https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RonstewWikipedia - User contributions [en]2025-01-08T11:56:19ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Johnes_Moore&diff=1226509023Charles Johnes Moore2024-05-31T02:22:15Z<p>Ronstew: Forrestel was Spruance's ops officer. Forrestal was a different man.</p>
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<div>{{Infobox military person<br />
| name = Charles Johnes Moore<br />
| image = <br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|12|19}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|02|04|1889|12|19}}<br />
| placeofburial_label = Place of burial<br />
| placeofburial =<br />
| birth_place = [[Decatur, Illinois]]<br />
| death_place = [[Bethesda, Maryland]]<br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| nickname =<br />
| allegiance = {{USA}}<br />
| branch = [[Image:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Navy]]<br />
| serviceyears = 1910–1947<br />
| rank = [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|32px]] [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]]<br />
| unit =<br />
| commands = Chief of Staff, [[United States Fifth Fleet|Fifth Fleet]]<br />
| battles = [[World War I]]<br/>[[World War II]]<br />
| awards = [[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]]<br/>[[Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Distinguished Service Medal]]<br/>[[Legion of Merit]]<br />
| relations = BG [[Jesse H. Moore]], (grandfather)<br/>RADM [[Charles Brainard Taylor Moore|Charles B. T. Moore]], (father)<br/>RADM [[Sumner Ely Wetmore Kittelle|Sumner Kittelle]], (father-in-law)<br/>BG [[Lester A. Dessez]], (brother-in-law)<br />
| laterwork =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Charles Johnes ‘Carl' Moore''' (19 December 1889 – 4 February 1974) was a [[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]] of the [[United States Navy]]. He was the chief of staff of [[Raymond A. Spruance]], commander of the [[United States Fifth Fleet|Fifth Fleet]], during the most important and significant naval campaigns of the [[World War II]] in the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]]: the Gilberts, the Marshalls and the Marianas.<br />
<br />
Moore described himself as “being free and willing to express views, and that’s what [Spruance] wanted.” Spruance and Moore's operations officer, Emmet Forrestel, recalled that, “Anything you wanted to know about planning, Carl Moore had at his fingertips. He was the backbone of the staff.”<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buell|title=The Quiet Warrior|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=344 and 515}}</ref><br />
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After leaving the Fifth Fleet for Washington, he served the Joint Chiefs of Staff as deputy secretary. He retired in the rank of Rear Admiral on 1 January 1947.<br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Moore was born the son of Helen Johnes and [[Charles Brainard Taylor Moore]] on 19 December 1889, in [[Decatur, Illinois]]. His grandfather [[Jesse H. Moore]] was a brigadier general with distinction in the civil war and later became a member of congress. His father Charles B. T. Moore served as lieutenant during the American-Spanish War and had raised the first flag of U.S. over Guam on the occasion of the take-over of the government by Navy Department on 23 January 1899. In 1915, after the long service in the navy, Rear Admiral Charles B. T. Moore was retired.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=|title=Decatur Review|date=4 April 1923|access-date=}}</ref><br />
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Moore attended Annapolis Naval Academy in 1906 and graduated with the class of 1910. He was also known for being a violinist of Metzenberger Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Lucky Bag Yearbook, Class of 1910|publisher=United States Naval Academy|year=1910|isbn=|location=Annapolis|pages=}}</ref><br />
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== Career prior to World War II ==<br />
Moore's seagoing career started as engineer of the destroyer ''[[USS Bainbridge (DD-1)|Bainbridge]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buell|title=The Quiet Warrior|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=Chapter 12}}</ref> During World War I, he served extensively in destroyers and was awarded the Navy Cross for heroism as Commanding Officer of the Destroyer ''Downes'', (DD-45).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/045.htm|title=USS DOWNES|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Between the wars he had duty as executive officer to the destroyer ''Altair'' and the battleship ''New York'', and he command several destroyers as well as Destroyer Division 5. His shore duty during these years included tours in the Navy Department and the [[Naval War College]]. He lived in Newport from 1934 to 1937 while serving on the staff of the War College, and he had been a frequent visitor since that time. During his time in Newport, Moore became the assistant to Spruance in Tactics Department.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buell|date=|title=Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and the Naval War College Part II- From Student to Warrior|url=|journal=Naval War College Review|volume=23| issue = 8, April 1971|pages=29–53|via=}}</ref> From 1937 to 1939 he was on the Staff of Commander, Battle Force, U.S. Fleet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mason|first=John T. Jr.|title=Pacific War Remembered: An Oral History Collection|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><br />
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== World War II ==<br />
At the outbreak of World War II, Moore was in command of the Cruiser Philadelphia on Atlantic convoy duty since 5 September 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brigs.us/Phila/Commanding-officers.htm|title=USS Philadelphia|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Because of the stranding, Moore had failed selection for admiral and back to Washington on 15 August 1942. He served on a senior member of the Joint U.S. of Strategic and the Joint War Plans committees with the Joint Chiefs of &nbsp;Staff until 1943 received a letter of Spruance which asked him to be his chief of staff. From August 1943 he had duty to Admiral Spruance. He was with Spruance and instrumental in the planning and execution of the Gilbert, Marshalls and Marianas campaigns in 1943 and 1944.<br />
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However, the experience of being stranded affected his hope of flag rank. After the Gilberts campaign, Spruance wrote an official letter to Nimitz recommending that Moore be promoted. Nimitz agreed and forwarded the letter to Ernest King, but the latter would not approve his promotion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buell|title=The Quiet Warrior|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=CC.12–15}}</ref> Moore then returned to Washington and was again with the Joint Chiefs of Staff as deputy secretary. In that capacity he took part in the Potsdam Conference of 1945.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Postwar ==<br />
Moore retired in the rank of rear admiral on 1 January 1947 on account of age. After his retirement, Moore became a fellow of [[Brookings Institution]] in Washington and worked there with the international studies groups until 1955.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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In 1965 Moore acted as Spruance’s alter ego so that some kind of record could be preserved of Spruance’s naval career in [[Columbia University Oral History Collection]]. His subsequent oral history comprises five volumes totaling 1245 pages.<br />
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He lived in [[Chevy Chase, Maryland]], until his death on 4 February 1974. He died at the Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Moore was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] alongside his wife Anna Louise Kittelle Moore (1890-1990), the daughter of Rear admiral [[Sumner Ely Wetmore Kittelle]], Commanding Officer of the ''[[USS Georgia (BB-15)|U.S.S. Georgia]]'' during World War I.<br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
Moore married Anna Louise Kittelle, and they had three children.<br />
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== Decorations and Awards&nbsp; &nbsp; ==<br />
<br />
* [[Navy Cross]]: for distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. DOWNES, engaged in the important, exacting and hazardous duty of patrolling the waters infested with enemy submarines and mines, in escorting and protecting vitally important convoys of troops and supplies through these waters, and in offensive and defensive action, vigorously and unremittingly prosecuted against all forms of enemy naval activity during World War I.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/9844|title=Hall of Valor: The Military Medals Database|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
* Naval Distinguished Service Medal: Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. 349 (April 1946). ... for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States as Chief of Staff to Commander FIFTH Fleet during the central Pacific campaign from August 1943 to September 1944. Captain Moore supervised planning for operations pointing toward capture and occupation of enemy-held positions in the Gilbert, Marshall and Marianas Islands and employed his comprehensive knowledge of combat strategy in guiding intricate details involved in executing these vital operations.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Legion of Merit: Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. 350 (May 1946)<br />
* Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Silver Star for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Senior Naval Member, Senior Member of the Joint U.S. Strategic Committee from September 1942 to July 1943; Senior Naval Member and Senior Member of the Joint War Plans Committee, April 1943 to July 1943, and Deputy Secretary to the Joint Chief of Staff, May 1945 to October 1945.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* The [[Order of the British Empire]]: For his service in World War II<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=|title=Newport Mercury Newspaper Archives|date=8 February 1974|work=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Charles Johnes}}<br />
[[Category:United States Navy rear admirals]]<br />
[[Category:1889 births]]<br />
[[Category:1974 deaths]]<br />
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{{more cats|date=September 2021}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_8&diff=1136391562Talk:De Havilland Canada Dash 82023-01-30T02:51:23Z<p>Ronstew: /* Fleets? */ new section</p>
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<div>{{Talk header}}<br />
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{{summary from|2007 Dash 8 landing gear incidents|Ansett New Zealand Flight 703|Colgan Air Flight 3407}}<br />
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== How much is a Q400? ==<br />
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Infobox say 35M, spec section say 27M, was it different model or inflation or different currency?[[User:C933103|C933103]] ([[User talk:C933103|talk]]) 21:46, 23 May 2016 (UTC)<br />
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== External links modified ==<br />
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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090618075015/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/06/15/328064/paris-air-show-bombardier-says-q400x-definitely-part-of-our.html to http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/06/15/328064/paris-air-show-bombardier-says-q400x-definitely-part-of-our.html<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122311/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/08/222827/bombardier-to-discontinue-q200q300-in-2009.html to http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/08/222827/bombardier-to-discontinue-q200q300-in-2009.html<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100211102549/http://www2.bombardier.com/q400/en/specifications.jsp to http://www2.bombardier.com/q400/en/specifications.jsp<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115408/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219400/dubai-2007-atr-floats-idea-of-stretched-model-to-tackle-90-seat-sector.html to http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219400/dubai-2007-atr-floats-idea-of-stretched-model-to-tackle-90-seat-sector.html<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130503202306/http://www.sscspace.com/mss-6000-for-canada to http://www.sscspace.com/mss-6000-for-canada<br />
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cascadeaerospace.com/products/Q400%20Air%20Tanker%20Conversion<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140222131457/http://www.sas.no/en/About-SAS-Norway/Presse/51322/ to http://www.sas.no/en/About-SAS-Norway/Presse/51322/<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160204172540/http://wpy.observer.se/wpyfs/00/00/00/00/00/0A/91/50/wkr0001.pdf to http://wpy.observer.se/wpyfs/00/00/00/00/00/0A/91/50/wkr0001.pdf<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003507/http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155742 to http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155742<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141102112035/http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155746 to http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155746<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101028173111/http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2008/03/10/bombardiersas.html to http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2008/03/10/bombardiersas.html<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120208094204/http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp?id=3_0&lang=en&file=%2Fen%2F3_0%2F3_1%2F3_1_2_4_3.html to http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp?id=3_0&lang=en&file=%2Fen%2F3_0%2F3_1%2F3_1_2_4_3.html<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120208094211/http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp?id=3_0&lang=en&file=%2Fen%2F3_0%2F3_1%2F3_1_2_5_3.html to http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp?id=3_0&lang=en&file=%2Fen%2F3_0%2F3_1%2F3_1_2_5_3.html<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060114025501/http://www.q400.com/q400/en/specifications.jsp to http://www.q400.com/q400/en/specifications.jsp<br />
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== External links modified ==<br />
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*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cascadeaerospace.com/products/Q400%20Air%20Tanker%20Conversion<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003507/http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155742 to http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155742<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141102112035/http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155746 to http://se.yhp.waymaker.net/sasgroup/release.asp?id=155746<br />
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:Checked. [[User:Redalert2fan|Redalert2fan]] ([[User talk:Redalert2fan|talk]]) 17:48, 10 September 2017 (UTC)<br />
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==Airspeed==<br />
:High speed cruise 289 kts / 535 km/h<br />
The article is ambiguous about whether this is indicated airspeed or true airspeeed. They can be significantly different. -[[User:Rolypolyman|Rolypolyman]] ([[User talk:Rolypolyman|talk]]) 04:25, 12 April 2018 (UTC)<br />
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:: Not detailed in the ref. As it is a marketing brochure showing capabilities, it should be TAS for route planning, not IAS/CAS for operations.--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 06:15, 12 April 2018 (UTC)<br />
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:::I suspect it would be TAS in a marketing doc, not IAS, which would be normally only found in a POH. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 12:00, 12 April 2018 (UTC)<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== Rename Page ==<br />
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Bombardier has sold the Q400 division to [[Viking Air]], so the page should be renamed. [[Special:Contributions/24.108.52.198|24.108.52.198]] ([[User talk:24.108.52.198|talk]]) 16:39, 8 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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: Per the press release in the article "The sale and transaction are expected to close by the second half of 2019.". We will rename the article when it ''has'' been bought, not when someone has said they ''intend'' to buy it. -- [[User:Finlay McWalter|Finlay McWalter]]'''··–·'''[[User talk:Finlay McWalter|Talk]] 16:51, 8 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
::I agree, it is too soon. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 16:55, 8 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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:::Also, we don't generally rename an article in such cases immediately after the sale. This is due to WP:COMMONNAME. It's a case by case decision anyway, and needs to be done through the RM process. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 19:13, 8 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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:::: I would even support a [[de Havilland Canada Dash 8]] rename. Note that if BBD sold it, it is because the program has almost flatlined. If I was Viking, given their portfolio, I would go ahead and rename myself [[de Havilland Canada]] or [[Canadair]]!--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 20:14, 8 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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:::::I'd rename Viking as "de Havilland Canadair". :) - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 21:45, 8 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
::::::Not yet. Let them announce any name changes officially first, similar to the Bombardier C Series becoming the Airbus A220.[[User:Avman89|Mirza Ahmed]] ([[User talk:Avman89|talk]]) 04:46, 9 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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== variant of the main picture ==<br />
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Although the -400 is the most widespread variant, it's perhaps not the most representative of the whole series, being the longest. Maybe the midsize -300 would be more adapted, showing the same features: same nose, T-tail, long engine nacelles, tall landing gear, etc.; almost the same except for the longer tube: <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marc Lacoste|contribs]]) </small><br />
<gallery widths=180><br />
File:Flybe DHC-8-400 (G-JECL) @ MAN, March 2009.jpg|current -400<br />
File:C-GTAG landing in Vancouver.jpg|midsize -300<br />
File:Air Canada Jazz De Havilland Canada DHC-8-102 Dash 8 C-GANQ 833 (7097889771).jpg|shortest -100/200<br />
</gallery><br />
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:Given that Q400 production accounts for half of all Dash-8s built, it may be most appropriate to have the Q400 as the infobox image. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 15:07, 15 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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:: Okay then, if we keep a Q400, the current Flybe one mybe less interesting than some alternatives:<br />
<gallery widths=180><br />
File:Luxair, DHC-8-Q400, LX-LQI@LUX, 2017-03-31-101.jpg|[[Luxair]], gear down<br />
File:GDN SP-EQK 5 (cropped).jpg|[[Eurolot]], gear up<br />
File:Airberlin Q400 (cropped).jpg|[[Airberlin]], inflight<br />
</gallery><br />
I do like the Airberlin inflight picture.--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 16:49, 23 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
:I agree, the Airberlin one is a better image. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 16:24, 24 November 2018 (UTC)<br />
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== Requested move 3 June 2019 ==<br />
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<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;"><!-- Template:RM top --><br />
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. ''<br />
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The result of the move request was: '''RESULT.''' Page moved, (without the Dash in Dash-8) [[User:Johnnyw3|Johnnyw3]] ([[User talk:Johnnyw3|talk]]) 01:53, 6 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
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[[:Bombardier Dash 8]] → {{no redirect|De Havilland Canada Dash-8}} – Program sold to De Havilland Canada as of June 3, 2019. Also, according to their website, their name is De Havilland (note the capital 'D')<ref name="DHC2019Sale">{{cite web |title=Dash 8-400 |url=https://dehavilland.com/en/dash-8-400 |website=De Havilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd. |accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref> [[User:Johnnyw3|Johnnyw3]] ([[User talk:Johnnyw3|talk]]) 23:31, 3 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''': as per https://dehavilland.com/en/about-us - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 00:42, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
*I've already boldly done this move, which I presumed would be uncontroversial, though unfortunately before noticing this RM discussion. Oops, what happens now? Naturally I '''support''' the intent of this request! A hyphen is not needed between Dash and 8 in the title as DHC don't have one on their page, so no further move is required. [[User:Rosbif73|Rosbif73]] ([[User talk:Rosbif73|talk]]) 08:06, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
**Great, the dash was just a typo I believe, must have got it confused with the dash in Dash 8-400. I believe I've closed the move, but I'm not an expert on this either, so I may have missed something. [[User:Johnnyw3|Johnnyw3]] ([[User talk:Johnnyw3|talk]]) 01:53, 6 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
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Decapitalize the D in "de". <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C7:680:1B08:B1BB:20F9:7FEE:B635|2601:2C7:680:1B08:B1BB:20F9:7FEE:B635]] ([[User talk:2601:2C7:680:1B08:B1BB:20F9:7FEE:B635#top|talk]]) 05:12, 5 June 2019 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
:Actually if you check https://dehavilland.com/en/about-us you will see that company name is officially spelled with a capital "D" now. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 12:43, 5 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
{{Reflist-talk}}<br />
<br />
----<br />
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section.''<!-- Template:RM bottom --></div><br />
<br />
== IABot Rescuing X sources and tagging 0 as dead ==<br />
<br />
{{ping|Ahunt}} Lately {{ping|Gog the Mild}} is using IABot (no explanation, just a link to a cryptic OAuth applications authorization) on aircraft articles, "Rescuing X sources and tagging 0 as dead", like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombardier_Dash_8&diff=899623553&oldid=899028367&diffmode=source here]. I like avoiding [[WP:LINKROT]], but in this case it does not avoid anything because as noted, it is "tagging 0 [sources] as dead" so every url is still live on the original website. I understand it's a preemptive move, but all it does is obfuscating the wikitext source, not rescuing a rotten link. No gain but a tangible loss. The copy is still in archive.org, no matter if its url is written in a template or not. If a link rot later, the discoverer can tag it as rotten, and then a bot rescuing it would be useful. In the spirit of [[WP:BRD]], I'll continue to revert those useless modifications. Thanks!--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
:I don't understand what you mean by "obfuscating the wikitext source". Lately I have had so many issues with [[WP:LINKROT]] (some source websites have just disappeared before archive links can even be created) that I have been manually adding archived sources and even creating new archived sources, as I write new articles. Add to that that recently a number of IPs have been just deleting refs that contain broken links (such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capri_22&diff=prev&oldid=900171645 here], yesterday). It preserves sourcing; there is no downside to doing this other than space. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 12:25, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Hi all. [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] has said it better than I could. I archive sources as a sort of "payback" for all of the backroom assistance I receive. As a Wiki-gnome it comes naturally. I have to date received four barnstars and innumerable "thank you's" for this. One editor reverted and contacted me direct: after an explanation I got a "thank you" and an unrevert. Hi [[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]], I have noted you reverting a couple of times but it didn't seem worth making an issue of, and certainly I have no desire to impose anything on an article which an editor has done a lot of work on, [[WP:OWN]] notwithstanding. If you have an issue with a particular article, I don't care, I am just a passing Wiki-gnome. If you object in principle to links being archived, perhaps you could articulate your objections in more detail? Cheers. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild|talk]]) 13:05, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::: Thanks. Both of you are obviously helpful. I also try to do my share. I often archive some refs, I use the useful archive.org chrome extension for that. {{ping|Ahunt}} I meant "obfuscating the wiki text source" as it become more difficult to read and maintain. Legibility is a downside. {{ping|Gog the Mild}} I certainly don't own any article. I do not object archiving links, I encourage that, but if no source is dead, it does not change anything but renders the wikitext more painful to edit. Adding archive-urls in bulk may be useful when many urls are broken, but this is querying archive.org, not archiving an url. When I see a dead link, I try to repair it with a new link to the same content (complete ref data is useful) before going to archive.org at least ressort. (like Ahunt did in his exemple for sailboatdata.com) If it ain't broke, don't fix it!--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 13:28, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
::::Thanks for the explanation, Marc, but I am still not seeing how it makes then text harder to edit or maintain. Sure the refs are longer, but so what? It doesn't impinge on the actual article text. I still don't see any disadvantages to archiving sources like this and it seems to be well supported by policy. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 13:38, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
:::::Edit clash.<br />
:::::{{ping|Marc Lacoste|Ahunt}} I didn't mean to cast aspertions suggesting that anyone wasn't pulling their weight; as the editor whose edit was being questioned it seemed incumbent on me to establish my ''bone fides''. I understand your point, I think. But sadly, by the time it is broke, it may not be fixable. I have certainly come across articles I wanted to work on where a (non-archived) link has rotted and not been retrievable. I have been picked up at FAC for not having (preemptively) archived my links. It seems to me to be a case of "A stitch in time saves nine". <br />
:::::I am not sure how having a link archived makes the wiki source text "become more difficult to ... maintain". [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild|talk]]) 13:49, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
::::::I have to agree with User:Gog the Mild on this. I have seen that same issue, where a link breaks and then cannot be fixed later due to lack of archived sources (even though archive.org is supposed to save all Wikipedia ref links, it doesn't always do that), which is why I have started actively archiving them as a I go. It just makes the encyclopedia better referenced. That can't be a bad thing. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 14:39, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
::::::: The IAbot does not archive anything, it only retrieves some archive.org url. It could be done anytime.--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 14:48, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
:::::::: Without knowing the detailed workings of the bot, I would assume that it is easier for it to do its job while the page still exists, enabling it to compare the archived content with the original page. On occasions when I have manually searched archive.org after the original link has gone dead, I have frequently come across archived 404-style notices instead of the desired content, for example. [[User:Rosbif73|Rosbif73]] ([[User talk:Rosbif73|talk]]) 15:06, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
::::::::: Rosbif73: but the IAbot is not aware of anything and could also point to "not found" notices in archive.org (not 404s, it's a real http code).--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 16:20, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::::{{ec}} I appreciate source archival; I've had a lot of online source material on obscure topics vanish, be over-written with an update, or disappear behind a paywall. I also appreciate that it's difficult to read through text in the edit window when it's broken up by long citation templates, if that's the problem. When I write or re-write an article, I typically name all the references and place the citation templates at the end of the article under the {{para|refs}} parameter of {{tlp|reflist|2=refs=}}. – [[User:Reidgreg|Reidgreg]] ([[User talk:←Reidgreg|talk]]) 14:57, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
::::::::I agree with the above opinions from User:Reidgreg, User:Rosbif73 and User:Gog the Mild, it is easier to archive sources when we know they exist, before they are gone and we find archive.org has missed them or only archived 404 pages or redirects. Very often I have to request archive.org archive the page in real time, which it often does, but equally often won't do for technical server reasons. There is no down side to getting archives early, before the source goes dead, except a bit of complexity. I think as encyclopedic editors we can deal with a bit of added complexity in the interests of having a better encyclopedia. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 15:14, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::::: But IAbot is not archiving pages, it only fetch the archive.org url. No value whatsoever if the url is not yet dead. Reidgreg: I tried placing all references in reflists but I find it difficult for ref maintenance and verifiability.--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 16:20, 4 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
{{od|9}}<br />
I believe the above discussion is a back-and-forth talking past each other. {{re|Marc Lacoste}} removing URLs to archives has a [[WP:snowball clause|snowball chance]]. {{U|Ahunt}}, {{u|Reidgreg}}, {{u|Rosbif73}}, and {{U|Gog the Mild}}: a ''real'' editor is having a ''real'' issue with readability of wikitext code. {{U|Marc Lacoste}}, consider reformatting usages of citation templates in vertical style, as opposed to horizontal style, where indeed you need to train your eyes hard to look for pipes where one parameter ends and another starts. Here are code examples copied from [[Template:Cite web/doc]]:<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Horizontal<br />
| <code><nowiki>{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= }}</nowiki></code><br />
|-<br />
! Vertical<br />
|<br />
<pre style="margin:0px; border:none; white-space:pre;"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=<br />
|title=<br />
|last=<br />
|first=<br />
|date=<br />
|website=<br />
|publisher=<br />
|access-date=<br />
|quote=<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
|}<br />
Hope this helps. —[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 08:26, 10 July 2019 (UTC)<br />
: Thanks for your contribution. IMO a vertical template is even worse as it disrupts wikitext paragraphs. To visually separate the refs I use (and recommend) syntax highlighting in the editor.--[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 10:35, 10 July 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Personally I have no problem if either style helps anyone edit the page, so thanks for at least bringing it up. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 11:38, 10 July 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
Hi all. My recent edit was reverted [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_8&diff=931829536&oldid=931762912|] and an editor asserted "''failed verification''". My edit is based on the following according to citation when David Curtis explained the difficulties of bringing back legacy Dash 8: "What a lot of people don’t understand is that the Dash 8, the legacy airplanes and the 400 are very different airplanes. Different manufacturing techniques, legacy airplanes are all bonded panels and skin, and the other ones are chem milled. It’s a very different airplane. They kinda look like they’re similar, but it’s a separate production line." What's wrong with my edit? Thanks.-–-[[User:Now wiki|Now wiki]] ([[User talk:Now wiki|talk]]) 16:19, 21 December 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: My bad: I thought the article was finished after the 4 first paragraphs and the related articles links. I reverted my deletion. Sorry for the mishap! --[[User:Marc Lacoste|Marc Lacoste]] ([[User talk:Marc Lacoste|talk]]) 23:49, 21 December 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Fleets? ==<br />
<br />
I note that Horizon has stopped using the Q400 in favour of Embraer jets in January 2023.<br />
<br />
I expected this article to tell me when the various carriers started and stopped using this airplane, and how large their fleets are. Anybody up to the challenge? [[User:Ronstew|Ronstew]] ([[User talk:Ronstew|talk]]) 02:51, 30 January 2023 (UTC)</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nixie_tube&diff=1131243309Talk:Nixie tube2023-01-03T06:42:37Z<p>Ronstew: /* Nixies in modern media */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{talkheader}}<br />
{{Electron|class=B|importance=Mid}}<br />
<br />
==Sectioned format==<br />
<br />
I took the liberty of restoring the sectioned format I had structured this article into, after it was reverted by [[User:68.125.53.148|68.125.53.148]] as 'improper'. However, I also updated the article with said contributor's very relevant factual correction about nixies not being vacuum devices. --[[User:Wernher|Wernher]] 09:49, 13 May 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Mr. "Wernher":<br />
<br />
:Why do you keep MESSING UP this article? <br />
<br />
:I have a copy of the December 1954 ELECTRONICS magazine, containing a PRESS RELEASE stating the Burroughs had bought Haydu and introduced the Nixie display. Why do you keep making it "1950s"???<br />
<br />
:I will keep FIXING your ignorant "revisions" until you GET THE PICTURE.<br />
<br />
:What do YOU know about early electronics history?? I'm the Senior Editor of VACUUM TUBE VALLEY magazine, a longtime contributor to GLASS AUDIO magazine, and have been writing about tube electronics for almost 15 years. Please DO NOT presume to tell me I'm wrong. YOU'RE WRONG.<br />
<br />
::Eh -- if I have mistakenly reinserted the vaguer '1950s' instead of the precise '1954', it was only done totally unintended as a side-effect of reverting to the sectioned format, which I think is better for the article's structure. That is, I have ''absolutely no reason to, whatsoever (and neither did I), bring into doubt'' the correctness of the '1954' fact.<br />
<br />
::I therefore, luckily, do not feel myself being a proper target of the tirade above. Rather, I want to make the positive comment that I appreciate contributions to Wikipedia by people who were actually there when it happened, regarding any subject field. Myself I am only a (very interested) student of tech history, especially digital electronics and analog and digital computing. Best regards, --[[User:Wernher|Wernher]] 17:17, 14 May 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Haydu Nixies? ==<br />
<br />
I'm curious about the source of the claims (found in several places on the internet) that Haydu Brothers Laboratories "invented" or "developed" the Nixie tube. I'm not old enough to know firsthand, nor do I have access to authoritative documentation supporting or refuting this connection. But if it's true, it seems to me that in retrospect it was probably one of the most significant contributions made by the Haydus. If so, why then is it not mentioned on the Warren Township Historical Society's [http://www.warrennj.org/wths/haydu.htm Brief history of Haydu Brothers] site?<br />
<br />
In fact, I've found an internet reference which directly contradicts this:<br />
[http://www.home.ix.netcom.com/~hancockm/history_timeline.htm Historical Timeline of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company]<br />
(see entries under 1954)<br />
"Burroughs acquires Haydu Brothers [...] to produce special purpose electronic tubes for data display which have resulted from research at the Paoli laboratory."<br />
<br />
This clearly is claiming that Burroughs's own research at their Paoli, Pennsylvania labs led to the Nixie tube, and Haydu was purchased strictly for their manufacturing capability. This webpage is what led me to delete the Haydu reference previously (since restored by another contributor). I'd love to spend some time searching the Burroughs Corporation archive in the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Michigan (or perhaps get it directly from George and/or Zoltan Haydu before it's too late...) to get this straightened out with certainty once and for all.<br />
<br />
A.<br />
<br />
== Photo? ==<br />
<br />
Anybody got a photo of a Nixie tube display?<br />
<br />
:If you just want photo(s) of a nixie tube, I have dozens of photos and hundreds of nixie tubes (specializing in collecting the rarest but have many common types too), what kind do you want? Clear or coated with a contrast-enhancing colored lacquer? Side viewed (with or without a "nipple" tip seal on top), end viewed (round or oval), lit (and what number/letter/symbol) or unlit, or perhaps some combination of tubes in one or more photos? I also have a few pieces of equipment with nixie displays (and connections to several people with more extensive equipment collections). This could illustrate how they were used, but the tinted filter lenses on the equipment typically obscure all details of the tubes themselves except for the lit digits.<br />
<br />
:A.<br />
<br />
== Revival ==<br />
<br />
Re the new paragraph beginning, "Citing boredom with conventional, modern displays...", I'm not completely comfortable with the opening line's phraseology, "boredom" in particular. As a member of a group of nixie enthusiasts, I believe that it's more like displeasure with the aesthetic aspects of typical 7-segment and dot-matrix displays (rectilinear, artificial) than simple boredom. The nostalgia aspect is also a very strong part of the motivation for many. I'm not sure how best to rephrase this sentence to better convey typical modern nixie clock builder's reasons for choosing nixie tubes.<br />
<br />
Perhaps, "Citing dissatisfaction with the aesthetics of modern digital displays...", would serve better.<br />
<br />
Comments?<br />
<br />
A.<br />
<br />
:Since I didn't get any feedback, I went ahead and made a minor change in line with the sentiment expressed above.<br />
<br />
:A.<br />
<br />
::Yeah, dissatisfaction sounds right. I'm not a nixie enthusiast but I know exactly how you feel. In fact, I am developing a new 8-segment display that is less rectilinear and – perhaps no less artificial – but certainly closer to ordinary type than the 7-segment is. I've got high hopes for it.<br />
<br />
::[[User:RadRafe|RadRafe]] 03:57, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::Is your new display anything like these 1970s vintage 9-segment "Itron" VFD tubes? [http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/bc3260.html http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/bc3260.html] ;-)<br />
<br />
:::Smaller ones were also made in an 8-segment format without the tiny "tail" segment on digit "4".<br />
<br />
:::A.<br />
<br />
::::Thanks for the link. My design is similar in motivation but rather different in the details. I'm aiming for a slightly more print-like look. For instance, 012 are all half-height, like in [[text figures]].<br />
<br />
::::[[User:RadRafe|RadRafe]] 18:50, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Things have moved on since this was first written. Dalibor Farney is well established as a new tube manufacturer, and there are other people producing new tubes (e.g. Millclock ZN-18) on a commercial basis. [[User:Isparkes|Isparkes]] ([[User talk:Isparkes|talk]]) 10:26, 23 January 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
I would also like to update the section about electronics. SuperTex (now Microchip) produce shift register based high voltage drivers, and have done so for some time. [[User:Isparkes|Isparkes]] ([[User talk:Isparkes|talk]]) 10:26, 23 January 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Longevity ==<br />
Should the paragraph on nixie longevity (in Applications) be given its own section, moved to the first section, or perhaps even removed?<br />
<br />
A.<br />
<br />
:Never mind, it's good now. A.<br />
<br />
<br />
Does anyone have any real numbers for how long these things last in a clock? I've heard some VERY conflicting numbers in this area. The very popular IN-14's have a MTF of 12,500 hours. But some people claim that they've run their clocks 24-7 for 3 years and no problems so far. Anyone?<br />
::::[[User:Achra|Achra]] 15:02, 21 Jun 2006 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:The numbers are very conflicting because lifetime varies greatly between types, and even between early and late examples of the same type (among types which had long production lives). IN-14s are Russian-made tubes, and Russian tubes of the era have a well-deserved reputation for extreme variation in quality. Finally, lifetime depends a great deal on several factors such as peak current, average current, temperature, duty cycle, ratio of use of the different symbols in each tube, and probably a few more that I'm forgetting.<br />
<br />
: A.<br />
<br />
::Yikes, you were right. I built 2 clocks with 4 IN-14's each (one with also 2 IN-17's) 6 months ago. One of the clocks has already lost 2 IN-14's.<br />
::::[[User:Achra|Achra]] 07:16, 05 Feb 2007 (PDT)<br />
<br />
