work = Playbill|access-date = 25 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Linda (Sesame Street)|Linda]] (1971–2003)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schuchmann|first1=John S.|title=Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry|date=1979|publisher=Illini Books|location=Chicago|isbn=0-252-01526-6|page=138|chapter=Filmography}}</ref>
| [[Linda Bove]]
| The neighborhood [[librarian]] and Bob's girlfriend. Bove said that writer [[Emily Kingsley]] "wrote Linda as a person first, then worried about the other stuff", referring to Linda's deafness and use of [[American Sign Language]].<ref>Davis, pp. 234—235</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Luis Rodriguez (1971–2016)
| [[Emilio Delgado]]
| Davis calls Luis "a tenderhearted Hispanic man";<ref>Davis, p. 293</ref> Luis married Maria in 1988, and his daughter Gabi was born in 1989. For more than four decades, he ran The Fix-It Shop.<ref>Gikow, p. 207</ref><ref name="gikow-122"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Marco Jefferson
| Matthew
| Gina's adopted son from Guatemala.<ref>Gikow, p. 80, 217</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Maria Rodriguez (1971–2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.avclub.com/article/44-years-after-joining-show-sesame-streets-maria-r-221689|title = 44 years after joining the show, Sesame Street's Maria is retiring|access-date = 25 August 2019|website = A.V. Club}}</ref>
| [[Sonia Manzano]]
| Starting as a teenager and one of the first Latinas on television, Maria is loosely based upon her portrayer, Manzano's life. Maria is married to Luis, became co-owner the Fix-It Shop after working under him, and had a daughter named Gabi. She had a close relationship with Oscar the Grouch, who nicknamed her Skinny.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bever|first1=Lindsey|title='Maria,' surely the most-loved person on TV, is leaving 'Sesame Street'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/07/02/44-years-after-first-singing-one-of-these-things-is-not-like-the-others-the-beloved-maria-bids-farewell-to-sesame-street/|access-date=17 December 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=25 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Miguel (1970–1972)
| [[Jaime Sánchez (actor)|Jaime Sánchez]]
| First Latino cast member<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"| Mike (1989–1991)
| Ward Saxton
| One of Gordon’s students, always after food. A romantic relationship between him and Gina was implied.<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"| Miles Robinson (1985–2008)
| [[Miles Orman]] (1985–1995)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Begley |first1=Sarah |title=Sesame Street's Gordon Looks Back on the Show's 45 Years of Impact |url=https://time.com/3572898/sesame-street-gordon-45-years/ |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=Time |date=10 November 2014}}</ref> [[Kevin Clash]] (1987) [[Imani Patterson]] (1995–2002),<ref name="gikow-122"/> [[Olamide Faison]] (2003–2008)<ref>{{cite news |title=Artist Talk With R&B Artist Olamide Faison To Be Held Sunday At Lindsay Street Hall |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2013/8/6/256426/Artist-Talk-With-RB-Artist-Olamide.aspx |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=Chattanoogan.com |date=6 August 2013}}</ref>
| The adopted son of Gordon and Susan Robinson.<ref name="gikow-122"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Molly (1971–1975)
| [[Charlotte Rae]]
| A female [[mail carrier]] who debuted in season 3. She and Bob were very close.<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"| Mr. Handford (1989–1998)
| [[Leonard Jackson (actor)|Leonard Jackson]] (1989–1990) [[David Smyrl]] (1990–1998)<ref name="gikow-83" />
| A retired firefighter who took over ownership of Hooper's Store from David. Jackson played "the grumpier version" of the character, while Smyrl played the "smiling, singing" Mr. Handford.<ref>{{cite news|title=David Smyrl Dies at 80; Played Mr. Handford on 'Sesame Street'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/arts/television/david-smyrl-dies-at-80-played-mr-handford-on-sesame-street.html?_r=0|access-date=27 August 2019|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=26 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Mr. MacIntosh (1971)
| [[Chester O'Brien]]
| A fruit vendor played by ''Sesame Street's'' floor manager.<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"| [[Mr. Noodle]]
| [[Bill Irwin]] (1998–2009, 2017–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steinberg |first1=Brian |title='Sesame Street' Will Revive 'Elmo's World' |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/elmo-world-sesame-street-hbo-pbs-1201890672/ |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=Variety |date=17 October 2016}}</ref>
| A [[Mime artist|mime]] featured in ''[[Elmo's World]],'' whose mistakes empower viewers to, as writer Louise Gikow puts it, "call out instructions that allow them to feel smarter than the adult".<ref name="gikow-169">Gikow, p. 169</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Mr. Noodle's Brother, Mr. Noodle (2000–2003)<ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jeter, 50, Dies; Won Acting Prizes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/02/arts/michael-jeter-50-dies-won-acting-prizes.html|access-date=27 August 2019|work=The New York Times|date=2 April 2003}}</ref>
| [[Michael Jeter]]
| Mr. Noodle's brother who appeared in the ''Elmo's World'' segments, often with his brother.<ref name="gikow-169" />
|-
! scope="row"|Mr. Noodle's Sister, Ms. Noodle
| [[Kristin Chenoweth]]
| Mr. Noodle's sister who appeared in ''Elmo's World''.<ref name="gikow-169" />
|-
! scope="row"|Mr. Noodle's Other Sister, Miss Noodle
| [[Sarah Jones (stage actress)|Sarah Jones]]
| Mr. Noodle's other sister; like Irwin, Jeter, and Chenoweth, Jones is a Tony award winner.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Heldenfels|first1=Rich|title=TV Q&A: 'Sesame Street's' Mr. Noodle explained|url=http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/latest-news/article16626272.html|access-date=28 August 2019|work=Akron Beacon Journal|date=19 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|Mr. Noodle's Brothers 2017
| [[Daveed Diggs]]; [[Daniel Koren]]
| Appeared in the retooled "Elmo's World," with Irwin's Noodle and their three pet dogs, Schmoodle, Floodle, and Frank.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title='Sesame Street' Will Revive 'Elmo's World'|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/elmo-world-sesame-street-hbo-pbs-1201890672/|access-date=24 December 2017|work=Variety|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Nina (2016–present)
| [[Suki Lopez]]
| Young bilingual Hispanic woman who runs the bike shop.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reyes|first1=Raul A.|title=Sesame Street Welcomes 'Nina,' a Young Latina, to 46th Season|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/sesame-street-welcomes-nina-young-latina-46th-season-n495761|access-date=27 August 2019|work=NBC News.com|date=15 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Number Painter]] (1972)
| [[Paul Benedict]]
| A bowler-capped fellow in several short films, he would randomly pop up in places and paint his surroundings with big red numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.eonline.com/news/71776/paul-benedict-jeffersons-neighbor-sesame-street-painter-found-dead|title = Paul Benedict, Jeffersons Neighbor & Sesame Street Painter, Found Dead|date = 4 December 2008|access-date = 27 August 2018|website = Eonline.com|last = Finn|first = Natalie}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Olivia Robinson (1976–1988)
| [[Alaina Reed Hall|Alaina Reed]]
| Gordon's sister and a professional photographer. Olivia was well-known for her many musical performances on the show.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McLellan|first1=Dennis|title=Alaina Reed Hall dies at 63; actress was Olivia Robinson on 'Sesame Street'|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-alaina-reed-hall22-2009dec22-story.html|access-date=28 August 2019|work=Los Angeles Times|date=22 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Pirate Captain (2007)
| [[Tina Fey]]
| A "Swashbuckling captain" of the Bookaneers, a group of [[Piracy|pirates]] who love to read.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.tvguide.com/news/tina-fey-sesame-42000.aspx|title = Tina Fey Rocks Sesame Street's World (and Vice Versa)|last = Walsh-Boyle|first = Megan|date = 13 August 2007|work = TV Guide.com|access-date = 28 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Rafael (1971–1972)
| [[Raul Julia]]
| A Puerto Rican man who was partnered with Luis in the L & R Fix-It Shop.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Curiel |first1=Kamren |title=10 Latino Characters Who Made Their Way to Sesame Street |url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/tv/sesame-street-latino-characters |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=Latina |date=September 1, 2013}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Ruthie (1993–2001)
| [[Ruth Buzzi]]
| Proprietor of ''Sesame Street's'' thrift shop Finders Keepers; part of the "Around the Corner" expansion in the early 1990s.<ref name="gikow-83" /><ref>Davis, p. 320</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Sally (1969)
|
| A young girl who appeared in the first episode of ''Sesame Street''.<ref name="davis-193">Davis, p. 193</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Savion (1990–1995)<ref name="gikow-83" />
| [[Savion Glover]]
| Brought on ''Sesame Street'' to provide viewers with a positive teen role model, Savion was a dancer whose character was based upon his portrayer. He and Gina, when they were teenagers, battled prejudice against interracial couples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schemo|first1=Diane Jean|title=TELEVISION; 'Sesame Street,' Just a Few Steps From Broadway|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/02/arts/television-sesame-street-just-a-few-steps-from-broadway.html|access-date=27 August 2019|work=The New York Times|date=2 January 1994}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Sheldon
| Sheldon Wolfchild
| Buffy's husband and Cody's father; the family's appearance on the show was called "the first time Sesame Street has had a nuclear family".<ref name="wolfchild">{{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19770409&id=7aojAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,4034652|title = Sesame Street Gets Family|date = 9 April 1977|work = The Times-News|access-date = 25 August 2019|location = Henderson, North Carolina}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Robinson family (Sesame Street)|Susan Robinson]] (1969–2016)
|[[Loretta Long]]
| Gordon's wife and Miles' mother, one of four regular characters that appeared on the show's premiere. She "evolved from housewife to nurse to working mother" over the years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loretta Long |url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-kits/sesame-street-season-49/behind-scenes-ss49#loretta%20long |website=Sesame Workshop.org |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="davis-193"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Tarah (1993–2001)
| [[Tarah Lynne Schaeffer|Tarah Schaeffer]]
| The first regularly appearing character on ''Sesame Street'' who used a wheelchair; served as a positive role model for children with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://articles.courant.com/1993-10-31/news/0000002684_1_sesame-street-big-bird-tarah-schaeffer|title = Plainville Girl Takes Her Own Magic To 'Sesame Street'|last = Tofig|first = Diana|date = 31 October 1993|work = Hartford Courant|access-date = 1 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l-YyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3373,3068885&dq=sally+sesame-street&hl=en|title = Girl in Wheelchair Joins 'Sesame Street' Cast|last = Cook|first = Sally Williams|date = 17 January 1994|work = The Free Lance-Star|access-date = 1 January 2018|location = Fredericksburg, Virginia|agency = Associated Press|page = B6}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Tom (1970–1972)
| [[Larry Block]]
| Worked at Hooper's Store.<ref name="gikow-83" />
|-
! scope="row"| Trash Gordon (2004–2007)
| [[Roscoe Orman]]
| Spoof of the 1930s superhero [[Flash Gordon]].<ref>Gikow, p. 73</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Mrs. Mae Trump
| [[Loretta Clemens Tupper|Loretta Tupper]]
| Played by the radio performer of the 1930s and 1940s, she played the piano on ''Sesame Street''.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/22/obituaries/loretta-tupper-84-a-radio-entertainer.html|title = Loretta Tupper, 84, A Radio Entertainer|date = 22 September 1990|work = The New York Times|access-date = 30 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Uncle Wally (1984–1992)<ref name="gikow-83" /><ref name="mccutcheon">{{cite news|last1=McLellan|first1=Dennis|title=Bill McCutcheon, 77; Comedic Actor|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/12/local/me-22247|access-date=1 January 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=12 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[Bill McCutcheon]]
| Bob’s uncle. ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' called Wally "a fun-loving, down-to-earth, endearing older gentleman". <ref name="mccutcheon"/>
|-
! scope="row"| Wanda Falbo (Word Fairy) (1989–2000)
| [[Andrea Martin]]
| Played by [[Second City Television|SCTV]] alum who won an Emmy for her work on ''Sesame Street''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://iamandreamartin.com/andrea-martin-film-television.htm|title = Andrea in Film and Television|access-date = 30 August 2019|website = I am Andrea Martin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.bangordailynews.com/2005/03/03/funny-woman-fiddler-on-the-roof-latest-role-for-maine-native-andrea-martin/ |title=Funny Woman; 'Fiddler on the Roof' latest role for Maine native Andrea Martin |last=Anstead |first=Alicia |date=3 March 2005 |work=Bangor Daily News |access-date=30 August 2019 |page=C1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103003813/http://archive.bangordailynews.com/2005/03/03/funny-woman-fiddler-on-the-roof-latest-role-for-maine-native-andrea-martin/ |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Wally and Ralph (1971–1975)
| Paul Price and Joe Ponazecki
| A comedy team in the tradition of [[Laurel and Hardy]] who appeared during season 3.<ref>Gikow, p. 85</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Willy 
| [[Kermit Love]]
| Hot dog vendor. He was played by the Muppet designer who co-created Big Bird and Mr. Snuffleupagus.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/arts/24love.html?_r=0|title = Kermit Love, Costume Creator, Dies at 91|last = Hevesi|first = Dennis|date = 24 June 2008|work = The New York Times|access-date = 30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="gikow-83"/>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Sesame Street Muppets|List of ''Sesame Street'' Muppets]]
* [[List of animated Sesame Street characters|List of animated ''Sesame Street'' characters]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Borgenicht, David (1998). ''Sesame Street Unpaved''. New York: Hyperion Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7868-6460-5}}
* Davis, Michael (2008). ''Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street''. New York: Viking Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-670-01996-0}}
* Gikow, Louise A. (2009). ''Sesame Street: A Celebration—Forty Years of Life on the Street''. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-57912-638-4}}.
* Gladwell, Malcolm (2000). ''The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference''. New York: Little, Brown, and Company. {{ISBN|0-316-31696-2}}
* Lesser, Gerald S. (1974). ''Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street''. New York: Vintage Books. {{ISBN|0-394-71448-2}}

{{Sesame Street}}
{{Sesame Street Characters}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Human Characters In Sesame Street}}
[[Category:Sesame Street human characters| ]]
[[Category:Lists of American television series characters|Sesame Street, human]]
[[Category:Lists of children's television characters|Sesame Street, human]]

The Legend of Billie Jean

2021-01-22T14:52:07Z

RockinCrystal: /* Plot */Fixed typo - changed comma to a period.

{{about||the Michael Jackson song|Billie Jean|the tennis player|Billie Jean King}}
{{short description|1985 American drama film by Matthew Robbins}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Legend of Billie Jean
| image = legend of_billie_jean.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Matthew Robbins (screenwriter)|Matthew Robbins]]
| producer = [[Rob Cohen]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Lawrence Konner]]|[[Mark Rosenthal (screenwriter)|Mark Rosenthal]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Helen Slater]]
* [[Keith Gordon]]
* [[Christian Slater]]
* [[Peter Coyote]]
}}
| music = [[Craig Safan]]
| cinematography = [[Jeffrey L. Kimball]]
| editing = [[Cynthia Scheider]]
| studio = {{ubl|Delphi III Productions|The Guber-Peters Company}}
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1985|07|19}}
| runtime = 96 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $3.1 million (USA)<ref>{{Mojo title|legendofbilliejean}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Legend of Billie Jean''''' is a 1985 American [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[Matthew Robbins (screenwriter)|Matthew Robbins]]. It stars [[Helen Slater]], [[Keith Gordon]], [[Christian Slater]] and [[Richard Bradford (actor)|Richard Bradford]].

==Plot==
The movie opens with Billie Jean Davy, a teenager in Corpus Christi, Texas, riding with her younger brother, Binx on his Honda Elite Scooter to a local lake to go swimming. At a drive-in, Hubie Pyatt, a rowdy local teen, and his friends hit on Billie Jean, but Binx humiliates him by throwing a milkshake in his face. Later on at the lake, as Billie Jean tells Binx about the weather in Vermont, a place he has always wanted to visit, Hubie steals Binx's scooter.

As Binx goes to retrieve his scooter later that night, Billie Jean goes to the authorities with her friends Putter and Ophelia. Detective Ringwald is sympathetic but urges them to wait & see how things play out. When Billie Jean returns home, she finds Binx beaten, and his scooter severely damaged. The next day, Billie Jean, Binx, and Ophelia go to Mr. Pyatt's shop to get the amount of $608 to repair the scooter. While initially appearing helpful and understanding, Mr. Pyatt propositions Billie Jean and then attempts to rape her.

Meanwhile, Binx has found a gun in the shop's cash register, and when Billie Jean flees from the back of the store, clearly distressed, he turns it on Mr. Pyatt. Mr. Pyatt tells him the gun is unloaded, but Binx fires it, wounding Mr. Pyatt in the shoulder. They race away from the shop and become fugitives.

By the time Ringwald realizes that he made a mistake not listening to Billie Jean, the situation is spinning out of control. Billie Jean wants only the cash to fix her brother's scooter and an apology from Mr. Pyatt. With help from Lloyd Muldaur, the teenage son of the district attorney, who voluntarily becomes her "hostage", Billie Jean makes a video of her demands, featuring herself with her long, blonde hair chopped into a crew cut. As media coverage increases, Billie Jean becomes a teen icon, and young fans follow her every movement. Facing uncertain dangers, both physical and legal, Billie Jean is forced to turn her friends Putter and Ophelia in to the cops for their safety. When Ringwald arrives and demands to know where Billie Jean is, Ophelia defiantly replies, "Everywhere!"

Mr. Pyatt issues a bounty for her apprehension, and Billie Jean realizes the best plan is to turn herself in. There's a Billie Jean rally being held, where a brand new scooter is offered for Billie Jean to turn in herself and Lloyd. Binx puts on a dress, pretending to be Billy Jean, walking behind Lloyd. However, Hubie starts yelling that it isn't Billie Jean, and cops shoot Binx.

Billie Jean runs to catch the ambulance taking Binx away but doesn't make it. She suddenly sees a booth with Billie Jean merchandise, run by Mr. Pyatt. Billie Jean confronts Mr. Pyatt and gets him to admit the actions that led to him being shot. He gives Billie Jean the money, but she refuses to take it all and rams her knee into his crotch, sending him sprawling to the ground and knocking over a nearby torch. She then tells him to keep his money and to go buy somebody else, throwing the money back in his face. Mr. Pyatt gets to his feet as the overturned torch begins to set his merchandise stands on fire. The onlookers (including Hubie), seeing how Billie Jean was exploited and their indirect involvement in it, throw all the Billie Jean merchandise into the rapidly growing fire and leave in disgust. As the merchandise stands burn down, Billie Jean departs as well, but not before thanking Ringwald and giving Lloyd a kiss. Later, Billie Jean and Binx (in an arm sling) are hitchhiking in Vermont. Binx, after complaining about the cold, admires a red snowmobile.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Helen Slater]] as Billie Jean Davy
* [[Keith Gordon]] as Lloyd Muldaur
* [[Christian Slater]] as Binx Davy
* [[Richard Bradford (actor)|Richard Bradford]] as Mr. Pyatt
* [[Peter Coyote]] as Lieutenant Larry Ringwald
* [[Martha Gehman]] as Ophelia
* [[Yeardley Smith]] as Putter
* [[Dean Stockwell]] as District Attorney Muldaur
* [[Barry Tubb]] as Hubie Pyatt
{{div col end}}

==Production==
[[File:Kleberg courthouse.jpg|thumb|Kleberg County Courthouse in Kingsville, Texas. Exterior of the police headquarters.]]
[[File:Sunrise Mall Fountain.JPG|thumb|Sunrise Mall in Corpus Christi, Texas. Location of the money handover cheat and subsequent chase.]]

* Filming locations included the [[Sunrise Mall (Corpus Christi)|Sunrise Mall]] and several locations along South Padre Island Drive.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fast-rewind.com/locations_legendbilliejean.htm|title= The Legend of Billie Jean Filming Locations|publisher= Fast-Rewind.com|accessdate= 2011-10-09}}</ref>
* The original title of the film was ''Fair Is Fair''.<ref name="OS">{{cite news|title= 'Billy Jean' Is A Pretty Good B-plus|author= Jay Boyar|newspaper= Orlando Sentinel|date= 1985-07-25|url= http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-07-25/lifestyle/0310430089_1_helen-slater-christian-slater-billie-jean|accessdate= 2010-10-11}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Listen|pos=right|filename=Craig Safan - The Legend of Billie Jean - Mall Scam.ogg|title=Craig Safan – "Mall Scam"|description=Used at the beginning of the Sunrise Mall scene where the teenagers left [[IOU]]s for the items they "borrowed" from a toyshop.|filename2=Craig Safan - The Legend of Billie Jean - Binx Shot.ogg|title2=Craig Safan – "Binx Shot"|description2=Underlying track when Binx is erroneously hit by a sharpshooter while trying to exchange his "hostage" Lloyd for the repaired scooter at the beach.}}

[[Craig Safan]] produced the original [[Film score|score]] for the film writing a couple of [[synthpop]]-styled instrumental tracks. Furthermore, some rock songs were added to the soundtrack which had never been officially released. The movie's theme song "Invincible" by [[Pat Benatar]] peaked at number 10 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in September 1985, while [[Billy Idol]]'s reissue of his single "[[Rebel Yell (song)|Rebel Yell]]" climbed up to number six on the [[UK Singles Chart]] in October 1985.

* "[[Invincible (Pat Benatar song)|Invincible]]" (Theme from "The Legend of Billie Jean") – [[Pat Benatar]]
* "Closing In" – Mark Safan
* "[[Boys in Town (song)|Boys in Town]]" – [[Divinyls]]
* "[[Heart Telegraph]]" – Divinyls
* "Rebel Yell" – Billy Idol
* "It’s My Life" – [[Wendy O. Williams]]
* "Time to Explain" – Bruce Witkin & The Kids
* "Self Defense" – Chas Sanford

==Reception==
Jay Boyar of the ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'' stated that the film "has quite a lot going for it" and "doesn't get many points for finesse, but it has energy, good performances and more wit than you'd expect." He added, "One reason that sections of the movie are effective is that Helen Slater has enough style and presence to be believable as a young woman who is taken for a modern Joan of Arc. As Billie Jean, she's got the clear eyes of a dreamer and the toughness of a winner."<ref name=OS/> [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that the film is "competently made, sometimes attractively acted (particularly by Peter Coyote)... and bankrupt beyond belief. It's hard to imagine that even the film makers, let alone audiences, can believe in a sweet, selfless heroine who just can't help becoming a superstar."<ref>{{cite news|title= Screen: 'The Legend of Billie Jean' Opens|author= Janet Maslin|authorlink=Janet Maslin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date= 1985-07-19|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/movies/screen-the-legend-of-billie-jean-opens.html|accessdate= 2010-10-10}}</ref> The film holds a 40% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 10 reviews.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/legend_of_billie_jean/ "The Legend of Billie Jean (1985)"]. [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. Retrieved September 17, 2013.</ref>

==Home media==
The film was released on Betamax and VHS home video in 1985.

In 2009, [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] released in Europe a Spanish-titled DVD ''La Leyenda de Billie Jean'', with 4:3 open matte image, but without any bonus material. A remastered NTSC DVD including commentary by Helen Slater and Yeardley Smith was released on November 1, 2011, via their manufactured on demand service.<ref>{{cite magazine|title= DVD MOD Site Adds 33 More|author= Chris Tribbey|work= Home Media Magazine|date= 2011-11-01|url= http://www.homemediamagazine.com/vod/dvd-mod-site-adds-33-more-25528|accessdate= 2011-11-02}}</ref>

[[Mill Creek Entertainment]] released a retail version of the DVD, along with a Blu-ray edition on July 22, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millcreekent.com/the-legend-of-billie-jean-fair-is-fair-edition-dvd.html|title=Mill Creek Entertainment: The Legend of Billie Jean - "Fair Is Fair" DVD Edition|website=www.millcreekent.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millcreekent.com/the-legend-of-billie-jean-fair-is-fair-edition-bd.html|title=Mill Creek Entertainment: The Legend of Billie Jean - 'Fair Is Fair' Edition - BD|publisher=www.millcreekent.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00K31RBYY|title=Legend of Billie Jean - Fair is Fair Edition - Blu-ray|date=22 July 2014|publisher=Amazon.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1985]]
* [[Social bandit]]

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|id=00089470|title=The Legend of Billie Jean}}
* {{AllRovi movie|28833|The Legend of Billie Jean}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|id=legend_of_billie_jean|title=The Legend of Billie Jean}}

{{Matthew Robbins}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legend Of Billie Jean, The}}
[[Category:1980s teen drama films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American teen drama films]]
[[Category:American chase films]]
[[Category:Culture of Corpus Christi, Texas]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Matthew Robbins]]
[[Category:Films scored by Craig Safan]]
[[Category:Films set in Texas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Texas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Corpus Christi, Texas]]
[[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]

1986 New York Mets season

2020-10-05T09:32:42Z

RockinCrystal: /* September–October */I added “by the Cubs” to avoid confusion and to clarify that the Phillies were swept by the Cubs. https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/PHI/1986-schedule-scores.shtml

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox MLB yearly
| name = New York Mets
| season = 1986
| misc = World Series Champions NL Champions NL East Champions
| logo = NewYorkMets.gif
| current league = National League
| y1 = 1962
| division = [[National League East|Eastern Division]]
| y2 = 1969
| Uniform logo =
| ballpark = [[Shea Stadium]]
| y4 = 1964
| city = New York
| y5 = 1962
| record = 108-54 (.667)
| divisional place = 1st
| owners = [[Fred Wilpon]] and [[Nelson Doubleday, Jr.]]
| general managers = [[Frank Cashen]]
| managers = [[Davey Johnson]]
| television = [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] 9 ([[Ralph Kiner]], [[Tim McCarver]], [[Steve Zabriskie]], [[Rusty Staub]]) [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] ([[Ralph Kiner]], [[Tim McCarver]], [[Fran Healy (baseball)|Fran Healy]], [[Rusty Staub]])
| radio = [[WFAN|WHN]]–AM 1050 ([[Bob Murphy (announcer)|Bob Murphy]], [[Gary Thorne]], Juan Alicea (SP))
}}

The '''1986 [[New York Mets]] season''' was the Mets' 25th season in the [[National League]]. They improved from a 98–64 record in 1985 to finish the season with a franchise record 108–54 record, giving them the division title. They went on to defeat the [[Houston Astros]] in six games in the [[1986 National League Championship Series|NLCS]] and the [[American League]] champion [[Boston Red Sox]] in seven games in the [[1986 World Series|World Series]]. This is their last championship to date.

==Background==
[[Darryl Strawberry]] and [[Ron Darling]] made their debuts in 1983, followed by [[Dwight Gooden]] and [[Sid Fernandez]] in 1984, and [[Lenny Dykstra]] and [[Roger McDowell]] in 1985. The Mets hired [[Davey Johnson]] to manage the ballclub in 1984, resulting in a solid season with 90 victories and a second-place finish. The rise continued in 1985, as they netted 98 wins and finished the season only 3 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals.

In the 1985–86 offseason, general manager [[Frank Cashen]] brought in [[Tim Teufel]], a right-handed hitting infielder from the [[Minnesota Twins]] and [[Bob Ojeda]], a left-handed pitcher from the Boston Red Sox. The Mets added them to an existing veteran core including along with former MVPs [[George Foster (baseball)|George Foster]] and [[Keith Hernandez]], veteran catcher [[Gary Carter]] and speedsters [[Wally Backman]] and [[Mookie Wilson]].

With these acquisitions, many predicted an easy dominance within the division. For once, the pundits were right. During spring training, Davey Johnson said to his players that they were not only going to win, but that they would dominate. That meant winning the division by double digits. The Mets concluded the season winning a club record 108 games, two out of every three, and finishing the season 21 1/2 games in front of the Philadelphia Phillies.

==Offseason==
* November 13, 1985: [[Calvin Schiraldi]], [[Wes Gardner]], [[John Christensen (baseball)|John Christensen]], and [[La Schelle Tarver]] were traded by the Mets to the [[Boston Red Sox]] for [[Bob Ojeda]], [[Tom McCarthy (1980s pitcher)|Tom McCarthy]], [[John Mitchell (baseball)|John Mitchell]] and Chris Bayer (minors).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/o/ojedabo01.shtml |title=Bob Ojeda page |work=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* November 13, 1985: [[Kelvin Chapman]] was released by the New York Mets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/c/chapmke01.shtml |title=Kelvin Chapman Statistics and History |work=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* December 10, 1985: [[Clint Hurdle]] was drafted from the Mets by the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] in the 1985 [[rule 5 draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/h/hurdlcl01.shtml |title=Clint Hurdle page |work=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
*January 16, 1986: [[Ronn Reynolds]] was traded by the New York Mets with Jeff Bittiger to the Philadelphia Phillies for Rodger Cole and Ronnie Gideon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/reynoro02.shtml |title=Ronn Reynolds Statistics and History |work=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref>
* January 16, 1986: [[Billy Beane]], [[Joe Klink]], and [[Bill Latham (baseball)|Bill Latham]] were traded by the Mets to the [[Minnesota Twins]] for [[Tim Teufel]] and Pat Crosby (minors).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/b/beanebi01.shtml |title=Billy Beane page |work=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* March 4, 1986: [[Tim Corcoran (first baseman)|Tim Corcoran]] was signed as a free agent by the Mets.<ref name=corcoran>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/c/corcoti01.shtml |title=Tim Corcoran page |work=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>

==Spring training==
The [[1986 New York Mets]] held Spring training at [[Al Lang Stadium]] in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], [[Florida]] for the 25th season.

==Regular season==

===Season standings===
{{1986 NL East standings|highlight=New York Mets}}

===Record vs. opponents===
{| style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"|
! colspan=3 style=background:#002C77; color:#fb4f14;" | Record
! colspan=3 style=background:#002C77; color:#fb4f14;" | Games Left
|-
! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Opponent !! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Home !! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Road !! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:white;"| Total !! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Home !! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Road !! ! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Total
|-
!width=135|
!width=50|
!width=50|
!width=50|
!width=45|
!width=45|
!width=45|
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#ff5731;" color:#003581;| '''[[National League East|NL East]]'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Chicago Cubs]] || 6–3 || 6–3 || 12–6 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Montreal Expos]] || 5–4 || 5–4 || 10–8 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Philadelphia Phillies]] || 6–3 || 2–7 || 8–10 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pittsburgh Pirates]] || 9–0 || 8–1 || 17–1 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|St. Louis Cardinals]] || 4–5 || 8–1 || 12–6 || – || – || –
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#ff5731;" color:#003581;| '''[[National League West|NL West]]'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Atlanta Braves]] || 5–1 || 3–3 || 8–4 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Cincinnati Reds]] || 2–4 || 6–0 || 8–4 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Houston Astros season|Houston Astros]] || 5–1 || 2–4 || 7–5 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Los Angeles Dodgers]] || 5–1 || 4–2 || 9–3 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 San Diego Padres season|San Diego Padres]] || 5–1 || 5–1 || 10–2 || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|San Francisco Giants]] || 3–3 || 4–2 || 7–5 || – || – || –
|- style=background:#002C77; color:#fb4f14;"
| '''Grand Totals''' || 55–26 || 53–28 || 108–54 || – || – || –
|}
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Month
! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Games
! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Won
! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Lost
! style="background:#002C77;" color:#fb4f14;"| Pct.
|-
! style="width:100px;"|
!width="45"|
!width="45"|
!width="45"|
!width="60"|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| April || 16 || 13 || 3 || {{Winning percentage|13|3|}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| May || 27 || 18 || 9 || {{Winning percentage|18|9|}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| June || 28 || 19 || 9 || {{Winning percentage|19|9|}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| July || 27 || 16 || 11 || {{Winning percentage|16|11|}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| August || 32 || 21 || 11 || {{Winning percentage|21|11|}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| September || 27 || 16 || 11 || {{Winning percentage|16|11|}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| October || 5 || 5 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|5|0|}}
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:powderblue;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Totals || 162 || 108 || 54 || {{Winning percentage|108|54|}}
|}
|}

===Notable transactions===
* April 1, 1986: [[Tom Gorman (1980s pitcher)|Tom Gorman]] was released by the Mets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/g/gormato03.shtml |title=Tom Gorman page at Baseball Reference |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* April 5, 1986: [[Doug Frobel]] was traded by the Montreal Expos to the New York Mets for Joe Graves (minors) and Rodger Cole (minors).<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/f/frobedo01.shtm{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* June 2, 1986: [[1986 Major League Baseball draft]]
**[[Curtis Pride]] was drafted by the Mets in the 10th round. Player signed June 12, 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/p/pridecu01.shtml |title=Curtis Pride page at Baseball Reference |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
**[[John Olerud]] was drafted by the Mets in the 27th round of the 1986 amateur draft, but did not sign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/o/olerujo01.shtml |title=John Olerud page at Baseball Reference |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* June 9, 1986: Tim Corcoran was released by the Mets.<ref name=corcoran/>
* August 3, 1986: [[Lee Mazzilli]] was signed as a free agent by the Mets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/m/mazzile01.shtml |title=Lee Mazzilli page at Baseball Reference |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* August 7, 1986: [[George Foster (baseball)|George Foster]] was released by the Mets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/f/fostege01.shtml |title=George Foster page at Baseball Reference |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
* August 24, 1986: [[Alex Diaz (baseball)|Alex Diaz]] was signed as an amateur free agent by the Mets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/d/diazal01.shtml |title=Alex Diaz page at Baseball Reference |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=September 12, 2010}}</ref>

===Month by Month===

====April====
The Mets had a rocky start with a 2–3 record (including two extra-inning losses to the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] and [[Philadelphia Phillies]] respectively).<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnson Error in 13th Leads to Mets' 6-2 Loss|date=April 15, 1986|first=Joseph|last=Durso|newspaper=New York Times|page=A25|authorlink=Joe Durso}}</ref> But when the Mets hosted Philadelphia at [[Shea Stadium]] a few days later, they kicked off an 11-game winning streak. Their toughest test in this stretch happened in St. Louis. On April 24, Howard Johnson hit a game-tying homer. A few games later, Wally Backman made a series-saving double-play. The Mets finished the month 13–3.

====May====
The Mets went 18-9 in May and ended the month with a season record of 31-12.

====June====
On June 10 against the Phillies when Tim Teufel hit a pinch-hit, game-winning grand slam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Teufel Slams Phils; Yanks Escape; Mets win in 11th, 8-4|last=Durso|first=Joseph|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 11, 1986|page=D27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mets Rock Phils on Grand Slam in 11th|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=June 11, 1986|first=Peter|last=Pascarelli|page=F1}}</ref> The Mets went 19-9 during June and finished the month with a season record of 50-21.

====July====
On July 3 against Houston, Darryl Strawberry hit a game-tying home run. But it was Ray Knight who won the game with a homer of his own, after striking out in his first four at-bats. Dwight Gooden's first half performance was good enough for him to earn the honor of being named starting pitcher for the National League in the [[1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] in the [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]]. This game marked the end of a streak where the NL won 13 of the previous 14 games and served as foreshadowing for what would happen next. Later in the month, the Mets lost three of four to the Astros. During this series, four Mets were arrested at a popular nightclub in Houston. Their fortunes improved in a bizarre game in Cincinnati's [[Riverfront Stadium]] on July 22. In the top of the ninth, [[Dave Parker]] dropped the ball that could have been the final out for the Reds, allowing the Mets to tie the game. In the bottom of the tenth, [[Eric Davis (baseball)|Eric Davis]] got to third and brawled with [[Ray Knight]]. Both men, along with [[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]] and [[Mario Soto (baseball)|Mario Soto]], were ejected. Johnson was forced to alternate [[Jesse Orosco]] and [[Roger McDowell]] in the outfield. In the bottom of the twelfth, Carl Willis bunted into a double-play. In the top of the fourteenth, Howard Johnson hit a home run to put the Mets on top. The Mets went 16-11 during July and finish the month with a season record of 66-32 and were up by 15.5 games in the NL East division.

====August====
Former MVP George Foster was released. Former Mets favorite [[Lee Mazzilli]] returned. Gary Carter was injured. While he was gone, the Mets won 8 of 11 games. The Mets went 21-11 in August and end with a season record to that point of 87-43 and be up by 19 games in the NL East division.

====September–October====
When they got to [[Veterans Stadium|Philadelphia]], droves of Mets fans were there to see if they would clinch the NL East.<ref name="PotentialClincher">{{cite news|title=Mets Set to Clinch Vs. Phils|date=September 12, 1986|first=Peter|last=Pascarelli|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|page=D1}}</ref> In fact, they seemed to take up half of Veterans Stadium.<ref>{{cite news|title=[[Flyers–Rangers rivalry|Flyers, Rangers]] have contentious history|last=Brehm|first=Mike|newspaper=USA Today|date=December 30, 2011|page=E4}}</ref> Given what had happened to them when they got swept in a three-game series by the Cubs in [[Wrigley Field|Philadelphia]] preceding the series and not wanting to see visiting teams win a division title on their field,<ref name="PotentialClincher"/> the [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] swept the Mets. During the series, Mets fans at Veterans Stadium became unruly and damaged seats in the upper deck (the 700 level).<ref name="VeteransStadium">{{cite news|title=30 Vet Seats Smashed by Mets Fans|date=September 15, 1986|first=Robert J.|last=Terry|first2=David|last2=Lieber|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|page=B8}}</ref> One Mets fan was arrested after striking at two [[Philadelphia Police Department|Philadelphia police]] officers.<ref name="VeteransStadium"/> The [[Phillie Phanatic]] summed up the Mets being swept by crushing three Mets helmets in front of the Mets dugout during the final game of the series.<ref name="VeteransStadium"/> The Phillies ended up being the only team in the league to post a winning record against the Mets, going 10–8, with a 7–2 mark at Veterans Stadium. During the post-season awards, the Mets [[Mets–Phillies rivalry|rivalry]] with the [[Philadelphia Phillies|Phillies]] and that series was played out again, as it was [[Mike Schmidt]] of the Phillies who won the [[National League MVP Award]], ahead of the Carter, who finished third, and [[Keith Hernandez]], who finished fourth. It was Schmidt's third career MVP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Schmidt is National League MVP|date=November 20, 1986|first=Peter|last=Pascarelli|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|page=A1}}</ref>

The Mets then split a two-game series [[Busch Memorial Stadium|St. Louis]], trimming the magic number to clinch to 1 on September 16. The following day, they faced [[Dennis Eckersley]] and the [[Chicago Cubs]]. With a flu-ridden Hernandez, [[Dave Magadan]] was the offensive source of the day. Hernandez returned in the 9th to get the final out.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finally, the Mets achieve the Inevitable Title|date=September 18, 1986|first=Joseph|last=Durso|newspaper=New York Times|page=B17}}</ref> The champagne was popped immediately while the fans invaded the field quickly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fans Rip Up Field|last=Yannis|first=Alex|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 18, 1986|page=B17}}</ref> The Mets won a team-record 108 games after defeating the Pirates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mets Installing Single-Wing Offense?|date=October 6, 1986|first=George|last=Vecsey|newspaper=New York Times|page=C4|authorlink=George Vecsey}}</ref>

The Mets went 21-11 during the final two months and end the season with a record of 108-54 while winning the NL East division by 21.5 games.