I worked with Coherent brand Argon Lasers. One variant eliminated gas-fill solenoid valves in favor of argon-filled glass ampules with a gas-ballast tank. As gas pressure dropped, external copper tubes protruding from the gas-ballast tank could be crimped to break glass ampules within, releasing contained argon to replenish lost gas. Four pinched-off copper tubes containing glass ampules protruded from the gas ballast tank. How this relates to the Nixie: inside some Burroughs Nixie tubes a glass ampule can be seen, surrounded by a heater or filament of sorts. After learning about the Coherent Argon Laser refill function, I inferred the glass ampule seen inside the Nixie also performs a gas-refill function, presumably activated by heating the filament. Ampule gas release might happen gradually by heating and diffusion or increased permeability, or incrementally by thermal-shock-fracture or glass-liquefaction/bubble-burst preceding gas release. Or maybe another imperative was addressed by the designer(s) who incorporated a glass ampule for another reason. I would be interested in learning more about this engineering artifact, and about how to reactivate a spent Nixie using the filament surrounding the ampule, if this was indeed the original intent. [[User:Jeffreagan|Jeffreagan]] ([[User talk:Jeffreagan|talk]]) 21:42, 25 April 2017 (UTC) <br />
<br />
:Most nixies have a small amount of mercury in them to improve their lifespan. The mercury was held in the filament-wrapped bulb. The nixie received its fill of argon and neon and was then sealed. Only then would the filament receive a current to vaporize the mercury. You can't regenerate a nixie by applying a current to the filament. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 09:20, 28 April 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Foreign import ==<br />
<br />
Can someone import the [[nl:Afbeelding:Nixie.gif]] pic? Or make their own? It'd be great somewhere in here... Thanx [[User:69.142.2.68|69.142.2.68]] 21:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Were these in Goldfinger? ==<br />
<br />
I was just curious if this is the same type of display shown at the end of Goldfinger where James Bond is handcuffed to a bomb inside the Fort Knox vault. This display is shown in a close up. --[[User:65.190.140.201|65.190.140.201]] 01:36, 12 March 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:No, the atomic bomb countdown display in Goldfinger was another technology from the same period: edge-lit lightguide readouts. These use small incandescent light bulbs at the edges of plates of clear plastic stacked together with narrow gaps between them. In each plate, a single numeral is formed from a series of "dimples" drilled from the back side. The plates are assembled in a holder so that their edges are not easily seen. A bulb shining in one edge will cause little or no light to be emitted from the smooth faces, due to the optical phenomenon known as "total internal reflection". However, the drilled dimples are at a less obtuse angle to the approaching light rays, and have rough surfaces, therefore scatter the light more nearly perpendicular to the plane of the plates' front surfaces, where it can escape to be seen by the viewer. Thus, the digits appear as a group of bright white dots apparently floating in a small dark space without any visible support. Contrast this with nixies, which display figures as continuous lines broken only by the fine anode mesh and the lines of other digits which may lie in front of the lit digit, always glow in the pink-orange-red range, and are usually placed behind red or dark orange filters to enhance contrast. Although the white(ish) light of edge-lit displays could be filtered to any desired color, historically this was almost never done.<br />
<br />
:A.<br />
<br />
== Why delete links to the main nixie resource (and it really is) on the web? ==<br />
<br />
I added a link to the neonixie-l Yahoo! group which is undoubtedly (and, yes, I can probably provide proof of that) the premier source of nixie and related tubes' expertise online. (*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NEONIXIE-L/ Yahoo! NEONIXIE-L group] Very active discussion group with archives, links & support for everything to do with nixies & related tubes).<br />
<br />
I realise that the [[WP:EL]] redirect says that links to discussion forums should "normally be avoided", but this is not a rule cast in stone, and the link specified is not just a very balanced and informed forum, it has substantial files on the history, usage & types of nixies etc. BTW, I have no connection with neonixie-l, other than being one of the nearly 1700 members of that group.<br />
<br />
I should also point out that you have left links to reference sites that have a commercial side, and neonixie-l is completely non-commercial.<br />
<br />
Why remove it, Femto?<br />
[[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] 20:26, 28 January 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:The question that needs to be answered about external links isn't "why not keep them" but "why are they needed". Forum links are encyclopedically useless. If there is any specific [[WP:EL]]-compliant content, link to it directly. Besides, the site is full of Yahoo-ads and far as I see access is members-only. Usually the decision about one link has no impact on the others, commercial or not. If you think a link is overly commercial please remove it. [[User:Femto|Femto]] 11:08, 29 January 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== references tag ==<br />
<br />
(I'm more or less copying my response from [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]. See also [[User talk:MsHyde]] and [[Special:Contributions/MsHyde]].)<br />
<br />
MsHyde has been adding that tag to a truckload of articles, and I find it disruptive. For instance, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerical_stability&diff=prev&oldid=105964022 this edit] was wholly inappropriate. She seems to be adding the tag to articles willy-nilly without any regard as to whether it is needed; she also isn't going through the trouble of helping out by adding references to any of the articles she's tagged.<br />
<br />
Yes, the nixie tube article is borderline. There are a number of external links, and they are not formal references, but they seem to be about the best one can do for such a subject. I would appreciate someone coming up with a compromise for this article or a plan for finding sources for this article. [[User:Lunch|Lunch]] 20:56, 6 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:This article does ''not'' have any references. If any of those external links are meant to serve as references, then please put them in a references section, ideally linking them to the paragraphs/sentences/ideas they reference. If you don't know how to do references, post which ones belong where on here and I will put them in for you. This article '''needs''' references, and the appropriate action on finding an article (particularly a lengthy article) which has no references, and about which you do not know enough to reference it yourself, is to add that template. It may be that this user has added this template in places in which it is inappropriate, but it absolutely belongs here unless you are going to provide references really soon. That way, people who might have access to sources are alerted to the lack of references, and can add them. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 23:24, 6 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
:*I've added three of the standard references for nixie data, and will add more as time permits. The Weston book is the definitive source of data (so far as we [on neonixie-l] know). I've also taken the liberty of removing the unreferences article tag. [[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] 06:13, 7 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Thanks Nick, that's great. If you could try to add at least one of the references to each paragraph (but only, obviously, if the reference supports that paragraph!), that would make the whole thing much more verifiable. If you like, when you've added them in to the right places, I could convert the references to footnote form, but not if you'd rather keep the Harvard style. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 17:20, 7 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::* Some of these books have no ISBN (they pre-date that) but have Library of Congress numbers. Is there a way to add these to a citation? [[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] 21:48, 7 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::Well, I don't know what is normally done (I don't have much experience with Harvard-style referencing), but I would just add <nowiki>[[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]]</nowiki> (whatever the number is) in the same way that you've added the ISBN to the first reference. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 01:09, 8 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Seven-segment neon displays==<br />
Somewhere in a drawer I have some seven-segment neon-filled displays; these are in flat packages like an IC, but with a glass window over the front and with wire leads coming out the back (not in IC-style parallel rows, just randomly arranged). What were these called and who made them? I'll have to search for these and see if there's any maker's data stamped on them. They must have been uncommon since I don't ever recall seeing equipment using them (not even at hamfests). --[[User:Wtshymanski|Wtshymanski]] 14:23, 24 June 2007 (UTC)<br />
:There was a place where I worked that had a postal scale with a neon seven segment display. I can't remember who made it, though. You might see them [http://www.tube-tester.com/sites/nixie/trade08-panaplex.htm here]. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] 21:28, 24 June 2007 (UTC)<br />
::I agree that it sounds like you're describing Panaplex displays (developed by Burroughs just before their merger with Sperry, then later produced by Beckman and currently by Babcock.) However, it's also possible that what you have are actually incandescent rather than neon. The most common brand of these subminiature Numitron-style displays is Minitron.<br />
<br />
::A.<br />
<br />
:::I'd completely forgotten the name "Panaplex" - used to be big ads in the back of "Computer Trader" looking for NOS Panaplex devices. I also have some of the seven-segment incandescent devices which I bought for a digital clock project (back when digital clocks were made from about a score of TTL chips). I'll put taking photos of these devices on my to-do list. If I could get them all lit up at the same time, I could do a photo of an LED display, neon, incandescent and vacuum flourescent - the surplus bins at Radio Shack and my local surplus dealer were a favorite haunt of mine. (My 30-year-old LED digital clock still runs, and the display seems as bright as ever.) --[[User:Wtshymanski|Wtshymanski]] 13:45, 9 October 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Weston book reprints no longer available==<br />
I have received confirmation today (Nov 16 2007) from jan wuesten that reprints of the weston book are no longer available. The last print copy was sold and the data files used for the reprints are lost. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/207.109.251.120|207.109.251.120]] ([[User talk:207.109.251.120|talk]]) 08:53, 16 November 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Animated image ==<br />
<br />
I believe there are guidelines against using animated images on wikipedia, because when you print it, you don't see the animation. I'm trying to dig those up now.--[[Special:Contributions/58.230.124.16|58.230.124.16]] ([[User talk:58.230.124.16|talk]]) 03:00, 1 July 2008 (UTC)<br />
:''Note that it is not recommended to use animated GIFs to display multiple photos. The method is not suitable for printing and also is not user friendly (users can not save individual images and have to wait before being able to view images while other images cycle round).''[[Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Photo_galleries]]. This image should be split if its felt that it is necessary to have all these numbers in the article.--[[Special:Contributions/58.230.124.16|58.230.124.16]] ([[User talk:58.230.124.16|talk]]) 03:04, 1 July 2008 (UTC)<br />
::A line from a certain movie comes to mind: "The pirate's code's more what ye might call guidelines than actual rules." I don't consider the printing issue to be a serious one. Also note that this image cycles rather quickly, so user friendliness (a term I've never heard with regards to an animation) isn't really a concern either. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 10:39, 1 July 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Completely Incorrect Trochotron History ==<br />
<br />
Trochotrons were not developed by Haydu. Their specific origin has been traced back to Ericsson. Ericsson engineers Hannes Alfven and Harald Romanus patented the first linear trochotron in 1946, and another Ericsson engineer, Nils Backmark, patented the first cylindrical trochotron in 1949. Burroughs patented their first improved cylindrical trochotron variant in 1952 (they added the switching grid and various geometry-related improvements), several years before they acquired Haydu. Haydu had little or nothing to do with the development of either the Nixie or the Trochotron. They merely produced them for Burroughs after the merger/acquisition. Burroughs needed a tube fabrication division to manufacture their pre-existing designs, so they bought Haydu. The primary innovators of the mature Nixie and trochotron are Saul Kuchinsky and Sin-Pih Fan, Burroughs engineers. Another Burroughs engineer named Roger Wolfe was directly involved with Kuchinsky in the development of the Beam-X Switch internal-magnet trochotron. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Accutron|Accutron]] ([[User talk:Accutron|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Accutron|contribs]]) 13:47, 23 May 2009 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Text that needs clarifying ==<br />
<br />
Second paragraph: "Such tubes rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F) even under the most severe of operating conditions in a room at ambient temperature. [2]"<br />
<br />
Does that mean that these tubes are rarely operated in an ambient hotter than that? They don't dissipate much power, so they don't get hot. Kindly clarify?<br />
<br />
Regards, [[User:Nikevich|Nikevich]] ([[User talk:Nikevich|talk]]) 05:54, 19 June 2009 (UTC)<br />
:My understanding is that "ambient" refers to room temperature. Because they consume very little power, they do not get hot, and thus the tube's temperature does not exceed 40 °C (104 °F). I'm not sure how to reword the article to reflect this. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 11:46, 19 June 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Trochotron Article ==<br />
<br />
I support the previous paragraph re "Completely Incorrect Trochotron History".The prime inventor of the trochotron was Prof. Hannes O. G. Alfven, who was at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), in Stockholm, Sweden.<br />
It is misleading to include the description of the Trochotron in the History section of the Nixie tube article. Trochotrons were vacuum tubes (based on the technology of the magnetron), with hot cathodes - not cold-cathode, gas-filled, tubes.<br />
Until a few weeks ago, there was a "Trochotron" article heading in Wikipedia, but it was empty and the reader was redirected to the Nixie article. Now it's disappeared and the redirect, from the index of trochotron-related sites on the Web, goes straight to the Nixie article.<br />
The Trochotron definitely deserves its own article, for which the two relevant paragraphs in the Nixie article could be a start. If the Dekatron has two pages, then the trochotron should have two! The trochotron was NOT similar in function to glow-tansfer tubes as most did not (with one exception - see below) give a visible indication of the count position, but did operate 1,000 times faster than most gas-filled tubes.<br />
The Vintage Technology Association has a detailed and accurate document on Beam-Switching Tubes (i.e. Trochotrons) at www.decadecounter.com/vta/tubepage.php?item=18. The key points of that report could be summarized for the Trochotron entry.<br />
In the summer of 1953 I worked in Stockholm and met several times with a small team (in LM Ericsson's then head office site, at Midsommerkransen), which was trying to develop an electronic telephone exchange based on the trochotron. The LME engineers saw the trochotron's potential as a fast, electronic replacement for the crossbar switch. The poor crosstalk characteristics of the tube inhibited its use to carry telephone traffic and this work ended around 1958. By then it was clear that other technologies would be more viable.<br />
As explained in the VTA article, the trochotron was used successfully by Burroughs as a counting tube (with speeds of up to 10Mhz), for the best part of a decade. For the year of 1956, I used a frequency counter, which was based on the Philips' E1T trochotron, while working at Mullard Equipment (a subsidiary of Philips Telecommunication Industries), in Wandsworth, London.This counter was vital in the accurate tuning of oscillators and filters, for frequencies up to 105khz, in a seven-channel Transistorized Rural Carrier system (TRC-7). [[User:John Roger A.|John Roger A.]] ([[User talk:John Roger A.|talk]]) 19:51, 15 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Fuel pump displays. ==<br />
<br />
Nixie tubes were used in fuel pump displays. I remember them first appearing sometime in the 1980's on the first pumps with non-mechanical numeric displays, which I thought odd, why would new pumps be equipped with old technology like nixie tubes instead of LED or VFD. If you happen to gas up at an older station that still has pumps with nixie tubes, snap a pic for the article. [[User:Bizzybody|Bizzybody]] ([[User talk:Bizzybody|talk]]) 11:35, 1 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: Same reason nixie tubes were used for displays on station platforms. They are self-illuminated at night, have good contrast in bright sunlight, and they have wide viewing angles. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 13:47, 1 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Are we talking about actual nixie tubes with stacked cathodes, or flat seven-segment neon displays? If it's the latter case, I think they're called Panaplex displays. I can think of a gas station near my apartment that has pumps with Panaplexes. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 01:45, 2 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
::: Both. As they're the same illumination tech, they both have the same advantages. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 09:13, 2 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Capitalizing proper noun ''Nixie'' ==<br />
<br />
I've capitalized the proper noun ''Nixie'' in the article. Like ''[[Kleenex]]'', it's a trademark, and has been capitalized in all the technical and popular discourse I recall reading back in the '70s. Merriam-Webster does not include this definition in its entry, only that of the Germanic water sprite, aka ''nix''. (Cambridge Online and Oxford Online don't even have ''nixie'' at all, let alone ''Nixie''.) I recommend sticking with capitalization unless someone can cite compelling evidence to the contrary. ~ [[User:Jeffq|Jeff Q]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Jeffq|(talk)]] 20:09, 22 July 2012 (UTC)<br />
==In the former Soviet Union==<br />
: In the former Soviet Union, Nixies were still being manufactured in volume in the 1980s, so Russian and Eastern European Nixies are still available.<br />
I hope someone can add some explanation on why these countries make this thing[[Special:Contributions/111.251.228.212|111.251.228.212]] ([[User talk:111.251.228.212|talk]]) 08:12, 13 January 2013 (UTC)<br />
: The text refers Russian tubes. nixieshop.com is a Ukrainian clock company whose web page says Ukraine had two Nixie manufacturing plants. Any objection to changing Russian to Soviet (except where the text says Russian or Eastern European)? [[User:Ronstew|Ronstew]] ([[User talk:Ronstew|talk]]) 06:40, 3 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== K155ID1 Nixie Driver IC is not obsolete ==<br />
<br />
In the article text its says "...The original 7400 series drivers integrated circuits such as the 74141 BCD decoder driver (or its Russian equivalent the K155ID1) have long since been out of production." That's not true when it comes to the Soviet Version. You can still order it from Integral Semiconductor in Minsk/ Belarus.<br />
See here:<br />
http://www.integral.by/?section_id=111<br />
or here (english):<br />
http://www.integral.by/eng/?section_id=86<br />
[[Special:Contributions/213.196.161.3|213.196.161.3]] ([[User talk:213.196.161.3|talk]]) 15:30, 24 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== IMHO, this article is poor.... ==<br />
<br />
I have contributed substantial parts of this article over many years, but now its so hacked about that it has lost its structure and the use of English, in part, is not good. Actually, I'll go further - it's poor, contains errors and lacks cohesion.<br />
<br />
Over the next few weeks I'll seek to completely rewrite this article with a better structure, improved use of English, no duplication, expanded references etc. If others feel that this is not appropriate, please contribute below; if you feel something is missing and needs to be added, please say so. Let me know your thoughts.<br />
<br />
Nick de Smith (moderator of the [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/neonixie-l neonixie-l forum]). [[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] ([[User talk:Nickds1|talk]]) 10:07, 11 June 2014 (UTC)<br />
:As a member of that group I am in favor of this. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 22:20, 12 June 2014 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Read the explanation of nixie physics and came away disappointed. Not really much to explain why it glows. Also notice the phrase "adding power to". What is that supposed to mean? Needs improvement.[[User:Longinus876|Longinus876]] ([[User talk:Longinus876|talk]]) 14:10, 14 March 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Nixies in modern media ==<br />
<br />
I recently saw the movie, Tomorrowland, and it contained numerous images of Nixie displays. Perhaps that should be listed? Also, I recall that in about 1969, desktop calculators made by the Wang Corporation employed Nixie tubes. [[User:Sluefoot|Sluefoot]] ([[User talk:Sluefoot|talk]]) 22:34, 24 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
: Tomorrowland isn't a good source for anything, as it's not only fictional, it's deliberately [[retrofuturism|retrofuturistic]]. Are nixies used because they belong in that period? Or where they added to the film to create a particular effect? You might find something in ''Hipster Monthly'' that sources "Tomorrowland deliberately adds nixies to create a vintage effect", but that's about it. We certainly can't rely on Tomorrowland itself as a source.<br />
<br />
: Mains-powered desk calculators, and shop weighing scales, used nixies well into the '70s. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 00:10, 25 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: In the Netflix series Wednesday, the title character has a Nixie clock on her desk. Which is what brought me to this article. [[User:Ronstew|Ronstew]] ([[User talk:Ronstew|talk]]) 06:42, 3 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Pronunciation ==<br />
<br />
I'd like to add ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|n|ɪ|k|.|s|iː}} {{respell|NIK|see}}) to the article. I wasn't aware of how to pronounce it, and seems like this bit of info could be helpful. Let me know your objections. [[User:Kyle Leitch|Kyleleitch]] 4:40 UTC, 20 Nov 2016<br />
<br />
== Alternatives and successors ==<br />
<br />
This section has almost no citations when it lists other forms of display technology. What on earth is a "backlit columnar transparency?" I searched for this phrase and came up with nothing except this page and bot-driven copies of this page. Saying "thermometer displays" in parenthesis only further confuses things. Someone please edit, elaborate, or delete this sort of thing!<br />
<br />
Anonymous grouch editing as [[Special:Contributions/173.66.167.67|173.66.167.67]] ([[User talk:173.66.167.67|talk]]) 00:10, 29 April 2020 (UTC)</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nixie_tube&diff=1131243101Talk:Nixie tube2023-01-03T06:40:29Z<p>Ronstew: /* In the former Soviet Union */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{talkheader}}<br />
{{Electron|class=B|importance=Mid}}<br />
<br />
==Sectioned format==<br />
<br />
I took the liberty of restoring the sectioned format I had structured this article into, after it was reverted by [[User:68.125.53.148|68.125.53.148]] as 'improper'. However, I also updated the article with said contributor's very relevant factual correction about nixies not being vacuum devices. --[[User:Wernher|Wernher]] 09:49, 13 May 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Mr. "Wernher":<br />
<br />
:Why do you keep MESSING UP this article? <br />
<br />
:I have a copy of the December 1954 ELECTRONICS magazine, containing a PRESS RELEASE stating the Burroughs had bought Haydu and introduced the Nixie display. Why do you keep making it "1950s"???<br />
<br />
:I will keep FIXING your ignorant "revisions" until you GET THE PICTURE.<br />
<br />
:What do YOU know about early electronics history?? I'm the Senior Editor of VACUUM TUBE VALLEY magazine, a longtime contributor to GLASS AUDIO magazine, and have been writing about tube electronics for almost 15 years. Please DO NOT presume to tell me I'm wrong. YOU'RE WRONG.<br />
<br />
::Eh -- if I have mistakenly reinserted the vaguer '1950s' instead of the precise '1954', it was only done totally unintended as a side-effect of reverting to the sectioned format, which I think is better for the article's structure. That is, I have ''absolutely no reason to, whatsoever (and neither did I), bring into doubt'' the correctness of the '1954' fact.<br />
<br />
::I therefore, luckily, do not feel myself being a proper target of the tirade above. Rather, I want to make the positive comment that I appreciate contributions to Wikipedia by people who were actually there when it happened, regarding any subject field. Myself I am only a (very interested) student of tech history, especially digital electronics and analog and digital computing. Best regards, --[[User:Wernher|Wernher]] 17:17, 14 May 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Haydu Nixies? ==<br />
<br />
I'm curious about the source of the claims (found in several places on the internet) that Haydu Brothers Laboratories "invented" or "developed" the Nixie tube. I'm not old enough to know firsthand, nor do I have access to authoritative documentation supporting or refuting this connection. But if it's true, it seems to me that in retrospect it was probably one of the most significant contributions made by the Haydus. If so, why then is it not mentioned on the Warren Township Historical Society's [http://www.warrennj.org/wths/haydu.htm Brief history of Haydu Brothers] site?<br />
<br />
In fact, I've found an internet reference which directly contradicts this:<br />
[http://www.home.ix.netcom.com/~hancockm/history_timeline.htm Historical Timeline of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company]<br />
(see entries under 1954)<br />
"Burroughs acquires Haydu Brothers [...] to produce special purpose electronic tubes for data display which have resulted from research at the Paoli laboratory."<br />
<br />
This clearly is claiming that Burroughs's own research at their Paoli, Pennsylvania labs led to the Nixie tube, and Haydu was purchased strictly for their manufacturing capability. This webpage is what led me to delete the Haydu reference previously (since restored by another contributor). I'd love to spend some time searching the Burroughs Corporation archive in the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Michigan (or perhaps get it directly from George and/or Zoltan Haydu before it's too late...) to get this straightened out with certainty once and for all.<br />
<br />
A.<br />
<br />
== Photo? ==<br />
<br />
Anybody got a photo of a Nixie tube display?<br />
<br />
:If you just want photo(s) of a nixie tube, I have dozens of photos and hundreds of nixie tubes (specializing in collecting the rarest but have many common types too), what kind do you want? Clear or coated with a contrast-enhancing colored lacquer? Side viewed (with or without a "nipple" tip seal on top), end viewed (round or oval), lit (and what number/letter/symbol) or unlit, or perhaps some combination of tubes in one or more photos? I also have a few pieces of equipment with nixie displays (and connections to several people with more extensive equipment collections). This could illustrate how they were used, but the tinted filter lenses on the equipment typically obscure all details of the tubes themselves except for the lit digits.<br />
<br />
:A.<br />
<br />
== Revival ==<br />
<br />
Re the new paragraph beginning, "Citing boredom with conventional, modern displays...", I'm not completely comfortable with the opening line's phraseology, "boredom" in particular. As a member of a group of nixie enthusiasts, I believe that it's more like displeasure with the aesthetic aspects of typical 7-segment and dot-matrix displays (rectilinear, artificial) than simple boredom. The nostalgia aspect is also a very strong part of the motivation for many. I'm not sure how best to rephrase this sentence to better convey typical modern nixie clock builder's reasons for choosing nixie tubes.<br />
<br />
Perhaps, "Citing dissatisfaction with the aesthetics of modern digital displays...", would serve better.<br />
<br />
Comments?<br />
<br />
A.<br />
<br />
:Since I didn't get any feedback, I went ahead and made a minor change in line with the sentiment expressed above.<br />
<br />
:A.<br />
<br />
::Yeah, dissatisfaction sounds right. I'm not a nixie enthusiast but I know exactly how you feel. In fact, I am developing a new 8-segment display that is less rectilinear and – perhaps no less artificial – but certainly closer to ordinary type than the 7-segment is. I've got high hopes for it.<br />
<br />
::[[User:RadRafe|RadRafe]] 03:57, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::Is your new display anything like these 1970s vintage 9-segment "Itron" VFD tubes? [http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/bc3260.html http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/bc3260.html] ;-)<br />
<br />
:::Smaller ones were also made in an 8-segment format without the tiny "tail" segment on digit "4".<br />
<br />
:::A.<br />
<br />
::::Thanks for the link. My design is similar in motivation but rather different in the details. I'm aiming for a slightly more print-like look. For instance, 012 are all half-height, like in [[text figures]].<br />
<br />
::::[[User:RadRafe|RadRafe]] 18:50, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Things have moved on since this was first written. Dalibor Farney is well established as a new tube manufacturer, and there are other people producing new tubes (e.g. Millclock ZN-18) on a commercial basis. [[User:Isparkes|Isparkes]] ([[User talk:Isparkes|talk]]) 10:26, 23 January 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
I would also like to update the section about electronics. SuperTex (now Microchip) produce shift register based high voltage drivers, and have done so for some time. [[User:Isparkes|Isparkes]] ([[User talk:Isparkes|talk]]) 10:26, 23 January 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Longevity ==<br />
Should the paragraph on nixie longevity (in Applications) be given its own section, moved to the first section, or perhaps even removed?<br />
<br />
A.<br />
<br />
:Never mind, it's good now. A.<br />
<br />
<br />
Does anyone have any real numbers for how long these things last in a clock? I've heard some VERY conflicting numbers in this area. The very popular IN-14's have a MTF of 12,500 hours. But some people claim that they've run their clocks 24-7 for 3 years and no problems so far. Anyone?<br />
::::[[User:Achra|Achra]] 15:02, 21 Jun 2006 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:The numbers are very conflicting because lifetime varies greatly between types, and even between early and late examples of the same type (among types which had long production lives). IN-14s are Russian-made tubes, and Russian tubes of the era have a well-deserved reputation for extreme variation in quality. Finally, lifetime depends a great deal on several factors such as peak current, average current, temperature, duty cycle, ratio of use of the different symbols in each tube, and probably a few more that I'm forgetting.<br />
<br />
: A.<br />
<br />
::Yikes, you were right. I built 2 clocks with 4 IN-14's each (one with also 2 IN-17's) 6 months ago. One of the clocks has already lost 2 IN-14's.<br />
::::[[User:Achra|Achra]] 07:16, 05 Feb 2007 (PDT)<br />
<br />
I worked with Coherent brand Argon Lasers. One variant eliminated gas-fill solenoid valves in favor of argon-filled glass ampules with a gas-ballast tank. As gas pressure dropped, external copper tubes protruding from the gas-ballast tank could be crimped to break glass ampules within, releasing contained argon to replenish lost gas. Four pinched-off copper tubes containing glass ampules protruded from the gas ballast tank. How this relates to the Nixie: inside some Burroughs Nixie tubes a glass ampule can be seen, surrounded by a heater or filament of sorts. After learning about the Coherent Argon Laser refill function, I inferred the glass ampule seen inside the Nixie also performs a gas-refill function, presumably activated by heating the filament. Ampule gas release might happen gradually by heating and diffusion or increased permeability, or incrementally by thermal-shock-fracture or glass-liquefaction/bubble-burst preceding gas release. Or maybe another imperative was addressed by the designer(s) who incorporated a glass ampule for another reason. I would be interested in learning more about this engineering artifact, and about how to reactivate a spent Nixie using the filament surrounding the ampule, if this was indeed the original intent. [[User:Jeffreagan|Jeffreagan]] ([[User talk:Jeffreagan|talk]]) 21:42, 25 April 2017 (UTC) <br />
<br />
:Most nixies have a small amount of mercury in them to improve their lifespan. The mercury was held in the filament-wrapped bulb. The nixie received its fill of argon and neon and was then sealed. Only then would the filament receive a current to vaporize the mercury. You can't regenerate a nixie by applying a current to the filament. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 09:20, 28 April 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Foreign import ==<br />
<br />
Can someone import the [[nl:Afbeelding:Nixie.gif]] pic? Or make their own? It'd be great somewhere in here... Thanx [[User:69.142.2.68|69.142.2.68]] 21:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Were these in Goldfinger? ==<br />
<br />
I was just curious if this is the same type of display shown at the end of Goldfinger where James Bond is handcuffed to a bomb inside the Fort Knox vault. This display is shown in a close up. --[[User:65.190.140.201|65.190.140.201]] 01:36, 12 March 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:No, the atomic bomb countdown display in Goldfinger was another technology from the same period: edge-lit lightguide readouts. These use small incandescent light bulbs at the edges of plates of clear plastic stacked together with narrow gaps between them. In each plate, a single numeral is formed from a series of "dimples" drilled from the back side. The plates are assembled in a holder so that their edges are not easily seen. A bulb shining in one edge will cause little or no light to be emitted from the smooth faces, due to the optical phenomenon known as "total internal reflection". However, the drilled dimples are at a less obtuse angle to the approaching light rays, and have rough surfaces, therefore scatter the light more nearly perpendicular to the plane of the plates' front surfaces, where it can escape to be seen by the viewer. Thus, the digits appear as a group of bright white dots apparently floating in a small dark space without any visible support. Contrast this with nixies, which display figures as continuous lines broken only by the fine anode mesh and the lines of other digits which may lie in front of the lit digit, always glow in the pink-orange-red range, and are usually placed behind red or dark orange filters to enhance contrast. Although the white(ish) light of edge-lit displays could be filtered to any desired color, historically this was almost never done.<br />
<br />
:A.<br />
<br />
== Why delete links to the main nixie resource (and it really is) on the web? ==<br />
<br />
I added a link to the neonixie-l Yahoo! group which is undoubtedly (and, yes, I can probably provide proof of that) the premier source of nixie and related tubes' expertise online. (*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NEONIXIE-L/ Yahoo! NEONIXIE-L group] Very active discussion group with archives, links & support for everything to do with nixies & related tubes).<br />
<br />
I realise that the [[WP:EL]] redirect says that links to discussion forums should "normally be avoided", but this is not a rule cast in stone, and the link specified is not just a very balanced and informed forum, it has substantial files on the history, usage & types of nixies etc. BTW, I have no connection with neonixie-l, other than being one of the nearly 1700 members of that group.<br />
<br />
I should also point out that you have left links to reference sites that have a commercial side, and neonixie-l is completely non-commercial.<br />
<br />
Why remove it, Femto?<br />
[[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] 20:26, 28 January 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:The question that needs to be answered about external links isn't "why not keep them" but "why are they needed". Forum links are encyclopedically useless. If there is any specific [[WP:EL]]-compliant content, link to it directly. Besides, the site is full of Yahoo-ads and far as I see access is members-only. Usually the decision about one link has no impact on the others, commercial or not. If you think a link is overly commercial please remove it. [[User:Femto|Femto]] 11:08, 29 January 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== references tag ==<br />
<br />
(I'm more or less copying my response from [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]. See also [[User talk:MsHyde]] and [[Special:Contributions/MsHyde]].)<br />
<br />
MsHyde has been adding that tag to a truckload of articles, and I find it disruptive. For instance, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerical_stability&diff=prev&oldid=105964022 this edit] was wholly inappropriate. She seems to be adding the tag to articles willy-nilly without any regard as to whether it is needed; she also isn't going through the trouble of helping out by adding references to any of the articles she's tagged.<br />
<br />
Yes, the nixie tube article is borderline. There are a number of external links, and they are not formal references, but they seem to be about the best one can do for such a subject. I would appreciate someone coming up with a compromise for this article or a plan for finding sources for this article. [[User:Lunch|Lunch]] 20:56, 6 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:This article does ''not'' have any references. If any of those external links are meant to serve as references, then please put them in a references section, ideally linking them to the paragraphs/sentences/ideas they reference. If you don't know how to do references, post which ones belong where on here and I will put them in for you. This article '''needs''' references, and the appropriate action on finding an article (particularly a lengthy article) which has no references, and about which you do not know enough to reference it yourself, is to add that template. It may be that this user has added this template in places in which it is inappropriate, but it absolutely belongs here unless you are going to provide references really soon. That way, people who might have access to sources are alerted to the lack of references, and can add them. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 23:24, 6 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
:*I've added three of the standard references for nixie data, and will add more as time permits. The Weston book is the definitive source of data (so far as we [on neonixie-l] know). I've also taken the liberty of removing the unreferences article tag. [[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] 06:13, 7 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Thanks Nick, that's great. If you could try to add at least one of the references to each paragraph (but only, obviously, if the reference supports that paragraph!), that would make the whole thing much more verifiable. If you like, when you've added them in to the right places, I could convert the references to footnote form, but not if you'd rather keep the Harvard style. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 17:20, 7 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::* Some of these books have no ISBN (they pre-date that) but have Library of Congress numbers. Is there a way to add these to a citation? [[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] 21:48, 7 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::Well, I don't know what is normally done (I don't have much experience with Harvard-style referencing), but I would just add <nowiki>[[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]]</nowiki> (whatever the number is) in the same way that you've added the ISBN to the first reference. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 01:09, 8 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Seven-segment neon displays==<br />
Somewhere in a drawer I have some seven-segment neon-filled displays; these are in flat packages like an IC, but with a glass window over the front and with wire leads coming out the back (not in IC-style parallel rows, just randomly arranged). What were these called and who made them? I'll have to search for these and see if there's any maker's data stamped on them. They must have been uncommon since I don't ever recall seeing equipment using them (not even at hamfests). --[[User:Wtshymanski|Wtshymanski]] 14:23, 24 June 2007 (UTC)<br />
:There was a place where I worked that had a postal scale with a neon seven segment display. I can't remember who made it, though. You might see them [http://www.tube-tester.com/sites/nixie/trade08-panaplex.htm here]. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] 21:28, 24 June 2007 (UTC)<br />
::I agree that it sounds like you're describing Panaplex displays (developed by Burroughs just before their merger with Sperry, then later produced by Beckman and currently by Babcock.) However, it's also possible that what you have are actually incandescent rather than neon. The most common brand of these subminiature Numitron-style displays is Minitron.<br />
<br />
::A.<br />
<br />
:::I'd completely forgotten the name "Panaplex" - used to be big ads in the back of "Computer Trader" looking for NOS Panaplex devices. I also have some of the seven-segment incandescent devices which I bought for a digital clock project (back when digital clocks were made from about a score of TTL chips). I'll put taking photos of these devices on my to-do list. If I could get them all lit up at the same time, I could do a photo of an LED display, neon, incandescent and vacuum flourescent - the surplus bins at Radio Shack and my local surplus dealer were a favorite haunt of mine. (My 30-year-old LED digital clock still runs, and the display seems as bright as ever.) --[[User:Wtshymanski|Wtshymanski]] 13:45, 9 October 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Weston book reprints no longer available==<br />