==Schedule and results==

===Regular season===

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsible" style="width:90%; clear:both; margin:1.5em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#002C77" " | 1986 Regular Season Game Log (108–54) (Home: 55–26; Road: 53–28)
|- valign="top"
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">April (13–3) (Home: 5–1; Road: 8–2)</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 1 || April 8 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]]|| 4-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (1–0) || [[Rick Reuschel|Reuschel]] (0–1) || || 48,962 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] || 1-0 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198604080.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || Tied || 6:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || April 10 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (inclement weather); rescheduled for June 6'' || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | -½ || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 2 || April 11 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]]|| 9-7 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (1–0) || [[Kevin Gross|Gross]] (0–1) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (1) || 36,190 || [[Veterans Stadium]] || 2–0 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198604110.shtml Boxscore] || 2 || -½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York Plus]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 3 || April 12 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]]|| 8-9 (14) || [[Charles Hudson (baseball)|Hudson]] (1–0) || '''[[Randy Niemann|Niemann]]''' (0–1) || || 22,737 || [[Veterans Stadium]] || 2–1 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198604120.shtml Boxscore] || 2 || -1½ || 1:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 4 || April 13 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]]|| 2-4 || [[Shane Rawley|Rawley]] (1–0) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (0–1) || || 27,691 || [[Veterans Stadium]] || 2–2 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198604130.shtml Boxscore] || 3 || -1½ || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 5 || April 14 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]]|| 2-6 (13) || [[Pat Perry|Perry]] (1–0) || '''[[Randy Niemann|Niemann]]''' (0–2) || || 47,752 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 2–3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198604140.shtml Boxscore] || 4 || -2½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || April 16 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for August 14'' || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | -2½ || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || April 17 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for August 17'' || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | -2½ || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 6 || April 18 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]]|| 5-2 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (1–0) || [[Steve Carlton|Carlton]] (0–2) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (2) || 26,906 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 3-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198604180.shtml Boxscore] || 3 || -2½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 7 || April 19 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]]|| 3-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (2–0) || [[Shane Rawley|Rawley]] (1-1) || || 38,333 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 4-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198604190.shtml Boxscore] || 3 || -2½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 8 || April 20 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]]|| 8-0 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (1–0) || [[Kevin Gross|Gross]] (0-2) || || 41,848 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 5-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198604200.shtml Boxscore] || 3 || -1½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 9 || April 21 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 6-5 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (1–0) || [[Pat Clements|Clements]] (0-1) || || 10,282 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 6-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198604210.shtml Boxscore] || 2 || -1 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 10 || April 22 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 7-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (2–0) || [[Bob Kipper|Kipper]] (0-1) || || 15,668 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 7-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198604220.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || Tied || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York Plus]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 11 || April 24 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 5-4 (10) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (2–0) || [[Todd Worrell|Worrell]] (0-1) || || 33,597 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] || 8-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198604240.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +1½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York Plus]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 12 || April 25 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 9-0 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (3–0) || [[Ricky Horton|Horton]] (0-2) || || 43,721 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] || 9-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198604250.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +2½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 13 || April 26 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 4-3 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (2–0) || [[Danny Cox (baseball)|Cox]] (0-1) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (3) || 44,769 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] || 10-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198604260.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3½ || 1:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 14 || April 27 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 5-3 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (3–0) || [[John Tudor (baseball)|Tudor]] (3-1) || || 39,193 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] || 11-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198604270.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]]|| || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 15 || April 29 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 10-5 || '''[[Bruce Berenyi|Berenyi]]''' (1–0) || [[Craig McMurtry|McMurtry]] (0-1) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (1) || 12,258 || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] || 12-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL198604290.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4½ || 5:40 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 16 || April 30 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 8-1 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (4–0)|| [[Joe Johnson (baseball)|Johnson]] (3-1) || || 23,361 || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] || 13-3 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL198604300.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 7:40 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York Plus]] || ||
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame">
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">May (18–9) (Home: 9–3; Road: 9–6)</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 17 || May 1 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 2–7 || [[Zane Smith (baseball)|Smith]] (2–2) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (0–2) || || 8,343 || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] ||13–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL198605010.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4½ || 5:40 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 18 || May 2 || @ [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 8–7 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (3-0) || [[Bill Gullickson|Gullickson]] (0–3) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (4) || 20,677 || [[Riverfront Stadium]] ||14–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN198605020.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 19 || May 3 || @ [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 4–1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (4-0) || [[John Denny|Denny]] (1–3) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (5) || 20,268 || [[Riverfront Stadium]] ||15–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN198605030.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5½ || 2:15 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York Plus]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 20 || May 4 || @ [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 7–2 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (2-0) || [[Mario Soto (baseball)|Soto]] (2–3) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (2) || 25,407 || [[Riverfront Stadium]] ||16–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN198605040.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5½ || 2:15 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 21 || May 6 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 4-0 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (5-0) || [[Bob Knepper|Knepper]] (5-1) || || 41,722 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||17–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605060.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 22 || May 7 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 3-2 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (4-0) || [[Nolan Ryan|Ryan]] (3-4) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (6) || 26,956 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||18–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605070.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 23 || May 9 || [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 2-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (5-0) || [[Mario Soto (baseball)|Soto]] (2-4) || ''''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (3) || 40,744 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||19–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605090.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 24 || May 10 || [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 5-1 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (3-0) || [[Tom Browning|Browning]] (0-4) || || 45,303 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||20–4|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605100.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 1:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 25 || May 11 || [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 2-3 || [[Bill Gullickson|Gullickson]] (2-3) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (5-1) || [[John Franco|Franco]] (4) || 44,236 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||20–5|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605110.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 26 || May 12 || [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 1-0 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (3-0) || [[Paul Assenmacher|Assenmacher]] (1-1) || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 45,303 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||21–5|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605100.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 27 || May 13 || [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 3-6 || [[Joe Johnson (baseball)|Johnson]] (4-3) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (0-3) || [[Bruce Sutter|Sutter]] (2) || 29,052 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||21–6|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605130.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 28 || May 14 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 2-6 || [[Bob Knepper|Knepper]] (7-1) || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (5-1) || || 11,626 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] ||21–7|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198605140.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3 || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 29 || May 15 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 6-2 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (4-0) || [[Nolan Ryan|Ryan]] (3-5) || || 13,856 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] ||22–7|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198605150.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 30 || May 16 || @ [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 3-4 (11) || [[Ken Howell|Howell]] (1-2) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (0-1) || || 11,626 || [[Dodger Stadium]] ||22–8|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198605160.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3 || 10:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 31 || May 17 || @ [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 2-6 || [[Tom Niedenfuer|Niedenfuer]] (2-2) || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (4-1) || || 39,429 || [[Dodger Stadium]] ||22–9|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198605170.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3 || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 32 || May 18 || @ [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 8-4 || '''[[Randy Niemann|Niemann]]''' (1-2) || [[Jerry Reuss|Reuss]] (2-2) || || 44,426 || [[Dodger Stadium]] ||23–9|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198605180.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3 || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]]|| || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 33 || May 20 || @ [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 2-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (6-1) || [[Mike LaCoss|LaCoss]] (4-1) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (4) || 28,837 || [[Candlestick Park]] ||24–9|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198605200.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 10:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 34 || May 21 || @ [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 7-4 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (5-0) || [[Roger Mason (baseball)|Mason]] (2-4) || || 18,618 || [[Candlestick Park]] ||25–9|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198605210.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5 || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 35 || May 22 || @ [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 2-10 || [[Mike Krukow|Krukow]] (6-3) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (5-2) || || 27,442 || [[Candlestick Park]] ||25–10|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198605220.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 36 || May 23 || @ [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 4-7 || [[Rich Gossage|Gossage]] (3-3) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (0-2) || || 22,982 || [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] ||25–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198605230.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3 || 10:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 37 || May 24 || @ [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 5-4 || '''[[Bruce Berenyi|Berenyi]]''' (2-0) || [[Mark Thurmond|Thurmond]] (2-4) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]] (7)''' || 36,679 || [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] ||26–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198605240.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +3 || 10:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 38 || May 25 || @ [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 4-2 (11) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (1-2) || [[Craig Lefferts|Lefferts]] (3-2) || || 30,296 || [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] ||27–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198605250.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4 || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 39 || May 27 || [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 8-1 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (6-0) || [[Bob Welch (baseball)|Welch]] (3-4) || || 35,643 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||28–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605270.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +4½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 40 || May 28 || [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 4-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (6-2) || [[Jerry Reuss|Reuss]] (2-4) || || 41,032 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||29–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605280.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +5½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 41 || May 29 || [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 5-2 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (5-1) || [[Fernando Valenzuela|Valenzuela]] (7-3) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (8) || 41,080 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||30–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605290.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +6 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 42 || May 30 || [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 8-7 (10) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (2-2) || [[Mark Davis (pitcher)|Davis]] (1-3) || || 38,243 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||31–11|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605300.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +6 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 43 || May 31 || [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 3-7 || [[Scott Garrelts|Garrelts]] (5-5) || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (6-2) || || 50,498 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||31–12|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198605310.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +6 || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame">
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">June (19–9) (Home: 11–6; Road: 8–3)</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 44 || June 1 || [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 3-7 || [[Mike Krukow|Krukow]] (7-3) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (6-1) || || 49,041 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||31–13|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606010.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +6 || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]]|| || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 45 || June 2 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 11-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (7-2) || [[LaMarr Hoyt|Hoyt]] (2-2) || || 28,426 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||32–13|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606020.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +6½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 46 || June 3 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 4-5 || [[Andy Hawkins|Hawkins]] (4-4) || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (5-2) || [[Rich Gossage|Gossage]] (9) || 25,196 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||32–14|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606030.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +6½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 47 || June 4 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 4-2 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (4-0) || [[Gene Walter|Walter]] (1-1) || || 26,735 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||33–14|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606040.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +7½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 48 || June 5 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 7-0 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (7-2) || [[Bob Kipper|Kipper]] (1-5) || || 8,855 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] ||34–14|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198606050.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 49 || June 6 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 1-7 || [[Rick Rhoden|Rhoden]] (5-3) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (6-2) || [[Bob Walk|Walk]] (2) || N/A || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] ||34–15|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198606061.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8 || 5:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 50 || June 6 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 10-4 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (5-0) || [[José León|León]] (1-3) || || 15,113 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] ||35–15|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198606062.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8 || 8:57 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 51 || June 7 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 6-4 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (8-2) || [[Rick Reuschel|Reuschel]] (4-5) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (9) || 29,770 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] ||36–15|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198606070.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9 || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 52 || June 8 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 4-3 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (6-2) || [[Larry McWilliams|McWilliams]] (1-4) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (10) || 14,391 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] ||37–15|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198606080.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 53 || June 9 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 2-3 (10) || [[Don Carman|Carman]] (3-0) || '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (0-1) || [[Steve Bedrosian|Bedrosian]] (8) || 26,050 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||37–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606090.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 54 || June 10 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 8-4 (11) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (6-0) || [[Randy Lerch|Lerch]] (0-1) || || 27,472 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||38–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606100.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 55 || June 11 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 5-3 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (7-2) || [[Steve Carlton|Carlton]] (4-7) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (11) || 27,830 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||39–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606110.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 56 || June 13 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 6-5 || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (3-2) || [[Pat Clements|Clements]] (0-2) || || 37,582 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||40–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606130.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 57 || June 14 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 5-1 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (7-2) || [[Mike Bielecki|Bielecki]] (4-4) || || 47,664 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||41–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606140.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 58 || June 15 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 4-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (8-2) || [[Bob Walk|Walk]] (2-3) || || N/A || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||42–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606151.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10½ || 1:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 59 || June 15 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 8-5 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (1-3) || [[Bob Kipper|Kipper]] (2-6) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (5) || 41,847 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||43–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606152.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10½ || 4:08 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 60 || June 16 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 4-1 (10)|| '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (1-1) || [[Jeff Reardon|Reardon]] (6-4) || || 16,347 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] ||44–16|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198606160.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +11½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 61 || June 17 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 2-4 || [[Joe Hesketh|Hesketh]] (4-4) || '''[[Bruce Berenyi|Berenyi]]''' (2-1) || [[Tim Burke (baseball)|Burke]] (4) || 20,193 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] ||44–17|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198606170.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 62 || June 18 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 4-7 || [[Floyd Youmans|Youmans]] (6-5) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (8-3) || [[Jeff Reardon|Reardon]] (16) || 22,026 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] ||44–18|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198606180.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || June 19 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for July 29'' || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || || || || bgcolor="bbffbb" | +10 || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 63 || June 20 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 10-3 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (8-2) || [[Scott Sanderson (baseball)|Sanderson]] (3-5) || || 44,817 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||45–18|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606200.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 64 || June 21 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 6-8 || [[Ray Fontenot|Fontenot]] (3-2) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (3-3) || || 42,566 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||45–19|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606210.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 65 || June 22 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 4-2 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (8-2) || [[Rick Sutcliffe|Sutcliffe]] (4-9) || || 46,279 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||46–19|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606220.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 66 || June 23 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 4-5 (10) || [[Tim Burke (baseball)|Burke]] (5-2) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (3-4)|| || 44,199 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||46–20|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606230.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 67 || June 24 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 2-6 || [[Bryn Smith|Smith]] (5-5) || '''[[Bruce Berenyi|Berenyi]]''' (2-2)|| [[Bob McClure|McClure]] (2) || 40,092 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||46–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606240.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +8 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 68 || June 25 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 5-2 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (9-2) || [[Andy McGaffigan|McGaffigan]] (5-3)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (6) || 33,030 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||47–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198606250.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || June 27 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for August 6'' || [[Wrigley Field]] || || || || bgcolor="bbffbb" | +9½ || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 69 || June 28 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 5-2 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (7-0) || [[Ray Fontenot|Fontenot]] (3-3)|| || 35,152 || [[Wrigley Field]] ||48–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198606280.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9½ || 3:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 70 || June 29 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 7-4 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (9-3) || [[Rick Sutcliffe|Sutcliffe]] (4-10)|| || 34,222 || [[Wrigley Field]] ||49–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198606290.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9½ || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 71 || June 30 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 7-0 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (9-2) || [[John Tudor (baseball)|Tudor]] (6-4)|| || 38,819 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] ||50–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198606300.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +9½ || 8:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame">
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">July (16–11) (Home: 9–6; Road: 7–5)</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 72 || July 1 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 2-1 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (10-2) || [[Danny Cox (baseball)|Cox]] (2-6)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (7) || 25,869 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] ||51–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198607010.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 73 || July 2 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 4-3 || '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (2-1) || [[Bob Forsch|Forsch]] (6-5)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (12) || 29,794 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] ||52–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198607020.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +11½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 74 || July 3 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 6-5 (10) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (4-4) || [[Frank DiPino|DiPino]] (1-4)|| || 48,839 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||53–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607030.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +12½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 75 || July 4 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 2-1 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (10-3) || [[Dave Smith (pitcher, born 1955)|Smith]] (1-5)|| || 28,557 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||54–21|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607040.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +12½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 76 || July 5 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 1-2 || [[Charlie Kerfeld|Kerfeld]] (6-1) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (7-1)|| || 50,939 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||54–22|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607050.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +11½ || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 77 || July 6 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 5-3 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (11-2) || [[Mark Knudson|Knudson]] (0-3)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (8) || 31,017 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||55–22|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607060.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +11½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 78 || July 7 || [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 6-7 || [[Ron Robinson (baseball)|Robinson]] (7-0) || '''[[Randy Niemann|Niemann]]''' (1-3)|| [[John Franco|Franco]] (13) || 29,265 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||55–23|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607070.shtml Boxscore] || 1|| +11½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 79 || July 8 || [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 4-5 (10) || [[John Franco|Franco]] (3-4) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (7-2)|| || 35,803 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||55–24|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607080.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +11½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 80 || July 9 || [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 1-11 || [[Tom Browning|Browning]] (7-7) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (10-4)|| || 38,079 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||55–25|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607090.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 81 || July 10 || [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 5-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (10-2) || [[Zane Smith (baseball)|Smith]] (7-10)|| || 34,836 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||56–25|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607100.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +10½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 82 || July 11 || [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 11-0 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (12-2) || [[David Palmer (baseball)|Palmer]] (5-8)|| || 39,924 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||57–25|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607110.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +11½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 83 || July 12 || [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 10-1 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (2-3) || [[Rick Mahler|Mahler]] (10-8)|| || 30,899 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||58–25|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607120.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +12½ || 1:50 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 84 || July 13 || [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 2-0 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (9-2) || [[Doyle Alexander|Alexander]] (6-5)|| || 41,128 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||59–25|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607130.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +13½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbcaff"
|colspan="3" bgcolor="#bbcaff"| July 15: '''[[1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]]''' ([[American League|AL]] wins—[https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NLS/NLS198607150.shtml]) || 3–2 || [[Roger Clemens|Clemens]] (BOS) || [[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]] (NYM) || [[Don Aase|Aase]] (BAL) || 45,774 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] || colspan=9| [[Houston, Texas]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 85 || July 17 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 13-2 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (11-2) || [[Nolan Ryan|Ryan]] (6-7)|| || 21,536 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] ||60–25|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198607170.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +13½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 86 || July 18 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 0-3 || [[Bob Knepper|Knepper]] (11-7) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (9-3)|| || 22,906 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] ||60–26|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198607180.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +12½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 87 || July 19 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 4-5 || [[Dave Smith (pitcher, born 1955)|Smith]] (2-6) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (7-3)|| || 44,502 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] ||60–27|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198607190.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +12½ || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 88 || July 20 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 8-9 (15) || [[Bob Knepper|Knepper]] (12-7)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (7-4)|| || 23,900 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] ||60–28|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198607200.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +12 || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 89 || July 21 || @ [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 4-2 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (3-3)|| [[Mario Soto (baseball)|Soto]] (3-8)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (13) || 23,827 || [[Riverfront Stadium]] ||61–28|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN198607210.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +13 || 8:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 90 || July 22 || @ [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 6-3 (14) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (8-4)|| [[Carl Willis|Willis]] (1-1)|| || 23,707 || [[Riverfront Stadium]] ||62–28|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN198607220.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +14 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 91 || July 23 || @ [[1986 Cincinnati Reds season|Reds]] || 3-2 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (10-3)|| [[Ron Robinson (baseball)|Robinson]] (7-1)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (9)|| 25,496 || [[Riverfront Stadium]] ||63–28|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN198607230.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +15 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || July 25 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for July 26'' || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] || || || || bgcolor="bbffbb" | +15 || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 92 || July 26 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 3-4 || [[Paul Assenmacher|Assenmacher]] (4-2)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (8-5)|| || N/A || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] ||63–29|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL198607261.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +14½ || 5:40 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 93 || July 26 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 5-8 || [[Jim Acker|Acker]] (3-4)|| '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (12-3)|| [[Gene Garber|Garber]] (12) || 44,400 || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] ||63–30|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL198607262.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +14½ || 8:46 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 94 || July 27 || @ [[1986 Atlanta Braves season|Braves]] || 5-1 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (4-3)|| [[Rick Mahler|Mahler]] (10-10)|| || 33,338 || [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]] ||64–30|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL198607270.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +15½ || 2:10 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 95 || July 28 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 9-2 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (12-2)|| [[Scott Sanderson (baseball)|Sanderson]] (5-7)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (10) || 38,890 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||65–30|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607280.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 96 || July 29 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 3-0 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (11-3)|| [[Steve Trout|Trout]] (4-4)|| || N/A || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||66–30|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607291.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 5:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 97 || July 29 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 1-2 || [[Jamie Moyer|Moyer]] (11-3)|| '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (2-2)|| [[Lee Smith (baseball)|Smith]] (18) || 45,731 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||66–31|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607292.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 8:21 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 98 || July 30 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 3-4 || [[Dennis Eckersley|Eckersley]] (5-6)|| '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (12-4)|| [[Lee Smith (baseball)|Smith]] (19) || 35,734 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||66–32|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198607300.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +15½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame">
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">August (21–11) (Home: 7–5; Road: 14–6) </div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 99 || August 1 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 3-1 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (11-4)|| [[Floyd Youmans|Youmans]] (10-7)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (11) || 47,883 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||67–32|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608010.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 100 || August 2 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 4-1 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (5-3) || [[Bob Sebra|Sebra]] (1-2)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (14) || 43,069 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||68–32|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608020.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17½ || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 101 || August 3 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 4-3 (10) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (9-5) || [[Bob McClure|McClure]] (2-3)|| || 47,167 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||69–32|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608030.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 102 || August 4 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 2-4 || [[Dennis Eckersley|Eckersley]] (6-6) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (11-4)|| [[Lee Smith (baseball)|Smith]] (20) || 29,016 || [[Wrigley Field]] ||69–33|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198608040.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17½ || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 103 || August 5 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 5-8 || [[Lee Smith (baseball)|Smith]] (7-7) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (9-6)|| || 28,211 || [[Wrigley Field]] ||69–34|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198608050.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 104 || August 6 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 7-6 (12) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (10-6) || [[George Frazier (pitcher)|Frazier]] (2-4)|| || N/A || [[Wrigley Field]] ||70–34|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198608061.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17 || 1:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 105 || August 6 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 7-6 || '''[[Rick Anderson (baseball, born 1956)|Anderson]]''' (1-0) || [[Steve Trout|Trout]] (4-5)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (15) || 33,343 || [[Wrigley Field]] ||71–34|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198608062.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17 || 5:37 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York Plus]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 106 || August 7 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 12-3 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (6-3) || [[Scott Sanderson (baseball)|Sanderson]] (5-9)|| || 28,725 || [[Wrigley Field]] ||72–34|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198608070.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17 || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 107 || August 8 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 3-5 || [[Bryn Smith|Smith]] (8-6) || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (12-3)|| [[Jeff Reardon|Reardon]] (26) || 21,027 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] ||72–35|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198608080.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 108 || August 9 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 10-8 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (11-6) || [[Jeff Reardon|Reardon]] (6-7)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (16) || 33,093 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] ||73–35|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198608090.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 109 || August 10 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 7-2 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (13-4) || [[Dennis Martínez|Martínez]] (1-4)|| '''[[Rick Anderson (baseball, born 1956)|Anderson]]''' (1) || 35,743 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] ||74–35|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198608100.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 110 || August 11 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 8-4 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (12-4) || [[Don Carman|Carman]] (5-4)|| || 43,133 || [[Veterans Stadium]] ||75–35|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198608110.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 8:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 111 || August 12 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 1-3 || [[Kevin Gross|Gross]] (8-9) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (6-4)|| || 36,442 || [[Veterans Stadium]] ||75–36|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198608120.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 112 || August 13 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 4-8 || [[Bruce Ruffin (baseball)|Ruffin]] (4-3) || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (12-4)|| || 39,041 || [[Veterans Stadium]] ||75–37|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198608130.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 113 || August 14 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 4-3 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (12-6) || [[Todd Worrell|Worrell]] (7-9)|| || N/A || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||76–37|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608141.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17½ || 5:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 114 || August 14 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 1-5 || [[Ricky Horton|Horton]] (2-3) || '''[[Rick Anderson (baseball, born 1956)|Anderson]]''' (1-1)|| || 48,949 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||76–38|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608142.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17½ || 8:56 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 115 || August 15 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 2-4 (10) || [[Pat Perry|Perry]] (2-2) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (4-5)|| [[Todd Worrell|Worrell]] (26) || 46,780 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||76–39|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608150.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 116 || August 16 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 1-3 (11) || [[Greg Mathews (baseball)|Mathews]] (9-3) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (12-7)|| [[Todd Worrell|Worrell]] (27) || 44,873 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||76–40|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608160.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16 || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 117 || August 17 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 1-2 || [[John Tudor (baseball)|Tudor]] (12-6) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (6-5)|| [[Pat Perry|Perry]] (2) || N/A || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||76–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608171.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 1:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 118 || August 17 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 9-2 || '''[[Randy Niemann|Niemann]]''' (2-3) || [[Danny Cox (baseball)|Cox]] (7-10)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (12) || 44,843 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||77–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608172.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +16½ || 4:32 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 119 || August 18 || @ [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 5-4 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (13-4) || [[Orel Hershiser|Hershiser]] (12-9)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (13) || 46,099 || [[Dodger Stadium]] ||78–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198608180.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +17 || 8:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 120 || August 19 || @ [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 6-4 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (12-4) || [[Fernando Valenzuela|Valenzuela]] (15-9)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (14) || 46,977 || [[Dodger Stadium]] ||79–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198608190.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 10:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 121 || August 20 || @ [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 7-5 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (14-4) || [[Dennis Powell|Powell]] (2-5)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (17) || 36,738 || [[Dodger Stadium]] ||80–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198608200.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18½ || 8:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 122 || August 22 || @ [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 5-3 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (13-4) || [[Vida Blue|Blue]] (9-8)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (15) || 30,679 || [[Candlestick Park]] ||81–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198608220.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 11:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 123 || August 23 || @ [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 3-2 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (14-4) || [[Kelly Downs|Downs]] (0-4)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (16) || 31,033 || [[Candlestick Park]] ||82–41|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198608230.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 124 || August 24 || @ [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 1-10 || [[Mike Krukow|Krukow]]''' (13-7) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (6-6)|| || 31,606 || [[Candlestick Park]] ||82–42|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198608240.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 4:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 125 || August 25 || @ [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 5-2 || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (5-5) || [[Craig Lefferts|Lefferts]] (7-5)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (17) || 18,605 || [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] ||83–42|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198608250.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 8:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 126 || August 26 || @ [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 11-6 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (15-4) || [[Dave Dravecky|Dravecky]] (9-11)|| || 15,992 || [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] ||84–42|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198608260.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 10:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 127 || August 27 || @ [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 6-5 (11) || '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (3-2) || [[Rich Gossage|Gossage]] (5-7)|| || 19,747 || [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] ||85–42|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198608270.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 10:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 128 || August 29 || [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 2-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (15-4) || [[Rick Honeycutt|Honeycutt]] (9-9)|| || 45,667 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 86–42|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608290.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 129 || August 30 || [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 6-3 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (7-6) || [[Orel Hershiser|Hershiser]] (12-10)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (18) || 44,040 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 87–42|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608300.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 130 || August 31 || [[1986 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Dodgers]] || 4-7 || [[Fernando Valenzuela|Valenzuela]] (17-9) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (12-5)|| || 45,678 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 87–43|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198608310.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame">
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">September (16–11) (Home: 11–4; Road: 5–7)</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 131 || September 1 || [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 5-2 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (13-7) || [[Mark Davis (pitcher)|Davis]] (4-5)|| || 44,272 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 88–43|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609010.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 132 || September 2 || [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 3-4 || [[Mike Krukow|Krukow]] (14-8) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (13-5)|| [[Scott Garrelts|Garrelts]] (7) || 26,166 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 88–44|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609020.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 133 || September 3 || [[1986 San Francisco Giants season|Giants]] || 4-2 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (16-4) || [[Terry Mulholland|Mulholland]] (0-6)|| || 25,851 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 89–44|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609030.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || September 5 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for September 7'' || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || || || || bgcolor="bbffbb" | +20½ || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 134 || September 6 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 4-3 || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (6-5) || [[Lance McCullers|McCullers]] (7-7)|| || 46,879 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 90–44|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609060.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20½ || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 135 || September 7 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 7-1 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (14-5) || [[Dave LaPoint|LaPoint]] (4-8)|| || N/A || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 91–44|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609071.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21 || 1:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 136 || September 7 || [[1986 San Diego Padres season|Padres]] || 6-5 || '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (4-2) || [[Craig Lefferts|Lefferts]] (7-7)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (19) || 38,630 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 92–44|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609072.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21 || 3:54 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 137 || September 8 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 1-9 || [[Bob Sebra|Sebra]] (4-3) || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (16-5)|| || 38,630 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 92–45|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609080.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 138 || September 9 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 7-9 || [[Tim Burke (baseball)|Burke]] (9-7) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (6-6)|| [[Jeff Reardon|Reardon]] (31) || 26,867 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 92–46|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609090.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 139 || September 10 || [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 6-1 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (13-5) || [[Sergio Valdez|Valdez]] (0-1)|| || 31,934 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 93–46|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609100.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +22 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 140 || September 12 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 3-6 || [[Bruce Ruffin (baseball)|Ruffin]] (8-3) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (14-6)|| [[Steve Bedrosian|Bedrosian]] (24) || 43,070 || [[Veterans Stadium]] || 93–47|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198609120.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 141 || September 13 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 5-6 || [[Dan Schatzeder|Schatzeder]] (4-4) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (13-8)|| [[Steve Bedrosian|Bedrosian]] (25) || 47,108 || [[Veterans Stadium]] || 93–48|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198609130.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 142 || September 14 || @ [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 0-6 || [[Kevin Gross|Gross]] (10-11) || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (15-5)|| || 38,652 || [[Veterans Stadium]] || 93–49|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI198609140.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 143 || September 15 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 0-1 (13) || [[Todd Worrell|Worrell]] (9-10) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (13-9)|| || 29,566 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] || 93–50|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198609150.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 144 || September 16 || @ [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 4-2 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (8-6) || [[Tim Conroy|Conroy]] (4-9)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (18) || 30,935 || [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] || 94–50|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN198609160.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#007800;"
| 145 || September 17 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 4-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (15-6) || [[Dennis Eckersley|Eckersley]] (6-10)|| || 47,823 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 95–50|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609170.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 146 || September 18 || [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 5-0 || '''[[Rick Anderson (baseball, born 1956)|Anderson]]''' (2-1) || [[Greg Maddux|Maddux]] (1-3)|| || 13,726 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 96–50|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609180.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 147 || September 19 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 3-4 || [[Kevin Gross|Gross]] (11-11) || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (15-6)|| [[Steve Bedrosian|Bedrosian]] (27) || 35,023 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 96–51|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609190.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 148 || September 20 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 9-5 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (14-5) || [[Tom Hume|Hume]] (4-1)|| || 39,104 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 97–51|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609200.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 149 || September 21 || [[1986 Philadelphia Phillies season|Phillies]] || 1-7 || [[Marvin Freeman|Freeman]] (1-0) || '''[[John Mitchell (baseball)|Mitchell]]''' (0-1)|| || 42,631 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 97–52|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609210.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +18 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 150 || September 22 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 5-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (16-6) || [[Bob Forsch|Forsch]] (14-9)|| || 25,714 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 98–52|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609220.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 151 || September 23 || [[1986 St. Louis Cardinals season|Cardinals]] || 9-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (17-5) || [[Greg Mathews (baseball)|Mathews]] (10-8)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (19) || 11,203 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 99–52|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198609230.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 152 || September 24 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 2-8 || [[Drew Hall|Hall]] (1-1) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (8-7)|| || 6,468 || [[Wrigley Field]] || 99–53|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198609240.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19 || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 153 || September 25 || @ [[1986 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]] || 6-5 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (14-9) || [[Ed Lynch (baseball)|Lynch]] (5-5)|| '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (20) || 8,840 || [[Wrigley Field]] || 100–53|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN198609250.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 2:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 154 || September 26 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 3-1 || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (16-6) || [[Stan Fansler|Fansler]] (0-2)|| '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (20) || 14,080 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] || 101–53|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198609260.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 155 || September 27 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 4-2 (11) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (7-6) || [[Larry McWilliams|McWilliams]] (2-11)|| '''[[Doug Sisk|Sisk]]''' (1) || 13,210 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] || 102–53|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198609270.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 156 || September 28 || @ [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 4-1 (11) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (9-7) || [[Bob Walk|Walk]] (7-8) || || 30,606 || [[Three Rivers Stadium]] || 103–53|| [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT198609280.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 157 || September 30 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 0-1 || [[Bob Sebra|Sebra]] (5-5) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (14-6) || || 6,068 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] || 103–54 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198609300.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +19½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame">
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">October (5–0) (Home: 3–0; Road: 2–0)</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Record
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Rank
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| GB
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Local Cable TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 158 || October 1 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 6-4 (11) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (8-6) || [[Bob McClure|McClure]] (4-6) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (21) || 10,740 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] || 104–54 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198610010.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20 || 7:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 159 || October 2 || @ [[1986 Montreal Expos season|Expos]] || 8-2 || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (17-6) || [[Floyd Youmans|Youmans]] (13-12) || || 10,726 || [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] || 105–54 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/MON/MON198610020.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +20½ || 7:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || October 3 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || colspan=5|''Postponed (rain); rescheduled for October 4'' || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || || || || bgcolor="bbffbb" | +21 || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 160 || October 4 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 8-2 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (18-5) || [[Stan Fansler|Fansler]] (0-3) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (21) || N/A || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' ||106–54 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610041.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21½ || 1:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 161 || October 4 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 5-2 || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (10-7) || [[Bob Patterson (baseball)|Patterson]] (2-3) || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (22) || 30,810 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 107–54 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610042.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21½ || 3:52 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || || [[MSG Plus|SportsChannel New York]] || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 162 || October 5 || [[1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pirates]] || 9-0 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (15-6) || [[Hipolito Pena|Pena]] (0-3) || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (1) || 32,170 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || 108–54 || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610050.shtml Boxscore] || 1 || +21½ || 1:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] || || ||
|}</div></div>
|}

{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="border:1px solid #aaa"
|-
! colspan="5" | Legend
|-
! bgcolor="bbffbb" width="119px" | Mets win
! bgcolor="ffbbbb" width="119px" | Mets loss
! bgcolor="bbcaff" width="119px" | [[1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]]
! bgcolor="bbbbbb" width="118px" | Game postponed
! bgcolor="007800" width="118px" | Clinched
|}
{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="border:1px solid #aaa"
|-
! colspan="4" | "GB" legend
|-
! bgcolor="bbffbb" width="150px" | 1st ([[National League East|NL East]])
! bgcolor="ffbbbb" width="150px" | Not in playoff berth
! bgcolor="f2f2f2" width="150px" | Tied for 1st ([[National League East|NL East]])
|}

All times are [[Eastern Time Zone|EASTERN]] time

===Postseason===
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsible" style="width:90%; clear:both; margin:1.5em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#002C77" " | 1986 Postseason Game Log
|- valign="top"
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">[[1986 National League Championship Series|National League Championship Series]] vs. [[1986 Houston Astros season|Houston]] – New York (NL) wins series 4–2</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 1 || October 8 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 0-1 || [[Mike Scott (baseball)|Scott]] (1-0) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (0-1) || || 44,131 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198610080.shtml Boxscore] || 8:25 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 2 || October 9 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 5-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (1-0) || [[Nolan Ryan|Ryan]] (0-1) || || 44,391 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198610090.shtml Boxscore] || 8:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 3 || October 11 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 6-5 || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (1-0) || [[Dave Smith (pitcher, born 1955)|Smith]] (0-1) || || 55,052 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610110.shtml Boxscore] || 12:10 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 4 || October 12 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 1-3 || [[Mike Scott (baseball)|Scott]] (2-0) || '''[[Sid Fernandez|Fernandez]]''' (0-1) || || 55,038 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610120.shtml Boxscore] || 8:20 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 5 || October 14 || [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 2-1 (12) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (2-0) || [[Charlie Kerfeld|Kerfeld]] (0-1) || || 54,986 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610140.shtml Boxscore] || 1:10 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 6 || October 15 || @ [[1986 Houston Astros season|Astros]] || 7-6 (16) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (3-0) || [[Aurelio López|López]] (0-1) || || 45,718 || [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]] || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198610150.shtml Boxscore] || 3:05 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on ABC|ABC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|}</div></div>
|-="NavFrame"
|<div class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ff5731; ">[[1986 World Series|World Series]] vs. [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Boston]] – New York (NL) wins series 4–3</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| #
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Date
! style="background:#ddf; width:11%;"| Opponent
! style="background:#ddf; width:8%;"| Score
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Win
! style="background:#ddf; width:13%;"| Loss
! style="background:#ddf; width:12%;"| Save
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Attendance
! style="background:#ddf; width:9%;"| Stadium
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Report
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| Game Time
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National TV
! style="background:#ddf; width:1%;"| National Radio
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 1 || October 18 || [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 0-1 || [[Bruce Hurst|Hurst]] (1-0) || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (0-1) || [[Calvin Schiraldi|Schiraldi]] (1) || 57,908 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610180.shtml Boxscore] || 8:30 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 2 || October 19 || [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 3-9 || [[Steve Crawford (baseball)|Crawford]] (1-0) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (0-1) || [[Bob Stanley (baseball)|Stanley]] (1) || 57,911 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610190.shtml Boxscore] || 8:25 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 3 || October 21 || @ [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 7-1 || '''[[Bob Ojeda|Ojeda]]''' (1-0) || [[Oil Can Boyd|Boyd]] (0-1) || || 33,595 || [[Fenway Park]] || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS198610210.shtml Boxscore] || 8:30 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 4 || October 22 || @ [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 6-2 || '''[[Ron Darling|Darling]]''' (1-1) || [[Al Nipper|Nipper]] (0-1) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (1) || 33,920 || [[Fenway Park]] || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS198610220.shtml Boxscore] || 8:25 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 5 || October 23 || @ [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 2-4 || [[Bruce Hurst|Hurst]] (2-0) || '''[[Dwight Gooden|Gooden]]''' (0-2) || || 34,010 || [[Fenway Park]] || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS198610230.shtml Boxscore] || 8:35 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 6 || October 25 || [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 6-5 (10) || '''[[Rick Aguilera|Aguilera]]''' (1-0) || [[Calvin Schiraldi|Schiraldi]] (0-1) || || 57,908 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610250.shtml Boxscore] || 8:25 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 7 || October 27 || [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] || 8-5 || '''[[Roger McDowell|McDowell]]''' (1-0) || [[Calvin Schiraldi|Schiraldi]] (0-2) || '''[[Jesse Orosco|Orosco]]''' (2) || 55,032 || '''[[Shea Stadium]]''' || [https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610270.shtml Boxscore] || 8:10 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] || [[Major League Baseball on NBC|NBC]] || [[Major League Baseball on CBS Radio|CBS]]
|}</div></div>
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Legend
|-
! style="background:#bfb;"| Mets Win
! style="background:#fbb;"| Mets Loss
|}

All times are [[Eastern Time Zone|EASTERN]] time
*All games broadcast on [[WEPN (AM)|WHN]] and METS RADIO NETWORK
*Some 1986 New York Mets Cable TV broadcasts were carried on [[SportsChannel America|SportsChannel New York Plus]] because of broadcast conflict of ([[1986 New York Yankees season|NY Yankees]]) of ([[MLB]]), ([[1985–86 New Jersey Nets season|New Jersey]]) of ([[National Basketball Association|NBA]]) and ([[1985–86 New York Islanders season|NY Islanders]]) of ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]).

=== Attendance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="15%" | Attendance
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | Rank
|- align="center"
| 2,767,601
| 2
|}

===Roster===
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; text-align:center;"| 1986 New York Mets
|-
| colspan="10" style="background:#f47937; color:white; text-align:center;"| '''Roster'''
|-
| valign="top" | '''Pitchers'''
{{MLBplayer|38|[[Rick Aguilera]]}}
{{MLBplayer|32|[[Rick Anderson (baseball, born 1956)|Rick Anderson]]}}
{{MLBplayer|31|[[Bruce Berenyi]]}}
{{MLBplayer|12|[[Ron Darling]]}}
{{MLBplayer|50|[[Sid Fernandez]]}}
{{MLBplayer|16|[[Dwight Gooden]]}}
{{MLBplayer|19|[[Bob Ojeda]]}}
{{MLBplayer|26|[[Terry Leach]]}}
{{MLBplayer|36|[[Ed Lynch (baseball)|Ed Lynch]]}}
{{MLBplayer|42|[[Roger McDowell]]}}
{{MLBplayer|43|[[John Mitchell (baseball)|John Mitchell]]}}
{{MLBplayer|48|[[Randy Myers]]}}
{{MLBplayer|40|[[Randy Niemann]]}}
{{MLBplayer|47|[[Jesse Orosco]]}}
{{MLBplayer|39|[[Doug Sisk]]}}
| style="width:25px;"|
| valign="top" | '''Catchers'''
{{MLBplayer| 8|[[Gary Carter]]}}
{{MLBplayer|35|[[John Gibbons]]}}
{{MLBplayer|49|[[Ed Hearn (baseball)|Ed Hearn]]}}
{{MLBplayer|33|[[Barry Lyons (baseball)|Barry Lyons]]}}
'''Infielders'''
{{MLBplayer| 6|[[Wally Backman]]}}
{{MLBplayer|29|[[Tim Corcoran (first baseman)|Tim Corcoran]]}}
{{MLBplayer| 2|[[Kevin Elster]]}}
{{MLBplayer|17|[[Keith Hernandez]]}}
{{MLBplayer|20|[[Howard Johnson (baseball)|Howard Johnson]]}}
{{MLBplayer|22|[[Ray Knight]]}}
{{MLBplayer|29|[[Dave Magadan]]}}
{{MLBplayer| 3|[[Rafael Santana]]}}
{{MLBplayer|11|[[Tim Teufel]]}}
| style="width:25px;"|
| valign="top" | '''Outfielders'''
{{MLBplayer| 4|[[Lenny Dykstra]]}}
{{MLBplayer|15|[[George Foster (baseball)|George Foster]]}}
{{MLBplayer|25|[[Danny Heep]]}}
{{MLBplayer|27|[[Stan Jefferson]]}}
{{MLBplayer|13|[[Lee Mazzilli]]}}
{{MLBplayer| 7|[[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]]}}
{{MLBplayer|18|[[Darryl Strawberry]]}}
{{MLBplayer| 1|[[Mookie Wilson]]}}
| style="width:25px;"|
| valign="top" | '''Manager'''
{{MLBplayer| 5|[[Davey Johnson]]}}
'''Coaches'''
{{MLBplayer|23|[[Bud Harrelson]]}}
{{MLBplayer|51|[[Vern Hoscheit]]}}
{{MLBplayer|52|[[Greg Pavlick]]}}
{{MLBplayer|28|[[Bill Robinson (outfielder)|Bill Robinson]]}}
{{MLBplayer|30|[[Mel Stottlemyre]]}}
|}

==Player stats==
{|
|-
| style="background:#fc0; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;"|
| = Indicates team leader
|}

===Batting===

====Starters by position====
''Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:5%;"| Pos
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:16%;"| Player
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| G
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| AB
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| H
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| Avg.
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| HR
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| RBI
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| SB
|- style="text-align:center;"
| C || [[Gary Carter]] || 132 || 490 || 125 || .255 || 24 || style="background:#fc0;"|105 || 1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1B || [[Keith Hernandez]] || style="background:#fc0;"|149 || style="background:#fc0;"|551 || style="background:#fc0;"|171 || .310 || 13 || 83 || 2
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2B || [[Wally Backman]] || 124 || 387 || 124 || style="background:#fc0;"|.320 || 1 || 27 || 13
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3B || [[Ray Knight]] || 137 || 486 || 145 || .298 || 11 || 76 || 2
|- style="text-align:center;"
| SS || [[Rafael Santana]] || 139 || 394 || 86 || .218 || 1 || 28 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| LF || [[George Foster (baseball)|George Foster]] || 72 || 233 || 53 || .227 || 13 || 38 || 1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| CF || [[Lenny Dykstra]] || 147 || 431 || 127 || .295 || 8 || 45 || style="background:#fc0;"|31
|- style="text-align:center;"
| RF || [[Darryl Strawberry]] || 136 || 475 || 123 || .259 || style="background:#fc0;"|27 || 93 || 28
|}
<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/NYM/1986.shtml</ref>

====Other batters====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:16%;"| Player
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| G
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| AB
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| H
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| Avg.
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| HR
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| RBI
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| SB
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Mookie Wilson]] || 123 || 381 || 110 || .289 || 9 || 45 || 25
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]] || 108 || 328 || 91 || .277 || 12 || 43 || 3
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Tim Teufel]] || 93 || 279 || 69 || .247 || 4 || 31 || 1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Howard Johnson (baseball)|Howard Johnson]] || 88 || 220 || 54 || .245 || 10 || 39 || 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Danny Heep]] || 86 || 195 || 55 || .282 || 5 || 33 || 1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Ed Hearn (baseball)|Ed Hearn]] || 49 || 136 || 36 || .265 || 4 || 10 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Lee Mazzilli]] || 39 || 58 || 16 || .276 || 2 || 7 || 1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Kevin Elster]] || 19 || 30 || 5 || .167 || 0 || 0 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Stan Jefferson]] || 14 || 24 || 5 || .208 || 1 || 3 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[John Gibbons]] || 8 || 19 || 9 || .474 || 1 || 1 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Dave Magadan]] || 10 || 18 || 8 || .444 || 0 || 3 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Barry Lyons (baseball)|Barry Lyons]] || 6 || 9 || 0 || .000 || 0 || 2 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Tim Corcoran (first baseman)|Tim Corcoran]] || 6 || 7 || 0 || .000 || 0 || 0 || 0
|}

===Pitching===

====Starting pitchers====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:16%;"| Player
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| G
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| IP
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| W
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| L
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| ERA
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| SO
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Ron Darling]] || 34 || 237.0 || 15 || 6 || 2.81 || 184
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Dwight Gooden]] || 33 || style="background:#fc0;"|250.1 || 17 || 6 || 2.84 || style="background:#fc0;"|200
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Sid Fernandez]] || 33 || 204.1 || 16 || 6 || 3.52 || style="background:#fc0;"|200
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Bob Ojeda]] || 32 || 217.1 || style="background:#fc0;"| 18 || 5 || style="background:#fc0;"|2.57 || 148
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Rick Aguilera]] || 28 || 141.2 || 10 || 7 || 3.88 || 105
|}

====Other pitchers====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:16%;"| Player
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| G
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| IP
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| W
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| L
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| ERA
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| SO
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Bruce Berenyi]] || 14 || 39.2 || 2 || 2 || 6.35 || 30
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Randy Myers]] || 10 || 10.2 || 0 || 0 || 4.22 || 13
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[John Mitchell (baseball)|John Mitchell]] || 4 || 10.0 || 0 || 1 || 3.60 || 2
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Terry Leach]] || 6 || 6.2 || 0 || 0 || 2.70 || 4
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Ed Lynch (baseball)|Ed Lynch]] || 1 || 1.2 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 1
|}

====Relief pitchers====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:16%;"| Player
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| G
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| IP
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| W
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| L
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| ERA
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| SO
! style="background:#003581; color:#f47937; width:9%;"| SV
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Roger McDowell]] || style="background:#fc0;"|76 || 128.0 || 14 || style="background:#fc0;"|9|| 3.02 || 65 || style="background:#fc0;"|23
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Jesse Orosco]] || 59 || 81.0 || 8 || 6 || 2.33 || 62 || 21
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Doug Sisk]] || 41 || 70.2 || 4 || 2 || 3.06 || 31 || 1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Randy Niemann]] || 31 || 35.2 || 2 || 3 || 3.79 || 18 || 0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Rick Anderson (baseball, born 1956)|Rick Anderson]] || 15 || 49.2 || 2 || 1 || 2.72 || 21 || 1
|}

==NLCS==
{{Main|1986 National League Championship Series}}

===Game 1===
October 8 ([[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]], [[Houston]])

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:425px; margin-left:3em;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
! style="text-align:left; width:28%;"|Team
!width=6%|1
!width=6%|2
!width=6%|3
!width=6%|4
!width=6%|5
!width=6%|6
!width=6%|7
!width=6%|8
!width=6%|9
!width=6%|R
!width=6%|H
!width=6%|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|New York
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|'''0'''||'''5'''||'''0'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|'''Houston'''
|0||1||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||X
|'''1'''||'''7'''||'''1'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''WP''': [[Mike Scott (baseball)|Mike Scott]] (1-0)  '''LP''': [[Dwight Gooden]] (0-1)
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''HR''': '''NYM''' – None.; '''HOU''' – [[Glenn Davis (baseball)|Glenn Davis]] (1)
|}

===Game 2===
October 9 ([[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]], [[Houston]])

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:425px; margin-left:3em;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
! style="text-align:left; width:28%;"|Team
!width=6%|1
!width=6%|2
!width=6%|3
!width=6%|4
!width=6%|5
!width=6%|6
!width=6%|7
!width=6%|8
!width=6%|9
!width=6%|R
!width=6%|H
!width=6%|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|'''New York'''
|0||0||0
|2||3||0
|0||0||0
|'''5'''||'''10'''||'''0'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Houston
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|'''1'''||'''10'''||'''2'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''WP''': [[Bob Ojeda]] (1-0)  '''LP''': [[Nolan Ryan]] (0-1)
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''HR''': '''NYM''' – None.; '''HOU''' – None.
|}

===Game 3===
October 11 ([[Shea Stadium]], [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing, New York]])

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:425px; margin-left:3em;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
! style="text-align:left; width:28%;"|Team
!width=6%|1
!width=6%|2
!width=6%|3
!width=6%|4
!width=6%|5
!width=6%|6
!width=6%|7
!width=6%|8
!width=6%|9
!width=6%|R
!width=6%|H
!width=6%|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Houston
|2||2||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|'''5'''||'''8'''||'''1'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|'''New York'''
|0||0||0
|0||0||4
|0||0||2
|'''6'''||'''10'''||'''1'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''WP''': [[Jesse Orosco]] (1-0)  '''LP''': [[Dave Smith (NL pitcher)|Dave Smith]] (0-1)
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''HR''': '''HOU''' – [[Bill Doran (baseball)|Bill Doran]] (1); '''NYM''' – [[Darryl Strawberry]] (1), [[Lenny Dykstra]] (1)
|}

===Game 4===
October 12 ([[Shea Stadium]], [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing, New York]])

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:425px; margin-left:3em;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
! style="text-align:left; width:28%;"|Team
!width=6%|1
!width=6%|2
!width=6%|3
!width=6%|4
!width=6%|5
!width=6%|6
!width=6%|7
!width=6%|8
!width=6%|9
!width=6%|R
!width=6%|H
!width=6%|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|'''Houston'''
|0||2||0
|0||1||0
|0||0||0
|'''3'''||'''4'''||'''1'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|New York
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||1||0
|'''1'''||'''3'''||'''0'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''WP''': [[Mike Scott (baseball)|Mike Scott]] (2-0)  '''LP''': [[Sid Fernandez]] (0-1)
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=13|'''HR''': '''HOU''' – [[Alan Ashby]] (1), [[Dickie Thon]] (1); '''NYM''' – None.
|}

===Game 5===
October 14 ([[Shea Stadium]], [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing, New York]])

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:500px; margin-left:3em;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
! style="text-align:left; width:16%;"|Team
!width=4%|1
!width=4%|2
!width=4%|3
!width=4%|4
!width=4%|5
!width=4%|6
!width=4%|7
!width=4%|8
!width=4%|9
!width=4%|10
!width=4%|11
!width=4%|12
!width=4%|R
!width=4%|H
!width=4%|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Houston
|0||0||0
|0||1||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|'''1'''||'''9'''||'''1'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|'''New York'''
|0||0||0
|0||1||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||1
|'''2'''||'''4'''||'''0'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=22|'''WP''': [[Jesse Orosco]] (2-0)  '''LP''': [[Charlie Kerfeld]] (0-1)
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=22|'''HRs''': '''HOU''' – None. '''NYM''' – [[Darryl Strawberry]] (2)
|}

===Game 6===
October 15 ([[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]], [[Houston]])

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:600px; margin-left:3em;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
! style="text-align:left; width:16%;"|Team
!width=4%|1
!width=4%|2
!width=4%|3
!width=4%|4
!width=4%|5
!width=4%|6
!width=4%|7
!width=4%|8
!width=4%|9
!width=4%|10
!width=4%|11
!width=4%|12
!width=4%|13
!width=4%|14
!width=4%|15
!width=4%|16
!width=4%|R
!width=4%|H
!width=4%|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|'''New York'''
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||3
|0||0||0
|0||1||0||3
|'''7'''||'''11'''||'''0'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Houston
|3||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||1||0||2
|'''6'''||'''11'''||'''1'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=22|'''WP''': [[Jesse Orosco]] (3-0)  '''LP''': [[Aurelio López]] (0-1)
|- style="text-align:left;"
|colspan=22|'''HRs''': '''NYM''' – None. '''HOU''' – [[Billy Hatcher]] (1)
|}

==World Series==
{{Main|1986 World Series}}
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:650px; margin-left:3em;"
'''NL [[New York Mets]] (4) vs. AL [[Boston Red Sox]] (3)'''
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e6e6e6;"
!width=|Game
!width=|Score
!width=|Date
!width=|Location
!width=|Attendance
!width=|Time of Game
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1|| '''Red Sox – 1''', Mets – 0 ||October 18||[[Shea Stadium]] (New York) || 57,908 || 3:18
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2|| '''Red Sox – 9''', Mets – 3 ||October 19||[[Shea Stadium]] (New York) || 57,911 || 2:44
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3|| '''Mets – 7''', Red Sox – 1 ||October 21||[[Fenway Park]] (Boston) || 33,595 || 3:09
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4|| '''Mets – 6''', Red Sox – 2 ||October 22||[[Fenway Park]] (Boston) || 33,920 || 3:22
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5|| Mets – 2, '''Red Sox – 4''' ||October 23||[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston]]) || 34,010 || 2:55
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6|| Red Sox – 5, '''Mets – 6''' (10 inn.) ||October 25||[[Shea Stadium]] ([[New York City]]) || 57,908 || 3:18
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7|| Red Sox – 5, '''Mets – 8''' ||October 27||[[Shea Stadium]] ([[New York City]]) || 55,032 || 2:44
|}

===Game Six===
{{Refimprove section|date=July 2012}}
One of the most famous games in baseball history is Game 6 of the 1986 World Series. The Mets rallied in the bottom of the 9th inning of Game 6, tying the game on a [[Gary Carter]] [[sacrifice fly]]. Reliever [[Calvin Schiraldi]] had loaded the bases with no outs and had a 3–0 count on Carter, who swung away at the next pitch to hit the fly ball. In the ninth inning, after a walk and an error put two men on with nobody out, [[Howard Johnson (baseball)|Howard Johnson]] was sent to the plate to sacrifice the winning run to third. After Johnson was unsuccessful on his first bunt attempt, Mets manager [[Davey Johnson]] took the bunt off. Johnson ended up striking out, leaving runners at first and second with one out. [[Lee Mazzilli]] followed with a deep fly to left that would have won the game had the runner been at third. [[Lenny Dykstra]] then flied out for the third out, sending the game to extra innings.

In the top of the 10th inning, [[Dave Henderson]] homered to pull the Sox within three outs of a world championship, and Barrett singled in [[Wade Boggs]] to make it a 5–3 lead. When [[Wally Backman]] and [[Keith Hernandez]] were retired to start the bottom of the 10th, the championship seemed at hand. After Hernandez made the second out, he went to the Mets' locker room, took off his uniform, opened a beer and watched the rest of the game on the clubhouse TV, thinking the game and the Series would be over soon. Hernandez, who is superstitious, never left that spot until the game ended. {{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Then, Carter singled to left. [[Pinch-hitter]] [[Kevin Mitchell (baseball)|Kevin Mitchell]] then singled to center and Shea Stadium started to get loud. Knight went down in the count 0–2 bringing the Mets to their last strike but he hit the next pitch into center field for a single that scored Carter and advanced Mitchell to third base, making the score 5–4 and bringing Shea back to life. Before his at-bat, Mitchell was on the phone in the locker room making plane reservations to fly home to [[San Diego]], thinking the game was over. He had already gotten out of his uniform and was in street clothes, and, when he was told he was batting, got off the phone and hurriedly got dressed, not even bothering to put his cup back on.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

The Red Sox replaced Schiraldi with [[Bob Stanley (baseball)|Bob Stanley]] to face [[left fielder]] [[Mookie Wilson]]. Wilson got the count to 2–1 but fouled the fourth pitch away to bring the Mets to their last strike again. He stayed alive fouling off two more Stanley pitches. Then, the seventh pitch sailed towards Wilson's knees sending him to the ground. the ball bounced off catcher [[Rich Gedman]]'s catchers' mitt and went straight to the backstop. Mitchell scored on the [[wild pitch]] (which many thought should have been scored a [[passed ball]]) uncontested to tie the game and Shea Stadium erupted while Knight advanced to second base. The Red Sox were shocked to have blown the lead with the game all but over, much as the Angels had done to them in the [[1986 American League Championship Series|ALCS]] almost two weeks earlier.

Wilson fouled off two more pitches to bring the at bat to the tenth pitch. His next hit sent a slow rolling ground ball up the first base line, which appeared to be an easy to field situation. [[Bill Buckner]], with his chronic bad ankles and knees, moved to field the ball in an effort to beat the speedy Wilson to first base, and finish the inning. As he bent over, the ball passed between his legs, under his glove and rolled behind him into right field. Shea Stadium exploded and the Mets' players and fans screamed in excitement. Knight needed to hold his helmet on while jumping towards home plate with the winning run. Buckner and the rest of the Red Sox appeared stunned as they exited the field.

[[Vin Scully]]'s call of the play quickly become an iconic one to baseball fans, with the normally calm Scully growing increasingly excited:

{{Cquote|So the winning run is at second base, with two outs, three and two to Mookie Wilson. (A) little roller up along first... ''behind the bag! It gets through Buckner! Here comes Knight, and the Mets win it!''}}

Scully then remained silent for more than three minutes, letting the pictures and the crowd noise tell the story. Scully resumed with: {{cquote|If one picture is worth a thousand words, you have seen about a million words, but more than that, you have seen an absolutely bizarre finish to Game 6 of the 1986 World Series. The Mets are not only alive, they are well, and they will play the [[1986 Boston Red Sox season|Red Sox]] in Game 7 tomorrow!}}

Had the Red Sox won the World Series, they would have won their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series since 1918]], in addition to making Boston the first city to win both NBA and World Series championships in the same year.<ref group=note>This feat would twice subsequently be achieved by [[Sports in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. In 1988, [[1987–88 Los Angeles Lakers season|the Los Angeles Lakers]] won a second consecutive [[1988 NBA Finals|NBA Finals series]], whilst [[1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season|the Dodgers]] won [[1988 World Series|the World Series]]. In 2002, [[2001-02 Los Angeles Lakers season|the Lakers]] would yet again win [[2002 NBA Finals|the NBA Finals]] whilst [[2002 Anaheim Angels season|the Angels]] won [[2002 World Series|the World Series]] later that year.</ref> As it turned out, the Celtics championship four months before was the last championship for Boston and for Massachusetts until the [[New England Patriots]], who lost [[Super Bowl XX]] to the [[Chicago Bears]] in January, won [[Super Bowl XXXVI]] in 2002.

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Ray Knight Johnny Holliday.jpg|Ray Knight in 2007 (on right), who scored the winning run in Game 6, was named 1986 World Series MVP.|thumb|right]]
* [[Ray Knight]], [[Babe Ruth Award]]
* [[Ray Knight]], World Series Most Valuable Player Award
* [[Keith Hernandez]], [[National League]] First Baseman [[Gold Glove]]
* [[Gary Carter]], National League Catcher [[Silver Slugger Award]]

==57th Major League Baseball All-Star Game==
{{Main|1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game}}
'''Infielders'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | Pos
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | #
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="16%" | Player
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | League
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | AB
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | H
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | RBI
|- align="center"
| 1B || 17 || {{sortname|Keith|Hernandez}} || [[National League]] Starter || 4 || 0 || 0
|}

'''Outfielders'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | Pos
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | #
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="16%" | Player
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | League
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | AB
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | H
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | RBI
|- align="center"
| RF || 18 || {{sortname|Darryl|Strawberry}} || [[National League]] Starter || 2 || 1 || 0
|}

'''Catcher'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | #
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="16%" | Player
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | League
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | AB
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | H
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | RBI
|- align="center"
| 8 || {{sortname|Gary|Carter}} || [[National League]] Starter || 3 || 0 || 0
|}

'''Pitchers'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | #
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="16%" | Player
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | League
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | IP
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | SO
|- align="center"
| 50 || {{sortname|Sid|Fernandez}} || [[National League]] || 1 || 3
|- align="center"
| 16 || {{sortname|Dwight|Gooden}} || [[National League]] Starter || 3 || 2
|}

'''Coach'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="5%" | #
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="16%" | Coach
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | League
! style="background:#003581;color:#f47937;" width="9%" | Position
|- align="center"
| 5 || {{sortname|Davey|Johnson}} || [[National League]] || Third Base Coach
|}

==Farm system==
{{See also|Minor League Baseball}}

{{MLB Farm System|level15=[[Triple-A (baseball)|AAA]]|team15=[[Tidewater Tides]]|league15=[[International League]]|manager15=[[Sam Perlozzo]]
|level16=[[Double-A (baseball)|AA]] |team16=[[Jackson Mets]]|league16=[[Texas League]]|manager16=[[Mike Cubbage]]
|level17=[[Single-A (baseball)|A]] |team17=[[Lynchburg Mets]]|league17=[[Carolina League]]|manager17=[[Bobby Floyd]]
|level18=[[Single-A (baseball)|A]]|team18=[[Columbia Mets]]|league18=[[South Atlantic League]]|manager18=[[Tucker Ashford]]
|level19=[[Class A-Short Season|A-Short Season]]|team19=[[Little Falls Mets]]|league19=[[New York–Penn League]]|manager19=[[Rich Miller (baseball)|Rich Miller]]
|level20=[[Rookie League|Rookie]]|team20=[[Kingsport Mets]]|league20=[[Appalachian League]]|manager20=[[Chuck Hiller]]
}}
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Columbia<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Lloyd|last2=Wolff|first2=Miles|title=The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball|edition=3rd|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Baseball America|year=2007}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|1986 New York Mets season}}
*[https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/NYM/1986.shtml 1986 New York Mets]
*[http://baseball-almanac.com/teamstats/roster.php?y=1986&t=NYN 1986 New York Mets] at ''Baseball Almanac''
*[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=dynasties/mets/080226 1986 Mets: The ballad of Doc and Darryl]
*{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/360324-remembering-the-1986-new-york-mets-the-five-greatest-moments|title=Remembering the 1986 New York Mets: The Five Greatest Moments|date=March 10, 2010|first=Ash|last=Marshall|work=Bleacher Report|accessdate=February 10, 2011}}

{{World Series champions}}
{{National League champions}}
{{National League East champions}}
{{1986 MLB season by team}}
{{1986 New York Mets}}
{{New York Mets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1986 New York Mets Season}}
[[Category:1986 Major League Baseball season|New York Mets season]]
[[Category:National League champion seasons]]
[[Category:National League East champion seasons]]
[[Category:New York Mets seasons]]
[[Category:World Series champion seasons]]
[[Category:1986 in sports in New York City|New York]]

Sky Fits Heaven

2020-04-25T11:18:14Z

RockinCrystal: Fixed grammar - added “was”.