I have received confirmation today (Nov 16 2007) from jan wuesten that reprints of the weston book are no longer available. The last print copy was sold and the data files used for the reprints are lost. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/207.109.251.120|207.109.251.120]] ([[User talk:207.109.251.120|talk]]) 08:53, 16 November 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Animated image ==<br />
<br />
I believe there are guidelines against using animated images on wikipedia, because when you print it, you don't see the animation. I'm trying to dig those up now.--[[Special:Contributions/58.230.124.16|58.230.124.16]] ([[User talk:58.230.124.16|talk]]) 03:00, 1 July 2008 (UTC)<br />
:''Note that it is not recommended to use animated GIFs to display multiple photos. The method is not suitable for printing and also is not user friendly (users can not save individual images and have to wait before being able to view images while other images cycle round).''[[Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Photo_galleries]]. This image should be split if its felt that it is necessary to have all these numbers in the article.--[[Special:Contributions/58.230.124.16|58.230.124.16]] ([[User talk:58.230.124.16|talk]]) 03:04, 1 July 2008 (UTC)<br />
::A line from a certain movie comes to mind: "The pirate's code's more what ye might call guidelines than actual rules." I don't consider the printing issue to be a serious one. Also note that this image cycles rather quickly, so user friendliness (a term I've never heard with regards to an animation) isn't really a concern either. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 10:39, 1 July 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Completely Incorrect Trochotron History ==<br />
<br />
Trochotrons were not developed by Haydu. Their specific origin has been traced back to Ericsson. Ericsson engineers Hannes Alfven and Harald Romanus patented the first linear trochotron in 1946, and another Ericsson engineer, Nils Backmark, patented the first cylindrical trochotron in 1949. Burroughs patented their first improved cylindrical trochotron variant in 1952 (they added the switching grid and various geometry-related improvements), several years before they acquired Haydu. Haydu had little or nothing to do with the development of either the Nixie or the Trochotron. They merely produced them for Burroughs after the merger/acquisition. Burroughs needed a tube fabrication division to manufacture their pre-existing designs, so they bought Haydu. The primary innovators of the mature Nixie and trochotron are Saul Kuchinsky and Sin-Pih Fan, Burroughs engineers. Another Burroughs engineer named Roger Wolfe was directly involved with Kuchinsky in the development of the Beam-X Switch internal-magnet trochotron. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Accutron|Accutron]] ([[User talk:Accutron|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Accutron|contribs]]) 13:47, 23 May 2009 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Text that needs clarifying ==<br />
<br />
Second paragraph: "Such tubes rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F) even under the most severe of operating conditions in a room at ambient temperature. [2]"<br />
<br />
Does that mean that these tubes are rarely operated in an ambient hotter than that? They don't dissipate much power, so they don't get hot. Kindly clarify?<br />
<br />
Regards, [[User:Nikevich|Nikevich]] ([[User talk:Nikevich|talk]]) 05:54, 19 June 2009 (UTC)<br />
:My understanding is that "ambient" refers to room temperature. Because they consume very little power, they do not get hot, and thus the tube's temperature does not exceed 40 °C (104 °F). I'm not sure how to reword the article to reflect this. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 11:46, 19 June 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Trochotron Article ==<br />
<br />
I support the previous paragraph re "Completely Incorrect Trochotron History".The prime inventor of the trochotron was Prof. Hannes O. G. Alfven, who was at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), in Stockholm, Sweden.<br />
It is misleading to include the description of the Trochotron in the History section of the Nixie tube article. Trochotrons were vacuum tubes (based on the technology of the magnetron), with hot cathodes - not cold-cathode, gas-filled, tubes.<br />
Until a few weeks ago, there was a "Trochotron" article heading in Wikipedia, but it was empty and the reader was redirected to the Nixie article. Now it's disappeared and the redirect, from the index of trochotron-related sites on the Web, goes straight to the Nixie article.<br />
The Trochotron definitely deserves its own article, for which the two relevant paragraphs in the Nixie article could be a start. If the Dekatron has two pages, then the trochotron should have two! The trochotron was NOT similar in function to glow-tansfer tubes as most did not (with one exception - see below) give a visible indication of the count position, but did operate 1,000 times faster than most gas-filled tubes.<br />
The Vintage Technology Association has a detailed and accurate document on Beam-Switching Tubes (i.e. Trochotrons) at www.decadecounter.com/vta/tubepage.php?item=18. The key points of that report could be summarized for the Trochotron entry.<br />
In the summer of 1953 I worked in Stockholm and met several times with a small team (in LM Ericsson's then head office site, at Midsommerkransen), which was trying to develop an electronic telephone exchange based on the trochotron. The LME engineers saw the trochotron's potential as a fast, electronic replacement for the crossbar switch. The poor crosstalk characteristics of the tube inhibited its use to carry telephone traffic and this work ended around 1958. By then it was clear that other technologies would be more viable.<br />
As explained in the VTA article, the trochotron was used successfully by Burroughs as a counting tube (with speeds of up to 10Mhz), for the best part of a decade. For the year of 1956, I used a frequency counter, which was based on the Philips' E1T trochotron, while working at Mullard Equipment (a subsidiary of Philips Telecommunication Industries), in Wandsworth, London.This counter was vital in the accurate tuning of oscillators and filters, for frequencies up to 105khz, in a seven-channel Transistorized Rural Carrier system (TRC-7). [[User:John Roger A.|John Roger A.]] ([[User talk:John Roger A.|talk]]) 19:51, 15 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Fuel pump displays. ==<br />
<br />
Nixie tubes were used in fuel pump displays. I remember them first appearing sometime in the 1980's on the first pumps with non-mechanical numeric displays, which I thought odd, why would new pumps be equipped with old technology like nixie tubes instead of LED or VFD. If you happen to gas up at an older station that still has pumps with nixie tubes, snap a pic for the article. [[User:Bizzybody|Bizzybody]] ([[User talk:Bizzybody|talk]]) 11:35, 1 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: Same reason nixie tubes were used for displays on station platforms. They are self-illuminated at night, have good contrast in bright sunlight, and they have wide viewing angles. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 13:47, 1 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Are we talking about actual nixie tubes with stacked cathodes, or flat seven-segment neon displays? If it's the latter case, I think they're called Panaplex displays. I can think of a gas station near my apartment that has pumps with Panaplexes. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 01:45, 2 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
::: Both. As they're the same illumination tech, they both have the same advantages. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 09:13, 2 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Capitalizing proper noun ''Nixie'' ==<br />
<br />
I've capitalized the proper noun ''Nixie'' in the article. Like ''[[Kleenex]]'', it's a trademark, and has been capitalized in all the technical and popular discourse I recall reading back in the '70s. Merriam-Webster does not include this definition in its entry, only that of the Germanic water sprite, aka ''nix''. (Cambridge Online and Oxford Online don't even have ''nixie'' at all, let alone ''Nixie''.) I recommend sticking with capitalization unless someone can cite compelling evidence to the contrary. ~ [[User:Jeffq|Jeff Q]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Jeffq|(talk)]] 20:09, 22 July 2012 (UTC)<br />
==In the former Soviet Union==<br />
: In the former Soviet Union, Nixies were still being manufactured in volume in the 1980s, so Russian and Eastern European Nixies are still available.<br />
I hope someone can add some explanation on why these countries make this thing[[Special:Contributions/111.251.228.212|111.251.228.212]] ([[User talk:111.251.228.212|talk]]) 08:12, 13 January 2013 (UTC)<br />
: The text refers Russian tubes. nixieshop.com is a Ukrainian clock company whose web page says Ukraine had two Nixie manufacturing plants. Any objection to changing Russian to Soviet (except where the text says Russian or Eastern European)? [[User:Ronstew|Ronstew]] ([[User talk:Ronstew|talk]]) 06:40, 3 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== K155ID1 Nixie Driver IC is not obsolete ==<br />
<br />
In the article text its says "...The original 7400 series drivers integrated circuits such as the 74141 BCD decoder driver (or its Russian equivalent the K155ID1) have long since been out of production." That's not true when it comes to the Soviet Version. You can still order it from Integral Semiconductor in Minsk/ Belarus.<br />
See here:<br />
http://www.integral.by/?section_id=111<br />
or here (english):<br />
http://www.integral.by/eng/?section_id=86<br />
[[Special:Contributions/213.196.161.3|213.196.161.3]] ([[User talk:213.196.161.3|talk]]) 15:30, 24 April 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== IMHO, this article is poor.... ==<br />
<br />
I have contributed substantial parts of this article over many years, but now its so hacked about that it has lost its structure and the use of English, in part, is not good. Actually, I'll go further - it's poor, contains errors and lacks cohesion.<br />
<br />
Over the next few weeks I'll seek to completely rewrite this article with a better structure, improved use of English, no duplication, expanded references etc. If others feel that this is not appropriate, please contribute below; if you feel something is missing and needs to be added, please say so. Let me know your thoughts.<br />
<br />
Nick de Smith (moderator of the [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/neonixie-l neonixie-l forum]). [[User:Nickds1|Nickds1]] ([[User talk:Nickds1|talk]]) 10:07, 11 June 2014 (UTC)<br />
:As a member of that group I am in favor of this. [[User:Hellbus|Hellbus]] ([[User talk:Hellbus|talk]]) 22:20, 12 June 2014 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Read the explanation of nixie physics and came away disappointed. Not really much to explain why it glows. Also notice the phrase "adding power to". What is that supposed to mean? Needs improvement.[[User:Longinus876|Longinus876]] ([[User talk:Longinus876|talk]]) 14:10, 14 March 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Nixies in modern media ==<br />
<br />
I recently saw the movie, Tomorrowland, and it contained numerous images of Nixie displays. Perhaps that should be listed? Also, I recall that in about 1969, desktop calculators made by the Wang Corporation employed Nixie tubes. [[User:Sluefoot|Sluefoot]] ([[User talk:Sluefoot|talk]]) 22:34, 24 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
: Tomorrowland isn't a good source for anything, as it's not only fictional, it's deliberately [[retrofuturism|retrofuturistic]]. Are nixies used because they belong in that period? Or where they added to the film to create a particular effect? You might find something in ''Hipster Monthly'' that sources "Tomorrowland deliberately adds nixies to create a vintage effect", but that's about it. We certainly can't rely on Tomorrowland itself as a source.<br />
: Mains-powered desk calculators, and shop weighing scales, used nixies well into the '70s. [[User:Andy Dingley|Andy Dingley]] ([[User talk:Andy Dingley|talk]]) 00:10, 25 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
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== Pronunciation ==<br />
<br />
I'd like to add ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|n|ɪ|k|.|s|iː}} {{respell|NIK|see}}) to the article. I wasn't aware of how to pronounce it, and seems like this bit of info could be helpful. Let me know your objections. [[User:Kyle Leitch|Kyleleitch]] 4:40 UTC, 20 Nov 2016<br />
<br />
== Alternatives and successors ==<br />
<br />
This section has almost no citations when it lists other forms of display technology. What on earth is a "backlit columnar transparency?" I searched for this phrase and came up with nothing except this page and bot-driven copies of this page. Saying "thermometer displays" in parenthesis only further confuses things. Someone please edit, elaborate, or delete this sort of thing!<br />
<br />
Anonymous grouch editing as [[Special:Contributions/173.66.167.67|173.66.167.67]] ([[User talk:173.66.167.67|talk]]) 00:10, 29 April 2020 (UTC)</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Coke_Zero_400&diff=11022593322015 Coke Zero 4002022-08-04T05:19:32Z<p>Ronstew: /* Attempt #1 and the "Big One" */ The word "eerily" has no place here, other than to be cliched.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox NASCAR race report<br />
| Type = NAS<br />
| Description = <!-- Use only if CUSTOM is used --><br />
| Race Name = Coke Zero 400 powered by Coca-Cola <br />
| Details ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/content/dam/nascar/download-schedule/2015/nscs_2015_printable_schedule3.pdf|title=2015 NASCAR Schedule|publisher=NASCAR Media Group, LLC.|date=August 26, 2014|website=NASCAR.com|access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-date=April 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404031856/http://www.nascar.com/content/dam/nascar/download-schedule/2015/nscs_2015_printable_schedule3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/nascar-tracks/daytona-international-speedway.html|title=Daytona International Speedway|publisher=NASCAR Media Group, LLC.|date=January 3, 2013|website=NASCAR.com|access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-date=July 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704230431/http://www.nascar.com/en_us/nascar-tracks/daytona-international-speedway.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Season-Stats/Statistics.aspx?SubSeriesID=1&YearID=44&RaceID=6779&StatType=Entry+List|title=Entry List|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=June 29, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702115230/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Season-Stats/Statistics.aspx?SubSeriesID=1&YearID=44&RaceID=6779&StatType=Entry+List|archive-date=July 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Additional-Statistics/2015/06/Coke-Zero-400-1st-Practice-Speeds.aspx|title=First Practice Results|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=July 3, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=July 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704194806/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Additional-Statistics/2015/06/Coke-Zero-400-1st-Practice-Speeds.aspx|archive-date=July 4, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Additional-Statistics/2015/06/Coke-Zero-400-Final-Practice-Speeds.aspx|title=Final Practice Results|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=July 3, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=July 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704190848/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Additional-Statistics/2015/06/Coke-Zero-400-Final-Practice-Speeds.aspx|archive-date=July 4, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Season-Stats/Statistics.aspx?SubSeriesID=1&YearID=44&RaceID=6779&StatType=Starting+Lineup|title=Starting Lineup|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=July 4, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=July 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707020733/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Season-Stats/Statistics.aspx?SubSeriesID=1&YearID=44&RaceID=6779&StatType=Starting+Lineup|archive-date=July 7, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Season-Stats/Statistics.aspx?SubSeriesID=1&YearID=44&RaceID=6779&StatType=Race+Results|title=Coke Zero 400 Results|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=July 6, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707093343/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/Statistics/Season-Stats/Statistics.aspx?SubSeriesID=1&YearID=44&RaceID=6779&StatType=Race+Results|archive-date=July 7, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015points.pdf|title=Points standings|publisher=NASCAR Statistics|date=July 6, 2015|website=Jayski.com|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707002954/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015points.pdf|archive-date=July 7, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015racereport.pdf|title=Manufacturer standings|publisher=NASCAR Integrated Marketing Communications|date=July 6, 2015|website=Jayski.com|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031200/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015racereport.pdf|archive-date=July 7, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| Fulldate = July 5–6, 2015<br />
| Year = 2015<br />
| Race_No = 17<br />
| Season_No = 36<br />
| Image = 2015_Coke_Zero_400_program_cover.png<br />
| Caption =2015 Coke Zero 400 program cover, featuring [[Aric Almirola]], the 2014 winner <br />
| Location = [[Daytona International Speedway]] in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]]<br />
| Course_mi = 2.5<br />
| Course_km = 4<br />
| Distance_laps = 161<br />
| Distance_mi = 402.5<br />
| Distance_km = 644<br />
| Scheduled_laps = 160<br />
| Scheduled_mi = 400<br />
| Scheduled_km = 640<br />
| Weather = Rain with a temperature of {{Convert|81|F|C}}; wind out of the southwest at {{Convert|5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}<br />
| Avg = {{Convert|134.941|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}<br />
| Pole_Driver = [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]<br />
| Pole_Team = [[Hendrick Motorsports]]<br />
| Pole_Time = 44.492 (Qualifying rained out; lineup set according to opening practice speeds)<br />
| Most_Driver = Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
| Most_Team = Hendrick Motorsports<br />
| Most_laps = 96<br />
| Car = 88<br />
| First_Driver = Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
| First_Team = Hendrick Motorsports<br />
| Network = [[NASCAR on NBC|NBC]]<br />
| Announcers = [[Rick Allen (television announcer)|Rick Allen]], [[Jeff Burton]] and [[Steve Letarte]]<br />
| Ratings = 2.6/7 (Overnight)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2015/07/nascar-ratings-nbc-daytona-overnights-low-rain-delay-world-cup-competition/|title=NBC’s Rain-Drenched NASCAR Return Struggles in Overnights|last=Paulsen|publisher=Sports Media Watch|date=July 6, 2015|website=SportsMediaWatch.com|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref><br>2.7/7 (Final)<ref name="Delayed NASCAR From Daytona Up From Last Year’s Postponement" >{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2015/07/nascar-daytona-ratings-up-despite-delay-nbc-return/|title=Delayed NASCAR From Daytona Up From Last Year’s Postponement|last=Paulsen|publisher=Sports Media Watch|date=July 9, 2015|website=SportsMediaWatch.com|access-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref><br>4.0 Million viewers<ref name="Delayed NASCAR From Daytona Up From Last Year’s Postponement" /><br />
| Radio = [[Motor Racing Network|MRN]]<br />
| Booth_Ann = Joe Moore, Jeff Striegle and [[Rusty Wallace]]<br />
| Turn_Ann = [[Dave Moody (sportscaster)|Dave Moody]] (1 & 2), [[Mike Bagley]] (Backstretch) and Kurt Becker (3 & 4)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2015 Coke Zero 400 powered by Coca-Cola''' was a [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series]] [[Coke Zero 400|race]] that was held between July 5 and 6, 2015 at [[Daytona International Speedway]] in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]]. Contested over 161 laps – extended from the scheduled 160 laps – on the 2.5 mile (4&nbsp;km) superspeedway, it was the 17th race of the [[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series]] season. [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] won the race, his second win of the season. His teammate [[Jimmie Johnson]] finished second while [[Denny Hamlin]], [[Kevin Harvick]], and [[Kurt Busch]] rounded out the top five.<br />
<br />
With qualifying rained out, the field was set by first practice speeds and Earnhardt Jr. was given the first starting spot as a result. Further rain delays pushed the race's green flag back to 11:42&nbsp;p.m., with the race concluding at 2:40&nbsp;a.m. ET the following morning. Earnhardt Jr. led a race high of 96 laps on his way to winning the race. The race had 22 lead changes among twelve different drivers, as well as nine caution flag periods for 43 laps. The race was marred by a violent crash at the finish, most notably featuring [[Austin Dillon]]'s car flipping into the outside [[catch fence]].<br />
<br />
It was Earnhardt Jr.'s 25th career victory, tenth career restrictor plate race win (in points competition), fourth at Daytona, and 14th at the track for [[Hendrick Motorsports]]. The win moved him up to second in the points standings. [[Chevrolet]] left Daytona with an 83-point lead over [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in the manufacturer standings.<br />
<br />
==Report==<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
[[File:Daytona International Speedway on the day of the Daytona 500.JPG|thumb|left|[[Daytona International Speedway]], the track where the race was held.]]<br />
'''Daytona International Speedway''' is a [[race track]] in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]], [[United States]]. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the [[Daytona 500]], the most prestigious race in [[NASCAR]]. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races of [[Automobile Racing Club of America|ARCA]], [[AMA Superbike]], [[United SportsCar Championship|USCC]], [[SCCA]], and [[Motocross]]. It features multiple layouts including the primary {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} high speed [[tri-oval]], a {{convert|3.56|mi|km}} [[sports car]] course, a {{convert|2.95|mi|km}} motorcycle course, and a {{convert|.25|mi|km}} karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's {{convert|180|acre|adj=on}} infield includes the {{convert|29|acre|adj=on}} Lake Lloyd, which has hosted [[powerboat]] racing. The speedway is owned and operated by [[International Speedway Corporation]].<br />
<br />
The track was built in 1959 by NASCAR founder [[William France, Sr.|William "Bill" France, Sr.]] to host racing held at the former [[Daytona Beach Road Course]]. His banked design permitted higher speeds and gave fans a better view of the cars. Lights were installed around the track in 1998 and today, it is the third-largest single lit outdoor sports facility. The speedway has been renovated three times, with the infield renovated in 2004 and the track repaved twice — in 1978 and in 2010.<br />
<br />
On January 22, 2013, the track unveiled artist depictions of a renovated speedway. On July 5 of that year, ground was broken for a project that would remove the backstretch seating and completely redevelop the frontstretch seating. The renovation to the speedway is being worked on by Rossetti Architects. The project, named '''"Daytona Rising"''', was completed in January 2016, and it costed [[United States dollar|US $]]400 million, placing emphasis on improving fan experience with five expanded and redesigned fan entrances (called '''"injectors"''') as well as wider and more comfortable seating with more restrooms and concession stands. After the renovations, the track's grandstands include 101,000 permanent seats with the ability to increase permanent seating to 125,000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reed|first=Steve|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/daytona-international-unveils-plans-upgrade-215431071--nascar.html|title=Daytona International unveils plans for upgrade|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|date=January 22, 2013|access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125033710/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/daytona-international-unveils-plans-upgrade-215431071--nascar.html|archive-date=January 25, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="daytonarising">{{cite web | url=http://www.daytonainternationalspeedway.com/Vanity-Pages/2013/Redevelopment.aspx | title=Daytona Rising | publisher=Daytona International Speedway | date=December 5, 2013 | access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205142926/http://www.daytonainternationalspeedway.com/Vanity-Pages/2013/Daytona-Rising/DAYTONA-RISING.aspx|archive-date=December 5, 2013 }}</ref> The project was completed before the start of [[Speedweeks]] 2016.<br />
<br />
[[Kevin Harvick]] entered Daytona with a 53-point lead over [[Martin Truex Jr.]] [[Joey Logano]] entered 57 back, [[Jimmie Johnson]] entered 70 back, and [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] entered 71 back.<br />
<br />
====Changes====<br />
During the Xfinity Series' [[Alert Today Florida 300]] earlier in the year, a crash occurred in which [[Kyle Busch]] slammed into a concrete wall just past the exit to pit road, breaking his leg and sidelining him for the first eleven races of the Sprint Cup season. In response to the accident, the entire outer wall of the race track was fitted with [[SAFER barrier]]s.<ref name="After the crash: Daytona's new safety upgrades" >{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/after-the-crash-daytona-s-new-safety-upgrades|title=After the crash: Daytona's new safety upgrades|last=DeGroot|first=Nick|publisher=Motorsport.com, Inc.|date=July 2, 2015|website=Motorsport.com|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> The grass near the entrance of turn 1 and towards the exit of the tri-oval, where Busch's accident occurred, were paved over.<ref name="After the crash: Daytona's new safety upgrades" /><br />
<br />
At the request of the race's broadcaster, [[NASCAR on NBC|NBC]], the 2015 Coke Zero 400 was moved from its traditional Saturday night scheduling to Sunday night. Track president [[Joie Chitwood III]] explained that NBC wanted to treat the race as a special event to launch its revived coverage, similarly to NBC's ''[[NBC Sunday Night Football|Sunday Night Football]]''. The move also removed a potential conflict with NBC's annual ''Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular'' special.<ref name=deadline-july4ratings>{{cite web|title=Macy’s July 4th Fireworks Ratings Cool, Fox’s Baseball Hits Home Run|url=https://deadline.com/2015/07/macys-july-4th-fireworks-ratings-mlb-baseball-fox-the-millers-the-mccarthys-nbc-1201470837/|last=Patten|first=Dominic|publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC.|date=July 5, 2015|website=Deadline.com|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=dbnj-coke400sunday>{{Cite news|title=2015 Coke Zero 400 to be on Sunday night, July 5, on NBC|url=http://www.news-journalonline.com/article/20140826/SPORTS/140829530|last=Kelly|first=Godwin|date=August 26, 2014|access-date=July 6, 2015|work=Daytona Beach News-Journal}}</ref><ref name=fansided->{{cite web|title=Daytona President Explains Why Coke Zero 400 Is On Sunday|url=http://beyondtheflag.com/2015/07/04/daytona-president-explains-why-coke-zero-400-is-on-sunday/|last=Olmstead|first=Christopher|publisher=Time Inc.|date=July 5, 2015|website=FanSided|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Entry list====<br />
The entry list for the Coke Zero 400 was released on Monday, June 29 at 11:41&nbsp;a.m. EDT. Forty-five cars were entered for the race. All but the No. 21 [[Wood Brothers Racing]] Ford driven by [[Ryan Blaney]] were entered for the [[2015 Toyota/Save Mart 350|previous race]] at [[Sonoma Raceway]]. Driver changes for this race include [[Bobby Labonte]] in the No. 32 [[Go FAS Racing]] Ford normally driven by [[Mike Bliss]], [[Brian Scott]] in the No. 33 [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] Chevrolet normally driven by [[Alex Kennedy (racing driver)|Alex Kennedy]], and [[Brett Moffitt]] returning to the No. 34 [[Front Row Motorsports]] Ford.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}<br />
! Driver<br />
! Team<br />
! Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Jamie McMurray]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Brad Keselowski]] '''(PC3)''' || [[Team Penske]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Austin Dillon]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Kevin Harvick]] '''(PC1)''' || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Kasey Kahne]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[Trevor Bayne]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Alex Bowman]] || [[Tommy Baldwin Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || [[Sam Hornish Jr.]] || [[Richard Petty Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Danica Patrick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || [[Denny Hamlin]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || [[Casey Mears]] || [[Germain Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || [[Tony Stewart]] '''(PC4)''' || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || [[Clint Bowyer]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || [[Greg Biffle]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 17 || [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || [[Kyle Busch]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Carl Edwards]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || [[Matt Kenseth]] '''(PC6)''' || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Ryan Blaney]] '''(i)''' || [[Wood Brothers Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || [[Joey Logano]] || [[Team Penske]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 23 || [[J. J. Yeley]] '''(i)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || [[Jeff Gordon]] '''(PC7)''' || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 26 || [[Jeb Burton]] '''(R)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || [[Paul Menard]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 32 || [[Bobby Labonte]] '''(PC8)''' || [[Go FAS Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || [[Brian Scott]] '''(i)''' || [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 34 || [[Brett Moffitt]] '''(R)''' || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 35 || [[Cole Whitt]] || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 38 || [[David Gilliland]] || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 40 || [[Landon Cassill]] '''(i)''' || [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 41 || [[Kurt Busch]] '''(PC5)''' || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 42 || [[Kyle Larson]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 43 || [[Aric Almirola]] || [[Richard Petty Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 46 || [[Michael Annett]] || [[HScott Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 47 || [[A. J. Allmendinger]] || [[JTG Daugherty Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 48 || [[Jimmie Johnson]] '''(PC2)''' || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 51 || [[Justin Allgaier]] || [[HScott Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 55 || [[David Ragan]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 62 || [[Brendan Gaughan]] '''(i)''' || [[Premium Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 78 || [[Martin Truex Jr.]] || [[Furniture Row Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 83 || [[Matt DiBenedetto]] '''(R)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]]<br />
|-<br />
| 88 || [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]]<br />
|-<br />
| 95 || [[Michael McDowell (racing driver)|Michael McDowell]] || [[Leavine Family Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
| 98 || [[Josh Wise]] || [[Phil Parsons Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="4"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150726144901/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015entry-prelim.pdf Official initial entry list]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="4"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150705170857/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015entry.pdf Official final entry list]<br />
|}<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:95%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Key<br />
! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''(R)'''<br />
| Rookie<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''(i)'''<br />
| Ineligible for points<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''(PC#)'''<br />
| Past champions provisional<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Practice==<br />
<br />
===First practice===<br />
[[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] was the fastest in the first practice session with a time of 44.492 and a speed of {{Convert|202.284|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nascartalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/03/dale-earnhardt-jr-leads-first-sprint-cup-practice-at-daytona/|title=Dale Earnhardt Jr. leads first Sprint Cup practice at Daytona|last=McFadin|first=Daniel|publisher=NBC Sports|date=July 3, 2015|website=nascartalk.nbcsports.com|access-date=July 3, 2015}}</ref> Ten minutes into the session, [[Brad Keselowski]] made contact with [[Kyle Busch]] and sent him spinning in the middle of the pack.<ref name="Multi-car wreck stalls first Daytona practice - video" >{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/multi-car-wreck-stalls-first-daytona-practice-video|title=Multi-car wreck stalls first Daytona practice - video|last=Spencer|first=Lee|publisher=Motorsport.com, Inc.|date=July 3, 2015|website=Motorsport.com|access-date=July 3, 2015}}</ref> [[Michael Annett]], Trevor Bayne, [[Greg Biffle]], [[Carl Edwards]], [[Denny Hamlin]], [[Sam Hornish Jr.]], [[Jamie McMurray]], [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]] and [[Martin Truex Jr.]] were all collected in the wreck.<ref name="Multi-car wreck stalls first Daytona practice - video" /> “The 2 car got on my back rear and just spun us around,” Busch said. “There’s room to lift and sometimes you don’t.”<ref name="Multi-car wreck stalls first Daytona practice - video" /> “A couple of guys got in front of me right there,” Truex said. “They started checking up in front of me and the 18 went sideways, a lot of damage. We’re going to a backup car.”<ref name="Multi-car wreck stalls first Daytona practice - video" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
! Pos<br />
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}<br />
! Driver<br />
! Team<br />
! Manufacturer<br />
! Time<br />
! {{Tooltip|Speed|MPH}}<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| 88 || [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.492 || 202.284<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| 3 || [[Austin Dillon]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.540 || 202.066<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 15 || [[Clint Bowyer]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 44.556 || 201.993<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="7"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150705004244/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015prac1.pdf Official first practice results]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Final practice===<br />
[[Danica Patrick]] was the fastest in the final practice session with a time of 45.424 and a speed of {{Convert|198.133|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nascartalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/03/danica-patrick-leads-stewart-haas-racing-sweep-of-final-coke-zero-400-practice/|title=Danica Patrick leads Stewart-Haas Racing sweep of final Coke Zero 400 practice|last=McFadin|first=Daniel|publisher=NBC Sports|date=July 3, 2015|website=nascartalk.nbcsports.com|access-date=July 3, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
! Pos<br />
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}<br />
! Driver<br />
! Team<br />
! Manufacturer<br />
! Time<br />
! {{Tooltip|Speed|MPH}}<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| 10 || [[Danica Patrick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.424 || 198.133<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| 41 || [[Kurt Busch]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.466 || 197.950<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 4 || [[Kevin Harvick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.467 || 197.946<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="7"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150705011112/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015prac2.pdf Official final practice results]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Qualifying==<br />
[[File:Dale Earnhardt, Jr. - Sarah Stierch 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]], seen here the week before at Sonoma Raceway, was awarded the first starting spot as a result of qualifying being canceled.]]<br />
Two rounds of single-car qualifying were scheduled to take place on Saturday at 4:35&nbsp;p.m. [[Eastern Daylight Time]], but were cancelled due to rain. The lineup was set by first practice results. So [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] was declared as the polesitter per the NASCAR rulebook.<ref name="Weather Cancels Daytona Qualifying" >{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/News/Articles/2015/07/Dale-Earnhardt-Jr-to-Start-from-the-Pole-after-Weather-Cancels-Qualifying.aspx|title=Weather Cancels Daytona Qualifying|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=July 4, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=July 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706083431/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/News/Articles/2015/07/Dale-Earnhardt-Jr-to-Start-from-the-Pole-after-Weather-Cancels-Qualifying.aspx|archive-date=July 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> “I asked Greg (Ives, crew chief) before we went out to practice what we were trying to accomplish in that first practice and that was the first thing he mentioned was to go out that first run and try to put a lap down because the weather wasn’t looking real good for today," Earnhardt said. "That was his decision. It ended up working out for us.”<ref name="Weather Cancels Daytona Qualifying" /> "This track has been very special to me, we know how important is to the sport," said [[Jeff Gordon]], who'll start 23rd in his 46th and final career race at Daytona. "I'm kind of bummed out that it was rained out."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/coke-zero-400-qualifying-rained-out|title=Coke Zero 400 qualifying rained out|last=Spencer|first=Lee|publisher=Motorsport.com, Inc.|date=July 4, 2015|website=Motorsport.com|access-date=July 4, 2015}}</ref> Despite posting the 22nd fastest lap in first practice, [[Ryan Blaney]] failed to make the race.<ref name="Canceled Coke Zero 400 qualifying ends Wood Brothers’ seven-year qualifying streak" >{{cite web|url=http://nascartalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/04/canceled-coke-zero-400-qualifying-ends-wood-brothers-seven-year-qualifying-streak/|title=Canceled Coke Zero 400 qualifying ends Wood Brothers’ seven-year qualifying streak|last=McFadin|first=Daniel|publisher=NBC Sports|date=July 4, 2015|website=nascartalk.nbcsports.com|access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref> When qualifying is rained out, NASCAR's rules state that the number of attempts a race team has made determines the starting lineup before practice times.<ref name="Canceled Coke Zero 400 qualifying ends Wood Brothers’ seven-year qualifying streak" /> As a result, the No. 21 [[Wood Brothers Racing]] Ford failed to qualify for the first time in seven years.<ref name="Canceled Coke Zero 400 qualifying ends Wood Brothers’ seven-year qualifying streak" /> “I really hate this for Motorcraft/Quick Lane and all of our guests,” team co-owner Eddie Wood said in a release. “We’ve been lucky. This is the first time this has happened since we started part-time in 2009. We’ve dodged a lot of bullets, including last time in Michigan. This one got us, but if it has to happen, I’d rather it be for something we can’t control instead of for a lack of performance on our part.”<ref name="Canceled Coke Zero 400 qualifying ends Wood Brothers’ seven-year qualifying streak" /><br />
<br />
===Starting lineup===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
! Pos<br />
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}<br />
! Driver<br />
! Team<br />
! Manufacturer<br />
! {{Tooltip|Time|Fastest time in first practice}}<br />
! {{Tooltip|Speed|MPH}}<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| 88 || [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.492 || 202.284<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| 3 || [[Austin Dillon]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.540 || 202.066<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 15 || [[Clint Bowyer]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 44.556 || 201.993<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| 27 || [[Paul Menard]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.561 || 201.970<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| 6 || [[Trevor Bayne]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 44.582 || 201.875<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| 38 || [[David Gilliland]] || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 44.597 || 201.807<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| 47 || [[A. J. Allmendinger]] || [[JTG Daugherty Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.612 || 201.739<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| 55 || [[David Ragan]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 44.676 || 201.450<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| 1 || [[Jamie McMurray]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.818 || 200.812<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| 5 || [[Kasey Kahne]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.822 || 200.794<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| 9 || [[Sam Hornish Jr.]] || [[Richard Petty Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 44.857 || 200.638<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| 48 || [[Jimmie Johnson]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 44.866 || 200.597<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
| 18 || [[Kyle Busch]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 44.873 || 200.566<br />
|-<br />
! 14<br />
| 34 || [[Brett Moffitt]] '''(R)''' || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 44.969 || 200.138<br />
|-<br />
! 15<br />
| 13 || [[Casey Mears]] || [[Germain Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.021 || 199.907<br />
|-<br />
! 16<br />
| 42 || [[Kyle Larson]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.027 || 199.880<br />
|-<br />
! 17<br />
| 31 || [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.043 || 199.809<br />
|-<br />
! 18<br />
| 46 || [[Michael Annett]] || [[HScott Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.057 || 199.747<br />
|-<br />
! 19<br />