{{good article}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Sky Fits Heaven
| cover =
| alt =
| type = promo
| artist = [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
| album = [[Ray of Light]]
| EP =
| A-side = "[[Drowned World/Substitute for Love]]"
| written =
| published =
| released = {{Start date|1998|10|02}}
| format = {{hlist|[[CD single|CD]]|[[12-inch single|12"]]}}
| recorded = 1997
| studio = Larrabee North Studio {{small|([[North Hollywood, California]])}}
| venue =
| genre =
| length = 4:48
| label = {{hlist|[[Maverick (company)|Maverick]]|[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]}}
| writer = {{hlist|Madonna|[[Patrick Leonard]]}}
| composer =
| lyricist =
| producer = {{hlist|Madonna|[[William Orbit]]|Patrick Leonard}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| tracks = {{Ray of Light tracks}}
}}

"'''Sky Fits Heaven'''" is a song recorded by American singer [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] for her seventh studio album, ''[[Ray of Light]]'' (1998). It was written and produced by Madonna and [[Patrick Leonard]]; the song also contained additional production from [[William Orbit]], and lyrical interpretations from British poet [[Max Blagg]]'s 1992 poem, ''What Fits?''. Uncredited in the album's official liner notes, Blagg's role in the song was the subject of several publications questioning Madonna's inspiration behind the track. A remix was created by [[Sasha (Welsh DJ)|Sasha]] and [[Victor Calderone]], and was released as a [[Promotional recording#Promo single|promotional single]] by [[Maverick (company)|Maverick]] and [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] on October 2, 1998.

When released, various [[Music journalism|music critics]] appreciated Orbit's extensive production on "Sky Fits Heaven". On a list of Madonna's best non-singles compiled by [[Idolator (website)|Idolator]], the track was ranked at number nine and acclaimed by critic Sal Cinquemani who enjoyed its "heavenly hook".<ref name="Idolator 15 years" /> The Sasha and Victor Calderone remix reached number 41 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s [[Dance Club Songs]] chart in November 1998, despite not being released as a commercial single. "Sky Fits Heaven" was performed on Madonna's [[Drowned World Tour]] in 2001, accompanied by flying acrobats during a Japanese-inspired sequence.

== Background ==
In 1992, poet [[Max Blagg]]'s work ''What Fits?'' was used in commercials for [[Gap Inc.]], showcasing a new line of [[jeans]] worn by American actress [[Mädchen Amick]]. The poem was also used in the advertisements for Gap on [[NBC]].<ref name="Entertainment Weekly commercial">{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Mark|title=Gap jeans commercial|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/10/23/gap-jeans-commercial|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 23, 1992}}</ref> Upon viewing them, Madonna contacted Blagg for obtaining permission to use the poem in her new musical material. While composing her 1998 album ''[[Ray of Light]]'', Madonna and Blagg reached a deal which would allow the singer to include excerpts of ''What Fits?'' within her song "Sky Fits Heaven"; in exchange, Blagg would receive no credit. The lines in particular: "Sky fits heaven so ride it / Child fits mother so hold your baby tight" would be used, with the exception of the first line which would be changed to "Sky fits heaven so fly it".<ref name="Max Blagg deal">{{cite web|title=Madonna Gets Lyrical Help From Gap Ad, Freeze For 'Frozen'|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1431615/madonna-gets-lyrical-help-from-gap-ad-freezes-for-frozen/|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 15, 2016|date=March 18, 1998}}</ref>

Upon its initial release on ''Ray of Light'', Daniel Frankel of [[E! News]] questioned Madonna's intentions on the track, which he found to be extremely similar to Blagg's work; Frankel was unaware of the agreement reached between the two.<ref name="E! News review">{{cite news|last1=Frankel|first1=David|title=Madonna's Musical Inspiration: Gap Ads?|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/36089/madonna-s-musical-inspiration-gap-ads|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=[[E! News]]|date=March 12, 1998}}</ref> George Rush and Joanna Molloy from the ''[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]'' first reported the incident on March 12, 1998, and claimed that "Madonna took care of the sticky issue of credit by paying Blagg" and leaving his name out of the album notes.<ref name="New York Daily News credit">{{cite news|last1=Rush|first1=George|last2=Molloy|first2=Joanna|last3=Baram|first3=Marcus|title=Monica Mouthpiece: I'd Be An Attorney At Largess|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/gossip/monica-mouthpiece-attorney-largess-article-1.790887|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|date=March 12, 1998}}</ref> Francesca Chapman from [[Philadelphia Media Network|Philly.com]] summarized the report: "Madonna's muses have ranged from the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] to porn purveyors, so it's no shock that her latest inspiration might come from... a Gap ad."<ref name="Philly.com article">{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Francesca|title=The 'Other-people's-material' Girl|url=http://articles.philly.com/1998-03-13/news/25744354_1_fashion-show-material-girl-gap-ad|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=[[Philadelphia Media Network|Philadelphia Daily News]]|date=March 13, 1998}}</ref>

== Composition and lyrics ==
"Sky Fits Heaven" was written and produced by Madonna and [[Patrick Leonard]], with additional production from [[William Orbit]]. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by [[Alfred Publishing]], "Sky Fits Heaven" is written in the key of [[D major]] and is set in [[time signature]] of common time with a moderately fast dance beat of 126 [[beats per minute]]. Madonna's vocals range from G3 to B{{flat}}4, leading an instrumentation of a piano and a guitar. The song follows a basic sequence of Dm–Am/D–Dm–Am/D as its [[chord progression]].<ref name="sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0034798|title=Madonna 'Sky Fits Heaven' Digital Sheet Music|publisher=Musicnotes.com|last1=Ciccone|first1=Madonna|last2=Leonard|first2=Patrick|year=1998|accessdate=October 15, 2016}}</ref> According to Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga in their book ''Introduction to Paremiology'' (2015), the singer and Leonard use pseudo [[proverb]]s to convey general messages often expressed by "real proverbs": "Hands fits giving, so do it / If the caps fits, wear it".<ref name="Paremiology book">{{harvnb|Hrisztova-Gotthardt|Varga|2015|p=283}}</ref> Further discussing the track's religious themes, Madonna confessed about the inspiration surrounding both "Sky Fits Heaven" and "Shanti/Ashtangi":
<blockquote>
I feel that talking about it trivializes it. I've been studying the Cabala {{sic}}, which is the mystical interpretation of the Torah. I've studied Buddhism and Hinduism and I've been practising yoga and obviously I know a lot about Catholicism. There are indisputable truths that connect all of them, and I find that very comforting and kind. My spiritual journey is to be open to everything. Pay attention to what makes sense, be absorbed. For me, yoga is the closest thing to our real nature.<ref name="spin">{{cite news|last=Walters|first=Barry|date=April 1998|title=Madonna: The 'Ray of Light' Cover Story, 'Madonna Chooses Dare'|url=http://www.spin.com/2016/03/madonna-ray-of-light-cover-story-1998/|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|accessdate=October 15, 2016}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The song itself sheds light on [[Prayer|Eastern worship prayer]] through personal methodology,<ref name="The Lyrics of Civility book">{{harvnb|Bielen|2016|p=209}}</ref> and spiritual connections between herself and her then-newborn daughter Lourdes.<ref name=michigan>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19980310&id=9QlbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IE4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1044,2605069|title=Madonna Opens Heart and Soul on 'Light'|first=Bryan|last=Lark|work=[[The Michigan Daily]]|date=March 10, 1998|accessdate=October 15, 2016}}</ref> Paul Northup from ''[[Third Way (magazine)|Third Way]]'' noted the singer's claim that "all paths lead to God" within the lyrics: "Isn't everyone just / Traveling down their own road / Watching the signs as they go?".<ref name="Third Way review">{{cite journal|last1=Northup|first1=Paul|title=Review: Ray of Light – Madonna|journal=[[Third Way (magazine)|Third Way]]|date=April 1998|volume=21|issue=3|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h56sBy_z9eUC&pg=PA28|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd}}</ref>

== Remixes and chart performance ==
Disc jockeys [[Sasha (Welsh DJ)|Sasha]] and [[Victor Calderone]] was exclusively commissioned to produce a partnered remix for "Sky Fits Heaven" in 1998. The Sasha Remix was created solely by the former while the more well known Sasha and Victor Calderone mix was composed as part of a collaboration. According to Calderone himself, he had to restructure the entire composition in order for the remix to work properly.<ref name="Remix Billboard">{{cite journal|last1=Paoletta|first1=Michael|title=Dance Trax: Tommy Boy's Calderone Packs A Punch On 'E=VC2'|journal=Billboard|date=October 2, 1999|volume=111|issue=40|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38|accessdate=October 15, 2016|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Neither of the two musicians were able to personally meet Madonna as part of the job, which Sasha found more pressuring.<ref name="Superstar DJs Here We Go!: The Rise and Fall of the Superstar DJ">{{harvnb|Phillips|2009|p=295}}</ref> Calderone would later include the finalized remix, in addition to remixes for both "[[Frozen (Madonna song)|Frozen]]" and "[[Ray of Light (song)|Ray of Light]]" on a demo CD released by [[Sony Music Studios|Sony Music]] on October 2, 1998.<ref name="Victor Calderone Demo CD">{{cite AV media notes |title=Victor Calderone Remixes |type=CD liner notes |others=[[Victor Calderone]] |publisher=[[Sony Music Studios|Sony Music]] |year=1998 }}</ref>

Since it was not released as a commercial single or sent for radio airplay, "Sky Fits Heaven" could not appear on any ''Billboard'' [[Hot Singles Sales|sales]] or [[Hot 100 Airplay|airplay]] charts. Although, the Sasha and Victor Calderone's Remix version managed to appear on ''Billboard''{{'}}s [[Dance Club Songs]] chart in 1998. The remix itself had only been released to clubs and was not physically available for purchase; however, the aforementioned version and the Sasha Remix appeared as [[A-side and B-side|B-side cuts]] on selected [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] release of her 1998 single "[[Drowned World/Substitute for Love]]",<ref name="UK vinyl single">{{cite AV media notes |title=''"[[Drowned World/Substitute for Love]]"'' |type=Vinyl single liner notes |others=Madonna |publisher=[[Maverick (company)|Maverick]] |year=1998 |id= 3331 00003 7}}</ref><ref name="European vinyl single">{{cite AV media notes |title=''"Drowned World/Substitute for Love"'' |type=Vinyl single liner notes |others=Madonna |publisher=Maverick |year=1998 |id= 9362 44552 0}}</ref> and the respective [[CD single]] released in the United Kingdom and Japan.<ref name="United Kingdom CD single">{{cite AV media notes |title=''"Drowned World (Substitute for Love)"'' |type=CD single liner notes |others=Madonna |publisher=Maverick |year=1998 |id= WO453CD2}}</ref><ref name="Japanese CD single">{{cite AV media notes |title=''"Drowned World (Substitute for Love)"'' |type=CD single liner notes |others=Madonna |publisher=Maverick |year=1998 |id= WPCR 1983}}</ref> "Sky Fits Heaven" debuted on the chart for the week ending October 24, 1998, at number 45.<ref name="Billboard journal">{{cite journal|title=Hot Dance Music: Club Play|journal=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43|date=October 24, 1998|volume=110|issue=43|page=43|accessdate=October 15, 2016|issn=0006-2510}}</ref><ref name="Billboard sfh peaks">{{cite news|title=Sky Fits Heaven – Madonna|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=is_bmdb_track_id%3A6185981&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A359&refine=1|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=Billboard}}</ref> The track reached its peak position at number 41, and lasted an additional three weeks on the chart before departing in its sixth week total at the bottom position at number 50.<ref name="Dance Club Songs" /><ref name="Billboard six week">{{cite journal|title=Hot Dance Music: Club Play|journal=Billboard|date=November 28, 1998|volume=110|issue=48|pages=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29|accessdate=October 15, 2016|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
[[File:SkyFitsHeavenDionisio.jpg|thumb|Madonna performing "Sky Fits Heaven" during the [[Drowned World Tour]] in 2001|alt=Madonna in a red dress, flanked by her dancers wearing white dress]]
''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s Michael Paoletta appreciated Madonna for helping "shine mainstream 'light' on [the] dance genre" and admitted that he "can't help but get goose bumps" from the recording,<ref name="Billboard journal article">{{cite journal|last1=Paoletta|first1=Michael|title=Dance Trax: Madonna Helps Shine Mainstream 'Light' On Dance Genre|journal=Billboard|date=December 26, 1998|volume=110|issue=52|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40|accessdate=October 15, 2016|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> while ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s [[Rob Sheffield]] found it "interesting".<ref name="rolling">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/madonna/albums/album/111072/review/18725830/ray_of_light|title=Madonna: Ray of Light review|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|date=April 2, 1998|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=Jann S. Wenner|accessdate=December 8, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503115214/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/madonna/albums/album/111072/review/18725830/ray_of_light|archivedate=May 3, 2009 }}</ref> As part of reviewing ''Ray of Light'' in lieu of its fifteenth anniversary, Stephen Sears from [[Idolator (website)|Idolator]] positively stated that in addition to the album track "Skin", the two songs "sound earth-shaking on a large sound system".<ref name="Idolator 15 years">{{cite news|last1=Sears|first1=Stephen|title=Madonna's 'Ray of Light' Turns 15: Backtracking|url=http://www.idolator.com/7444244/madonna-ray-of-light-anniversary-15-backtracking|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|date=March 4, 2013}}</ref> In [[Slant Magazine]]'s list of "15 Greatest Madonna Non-Singles", Sal Cinquemani and Eric Henderson listed "Sky Fits Heaven" at number nine. Cinquemani claimed the song a marvel due to its "heavenly hook" and Orbit's impeccable production.<ref name="Slant Magazine 15">{{cite news|last1=Cinquemani|first1=Sal|last2=Henderson|first2=Eric|title=15 Greatest Madonna Non-Singles (Page 2)|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/15-greatest-madonna-non-singles/P2|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=July 26, 2013}}</ref> In his book ''Kate Bush and Hounds of Love'', Ron Moy disliked the singer's role of "guesting" on the recording, which he found "typical of the work of ...Orbit".<ref name="Kate Bush and Hounds of Love review">{{harvnb|Moy|2013|pp=82–83}}</ref> Author [[Matthew Rettenmund]] included the song at number 16 on his list of songs released by Madonna.<ref name="Rett">{{cite news|last=Rettenmund|first=Matthew|authorlink=Matthew Rettenmund|title=Immaculate Perception: Every Madonna Song, Best To Worst—My Personal List|url=http://www.boyculture.com/boy_culture/2013/02/immaculate-perception-every-madonna-song-best-to-worst.html|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=BoyCulture.com|date=February 23, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627170940/http://www.boyculture.com/boy_culture/2013/02/immaculate-perception-every-madonna-song-best-to-worst.html|archivedate=November 2, 2016}}</ref> In August 2018, ''Billboard'' picked it as the singer's 52nd greatest song, calling it "one of the most musically ambitious tracks of 1990s Madonna, ["Sky Fits Heaven"] blends trance throb with drum n bass propulsion, ambient atmsopherics and even some light rock shredding for a strikingly buoyant soundscape. Madge's Max Blagg-inspired lyrical meditations occasionally border on the impenetrable, but the chorus lifts even higher than expected with an easily comprehended refrain that practically registers as career-defining".<ref name="Billboard100">{{cite web |title=The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs: Critics' Picks |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8469835/100-greatest-madonna-songs-list |work=Billboard|accessdate=November 25, 2018 |date=August 15, 2018}}</ref>

== Live performances ==
While promoting ''Ray of Light'' on February 14, 1998, Madonna performed "Sky Fits Heaven", "Shanti/Ashtangi" and "[[Ray of Light (song)|Ray of Light]]" at [[Roxy NYC]] nightclub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/articles/3250/madonna-lights-up-new-yorks-roxy/|title=Madonna Lights Up New York's Roxy |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer |publisher=MTV News|date=February 16, 1998 |accessdate=February 9, 2014}}</ref> "Sky Fits Heaven" was also included on the [[Drowned World Tour]] of 2001, to support both ''Ray of Light'', and her eighth studio album ''[[Music (Madonna album)|Music]]'' (2000). For the act, Madonna appeared swinging from wires in a Japanese-inspired sequence. [[AllMusic]]'s Clive Young complemented the singer's live rendition of the track, and found it surprising that she "sang every note" to the audience.<ref name="AllMusic tour book">{{harvnb|Young|2004|p=107}}</ref> During the final concert held in [[Los Angeles]] at the [[Staples Center]], Madonna's then-husband at the time, [[Guy Ritchie]], appeared as a samurai while wearing a [[Los Angeles Lakers]] jersey.<ref>{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=136}}</ref> The performance of the song on August 26, 2001, at [[The Palace of Auburn Hills]] was recorded and released in the live [[video album]], ''[[Drowned World Tour 2001]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/78099/madonnas-drowned-comes-to-home-video|last=Trust|first=Gary|work=Billboard|title=Madonna's 'Drowned' Comes To Home Video|date=October 9, 2001|accessdate=June 30, 2013}}</ref>

== Track listing and formats ==
*'''CD and 12" single'''<ref name="Victor Calderone Demo CD"/>
# "Ray of Light" – 9:29
# "Frozen" – 11:25
# "Sky Fits Heaven" – 10:28

== Credits and personnel ==
'''Management'''
* WB Music Corp./Webo Girl Publishing, Inc. (ASCAP)
* WB Music Corp./No Tomato Music (ASCAP)

'''Personnel'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] – vocals, songwriter, producer
* Mark Endert – [[audio engineer|engineer]]
* Jon Englesby – engineer
* Ted Jensen – mastering
* [[Patrick Leonard]] – songwriter, producer
* Pat McCarthy – engineer
* [[William Orbit]] – producer
* David Reitzas – engineer
* Matt Silva – engineer
{{div col end}}
Credits and personnel adapted from the album's official liner notes.<ref name="ROLalbum">{{cite AV media notes|type=Liner notes |title=[[Ray of Light]]|year=1998|others=Madonna|publisher= [[Sire Records]], [[Warner Bros. Records]]|id=9362-46847-2}}</ref>

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (1998)
!scope="col"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|41|artist=Madonna|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 15, 2016|refname="Dance Club Songs"|note=[[Sasha (Welsh DJ)|Sasha]] and [[Victor Calderone]]'s Remix}}
|-
|}

== Release history ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| United States
| October 2, 1998
| {{hlist|[[CD single|CD]]|[[12-inch single|12"]]}}
| {{hlist|Maverick|Warner Bros.}}
| <ref name="Victor Calderone Demo CD" />
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bielen|first1=Kenneth|title=The Lyrics of Civility: Biblical Images & Popular Music Lyrics in American Culture|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|ref=harv|isbn=9780815331933}}
*{{cite book| last = Fouz-Hernández| first = Santiago| first2 = Freya| last2 = Jarman-Ivens| title = Madonna's Drowned Worlds| publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing, Ltd]]| isbn = 0-7546-3372-1| year = 2004| ref = harv| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/madonnasdrownedw0000unse}}
*{{cite book|last1=Hrisztova-Gotthardt|first1=Hrisztalina|last2=Varga|first2=Melita Aleksa|title=Introduction to Paremiology: A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies|year=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|ref=harv|isbn=9783110410167}}
*{{cite book|last1=Moy|first1=Ron|title=Kate Bush and Hounds of Love|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|ref=harv|isbn=9780754686781}}
*{{cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=Dom|title=Superstar DJs Here We Go!: The Rise and Fall of the Superstar DJ|year=2009|publisher=[[Random House]]|ref=harv|isbn=9780091926939}}
*{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Clive|title=Crank It Up: Live Sound Secrets of the Top Tour Engineers|year=2004|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]|ref=harv|isbn=9780879307783}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikipedia books|Ray of Light}}
* [https://open.spotify.com/track/2KuNI576snW2Xlr1y8cMaW "Sky Fits Heaven"] on [[Spotify]]

{{Madonna songs}}

[[Category:1998 songs]]
[[Category:Madonna (entertainer) songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Madonna (entertainer)]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Patrick Leonard]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by William Orbit]]
[[Category:Songs based on poems]]
[[Category:Songs written by Madonna (entertainer)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Patrick Leonard]]

Dave Klein (musician)

2020-02-07T08:23:29Z

RockinCrystal: /* Touring */Changed Agent Orange to Agent Orange - it’s supposed to link to the band, not the chemical.

'''Dave Klein''' is an American producer, composer and musician with over 25 years' experience as professional [[drummer]], [[bassist]] and [[keyboardist]]. Recorded and toured throughout North America, Europe, Asia and South America with Agent Orange, Sky Saxon and The Seeds, The Ghastly Ones, Woolly Bandits and The Bomboras, Good Whales and has worked with Rob Zombie and producers Scott Humphrey, Barry Adamson and Christopher Wade Damerst. Owner and operator of Dave Klein Recording, his private studio located in the hills of [[Highland Park, California]].

==Production, recording, and mixed projects==
Artists Dave Klein has worked with:
*[[Agent Orange (band)|Agent Orange]]<ref name="AgentOrange">{{cite web |url = http://blogs.houstonpress.com/rocks/2012/02/agent_orange_warehouse_live_fe.php |title = Last Night: Agent Orange At Warehouse Live |last = Vonder Haar |first = Pete |date = February 22, 2012 |website = Houston Press |accessdate= December 17, 2013 }}</ref>
*[[45 Grave]]
*[[Mac Sabbath]]
*[[Guttermouth]]
*[[Radioactive Chicken Heads]]
*Messer Chups
*Tony Valentino of The Standells
*Sky Saxon
*Powerflex 5
*Throw The Goat
*Gamblers Mark
*Soraia
*The Love Me Nots
*[[Ghastly Ones|The Ghastly Ones]]
*[[The Droogs]]
*[[In the Whale|In The Whale]]
*Chuck Treece
*Chris Strompolos
*Ami Canaan Mann
*Daaman Krall
*[[Rikk Agnew]]
*[[Kim Shattuck]]
*Casey Royer
*Tony Reflux
*The Step Daughters
*Lonely Stars
*Stay Out
*Koi Division
*Celebrity Stalker
*Frozen Charlottes
*Southpaw
*LA's Forgotten
*Spice Pistols
*Justin Paul Sanders
*Vince Conrad (Smart Pills, The Aliens)
*John Rosewall (The Last, Trotsky Icepick)
*Los Grainders (Mexico)
*Blaklist
*SWINE
*The Intros
*Sewerside Bombers
*Haze
*Empty Tactics
*Jabbermouth
*The Tiki Creeps
*The Ruffolos
*The LessOffs
*Skarletto and the Apocalypse
*The Tankerays
*The Slithers
*Haymaker (Prauge CZ)
*Vegas Death Ray
*The Blanks
*Wick
*Shawn Preston
*The Whining Pussys
*Unpresidented
*John Ciulik
*The Curse
*C:28
*45 Spider
*The Ultra 4
*Shubees
*Haiz
*Off The Wall
*Scurvy Kids
*The Hellflowers
*The Bots
*The Sound Reasons
*Good Whales
*The Green Machines
*The Nathaniel Johnstone Band
*The Green Ghosts
*The Cherry Drops
*The Aquaholics
*The Atom Age
*The Sirens
*The Unclaimed
*[[Palmyra Delran]] and Bubble Gun
*Moonchasers
*The Sloths
*The Vooduo
*The Thingz
*Prost!
*[[Sepo (band)|Sepo]]
*The Seriouslys
*Feral Kizzy
*The Tammy Olea Band
*[[Unextraordinary Gentlemen]]
*Galactic Romance
*The Last Wolves
*BloodPenny
*FroBro and Friends
*[[Insect Surfers]]
*Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
*The Darklings
*The Odd Squad
*The 20 Grand Club
*The Ghosts of Searchlight
*The Beat Killers
*Ding Dong Devils
*The Rough Boys
*The Returners
*The Spanks
*The Hitz
*Thee Spectors
*The Headless Hearsemen.
*Frozen Charlottes

Dave has also recorded with [[Rob Zombie]] and Producers [[Scott Humphrey]], Barry Adamson and Christopher Wade Damerst.