| 20 || [[Matt Kenseth]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 45.063 || 199.720<br />
|-<br />
! 20<br />
| 78 || [[Martin Truex Jr.]] || [[Furniture Row Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.063 || 199.720<br />
|-<br />
! 21<br />
| 51 || [[Justin Allgaier]] || [[HScott Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.088 || 199.610<br />
|-<br />
! 22<br />
| 40 || [[Landon Cassill]] '''(i)''' || [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.135 || 199.402<br />
|-<br />
! 23<br />
| 24 || [[Jeff Gordon]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.199 || 199.119<br />
|-<br />
! 24<br />
| 19 || [[Carl Edwards]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 45.238 || 198.948<br />
|-<br />
! 25<br />
| 16 || [[Greg Biffle]]{{#tag:ref|[[Greg Biffle]] changed engines after crashing in the first practice session. As a result, he started the race from the rear of the field.|group="N"}} || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.242 || 198.930<br />
|-<br />
! 26<br />
| 33 || [[Brian Scott]] '''(i)''' || [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.255 || 198.873<br />
|-<br />
! 27<br />
| 10 || [[Danica Patrick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.264 || 198.834<br />
|-<br />
! 28<br />
| 41 || [[Kurt Busch]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.271 || 198.803<br />
|-<br />
! 29<br />
| 35 || [[Cole Whitt]] || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.292 || 198.711<br />
|-<br />
! 30<br />
| 17 || [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.349 || 198.461<br />
|-<br />
! 31<br />
| 14 || [[Tony Stewart]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.353 || 198.443<br />
|-<br />
! 32<br />
| 2 || [[Brad Keselowski]] || [[Team Penske]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.360 || 198.413<br />
|-<br />
! 33<br />
| 22 || [[Joey Logano]] || [[Team Penske]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.389 || 198.286<br />
|-<br />
! 34<br />
| 4 || [[Kevin Harvick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 45.467 || 198.111<br />
|-<br />
! 35<br />
| 11 || [[Denny Hamlin]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 45.477 || 197.902<br />
|-<br />
! 36<br />
| 43 || [[Aric Almirola]] || [[Richard Petty Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.024 || 195.550<br />
|-<br />
! 37<br />
| 7 || [[Alex Bowman]] || [[Tommy Baldwin Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 47.428 || 189.761<br />
|-<br />
! 38<br />
| 32 || [[Bobby Labonte]] || [[Go FAS Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 47.572 || 189.187<br />
|-<br />
! 39<br />
| 23 || [[J. J. Yeley]] '''(i)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 47.707 || 188.652<br />
|-<br />
! 40<br />
| 26 || [[Jeb Burton]] '''(R)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 47.939 || 187.739<br />
|-<br />
! 41<br />
| 83 || [[Matt DiBenedetto]] '''(R)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 48.039 || 187.348<br />
|-<br />
! 42<br />
| 98 || [[Josh Wise]] || [[Phil Parsons Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 0.000 || 0.000<br />
|-<br />
! 43<br />
| 62 || [[Brendan Gaughan]] '''(i)''' || [[Premium Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 0.000 || 0.000<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="8"|Failed to qualify<br />
|-<br />
! 44<br />
| 21 || [[Ryan Blaney]] '''(i)''' || [[Wood Brothers Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 45.117 || 199.481<br />
|-<br />
! 45<br />
| 95 || [[Michael McDowell (racing driver)|Michael McDowell]] || [[Leavine Family Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 46.937 || 191.746<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="8"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150705004244/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015prac1.pdf First practice results]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="8"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905133609/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015lineup.pdf Official starting lineup]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Race==<br />
The race was scheduled to begin at 8:04&nbsp;p.m. EDT on Sunday, but was delayed by rain that had been falling all afternoon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nascartalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/05/start-of-coke-zero-400-delayed-by-rain/|title=Start of Coke Zero 400 delayed by rain|last=Bonkowski|first=Jerry|publisher=NBC Sports|date=July 5, 2015|website=nascartalk.nbcsports.com|access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref> The green flag eventually fell at 11:42 p.m, marking the longest start delay of the race since the [[2005 Pepsi 400|2005]] race. Race finished at 2:40 am EDT on Monday <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nascartalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/05/nascar-hoping-to-start-coke-zero-400-around-11-p-m/|title=NASCAR hoping to start rain-delayed Coke Zero 400 at around 11 p.m.|publisher=NBC Sports|date=July 5, 2015|website=nascartalk.nbcsports.com|access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday-delay2015>{{cite news|title=Coke Zero 400 at Daytona goes green after long rain delay|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2015/07/05/2015-daytona-coke-zero-400-delayed-postponed-rain-weather/29747093/|last=James|first=Brant|website=[[USA Today]]|publisher=Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc.|date=July 5, 2015|access-date=July 6, 2015|location=[[Daytona Beach, Florida]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===First half===<br />
<br />
====Start====<br />
[[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] led the field to the green flag at 11:42&nbsp;p.m. [[Austin Dillon]] drove to Earnhardt's outside on the backstretch to lead the first eight laps. The first caution of the race flew on lap 3 for a multi-car wreck exiting turn 4.<ref name="Early Daytona wreck collects 9 cars; Danica Patrick, Joey Logano involved" >{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/nascar/2015/7/6/8899603/2015-nascar-daytona-big-one-crash-danica-patric-joey-logano|title=Early Daytona wreck collects 9 cars; Danica Patrick, Joey Logano involved|last=Bianchi|first=Jordan|publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc.]]|date=July 6, 2015|website=sbnation.com|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> It started when [[David Gilliland]] tried to drop in behind Earnhardt on the inside line, failing to see [[Clint Bowyer]], and got turned around by Bowyer, and ten cars piled in.<ref name="Early Daytona wreck collects 9 cars; Danica Patrick, Joey Logano involved" /> [[Michael Annett]], [[Greg Biffle]], [[Sam Hornish Jr.]], [[Bobby Labonte]], reigning [[Daytona 500]] winner [[Joey Logano]], and [[Danica Patrick]] were also collected in the melee.<ref name="Early Daytona wreck collects 9 cars; Danica Patrick, Joey Logano involved" /> [[A. J. Allmendinger]], Annett, Biffle, [[Jeb Burton]], [[Brendan Gaughan]], Gilliland, Hornish Jr., Logano, and Patrick were tagged for pitting before pit road was open and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field, although this was moot as they were going to restart at the rear of the field anyway as they had all taken on crash damage. Annett and Logano were held a lap on pit road for running the stop/go sign at pit exit.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" >{{Cite episode|title=2015 Coke Zero 400|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEMNyHu8dXw|access-date=July 21, 2015|series=Sprint Cup Series|series-link=Sprint Cup Series|network=NBC Sports|station=NBC|location=Daytona Beach, Florida|date=July 5, 2015|season=67|time=11:42 p.m.|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The race restarted on lap 9. Earnhardt passed Dillon going into three to take the lead on lap 10. While trying to pass [[Jamie McMurray]], [[Kyle Busch]] got loose and pounded the wall in turn 2 on lap 17.<ref>{{cite news|last=Long|first=Mark|title=Kyle Busch brushes wall in 1st Daytona race since crash|url=http://racing.ap.org/article/kyle-busch-brushes-wall-1st-daytona-race-crash|access-date=July 6, 2015|work=AP Sports|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=Associated Press|date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707054749/http://racing.ap.org/article/kyle-busch-brushes-wall-1st-daytona-race-crash|archive-date=July 7, 2015|location=[[Daytona Beach, Florida]]}}</ref> To make matters worse for Busch, the race remained green. The second caution of the race, a scheduled competition caution to allow teams to check tire wear, flew on lap 26. [[Jimmie Johnson]] exited pit road with the race lead. Biffle and Kyle Busch were tagged for having too many crew members over the wall to service the car and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field. Gaughan was busted for both speeding on pit road and running the stop/go sign on pit exit. He was held a lap on pit road and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
The race restarted on lap 31. Earnhardt took back the lead on lap 32. Johnson got a run on him going into turn 2 to retake the lead on lap 34. The third caution of the race flew on lap 53, when exiting turn 4, [[Carl Edwards]] snapped loose and turned down the apron. The culprit was a flat tire.<ref name="Earnhardt Jr. wins Coke Zero 400; Dillon hits catch fence, is unhurt" >{{cite web|url=http://www.news-journalonline.com/article/20150705/NEWS/150709726/101063/racing|title=Earnhardt Jr. wins Coke Zero 400; Dillon hits catch fence, is unhurt|last=Kelly|first=Godwin|publisher=News-Journal Online|date=July 6, 2015|website=news-journalonline.com|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> “This is really frustrating,” said Edwards. “I never have flat tires. Goodyear does a pretty job. We got it back together, and then this happened.”<ref name="Earnhardt Jr. wins Coke Zero 400; Dillon hits catch fence, is unhurt" /> Johnson swapped the lead with Earnhardt on pit road with the latter exiting with the lead. Biffle, Edwards, and Gaughan were tagged for pitting before pit road was open and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field. [[Casey Mears]] was tagged for driving through more than three pit boxes getting to his stall and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
====Second quarter====<br />
The race restarted on lap 58. The fourth caution of the race flew on the same lap when, out of turn 4, Gilliland spun and then stalled on the track. Biffle, Burton, Kyle Busch, and Logano were tagged for pitting before pit road was open and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field. Annett was tagged for having too many crew members over the wall to service the car and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
The race restarted on lap 64. After riding single file for the first few laps, [[Kevin Harvick]] got a second line moving to the front of the pack. Johnson drove to Earnhardt's outside to take back the lead. [[Matt Kenseth]] used the outside line to briefly take the lead on lap 80. Johnson used the inside line to take back the lead on lap 81.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nascartalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/06/jimmie-johnson-leads-at-halfway-point-of-coke-zero-400-at-daytona/|title=Jimmie Johnson leads at halfway point of Coke Zero 400 at Daytona|last=Bonkowski|first=Jerry|publisher=NBC Sports|date=July 6, 2015|website=nascartalk.nbcsports.com|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> The fifth caution of the race flew on lap 86 for a multi-car wreck in turn 2, when [[Kyle Larson]] spun, and Edwards spun trying to avoid him, then was hit from behind by [[Brian Scott]], submarining under Edwards' car. [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]] also spun, but was able to save his car. [[Denny Hamlin]] exited pit road with the lead. Allmendinger, Edwards, and Larson were tagged for pitting before pit road was open and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field. Larson was also held a lap on pit road for running the stop/go sign at pit exit. Kyle Busch and Dillon were tagged for too many crew members over the wall to service the car and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
===Second half===<br />
<br />
====Halfway====<br />
The race restarted on lap 93. [[Kasey Kahne]] used a push from Harvick to take the lead. Hamlin used the outside line to take back the lead on lap 95. Earnhardt Jr. drove under Hamlin to retake the lead on lap 104. The sixth caution of the race flew on lap 105 for a multi-car wreck on the front stretch. This one started when, out of turn 4, Kenseth got turned by [[Kasey Kahne]]. Kenseth's car then washed up the track, collecting nine additional cars: those of [[Aric Almirola]], Larson, [[Martin Truex Jr.]], [[Jamie McMurray]], [[Brad Keselowski]], Logano, [[Sam Hornish Jr.]], [[David Ragan]] and [[Trevor Bayne]].<ref name="Take two: Another 'Big One' hits Daytona hard" >{{cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2015/7/5/nascar-daytona-wreck-big-one-martin-truex-kasey-kahne.html|title=Take two: Another 'Big One' hits Daytona hard|publisher=NASCAR Media Group, LLC.|date=July 6, 2015|website=NASCAR.com|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> "I was following Jeff Gordon up through there and he got shuffled out and I kind of committed to him and we started moving back up there pretty good," Almirola said. "I was happy about the momentum we had and next thing I know some cars got together on the inside, and I heard the noise and heard them start to spin. ... It is a game of inches here sometimes, and I think a couple feet more forward and we wouldn't be in this. It stinks. I am certainly disappointed."<ref name="Take two: Another 'Big One' hits Daytona hard" /><br />
<br />
The race restarted with 46 laps to go. Johnson retook the lead. Earnhardt Jr. dove underneath his teammate to retake the lead with 43 laps to go. The seventh caution of the race flew with 33 laps to go when Patrick cut a right front tire in turn 2 and hit the outside wall. Michael Annett was tagged for speeding on pit road and restarted the race from the tail-end of the field.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
The race restarted with 28 laps to go. The eighth caution of the race flew with twelve laps to go when Ragan got loose and turned down into the backstretch grass. Ragan did not suffer major damage, and stayed on the lead lap. He would manage to get back up to twelfth place at the checkered flag.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
====Final laps====<br />
The race restarted on lap 151. The ninth and final caution of the race flew three laps later when Hornish Jr. spun out on the backstretch in the same place that Ragan had spun in, and slid through the grass, getting airborne and almost flipping.<ref name="2015 Coke Zero 400" /><br />
<br />
=====Green-white-checker=====<br />
<br />
======Attempt #1 and the "Big One"======<br />
[[File:Dale Earnhardt Jr. at the Daytona 500 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]], seen here at the [[2015 Daytona 500]], scored the 25th victory of his career at Daytona International Speedway.]]<br />
The race restarted with two laps to go. Earnhardt Jr. held off the field to take the victory.<ref name="Earnhardt Jr. Wins at Daytona" >{{cite web|url=http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/News/Articles/2015/07/Dale-Earnhardt-Jr-Wins-Coke-Zero-400-at-Daytona.aspx|title=Earnhardt Jr. Wins at Daytona|last=Pistone|first=Pete|publisher=Motor Racing Network|date=July 6, 2015|website=MRN.com|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707115004/http://www.mrn.com/Race-Series/NASCAR-Sprint-Cup/News/Articles/2015/07/Dale-Earnhardt-Jr-Wins-Coke-Zero-400-at-Daytona.aspx|archive-date=July 7, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> "I had a lot of fun tonight," said Earnhardt, who led a race-high 96 laps. "Our car was fast. I had to block a lot and you’ve got to run real, real hard to win here."<ref name="Earnhardt Jr. Wins at Daytona" /> As the field raced to the checkered flag, Harvick tapped Hamlin from behind, instigating a massive wreck involving at least 24 cars. In the resulting chaos, Dillon's car struck Hamlin at such an angle that it flipped over and flew two lanes in the air into the catch fence, ripping out the engine. Dillon's car landed back on the track upside down, coming to a rest at the exit to the pit road, and was then hit again by Keselowski, who spun in oil while trying to avoid the crash. The impact was similar to [[Bobby Allison]]'s [[1987 Winston 500]], [[Geoff Bodine]]'s [[2000 Daytona 250]], Carl Edwards [[2009 Aaron's 499]], and [[Kyle Larson]]'s [[2013 DRIVE4COPD 300]] wrecks.{{original research inline|date=July 2015}} Five fans were injured by debris, with one taken to [[Halifax Medical Center]] and later released, while the other four were treated and released from the infield care center. Upon coming to a stop, Dillon was helped out of his car by Earnhardt's and Mears's pit crews to loud cheers, and walked away. He was treated and released from the infield care center with a bruised tailbone and forearm.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br />
<br />
===Post-race===<br />
<br />
====Driver comments====<br />
"It was very vicious," Dillon said of the crash. "It's twisting you around in there, and the belts are loosening with each hit, so the hits are getting more and more violent. By the fourth hit, you've separated enough so that the fourth one is going to hurt more than others. I held on to the steering wheel as hard as I could. I'm sure I'm going to find more bumps and bruises during the week, but right now I feel all right. It was just crazy. It's part of this racing. Everybody is pushing as hard as they can — pushing in a tight pack. I was pushing the 24 (Jeff Gordon) and the people behind are pushing me, It was just a wad right there at the end. At these speedway races, you're just praying and hoping that you get through it. I thought the wreck was over and I was sliding on the roof. I thought, 'We made it. We made it.' And then there was a big bang. I think it was the 2 car (Keselowski) that ran into me. Literally I had just got done stopping and crew members were everywhere. I thought that was really cool and special. It was comforting to me. They got to me pretty quick. I just wanted to get out of there and let the fans know I was OK."<ref name="Austin Dillon in horrifying crash; five fans injured" >{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2015/07/06/austin-dillon-daytona-crash-catchfence-fans/29756453/|title=Austin Dillon in horrifying crash; five fans injured|last1=Gluck|last2=James|last3=Olson|last4=Tucker|first1=Jeff|first2=Brant|first3=Jeff|first4=Heather|date=July 6, 2015|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc.|access-date=July 6, 2015|location=[[Daytona Beach, Florida]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dillon also spoke about the safety of the fans. "It's not really acceptable, I don't think," Dillon told reporters after exiting the care center. "We've got to figure out something. Our speeds are too high, I think. I think everybody could get good racing with slower speeds. We can work at that, and then figure out a way to keep the cars on the ground. That's the next thing. We're fighting hard to make the racing good. I hope the fans appreciate that. We don't, but it's our job. You go out there and hold it wide open to the end and hope you make it through."<ref name="Austin Dillon in horrifying crash; five fans injured" /><br />
<br />
Other drivers commented on Dillon's wreck after the race.<ref name="Earnhardt wins rain-delayed Daytona ahead of Dillon's crash" >{{cite news|url=http://racing.ap.org/article/earnhardt-wins-rain-delayed-daytona-ahead-dillons-crash|title=Earnhardt wins rain-delayed Daytona ahead of Dillon's crash|last=Fryer|first=Jenna|agency=Associated Press|date=July 6, 2015|website=racing.ap.org|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707174021/http://racing.ap.org/article/earnhardt-wins-rain-delayed-daytona-ahead-dillons-crash|archive-date=July 7, 2015|location=[[Daytona Beach, Florida]]}}</ref> "You are just on the verge of tears," Earnhardt said in victory lane. "I saw everything in the mirror pretty clearly ... I just was very scared for whoever that car was. I didn't care about anything except figuring out who was OK. The racing doesn't matter anymore."<ref name="Earnhardt wins rain-delayed Daytona ahead of Dillon's crash" /> Audio of Earnhardt's radio chatter with his crew chief was later released revealing Earnhardt's horrified reaction to the crash in the moment, with him too concerned over Dillon's status to celebrate his win.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dator |first1=James |title=Uncensored video reveals Dale Earnhardt Jr. was too worried about wreck to celebrate his Daytona win |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nascar/news/austin-dillon-wreck-daytona-coke-zero-400-dale-earnhardt-jr-in-car-reaction/7lsp05o78qij1p0ccd0a6dau3 |website=SB Nation |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> "I'm shocked that Austin Dillon is even alive," said Jimmie Johnson after finishing runner-up. "I expected the worst when I came back around."<ref name="Earnhardt wins rain-delayed Daytona ahead of Dillon's crash" /><br />
<br />
===Race results===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
! Pos<br />
! Grid<br />
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}<br />
! Driver<br />
! Team<br />
! Manufacturer<br />
! {{Tooltip|Laps|Laps completed}}<br />
! Points<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| 1 || 88 || [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 48<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| 12 || 48 || [[Jimmie Johnson]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 43<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 35 || 11 || [[Denny Hamlin]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 161 || 42<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| 34 || 4 || [[Kevin Harvick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 40<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| 28 || 41 || [[Kurt Busch]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 39<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| 23 || 24 || [[Jeff Gordon]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 38<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| 2 || 3 || [[Austin Dillon]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 38<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| 17 || 31 || [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 37<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| 5 || 6 || [[Trevor Bayne]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 161 || 35<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| 3 || 15 || [[Clint Bowyer]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 161 || 35<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| 15 || 13 || [[Casey Mears]] || [[Germain Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 33<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| 8 || 55 || [[David Ragan]] || [[Michael Waltrip Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 161 || 32<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
| 22 || 40 || [[Landon Cassill]] '''(i)''' || [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 0<br />
|-<br />
! 14<br />
| 31 || 14 || [[Tony Stewart]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 30 <br />
|-<br />
! 15<br />
| 9 || 1 || [[Jamie McMurray]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 29<br />
|-<br />
! 16<br />
| 4 || 27 || [[Paul Menard]] || [[Richard Childress Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 28<br />
|-<br />
! 17<br />
| 13 || 18 || [[Kyle Busch]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 161 || 27<br />
|-<br />
! 18<br />
| 21 || 51 || [[Justin Allgaier]] || [[HScott Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 26<br />
|-<br />
! 19<br />
| 30 || 17 || [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 161 || 25<br />
|-<br />
! 20<br />
| 25 || 16 || [[Greg Biffle]] || [[Roush Fenway Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 161 || 24<br />
|-<br />
! 21<br />
| 7 || 47 || [[A. J. Allmendinger]] || [[JTG Daugherty Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 23<br />
|-<br />
! 22<br />
| 33 || 22 || [[Joey Logano]] || [[Team Penske]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 161 || 22<br />
|-<br />
! 23<br />
| 20 || 20 || [[Matt Kenseth]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 161 || 22<br />
|-<br />
! 24<br />
| 37 || 7 || [[Alex Bowman]] || [[Tommy Baldwin Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 20<br />
|-<br />
! 25<br />
| 29 || 35 || [[Cole Whitt]] || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 161 || 19<br />
|-<br />
! 26<br />
| 41 || 83 || [[Matt DiBenedetto]] '''(R)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 161 || 19<br />
|-<br />
! 27<br />
| 14 || 34 || [[Brett Moffitt]] '''(R)''' || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 161 || 18<br />
|-<br />
! 28<br />
| 43 || 62 || [[Brendan Gaughan]] '''(i)''' || [[Premium Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 161 || 0<br />
|-<br />
! 29<br />
| 32 || 2 || [[Brad Keselowski]] || [[Team Penske]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 159 || 15<br />
|-<br />
! 30<br />
| 11 || 9 || [[Sam Hornish Jr.]] || [[Richard Petty Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 154 || 14<br />
|-<br />
! 31<br />
| 42 || 98 || [[Josh Wise]] || [[Phil Parsons Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 154 || 14<br />
|-<br />
! 32<br />
| 10 || 5 || [[Kasey Kahne]] || [[Hendrick Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 149 || 13<br />
|-<br />
! 33<br />
| 39 || 23 || [[J. J. Yeley]] '''(i)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 139 || 0<br />
|-<br />
! 34<br />
| 36 || 43 || [[Aric Almirola]] || [[Richard Petty Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 137 || 10<br />
|-<br />
! 35<br />
| 27 || 10 || [[Danica Patrick]] || [[Stewart-Haas Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 126 || 9<br />
|-<br />
! 36<br />
| 40 || 26 || [[Jeb Burton]] '''(R)''' || [[BK Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 121 || 8<br />
|-<br />
! 37<br />
| 18 || 46 || [[Michael Annett]] || [[HScott Motorsports]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 110 || 7<br />
|-<br />
! 38<br />
| 19 || 78 || [[Martin Truex Jr.]] || [[Furniture Row Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 105 || 6<br />
|-<br />
! 39<br />
| 16 || 42 || [[Kyle Larson]] || [[Chip Ganassi Racing]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 103 || 5<br />
|-<br />
! 40<br />
| 6 || 38 || [[David Gilliland]] || [[Front Row Motorsports]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 96 || 4<br />
|-<br />
! 41<br />
| 24 || 19 || [[Carl Edwards]] || [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] || [[Toyota]] || 85 || 3<br />
|-<br />
! 42<br />
| 26 || 33 || [[Brian Scott]] '''(i)''' || [[Hillman-Circle Sport LLC]] || [[Chevrolet]] || 85 || 0<br />
|-<br />
! 43<br />
| 38 || 32 || [[Bobby Labonte]] || [[Go FAS Racing]] || [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || 2 || 1<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="8"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031200/http://www.jayski.com/stats/2015/pdfs/17dis2015racereport.pdf Official Coke Zero 400 race results]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Race statistics===<br />
*22 lead changes among 12 different drivers<br />
*9 cautions for 43 laps<br />
*Time of race: 2 hours, 58 minutes, 58 seconds<br />
*Average speed: {{Convert|134.941|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}<br />
*[[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] took home $300,040 in winnings<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="4"|Lap Leaders<br />
|-<br />
! Laps<br />
! Leader<br />
|-<br />
| 1-8 || [[Austin Dillon]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9-26 || [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || [[Clint Bowyer]]<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]]<br />
|-<br />
| 29 || [[Jimmie Johnson]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30-32 || Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
|-<br />
| 33-54 || Jimmie Johnson<br />
|-<br />
| 55 || [[Denny Hamlin]]<br />
|-<br />
| 56 || [[J. J. Yeley]] '''(i)'''<br />
|-<br />
| 57-75 || Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
|-<br />
| 76-78 || Jimmie Johnson<br />
|-<br />
| 79 || [[Matt Kenseth]]<br />
|-<br />
| 80-86 || Jimmie Johnson<br />
|-<br />
| 87 || [[Matt DiBenedetto]] '''(R)'''<br />
|-<br />
| 88 || [[Josh Wise]]<br />
|-<br />
| 89-93 || [[Kasey Kahne]]<br />
|-<br />
| 94-102 || Denny Hamlin<br />
|-<br />
| 103-111 || Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
|-<br />
| 112 || [[Brett Moffitt]] '''(R)'''<br />
|-<br />
| 113-114 || Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
|-<br />
| 115-116 || Jimmie Johnson<br />
|-<br />
| 117-161 || Dale Earnhardt Jr.<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" |<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Total laps led<br />
|-<br />
! Leader<br />
! Laps<br />
|-<br />
| '''''[[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]''''' || '''''96'''''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jimmie Johnson]] || 35<br />
|-<br />
| [[Denny Hamlin]] || 10<br />
|-<br />
| [[Austin Dillon]] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kasey Kahne]] || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]] || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Clint Bowyer]] || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Matt Kenseth]] || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Matt DiBenedetto]] '''(R)''' || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brett Moffitt]] '''(R)''' || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Josh Wise]] || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[J. J. Yeley]] '''(i)''' || 1<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Race awards====<br />
* '''[[Coors Light]] Pole Award''': None<br />
* '''[[3M]] Lap Leader''': [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] (96 laps)<br />
* '''[[American Ethanol]] Green Flag Restart Award''': [[Carl Edwards]]<br />
* '''[[AutoZone|Duralast Brakes]] "Bake In The Race" Award''': [[Austin Dillon]]<br />
* '''[[Freescale Semiconductor|Freescale]] "Wide Open"''': [[Jimmie Johnson]]<br />
* '''[[Ingersoll Rand]] Power Move''': [[Kurt Busch]] (10 positions)<br />
* '''[[MAHLE Powertrain|MAHLE]] Clevite Engine Builder of the Race''': Hendrick Engines, #88<br />
* '''[[Mobil 1]] Driver of the Race''': [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] (131.9 driver rating)<br />
* '''[[Moog Inc.|Moog]] Steering and Suspension Problem Solver of The Race''': Austin Dillon (crew chief [[Richard Labbe]] (0.022 seconds))<br />
* '''[[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series|Sprint Cup]] Leader Bonus''': No winner: rolls over to $140,000 at next event<br />
* '''[[Sherwin-Williams]] Fastest Lap''': [[Casey Mears]] (Lap 78, 44.490, {{Convert|202.297|mph|km/h|abbr=on}})<br />
* '''[[Sunoco]] Rookie of The Race''': [[Matt DiBenedetto]]<br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
The 2015 Coke Zero 400 marked the return of [[NBC Sports]] to NASCAR, as part of a new ten-year deal replacing [[NASCAR on TNT|TNT]] and [[NASCAR on ESPN|ESPN]] as broadcaster of the second half of the season; it was the first race broadcast by NBC since the [[2006 Ford 400]].<ref name=sn-nbc2015>{{cite web|title=NBC wins NASCAR TV rights, signs 10-year deal to replace ESPN, Turner|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2013-07-23/nbc-tv-rights-sprint-cup-races-2015-espn-tnt-nationwide|work=[[The Sporting News]]|date=July 23, 2013|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> [[Rick Allen (television announcer)|Rick Allen]], 2000 race winner [[Jeff Burton]] and [[Steve Letarte]] had the call in the booth for the race. [[Dave Burns (sportscaster)|Dave Burns]], [[Mike Massaro]], Marty Snider and [[Kelli Stavast]] handled pit road for the television side.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|[[NASCAR on NBC|NBC]]<br />
|-<br />
!Booth announcers!!Pit reporters<br />
|-<br />
| '''Lap-by-lap:''' [[Rick Allen (television announcer)|Rick Allen]]<br />'''Color-commentator:''' [[Jeff Burton]]<br />'''Color-commentator:''' [[Steve Letarte]] || [[Dave Burns (sportscaster)|Dave Burns]]<br />[[Mike Massaro]]<br />Marty Snider<br />[[Kelli Stavast]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Radio===<br />
[[Motor Racing Network|MRN]] had the radio call for the race, which was simulcast on [[Sirius XM Holdings|Sirius XM]] [[Sirius XM NASCAR Radio|NASCAR Radio]]. Joe Moore, Jeff Striegle and [[Rusty Wallace]] called the race from the booth when the field was racing through the tri-oval. [[Dave Moody (sportscaster)|Dave Moody]] called the race from the Sunoco tower outside turn 2 when the field was racing through turns 1 & 2. [[Mike Bagley]] called the race from a platform on the inside of the track towards turn 3 when the field was racing down the backstretch. Kurt Becker called the race from the Sunoco tower outside turn 4 when the field was racing through turns 3 & 4. Alex Hayden, Winston Kelley and Steve Post worked pit road for the radio side.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="3"|[[Motor Racing Network|MRN]]<br />
|-<br />
!Booth announcers!!Turn announcers!!Pit reporters<br />
|-<br />
| '''Lead announcer:''' Joe Moore<ref name="Booth and turns" >{{Cite tweet|author=Motor Racing Network|user=MRNRadio|author-link=Motor Racing Network|number=617792285460312064|title=Booth: @Jomo4, Jeff Striegle, @RustyWallace Turns: @DGodfatherMoody @TheMikeBagley @BeckerTrackside. #AskMRN |date=July 5, 2015}}</ref><br />'''Announcer:''' Jeff Striegle<ref name="Booth and turns" /><br />'''Announcer:''' [[Rusty Wallace]]<ref name="Booth and turns" /> || '''Turns 1 & 2:''' [[Dave Moody (sportscaster)|Dave Moody]]<ref name="Booth and turns" /><br />'''Backstretch:''' [[Mike Bagley]]<ref name="Booth and turns" /><br />'''Turns 3 & 4:''' Kurt Becker<ref name="Booth and turns" /> || Alex Hayden<ref name="Pits" >{{Cite tweet|author=Motor Racing Network|user=MRNRadio|author-link=Motor Racing Network|number=617792424275001344|date=July 5, 2015|title=Pits: @WinstonKelley @TheAlexHayden @ThePostman68 @kimmiecoon. #AskMRN }}</ref><br>Winston Kelley<ref name="Pits" /><br />Steve Post<ref name="Pits" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Standings after the race==<br />
{{col-start}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
;Drivers' Championship standings<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Pos<br />
! Driver<br />
! Points<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow.png|10px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1<br />
| [[Kevin Harvick]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 656<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2<br />
| [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 593 (–63)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3<br />
| [[Jimmie Johnson]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 589 (–67)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4<br />
| [[Joey Logano]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 581 (–75)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.png|10px]] 3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5<br />
| [[Martin Truex Jr.]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 569 (–87)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6<br />
| [[Jamie McMurray]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 526 (–130)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7<br />
| [[Brad Keselowski]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 520 (–120)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8<br />
| [[Kurt Busch]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 508 (–148)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow.png|10px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9<br />
| [[Matt Kenseth]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 501 (–155)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 10<br />
| [[Jeff Gordon]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 500 (–156)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.png|10px]] 3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11<br />
| [[Kasey Kahne]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 496 (–160)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12<br />
| [[Denny Hamlin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 480 (–176)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 13<br />
| [[Paul Menard]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 480 (–176)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow.png|10px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 14<br />
| [[Ryan Newman (racing driver)|Ryan Newman]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 472 (–184)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 15<br />
| [[Clint Bowyer]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 465 (–191)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.png|10px]] 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 16<br />
| [[Aric Almirola]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 441 (–215)<br />
|}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
[[File:Kevin Harvick at the Daytona 500 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[Kevin Harvick]] left Daytona with a 63-point lead over [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]]]<br />
<br />
;Manufacturers' Championship standings<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Pos<br />
! Manufacturer<br />
! Points<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow.png|10px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1<br />
| [[Chevrolet]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 774<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow.png|10px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2<br />
| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 691 (–83)<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow.png|10px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3<br />
| [[Toyota]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 674 (–100)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*<small>'''Note''': Only the first sixteen positions are included for the driver standings.</small><br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Note==<br />
{{Reflist|group="N"}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
{{NASCAR next race<br />
| Series = Sprint Cup Series<br />
| Season = 2015<br />
| Previous_race = [[2015 Toyota/Save Mart 350]]<br />
| Next_race = [[2015 Quaker State 400]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup}}<br />
{{NASCAR on NBC}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 in sports in Florida|Coke Zero 400]]<br />
[[Category:2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|Coke Zero 400]]<br />
[[Category:NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrustmaster&diff=1095461403Thrustmaster2022-06-28T14:09:41Z<p>Ronstew: rm poetic word for tone</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Thrustmaster<br />
| logo = Thurstmaster logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 175px<br />
| image = Thrustmaster F-T2.jpg<br />
| type = <br />
| slogan = <br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1990}}, [[Hillsboro, Oregon]], United States<br />
| location = [[Carentoir]], France<br />
| industry = Computer & game console peripherals<br />
| num_employees = <br />
| products = Steering wheel, joysticks, gamepads<br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| parent = Guillemot Corporation<br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = {{Official URL}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Thrustmaster''' is an American-French designer, developer and manufacturer of [[joystick]]s, [[gamepad|game controllers]], and [[steering wheel]]s for [[Personal computer|PCs]] and video gaming consoles. It has licensing agreements with third party brands as [[Airbus]], [[Boeing]], [[Ferrari]], [[Gran Turismo (series)|Gran Turismo]] and [[U.S. Air Force]] as well as licensing some products under Sony's [[PlayStation]] and Microsoft's [[Xbox]] licenses.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Thrustmaster T-Flight Hotas-X.jpg|thumb|right|A Thrustmaster T-Flight Hotas-X from 2008]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Thrustmaster T16000M 7937.jpg|thumb|right|A Thrustmaster T.16000M joystick (2009)]]<br />
[[Norm Winningstad]] helped found Thrustmaster in 1990 in [[Hillsboro, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2010/11/post_49.html|title=Norm Winningstad, high-tech pioneer and philanthropist in Oregon, dies at 85|date=November 24, 2010|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=30 November 2010}}</ref> By early 1991 the company began advertising the Thrustmaster Weapons Control System in [[computer magazine]]s. It worked mainly on developing flight control for simulation on [[IBM]] Compatible Computers. The company has utilized the [[HOTAS]] system for use in computer flight simulation and has modeled some controllers after flight controls of real [[aircraft]]. The company made its name in making expensive but high-quality HOTAS controllers in the mid-1990s. By 1995, its sales grew to $15 million, and then to $25 million by 1998.<ref name=history>{{cite web |title=Guillemot Corporation -- Company History |url=http://www.company-histories.com/Guillemot-Corporation-Company-History.html |website=www.company-histories.com |accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 1999, the gaming peripherals operations and brand name was acquired from Thrustmaster for $15 million by the Guillemot Corporation Group of France (which also bought [[Hercules Computer Technology]] that same year and merged the two companies in a company called Hercules Thrustmaster, with headquarters in Carentoir, France, while keeping the 2 brands separate).<ref name=history/><br />
<br />
The new Thrustmaster company gradually extended the product portfolio beyond flight simulation to other simulation peripherals for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[PlayStation]] and [[Xbox]] consoles:<br />
* racing simulation as the T-GT, TS-XW, YX-RW, T300, T150, T80, TH8A gearbox, TSSH Handbrake, BT LED display, and wheels add-ons,<br />
* gamepads as GPX, Score-A, T-Wireless, Dual Analog, eSwap, DualShock controller,<br />
* gaming headphones as Y-C300 CPX, T.Assault Six, T.Racing Scuderia Ferrari Edition, and T.Flight U.S. Air Force Edition headset.<br />
In 2019, Thrustmaster turnover is €59 million (US$66 million).<ref name=turnover>{{cite web |title=Guillemot Corporation -- Turnover 2019 |url=https://www.guillemot.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Communiqu%C3%A9CA-ANNUEL-2019_30ANVIER2020.pdf |website=www.guillemot.com |accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==HOTAS Cougar==<br />
<br />
Formerly one of their most expensive joysticks is the HOTAS Cougar, a close but not exact reproduction of both the throttle and stick that is used in the real [[F-16#Specifications_(F-16C_Block_50_and_52)|F-16 block 52]] fighter aircraft.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/13/tech/gamecore/main1799541_page2.shtml | work=CBS News | title=Falcon 4.0: Allied Force}}</ref> The product features all-metal construction and numerous programming possibilities but is hampered by low-quality potentiometers, leading to a thriving replacement industry. Some of the devices have had reported quality problems, including play in the centering springs and the tendency of the [[air brake (aircraft)|speedbrake]] switch to break due to a manufacturing defect (this has been fixed on later serial numbers).<br />