==Touring==
Dave has variously recorded and toured throughout North America, South America, Europe and Asia with:
* [[Agent Orange (band)|Agent Orange]]<ref name="AgentOrange" />
*[[Sky Saxon]]
*[[The Seeds]]<ref name="press">{{cite web |url=http://www.skysunlightsaxon.com/booking/press.html |title=Press |date=2003(?) |work=A collection of reviews regarding The Seeds |accessdate=November 24, 2009 }}</ref>
*[[Ghastly Ones]]
*[[The Bomboras]]
*[[The Witchdoctors]]
*[[The Finks]]
*[[The Legendary Invisible Men]]

==Film and game credits==

Dave's television, film and game credits include:

* Thrasher Magazine King of the Road series (intro theme)
*The Adventures of Crash Tucker (theme)
*Music featured in ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]'' (DVD)
*FOX Television's "Raising Hope"
*2009 release of ''[[Night of the Demons (2009 film)|Night of the Demons]]
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100914204745/http://loscampeones.net/ Los Campeones De La Lucha]
*''[[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]]''
*''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''
*''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0159270/ Board Heads]''
*Music featured in ''Tony Hawk 2'' for iPhone
*''I Was A Teenage Monster Shirt Painter''
*Additional sound for Bryan Birge's [[Urban Nomads]].

==Current projects==
He is currently composing, recording and drumming for OC surf/punk legend [[Agent Orange (band)|Agent Orange]], and producing bands in his private studio in Los Angeles.

== Discography ==

=== Agent Orange ===
* Halloween Single - This house Is Haunted b/w Whistling Past The Graveyard, 2010

=== Woolly Bandits ===
* Say Hello To My Little Friend, 2004

===Bomboras<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zombiefaq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=106 |title=Zombie-A-Go-Go records |date=2008–2009 |work=A listing of Zombie-A-Go-Go records |accessdate=November 24, 2009 }}</ref>===
* Savage Island, 1995
* Swingin' Singles!, 1996
* Organ Grinder, 1995/1997
* [[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]], 1997
* It Came from Pier 13!, 1997
* Board Headz movie, 1998
* Head Shrinkin' Fun, 1998

===The Finks===
*Fill er up and Go

===Ghastly Ones===
* A Haunting We Will Go-Go, 1998
* Target: Draculon, 2006
* Unearthed, 2007
* SpongeBob Scaredy Pants, SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights, 2001
* "Flying Saucers Over Van Nuys", green vinyl 45", 2006

===The Legendary Invisible Men===
*Who's Sorry Now?, 2000
*Come Get Some, 2002

===The Seeds<ref name="press" />===
*Red Planet, 2004

===The Witchdoctors===
*Witchdoctor A Go Go

==External links==
* [http://www.davekleinrecording.com Dave Klein Production & Recording]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105125631/http://www.agentorange.net/ Agent Orange]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170910182845/http://www.ghastlyones.com/ The Ghastly Ones]

==References==
<references/>
3. [http://weliveinthecity.com/wordpress/?p=981 NYC Mercury Lounge Show Review]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klein, Dave}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Agent Orange (band) members]]
[[Category:American rock drummers]]
[[Category:American rock keyboardists]]

{{US-keyboardist-stub}}
{{US-drummer-stub}}

Malachi Throne

2020-01-11T12:36:17Z

RockinCrystal: /* Early life */Fixed typo: changed “Rebecca’s parent’s” to “Rebecca’s parents”.

{{short description|American actor}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Malachi Throne
|image = Malachi Throne Ida Lupino It Takes a thief 1968 crop.jpg
|alt =
|caption =Throne in ''It Takes a Thief'', 1968
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1928|12|1}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|2013|3|13|1928|12|1}}
|death_place = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles|Brentwood, California]], U.S.
|occupation = Actor
|yearsactive = 1959–2013
|spouse = {{Plainlist|
* Judith Merians (m. 1965–1992; divorced; 2 children)
* Marjorie Bernstein Throne (m. 1992–2013; his death)
}}
|children = [[Zachary Throne|Zachary]], Joshua}}

'''Malachi Throne''' (December 1, 1928 – March 13, 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/malachi-throne-dead-dies-batman-actor_n_2885549.html?ncid=edlinkusaolp00000003|title=Malachi Throne Dead: 'Batman' Actor Dies At Age 84|website=Huffpost.com|date=March 15, 2013|accessdate=July 31, 2015}}</ref> was an American stage and television actor, noted for his guest-starring roles on ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)|Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]'', ''[[Lost in Space]]'', ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'', ''[[Land of the Giants]]'', ''[[The Time Tunnel]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'', and ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]'', and best known as Noah Bain on ''[[It Takes a Thief (1968 TV series)|It Takes a Thief]]''.<ref name="imdb"/> He narrated the beginning and end of all episodes of “The Invaders”.

==Early life==
Throne was born in New York City to Austro-Hungarian and Russian Jews,<ref>Super Forty (15 September 2009). ''Malachi Throne: Character actor appeared on "Star Trek" and numerous TV shows''. {{cite web |url=http://superforty.com/malachi-throne-character-actor-appeared-on-star-trek-and-numerous-tv-shows/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822011121/http://superforty.com/malachi-throne-character-actor-appeared-on-star-trek-and-numerous-tv-shows/ |archivedate=2016-08-22 }}
</ref> Samuel and Rebecca Throne, who emigrated to America before World War II. His mother Rebecca's parents were Max Chaikin and Fanny Podolski. Throne was raised in [[The Bronx]]. He first appeared on stage at the age of ten in 1939 in the New York Parks Department production of ''[[Tom Sawyer]]'' as [[Huckleberry Finn (character)|Huckleberry Finn]].

He attended [[Brooklyn College]], and served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War.<ref name=TimesObit>{{cite news|last=Slotnik|first=Daniel E.|title=Malachi Throne, Actor on TV, Dies at 84|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/arts/television/malachi-throne-actor-in-it-takes-a-thief-dies-at-84.html|accessdate=26 March 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="hr130315">{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Barnes|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|title='Batman' Villain Malachi Throne Dies at 84|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/malachi-throne-batman-star-trek-thief-429009|date=March 15, 2013|accessdate=March 15, 2013}}</ref>

==Television career==
[[File:Malachi Throne Robert Wagner It Takes a Thief 1968.jpg|thumb|left|Malachi Throne with [[Robert Wagner]] in ''It Takes a Thief'', 1968.]]
Throne was a popular guest star on many television series of the 1960s and 1970s, including ''[[Mr. Novak]]'' (four episodes), ''[[The Defenders (1961 TV series)|The Defenders]]'', ''[[Naked City (TV series)|Naked City]]'', ''[[The Wild Wild West]]'', ''[[Ben Casey]]'', ''[[The Untouchables (1959 TV series)|The Untouchables]]'', ''[[GE True]]'', ''[[Combat!]]'', ''[[The Fugitive (TV series)|The Fugitive]]'', ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]'' ("The Four-Steps Affair" from 1965), ''[[Mannix]]'' (as Inspector Frank Kyler in the 1967 episode, "Run Sheep Run"), ''[[The High Chaparral]]'', ''[[Hogan's Heroes]]'', [[Babylon 5]] ( "The Coming of Shadows" ) and ''[[Lost in Space]]''.<ref name="imdb"/> He also played the character Sandifer in the 1964 ''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' episode ''The Case of the Simple Simon''.

He co-starred, with [[Robert Wagner]], in the TV series ''[[It Takes a Thief (1968 TV series)|It Takes a Thief]]''. Throne was a favorite actor of TV producer [[Irwin Allen]]; he appeared in numerous roles in Allen's series ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)|Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]'', ''[[The Time Tunnel]]'', ''[[Land of the Giants]]'', and ''[[Lost in Space]]'', often as several different characters in the same series. Throne played in two episodes of ''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' during seasons one and four as two different characters. Earlier in ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'' TV series ("[[Cold Hands, Warm Heart]]", 1964) he appeared with [[William Shatner]].<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=0861943|name=Malachi Throne}}</ref>

===Roles in ''Star Trek''===
Throne provided the voice of the Keeper in the ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'''s first pilot episode "[[The Cage (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Cage]]" (1964). Not broadcast in its original form for many years, most of the episode was included within the two-part "[[The Menagerie (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Menagerie]]" (1966).<ref name="hr130315"/> As Throne was cast in another role in "The Menagerie", Commodore José I. Méndez, the Keeper's voice was electronically altered in pitch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://startrekhistory.com/cagepage.html|title=The Cage Page: Behind The Scenes Of Star Trek's First Pilot|accessdate=September 17, 2011}}</ref>

On ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', Throne played Pardek, a [[Romulan]] senator, in the two-part episode
"[[Unification (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Unification]]". In 2004, he appeared in the second episode of the ''[[New Voyages]]'', titled "In Harm's Way".<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0910481 ''In Harm's Way'' details], imdb.com; accessed May 1, 2016.</ref>

===Roles in ''Batman''===
He played the villain [[False-Face]] in the ABC series ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]''. The character, who used a variety of disguises to effect his nefarious schemes, wore a semitransparent mask when not in the middle of his crimes. The mask rendered Throne's face unrecognizable on screen. Playing off this effect, but against Throne's wishes, the show's producers wrote the onscreen credit as "? as False Face", denying Throne his screen credit. However, at the end credits of "Holy Rat Race", Throne's full name was credited. Later, he appeared in animation as the voice of [[Two-Face]]'s [[superego]] the Judge on ''[[The New Batman Adventures]]'' (1998), and as the voice of Fingers the Gorilla on the ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' episode "Speak No Evil" (2000).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0861943 Malachi Throne profile], imdb.com; accessed March 1, 2016.</ref>

==Film appearances==
His film career was not as prolific as his television work, though he did have roles in films such as ''[[The Young Lovers (1964 film)|The Young Lovers]]'' (1964), ''[[Beau Geste (1966 film)|Beau Geste]]'' (1966), ''[[Code Name: Heraclitus]]'' (1967), ''[[Assault on the Wayne]]'' (1971), ''[[The Greatest (1977 film)|The Greatest]]'' (1977), ''[[Stunts (film)|Stunts]]'' (1977) and ''[[Primary Motive]]'' (1992). He also had a small role in the 2002 film ''[[Catch Me if You Can]]''.<ref name=TimesObit/>

==Theater career==
Throne lived in Southern California, and he did much local theater work there. He was a member of the Theater West company in Hollywood. He also won critical acclaim for several performances with the [[Fountain Theatre]] in Los Angeles. Much earlier in his career, he had appeared briefly on Broadway (as Mal Thorne) in Reginald Lawrence's ''Legend of Lizzie'' and other plays.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last1=Slotnik|first1=Daniel E.|title=Malachi Throne, Actor on TV, Dies at 84|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/arts/television/malachi-throne-actor-in-it-takes-a-thief-dies-at-84.html|accessdate=28 October 2017|work=The New York TImes|date=24 March 2013}}</ref>

==Advertising==
Malachi Throne was a national television spokesman for [[Ziebart]] in several advertising campaigns throughout the 1970s. He also narrated the 1976 trailer for the film ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977).

==Death==
Throne died of lung cancer at his home in Brentwood, California on March 13, 2013 at the age of 84.<ref name=TimesObit/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1964|| ''[[The Young Lovers (1964 film)|The Young Lovers]]'' || Prof. Schwartz ||
|-
|1966|| ''[[Beau Geste (1966 film)|Beau Geste]]'' || Kerjacki ||
|-
|1967|| ''[[Code Name: Heraclitus]]'' || Hoffman ||
|-
|1971|| ''[[Assault on the Wayne]]'' || Dr. Dykers ||
|-
|1972|| ''Six Hundred and Sixty-Six'' || The Man || Voice
|-
|1973|| ''Frasier, the Sensuous Lion'' || Bill Windsor ||
|-
|1977|| ''[[The Greatest (1977 film)|The Greatest]]'' || Payton Jory ||
|-
|1977|| ''[[Stunts (film)|Stunts]]'' || Earl O'Brien ||
|-
|1987|| ''[[Eat and Run]]'' || Opera Announcer ||
|-
|1992|| ''[[Primary Motive]]'' || Ken Blumenthal ||
|-
|2002|| ''[[Catch Me if You Can]]'' || Abe Penner ||
|}
{{Portal|Biography|New York City|California|Theatre|Television}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0861943|Malachi Throne}}
*{{IBDB name|104872}}
*{{iobdb name|21257}}
{{Memoryalpha}}
*{{Wookieepedia|Malachi Throne}}
*{{Findagrave|106720460|Malachi Throne}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Throne, Malachi}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]]
[[Category:American male child actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York City]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in California]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Jewish American male actors]]
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College alumni]]

Angel (American band)

2019-12-15T02:30:33Z

RockinCrystal: /* History */Fixed typo: changed “to” to “two”.

{{More citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Angel
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Washington, D.C.]], United States
| genre = [[Glam rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[hard rock]]
| years_active = 1975–1981, 1987, 1998–present
| label = [[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]] Coallier Entertainment Cleopatra Records
| associated_acts = [[BUX (band)|BUX]], [[White Sister (band)|White Sister]], [[Giuffria]], [[House of Lords (band)|House of Lords]]
| website = [https://angelbandofficial.weebly.com Official Angel Website]
| current_members = [[Punky Meadows]] Frank DiMino Danny Farrow Charlie Calv Steve E. Ojane Billy Orrico
| past_members = Mickie Jones [[Rudy Sarzo]] [[Fergie Frederiksen]] [[Ricky Phillips]] [[Randy Gregg (musician)|Randy Gregg]] Gordon G.G. Gebert [[Steve Blaze]] Michael T. Ross Barry Brandt [[Gregg Giuffria]] Felix Robinson
}}

'''Angel''' is an American [[rock music|rock]] band from [[Washington, D.C.]], United States, formed in the mid-1970s by [[Punky Meadows]] and Mickie Jones. They were primarily known for their flamboyant [[Glam rock|glam]] stage presence and white satin outfits.<ref name="LarkinHM">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who’s Who of Heavy Metal]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1995|edition=Second|isbn=0-85112-656-1|page=23}}</ref>

== History ==
Angel was discovered by [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] bass player [[Gene Simmons]] performing at a nightclub and was eventually signed to the same label as Kiss, [[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocknrollhell.com/angel/ |title=Angel |website=Rocknrollhell.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-01}}</ref>

Angel's image of dressing in all white was a deliberate contrast to Kiss, which wore black. Angel sported an [[androgynous]] image and elaborate stage sets. They were slammed by rock critics, and [[Frank Zappa]] ridiculed the all-male band’s feminine appearance in the song "Punky's Whips".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221132100/http://www.chaoticworks.com/meadows/punkyswhips.html|title=Punky’s Whips|date=21 February 2008|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> Angel never achieved mass commercial success but acquired a following as a [[cult band]].<ref name="LarkinHM"/>

Their first album was the self-titled ''[[Angel (Angel album)|Angel]]'' (1975) and consisted of guitarist [[Punky Meadows]], bassist Mickie Jones, vocalist Frank DiMino, keyboardist [[Gregg Giuffria]], and drummer [[Barry Brandt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glorydazemusic.com/articles.php?article_id=2324|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120904054907/http://www.glorydazemusic.com/articles.php?article_id=2324|url-status=dead|title=GLORYDAZE Music - Articles: Angel - 1975 Angel|date=4 September 2012|archivedate=4 September 2012|website=Archive.today|accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> This lineup would hold for the following two albums, ''[[Helluva Band]]'' (1976) and ''[[On Earth as It Is in Heaven]]'' (1977), after which Jones was replaced by Felix Robinson.<ref name="LarkinHM"/>

They made an appearance in the film ''[[Foxes (film)|Foxes]]'' (1980) and Frank DiMino sang "Seduce Me Tonight" on the ''[[Flashdance (soundtrack)|Flashdance]]'' (1983) soundtrack.

DiMino and Meadows departed the band in 1981, and the remaining members brought in vocalist [[Fergie Frederiksen]] (later of [[Toto (band)|Toto]]) and guitarist [[Ricky Phillips]] (later of [[The Babys]], then [[Bad English]], then [[Styx (band)|Styx]]), but this lineup dissolved shortly thereafter.

The former members of Angel went on to other things following the release of their live album. Lead vocalist Frank DiMino joined [[UFO (band)|UFO]] guitarist [[Paul Raymond (musician)|Paul Raymond]] in the Paul Raymond Project in which he sang lead vocals. Bassist Felix Robinson played on the debut album of the band [[White Lion]], ''[[Fight to Survive]]'' (1985/1986).<ref name="LarkinHM"/> Angel’s keyboardist [[Gregg Giuffria]] had modest success as the leader of the band [[Giuffria]] during the 1980s as well as with the band [[House of Lords (band)|House of Lords]],<ref name="LarkinHM"/> who - sans Giuffria - reunited in 2002 and released a new album, ''[[The Power and the Myth]]'' on [[Frontiers Records]]. In 2006, Giuffria appeared as a guest keyboardist on House of Lords' LP ''[[World Upside Down]]'', and they released ''[[Come to My Kingdom]]'' in 2008 without Giuffria.

In the late 1990s, Angel reformed with a new line-up: Frank DiMino, vocals; [[Barry Brandt]], drums; [[Randy Gregg (musician)|Randy Gregg]], bass; [[Steve Blaze]], guitars; and keyboardist Gordon G.G. Gebert. Gebert left the band in 2002 and was replaced with Michael T. Ross on keyboards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100595 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120913151716/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100595 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-13 |title=Angel: In Writing Mode - Blabbermouth.net |website=Roadrunnerrecords.com |date=2008-07-09 |accessdate=2015-11-01 }}</ref> The band’s 1999 release ''In the Beginning'' also features guest appearances by original guitarist [[Punky Meadows]], as well as Robinson. In 2000 came the release of ''[[Angel: The Collection]]'', making it the most extensive Angel greatest hits compilation, including 16 songs.

In 2006, two compilations of career-spanning singles were released. “Better Days” from the ''White Hot'' (1977) album was notably replaced with “The Winter Song”. It had only been previously released on a rare 7" single.

Bassist and founding member Mickie Jones (born Donald Eugene Jones on December 17, 1952), later changed to Michael David Jones in 1967, died in [[San Dimas, California]] on September 5, 2009, at the age of 56,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=175631160|title=Mickie Jones biography |website=Findagrave.com|accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> after a long battle with liver cancer. Jones performed on four Angel albums (''[[Angel (Angel album)|Angel]]'', ''[[Helluva Band]]'', ''[[On Earth as It Is in Heaven]]'' and ''[[An Anthology (Angel album)|An Anthology]]''). He toured extensively with the band in the United States for several years. Before Angel, he played in the rock group [[BUX (band)|BUX]], which included guitarist [[Punky Meadows]] (Angel) and singer Ralph Morman ([[Joe Perry Project]], and [[Savoy Brown]]). [[BUX (band)|BUX]] released one album on [[Capitol Records]], ''[[We Came to Play]]'' in 1976 (recorded in 1973). Both Jones and Meadows were asked to join the [[New York Dolls]] but declined. After leaving Angel, he formed the Los Angeles band [[EMPIRE (band)|EMPIRE]] and was the lead singer. Empire included drummer [[Steve Riley (drummer)|Steve Riley]] ([[L.A. Guns]]). Over the years, he became interested in film production and would later work in the film industry.

Singer Frank DiMino now resides in [[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]] and plays in classic rock tribute bands. Recently, he appeared on the [[Sin City Sinners]] [[Christmas]] album, singing lead vocals on the holiday classic "[[Winter Wonderland]]". In 2015 he released his solo album "Old Habits Die Hard", with Punky guesting on the song 'Never Again'.

[[Punky Meadows]] issued his first-ever solo album in 2016, ''Fallen Angel''. Felix Robinson plays bass on the album. The deluxe edition had two bonus songs, one of which, 'Lost and Lonely', had Frank Dimino on vocals. Later Angel members Danny Farrow and Charlie Calv participate on most songs on this album.

In 2018, DiMino and Meadows toured together under the moniker 'Frank Dimino and Punky Meadows of Angel' performing a set of classic Angel songs and solo cuts. They are backed by a band featuring Danny Farrow on rhythm guitar, Charlie Calv on keyboards, Steve Ojane on bass and Billy Orrico on drums. In 2018, the band reformed under the name "Angel featuring Frank Dimino and Punky Meadows" with new recordings and an upcoming tour in the works for 2019. The single 'Under the Gun' was released in august. The album called Risen is announced for an October 4th release.

== Logo ==
Angel's logo is [[ambigram]]matic; it reads the same when turned upside-down as when viewed normally.<ref name="LarkinHM"/>

== Members ==
;Original members
* Barry Brandt - drums, percussion (1975-1981, 1987, 1999–2008)
* Frank DiMino - lead vocals (1975-1981, 1987, 1999–2008, 2018-present)
* [[Gregg Giuffria]] - keyboards (1975-1981)
* [[Punky Meadows]] - guitars (1975-1981, 2018-present)
* Mickie Jones - bass (1975-1977; died 2009)

;Other members
* Felix Robinson - bass (1977-1981)

;effort to continue in 1981
* [[Dennis Frederiksen]] - lead vocals (1981) (died 2014)
* Ricky Phillips - guitars (1981)
* [[Rudy Sarzo]] - bass (1981)

;recordings for 'In The Beginning'
* Richard Marcello - guitars (1999)
* Leo Borrero - bass (1999)

;Touring entity 1999 to 2008
* Gordon G.G. Gebert - keyboards (1999-2002)
* Randy Gregg - bass (1999-2008)
* Steve Blaze - guitars (2000-2008)
* Michael T. Ross - keyboards (2002-2008)
* Joey Anderson - drums, percussion (2008)
* Keith Robert - guitars (2008)

;Current members
* Danny Farrow - rhythm guitars (2018-present)
* Charlie Calv - keyboards (2018-present)
* Steve Ojane - bass (2018-present)
* Billy Orrico - drums (2018-present)

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums ===
* ''[[Angel (Angel album)|Angel]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Helluva Band]]'' (1976)
* ''[[On Earth as It Is in Heaven]]'' (1977)
* ''[[White Hot (album)|White Hot]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Sinful (album)|Sinful]]'' (1979) (original title: ''Bad Publicity'')
* ''In the Beginning'' (1999)
* ''Risen'' (2019)

=== Live albums ===
* ''[[Live Without a Net (album)|Live Without a Net]]'' (1980)
* ''Angel: Live in Sweden '' (2001) (unofficial)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''[[Foxes (soundtrack)]]'' (two songs: "20th Century Foxes" and "Virginia") (1980)
* ''[[Can You Feel It (album)|Can You Feel It]]'' (1989)
* ''[[An Anthology (Angel album)|An Anthology]]'' (1992)
* ''A Rock and Roll Christmas II'' (1998)
* ''[[Angel: The Collection]]'' (2000)
* ''Angel: The Singles Collection Volume 1 (album)'' (2006)
* ''Angel: The Singles Collection Volume 2 (album)'' (2006)

=== Box set ===
* ''Angel: The Casablanca years'' (2018)

=== Bootlegs ===
* ''Blowing Great Guns'' (1978)
* ''White Heroes'' (1978)
* ''Whips'' (1981)
* ''Troubleshooter'' (1981)
* ''Should've Known Better'' (1981)

=== Singles ===
* "Rock and Rollers" (1975)
* "On & On" (UK 1976)
* "Anyway You Want It" (Japan 1976)
* "Tower (edit)" (Europe 1977)
* "That Magic Touch" (1977)
* "Telephone Exchange" (Japan 1977)
* "Ain't Gonna Eat Out my Heart Anymore" (1977) [US No. 44]
* "Winter Song" (1977) [NL #20]
* "Don't Leave me Lonely" (US/Japan 1977)
* "Flying with Broken Wings" (US/Europe 1977)
* "Feelin' Right" (Japan 1978)
* "Don't Take your Love" (1979)
* "20th Century Foxes" (1980)
* "Under The Gun" (2019)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/angel-mn0000043348/biography Angel biography by Rovi Staff, discography and album reviews, credits & releases] at [[AllMusic]]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/434871-Angel-24 Angel discography, album releases & credits] at [[Discogs|Discogs.com]]
* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1jMpwPQdadwSr0NQZpUNfq Angel albums to be listened] as stream at [[Spotify|Spotify.com]]
* [http://www.myspace.com/AngelOfficialSite Official Angel MySpace site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715005536/http://www.angelrocks.com/intro.html Angel Fan Site AngelRocks.com]
* [http://www.nolifetilmetal.com/angel.htm Angel at NoLifeTilMetal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311041753/http://glory.metalkings.ru/bands/a/angel.htm Angel Discography]
* [http://ultmetal.tripod.com/angel.htm Angel CD Gallery at UltMetal.Tripod.com]
* [http://www.GordonGebert.com Gordon C.G Gebert: Angel keyboardist 1999–2002]
* [http://www.coallierentertainment.com/angel.php Coallier Entertainment's Angel promo]

{{Angel (band)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American glam rock musical groups]]
[[Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1975]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1981]]
[[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1987]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1987]]
[[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1998]]
[[Category:American progressive rock groups]]
[[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]

Westgate Mall

2019-11-16T01:34:12Z

RockinCrystal: /* United States */Created actual link to the Westgate Entertainment District.

'''Westgate Mall''' or '''Westgate Shopping Centre''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Canada==
* [[Westgate Shopping Centre (Ottawa)]] in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

==China==
* [[Westgate Mall (Shanghai)]] (Mei Long Zhen) in Shanghai, China

==Croatia==
* Westgate Shopping City in Jablanovec near Zagreb, Croatia

==Kenya==
* [[Westgate, Nairobi]]
** [[Westgate shopping mall attack]], four-day terrorist attack with at least 67 deaths, resulting in the partial collapse of the mall

==Singapore==
* [[Westgate (Singapore)]]

==United Kingdom==
* [[Westgate Shopping Centre, Oxford]] in Oxford, England
* Part of [[Eastgate Shopping Centre (Basildon)]]

==United States==
* [[Westgate Mall (Amarillo)]], Texas)
* [[Westgate Mall (San Jose)]], California
* [[Westgate Mall (Macon, Georgia)]]
* [[Westgate Mall (Brockton)]], Massachusetts
* [[Westgate Plaza (Albany, New York)]]
* [[Westgate Mall (Fairview Park)]], Ohio
* [[Westgate Mall (Bethlehem)]], Pennsylvania
* [[Westgate Mall (Spartanburg)]], South Carolina
*[[Westgate Mall (Glendale)]], Arizona - See [[Westgate Entertainment District]]

== See also ==
* [[Westgate (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Westgate Mall

2019-11-16T01:31:22Z

RockinCrystal: /* United States */Added a link to Westgate Entertainment District, which is basically Westgate Mall and its immediate surroundings.

'''Westgate Mall''' or '''Westgate Shopping Centre''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Canada==
* [[Westgate Shopping Centre (Ottawa)]] in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

==China==
* [[Westgate Mall (Shanghai)]] (Mei Long Zhen) in Shanghai, China

==Croatia==
* Westgate Shopping City in Jablanovec near Zagreb, Croatia

==Kenya==
* [[Westgate, Nairobi]]
** [[Westgate shopping mall attack]], four-day terrorist attack with at least 67 deaths, resulting in the partial collapse of the mall

==Singapore==
* [[Westgate (Singapore)]]

==United Kingdom==
* [[Westgate Shopping Centre, Oxford]] in Oxford, England
* Part of [[Eastgate Shopping Centre (Basildon)]]

==United States==
* [[Westgate Mall (Amarillo)]], Texas)
* [[Westgate Mall (San Jose)]], California
* [[Westgate Mall (Macon, Georgia)]]
* [[Westgate Mall (Brockton)]], Massachusetts
* [[Westgate Plaza (Albany, New York)]]
* [[Westgate Mall (Fairview Park)]], Ohio
* [[Westgate Mall (Bethlehem)]], Pennsylvania
* [[Westgate Mall (Spartanburg)]], South Carolina
*[[Westgate Mall (Glendale)]], Arizona - See [[Westgate Entertainment District (Westgate Entertainment District)]]

== See also ==
* [[Westgate (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

List of American Horror Story: Cult characters

2019-11-06T20:41:15Z

RockinCrystal: /* Supporting characters */Fixed grammar: Changed “were” to “are” to fit with the rest of the paragraph that is using present tense words.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''American Horror Story: Cult'' characters}}
''[[American Horror Story: Cult]]'' is the seventh season of the [[FX (TV channel)|FX]] [[Horror fiction|horror]] [[Anthology series|anthology]] series ''[[American Horror Story]]''. This season focuses on [[marginalization]], which is set between 2016 and 2017 in the aftermath of [[United States elections, 2016|2016 U.S. Election]] in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights, [[Michigan]], and shows how a young man gives birth to a cult of women and men who try to terrorize this small city, killing and petrifying several citizens in a brutal way to take control over them.

Veteran cast members include [[Sarah Paulson]], [[Evan Peters]] and [[Cheyenne Jackson]], with [[Billie Lourd]] and [[Alison Pill]] making their debut. Special guest stars include [[Billy Eichner]] and [[Lena Dunham]]. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include [[Adina Porter]], [[John Carroll Lynch]], [[Frances Conroy]], [[Mare Winningham]], [[Emma Roberts]], [[Chaz Bono]], James Morosini and [[Jamie Brewer]]. This is the fourth season that is not strictly anthological, with Carroll Lynch reprising his previous role as Twisty the Clown from ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show|Freak Show]]''. ''Cult'' marks the first season to not feature mainstay actress [[Lily Rabe]]. This is also the first season to not feature, since ''Coven'', [[Kathy Bates]] and [[Angela Bassett]] in any capacity; [[Finn Wittrock]] and [[Wes Bentley]] also don't appear in any capacity (they appeared in ''Freak Show'', ''Hotel'' and ''Roanoke''). This is also the first season since ''Freak Show'' to not include [[Lady Gaga]].

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Cast members==

===Main cast===
* [[Sarah Paulson]] as Ally Mayfair-Richards and [[Susan Atkins]]
* [[Evan Peters]] as Kai Anderson, [[Andy Warhol]], [[Jim Jones]], [[David Koresh]], [[Marshall Applewhite]], [[Jesus]] and [[Charles Manson]].
* [[Cheyenne Jackson]] as Dr. Rudy Vincent
* [[Billie Lourd]] as Winter Anderson and [[Linda Kasabian]]
* [[Alison Pill]] as Ivy Mayfair-Richards

===Supporting cast===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[John Carroll Lynch]] as [[Twisty the Clown]] (recurring)
* [[Billy Eichner]] as Harrison Wilton and [[Tex Watson]] (special guest star)
* [[Adina Porter]] as Beverly Hope (recurring)
* [[Colton Haynes]] as Det. Jack Samuels (recurring)
* [[Leslie Grossman]] as Meadow Wilton and [[Patricia Krenwinkel]] (recurring)
* James Morosini as R.J. (recurring)
* [[Chaz Bono]] as Gary Longstreet (recurring)
* Cooper Dodson as Oz Mayfair-Richards (recurring)
* [[Tim Kang]] as Tom Chang (guest star)
* [[Jorge Pallo|Jorge-Luis Pallo]] as Pedro Morales (recurring)
* [[Zack Ward]] as Roger (recurring)
* [[Frances Conroy]] as Bebe Babbitt (recurring)
* [[Dermot Mulroney]] as Bob Thompson (recurring)
* [[Emma Roberts]] as Serena Belinda (special guest star)
* [[Mare Winningham]] as Sally Keffler (special guest star)
* [[Lena Dunham]] as [[Valerie Solanas]] (special guest star)
* [[Dot-Marie Jones]] as Butchy May (guest star)
* [[Jamie Brewer]] as Hedda (guest star)
* [[Laura Allen]] as Rosie (recurring)
* Ron Melendez as Mark (recurring)
* Dennis Cockrum as Herbert Jackson (recurring)
* Cameron Copperwaithe as Speedwagon (recurring)
* [[Annie Ilonzeh]] as Erika (guest star)
* T.J. Hoban as Vincenzo Ravoli (guest star)
* Bill Parks as Cole (guest star)
* [[Grant Albrecht]] as Scott Anderson (guest star)
* [[Rick Springfield]] as Pastor Charles (guest star)
* [[Rachel Roberts (model)|Rachel Roberts]] as [[Sharon Tate]] (guest star)
* Sarah Yarkin as Riley (guest star)
* Cathy Marks as Dorothy (guest star)
}}

==Characters==
===Main characters===
====Ally Mayfair-Richards====
Allyson "Ally" Mayfair-Richards (portrayed by [[Sarah Paulson]]) is a liberal woman from Michigan who suffers from anxiety as well as several crippling fears, including [[coulrophobia]], [[hemophobia]], and [[trypophobia]], but is being treated by [[psychiatrist]] Dr. Vincent. She is a joint owner of a restaurant called "The Butchery on Main" with her wife, Ivy, and together they have a son called Ozzy. Although she lived a relatively normal life and had her fears under control, the election of [[Donald Trump]] deeply upset her and triggered her anxiety, phobias, and paranoia. Following the election, she and Ivy hire Winter to look after Ozzy, during which Ally is attacked several times by [[clowns]]. This worsens Ally's paranoia as she fortifies the house and accidentally kills her co-worker Pedro during a blackout.<ref name="e03" /> After Ivy takes Ozzy and leaves her, Ally learns of her wife's connection to the cult that have been terrorizing her from Meadow. Following Meadow's assassination attempt on Kai, Ally is put in a psychiatric ward for three weeks with no contact with her wife or son as she is approached by the FBI to be their mole in the cult. Becoming calculative and cunning as a result of her self-reflection curing her of her phobias, tricking Kai into thinking that Ozzy is his biological son, Ally first killed Ivy with arsenic-laced food and then sets up Winter to be killed by her brother. Ally then sends a FBI raid after Kai's cult, with Kai arrested while swearing revenge. Months later, now a feminist and winning the popular vote, Ally runs for Senator and orchestrated Kai's death during her first debate. After Kai's death, Ally became Senator while intending to restructure the government as a member of SCUM. For her performance, Paulson was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie]].

====Kai Anderson====
Kai Anderson (portrayed by [[Evan Peters]]) is a mentally damaged young man and the brother of Rudy Vincent and Winter Anderson, having lost his parents in a murder-suicide in 2014 with Rudy concealing their bodies in their bedroom as to not lose the money from their mom's pension and their dad's disability checks.<ref name="e05" /> Following an ordeal with Pastor Charles and undergoing therapy under Bebe Babbitt, Kai pretends to be a Trump supporter as he saw the man's presidency will provide him with the opportunity. Kai became a manipulative and disturbed figure who intends to gain control over others using their fear and rage. He uses Rudy's files on Ally to create the clown cult with his followers while provoking a group of [[Mexicans]] into beating him to get the sympathy vote while running for city council after murdering councilman Chang.<ref name="e01" /> He then used Meadow Wilton to win the election by staging an assassination attempt, gaining a following as a result while his mania manifests more, murdering both his siblings. Becoming more misogynistic, and under the influence of a hallucination of [[Charles Manson]] (also played by Peters), Kai attempts to stage fear to assure his seat in the Senate by murdering multiple pregnant women. But Kai ends up being outwitted by Ally, arranging an FBI raid, resulting in the deaths of all his followers as he is sent to jail. Months later, Kai created a new following while in prison before he escapes with the intent to kill Ally as an act of revenge. But Kai failed to realize that he was tricked again, as he is killed by Beverly Hope.<ref name="e11">"Great Again". American Horror Story. Season 7. Episode 11. November 14, 2017. FX.</ref>

====Dr. Rudy Vincent====
Rudy Vincent (portrayed by [[Cheyenne Jackson]]) is the [[psychiatrist]] that helps treat Ally Mayfair-Richards.<ref name="e01" /> It is explained that Ally regularly meets with him and he prescribes her medication, but after Ally witnesses the death of one of her employees, she stops attending, which concerns him, so he goes to visit her. While visiting, she shows him the gun that she borrowed to feel safe, which he expresses an obvious dislike to. It is later revealed that his real name is '''Vincent Anderson''' and that he is Kai and Winter's older brother.<ref name="e05" /> He later meets with Ally, after having her hospitalized in the psych ward, to tell her that he believes everything she said about Kai forming a cult. He then reveals that he's Kai's brother and that he's planning to have him arrested. After, Ally uses that info to make a deal with Kai in exchange of her son, Oz. Kai then kidnaps and subsequently kills Rudy.<ref name="e08" />

====Winter Anderson====
Winter Anderson (portrayed by [[Billie Lourd]]) is a liberal college dropout and the younger sister of Kai Anderson, whom she has a very close bond with, shown by the pinkie truth hold, where she is honest with him whilst holding [[little finger|pinky fingers]]. Winter left school to campaign for [[Hillary Clinton]], meeting Ivy during that time and helped her get payback on Gary K. Longstreet in an attempt to prevent him from voting for Trump. But when Trump won the election, her history of self-harm revealed, Winter honors her deal with Kai by joining his cult. She is forced by her brother to interview for the job of babysitting Ozzy Mayfair-Richards, secretly exposing the boy to horrible things that include videos of people being murdered and the Changs' murder.<ref name="e01" /> Winter also gave Ivy the excuse she needed to leave Ally by convincing the latter to stop taking her medication and seduces her in the bathtub before running off when the power goes out.<ref name="e03" /> Though Winter defended her brother, later attempting to leave the cult to preserve what few remaining good impressions she had on him, she became the seventh member of the cult to die; being strangled to death by Kai after Ally set her up as the mole.<ref name="e10" />

====Ivy Mayfair-Richards====
Ivy Mayfair-Richards (portrayed by [[Alison Pill]]) is a joint restaurant owner, with her wife Ally, and the mother of Ozzy.<ref name="e01" />
Despite appearing supportive, Ivy secretly resented Ally for bearing Ozzy and the perceived entitlement of her many phobias, only staying in the marriage for their son. But blaming Ally for costing them the election by not voting for [[Hillary Clinton]], Ivy joined Kai's cult as its fifth member to whittle away at her sanity so she can have sole custody of Ozzy.<ref name="e05" /> Ivy succeeds with help from Winter, who helped her pre-election to restrain Gary K. Longstreet after he sexually assaulted her.<ref name="e04" /> But things do not go as planned as Ivy becomes the fifth member of the cult to die after Ally poisons her wine and dinner with [[arsenic]] for betraying her.<ref name="e09" /> As far as everyone else was concerned, Ivy was assumed to have been murdered by Kai.

===Supporting characters===
* {{anchor|Oz Mayfair-Richards|Ozymandias "Oz" Mayfair-Richards|Ozymandias Mayfair-Richards}}Ozymandias "Oz" Mayfair-Richards (portrayed by Cooper Dodson) is the young son of Ally and Ivy, and the charge of babysitter Winter. Despite his mother's wishes, he has an inclination towards clowns, and owns a comic book of Twisty (from ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show|Freak Show]]'').<ref name="e01" /> There is some tension between him and his mother, Ally, which is worsened by her growing paranoia and anxiety, as well as her strict rules. After Ivy leaves home with Oz, his relationship with Ally grows worse.<ref name="e05" />
* {{anchor|Harrison Wilton}}Harrison and {{anchor|Meadow Wilton}}Meadow Wilton (portrayed by [[Billy Eichner]] and [[Leslie Grossman]], respectively) are the eccentric couple who moves next door to the Mayfair-Richards residence. Despite his marital status, Harrison reveals that he is actually a homosexual. He made a pact with Meadow in high school, that if they were still single at 35, they would marry each other. He is a personal trainer and beekeeper, as well as a personal firearm owner who keeps a sizable collection of firearms in his home. Meadow used to work in pharmaceuticals, but after being diagnosed with [[melanoma]], she quit her job and rarely spends time outside during the day. When she does go outside, she frequently wears hats, sunglasses, and carries around a parasol to protect herself. After not generating enough income to keep the mortgage, she fears homelessness. She is a fan of ''[[The Real Housewives]]'' and [[Nicole Kidman]], and uses humor and superficiality to hide her emotions. After the election voting, Kai Anderson recruited both of them - he had been tracking Harrison and enrolled in his training sessions where he found that he was being unfairly treated by his boss, Vinny. After an implied sexual interaction with Kai, he murders Vinny and dismembers the body, making him the first member of Kai's cult. When Meadow arrived home at their apartment and saw the men dismembering his body, she became the second cult member and designer of the clown costumes to conceal the identities.<ref name="e04" /> After murdering the Changs with the help of Kai and the other cult members, they settle in the residence posing as new neighbors. Although they were initially friendly to Ally and Ivy, the couple turn on them especially Ally, who was frequently called a racist by Meadow, after the death of Pedro. The couple each confides a ritual with Kai - Harrison was resentful for marrying his wife and wishes she was dead while Meadow fears of being alone and unloved after her husband's affair with Detective Samuels. Therefore, she formed a bond with the cult leader instead and when Kai turned his attention to Ivy, Meadow was upset and attempted to leave but the cult began to toss her out and claimed she is worthless. Instead of execution, Kai gave her one last test of loyalty: to gain huge support from the public to vote him as councilman by staging an attempted assassination at the rally after gaining Ally's trust. After they buried her, Harrison returns to Kai's cult by imposing a fake arrest from the police behind Meadow's alleged murder. When Ally found Meadow in the ground, she rescued her and the latter reveals to Ally the existence of the cult and her wife's involvement. Upon arriving at the rally, Meadow shoots several people and injures Kai. Ally manages to wrestle the gun from her, but Meadow commits suicide by shooting herself in the mouth.<ref name="e06" /> After learning about Harrison making sexist remarks, Winter, Ivy, and Beverly confront him at The Butchery on Main, where they knock him unconscious and tie him to a table in the butchery room. A short while later, Ivy dismembers him with a chainsaw, killing him.<ref name="e07" /> Meadow was the second member of the cult to die, followed by Harrison, who was the third.
* {{anchor|Beverly Hope}}Beverly Hope (portrayed by [[Adina Porter]]) is a resentful broadcast newscaster whose rage caught Kai's eye as he murdered a young reporter named Serena to win her loyalty to join his cult as its third member under the promise of being the last person alive.<ref name="e04" /> Beverly uses her position to ensure that Kai's running for city council and the shock value of their killings is on the public mind.<ref name="e05" /> Beverly is approached by a woman named Bebe Babbitt, who tells her that Kai is manipulating her and the other female cult members. Beverly then sets up a meeting with Winter and Ivy, who get convinced by Bebe's speech of [[feminism]]. They lure Harrison to an alleged meeting and savagely murder him after learning that he made sexist remarks.<ref name="e07" /> But after being placed in solitary confinement when Winter set her up for the death of Jack Samuels and then drinking what was assumed to be poisoned kool aid, Beverly broke down and became defeated. After the FBI raid on the cult, she was released without charges as the FBI assumed she was a victim rather than a member. Beverly became Ally's supporter and later killed Kai when he came to Ally's debate. For her performance, Porter was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie]].
* {{anchor|Detective Samuels|Jack Samuels|Det. Jack Samuels}}Detective Jack Samuels (portrayed by [[Colton Haynes]]) is a police officer who investigates many of the troubling situations that arise. He seemingly holds so [[Nazism]] beliefs, based on the Nazi memorabilia in his home. He meets Kai during a drug bust, but agrees to not arrest him if he receives a percentage of Kai's profits. One night, Samuels confides his relationship concerns with Kai, who suggests that he sleep with a man instead of a woman. Although Samuels insists he is not gay, he agrees to have sex with him. He is presumably inducted into the cult soon after. He is called upon to investigate the mysterious brutal attacks at the hands of clown-masked assailants, including Ally's alleged attack in a supermarket and the murder of the Chang family. Upon being questioned by Ally and Ivy, he postulates that the incident was a murder-suicide, and that there was no third party involved. He questioned Ally after she discovers the body of Roger, one of the employees at The Butchery, as well as her accidental shooting of another employee, Pedro. Kai persuades Samuels to participate in a threesome with him and Winter so that they can produce the new Messiah. Although he agrees with the ritual, he is unable to retain an erection, causing Winter to angrily object. Samuels later tries to rape Winter in attempt to carry on the ritual, only to end up the fourth cult member to die when Winter wrestled his gun away from him and shoots him in the head.<ref name="e08" />
* {{anchor|Gary Longstreet|Gary K. Longstreet}}Gary K. Longstreet (portrayed by [[Chaz Bono]]) is a local grocery store owner and Trump supporter. The day before the election he had gotten into an argument with Ivy at a political rally, resulting in him sexually assaulting her before being chased off by Winter. That night, Winter and Ivy kidnap him and handcuff him to a pole to deny him the chance to vote. However, Kai Anderson helps him free himself by giving him a saw. Gary saws his hand off and Kai leads him to the polling station, where he proudly votes for Trump before being rushed to the hospital. It is later shown that he had joined Kai's cult. He becomes the sixth member of the cult to die when Kai sacrifices him and leaves his dismembered body outside an abortion clinic.
* {{anchor|Bob Thompson}}Bob Thompson (portrayed by [[Dermot Mulroney]]) is a news anchor as well as Beverly and Serena's superior. Serena sexually uses him to get the job that she wants.<ref name="e04" /> After Serena's murder, he keeps the video of her death under his responsibility and does not let anyone see it. Beverly insists that he publishes the material so people can know what's going on — and because Kai ordered her to get the video. After deciding that Bob is jeopardizing the fear spread, Kai and Beverly gather members of the cult to kill him. During the act, they discover he has a sexual slave in his attic. They kill the [[gimp (sadomasochism)|gimp]] and Bob shortly after, much to Ivy's dismay.<ref name="e05" />
* {{anchor|R.J.}}R.J. (portrayed by James Morosini) is a young cameraman who works with Beverly Hope. He joins Kai's cult and participates in the group's murders and acts of terror across the city, though he often vocalizes his unease with the killings, showing him to be more empathetic than his fellow members. Despite his involvement in the group, Kai seemingly dislikes him. Beverly eventually convinces Kai that R.J. is a weak link who should be removed from the group. Kai agrees, and orders the other cult members to kill him, making each take a turn shooting a nail into his head with a nail gun. He is the first member of the cult to be killed.<ref name="e05" />