<br />
Many independent companies{{who|date=June 2017}} have produced replacement components for the Cougar to address these issues. These include redesigned gimbals that center more firmly, contactless [[potentiometer]]s to replace worn originals, and even several [[Strain gauge|force-controlled]] mods that make the stick sense pressure without moving (similar to an F-16 stick). Besides fixing complaints with the original product, these aftermarket parts have the potential to extend the life of the Cougar well past the time when Thrustmaster stops supporting it, but usually at double, even triple the price of the original purchase. However, the market for such mods tends to be limited, and many customers keep their Cougars as they came from the factory.<br />
<br />
The HOTAS Cougar was replaced by the HOTAS Warthog in 2010, which replicates the flight controls used in the [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Thunderbolt II]], using [[Hall effect]] sensors for the joystick and throttle axes instead of potentiometers.<br />
<br />
==Ferrari partnership==<br />
In 1999,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thrustmaster.com/company/history|title = History &#124; Thrustmaster}}</ref> Thrustmaster made their first ever replica wheel of the [[Ferrari 360 Modena]]. This is then followed in 2002 when a wheel was inspired by seven-time World Champion [[Michael Schumacher]]. After three years, Thrustmaster came out with the Enzo racing wheel.<br />
<br />
The next wheel to come out was in May 2010 when the concept of the Ferrari Wireless GT Cockpit 430 Scuderia Edition racing wheel comes out. In July of that same year the Cockpit is named "Product of the Month" and crowned "#1 Racing Wheel" for July/August by Spanish magazine Playmania.<br />
<br />
Then in August 2011, the [[458 Italia]] wheel is released making the first time a wheel was licensed by [[Microsoft]]. After that at the [[2011 Italian Grand Prix]] in [[Monza]], Italy, they unveil new products under the Ferrari License. The two products were the Ferrari F1 Wheel Integral T500 and the Ferrari F1 Wheel Add-on. Later in 2011 with Ferrari make two Thrustmaster Gamepads under the colors of the Ferrari 150th Italia. They were the F1 Wireless Gamepad Ferrari 150th Italia Alonso Edition and the F1 Dual Analog Gamepad Ferrari 150th Italia Exclusive Edition.<br />
<br />
2013 saw the release of the TX Racing Wheel 458 Italia Edition with Brushless motors and magnetic sensors.<br />
<br />
2014 saw the release of the most affordable wheel to ever have an official Microsoft License at just under US$100, the [[Ferrari 458 Spider]] Racing Wheel. 2015 had the release of the T150 Ferrari Wheel Force Feedback.<br />
<br />
2018 saw the last Ferrari product with Thrustmaster for now with a Bundle of the T.Racing Scuderia Ferrari Edition headset and the 599xx Evo wheel.<br />
<br />
In 2021, Thrustmaster unveiled a sim racing replica of the [[Ferrari SF1000]] wheel.<br />
<br />
== Thrustmaster Civil Aviation ==<br />
In 2020, Thrustmaster launched the Thrustmaster Civil Aviation (TCA) line with the TCA Sidestick Airbus Edition, a 1:1 replica of the [[sidestick]] on an [[Airbus A320]], followed by the miniaturized TCA Quadrant Airbus Edition, which replicates the throttle, and finally the TCA Throttle Quadrant Add-On Airbus Edition, which replicated the flaps, speed brake, landing gear, and parking brake controls, among others. The sidestick and throttle quadrant were sold together as the TCA Officer Pack Airbus Edition, and with the add-on sold as the TCA Captains Pack Airbus Edition in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airbus |url=https://www.thrustmaster.com/en-us/?s=airbus&order=desc&sortby=relevance&posts_per_page=-1&KODAHUFoLynwRihg=r3Pavl8Tcb&NWQKcHUaPnDLX=D*AixC%5DW%40Z&_ImKcBiYZXQt=iTBtO4KD05a&c-vUeLGCkEspZ=t8my%5DK&KODAHUFoLynwRihg=r3Pavl8Tcb&NWQKcHUaPnDLX=D*AixC%5DW%40Z&_ImKcBiYZXQt=iTBtO4KD05a&c-vUeLGCkEspZ=t8my%5DK}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, the Airbus products were followed by the TCA Yoke Pack Boeing Edition, which is a replica of the [[Yoke (aeronautics)|yoke]] on a [[Boeing 787]] and a three-axis quadrant, which can be configured with flaps, throttle, and spoilers, which were eventually available separately.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THRUSTMASTER TEAMS UP WITH BOEING TO INNOVATE AND CREATE NEW TCA PERIPHERALS: A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE, WHERE DREAMS MEET REALITY |url=https://www.thrustmaster.com/en-us/?s=airbus&order=desc&sortby=relevance&posts_per_page=-1&KODAHUFoLynwRihg=r3Pavl8Tcb&NWQKcHUaPnDLX=D*AixC%5DW%40Z&_ImKcBiYZXQt=iTBtO4KD05a&c-vUeLGCkEspZ=t8my%5DK&KODAHUFoLynwRihg=r3Pavl8Tcb&NWQKcHUaPnDLX=D*AixC%5DW%40Z&_ImKcBiYZXQt=iTBtO4KD05a&c-vUeLGCkEspZ=t8my%5DK}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Software support ==<br />
[[Linux kernel]] support for various steering wheel models was added in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Better Support For Thrustmaster Steering Wheels Is Driving To The Linux Kernel - Phoronix|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-5.13-Better-Thrustmaster|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-31|website=[[Phoronix]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Fanatec]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://thrustmaster.com}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Computing input devices]]<br />
[[Category:Game controllers]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Hillsboro, Oregon]]<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1990]]<br />
[[Category:1990 establishments in Oregon]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Tui_T._Sutherland&diff=1064302303Talk:Tui T. Sutherland2022-01-07T17:31:20Z<p>Ronstew: /* Tamara Summers */ new section</p>
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<div>{{WikiProject banner shell| blp=yes| 1=<br />
{{WikiProject Biography|class=Start|living=yes|listas=Sutherland, Tui}}<br />
{{WikiProject Children's literature|class=Start|importance=Low}}<br />
{{WikiProject Women writers|class=Start|importance=Low|auto=inherit}}<br />
{{WikiProject Warriors|class=Start}}<br />
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== Self published? == <br />
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Not sure if that tag refers to the Jeopardy Archive link, but seeing as I don't see what else it could refer to, I've removed it. That website is a database that provides much more comprehensive and accurate information about Jeopardy than we can expect from any other source. There would be no objection to a throwaway local newspaper article or local TV report being cited for the same information, yet it's much more likely that those kinds of reports would get their facts wrong, as far as what happened on the show, than this website would. It has editors who exercise fact checking and editorial control. It has been cited by numerous authors, such as [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Bob Harris (writer)]], who have written books about Jeopardy. There's no legitimate objection to citing it. [[User:Croctotheface|Croctotheface]] ([[User talk:Croctotheface|talk]]) 07:49, 6 July 2009 (UTC)<br />
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See also the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard#Jeopardy_Archive discussion at the RS noticeboard]. [[User:Croctotheface|Croctotheface]] ([[User talk:Croctotheface|talk]]) 22:11, 6 July 2009 (UTC)<br />
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== Great Bear Lake ==<br />
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Why is the link to Great Bear Lake under the Seeker series direct me to the information page of the real Great Bear Lake and not the page of the novel? <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Derild4921|Derild4921]] ([[User talk:Derild4921|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Derild4921|contribs]]) 00:30, 23 October 2009 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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== Peril burning? ==<br />
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Citation needed, for sure. <small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/47.54.89.45|47.54.89.45]] ([[User talk:47.54.89.45|talk]]) 22:47, 4 April 2015 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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== Sibling ==<br />
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Tui Sutherland's sister is Kari Sutherland,<sup>{{Cite web|title=Kari Sutherland|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/kari-sutherland|access-date=2021-05-13|website=HarperCollins|language=en}}</sup> but I don't know where this info should be mentioned.<br />
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<span style="border-radius:3px;border:2px solid DarkCyan;padding:5px 7px;background:Maroon;color:Gold">[[User:Defourthkitten|<font color="Gold">'''Defourthkitten'''</font>]] — [[User talk:Defourthkitten|<font color="Gold">'''Message'''</font>]]</span> ⸻ 00:45, 13 May 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Tamara Summers ==<br />
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I got here because I saw Tamara Summers being quoted, and I don't know who she is. Putting that name into the WP search brought me to this page. I see Tamara Summers listed in the infobox as a pen name, but nothing more. It deserves explanation.</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chik%C3%A9_Okonkwo&diff=1023846439Chiké Okonkwo2021-05-18T17:45:31Z<p>Ronstew: /* Television */ Format. End date for Being Mary JAne.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Nigerian English actor (born 1982)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Chiké Okonkwo<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|3|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kingston upon Thames]], [[London]], [[England]]<br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2002–present <br />
| spouse = <br />
| website = http://www.chikeokonkwo.com<br />
}}<br />
'''Chiké Okonkwo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|iː|k|eɪ|_|ə|ˈ|k|ɒ|ŋ|k|w|oʊ}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftzh2SwC4-Y|title=Chike Okonkwo for THE SAVIORS by Travis Betz, Kevin Hamedani|publisher=The Black List|date=11 December 2017|accessdate=19 February 2018}}</ref> born 18 March 1982)<ref name="IMDB1">[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1347064/bio IMDB – Biography] Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref> is a [[Nigerian English]] actor. He is known for portraying PC Clark in ''[[New Tricks]]'' and DC Callum Gada in ''[[Paradox (UK TV series)|Paradox]]''. He also starred as Lee Truitt, the love interest of the title character on the BET series ''[[Being Mary Jane]]''.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Born and brought up in [[Kingston upon Thames]],<ref name="Kingston1">{{cite web|title=Young people take centre stage in Kingston|url=http://www.kingston.gov.uk/information/news_and_events/news.htm?id=87461|publisher=Royal Kingston|accessdate=2010-03-05|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193010/http://www.kingston.gov.uk/information/news_and_events/news.htm?id=87461|archivedate=8 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Okonkwo is of [[Nigeria]]n descent.<ref name="BBCPress1">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/10_october/16/paradox6.shtml Paradox press pack – Chike Okonkwo is DC Callum Gada] ''BBC Press Office''. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref> He attended Tolworth Infants/Juniors School and [[Southborough High School]] in Hook, and later turned down a number of places at the UK's leading drama schools in order to pursue a university education, gaining a [[First-class honours|First Class]] degree in Business Computing from the [[University of Surrey]], graduating in 2003.<ref name="IMDB1"/> After completing his studies Okonkwo pursued an acting career full-time.<ref name="BBCPress2">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/03_march/10/new_tricks_characters.shtml#okonkwo New Tricks characters – Chiké Okonkwo plays PC Clark] ''BBC Press Office''. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Okonkwo was one of ten actors selected from twelve thousand applicants for the BBC Talent Scheme in 2001, leading to his first professional acting role in ''[[Holby City]]''.<ref name="BBCPress2"/> He trained at the [[National Youth Theatre]],<ref name="Guardian1">{{cite news |title=Why Britannia still rules the stage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2007/jun/10/theatre.broadway/|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 June 2007|accessdate=2010-03-05}}</ref> and was a member of the [[National Youth Music Theatre]] between 1999 and 2002.<ref name="NYMT1">[http://www.nymt.org.uk/history/alumni.html National Youth Music Theatre Alumni 1976 – 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625222129/http://www.nymt.org.uk/history/alumni.html |date=25 June 2012 }} See relevant listing.</ref> Okonkwo is the [[Patronage|patron]] of the Kingston-based [[International Youth Arts Festival]].<ref name="ThisisLondon1">{{cite web|title=IYAF – Youth given a chance to shine |url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/leisure/4464352.IYAF___Youth_given_a_chance_to_shine/ |author=Gore, Will |publisher=This is London |date=3 July 2009 |accessdate=2010-03-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604150248/http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/leisure/4464352.IYAF___Youth_given_a_chance_to_shine/ |archivedate=4 June 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Okonkwo's stage credits include ''[[Oklahoma!]]'', ''Into the Woods'', ''Fixer'', ''[[As You Like It]]'', ''In Time'' and ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (play)|A Matter of Life and Death]]''. He spent a year performing at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], where he appeared in several productions including [[Philip Pullman]]'s ''[[His Dark Materials (play)#2004 revival|His Dark Materials]]''.<ref name="IMDB2">[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1347064/otherworks IMDB – Other works] Retrieved 2010-03-05.</ref><br />
<br />
Okonkwo's film work includes ''[[Derailed (2005 film)|Derailed]]'' (2005), ''Animal'' (2005) and ''[[Spirit Trap]]'' (2005). He has also appeared in the [[short film]]s ''Tooting Broadway Flatmates'' and ''Knock Off''.<br />
<br />
On television, Okonkwo has made guest appearances in episodes of ''[[Holby City]]'', ''[[Silent Witness]]'', ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'', ''[[M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team (TV series)|M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team]]'' and ''[[Roman Mysteries (TV series)|Roman Mysteries]]''. He also appeared in ''Blood and Oil'', a [[BBC Two]] drama about the oil conflict in the [[Niger Delta]].<ref name="BBCPress1"/> Okonkwo played the lead roles of PC Clark in the pilot and first series of ''[[New Tricks]]'', and DC Callum Gada in ''[[Paradox (UK TV series)|Paradox]]''.<br />
<br />
Okonkwo is a long-standing member of the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] (RSC) performing in their 50th Anniversary season in Stratford-Upon-Avon, and most recently in [[Gregory Doran]]'s critically acclaimed production of [[Julius Caesar (play)]] at the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]] (BAM) in New York in 2013.<br />
<br />
He co-starred in ''[[The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)|The Birth of a Nation]]'', which premiered in competition at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2016.<br />
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==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Show<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2002<br />
| |''[[Holby City]]''<br />
| Ian Clarke<br>- ''Judas Kiss'' (Part One) (2002)<br />
| [[Medical drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Silent Witness]]''<br />
| PC Ben Manning<br>- ''Closed Ranks: Part One'' (2002)<br>- ''Closed Ranks: Part Two'' (2002)<br />
| [[Crime drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2003<br />
| ''[[New Tricks]]''<br />
| PC Clark (2003–2004)<br />
| [[Police procedural|Police drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''<br />
| Jordan Alan<br>- ''Keeping the Peace'' (2003)<br />
| [[Soap opera]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"| 2005<br />
| ''[[M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team (TV series)|M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team]]''<br />
| Marlon Raines<br>- ''Episode 2.3'' (2005)<br />
| [[Police procedural|Police drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2006<br />
| ''[[The Royal]]''<br />
| Jermaine Johnson<br>- ''Seeking Refuge'' (2006)<br />
| [[Medical drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shoot the Messenger (film)|Shoot the Messenger]]''<br />
| Kwame<br />
| [[Television play]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2007<br />
| ''[[Roman Mysteries (TV series)|Roman Mysteries]]''<br />
| Kuanto<br>- ''The Pirates of Pompeii'' (2007)<br />
| [[Children's television series|Children's TV series]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]''<br />
| Kristou Vadepied<br>- ''Take a Cup of Kindness Yet'' (2007)<br>- ''For Auld Lang Syne'' (2007)<br />
| [[Medical drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2008<br />
| ''[[Lewis (TV series)|Lewis]]''<br />
| Jonjo Read<br>- ''Life Born of Fire'' (2008)<br />
| [[Police procedural|Police drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''<br />
| Charlie Morgan<br>- ''Gathering Light'' (2008)<br />
| [[Soap opera]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"| 2009<br />
| ''[[Paradox (UK TV series)|Paradox]]''<br />
| DC Callum Gada<br />
| [[Science fiction|Sci-fi]] [[Police procedural|crime drama]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"| 2010<br />
| ''Blood and Oil''<br />
| Ebi<br />
| [[Serial (radio and television)|TV serial]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"| 2015<br />
| ''[[Banshee (TV series)|Banshee]]''<br />
| Lennox<br />
| [[Serial (radio and television)|TV serial]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|<br />
|''[[Class (2016 TV series)|Class]]''<br />
| Ballon<br> -''The Metaphysical Engine, or What Quill Did'' (2016)<br />
| [[Serial (radio and television)|TV serial]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"| 2016–2019<br />
| ''[[Being Mary Jane]]''<br />
| Lee Truitt<br />
| [[Serial (radio and television)|TV Series]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Film===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2005<br />
| ''[[Spirit Trap]]''<br />
| Edmund Joseph<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Animal (2005 film)|Animal]]''<br />
| Doctor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Derailed (2005 film)|Derailed]]''<br />
| Paramedic<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''Treasured Island''<br />
| Sam<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''Tooting Broadway Flatmates''<br />
| Adam Smith<br />
| Short film<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| The Last Jazz Musician<br />
| Trane<br />
| Short film<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''Knock Off''<br />
| Michael<br />
| Short film<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''Genesis''<br />
| Abel<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''[[The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)|The Birth of a Nation]]''<br />
| Will<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''[[Burning Sands (2017 film)|Burning Sands]]''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|1347064|name=Chiké Okonkwo}}<br />
*[http://www.chikeokonkwo.com Official website]<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Okonkwo, Chike}}<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Surrey]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from London]]<br />
[[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]]<br />
[[Category:Black British male actors]]<br />
[[Category:English male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:English male stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:English male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]<br />
[[Category:National Youth Theatre members]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kingston upon Thames]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townes_Van_Zandt&diff=975645500Townes Van Zandt2020-08-29T17:32:29Z<p>Ronstew: /* In music */ verb tense (sniff, sob)</p>
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<div>{{short description|American singer-songwriter}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
|name = Townes Van Zandt<br />
|image = Towneshwhw.jpg<br />
|caption = Van Zandt in the film ''Heartworn Highways''<br />
|background = solo_singer<br />
|birth_name = John Townes Van Zandt<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|3|7|mf=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Fort Worth, Texas]], US<br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|1997|1|1|1944|3|7|mf=y}}<br />
|death_place = [[Smyrna, Tennessee]], US<br />
|instrument = Guitar, vocals<br />
|genre = [[Country music|Country]], [[Folk music|folk]], [[blues]]<br />
|occupation = Musician, singer-songwriter, producer, [[Arrangements|arranger]]<br />
|years_active = 1965–1996<br />
|label = Poppy, [[Tomato Records|Tomato]], [[Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass)|Sugar Hill]], TVZ, [[Fat Possum Records|Fat Possum]]<br />
|associated_acts = [[Blaze Foley]], [[Guy Clark]], [[Steve Earle]], [[Lightnin' Hopkins]], [[Mickey Newbury]]<br />
|website = {{URL|www.townesvanzandt.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''John Townes Van Zandt'''<ref name="tvzfaq" /> (March 7, 1944 – January 1, 1997), better known as '''Townes Van Zandt''', was an American singer-songwriter.<ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="onion">[https://www.avclub.com/articles/be-here-to-love-me-a-film-about-townes-van-zandt,4187 "Be Here to Love Me: A Film About Townes Van Zandt: Review"]. Avclub.com. Accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> He wrote numerous songs, such as "[[Pancho and Lefty]]", "For the Sake of the Song", "Tecumseh Valley", "Rex's Blues", and "[[To Live Is to Fly]]", that are widely considered masterpieces of American songwriting. His musical style has often been described as melancholy and features rich, poetic lyrics. During his early years, Van Zandt was respected for his guitar playing and fingerpicking ability.<br />
<br />
In 1983, six years after [[Emmylou Harris]] had first popularized it, [[Willie Nelson]] and [[Merle Haggard]] [[Pancho & Lefty (album)|covered]] his song "Pancho and Lefty", reaching number one on the [[Billboard charts|Billboard country music]] chart.<ref name="allmusic">[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p133926|pure_url=yes}} "Townes Van Zandt]: Biography". AllMusic.co. Accessed July 1, 2015.</ref><ref name="allmusicpl">[http://test.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:fjfwxqq5ldae "''Pancho & Lefty''"]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, allmusic.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> Much of Van Zandt's life was spent touring various [[dive bar]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/music/article/Two-Years-After-Death-Van-Zandt-May-Have-His-2923954.php|title=Two Years After Death, Van Zandt May Have His Definitive Album|website=SFGate.com|date=June 27, 1999}}</ref> often living in cheap motel rooms and backwood cabins. For much of the 1970s, he lived in a simple shack without electricity or a telephone.<br />
<br />
His influence has been cited by countless artists across multiple genres, and his music has been recorded or performed by [[Bob Dylan]], [[Willie Nelson]], [[Merle Haggard]], [[Norah Jones]], [[Emmylou Harris]], [[Counting Crows]], [[Steve Earle]], [[Robert Earl Keen]] Jr., [[Nanci Griffith]], [[Guy Clark]], [[Wade Bowen]], [[Gillian Welch]], [[Pat Green]], [[Colter Wall]], [[Jason Isbell]], [[Calvin Russell (musician)|Calvin Russell]], [[Natalie Maines]], and [[Frank Turner]].<br />
<br />
He suffered from a series of drug addictions<ref name="popmatters">{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/v/vanzandttownes-beheredvd.shtml|title=Music Reviews, Features, Essays, News, Columns, Blogs, MP3s and Videos|publisher=PopMatters.com|accessdate=2015-06-19}}</ref> and [[alcoholism]],<ref name="popmatters" /> and was given a psychiatric diagnosis of [[bipolar disorder]]. When he was young, the now-discredited [[insulin shock therapy]] erased much of his [[long-term memory]].<ref name="townesvanzandt.com" /><ref name="tm" /><ref name="JTVZ">{{YouTube|2t_X9WXvF5E|"J.T. Van Zandt"}} (video).</ref><br />
<br />
Van Zandt died on New Years Day 1997 from [[Heart arrhythmia|cardiac arrythmia]] caused by health problems stemming from years of substance abuse.<ref name="popmatters" /> A revival of interest in Van Zandt blossomed in the 2000s.<ref name="allmusic" /> During the decade, two books, a documentary film (''[[Be Here to Love Me]]''), and numerous magazine articles about the singer were written.<ref name="allmusic" /><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
=== Early life ===<br />
Born in Fort Worth, Texas into a wealthy family, Van Zandt was a third-great-grandson of [[Isaac Van Zandt]] (a prominent leader of the [[Republic of Texas]]) and a second great-nephew of [[Khleber Miller Van Zandt]] (a major in the Confederate army and one of the founders of Fort Worth).<ref name="townesvanzandt.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.townesvanzandt.com/ta_unedited.html |title=Townes Van Zandt – A Far Cry From Dead |last=Manion|first=Jim |publisher=Totally Adult Review |date=July 16, 1999 |accessdate=2011-05-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717081153/http://www.townesvanzandt.com/ta_unedited.html |archivedate=July 17, 2011 |df=mdy }} (archived at TownesVanZandt.com)</ref><br />
<br />
Townes's parents were Harris Williams Van Zandt (1913–1966) and Dorothy Townes (1919–1983).<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=van+zandt&GSfn=dorothy&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSst=46&GScnty=2620&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=76856354&df=all& "Grave site of Dorothy Townes Van Zandt, Harris County, Texas"], Findagrave.com. Accessed July 1, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pnwpest.org/coopl/tvzfaq.html|title=Townes Van Zandt – Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Pnwpest.org|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> He had two siblings, Bill (1949-2009) and Donna (1941–2011). Harris was a [[corporate lawyer]], and his career required the family to move several times during the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="deeperblue14-16">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|pp=14–16}}</ref> In 1952, the family transplanted from Fort Worth to Midland, Texas for six months before moving to Billings, Montana.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br />
<br />
At Christmas in 1956, Townes's father gave him a guitar, which he practiced while wandering the countryside.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews/book_review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003716748 ''A Deeper Kind of Blue''] (review). Billboard Music Charts.</ref> He later told an interviewer that "watching [[Elvis Presley]]'s October 28, 1956, performance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was the starting point for me becoming a guitar player... I just thought that Elvis had all the money in the world, all the [[Cadillacs]] and all the girls, and all he did was play the guitar and sing. That made a big impression on me."<ref name="tvzfaq" /> In 1958 the family moved to Boulder, Colorado. Van Zandt remembered his time in Colorado fondly and often visited it as an adult. He later referred to Colorado in "My Proud Mountains", "Colorado Girl", and "Snowin' on Raton". Townes was a good student and active in team sports.<ref name="deeperblue17">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=17}}</ref> In grade school, he received a high IQ score, and his parents began grooming him to become a lawyer or senator.<ref name="tm">{{cite web|url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/1998-03-01/feature6.php|title=The Great, Late Townes Van Zandt|work=Texas Monthly|date=March 1, 1998|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828052107/http://texasmonthly.com/1998-03-01/feature6.php|archivedate=August 28, 2008}}</ref> Fearing that his family would move again, he willingly decided to attend the [[Shattuck-Saint Mary's|Shattuck School]] in Faribault, Minnesota.<ref name="deeperblue25">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=25}}</ref> He received a score of 1170 when he took the SAT in January 1962.<ref name="deeperblue27">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=27}}</ref> His family soon moved to Houston, Texas.<br />
<br />
The University of Colorado at Boulder accepted Van Zandt as a student in 1962. In the spring of his second year, his parents flew to Boulder to bring Townes back to Houston, apparently worried about his binge drinking and episodes of depression.<ref name="tm" /> They admitted him to the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, where he was diagnosed with manic depression. He received three months of [[insulin shock therapy]], which erased much of his [[long-term memory]].<ref name="townesvanzandt.com" /><ref name="tm" /> Afterwards, his mother claimed her "biggest regret in life was that she had allowed that treatment to occur".<ref name="JTVZ" /> In 1965, he was accepted into the University of Houston's pre-law program. Soon after, he attempted to join the Air Force, but was rejected because of a doctor's diagnosis that labelled him "an acute manic-depressive who has made minimal adjustments to life".<ref name="tm" /> He quit school around 1967, having been inspired by his singer-songwriter heroes to pursue a career in playing music.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br />
<br />
=== Early musical career ===<br />
In 1965, Van Zandt began playing regular shows at the [[Jester Lounge]] in Houston for $10 per night.<ref name="nrk">{{YouTube|ZRb4SIkOSWg|"Townes Van Zandt – interview in Oslo (NRK Lydverket)"}} (video).</ref> After the Jester closed, he began to regularly perform (and occasionally live) at [[Sand Mountain Coffee House]].<ref name="deeperblue14-16" /> In these Houston clubs, he met fellow musicians [[Lightnin' Hopkins]], [[Guy Clark]], [[Jerry Jeff Walker]], and [[Doc Watson]]. His repertoire consisted mostly of covers of songs written by Hopkins, [[Bob Dylan]], and others, as well as original novelty songs like "Fraternity Blues."<ref name="deeperblue60">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=60}}</ref> In 1966, Harris Van Zandt had encouraged his son to stop playing covers and write his own songs.<ref name="deeperblue212">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=212}}</ref> In 1968, Van Zandt met songwriter [[Mickey Newbury]] in a Houston coffee shop. Newbury persuaded Van Zandt to go to Nashville, Tennessee, where he was introduced by Newbury to the man who became his longtime producer, [[Jack Clement|"Cowboy" Jack Clement]].<br />
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Van Zandt cited Lightnin' Hopkins, Bob Dylan and [[Hank Williams]] and such varied artists as [[Muddy Waters]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Blind Willie McTell]], [[Tchaikovsky]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] as having had a major impact on his music.<ref name="tvzfaq" /><br />
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=== 1970s ===<br />
The years between 1968 and 1973 proved to be Van Zandt's most prolific era.<ref name="allmusic" /> He released six albums during the time period: ''[[For the Sake of the Song]]'', ''[[Our Mother the Mountain]]'', ''[[Townes Van Zandt (album)|Townes Van Zandt]]'', ''[[Delta Momma Blues]]'', ''[[High, Low and In Between]]'', and ''[[The Late Great Townes Van Zandt]]''. Among the tracks written for these albums were "To Live Is to Fly", "[[Pancho and Lefty]]", and "[[If I Needed You]]". These songs eventually raised Van Zandt to near-legend status in American and European songwriting circles.<ref name="allmusic" /><br />
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In 1972, Van Zandt recorded tracks for an album with a working title of ''Seven Come Eleven'', which remained unreleased for many years due to a dispute between his manager Kevin Eggers and producer Jack Clement. Eggers either could not or refused to pay for the studio sessions, so Clement erased the master tapes. However, before they were deleted, Eggers snuck into the studio and recorded rough mixes of the songs on to a [[cassette tape]]. Tracks from the aborted ''Seven Come Eleven'' debacle later surfaced on ''The Nashville Sessions''.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br />
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In 1975, Van Zandt was featured prominently in the documentary film ''[[Heartworn Highways]]'' with [[Guy Clark]], [[Steve Earle]], [[Steve Young (musician)|Steve Young]], [[Gamble Rogers]], [[Charlie Daniels]] and [[David Allan Coe]]. His segment of the film was shot at his run-down trailer home in Austin, Texas, where Van Zandt is shown drinking straight whiskey during the middle of the day, shooting and playing with guns, and performing the songs "Waitin' Around to Die" and "Pancho and Lefty."<ref name="Heartworn Highways">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0405963 ''Heartworn Highways'' profile], imdb.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> His soon-to-be second wife Cindy and dog Geraldine (a large, "keenly intelligent" half-wolf, half-husky) are featured in the film.<ref name="dallasmusic">[http://www.dallasobserver.com/2002-10-24/music/the-way-of-the-gun "The Way of the Gun – Living up to his famous father is a tall order for J.T. Van Zandt"], dallasobserver.com, October 24, 2002.</ref><br />
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In 1977, ''[[Live at the Old Quarter, Houston, Texas]]'' was released. The album showcased Van Zandt solo at a 1973 concert before a small audience, and less elaborately produced than many of his early records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blurt-online.com/reviews/view/504|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108123243/http://www.blurt-online.com/reviews/view/504/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 8, 2009|title=Townes Van Zandt: Live at the Old Quarter |date=October 20, 2008|publisher=BlurtOnline.com}}</ref> The album received positive reviews,<ref name="rsoq">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/townesvanzandt/albums/album/126626/review/5945364/live_at_the_old_quarter_houston_texas|title=Townes Van Zandt – Live At The Old Quarter, Houston, Texas|website=RollingStone.com|access-date=July 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319225150/https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/townesvanzandt/albums/album/126626/review/5945364/live_at_the_old_quarter_houston_texas|archive-date=March 19, 2007}}</ref> and is considered by many to be among the best albums that the songwriter ever released.<ref name="rsoq" /><ref name="pmftsots">{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/vanzandttownes-reissues|title=Townes Van Zandt: For the Sake of the Song|publisher=PopMatters.com|accessdate=2015-06-19}}</ref><ref name="deeperblue130">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=130}}</ref><br />
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In the mid-1970s, Van Zandt split from his longtime manager, Kevin Eggers.<ref name="allmusic" /> He found a new manager, [[John Lomax III]] (grandson of the famed folk music historian [[John Lomax]]), who set up a fan club for Van Zandt.<ref name="utr">{{cite magazine|url=http://undertheradarmag.com/margaretbrown.html|title=Interview with Margaret Brown|magazine=[[Under the Radar (magazine)|Under The Radar]]|last=Tinkham|first=Chris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522035249/http://undertheradarmag.com/margaretbrown.html|archivedate=May 22, 2006|accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref> Though the club was only advertised through small ads in the back of music magazines, Lomax immediately began to receive hundreds of impassioned letters from around the world written by people who felt touched by Van Zandt. Some of the letters described how his material often served as a crutch for those who were dealing with depression.<ref name="utr" /> In 1978, the singer fired Lomax and re-hired Eggers. He soon signed with Eggers' new label, [[Tomato Records]].<ref name="allmusic" /> The following year, he recorded ''[[Flyin' Shoes]]''; he did not release another album until 1987's ''[[At My Window (album)|At My Window]]''. Despite critical acclaim, he remained a cult figure. He normally played small venues (often to crowds of fewer than fifty people) but began to move towards playing larger venues (and even made a handful of television appearances) during the 1990s. For much of the 1970s, he lived a reclusive life outside of Nashville in a tin-roofed, bare-boards shack with no heat, plumbing or telephone, occasionally appearing in town to play shows.<ref name="dallasmusic" /><br />
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=== 1980s–1990s ===<br />
Several of Van Zandt's compositions were recorded by other artists, such as [[Emmylou Harris]] who, with [[Don Williams]], had a No. 3 country hit in 1981 with "[[If I Needed You]]," and [[Willie Nelson]] and [[Merle Haggard]], the pair taking "Pancho and Lefty" to No. 1 on the country charts in 1983. Van Zandt had a small cameo appearance in the video for the song. In his later years, he recorded less frequently, his voice and singing style altered in part because of his drug addiction and alcoholism. However, he continued writing songs, such as "Marie" and "The Hole".{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br />
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According to Susanna Clark, Van Zandt turned down repeated invitations to write with Bob Dylan.<ref name="deeperblue203">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=203}}</ref> Dylan was reportedly a "big fan" of Townes and claimed to have all of his records; Van Zandt admired Dylan's songs, but didn't care for his celebrity.<ref name="deeperblue203" /> The two first met during a chance encounter outside a costume shop in the [[South Congress]] district of Austin, on June 21, 1986.<ref name="deeperblue203" /> According to Johnny Guess, Dylan later arranged another meeting with the songwriter. The [[Drag (Austin, Texas)|Drag]] in Austin was shut down due to Dylan being in town; Van Zandt drove his [[motorhome]] to the cordoned-off area, after which Dylan boarded the vehicle and requested to hear him play several songs.<ref>''[[Be Here to Love Me]]'' DVD bonus feature: Johnny Guess interview.</ref> In May and June 1990, he opened for the [[Cowboy Junkies]] during a two-month-long tour of the United States and Canada, which exposed him to a younger generation of fans.<ref name="tvzfaq" /> As a result, he wrote the song "Cowboy Junkies Lament" for the group, with a verse about each respective member of the band.<ref name="deeperblue216" /><br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
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=== Relationships ===<br />
Van Zandt married Fran Peterson on August 26, 1965; a son, John Townes "J.T." Van Zandt II, was born to them on April 11, 1969, in Houston. The couple divorced on January 16, 1970.<ref name="tvzfaq">[http://pnwpest.org/coopl/tvzfaq.html Townes Van Zandt FAQ].</ref> He began dating Cindy Morgan in 1974. Townes and Cindy became estranged for much of the early 1980s, and were divorced on February 10, 1983 in Travis County, Texas. They had no children.<ref name="tvzfaq" /><br />
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Van Zandt's final marriage was to Jeanene Munsell. They met on December 9, 1980 at a memorial for [[John Lennon]]. When the terminally-ill Dorothy Van Zandt learned that her son had impregnated Munsell, she told him, "You're going to do the right thing and honor that baby."<ref name="deeperblue190">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=190}}</ref> He divorced his estranged second wife and married Munsell on March 14, 1983. Their first child, William Vincent, was born 10 days later. Another child, Katie Belle, was born February 14, 1992. Van Zandt and Munsell divorced on May 2, 1994. However, the two remained close until Townes' death, and Jeanene was an [[executrix]] of his estate.<ref name="tvzfaq" /><br />
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Around the time of their April 1993 separation,<ref name="deeperblue230" /> Jeanene coaxed the musician into signing over the publishing rights of his back catalog and recording royalties to her and their children.<ref name="deeperblue228">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=228}}</ref> Townes's only source of income after making that change was money received from concert engagements,<ref name="deeperblue229">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=229}}</ref> and even then, Townes frequently visited his ex-wife and gave her the money in his pockets.<ref name="deeperblue231">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=231}}</ref> Following their divorce in 1994, his only possessions were a 1989 [[GMC (automobile)|GMC Truck]] with [[camper shell]], a 1984 [[Honda Shadow|Honda Shadow motorcycle]] and a 1983 Starwind 22-foot boat named ''Dorothy.'' He also retained sole ownership of his family inheritance of ownership in oil lease and mineral rights.<ref name="deeperblue232">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=232}}</ref><br />
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At the time of his death, he had begun a long-distance relationship with a woman named Claudia Winterer from Darmstadt, Germany.<ref name="deeperblue241">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=241}}</ref> The two met in November 1995 during a concert of his in Hanau, Germany. Van Zandt told friends he planned on marrying Winterer,<ref name="deeperblue266">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=266}}</ref> but the two never became engaged.<br />
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=== Addiction ===<br />
Van Zandt was addicted to [[heroin]] and alcohol throughout his adult life. At times, he became drunk on stage and forgot the lyrics to his songs. At one point, his heroin habit was so intense that he offered Kevin Eggers the publishing rights to all of the songs on each of his first four albums for $20.<ref name="chronicle">[http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A94989 "Townes Without Pity: The Battle for Townes Van Zandt's legacy"], ''[[Austin Chronicle]]''; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> At various points, his friends saw him shoot up not just heroin, but also cocaine, vodka, as well as a mixture of rum and Coke.<ref name="deeperblue127-128">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|pp=127–128}}</ref> On at least one occasion, he shot up heroin in the presence of his son J.T., who was only eight years old at the time.<ref name="dallasmusic" /><br />