===Minor characters===
* {{anchor|Tom Chang|Marilyn Chang}}Tom and Marilyn Chang (portrayed by [[Tim Kang]] and Nanrisa Lee, respectively) were the former neighbors of the Mayfair-Richards household. Tom was a member of the Brookfield Heights City Council who rejected Kai's speech of emphasizing fear, resulting in the brutal murder of himself and Marilyn at the hands of Kai's group with Oz made a witness to it.<ref name="e01" />
* {{anchor|Pedro Morales}}Pedro Morales (portrayed by [[Jorge Pallo|Jorge-Luis Pallo]]) is the head chef at Ally and Ivy's restaurant, The Butchery on Main. Although Ally implies he is an immigrant, he states that he is actually from [[San Diego]]. He appears to have a good relationship with Ivy, and has been working at her restaurant since it opened. He gets involved in an escalated argument with another staffer, Roger, who displays some racist tendencies against people of Hispanic descent. Shortly after, Roger is murdered, and Pedro becomes a person of interest in the case due to their recent argument. During an unexpected blackout, Ivy sends him to her home to give Ally a charger as well as some supplies, though when he arrives, Ally shoots him dead, believing him to be a home intruder.<ref name="e03" />
* {{anchor|Roger}}Roger (portrayed by [[Zack Ward]]) is an employee at The Butchery on Main. He appears to display some racist tendencies, getting into an argument with a Hispanic coworker, Pedro. Shortly after, he is found dead by Ally in the meat locker of the restaurant.<ref name="e02" />
* {{anchor|Rosie}}Rosie (portrayed by [[Laura Allen]]) is a patient of Dr. Vincent who is dealing with trauma from being frequently locked in a cupboard by her father as a child. Due to this, she developed a fear of enclosed spaces, particularly coffins, which is triggered any time she has sex with her husband, Mark. After the death of her father, and with the treatment she received from Dr. Vincent, she managed to control her fear. But Rosie and her husband are ambushed in their home shortly after by Kai's group, locked in arranged coffins and left to die as their decomposed bodies are found a few weeks after.
* {{anchor|Mark}}Mark (portrayed by Ron Melendez) is Rosie's husband. He and his wife are attacked by a group of clown assailants in their home, and they are both locked in coffins and left to die.
* {{anchor|Vinny}}Vincenzo "Vinny" Ravoli (portrayed by T.J. Hoban) was a personal trainer and the boss of Harrison. He treated Harrison unfairly and Kai saw this. This led to Kai manipulating Harrison to murder Vinny with weights. Kai then taught Harrison how to dismember the body and discard the body parts.<ref name="e04" />
* {{anchor|Serena Belinda}}Serena Belinda (portrayed by [[Emma Roberts]]) was a young broadcast newscaster who is a rival to reporter Beverly Hope. Serena uses her femininity and sexuality to accomplish her career goals. She aims to work at ''[[The Today Show]]''. She and her cameraman are murdered by clowns under the orders of Kai, who did it to persuade Beverly Hope to enter his cult.<ref name="e04" />
* {{anchor|Cole}}Cole (portrayed by Bill Parks) was the cameraman for Serena Belinda who helps the news reporter despite her attitude off-camera. Cole was killed by Kai and his clowns when he attempted to help Serena who was murdered as well.
* {{anchor|Scott Anderson}}Scott Anderson (portrayed by [[J. Grant Albrecht]]) was the father of Vincent, Kai and Winter Anderson. Before Scott got into a motorcycling accident, he was a lawyer with a sharp tongue and was firm but fair with his family. After his accident, he became disabled and wheelchair bounded, which caused him to be angry and verbally abusive to Kai for his choice in what he wants to do and his wife in which he constantly accuses her of having an affair with someone else. One night his wife has enough and shot him with Kai next to him, eventually dying from his injuries before his wife eventually killed herself. After their deaths Kai would visit them in their bedroom grave and Kai admitted that he was happy with his father rotting.
* {{anchor|Julie Anderson}}Julie Anderson (portrayed by Wylie Small) was the mother of Vincent, Kai and Winter Anderson. After her husband got into a motorcycling accident she endured his verbal abuse and was constantly accused of having an affair with someone else, which she would always deny. One night after having enough of his abuse, she shot and killed her husband before committing suicide in front of a horrified Kai. After their deaths Kai would visit them in their bedroom grave and he would constantly talk to her and is sorry for her pain, Kai then promises to make her proud.
* {{anchor|Sally Keffler}}Sally Keffler (portrayed by [[Mare Winningham]]) is a member of city council who opposites Kai's method of insert fear on population. She decides to run against Kai at the last minute, planning to send in her name during the polls. Later at her home, she is visited by Ally who tells her that Kai is a part of the clown cult. Sally believes her and continues to speak to her, up until the cult breaks into Sally's home. Sally is cornered by the clowns, and Kai reveals himself to her as he writes a suicide note on her [[Facebook]] account. Shortly thereafter, he shoots Sally in the chest, staging her death as a suicide.<ref name="e06"/>
* {{anchor|Valerie Solanas}}[[Valerie Solanas]] (portrayed by [[Lena Dunham]]) was a radical American [[feminist]] who wrote the [[SCUM Manifesto]] and attempted to kill [[Andy Warhol]] on June 2, 1968, due to his indifference over rejecting her script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/american-horror-story-cult-ryan-murphy-john-landgraf-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-1202156645/|title='American Horror Story: Cult': Ryan Murphy On Lena Dunham's Portrayal Of Valerie Solanas|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=August 25, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=August 25, 2017}}</ref> But what the public is unaware is that Solanas founded a legion of female occultists with full intention to overthrow male oppression, her attempted murder on Warhol and incarceration in an asylum being a signal for her followers murder various men along with compliant women. But one of the few gay male members took credit for the serial killings under the alias of the [[Zodiac Killer]]. Once released three years later, Solanas's behavior gradually disillusions her followers as they abandoned her as she eventually died while having a [[pneumonia]]-based hallucination of Warhol. Dunham's performance divided opinions from critics regarding her portrayal of the character.
* {{anchor|Andy Warhol}}[[Andy Warhol]] (portrayed by Evan Peters) was an American artist who rejected a script written by Valerie Solanas, which made her angry, thus leading her to attempt to assassinate him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ew.com/recap/american-horror-story-season-7-episode-7/|title=American Horror Story: Cult recap: 'Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag'|last=Rosenfield|first=Kat|date=October 17, 2017|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=October 20, 2017}}</ref>
* {{Anchor|Bebe Babbitt}}Bebe Babbitt (portrayed by [[Frances Conroy]] and Lyla Porter-Follows) is a woman who was romantically involved with Solanas and led SCUM in carrying out the 1960s murders which the public would credit to the Zodiac Killer. Years later, Babbitt became Kai's anger therapist as she played a role in enticing him to political power as a means to unleash female rage. But when stirring Beverly, Winter, and Ivy to act out their rage on Harris, Babbitt learns that Kai has no intent to be a martyr for her cause and is killed by Ally when she attempted to kill Kai.<ref name="e10">"[[Charles (Manson) in Charge]]". American Horror Story. Season 7. Episode 10. November 7, 2017. FX.</ref>
* {{anchor|Hedda}}Hedda (portrayed by [[Jamie Brewer]]) is one of the followers of Valerie Solanas. She was abandoned and orphaned as a child.<ref name="e07" /> She and the other women later abandoned Solanas because of her behavior.
* {{anchor|Butchy May}}Butchy May (portrayed by [[Dot-Marie Jones]]) joined SCUM whilst on the run from the police for murdering a man.<ref name="e07" /> She and the other women later abandoned Solanas because of her behavior.
*{{anchor|Pastor Charles}}Pastor Charles (portrayed by [[Rick Springfield]]) was an ultra-conservative minister who punished those he considered sinners, such as drug addicts, homosexuals and women who had abortions. On October 2015, his wrongdoings were intercepted by Kai and Winter Anderson who rescued his victims from further torture and entrapped him in one of his own devices, killing him. His death would have a significant mental scarring on Kai, who would soon after begin to see the world as a place where not everyone can be saved.
*{{anchor|Dorothy}}Dorothy (portrayed by Cathy Marks) is one of Winter Anderson's friends. On October 19, 2016, she, Winter and Riley watch and discuss the final US Presidential debate in the Anderson's basement until Winter's brother Kai intervenes by talking about Donald Trump's likelihood of becoming the next president. After witnessing Kai slapping Riley in the face in rage, Riley angrily storms out, causing her to follow Riley and leaves.
*{{anchor|Riley}}Riley (portrayed by Sarah Yarkin) is one of Winter Anderson's friends. On October 19, 2016, while she, Winter and Dorothy watch and discuss the final US Presidential debate in the Anderson's basement, Winter's brother Kai intervenes by talking about Donald Trump's likelihood of becoming the next president, this causes her to get into a verbal argument with him. After she insults him, Kai slaps her in the face in rage, causing her to angrily storm out and later press charges against him.
* {{anchor|Herbert Jackson}}Herbert Jackson (portrayed by Dennis Cockrum) is a political adversary to Ally Mayfair-Richards' campaign who he is running for senate. He was making remarks about Kai Anderson in an interview where he was saying he was not doing the right things. Herbert was in a debate with Ally to see who would become senator before the debate was ambushed by Kai. He attempted to stop Kai of his actions before being knocked out by him. After Kai's death Ally wins the debate, becoming the new senator.
* {{anchor|Gloria Whitmore}}Gloria Whitmore (portrayed by Liz Jenkins) is a prison guard at the Robert Gordon Maximum Security Prison. Gloria began a relationship with Kai Anderson in prison where she became a cult member. She helps Kai escape prison only to betray him after Ally Mayfair-Richards warns her about Kai. At the debate with Ally and Herbert Jackson she hands Kai a gun for him to find out it is out of bullets, letting Kai know he was betrayed.
* {{anchor|Erika}}Erika (portrayed by [[Annie Ilonzeh]]) is Ally's new girlfriend. She also works for Ally as the receptionist at the Butchery on Maine. It is shown that she turns down an interview with [[Rachel Maddow]] on Ally's behalf. She later supported her girlfriend along with Ally's son Oz and Beverly Hope for Ally's Michigan State Senate campaign.
* {{anchor|Trevor Geary}}Trevor Geary (portrayed by Ian Bamberg) was a 19 year old prisoner who was sentenced 25 years to life in Robert Gordon Maximum Security Prison after he killed a child in his father's [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] while driving under the influence. Instead of calling the police of what he had done, he dumped the child's corpse in a reservoir out of fear that he would go to jail for the rest of his life if anyone found out. He meets Kai Anderson in the prison yard and they engage in pinky-power, after he confessed everything to Kai and asks him for protection, Kai calls him a coward for killing the child but is willing to take him under his wing. Later Trevor (now sporting a shaved head, matching tattoos like Kai's and adapting the nickname Rimshot) meets up with Kai and security guard Gloria Whitmore in the prison laundry. He begs Kai to escape with him out of fear that he will die in prison without him. Kai, however, fatally stabs him, mutilating his face with Gloria's help so that he can pass as his body double. Police later found his mutilated body and mistaken him as Kai, unaware that the real Kai actually escaped.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="e01">
{{cite episode|title=Election Night|episode-link=Election Night (American Horror Story)|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=1|date=September 5, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e02">
{{cite episode|title=Don't Be Afraid of the Dark|episode-link=Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (American Horror Story)|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=2|date=September 12, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e03">
{{cite episode|title=Neighbors from Hell|episode-link=Neighbors from Hell (American Horror Story)|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=3|date=September 19, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e04">
{{cite episode|title=11/9|episode-link=11/9 (American Horror Story)|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=4|date=September 26, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e05">
{{cite episode|title=Holes|episode-link=Holes (American Horror Story)|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=5|date=October 3, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e06">
{{cite episode|title=Mid-Western Assassin|episode-link=Mid-Western Assassin|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=6|date=October 10, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e07">
{{cite episode|title=Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag|episode-link=Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=7|date=October 17, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e08">
{{cite episode|title=Winter of Our Discontent|episode-link=Winter of Our Discontent|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=8|date=October 24, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>
<ref name="e09">
{{cite episode|title=Drink the Kool-Aid|episode-link=Drink the Kool-Aid (American Horror Story)|series=American Horror Story|season=7|number=9|date=October 31, 2017|network=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}
</ref>

</references>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

{{American Horror Story|7}}

[[Category:Lists of American Horror Story characters|Cult]]

List of historic properties in Avondale, Arizona

2019-10-28T08:57:26Z

RockinCrystal: Fixed typo: removed the extra “e” that was at the end of “Avondale”.

{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = [[Avondale, Arizona|Town]]
| name = List of historic properties in Avondale, Arizona
| image_skyline = Avondale-Avondale entrance.jpg
| image_caption ='''Entrance to the town of Avondale'''
| imagesize = 100px
|image_map = File:AZMap-doton-Avondale.png
|mapsize = 150px
|map_caption = Location of Avondale in Maricopa County, Arizona.
}}{{Lists of historic properties}}
This is a list, which includes a photographic gallery, of some of the remaining structures and monuments, of historic significance in [[Avondale, Arizona|Avondale]], a city in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], [[Arizona]], [[United States]], adjacent to [[Phoenix, Arizona]].Farming was the main industry in Avondale in the late 1890s. Avondale was incorporated in 1946.

==Brief history==
The surveying marker of the Gila and Salt River Meridan is located on '''Monument Hill'''. Ever since 1851, this has been the center point used by the state to measure the land in Arizona. The federal government recognized this point for measuring the boundary between the United States and Mexico after the [[Mexican–American War]] ended. The first survey conducted in 1867, involved the first 36 miles of Arizona. Up until 1874, this was the epicenter of all surveying in Arizona for property deeds. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 2002, reference #02001137. Monument Hill is located at 115th Ave. and Baseline Road in Avondale, Az.<ref>[http://kjzz.org/content/13073/did-you-know-monument-hill-important-arizona-spot Did You Know: Monument Hill Is An Important Arizona Spot]</ref><ref>[http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM5Q37_Initial_Point_of_the_Gila_and_Salt_River_Base_Line_and_Meridian_Avondale_AZ Initial Point of the Gila and Salt River Base Line and Meridian - Avondale, AZ]</ref>

In 1860, William G. Moore a.k.a. "Billy" moved to Arizona. He established a settlement in 1880, by the Agua Fria River (Cold Water River) area. He purchased some land there and built a stage station. The station served the travelers on their way from Tucson to northern Arizona and California. Moore also established a saloon and a general store. He named the area where his establishments were located "Coldwater, Arizona" and he served as the post master of "Coldwater" from 1901 till 1905.<ref name="CoAh">[http://www.avondalelibrary.org/about-us/library-history/city-of-avondale-history City of Avondale history]</ref>

Around 1905, the United States Postal service moved their office from Coldwater to a site near the Avondale Ranch. The post office was renamed Avondale Post Office. The area then became officially known as Avondale instead of Coldwater. In December 1946, the City of Avondale was incorporated.<ref name="CoAh"/>

==The Three Rivers Historical Society==
The mission of the Three Rivers Historical Society is to preserve the history of the cities of Avondale, [[Goodyear, Arizona|Goodyear]], [[Litchfield Park, Arizona|Litchfield Park]] and [[Tolleson, Arizona|Tolleson]].<ref>[http://www.threerivershistoricalsocietyaz.org/ Three Rivers Historical Society]</ref>

==Properties pictured==
[[File:Avondale-Gila and Salt River Meridan marke-2.jpg|250px|thumb|National Register of Historic Places marker on Monument Hill]]
The following is a brief description and images of the historic properties that are pictured.<ref name="NRHP">[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/az/maricopa/state.html National Register of Historic Places Maricopa County, Arizona]</ref>
*The surveying marker of the '''Gila and Salt River Meridan''' – The marker is located on '''Monument Hill'''.<ref name="MHAS">[http://kjzz.org/content/13073/did-you-know-monument-hill-important-arizona-spot Did You Know: Monument Hill Is An Important Arizona Spot]</ref>
* The '''Gila and Salt River Meridan Marker''' – The following is engraved on the round marker: ''U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. Initial Point of Establishment in 1865. Gila and Salt River Meridian, Arizona. Cadastral Survey.'' The rectangular marker states the following:'' Dedicated to all land owners in Arizona by the Arizona Professional Land Surveyors originally set by A. B. Gray in 1851''.<ref name="MHAS" />
*The historic '''Monument Hill'''- This is the hill where the initial point of the [[Gila and Salt River meridian|Gila and Salt River Meridan]] is located.
*The '''[[Gila River]]''' – The river as viewed from the summit of the historic Monument Hill.
*'''Commercial Building''' - built in 1925 and located at 203 N. Dysart Road, Avondale, AZ. It once served as a Salvation Army furniture store.
*The '''Union Pacific Railroad Bridge''' – built in 1926 and located alongside Buckeye Road in Avondale.<ref>[https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-history/2016/06/25/15-oldest-standing-structures-metro-phoenix/84990838/ 14 oldest standing structures in metro Phoenix cities]</ref>
*'''Downtown Avondale''' – Historic Corridor in downtown Avondale as viewed from Western Ave.
*The '''White House''' - built in 1938 and located at 127 E Western Ave. It once housed the All Faith Community Outreach.
*The '''Avondale Elementary School''' – The school was built in 1937 and is located on 295 West Western Ave.<ref>[https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/avondale-elementary-school-buildings-avondale-az/ AVONDALE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS – AVONDALE AZ]</ref>
*The '''Avon Theater''' – The theater was built in 1947 and is located at 16 E. Western Ave.<ref>[http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/19104 Cinema Treasures]</ref>
*'''Burger Building''' – This [[Googie architecture|Googie]] style building was constructed in 1960 and is located at 60 East Western Ave.
*'''Church Building''' – This church was built in 1900 and is located in 11 N. 3rd. Ave. It now houses the Salvation Army branch of Avondale.
*The '''Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery''' - established in 1917, where many of the farm workers who perished during the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic are buried in unmarked graves.
*The Graves of '''Amado B. Sernas''' (1908-1994) former city councilman and his wife Francisca T. Sernas (1907-1988) in the Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery.

==Historic properties and structures in Avondale==
{{Gallery
|title=Historic Avondale [[File:Avondale-Gila and Salt River Meridan-2.jpg|center|250px|thumb|<center>The initial point of the '''Gila and Salt River Meridan'''.</center>]]
|width=180px
|height=200px
|align=center
|lines=4
|File: Avondale-Gila and Salt River Meridan-1.jpg |Different view of the initial point of the ''' Gila and Salt River Meridan '''.
|File: Avondale-Gila and Salt River Meridan marker-1.jpg |'''Gila and Salt River Meridan Marker'''.
|File: Avondale-Mounment Hill.jpg | '''Monument Hill'''.
|File: Avondale-Gila River.jpg |'''[[Gila River]]'''.
|File: Avondale-Building-Commercial Building-1925.jpg |Old '''Commercial Building'''.
|File:Avondale-Union Pacific Railroad Bridge-1926.jpg|'''Union Pacific Railroad Bridge'''.
|File:Avondale-Union Pacific Railroad Bridge-1926-2.jpg|'''Union Pacific Railroad Bridge'''.
}}
{{Gallery
|title=Historic Corridor [[File:Avondale-B-Avondale Historic Downtown.jpg |center|250px|thumb|<center>'''Historic Corridor sign'''.</center>]]
|width=180px
|height=200px
|align=center
|lines=4
|File:Avondale-Historic Downtown.jpg |'''Downtown Avondale'''.
|File: Avondale-House-White House-1938-2.jpg |The '''White House'''.
|File:Avondale-House-White House-1938-1.jpg|Different view of the '''White House'''.
|File:Avondale-Avondale Elementary School-1937.jpg |'''Avondale Elementary School'''.
|File:Avondale-Avon Theater-1946.jpg |The '''Avon Theater'''
|File: Avondale-Avon Theater-1946-2.jpg|Front of the '''Avon Theater'''.
|File:Avondale-Burger Building-1960.jpg |'''Burger building'''.
|File:Avondale-Church Building-1900-2.jpg |'''Church building'''.
}}

The historic [[Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery]] established in 1917, where many of the farm workers who perished during the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic are buried in unmarked graves.
{{Gallery
|title=Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery [[File:Avondale-Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery-1917-1.jpg|thumb|250px|center|'''Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery''']]
|width=180px
|height=200px
|align=center
|lines=4
|File: Avondale-Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery-1917-4.jpg|Unmarked graves.
|File: Avondale-Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery-Amado B. Sernas (1908-1994)-2.jpg |Graves of Amado B. Sernas (1908-1994) and his wife Francisca T. Sernas (1907-1988).
|File: Avondale-Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery-Amado B. Sernas (1908-1994).jpg |Inscription on the Sernas tomb.
}}

{{Further|Goodyear Farms Historic Cemetery}}

==Further reading==
*"Avondale (Images of America: Arizona)"; By Jerry Squire; Publisher: Arcadia Publishing; {{ISBN|978-0738548432}}
*"Ghosts of Arizona: The Haunted Locations of Glendale, Avondale, Goodyear and Buckeye"; By Jeffrey Fisher; ASIN: B008EENUMY.
==See also==
{{Portal|Arizona}}
*[[Avondale, Arizona]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Principal meridians of the United States}}
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Arizona|Historic properties]]
[[Category:Meridians and base lines of the United States]]
[[Category:Named meridians]]
[[Category:Geography of Arizona]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Historic properties in Avondale, Arizona}}

Marvin Pratt

2019-09-27T10:08:38Z

RockinCrystal: /* Political life */Fixed grammar: Put a space between the period and the next sentence.

{{Infobox Mayor
| name = Marvin Pratt
| office = Interim [[List of Milwaukee County executives|Milwaukee County Executive]]
| term_start = February 4, 2011
| term_end = April 25, 2011
| predecessor = [[Lee Holloway| Lee Holloway (acting)]]
| successor = [[Chris Abele]]

| office2 = [[List of mayors of Milwaukee|Mayor of Milwaukee]] {{small|Acting}}
| term_start2 = January 1, 2004
| term_end2 = April 15, 2004
| predecessor2 = [[John Norquist]]
| successor2 = [[Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)|Tom Barrett]]

| office3 = President of the [[Milwaukee Common Council]]
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = John Kalwitz
| successor3 = Willie L. Hines, Jr.

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|05|26}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas, Texas]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse=Dianne Pratt|children=2|alma_mater=[[Marquette University]]}}

'''Marvin E. Pratt''' (born May 26, 1944 in [[Dallas, Texas]]) is an [[Americans|American]] politician who served as acting [[List of mayors of Milwaukee|mayor]] of [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], in 2004 and as interim [[Milwaukee County Executive]] in 2011.

==Early life==
Pratt was born on May 26th, 1944 to Leon Pratt, Sr., a [[United States Navy|United States Naval]] officer, and Mildred Joyce Pratt in [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/honorable-marvin-pratt|title=The Honorable Marvin Pratt {{!}} The HistoryMakers|website=www.thehistorymakers.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref> While living in Dallas, he attended a local Catholic school with his twin sister, Marielle, until his family moved to [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], in 1959, following the death of his father in a car accident in 1949. He has two sisters, Gwen and Reba, and a brother, Leon Jr.. Pratt graduated from [[North Division High School (Milwaukee)|North Division High School]] in 1962 and immediately joined the [[United States Air Force]]. He was stationed in the [[Libyan Desert|Libyan desert]]<nowiki/>during the [[Vietnam War]] and was honorably discharged in the mid 60s. When he returned to Milwaukee after his service, he enrolled in Marquette University and gained a degree in political science in 1972. Pratt became an intern for mayor [[Henry Maier]] and began climbing a ladder of local government jobs.

==Political life==
Pratt ran for an aldermanic seat in 1984, a tense time for race relations in the city. During this year, there was a racial divide over whether or not to rename what was then known as North 3rd Street to Dr. Martin Luther King Drive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/special-reports/50-year/2018/03/23/journey-n-3rd-st-king-drive-not-smooth-ride/412025002/|title=Journey from N. 3rd St. to King Drive was not a smooth ride|work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> Despite his loss to Roy B. Nabors in 1984, he ran for the same seat and won in a 1986 special election. Upon his election in 1986, Pratt was appointed to the Finance and Personnel Committee, where he continuously served as member and eventually chairman from 1996 to 2000. One of his notable victories while serving on the Common Council was the creation of the Resident's Preference Program in 1991<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milwaukeenns.org/2016/10/24/special-report-residents-preference-program-a-promise-unfulfilled/|title=Special Report: Residents Preference Program a promise unfulfilled {{!}} Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service|website=milwaukeenns.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>, which is described on the official website of the City of Milwaukee website as, "The RPP certification is designed to promote the use of city residents as part of a contractor’s or developer's workforce on certain city-funded construction and private development projects. Contractors bidding on public works projects and development projects financed with public tax dollars must hire a percentage of RPP-certified City of Milwaukee residents to work on these projects."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://city.milwaukee.gov/OSBD/RPP#.W-SnfZNKiUk|title=RPP|website=city.milwaukee.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>This program is still in effect today, and has been expanded to include private businesses. In 2000, Pratt was elected the president of the Common Council, "...he was motivated to run after seeing so many vacant boarded up houses never changing in Milwaukee neighborhoods. The city was divided and the city workforce and federal departments didn't represent Milwaukee's population."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wuwm.com/post/lessons-service-four-milwaukee-common-council-presidents#stream/0|title=Lessons On Service from Four Milwaukee Common Council Presidents|last=Teich|first=Mitch|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref>. When mayor [[John Norquist]] stepped down in 2004 three months before his term expired, Pratt became acting mayor. He was the first African-American to serve as mayor of Milwaukee. Pratt ran in a primary election for the Mayoral seat and finished first from a field of thirteen candidates during the primary. He lost his bid to retain the job to [[Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)|Tom Barrett]] in the 2004 general election.<ref>[http://badgerherald.com/news/2004/04/19/milwaukee_mayor_race.php Masse, Ryan. "Milwaukee mayor race reveals city's racial divide" ''[[Badger Herald]]'' April 19, 2004; updated January 12, 2007]</ref>

On February 4, 2011, Pratt was sworn in as interim Milwaukee [[County Executive]]. Appointed by County Board Chairman [[Lee Holloway]], he filled the unexpired term of former [[Milwaukee County]] Executive Scott Walker, who was elected governor of [[Wisconsin]], until the special Spring Election held on April 5, 2011. Upon swearing in, Pratt became the first person to serve as both [[List of mayors of Milwaukee|Milwaukee Mayor]] and [[Milwaukee County Executive]]. On April 5, 2011, [[Chris Abele]] defeated Republican challenger [[Jeff Stone (Wisconsin politician)|Jeff Stone]], capturing over 61% of the vote and succeeded Pratt to serve out the remainder of then-County Executive [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]]'s original term.<ref>Schultze, Steve (2011-04-06). Abele defeats Stone for Milwaukee County executive. Journal Sentinel, 6 April 2011. Retrieved from http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/119299589.html.</ref>

==Personal Life and Legacy==
Pratt married Dianne Sherrill
in 1971. They have two children, Michael Pratt and Andrea Pratt. They have five grandchildren. Pratt was a major in the United States Army Reserves. In October 2015, the Milwaukee Public School Board passed a resolution to rename Silver Spring Elementary after Pratt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://onmilwaukee.com/myOMC/authors/bobbytanzilo/prattschool.html|title=MPS christens Marvin Pratt Elementary School on Friday|work=OnMilwaukee.com|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the school was officially renamed Marvin E. Pratt Elementary School.

==Electoral history==
*'''2004 Race for Mayor (Milwaukee)'''
**[[Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)|Tom Barrett]] (D), 54%
**Marvin Pratt (D) (inc.), 46%

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[John Norquist]]|
title=[[List of mayors of Milwaukee|Mayor of Milwaukee]]|
years=2004 (acting mayor)|
after=[[Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)|Tom Barrett]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mayors of the City of Milwaukee}}
{{Milwaukee County Executives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratt, Marvin}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dallas]]
[[Category:African-American people in Wisconsin politics]]
[[Category:African-American mayors]]
[[Category:Mayors of Milwaukee]]
[[Category:Milwaukee City Council members]]
[[Category:Marquette University alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Wisconsin]]