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As a result of Van Zandt's constant drinking, Harold Eggers, Kevin's brother, was hired on as his tour manager and 24-hour caretaker in 1976, a partnership that lasted for the rest of the singer's life. Although the musician was many years older than he was, Eggers later said that Van Zandt was his "first child."<ref name="chronicle" /> His battles with addiction led him to be admitted to rehab almost a dozen times throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="deeperblue195">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=195}}</ref> Medical records from his time in recovery centers show that he believed his drinking had become a problem around 1973, and by 1982 he was drinking at least a pint of vodka daily.<ref name="deeperblue195" /> Doctors' notes reported: "He admits to hearing voices, mostly musical voices", and "Affect is blunted and mood is sad. Judgment and insight is impaired."<ref name="deeperblue195" /> At various points in his life, he was prescribed to take the [[antidepressant]] [[Zoloft]] and the [[mood stabilizer]] [[Lithium pharmacology|lithium]].<ref name="deeperblue230">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=230}}</ref><ref name="messages">Hedgepeth, William (May 1977). [http://pnwpest.org/coopl/Hedgepath.html "Townes Van Zandt – messages from the outside"]. ''Hittin' the Note''.</ref> His final and longest period of sobriety during his adult life was a period of about a year in 1989 and 1990.<ref name="deeperblue216">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=216}}</ref><br />
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=== Death ===<br />
[[File:Townes Van Zandt.jpg|thumb|Townes Van Zandt at ''Kult'', Niederstetten (1995)]]<br />
Van Zandt continued writing and performing through the 1990s, though his output slowed noticeably as time went on. He had enjoyed some sobriety during the early 1990s, but was actively abusing alcohol during the final years of his life. In 1994, he was admitted to the hospital to [[Alcohol detoxification|detox]], during which time a doctor told Jeanene Van Zandt that trying to detox Townes again could potentially kill him.<ref name="texasmusic">[[KUT-FM]]'s Texas Music Matters: [http://townesvanzandt.com/TexasMusicMattersTVZSpecial.mp3 Townes Van Zandt Special] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911072142/http://townesvanzandt.com/TexasMusicMattersTVZSpecial.mp3 |date=September 11, 2008 }}, townesvanzandt.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> He grew increasingly frail during the mid-1990s, with friends noting that he seemed to have "withered."<ref name="deeperblue247">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=247}}</ref><br />
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In early 1996, he was contacted by [[Sonic Youth]]'s [[Steve Shelley]], who informed Van Zandt that he was interested in recording and releasing an album for him on the band's [[Ecstatic Peace]] label, funded by [[Geffen Records|Geffen]].<ref name="deeperblue245">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=245}}</ref> Van Zandt agreed, and sessions were scheduled to begin in Memphis during late December of that year. On December 19 or 20, Van Zandt fell down the concrete stairs outside his home, badly injuring his hip.<ref name="texasmusic" /><ref name="deeperblue255">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=255}}</ref> After lying outside for an hour, he dragged himself inside and called his ex-wife Jeanene, who sent friends Royann and Jim Calvin to check on him. He told the couple that he had sustained the injury while getting out of bed, and refused medical treatment. They took him back to their home, and he spent the Christmas week on their couch, unable to get up even to use the bathroom.<ref name="deeperblue255" /><br />
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Determined to finish the album that he had scheduled to record with Shelley and Two Dollar Guitar, Van Zandt arrived at the Memphis studio being pushed in a wheelchair by road manager Harold Eggers. Shelley canceled the sessions due to the songwriter's erratic behavior and drunkenness. Van Zandt finally agreed to hospitalization, but not before returning to Nashville. By the time he consented to receive medical care, eight days had passed since the injury.<ref name="texasmusic" /> On December 31, X-rays revealed that Van Zandt had an impacted left [[Femur neck|femoral neck]] fracture in his hip, and several corrective surgeries were performed.<ref name="deeperblue260" /> Jeanene informed the surgeon that one of Townes' previous rehab doctors had told her detoxing could kill him.<ref name="texasmusic" /> The medical staff tried to explain to her that detoxing a "late-term alcoholic" at home would be ill-advised, and he would have a better chance at recovering under hospital supervision.<ref name="deeperblue260">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=260}}</ref> She did not heed these warnings, and instead checked Townes out of the hospital against medical advice.<ref name="deeperblue261">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=261}}</ref> Understanding that he would most likely drink immediately after leaving the hospital, the physicians refused to prescribe him any [[painkiller]]s.<ref name="deeperblue262">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=262}}</ref><br />
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By the time Van Zandt was checked out of the hospital early the next morning, he had begun to show signs of [[delirium tremens]].<ref name="texasmusic" /> Jeanene rushed him to her car, where she gave him a flask of vodka to ward off the withdrawal delirium. She later reported that after getting back to his home in Smyrna, Tennessee, and giving him alcohol, he became "lucid, in a real good mood, calling his friends on the phone."<ref name="texasmusic" /> Jim Calvin shared a marijuana joint with him,<ref name="deeperblue261" /> and he was also given about four [[Tylenol PM]] tablets.<ref name="deeperblue262" /><br />
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While Jeanene was on the phone with Susanna Clark, their son Will noticed that Townes had stopped breathing and "looked dead", and alerted his mother, who attempted to perform [[CPR]], "screaming his name between breaths".<ref name="texasmusic" /> Townes Van Zandt died in the early morning hours of January 1, 1997 at the age of 52. His official cause of death was "natural" [[cardiac arrhythmia]].<ref name="deeperblue264">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=264}}</ref><br />
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Two services were held for Van Zandt: one in Texas, mostly attended by family; and another in a large Nashville church, attended by friends, acquaintances, and fans.<ref name="tm" /> Some of his ashes were placed underneath a headstone in the Van Zandt family plot at the Dido Cemetery in Dido, Texas, near Fort Worth.<ref name="tm" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pnwpest.org/coopl/tvzfaq.html#17|title=Townes Van Zandt – Frequently Asked Questions, No. 17|publisher=Pnwpest.org|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><br />
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== Legacy ==<br />
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=== Legal issues over his work ===<br />
In the years immediately following Van Zandt's death, his former manager and label owner Kevin Eggers issued 14 albums of both new and previously unreleased material by the singer, all without consent of his estate (represented by Jeanene Van Zandt and his three children).<ref name=austinchronicle>[http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/column?oid=oid%3A616101 "For The Sake of the Song"]. ''Austin Chronicle''; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> Eggers claimed a 50% interest in eighty of Van Zandt's songs. After nearly ten years of legal battles, the court sided with the estate, issuing "injunctive relief against Eggers, restraining him from reproducing or distributing any of Van Zandt's songs."<ref name=austinchronicle /><br />
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It was revealed through these proceedings that Van Zandt's annual income in the years before his death had climbed to over $100,000, thanks in large part to the royalties accrued from his songs being covered by Willie Nelson, Emmylou Harris, Merle Haggard, Cowboy Junkies, and other major music stars.<ref name=chronicle /> After Van Zandt's death his [[road manager]], Harold Eggers, released video and audio recordings from the songwriter's concerts.<ref name=austinchronicle /> An [[out-of-court settlement]] in 2006 granted the Van Zandts conditional control of Harold Eggers' mastered recordings while Eggers retaining a 50% ownership of seven albums and some royalties for the remaining recordings.<ref name=austinchronicle /><br />
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On October 21, 2008, a number of Van Zandt's personal possessions were auctioned off at The Northside in Akron, Ohio at a benefit for [[Rex "Wrecks" Bell]], a close friend and bandmate who was the inspiration for the song "Rex's Blues". Bell was part owner of the bar in Houston where Townes recorded his album ''Live at the Old Quarter''. Bell now owns the "new" [[Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe|Old Quarter]] in Galveston.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lomax|first=John Nova|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-09-25/news/rex-wrecks-bell-is-just-playing|title=Rex "Wrecks" Bell Is Just Playing|newspaper=Houston Press|date=September 24, 2008|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><br />
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=== In music ===<br />
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Van Zandt has been referred to as a [[cult musician]] and "a songwriter's songwriter."<ref name="theage.com.au">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/music/the-songwriters-songwriter/2005/07/21/1121539089155.html|title=The songwriter |last=Roberts|first=Jo |newspaper=theage.com.au |date=July 22, 2005 |accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20060203/ai_n16048367 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630175145/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20060203/ai_n16048367 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-06-30 | title=Townes van Zandt: He lived for the sake of the song Oakland Tribune – Find Articles| date=2007-06-30}}</ref> Musician [[Steve Earle]], who met him in 1978 and considered Van Zandt a mentor, once called Van Zandt "the best songwriter in the whole world and I'll stand on Bob Dylan's coffee table in my cowboy boots and say that."<ref name="theage.com.au" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metafilter.com/48367/Townes-van-Zandt|title=Townes van Zandt profile|publisher=MetaFilter|accessdate=2011-05-08}}{{Dubious|date=May 2011}}</ref> The quote was printed on a sticker featured on the packing of ''[[At My Window (album)|At My Window]]'', much to Van Zandt's displeasure.<ref name="deeperblue205">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=205}}</ref> In the years following, the quote was often cited by the press, much to Van Zandt and Earle's embarrassment;<ref name="nytearle">DeCurtis, Anthony (May 7, 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/arts/music/10decurtis.html "Freeing a Mentor From His Mythology"]. ''[[New York Times]]''; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> in 2009, Earle told the ''New York Times'' "Did I ever believe that Townes was better than Bob Dylan? No."<ref name="nytearle" /> But he concluded at the end of the same article that, "As a songwriter, you won't find anybody better." Earle has championed the songwriter on a number of occasions: his eldest son, [[Justin Townes Earle]], also a musician, was named after Van Zandt. Earle wrote the song "Fort Worth Blues" as a tribute to the singer in the late 1990s, and in 2009 released an album titled ''[[Townes (album)|Townes]]'', which featured all covers of Van Zandt songs.<ref name="nytearle" /><br />
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His Texas-grounded impact stretched farther than country. He has been cited as a source of inspiration by such notable artists as Bob Dylan,<ref name="deeperblue203" /> [[Neil Young]],<ref name="deeperblue197">{{harvnb|Hardy|2008|p=197}}</ref> Willie Nelson,<ref name="poet" /> Guthrie Thomas, [[John Prine]],<ref name="poet">[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r548931|pure_url=yes}} ''Poet: A Tribute to Townes Van Zandt''], AllMusic.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Lyle Lovett]],<ref name="lovett">[http://weeklywire.com/ww/09-14-98/austin_music_feature1.html "Lyle Lovett"], ''[[Austin Chronicle]]''; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Chelsea Wolfe]],<ref name="pitchfork">[https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17180-unknown-rooms-a-collection-of-acoustic-songs/ "Unknown Rooms – A Collection of Acoustic Songs"] [[Pitchfork Media]].</ref> [[Scott Avett]] of [[The Avett Brothers]],<ref name="avett">[http://www.muzzleofbees.com/2009/07/01/scott-avett-plays-townes-van-zandt-greensboro-woman/ "Scott Avett plays Townes Van Zandt: Greensboro Woman"], Muzzleofbees.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Emmylou Harris]],<ref name="poet" /> [[Nanci Griffith]],<ref name="poet" /> [[Cowboy Junkies]],<ref name="cmtbio">[http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/vanzandt_townes/bio.jhtml "Townes Van Zandt – Biography"], CMT.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Vetiver (band)|Vetiver]],<ref name="vetiverallmusic">[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1335906|pure_url=yes}} ''Thing of the Past''], AllMusic.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Guy Clark]],<ref name="poet" /> [[Devendra Banhart]],<ref name="banhart">{{cite web|url=http://blurt-online.com/features/view/58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207010511/http://blurt-online.com/features/view/58/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2009|title=Looting the Bins with Devendra Banhart |date=June 19, 2008|publisher=Blurt Online}}</ref> [[Norah Jones]],<ref name="norahhandsome">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0452830/combined "''Norah Jones & the Handsome Band: Live in 2004''"], imdb.com; accessed July 1, 2015.{{dubious|reason=IMDB is user edited|date=April 2013}}</ref> [[Robert Plant]] & [[Alison Krauss]],<ref name="plantkrauss">[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1207614|pure_url=yes}} "''Raising Sand'': Credits"], AllMusic.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[The Be Good Tanyas]] and [[Jolie Holland]],<ref name="chinatown">[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r627399|pure_url=yes}} "''Chinatown''"], AllMusic.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Rowland S. Howard]], [[Michael Weston King]], [[Hayes Carll]], [[Josh Ritter]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Steven|last=Wilcock |url=http://www.triste.co.uk/jritter.htm|title=Josh Ritter interview – Triste Magazine|publisher=Triste.co.uk|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> [[Gillian Welch]],<ref name="welsh">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000077VP2 "Gillian Welch – The Revelator Collection"]. Amazon.com.</ref> [[Garth Brooks]],<ref name="garth">{{cite web|url=http://www.garthbrooks.com/dialup/index.cfm?id=2|title=Bio – The Early Years|publisher=Garthbrooks.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212013219/http://www.garthbrooks.com/dialup/index.cfm?id=2|archivedate=February 12, 2007}}</ref> [[Simon Joyner]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hearnebraska.org/feature/simon-joyner-nebraska-and-his-songs-qa|title=Simon Joyner on Nebraska and His Songs|publisher=Hearnebraska.org|date=2012-06-01|accessdate=2015-06-19}}</ref> [[Conor Oberst]] of [[Bright Eyes (band)|Bright Eyes]],<ref name="earleinterview">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5430408/Steve-Earle-interview-for-the-album-Townes.html "Steve Earle interview for the album ''Townes''"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref> [[Caleb Followill]] of [[Kings of Leon]],<ref>Goodman, Frank (May 2007). [http://www.puremusic.com/pdf/kol.pdf "A Conversation with Nathan Followill of Kings of Leon"] (PDF), Puremusic.com; accessed July 1, 2015.</ref> [[Laura Marling]], [[Frank Turner]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Townes Van Zandt: 'The Greatest Musician You've Never Heard Of' By Frank Turner|url = http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/music/frank-turner-on-why-townes-van-zandt-is-the-most-important-musician-you-ve-probably-never-heard-of|accessdate = 2015-09-01|date = 2015-08-28}}</ref> Folk musician [[Shakey Graves]] has credited his fast-paced, rhythmic style of finger picked guitar playing partially to Van Zandt's influence.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reddit AMA: I am Alejandro Rose-Garcia AKA Shakey Graves, AMA|url = https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/15yrym/i_am_alejandro_rosegarcia_aka_shakey_graves_ama/c7r2m7u/f|accessdate = 2017-05-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1994, Israeli singer [[David Broza]] performed with Van Zandt during a Writers in the Round concert in Houston. When Van Zandt died, he left a shoe box full of unreleased poems and lyrics with a request that Broza set them to music. The resulting album was ''Night Dawn: The Unpublished Poetry of Townes Van Zandt''.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/12/us-broza-idUSTRE61B5LV20100212 "Townes Van Zandt's bequest finds new life at 'Dawn'"], Reuters.com, February 2, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, Van Zandt was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://texasheritagesongwriters.com/bios/townes_van_zandt.php|title=2012 Honoree Townes Van Zandt|publisher=Texas Heritage Writers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328171306/http://www.texasheritagesongwriters.com/bios/townes_van_zandt.php|archivedate=March 28, 2012|accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2012, Neurot Recordings released a three-way split album in tribute to Van Zandt, featuring [[Neurosis (band)|Neurosis]] singer/guitarists [[Scott Kelly (musician)|Scott Kelly]], [[Steve Von Till]] and doom/stoner metal legend [[Scott Weinrich|Scott "Wino" Weinrich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earsplitcompound.com/site/2012/04/13/steve-von-till-scott-kelly-album-to-see-us-release-via-neurot-in-june|title=STEVE VON TILL, SCOTT KELLY & WINO Confirm Townes Van Zandt Tribute; Album To See US Release Via Neurot in June|publisher=Earsplitcompound.com|date=April 13, 2012|accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
On June 18, 2015, Van Zandt was inducted into the second year's ceremony of the [[Austin City Limits]] Hall of Fame, along with [[Asleep at the Wheel]], [[Loretta Lynn]], [[Guy Clark]] and [[Flaco Jimenez]].<ref>[http://acltv.com/2015/10/02/acls-new-season-launches-with-the-hall-of-fame-2015-special/ "ACL's New Season Launches with the Hall of Fame 2015 Special"], ACLTV.com.</ref> [[Gillian Welch]] inducted Van Zandt by telling stories about how he had come to her early gigs in Nashville and how he had bolstered her confidence in writing sad songs.<ref>[https://vimeo.com/139004083 "Gillian Welch-Townes Van Zandt induction into ACL Hall of Fame"], Vimeo.com, September 11, 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
=== In film and television ===<br />
Van Zandt's ''[[Roadsongs (Townes van Zandt album)|Roadsongs]]'' album version of [[The Rolling Stones]]' "[[Dead Flowers (Rolling Stones song)|Dead Flowers]]" was used during the final scene of the [[Coen Brothers]]' 1998 film, ''[[The Big Lebowski]]''. The song was included on the movie's soundtrack.<ref>[http://www.laweekly.com/music/the-definitive-guide-to-the-music-of-the-big-lebowski-4168132 "The Definitive Guide to the Music of ''The Big Lebowski''"] LAWeekly.com, March 7, 2013.</ref> Since his death, Van Zandt's recordings have been licensed by his family for use in a number of films and television programs, including ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]'', ''[[Ozark (TV series)|Ozark]]'', ''[[Six Feet Under (TV series)|Six Feet Under]]'', ''[[In Bruges]]'', ''[[Calvary (2014 film)|Calvary]]'', ''[[Crazy Heart]]'', ''[[Leaves of Grass (film)|Leaves of Grass]]'', ''[[Seven Psychopaths]]'', ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'', ''[[Breaking Bad]]'', ''[[True Detective (TV Series)|True Detective]]'' and ''[[Hell or High Water (2016 film)|Hell or High Water]]'' (Dollar Bill Blues).<ref>{{cite web |title=Townes Van Zandt TV & Film Sync Placements |url=https://www.tunefind.com/artist/townes-van-zandt |website=Tunefind |accessdate=November 6, 2019}}</ref> His "''Buckskin Stallion Blues''" was featured in the 2017 American film ''[[Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri]]'' both as his original recording and a cover by [[Amy Annelle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5027774/ |website=IMDb |accessdate=November 6, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the film ''[[Country Strong]]'', the ''[[Austin Statesman]]'' describes the character of Beau Hutton as "the next Townes Van Zandt".{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The 2012 documentary film ''Low & Clear'', which revolves around Van Zandt's son JT fly fishing for steelhead in British Columbia with his old fishing buddy Xenie, features Van Zandt's songs "Dollar Bill Blues" and "My Proud Mountains".{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<br />
<br />
=== Films and book ===<br />
In 2004, the film ''[[Be Here to Love Me: A Film About Townes Van Zandt|Be Here to Love Me]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/be_here_to_love_me|title=Townes Van Zandt: Be Here to Love Me (Full Film)|publisher=Snagfilms.com|date=November 24, 2010|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> chronicling the artist's life and musical career, was released in the United States. It was very well received, earning a 94% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/be_here_to_love_me|title=Be Here to Love Me: A Film About Townes Van Zandt Movie Reviews|website=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> Georgia Christgau of the ''Village Voice'' called the documentary "sympathetic but frank."<ref>{{cite news|last=Christgau|first=Georgia|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-11-22/film/hard-living-folk-icon-in-a-sympathetic-but-frank-doc|title=Hard-Living Folk Icon in a Sympathetic but Frank Doc|newspaper=Village Voice|date=November 22, 2005|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> Eddie Cockrell of ''Variety'' called the film "a dignified and wistful look at the unusual life, difficult career and lasting influence" of Van Zandt.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Cockrell|first=Eddie|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117925098.html?categoryid=31&cs=1|title=Be Here to Love Me: A Film About Townes Van Zandt|magazine=Variety.com|date=September 29, 2004|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
A biography, titled ''To Live's to Fly: The Ballad of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt'' by [[John Kruth]], was released in 2007. It received mixed reviews, with ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' lamenting that Kruth's "efforts are diminished by oddly alternating [[first-person narrative|first]]- and [[third-person narrative]]s, awkward transitions and text cluttered with excessive quotes... more insight into why – rather than countless tales of how – would have made this bio a more worthwhile read."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/0306816040|title=To Live's to Fly: The Ballad of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt|first=John |last=Kruth|isbn=978-0-306-81604-8|accessdate=2011-05-08|date=2008-03-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2008, the University of North Texas Press published Robert Earl Hardy's biography on the songwriter, titled ''A Deeper Blue: The Life and Music of Townes Van Zandt'', which took more than eight years of research, including interviews with Mickey Newbury, Jack Clement, Guy and Susanna Clark, Mickey White, Rex Bell, Dan Rowland, [[Richard Dobson]], John Lomax III, Van Zandt's brother and sister, cousins, his three ex-wives, and many others. The book has been described by ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' as a "poignant, clear and vivid portrait."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/1574412477|title=A Deeper Blue: The Life and Music of Townes Van Zandt (9781574412475): Robert Earl Hardy: Books|accessdate=2011-05-08|website=Amazon.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
''I'll Be Here in the Morning: The Songwriting Legacy of Townes Van Zandt'' by Brian T. Atkinson was released on New Year's Day 2012 by Texas A&M University Press, coinciding with the 15th anniversary of Van Zandt's death. The book contains interviews with longtime Van Zandt friends Guy Clark, Billy Joe Shaver, Ray Wylie Hubbard, Kris Kristofferson, Tom Russell and Peter Rowan as well as younger disciples such as Scott Avett (the Avett Brothers), Jim James (My Morning Jacket), Kasey Chambers, Josh Ritter, and Grace Potter.<br />
<br />
Van Zandt was portrayed by [[Charlie Sexton]] in the 2018 film ''[[Blaze (2018 film)|Blaze]]'', a biographical drama about the life of [[Blaze Foley]].<br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
<br />
=== Studio albums ===<br />
* ''[[For the Sake of the Song: First Album|For the Sake of the Song]]'' (1968)<br />
* ''[[Our Mother the Mountain]]'' (1969)<br />
* ''[[Townes Van Zandt (album)|Townes Van Zandt]]'' (1969)<br />
* ''[[Delta Momma Blues]]'' (1971)<br />
* ''[[High, Low and In Between]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[The Late Great Townes Van Zandt]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Flyin' Shoes]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[At My Window (album)|At My Window]]'' (1987)<br />
* ''[[The Nashville Sessions (Townes Van Zandt album)|The Nashville Sessions]]'' (1993) – recordings from the aborted album ''Seven Come Eleven'', recorded 1973<br />
* ''[[No Deeper Blue]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[A Far Cry From Dead]]'' (1999) – 11 previously-released songs and two new songs; guitar and vocal recordings from 1989–96 posthumously overdubbed with instrumental backing<br />
* ''[[Texas Rain: The Texas Hill Country Recordings]]'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[In The Beginning (Townes Van Zandt album)|In the Beginning]]'' (2003) – demo recordings from 1967<br />
* ''[[Sunshine Boy: The Unheard Studio Sessions & Demos 1971–1972]]'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Sky Blue (Townes Van Zandt album)|Sky Blue]]'' (2019) – recorded in 1973 at journalist Bill Hedgepeth's home studio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/696718029/first-listen-townes-van-zandt-sky-blue|title=Townes Van Zandt's 'Sky Blue' Offers Insight Into A Mercurial Mind At His Prime|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
* "[[Waiting 'Round to Die|Waiting Around to Die" / "Talking Karate Blues]]" (1968)<br />
* "Second Lovers Song" / "Tecumseh Valley" (1969)<br />
* "Come Tomorrow" / "Delta Mama Blues" (1971)<br />
* "Greensboro Woman" / "Standin'" (1972)<br />
* "If I Needed You" / "Sunshine Boy" (1972)<br />
* "Honky Tonkin'" / "Snow Don't Fall" (1972)<br />
* "Fraulein" / "Don't Let the Sunshine Fool Ya" (1972)<br />
* "Pancho and Lefty" / "Heavenly Houseboat Blues" (1972)<br />
* "Pancho and Lefty" / "If I Needed You" (1973)<br />
* "Who Do You Love" / "Dollar Bill Blues" (1978)<br />
* "When She Don't Need Me" / "No Place to Fall" (1978)<br />
* "Dead Flowers" / "Fraulein" / "Racing in the Street" (1993) – German CD single<br />
* "Riding the Range" / "Dirty Old Town" (1996)<br />
* "Ain't Leavin' Your Love" (1999) – US CD single<br />
* "Snowin' on Raton" (2001) – US CD single; from ''Texas Rain: The Texas Hill Country Recordings''<br />
* "Highway Kind" (2002) – CD single<br />
<br />
=== Live albums ===<br />
* ''[[Live at the Old Quarter, Houston, Texas]]'' (1977) – recorded July 1973<br />
* ''[[Live and Obscure]]'' (1987) – recorded 1985<br />
* ''Down Home & Abroad'' (2018) – recorded 1985/1993<br />
* ''Rain on a Conga Drum: Live in Berlin'' (1991) – recorded October 1990<br />
* ''Rear View Mirror'' (1993) – recorded in Oklahoma, 1978<br />
* ''[[Roadsongs (Townes van Zandt album)|Roadsongs]]'' (1993) – all cover songs, recorded late 1970s & early 1980s<br />
* ''Abnormal'' (1996) – reissued in 1998 with 3 tracks replaced<br />
* ''The Highway Kind'' (1997)<br />
* ''[[Larry Monroe (radio personality)#Other professional work|Documentary]]'' (1997)<br />
* ''Last Rights'' (1997) – alternate version of ''Documentary''<br />
* ''[[Together at the Bluebird Café]]'' (2001) – with [[Guy Clark]] and [[Steve Earle]]; recorded September 1995<br />
* ''In Pain'' (1999) – recorded 1994/1996<br />
* ''[[Live at McCabe's (Townes Van Zandt album)|Live at McCabe's]]'' (2001) – recorded February 1995<br />
* ''A Gentle Evening with Townes Van Zandt'' (2002) – recorded November 1969<br />
* ''Absolutely Nothing'' (2002) – recorded 1991–1996<br />
* ''Acoustic Blue'' (2003) – recorded 1994/1996<br />
* ''Live at the Jester Lounge, Houston, Texas, 1966'' (2004)<br />
* ''Rear View Mirror, Volume 2'' (2004) – recorded 1977–80; album credits erroneously state 1976–79<br />
* ''Live at Union Chapel, London, England'' (2005) – recorded April 1994<br />
* ''Houston 1988: A Private Concert'' (2005)<br />
<br />
=== Videos ===<br />
* ''[[Heartworn Highways]]'' (1981)<br />
* ''[[Be Here to Love Me]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Houston 1988: A Private Concert]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''Townes Live in Amsterdam'' (2008) – recorded November 2, 1991<br />
<br />
=== Compilations ===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Album details<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Last Rights: The Life & Times of Townes Van Zandt''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: June 10, 1997<br />
* Label: Gregor Records<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Masters''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: November 30, 1997<br />
* Label: [[Eagle Rock Records]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Anthology: 1968–1979''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: August 25, 1998<br />
* Label: [[Charly Records]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''The Best of Townes Van Zandt''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: July 1, 1999<br />
* Label: Charly Records<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Drama Falls Like Teardrops''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: January 1, 2002<br />
* Label: Snapper Records<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''The Very Best of Townes Van Zandt: The Texan Troubadour''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: June 25, 2002<br />
* Label: [[Metro Records]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Singer Songwriter''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: October 1, 2002<br />
* Label: MI Plus<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Texas Troubadour''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: November 5, 2002<br />
* Label: Snapper Records<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''The Great Tomato Singer/Songwriter Collection''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: February 25, 2003<br />
* Label: Tomato Music<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Legend''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: October 14, 2003<br />
* Label: Snapper Records<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Buckskin Stallion''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: May 23, 2006<br />
* Label: ATOM Records<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''Sunshine Boy: The Unheard Studio Sessions & Demos''<br />
|<br />
* Release date: February 5, 2013<br />
* Label: [[Omnivore Recordings]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of people with bipolar disorder]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
;Citations<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
;Bibliography<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Kruth|first=John|date=2007|title=To Live's to Fly: The Ballad of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0-306-81553-2|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/tolivestoflyball00krut}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Robert Earl|date=2008|title=A Deeper Blue: The Life and Music of Townes Van Zandt|series=North Texas Lives of Musician Series|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=978-1574412475|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/deeperbluelifemu00hard}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Atkinson |first=Brian T. |date=2012 |title=I'll Be Here in the Morning: The Songwriting Legacy of Townes Van Zandt |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-527-6 |ref=harv |url=}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Eggers|first=Harold F. |date=2018 |title=My Years with Townes Van Zandt: Music, Genius, and Rage |publisher=Backbeat |isbn=978-1617137082 |ref=harv |url=}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Lomax|first=John, III|date=1998|chapter=Townes Van Zandt|title=The Encyclopedia of Country Music|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00coun|url-access=registration|editor-first=Paul|editor-last=Kingsbury|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00coun/page/562 562]|isbn=978-0195116717|ref=harv}}<br />
<!-- chronological (all books, then all chapters or sections) --><br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
*{{Official website}}<br />
*{{Curlie|Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/V/Van_Zandt%2C_Townes/}}<br />
* [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p133926|pure_url=yes}} Townes Van Zandt] at [[AllMusic]]<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1376929|name=Townes Van Zandt}}<br />
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-117665738.html Townes Van Zandt: The Self-Destructive Hobo Saint] by John Kruth, originally appeared in ''[[Sing Out!]]'' V48#2<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220210553/http://www.furious.com/Perfect/townes2.html Travels with Townes Van Zandt by Steve Hawley July 2003]<br />
* {{Find a Grave|9618}}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{S-ach|aw}}<br />
{{S-bef|before=[[Mickey Newbury]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Americana Music Association|AMA presidents Award]]|years=2007}}<br />
{{S-aft|after=[[Jerry Garcia]]}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
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{{Townes Van Zandt}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Zandt, Townes}}<br />
[[Category:American country singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:American male singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:American country guitarists]]<br />
[[Category:American male guitarists]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:1997 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:American alternative country singers]]<br />
[[Category:American folk singers]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Austin, Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Songwriters from Texas]]<br />
[[Category:People from Fort Worth, Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Austin, Texas]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Houston]]<br />
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]<br />
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Tennessee]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]<br />
[[Category:Fat Possum Records artists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]<br />
[[Category:Guitarists from Texas]]<br />
[[Category:American acoustic guitarists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Smyrna, Tennessee]]<br />
[[Category:Country musicians from Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Country musicians from Tennessee]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Loose Music artists]]<br />
[[Category:Sugar Hill Records artists]]<br />
[[Category:Varèse Sarabande Records artists]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(2017_TV_series)&diff=961936939Belle and Sebastian (2017 TV series)2020-06-11T06:06:35Z<p>Ronstew: plural corrected</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the 2017 animated television series||Belle and Sebastian (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| name = Belle and Sebastian<br />
| image = Belle and Sebastian title card.png<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = English title screen.<br />
| genre = [[Historical]]<br />[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]<br />[[Comedy-drama]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| developer = Jean-Phillipe Robin<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Belle et Sébastien]]''|[[Cécile Aubry]]}}<br />
| writer = <br />
| director = Lionel Francois<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| voices = {{Plainlist|<br />
* '''English:'''<br />
* [[Angela Galuppo]]<br />
* [[Terrence Scammell (Canadian actor)|Terrence Scammell]]<br />
* [[Arthur Holden]]<br />
* Brittany Drisdelle<br />
* [[Sonja Ball]]<br />
* [[Vlasta Vrána]]<br />
* Jessica Kardos<br />
* '''French:'''<br />
* Pascale Montreuil<br />
* Tristan Harvey<br />
* Kim Jalabert<br />
* Ludivine Dubé-Reding<br />
* Hugolin Chevrette-Landesque<br />
* Benoit Briére}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = Music and lyrics by [[Béatrice Martin]]; Direction and arrangement by Renaud Bastien<br />
| opentheme = "Belle and Sebastian" performed by [[Cœur de pirate]]<br />
| endtheme = <br />
| composer = HITnRUN<br />
| country = Canada <br /> France<br />
| language = English <br /> French<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_series = <br />
| num_episodes = 52<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = François Trudel<br /> Vincent Leroux<br />Nicolas Atlan<br />Sidonie Dumas<br/>[[Christophe Riandee|Christophe Riandée]]<br />
| producer = Marc Dhrami <br /> François Trudel<br />
| editor = Patrick Phelpin<br />Anne-Claire de Heredia<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| camera = <br />
| runtime = 11 minutes<br />
| company = [[Gaumont Animation]]<br />Groupe PVP<br />
| distributor = [[Gaumont Animation]]<br />
| network = [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]] / [[Knowledge Network]] {{Small|(Canada)}}<br />[[M6 (France)|M6]] / [[Piwi +]] {{Small|(France)}}<br />
| picture_format = [[1080p]] ([[16:9]] [[HDTV]])<br />
| audio_format = <br />
| first_run = <br />
| released = <br />
| first_aired = <br />
| last_aired = <br />
| related = <br />
| website = <br />
| production_website = https://www.pvp.ca/en/productions/belle-and-sebastian<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Belle and Sebastian''''' ({{Lang-fr|link=no|Belle et Sébastien}}) is an animated children's television series, an adaptation of the 1965 [[Belle et Sébastien|novel of the same name]] by [[Cécile Aubry]]. A Canada-France [[international co-production]], the series was produced by the Montreal-based Groupe PVP and France's [[Gaumont Animation]].<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
On September 2, 2015, American entertainment trade publication ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that [[Gaumont Animation]] were developing an animated series based on [[Cécile Aubry|Cécile Aubry's]] novel ''[[Belle et Sébastien]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/global/belle-and-sebastian-pierre-belaisch-calimero-biarritz-les-rendez-vous-1201584012/|title=Biarritz Rendez-Vous: Gaumont Animation to Develop 'Belle and Sebastian' (EXCLUSIVE)|first=Emilio|last=Mayorga|date=September 2, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Later that month, Montreal-based Groupe PVP formed a coproduction partnership with Gaumont on two animated series, including ''Belle'', which was estimated to begin production in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://playbackonline.ca/2015/09/28/groupe-pvp-gaumont-animation-pact-on-two-series/|title=Groupe PVP, Gaumont Animation pact on two series|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]|publisher=[[Brunico Communications]]|date=September 29, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2018|first=Julianna|last=Cummins}}</ref><br />
<br />
The show was produced for a consortium of broadcasters, including [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]] and [[Knowledge Network]] in Canada, [[M6 (France)|M6]] and [[Piwi +]] in France, [[Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen|ZDF]] in Germany, [[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie|VRT]] in Belgium, and [[Radio Télévision Suisse|RTS]] in Switerzland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/global/gaumont-zdf-team-on-belle-et-sebastien-1201698234/|title=Gaumont Television, ZDF Team on 'Belle et Sebastien'|first=Else|last=Keslassy|date=February 2, 2016|accessdate=June 2, 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Broadcast==<br />
The series first began airing on [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]] on September 9, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/scolaire/blogues/211/5-super-nouvelles-emissions/blogue|title=5 super nouvelles émissions|date=September 4, 2017|work=[[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=June 2, 2018}}</ref> It premiered in France on [[M6 (France)|M6]] on October 9, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.gaumont.fr/2017/09/belle-et-sebastien-debarquent-sur-vos-petits-ecrans/|title=Belle et Sébastien débarquent sur vos petits écrans !|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=June 2, 2018|work=Gaumont Le Blog|publisher=[[Gaumont Film Company]]}}</ref> In the United States, the series began airing on [[TiVi5MONDE]] on June 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Tivi5MondeUSA/videos/1820840601309147/|title="Belle et Sébastien" on TiVi5MONDE starting June 13|work=[[TiVi5MONDE]]|date=June 12, 2018|accessdate=December 18, 2018}}</ref> In Germany, the show premiered on [[KiKa]] on September 22, 2018.<ref>{{cite press-release|url=https://www.presseportal.de/pm/6535/4065638|title=Freundschaft zwischen Kind und Hund: "Belle und Sebastian" (ZDF) Premiere der 52-teiligen Animationsserie ab 22. September 2018 bei KiKA|date=September 19, 2018|accessdate=December 18, 2018|publisher=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]/[[ZDF]]|location=Erfurt|agency=Presse Portal}}</ref><br />
<br />
The show had its English language debut on [[Knowledge Network]] on October 7, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/knowledgekids/videos/961989060625640/|title=Knowledge Kids Posts|work=[[Knowledge Network]]|date=September 29, 2017|accessdate=June 2, 2018}}</ref> In Singapore, it began airing on [[Channel 5 (Singapore)|Channel 5's]] [[Okto]] block on June 7, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel5/shows/belle-sebastian/info|title=Belle & Sebastian Show Info|work=[[Okto]]|publisher=[[Mediacorp]]|accessdate=June 11, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010s French animated television series]]<br />
[[Category:2017 French television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Canadian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian children's animated adventure television series]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian children's animated comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian children's animated drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:French children's animated adventure television series]]<br />
[[Category:French children's animated comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:French children's animated drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Gaumont Animation]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_motorcycle_Grand_Prix&diff=961934422United States motorcycle Grand Prix2020-06-11T05:43:05Z<p>Ronstew: reworded to remove "here"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox motor race<br />
|Race title = United States Grand Prix<br />
|Track map = [[File:Laguna Seca.svg|200px]]<br />
|Series long = [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]]<br />
|Venue = [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca]]<br />
|First race = 1961<br />
|Last race = 2013<br />
|Most wins rider = [[Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)|Hugh Anderson]], [[John Kocinski]], [[Wayne Rainey]], [[Casey Stoner]], [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]] (3)<br />
|Most wins manufacturer = [[Honda]] (16)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''United States motorcycle Grand Prix''' was a motorcycling event that was part of the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] season. The first event was held at the [[Daytona International Speedway]] in 1961. It was added to the Grand Prix calendar in 1964<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP History|publisher=Devitt Insurance|url=https://www.devittinsurance.com/guides/motorcycle-racing/motogp/motogp-history/|accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> and 1965. The race returned to the calendar 23 years later, in 1988 at [[Laguna Seca Raceway]] until 1994. After a ten year hiatus, the event was again held from 2005 until 2013.<br />
<br />
A second race in the United States, the [[Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis Grand Prix]], was held from 2008 until 2015. In 2013, a third race was added in the United States, the [[Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Grand Prix of the Americas]] and is held in Austin, Texas. They co-existed for one season, but the United States motorcycle Grand Prix was not held from 2014 onwards.<br />
<br />
==Official names and sponsors==<br />
*1965: Grand Prix of United States (no official sponsor)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1965.html|title=1965 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*1988: The United States International Grand Prix (no official sponsor)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1988.html|title=1988 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*1989: The [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]] USGP<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1989.html|title=1989 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*1990: The U.S. [[Budweiser]] International Grand Prix<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1990.html|title=1990 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*1991: The [[Honda]] And [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] Motorcycles United States International Grand Prix<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1991.html|title=1991 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*1993: USGP (no official sponsor)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1993.html|title=1993 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*1994: United States Motorcycle Grand Prix (no official sponsor)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1994.html|title=1994 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
*2005-2013: [[Red Bull]] U.S. Grand Prix<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2005.html|title=2005 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2007.html|title=2007 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2008.html|title=2008 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2009.html|title=2009 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2010.html|title=2010 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2011.html|title=2011 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2012.html|title=2012 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/motogp2013.html|title=2013 MotoGP Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes &#124; The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project|website=www.progcovers.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Spectator attendance==<br />
<br />
2005: 57,932<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meosKxgJhVA |title=MotoGP Classics - Laguna Seca 05' |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-03-28 |accessdate=2020-04-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Past winners==<br />
''A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] championship.''<br />
===Multiple winners (riders)===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| # Wins<br />
!rowspan=2| Rider<br />
!colspan=2| Wins<br />
|-<br />
! Category<br />
! Years won<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=9| 3<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]]<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1962</span><br />
|-<br />
| 125 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1962</span><br />
|-<br />
|50 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1962</span><br />
|-<br />
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Stoner]]<br />
| MotoGP<br />
| 2007, 2011, 2012<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)|Hugh Anderson]]<br />
| 125 cc<br />
| 1964, 1965<br />
|-<br />
| 50 cc<br />
| 1964<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Wayne Rainey]]<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| 1989, 1990, 1991<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|USA}} [[John Kocinski]]<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| 1993<br />
|-<br />
| 250 cc<br />
| 1989, 1990<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=7| 2<br />
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Ernst Degner]]<br />
| 125 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1963</span><br />
|-<br />
| 50 cc<br />
| 1965<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Mike Hailwood]]<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| 1964, 1965<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Luca Cadalora]]<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| 1994<br />
|-<br />
| 250 cc<br />
| 1991<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]]<br />
| MotoGP<br />
| 2005, 2006<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Multiple winners (manufacturers)===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| # Wins<br />
!rowspan=2| Manufacturer<br />
!colspan=2| Wins<br />
|-<br />
! Category<br />
! Years won<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | 16<br />
|rowspan=5| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Honda]]<br />
| MotoGP<br />
| 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013<br />
|-<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1962</span><br />
|-<br />
| 250 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1961</span>, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994<br />
|-<br />
| 125 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1962</span>, 1993, 1994<br />
|-<br />
| 50 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1962</span><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=3| 12<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| MotoGP<br />
| 2008, 2010<br />
|-<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1963</span>, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994<br />
|-<br />
| 250 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1963</span>, 1965, 1989, 1990<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| 6<br />
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Suzuki]]<br />
| 125 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1963</span>, 1964, 1965<br />
|-<br />
| 50 cc<br />
| <span style="background:#fcc;">1963</span>, 1964, 1965<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[MV Agusta]]<br />
| 500 cc<br />
| 1964, 1965<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===By year===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| Moto3<br />
!colspan=2| Moto2<br />
!colspan=2| MotoGP<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
! [[2013 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2013]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Stoner]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[2012 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| 125 cc<br />
!colspan=2| Moto2<br />
!colspan=2| MotoGP<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
! [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Stoner]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[2011 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Jorge Lorenzo]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[2010 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| 125 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 250 cc<br />
!colspan=2| MotoGP<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
! [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Dani Pedrosa]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Valentino Rossi]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[2008 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2007]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Casey Stoner]]<br />
| [[Ducati]]<br />
| [[2007 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2006]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Nicky Hayden]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[2006 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2005 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2005]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Nicky Hayden]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[2005 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| 125 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 250 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 500 cc<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
! [[1994 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1994]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Takeshi Tsujimura]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Doriano Romboni]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Luca Cadalora]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[1994 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1993]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Dirk Raudies]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Loris Capirossi]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[John Kocinski]]<br />
| [[Cagiva]]<br />
| [[1993 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1991]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Luca Cadalora]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Wayne Rainey]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1990]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[John Kocinski]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Wayne Rainey]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[1990 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| 80 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 125 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 250 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 500 cc<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
! [[1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1989]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[John Kocinski]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Wayne Rainey]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[1989 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1988]]<br />
| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Jim Filice]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Eddie Lawson]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[1988 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| 50 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 125 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 250 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 350 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 500 cc<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|-<br />
! [[1965 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1965]]<br />
| [[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|East Germany}} [[Ernst Degner]]<br />
| [[Suzuki]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)|Hugh Anderson]]<br />
| [[Suzuki]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Phil Read]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Mike Hailwood]]<br />
| [[MV Agusta]]<br />
| [[1965 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1964]]<br />
| [[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)|Hugh Anderson]]<br />
| [[Suzuki]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)|Hugh Anderson]]<br />
| [[Suzuki]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Alan Shepherd]]<br />
| [[MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk|MZ]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Mike Hailwood]]<br />
| [[MV Agusta]]<br />
| [[1964 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|- style="background:#fcc;"<br />
! [[1963 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1963]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Yamaha 1963, CYCLE USA|url=http://www.classicyams.com/magazine-articles/magazine-articles/yamaha-1963-cycle-usa.html|work=ClassicYams.com|accessdate=5 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709035654/http://www.classicyams.com/magazine-articles/magazine-articles/yamaha-1963-cycle-usa.html|archivedate=9 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| [[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Mitsuo Itoh]]<br />
| [[Suzuki]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|East Germany}} [[Ernst Degner]]<br />
| [[Suzuki]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Fumio Ito]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Don Vesco]]<br />
| [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]<br />
| [[1963 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|- style="background:#fcc;"<br />
! [[1962 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1962]]<ref name="racingmemory">{{cite web|title=L'Histoire du Grand Prix des Etats-Unis et du Grand Prix d'Indianapolis|language=French|trans-title=History of the United States Grand Prix and the Indianapolis Grand Prix|url=http://racingmemo.free.fr/M%20GRAND%20PRIX/MGP-PALM-USA.htm|work=Racing Memory|accessdate=1 November 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62sHAqDSv?url=http://racingmemo.free.fr/M%20GRAND%20PRIX/MGP-PALM-USA.htm|archivedate=1 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| [[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jess Thomas (motorcyclist)|Jess Thomas]]<br />
| [[Motobi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
| [[1962 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| Year<br />
!rowspan=2| Track <br />
!colspan=2| <br />
!colspan=2| 125 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 250 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 350 cc<br />
!colspan=2| 500 cc<br />
!rowspan=2| Report<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
!Rider<br />
!Manufacturer<br />
|- style="background:#fcc;"<br />
! [[1961 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1961]]<ref name="racingmemory" /><br />
| [[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} [[Moto Kitano]]<br />
| [[Honda]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Godfrey (motorcyclist)|Tony Godfrey]]<br />
| [[Matchless]]<br />
| [[1961 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
*[http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/Statistics/winners MotoGP.com Statistics]<br />
<br />
{{MotoGP races}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United States motorcycle Grand Prix| ]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1961]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2013]]<br />
[[Category:1961 establishments in Florida]]<br />
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in California]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamoaze&diff=851053998Hamoaze2018-07-19T19:04:49Z<p>Ronstew: The sentence begins with "possibly." It is redundant to end it with "is not confirmed."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Coord|50|23|44|N|4|12|28|W|region:GB_type:waterbody|display=title}}<br />
[[File:Devonport Dockyard.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] and the Hamoaze from the [[Rame Peninsula]], [[Cornwall]]]]<br />
The '''Hamoaze''' ({{IPAc-en|h|æ|m|ˈ|oʊ|z}}; {{IPA-kw|ˈhɒmøz|[[Cornish language|Cornish]] pronunciation:}}) is an [[estuary|estuarine]] stretch of the tidal [[River Tamar]], between its confluence with the [[River Lynher]] and [[Plymouth Sound]], England.<br />
<br />
The name first appears as ''ryver of Hamose'' in 1588 and it originally most likely applied just to a creek of the estuary that led up to the manor of Ham, north of the present-day [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]]. The name evidently later came to be used for the estuary's main channel. The ''ose'' element possibly derives from [[Old English]] ''wāse'' meaning 'mud' (as in 'ooze') – the creek consisting of mud-banks at low tide<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| author = Gover, J.E.B., Mawer, A. & Stenton, F.M<br />
| journal = English Place-Name Society. Vol viii. Part I.<br />
| title = The Place-Names of Devon| publisher = Cambridge University Press<br />
| date = 1931| page = 20}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
The Hamoaze flows past Devonport Dockyard, which is one of three major bases of the [[Royal Navy]] today. The presence of large numbers of small [[watercraft]] are a challenge and hazard to the [[warship]]s using the naval base and dockyard. Navigation on the waterway is controlled by the [[Queen's Harbour Master]] for Plymouth.<ref>[http://www.gov.uk/government/groups/qhm-plymouth Queen's Harbour Master Plymouth]</ref><ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/2029/made The Dockyard Port of Plymouth Order 1999]</ref><br />
<br />
Settlements on the banks of the Hamoaze are [[Saltash]], [[Wilcove]], [[Torpoint]] and [[Cremyll]] in [[Cornwall]], as well as [[Devonport, Devon|Devonport]] and [[Plymouth]] in [[Devon]].<br />
<br />
Two regular ferry services crossing the Hamoaze exist: the [[Torpoint Ferry]] (a [[chain ferry]] that takes vehicles) and the [[Cremyll Ferry]] (passengers and cyclists only).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{commons category|Hamoaze}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geography of Plymouth, Devon]]<br />
[[Category:Estuaries of England]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Plymouth]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Cornwall]]<br />
[[Category:River Tamar]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Devon-geo-stub}}<br />
{{Cornwall-geo-stub}}<br />
{{England-river-stub}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadchurch&diff=837983184Broadchurch2018-04-24T06:07:31Z<p>Ronstew: rm words that add no information, and are overly enthusiastic</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the English television series|the stream of Anglican churchmanship|Broad church}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| show_name = Broadchurch<br />
| image = Broadchurch titlecard.jpg<br />
| alt = Series titles over a coastal scene<br />
| genre = [[Crime drama]]<br />
| creator = [[Chris Chibnall]]<br />
| developer =<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Chris Chibnall<br />
* Louise Fox<br />
}}<br />
| director = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[James Strong (director)|James Strong]]<br />
* [[Euros Lyn]]<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[David Tennant]]<br />
* [[Olivia Colman]]<br />
}}<br />
| endtheme = "So Close" by [[Ólafur Arnalds]] featuring [[Agent Fresco|Arnór Dan]] <small>(series 1)</small><br />"So Far" by Ólafur Arnalds featuring Arnór Dan <br /> <small>(series 2)</small><br />"Take My Leave of You" by Ólafur Arnalds featuring Arnór Dan <small>(series 3)</small><br />
| composer = Ólafur Arnalds<br />
| country = United Kingdom<br />
| language = English<br />
| num_series = 3<br />
| num_episodes = 24<br />
| list_episodes = List of Broadchurch episodes<br />
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Jane Featherstone<br />
* Chris Chibnall<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|[[Richard Stokes (producer)|Richard Stokes]]<br />
* Dan Winch <small>(series 3)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press-releases/new-cast-members-broadchurch-3-announced-ahead-filming-final-series |title=New cast members for Broadchurch 3 announced ahead of filming of the final series |publisher=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=3 February 2017 }}</ref></small><br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Matt Gray<br />
| runtime = 45 minutes<br />
| company = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Kudos (production company)|Kudos Film and Television]]<br />
* [[Shine Group]]<br />
* Imaginary Friends<br />
}}<br />
| network = [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]<br />
| picture_format = [[16:9]] [[1080i]] (series 1-2)<br>[[Univisium|2:1]] [[1080i]] (series 3)<br />
| audio_format = [[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2013|3|4|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2017|4|17|df=y}}<br />
| related = ''[[Gracepoint]]'', ''[[:fr:Malaterra (série télévisée)|Malaterra]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''''Broadchurch''''' i<!--Do not change to "was"; the series still exists, it does not cease to exist after it concluded. Such change will be reverted.-->s an English television [[crime drama]] broadcast on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]. It was created and written by [[Chris Chibnall]] and produced by [[Kudos (production company)|Kudos Film and Television]], [[Shine America]], and [[Imaginary Friends Studios|Imaginary Friends]]. The first series, which premiered on 4 March 2013, focused on the death of an 11-year-old boy and the impact of grief, mutual suspicion and media attention on the town. Filming for series two began in late May 2014 and concluded on 12 October 2014 and the series premiered on 5 January 2015. Series three was confirmed on 23 February 2015, immediately following the series two finale, and premiered on 27 February 2017.<ref name=s3confirmed>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press-releases/itv-commissions-third-series-broadchurch |title=ITV commissions a third series of Broadchurch|publisher=ITV Press Centre|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/ITV/status/815652573927510017?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw|title=It's Back. #Broadchurch. February.|author=@ITV|date=1 January 2017|accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tate|first1=Gabriel|title=Sherlock, Broadchurch and the return of Christina Ricci: the best television shows in 2017|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2016/12/27/sherlock-broadchurch-return-christina-ricci-best-television/|accessdate=11 January 2017|work=Telegraph|date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Series creator Chris Chibnall has indicated that the third series will be the last.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2018-03-23/chris-chibnall-says-broadchurch-is-absolutely-never-coming-back/|title=Chris Chibnall says Broadchurch is "absolutely" never coming back|work=Radio Times|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Broadchurch (series 1)|Series one]] focused on the search for the boy's murderer by detectives Alec Hardy (played by [[David Tennant]]) and Ellie Miller (played by [[Olivia Colman]]). Chibnall was inspired by the [[Jurassic Coast]] of England to set his crime drama in a fictional, close-knit small town in [[Dorset]]. Much of the tone of the series was inspired by the music of [[Ólafur Arnalds]], who also composed the soundtrack for the programme. Writing [[Spec script|on spec]], Chibnall persuaded ITV to [[green-light]] the series in the autumn of 2011. Auditions soon followed, although some actors were offered roles directly. Principal photography began in August 2012, with location shooting occurring primarily in towns and villages in Dorset, [[North Somerset]], [[South Gloucestershire]], and [[Bristol]]. The production went to great lengths to keep the identity of the murderer secret. Cast and crew were nominated for many awards for series one; they won several [[British Academy Television Awards|British Academy Television (BAFTA) Awards]] and a [[British Academy Television Craft Awards|BAFTA Craft Award]].<br />
<br />
[[Broadchurch (series 2)|Series two]] was announced when the first series ended. The second series primarily focuses on two plot strands: the trial of the murderer and the reopening of the Sandbrook case. Tennant, Colman and most of the cast of series one returned for series two. New series two cast members include [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]], [[James D'Arcy]], [[Eve Myles]], [[Charlotte Rampling]], [[Meera Syal]], and [[Phoebe Waller-Bridge]] and location shooting again occurred primarily in North Somerset, [[Devon]], Dorset, and [[Berkshire]]. <br />
<br />
[[Broadchurch (series 3)|Series 3]] received nearly 11 million views, making it [[ITV (TV network)|ITV's]] most watched crime drama.<br />
<br />
A U.S. remake in one season, ''[[Gracepoint]]'', also created by [[Chris Chibnall]] and starring Tennant, aired in 2014 on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]. A French adaptation titled ''[[:fr:Malaterra (série télévisée)|Malaterra]]'' was produced by [[France 2]] and aired in 2015.<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
{{main|List of Broadchurch episodes}}<br />
{{:List of Broadchurch episodes}}<br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
<br />
===Conception===<br />
''Broadchurch'' creator and writer [[Chris Chibnall]] described the project as a labour of love.<ref name=bestsseries>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-12-27/broadchurch-named-best-tv-show-of-2013-by-radio-times-critics|title=Broadchurch named best TV show of 2013 by Radio Times critics|newspaper=Radio Times|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> He conceived ''Broadchurch'' about 2003 while working on his first series, ''[[Born and Bred]]''.<ref name=graham>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-04-22/broadchurch-the-perfect-tv-murder|first=Alison|last=Graham|title=Broadchurch: the perfect TV murder?|newspaper=Radio Times|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> The concept was for ''Broadchurch'' to explore how a child's murder affects a small, close-knit local community, and how the characters react to the media attention and the mutual suspicion that arises.<ref name=dorsetmag>{{cite news|url=http://www.dorsetmagazine.co.uk/people/celebrity-interviews/the_west_dorset_coastline_is_the_star_in_chris_chibnall_s_new_itv_drama_1_1957109|last=Shaw|first=Annette|title=The West Dorset coastline is the 'star' in Chris Chibnall's new ITV drama|newspaper=Dorset Magazine|date=15 February 2013|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series' location was partly inspired by the [[Jurassic Coast]] in Dorset, where Chibnall lived.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/features/broadchurch-itv/5052431.article|title=Broadchurch, ITV|newspaper=Broadcast Now|date=28 February 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=unraveller>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/david-tennant-from-time-traveller-to-crime-unraveller-8501554.html|last=Gilbert|first=Gerard|title=David Tennant: From time traveller to crime unraveller|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=20 February 2013|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> Chibnall says that he initially did not have a location in mind for the series.<ref name=dorsetmag /> But work-related issues made setting the show in Dorset appealing. From 2006 to 2011, Chibnall had spent most of his time travelling about the UK and Ireland, working on ''[[Torchwood]]'', ''[[Law & Order: UK]]'', and ''[[Camelot (TV series)|Camelot]]''. Setting the show in Dorset meant Chibnall would not have to spend time away from his home and family. Chibnall's decision to set the show on the Jurassic Coast also helped him generate more ideas for the show and tighten the writing.<ref name=dorsetmag /> For example, Dorset's most famous native son, poet and author [[Thomas Hardy]], lent his last name to one of the main characters ([[Police ranks of the United Kingdom#Detectives|DI]] Alec Hardy). Hardy's use of the term "Wessex" was used to name the fictional Wessex Police,<ref name=graham /><ref name="rtstalk" /> and character Jack Marshall reads the Hardy novel ''[[Jude the Obscure]]''.<ref name="rtstalk">{{cite news|title=Broadchurch: Anatomy of a hit|url=http://www.rts.org.uk/broadchurch-anatomy-hit-%E2%80%93-event-report|publisher=[[Royal Television Society]] Television Magazine|date=January 2014|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series' name also came from the Dorset setting. Chibnall invented the name "Broadchurch" based on two settlements in Dorset: "I thought a lot about the literary heritage of this county. In true Thomas Hardy style I came up with a compound location name of Broadchurch combining the West Dorset hamlets of Broadoak and Whitchurch."<ref name=dorsetmag /><br />
<br />
===Writing===<br />
[[File:CoastalrockintheJurassi Coast DorsetEngland22263892945298045725812.jpg|thumb|The [[Jurassic Coast]] of Dorset provided inspiration for ''Broadchurch''.]]<br />
Chibnall wrote the script for ''Broadchurch'' [[spec script|on spec]] after his work on ''Camelot'' ended.<ref name=dorsetmag /><ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> He began using [[whiteboard]]s in May 2011<ref>{{cite AV media|date=20 May 2013|title=Broadchurch Behind-the-Scenes|medium=DVD|accessdate=18 November 2014|time=6:15|publisher=Acorn Media|url=http://www.acorndvd.com/broadchurch.html}}</ref> to create backgrounds for each character and craft the plot of the series<ref name=graham /><ref name=broadchurchbroadcast />—which he envisioned as being a trilogy.<ref name=trilogy>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/commissioning/featherstone-broadchurch-planned-as-trilogy/5062879.article|last=White|first=Peter|title=Featherstone: Broadchurch 'planned as trilogy'|newspaper=Broadcast Now|date=24 October 2013|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=cultbox>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultbox.co.uk/news/headlines/6511-broadchurch-creator-unsure-about-series-2 |title='Broadchurch' creator unsure about Series 2|publisher=Cultbox.co.uk|date=29 March 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> Series one was written to work both as the first of a trilogy and as a self-contained drama. He believed the first series should be self-contained in case the show did not do well in the ratings and a second series was not commissioned.<ref name="rtstalk" /><ref name=cultbox /> Chibnall was assisted in this process by his good friends, Sam Hoyle (a television script executive)<ref name=graham /><ref name="rtstalk" /> and television director [[James Strong (director)|James Strong]].<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> The series was influenced by two American television shows, ''[[Twin Peaks]]'' (created by [[Mark Frost]] and [[David Lynch]]) and ''[[Murder One (TV series)|Murder One]]'' (created by [[Steven Bochco]], [[Charles H. Eglee]], and [[Channing Gibson]]).<ref name=unraveller /><ref name=bonafide>{{cite news|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/08/07/broadchurch-david-tennant/|last=Collins|first=Clark|title='Broadchurch': Creator Chris Chibnall and star David Tennant talk about their crime drama phenomenon|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=7 August 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The story was nearly finished on the whiteboards when Chibnall began writing the script. After about two weeks, Chibnall had a draft of the first few episodes. But he had not yet settled on a killer.<ref name=Bierly>{{cite news|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/09/25/broadchurch-killer-finale/|last=Bierly|first=Mandi|title='Broadchurch' postmortem: Creator Chris Chibnall on the killer, key scenes, and keeping the secret|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=25 September 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> About two weeks later, Chibnall woke one morning and realised the main suspect should be Joe Miller, [[Police ranks of the United Kingdom#Detectives|DS]] Ellie Miller's husband.<ref name=Bierly /> By making Joe the main suspect, Chibnall focused the series more closely on Ellie, and improved the narrative structure of the series so that it became about two families (the Millers and the Latimers). He then redrafted the first script and re-plotted and re-outlined the series. However, Chibnall kept the script loose enough that he could choose another character as the murderer, in case his preferred solution leaked to the press during shooting.<ref name=Bierly /><br />
<br />
Only the first few episodes were written before filming began. Chibnall waited until casting was complete and he saw the actors perform their roles before writing subsequent scripts. These later scripts were shaped to take advantage of each performer's take on his/her role.<ref name=calgary>{{cite news|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/Acclaimed+mystery+Broadchurch+comes+ashore/8743634/story.html|last=Strachan|first=Alex|title=Acclaimed U.K. mystery 'Broadchurch' comes ashore|newspaper=Calgary Herald|date=2 August 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Production approval===<br />
In autumn 2011,<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> Chibnall pitched ''Broadchurch'' to Laura Mackie,<ref name="rtstalk" /> the Head of Drama at [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], who proved very enthusiastic about the proposal. Just a few days after she finished reading the scripts, she suggested Chibnall contact [[Kudos (production company)|Kudos Film and Television]], a production company.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> Mackie then brought the show to ITV Director of Television [[Peter Fincham]].<ref name=graham /> ''Broadchurch'' was [[Green-light|green-lit]] by Fincham almost immediately<ref name=dorsetmag /> for airing in early 2013.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><br />
<br />
Although ITV made a sizeable financial investment in ''Broadchurch'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/media/gideon-spanier-tv-drama-is-big-business-as-british-shows-go-global-8585910.html|last=Spanier|first=Gideon|title=TV drama is big business as British shows go global|newspaper=The Standard|date=24 April 2013|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> additional funds were needed because of the cost of the large ensemble cast. Additional funds were sought from international partners, who would then win [[Broadcast syndication|distribution rights]] in their territories. Before [[principal photography]] began, [[ZDF]] (German public-service television broadcaster) and [[BBC America]] (the American cable and satellite television network jointly owned by the [[BBC]] and [[AMC Networks]]) both provided additional funding.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><br />
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''Broadchurch'' was created and written by Chibnall, and [[Production company|produced]] by Kudos Film and Television in association with [[Shine America]] and Imaginary Friends.<ref name="dorsetmag"/><ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/broadchurch-scribe-signs-deal-elisabeth-551705|last=Kemp|first=Stuart|title='Broadchurch' Scribe Signs Deal With Elisabeth Murdoch's Shine Division Kudos|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=23 May 2013|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref>{{Efn|Kudos Film and Television is a subsidiary of [[Shine Group]]. Shine America is the American subsidiary of Shine Group. Imaginary Friends is a production company established by Chris Chibnall to produce author-driven dramas.}} Chibnall served as executive producer<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><ref name=soundtrackby>{{cite news|url=http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Broadchurch-finale-soundtrack-lafur-Arnalds-holds/story-18770253-detail/story.html|last=McFarnon|first=Emma|title=Broadchurch finale: soundtrack by Ólafur Arnalds holds killer clue|newspaper=Western Daily Press|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> along with Kudos' Jane Featherstone,<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> while Richard Stokes was producer.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><ref name=showcases>{{cite news|url=http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/Broadchurch-ITV1-showcases-North-Somerset-seven/story-18512570-detail/story.html|title=Broadchurch on ITV1 showcases North Somerset to more than seven million viewers|newspaper=Gloucestershire Citizen|date=25 March 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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==Series 1==<br />
{{main|Broadchurch (series 1)}}<br />
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===Casting===<br />
[[File:2009 07 31 David Tennant smile 09.jpg|thumb|[[David Tennant]] joined [[Olivia Colman]] as the co-lead in ''Broadchurch''.]]<br />
The role of Reverend Paul Coates was written with actor [[Arthur Darvill]] in mind and was the first role cast.{{sfn|ITV|2013|page=18}}<ref name=thrdarvill>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/broadchurch-arthur-darvill-david-tennant-630915|last=Ng|first=Philiana|title='Broadchurch': Arthur Darvill on Working With David Tennant and 'Heartbreaking' End (Q&A)|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=18 September 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> The role of DS Ellie Miller was second,{{sfn|ITV|2013|page=7}} as actress [[Olivia Colman]] was Chibnall's first choice to play Miller,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2324096/From-office-charlady-new-Judi-Dench-Olivia-cleaned-up.html|last=Stevens|first=Christopher|title=From office charlady to the new Judi Dench, how Olivia cleaned up|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=13 May 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> and the role was offered to her without the need for an audition.<ref name=topping>{{cite news|url=http://reapmediazine.com/index.php/article-list/186-casting-directors-kelly-valentine-hendry-and-victor-jenkins-talk-broadchurch-episodes-advice-for-actors-and-more-32#.VF_u-sn4IRE|last=Topping|first=Amber|title=Kelly Valentine Hendry and Victor Jenkins Talk 'Broadchurch', 'Episodes', Advice for Actors, and More|newspaper=Reap Magazine|date=19 February 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> DI Alec Hardy was the third role cast,{{sfn|ITV|2013|page=7}} and the part was offered to [[David Tennant]] without the need for an audition.<ref name=topping /><br />
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All the remaining parts were cast through auditions, which took several weeks.<ref name=huddersfield>{{cite news|url=http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/huddersfield-actress-jodie-whittakers-tension-4929416|title=Huddersfield actress Jodie Whittaker's tension as 'Broadchurch' nears an end|newspaper=Huddersfield Daily Examiner|date=17 April 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> Although Chibnall had determined who the murderer was by the time casting began, those who auditioned for the programme were not told the killer's identity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegram.com/article/20130726/NEWS/307269743/0|last=Wiegand|first=David|title=HBO brings star power to Television Critics press tour|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=26 July 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> The roles of Mark Latimer (father of the murdered child) and Karen White (a reporter for a national newspaper who comes to Broadchurch to challenge DI Hardy) were cast after Colman, Darvill and Tennant.<ref name=lattimerinterview>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/broadchurch/extras/an-interview-with-andrew-buchan/|title=An Interview with Andrew Buchan|publisher=BBC America|date=August 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> The role of Beth Latimer was cast after Mark Latimer and Karen White.<ref name=huddersfield /><br />
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[[Matthew Gravelle]] was cast as Joe Miller, DS Miller's husband <!--Per [[WP:SPOILER]] we do not remove "spoiler" content.--> and the main suspect in the murder of Danny Latimer.<!--Per [[WP:SPOILER]] we do not remove "spoiler" content.--> Gravelle auditioned along with many other actors for the role, but Chibnall has said the casting team early on considered Gravelle their top choice for the role.{{Efn|Gravelle had worked for producer Richard Stokes in an episode of the series ''[[Holby City]]'', and for Stokes and writer Chris Chibnall in "[[End of Days (Torchwood)|End of Days]]", an episode of ''Torchwood''. In 2010, he'd been nominated for a [[BAFTA Cymru]] award as Best Actor for his work on ''[[Y Pris]]''.}}<ref name=walesonline>{{cite news|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/broadchurch-actor-matthew-gravelle-keeping-2494387|last=Price|first=Karen|title=Broadchurch actor Matthew Gravelle on keeping one of TV's biggest secrets|newspaper=Wales Online|date=17 March 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/bafta-cymru-2010-family-affair-1919287|last=Price|first=Karen|title=Why Bafta Cymru 2010 is a family affair|website=Wales Online|date=21 May 2010|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The producers knew this was a critical casting decision: whoever they hired to play Joe Miller would need to act with great power in the final episode, so they researched Gravelle's past acting roles and watched as many of his performances as they could find. Chibnall paid particularly close attention to the [[Welsh language]] television series ''Teulu'', in which Gravelle had recently played a lead role.<ref name=Bierly /><br />
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===Principal photography===<br />
James Strong directed five episodes of series one of ''Broadchurch''; [[Euros Lyn]] directed three.<ref name=standapart>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/gracepoint-creator-tries-stand-apart-719160|last=O'Connell|first=Michael|title='Gracepoint' Creator Tries to Stand Apart (While Staying True) With 'Broadchurch' Redo|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=whodunit>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2313268/Broadchurch-finale-Only-29-cast-crew-knew-whodunnit-9m-tuned-in.html|last=Watson|first=Leon|title=Only 29 cast and crew knew whodunnit in TV's Broadchurch as more than nine million tuned in for killer finish|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> Matt Gray was both [[Cinematographer|director of photography]] and [[camera operator]],<ref name=Bierly /> and said he approached ''Broadchurch'' as if it were a documentary film, rather than a television drama.<ref name=trilogy /> In Britain, very few scripted television programs are filmed in the order seen on the air; it is far more common to shoot out-of-order. Usually, scripts are broken down into their component scenes and shots first. Scenes using the same locations or sets are shot at the same time, to minimise the time and expense of moving cameras and equipment.{{sfn|Millerson|Owens|2012|page=322}} ''Broadchurch'', however, was shot in order, to keep the identity of the murderer a secret until the end of the production.<ref name=pope /><br />
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[[File:East Cliff at West Bay - geograph.org.uk - 394704.jpg|thumb|left|Harbour Cliff and Beach in West Bay, Dorset, provided the scene for Danny Latimer's murder in the series.]]<br />
Most of ''Broadchurch'' series one was shot on location to heighten the reality and intimacy of the series, and because the Dorset coast was integral to setting the mood of the drama.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><ref name=strongdirector>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/features/broadchurch-itv/5052431.article|title=Broadchurch: A World Turned Upside Down|newspaper=Broadcast Now|date=28 February 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> The first cast [[read-through]] occurred at Bloomsbury Central Baptist Church in London on 7 August 2012.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=20 May 2013|title=Broadchurch Behind-the-Scenes|medium=DVD|accessdate=18 November 2014|time=1:10|publisher=Acorn Media|url=http://www.acorndvd.com/broadchurch.html}}</ref> Principal photography began on interior sets at Vision Studios on 13 August 2012.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><ref name=Bierly /> Location shooting began the first week of September.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> Most location photography occurred in the town of [[Clevedon]].<ref name=verysecret>{{cite news|url=http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Meet-secret-star-Broadchurch/story-21117326-detail/story.html|title=Meet the very secret star of Broadchurch – Clevedon|newspaper=Western Daily Press|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> Some scenes were also shot in the towns of [[Bridport]] and [[West Bay, Dorset|West Bay]], and in the surrounding district of [[west Dorset]].<ref name=pope>{{cite news|url=http://www.northsomersettimes.co.uk/news/town_to_become_star_of_itv_drama_1_1465549|last=Pope|first=Samantha|title=Town to become star of ITV drama|newspaper=North Somerset Times|date=2 August 2012|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> Three locations were used in the area around [[Yate]], [[South Gloucestershire]],<ref name=yate>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/10254965.Yate_streets_to_feature_in_new_drama_Broadchurch_starring_David_Tennant/?ref=nt|last=Womack|first=Alexandra|title=Yate used in filming of new ITV drama Broadchurch starring David Tennant and Olivia Colman|date=27 February 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> and two in [[Bristol]].<ref name=verysecret /><ref name=Pickstock>{{cite news|url=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Broadchurch-uses-Clevedon-church-filming-location/story-21166424-detail/story.html|last=Pickstock|first=Heather|title=Broadchurch uses Clevedon church for filming location|newspaper=Bristol Post|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref> Other filming locations included [[Shepton Mallet]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Broadchurch-scenes-real-life-hotel-owner-ITV-s/story-18710513-detail/story.html|last=Frampton|first=Emma|title=Broadchurch: Behind the scenes with the real life hotel owner from ITV's David Tennant drama|newspaper=Western Daily Press|date=15 April 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> [[Portishead, Somerset|Portishead]],<ref name="showcases"/><ref name=verysecret /><ref name=westbayshooting>{{cite web|url=http://www.westbay.co.uk/broadchurch/locations.php|title=Broadchurch Filming Locations|publisher=WestBay.co.uk|year=2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> and [[Weston-super-Mare]],<ref name=showcases /><ref name=verysecret /><ref name=westbayshooting /> and the villages of [[Eype]]<ref name=westbayshooting />{{sfn|West Dorset District Council|2013|page=1}} and [[Flax Bourton]].<ref name=Pickstock /> The oft-seen cliff where Danny Latimer's body is found, and which features heavily in the visuals of ''Broadchurch'', is Harbour Cliff and Harbour Cliff Beach in West Bay.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> Many of the villages involved in the shooting of ''Broadchurch'' received a boost in tourism, especially in West Bay and Bridport.<br />
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Not all shooting was done on location. Some sets were built at Vision Studios near Bristol,<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /> because equipment needs made it impractical to film on location.<ref name=showcases /> Two shots required [[Chroma key|green screen]] shots to [[compositing|composite]] images together. These "green screen" shots were filmed at Waterloo Film Studios in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waterloofilmstudios.co.uk/studio-news-broadchurch/|title=Broadchurch|website=Waterloo Film Studios|date=20 February 2013|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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Rehearsal on ''Broadchurch'' was kept to a minimum.<ref name=Bierly /><ref name=strongdirector /> To heighten the raw and tension-filled tone of the show, actors were often prevented from seeing the space they were to perform in until shooting began.<ref name=strongdirector /> Almost no [[improvisation]] of dialogue occurred on the set.<ref name=calgary /> A heavy reliance was also placed on getting the first [[take]] right. Director James Strong believed the first take was more spontaneous and more natural than subsequent takes. Subsequently, most of what the viewer sees in ''Broadchurch'' series one are first takes.<ref name=Bierly /><br />
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Principal photography on ''Broadchurch'' series one concluded on Tuesday, 4 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/richardstokes7/status/276133318020460544|title=We. Have. Wrapped.|website=@RichardStokes7 at Twitter.com|date=4 December 2012|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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===Secrecy===<br />
Chibnall was determined to ensure that the identity of the killer did not leak until the final episode aired. One reason for the secrecy was commercial: it encouraged viewers to keep watching. But Chibnall also believed it would enhance the acting, as actors could not in any way telegraph or signal their innocence or guilt.<ref name=broadchurchbroadcast /><br />
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Several means were employed to maintain secrecy. All scripts contained a [[watermark]] that ensured they could not be photocopied, and copies of scripts used on the set were kept in a [[safe]].<ref name=keptinthedark>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2290816/Broadchurch-Cast-hit-TV-crime-drama-kept-dark-minutes-filming.html|last=Murfitt|first=Nikki|title=Whodunnit? Don't ask us, say cast of hit TV crime drama Broadchurch who were kept in the dark until the last minutes of filming|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=9 March 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> Only Chibnall and four other individuals knew at the start of production who the killer was.<ref name=keptinthedark /> All cast and crew were required to sign documents in which they agreed not to reveal the killer's identity.<ref name=walesonline /><br />
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In part, secrecy was maintained by the way scripts were written. Performers were given the first two scripts at the start of principal photography, but additional scripts were written only after Chibnall had observed the actors bringing their characters to life.<ref name=calgary /> Once the scripts for episodes six, seven, and eight were finished, they were released all at once over a single weekend<ref name=Bierly /><ref name=calgary /><ref name=walesonline />—but only to those crew and cast who had a need to know.<ref name=keptinthedark /> Even after the final three scripts were distributed, just 29 people knew the killer's identity while the final episodes were filmed.<ref name=whodunit /> This included the four cast members critical to the "[[Reveal (narrative)|reveal]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/tv-radio/article3745316.ece|last=de Bruxelles|first=Simon|title=Broadchurch killer's identity is a mystery even to the cast|newspaper=The Times|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> Actor Oskar McNamara, who played Danny Latimer, was informed about the killer's identity several days in advance, in part so that he could prepare and in part so the scene could be choreographed and rehearsed.<ref name=Bierly /> Chibnall informed the remaining three key actors about the murderer's identity during late-night phone calls just hours before they were due on the set to receive their scripts.<ref name=keptinthedark /> These three episodes were then shot together.<ref name=Bierly /><br />
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===Music===<br />
[[File:Olafur Arnalds.jpg|thumb|upright|Icelandic musician [[Ólafur Arnalds]] composed the music and sounds for ''Broadchurch'' series one.]]<br />
''Broadchurch'' creator Chris Chibnall had long been a fan of Icelandic composer and musician [[Ólafur Arnalds]],{{Efn|This is an Icelandic name. The last name is a family name, but in Iceland people are properly referred to by their given name, e.g., Ólafur.}} and owned all of his albums. While writing ''Broadchurch'', Chibnall listened constantly to Ólafur's music. He later told Ólafur that the "entire feel of the show was inspired by" his music.<ref name=perfectscore>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/broadchurch/extras/olafur-arnalds-interview/|last=Scanlon|first=Gina|title=Composer Ólafur Arnalds on building the perfect score for Broadchurch|publisher=BBC America|date=August 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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Ólafur agreed to join the production in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2012/12/29/olafur-arnalds-scoring-broadchurch/|title=Ólafur Arnalds Scoring 'Broadchurch'|newspaper=Film Music Reporter|date=29 December 2012|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> To compose the music for the first series of ''Broadchurch'', Ólafur read the show's scripts to put himself in the right mood. He also researched sounds which might be heard in the Dorset area. He then improvised at the piano and composed several themes, some for the series as a whole and some for characters. Ólafur also composed certain sounds using synthesisers and electronic sound generators to go with certain spaces, such as the cliffs. Once he saw the completed footage for the first episode, he rearranged some themes to fit the imagery, and composed some new themes as well. Because there was so little time between his being hired and the air date, Ólafur composed very quickly and spent very long days at work. He had just four months to generate about 30 minutes of sound and music for each episode, spending one-and-a-half to two weeks on the music for each episode.<ref name=perfectscore /> Despite the time crunch, Ólafur credited Chibnall's relaxed attitude as the key to the music's success.<ref name=icelandmag>{{cite news|url=http://icelandmag.com/article/icelandic-musician-olafur-arnalds-won-a-bafta-award|title=Icelandic musician Ólafur Arnalds won a BAFTA award|newspaper=Iceland Magazine|date=28 April 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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The music for ''Broadchurch'' deliberately avoided a typical orchestral score, which Ólafur felt sounded too large and perfect. The score was written for a [[string quartet]] and piano, accompanied by electronic sound.<ref name=perfectscore /> Recording, which took just five days,<ref name=perfectscore /> was done in an empty church in [[Reykjavik]].<ref name=soundtrackby/> The musical soundtrack to ''Broadchurch'' series one includes four pieces: "So Close" (the only one to have lyrics), "Suspects", "Arcade", and "Broken".<ref name=soundtrackby /> "So Close" plays at the end of each episode. Ólafur collaborated with the singer Arnór Dan of the Icelandic band [[Agent Fresco]], with whom he had worked on his third studio album, ''For Now I Am Winter'', released in February 2013. Arnór wrote the vocal melody, while Ólafur wrote the rest of the song. Chibnall contributed the lyrics.<ref name=perfectscore /> According to Chibnall, the song holds clues to the killer's identity.<ref name=soundtrackby /><br />
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The ''Broadchurch (Music From the Original Soundtrack)'' [[extended play]] album was released on 15 April 2013 by [[Mercury Records#Mercury Classics|Mercury Classics]], a division of [[Decca Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercuryclassics.com/releases/item/broadchurch-soundtrack/|title=Broadchurch Theme|publisher=Mercury Classics|date=April 2013|accessdate=13 July 2014}}</ref> A second edition that includes songs from the first two series (excluding "Broken" from the first edition) was released in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercuryclassics.com/news/post/broadchurch-soundtrack-by-olafur-arnalds-out-now/|title=Broadchurch Soundtrack By Olafur Arnalds Out Now!|publisher=Mercury Classics|date=January 2015|accessdate=21 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/il/album/broadchurch-original-music/id953070768|title=iTunes – Music – Broadchurch – Original Music Composed By Olafur Arnalds (Music From the Original TV Series)|publisher=iTunes Store|date=January 2015|accessdate=21 March 2015}}</ref><br />
An album for the third series, titled ''Broadchurch - The Final Chapter (Music from the Original TV Series)'' was released on 1 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/broadchurch-final-chapter-music-from-original-tv-series/id1217621412|title=Broadchurch - The Final Chapter (Music from the Original TV Series) by Ólafur Arnalds on Apple Music|publisher=iTunes Store|date=April 2017|accessdate=3 May 2017}}</ref><br />
Some of Ólafur's work for ''Broadchurch'' appears in the trailer for the [[Fantastic Four (2015 film)|''Fantastic Four'' movie reboot]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Theme Broadchurch Fantastic Four 2015 Teaser Soundtrack|url=http://watchfilm.us/videos/main-theme-broadchurch-fantastic-four-2015-teaser-soundtrack|publisher=Watch Movies|accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref><br />
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===Critical reception and ratings===<br />
The first series of ''Broadchurch'' premiered on 4 March 2013 at 9:00&nbsp;p.m. on ITV.<br />
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Series one of ''Broadchurch'' won near-universal acclaim.<ref name=haunts>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/arts/television/broadchurch-a-dark-drama-arrives-on-bbc-america.html|last=Hale|first=Mike|title=A Murder Haunts a Rugged Coast|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 August 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=rte>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/blogs/television/2014/0218/505131-on-the-box-tv-review/|last=Byrne|first=John|title=On the Box – TV Review|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=18 February 2014|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> ''[[Radio Times]]'' named it the best television series of 2013,<ref name=bestsseries /> and ''Entertainment Weekly'' called it "a bona fide national obsession" in the UK.<ref name="bonafide"/><br />
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The first episode of ''Broadchurch'' series one was seen by an average of 9.1&nbsp;million viewers (31 percent audience share).<ref name=whodunit /> This included 6.15&nbsp;million live viewers (25.2 percent audience share), with another 716,000 viewers (4.4 percent) on time-delayed viewing via [[digital video recorder]], [[Timeshift channel|timeshifted channels]] (+1), and similar media and technologies.<ref name="episode 1">{{cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Alex|title='Broadchurch' starts strong for ITV with over 6 million viewers|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a463303/broadchurch-starts-strong-for-itv-with-over-6-million-viewers.html|accessdate=28 March 2013|newspaper=Digital Spy|date=5 March 2013}}</ref> This was the best premiere episode of a weekday new drama series in the United Kingdom since ITV's ''[[Whitechapel (TV series)|Whitechapel]]'' debuted in January 2009. Only two other dramas, ''[[Life Begins (TV series)|Life Begins]]'' (2004) and ''[[Doc Martin]]'' (2004), debuted with higher numbers since 2002.<ref name=whodunit /> ''Broadchurch'' attracted an average weekly audience of 7.1&nbsp;million "live" viewers during its run. After accounting for time-delayed viewing, ''Broadchurch'' averaged 9.2&nbsp;million viewers per episode. This made it ITV's highest-rated weekday drama series since 2004.<ref name=whodunit /> An average of 8.4&nbsp;million viewers (33 percent audience share) watched the final episode of ''Broadchurch''. About 8.8&nbsp;million viewers tuned in at the start of the show, and a peak of 9.3&nbsp;million viewers saw the murderer revealed. But only 7.9&nbsp;million viewers remained with the episode after the reveal.<ref name=whodunit /><br />
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''Broadchurch'' series one was not a rating success in all countries, however. When it aired on BBC America in the United States, ratings were negligible. American consumption of the series on [[iTunes]], [[Amazon.com]], and other streaming video sites was also small.<ref name=standapart /><br />
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===Awards===<br />
''Broadchurch'' series one was nominated for seven BAFTA awards. Olivia Colman won [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], David Bradley won [[British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]], and the show was named [[British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series|Best Drama Series]].<ref name=bafta>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2014/television|title=Television in 2014|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|date=18 May 2014|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> The show competed for the BAFTA Audience Award, but lost to "[[The Day of the Doctor]]" (''Doctor Who''), which Tennant also starred in.<ref name=bafta /> At the BAFTA Craft Awards, Ólafur Arnalds won Best Original Television Music, while James Strong was nominated for Best Director-Fiction for "Episode One", Mike Jones was nominated for Best Editing-Fiction for "Episode Eight", Catrin Meredydd as nominated for Best Production Design, and Chris Chibnall was nominated for Best Writer-Drama.<ref name=baftacraft>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2014/tvcraft|title=Television Craft in 2014|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|date=28 April 2014|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref><br />
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''Broadchurch'' series one was also nominated for and won many additional awards, including honours at the [[Freesat|Freesat Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/broadchurch-coronation-street-winners-freesat-2044507|last=Ellison|first=Roland|title=Broadchurch and Corrie big winners at the Freesat Awards in a good night for ITV|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=11 July 2013|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> [[TV Choice|TV Choice Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/tv-choice-awards-david-tennant-2262678|last=Leigh|first=Rob|title=TV Choice Awards: David Tennant edges out Matt Smith in battle of the Time Lord actors|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=10 September 2013|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> [[National TV Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-01-07/the-national-television-awards-2014-full-shortlist|title=NTAs 2014 full shortlist|work=[[Radio Times]]|date=7 January 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> [[Broadcast Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26049498|title=Broadchurch wins best drama at Broadcast Awards|publisher=BBC|date=5 February 2014|accessdate= 13 November 2014}}</ref> [[Broadcasting Press Guild Awards#Awards|Broadcasting Press Guild Television and Radio Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-02-20/chiwetel-ejiofor-battles-david-tennant-for-best-actor-at-broadcasting-press-guild-awards|last=Daly|first=Emma|title=Chiwetel Ejiofor battles David Tennant for Best Actor at Broadcasting Press Guild Awards|work=Radio Times|date= 20 February 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> and the [[Royal Television Society Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/broadchurch-wins-two-rts-awards-as-olivia-colman-scoops-best-actress-9201696.html|last=Wyatt|first=Daisy|title=Broadchurch wins two RTS awards as Olivia Colman scoops Best Actress|newspaper=The Independent|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> It also won a [[Peabody Award]] for its distinguished and meritorious contributions to excellence in quality television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/28/arts/television/for-gracepoint-david-tennant-recreates-broadchurch-role.html|last=Hale|first=Mike|title=Creating a Role Twice, and in Stereo|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Media releases===<br />
The first series of ''Broadchurch'' was released on DVD and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] in the United Kingdom by [[Acorn Media UK]] on 20 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/new-dvd-releases-may-2013-8601065.html|last=Morrissey|first=Steve|title=New DVD releases: May 2013|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=3 May 2013|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> The series was released on DVD in the United States on 1 April 2014 by [[Entertainment One]].<ref name=derakshani>{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/2014-04-05/entertainment/48870380_1_broadchurch-chris-chibnall-murder-mystery|last=Derakhshani|first=Tirdad|title='Broadchurch': English murder mystery shines|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=5 April 2014|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Series 2==<br />
{{main|Broadchurch (series 2)}}<br />
After the first series ended, ITV announced that ''Broadchurch'' would return for a second series.<ref name="ITV series 2 announcement">{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press-releases/broadchurch-recommissioned-second-series |title=Broadchurch recommissioned for second series |publisher=ITV |date=22 April 2013|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref> The show's creator, Chris Chibnall, told ''[[The Daily Mirror]]'' in the summer of 2013 that "the focus of the next series will be on how the shattered community rebuilds itself after the grisly events" of series one.<ref name=jefferiesexhumed>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/broadchurch-series-2-pictures-spoilers-3627032|last=Jefferies|first=Mark|title= Broadchurch series 2 pictures spoilers: David Tennant and Olivia Colman on set but whose grave is being exhumed?|newspaper=The Daily Mirror|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> Series one actor [[Will Mellor]], who does not appear in series two,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/mellor-club-helped-beat-depression-4176597|last=White|first=Vikki|title=Will Mellor: 'In The Club' helped me beat depression after unemployment and sister's death|newspaper=The Daily Mirror|date=6 September 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> strongly implied in an interview that a new murder would not be the focus of the second series,<ref name=jefferiesexhumed /> while David Tennant told the [[Associated Press]] that the series would go in a "very unexpected direction" which he called "as gripping as the first season."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metronews.ca/scene/1198915/tennant-new-direction-for-broadchurch-season-2/ |last=Neff |first=Lauri |title=Tennant: New Direction for 'Broadchurch' Season 2 |agency=Associated Press |work=Metro |location=Toronto |date=30 October 2014 |accessdate=30 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030195449/http://metronews.ca/scene/1198915/tennant-new-direction-for-broadchurch-season-2/ |archivedate=30 October 2014 |df= }}</ref> Chibnall said he mapped out the show's plot and characters on several [[whiteboard]]s in his office. "You have to be very methodical," he said about plotting ''Broadchurch''. "It's like a mathematical puzzle where you put all these blocks together and move them around for the most satisfying thing."<ref name=clue /> Chibnall ended series two with what he described as "the cheekiest cliffhanger yet – a real shocker."<ref name=cheekiest>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2882161/Dark-secrets-Broadchurch-2-Writer-month-s-hotly-anticipated-sequel-warns-viewers-brace-upset-shock-cheekiest-cliffhanger-yet.html|last=Hastings|first=Chris|title=EXCLUSIVE: Dark secrets of Broadchurch 2: Writer of next month's hotly anticipated sequel warns viewers to 'brace yourselves for upset and shock with the cheekiest cliffhanger yet'|newspaper=The Sunday Mail|date=20 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
David Tennant, Olivia Colman,<ref name=readingspotted>{{cite news|url=http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/you-spotted-stars-broadchurch-reading-7501110|last=Hamilton|first=Sarah|title=Have you spotted the stars of Broadchurch in Reading town centre?|newspaper=Reading Post|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> Andrew Buchan, Arthur Darvill, [[Jodie Whittaker]], [[Charlotte Beaumont]], Joe Sims,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/broadchurch-series-2-first-picture-3586898|last=Greenwood|first=Carl|title=Broadchurch series 2 first picture: Olivia Colman and David Tennant joined by new cast members|newspaper=The Daily Mirror|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> [[Carolyn Pickles]], [[Jonathan Bailey (actor)|Jonathan Bailey]],<ref name=filmingends>{{cite news|url=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/11540687.Eight_reasons_we_can___t_wait_to_see_Broadchurch_2/|title=Eight Reasons We Can't Wait to See Broadchurch 2|newspaper=Bournemouth Echo|date=20 October 2014|accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref> [[Pauline Quirke]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2529899/Linda-Robson-Pauline-Quirke-Lesley-Joseph-reveal-time-ripe-Birds-Feather-revival.html|last=Fryer|first=Jane|title=The Birds are back! 15 years on, Linda Robson, Pauline Quirke and Lesley Joseph reveal why the time is ripe for a revival|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|url=http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/11327567.Olivia_Colman_in_Weymouth_for_Broadchurch_2_filming/|title=Olivia Colman in Weymouth for Broadchurch 2 filming|newspaper=Dorset Echo|date=8 July 2014|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Tanya Franks]], [[Simone McAullay]] and Adam Wilson are returning cast members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/british-tv/s218/broadchurch/news/a615969/broadchurch-series-2-trailer-debuts-as-january-5-premiere-date-confirmed.html|last=Rigby|first=Sam|title=Updated: Broadchurch series 2 trailer debuts as January 5 premiere date confirmed|newspaper=Digital Spy|date=11 December 2014|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> Neither Tennant nor Colman was contractually obliged to return. Without them, Chibnall said, "We would not have done it, absolutely. Luckily they wanted to come back because they weren't contracted to."<ref name=echofilmingends /> New series two cast members include [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]], [[James D'Arcy]], [[Eve Myles]], [[Charlotte Rampling]], [[Meera Syal]] and [[Phoebe Waller-Bridge]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/broadchurch-series-2-eve-myles-3580633|last=Greenwood|first=Carl|title=Broadchurch series 2: Eve Myles, Marianne Jean-Baptiste and James D'Arcy join cast|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-09-18/meera-syal-to-star-in-broadchurch-series-2|last=Dowell|first=Ben|title=Meera Syal to Star in 'Broadchurch' Series 2|newspaper=Radio Times|date=18 September 2014|accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref> Rampling plays Broadchurch resident Jocelyn Knight. It was near her home that Danny Latimer argued with the postman a week before his death.<ref name=jocelynknight /> Myles plays Claire Ripley, Jean-Baptiste's character is Sharon Bishop and Waller-Bridge plays Abby Thompson.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-12-19/new-pictures-from-broadchurch-series-two-but-whats-with-all-the-bluebells|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=New pictures from Broadchurch series two – but what's with all the bluebells?|newspaper=Radio Times|date=19 December 2014|accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Secrecy===<br />
Before broadcast, the plot of series two was closely guarded. Cast members were sworn to secrecy about the details<ref name=clue /><ref name=sneakpreview /> and required to sign non-disclosure agreements.<ref name=cheekiest /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/showbiz-tv/hot-tv/381513/Broadchurch-Cast-sign-non-disclosure-agreement-Somerset-residents-told-to-keep-quiet|title=Broadchurch: Cast sign non-disclosure plot agreement to hide killer secrets|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=31 May 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> Actor Andrew Buchan said cast members were told little about the plot, except on a need-to-know basis as they prepared for their performances in each episode.<ref name=independenmidsomer>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/broadchurch-series-2-show-will-be-nothing-like-midsomer-murders-says-star-andrew-buchan-9537491.html|last=Debnath|first=Neela|title=Broadchurch series 2: Show will be 'nothing like Midsomer Murders', says star Andrew Buchan|newspaper=The Independent|date=11 July 2014|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> Actor Joe Sims said that actors only receive two scripts at a time to ensure that they did not know where the plot was headed.<ref name=simsreturns /> Several different endings for series two were filmed, and Chibnall said that even cast members would remain in the dark about the programme's outcome until the final episode aired.<ref name=cheekiest /><br />
<br />
In August 2014, [[Erin Kelly (author)|Erin Kelly]], author of a book adaptation of ''Broadchurch'', said that writer Chris Chibnall inserted a one-line clue about Series 2 into her book three days before the book was due to begin printing. Kelly said the clue comes early in the novel. Although it does not spoil the plot, she said, it does provide a hint about it.<ref name=clue>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/broadchurch-series-2-plot-clue-hidden-in-new-spinoff-book-9662261.html|last=Greenwood|first=Carl|title=Broadchurch Season 2 Spoilers: Creator Chris Chibnall Hides Plot Clues in Novel Adaptation of Show|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=12 August 2014|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/broadchurch-season-2-spoilers-creator-4041518|last=Sherwin|first=Adam|title=Broadchurch Series 2: Plot Clue Hidden in New Spin-Off Book|newspaper=The Independent|date=11 August 2014|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The clue involved the argument the postman had with Danny Latimer. Jack Marshall identifies the location as being near Jocelyn Knight's home. On 19 December 2014, ITV revealed that Charlotte Rampling's character is named Jocelyn Knight.<ref name=jocelynknight>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-12-19/who-is-charlotte-ramplings-broadchurch-character-jocelyn-knight-a-hidden-clue-could-reveal-all|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=Who is Charlotte Rampling's Broadchurch character Jocelyn Knight? A hidden clue could reveal all...|newspaper=Radio Times|date=19 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:St Andrews church - geograph.org.uk - 288601.jpg|thumb|[[St Andrew's Church, Clevedon|St Andrew's Church]] in Clevedon serves as St. Bede's, the Broadchurch parish church.]]<br />
The second series filmed under the code name "Tea and Sympathy"<ref name=filmingends /> in [[Devon]], Dorset, [[North Somerset]],<ref name=independenmidsomer /> and the town of [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] in Berkshire.<ref name=readingspotted /> A car park next to the West Bay Hotel in Bridport served as the production's base camp.<ref name=bridport /> Each episode took 12-and-a-half days to film.<ref name=simsreturns /> Filming began in late May 2014.<ref name=dorsetechofirst>{{cite news|url=http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/11230713.First_read_through_for_Broadchurch_2_takes_place/|title=First read-through for Broadchurch 2 takes place|newspaper=The Dorset Echo|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> Shooting has taken place outside the George Hotel in Bridport,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bridportnews.co.uk/news/11525864.West_Bay/|title=West Bay|newspaper=Bridport News|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> at a Munchees café in Reading,<ref name=readingmunchees>{{cite news|url=http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/broadchurch-stars-filming-munchees-reading-7502897 |title='Broachurch' stars pictured in Munchees |newspaper=Reading Post |date=25 July 2014 |accessdate=13 June 2017 }}</ref> and at the Riverside Restaurant, Wynn's funfair,<ref name=bridport>{{cite news|url=http://www.bridportnews.co.uk/news/localnews/11404149.Stars_return_to_West_Dorset_for_Broadchurch_2/|last=Cox|first=Tara|title=Stars Return to West Dorset for Broadchurch 2|newspaper=Bridport and Lyme Regis News|date=12 August 2014|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> the seafront, and The Lazy Lizard nightclub in the town of [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]].<ref name=sneakpreview /> A few scenes were shot on a beach between Freshwater Beach and East Beach in West Bay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/11520201.Cast_of_hit_show_Broadchurch_return_to_area_for_filming_second_series/|last=Gerryts|first=Rene|title=Cast of hit show Broadchurch return to area for filming second series|newspaper=Dorset Echo|date=8 October 2014|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> [[St Andrew's Church, Clevedon|St Andrew's Church]] in Clevedon has been used to depict the Broadchurch parish church and graveyard. Other Clevedon filming locations include Marshall's Field and Hill Road, and the house used to represent the Latimer family home in Lavington Close.<ref name=simsreturns>{{cite news|url=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Bristol-actor-Joe-Sims-returns-TV-drama/story-22799719-detail/story.html|last=Pickstock|first=Heather|title=Bristol Actor Joe Sims Returns to TV Drama Broadchurch|newspaper=The Bristol Post|date=22 August 2014|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The Forum building on the campus of the [[University of Exeter]] was used to represent the Wessex police station,<ref name=tennantreturns>{{cite news|url=http://www.northdevonjournal.co.uk/David-Tennant-spotted-Exeter/story-22931666-detail/story.html|title=David Tennant Spotted in Exeter|newspaper=North Devon Journal|date=16 September 2014|accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref> while another campus structure served as a local courtroom.<ref name=sneakpreview>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2689995/Broadchurch-sequel-It-s-sneak-preview-series-t-wait-come-TV-screens.html|last=Hastings|first=Chris|title=Broadchurch... the sequel: It's our (very sneak) preview to the series we can't wait to come back to our TV screens|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=12 July 2014|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/David-Tennant-returns-Exeter-filming-Broadchurch/story-22017872-detail/story.html|title=David Tennant Returns to Exeter for Filming of Broadchurch Season Two|newspaper=Exeter Express and Echo|date=30 July 2014|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> Some filming occurred in [[Bracknell Forest]], in particular the Jennett's Park suburb and the John Nike Leisuresport Complex in [[Bracknell]]. The shopping district in Bracknell was decorated to mimic the Christmas holidays for filming.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/broadchurch-stars-david-tennant-olivia-7825687|last=Slevin|first=Jennie|title=Broadchurch stars David Tennant and Olivia Colman spotted in Bracknell again|newspaper=Reading Post|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref> The production team was strongly criticised by the West Bay coastguards in June 2014 for filming too close to the edge of East Cliff at West Bay, Dorset. Severe weather and recent rock-slides left the cliffs unstable, and a coastguard volunteer said the production team should have used stakes, safety lines, harnesses, and helmets. A spokesperson for the ''Broadchurch'' production defended the film crew, noting that the production team had received all necessary filming permits, had visited the site numerous times to ensure safety, and taken other reasonable health and safety precautions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10884915/PLS-PIC-and-PUB-Broadchurch-crew-criticised-for-unnecessary-silly-risk-by-filming-at-dangerous-cliff-edge.html|last=Furness|first=Hannah|title=Broadchurch crew criticised for 'unnecessary, silly risk' by filming at dangerous cliff edge|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 June 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
James Strong, who directed five of the eight episodes in series one, directed the first two episodes of series two.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-05-12/david-tennant-olivia-colman-and-arthur-darvill-all-return-for-broadchurch-series-two|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=David Tennant, Olivia Colman and Arthur Darvill ALL return for Broadchurch series two|newspaper=Radio Times|date=12 May 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> Jane Featherstone and Chris Chibnall continued as executive producers,<ref name=dorsetechofirst /> with Chibnall acting as lead writer again.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-01-30/broadchurch-writer-on-david-tennants-fears-of-being-killed-off-hes-right-to-be-worried|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=Broadchurch writer on David Tennant's fears of being killed off: "He's right to be worried"|newspaper=Radio Times|date=30 January 2014|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Filming for series two of ''Broadchurch'' concluded the night of 12 October 2014.<ref name=filmingends /><ref name=echofilmingends>{{cite news|url=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/11538327.EXCLUSIVE__Broadchurch_2_producer_thanks_West_Dorset_residents_for_their_support_during_filming/|last=Gerryts|first=Rene|title=EXCLUSIVE: Broadchurch 2 producer thanks West Dorset residents for their support during filming|newspaper=Bournemouth Echo|date=16 October 2014|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref> Final scenes were shot at the village of [[Eype]] in Dorset.<ref name=filmingends /><br />
<br />
On 9 November 2014, two 20-second teaser trailers began airing on ITV, each titled "The End Is Where It Begins".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-11-09/the-end-is-where-it-begins-in-the-first-teasers-for-broadchurch-series-two|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title='The End Is Where It Begins' in the first teasers for Broadchurch series two|newspaper=[[Radio Times]]|date=9 November 2014|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> On 16 November 2014, a third 20-second teaser trailer aired on ITV, in two versions, voiced by characters Alec Hardy and Ellie Miller, respectively. These were also titled "The End Is Where It Begins".<ref name=goodacreconfirmed /> A fourth, series two trailer was released on 11 December.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/watch-new-broadchurch-series-2-4792062|last=Walker|first=Danny|title=Watch new Broadchurch series 2 trailer as David Tennant promises he 'can't do it on his own'|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=11 December 2014|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first episode aired on 5 January 2015, on ITV in the UK and [[TV3 (Ireland)|TV3]] in Ireland.<ref name=goodacreconfirmed>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/british-tv/s218/broadchurch/news/a610483/broadchurch-series-2-january-2015-return-date-confirmed-in-new-teasers.html|last=Goodacre|first=Kate|title='Broadchurch series 2: January 2015 return date confirmed in new teasers|website=[[Digital Spy]]|date=16 November 2014|accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=lazaruscertain /> The Canadian TV channel [[Showcase (Canadian TV channel)|Showcase]] and [[TV One (New Zealand)|TV One]] in New Zealand both debuted series two on 11 January 2015.<ref name=lazaruscertain>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-01-02/broadchurch-series-two-absolutely-everything-we-know-for-certain|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=Broadchurch series two: absolutely everything we know for certain|newspaper=Radio Times|date=2 January 2015|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/broadchurch/index-group-5874534|title=Broadchurch|website=TVOne|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> and [[ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|ABC]] first showed it on 15 February 2015 while BBC America aired the second series in the United States beginning on 4 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/broadchurch-season-2-trailer-1201377271/|last=Noonan|first=Kevin|title='Broadchurch' Season 2 to Premiere March 4, New Trailers Show Town in Turmoil|newspaper=Variety|date=19 December 2014|accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref>{{Efn|BBC America had originally set the premiere date for 4 February 2014. But nine days later, the cable channel delayed the series two an additional month without comment.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/broadchurch-season-2-premiere-date-gracepoint-cancelled-1201383375/|last=Wagmeister|first=Elizabeth|title=WATCH: BBC America Unveils 'Broadchurch' Season 2 Trailer, Moves Premiere to March|newspaper=Variety|date=19 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ratings===<br />
The premiere episode of series two drew an average of 7.3&nbsp;million viewers.<ref name=twopremiereratings>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-30695608|title=Broadchurch return watched by eight million|publisher=BBC News|date=6 January 2015|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> for a 30.1 percent share on 5 January 2015.<ref name=plunkettshareprem>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/06/broadchurch-itv-david-tennant-olivia-colman|last=Plunkett|first=John|title=Broadchurch second series improves on original as more than 7 million tune in|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 January 2015|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> An average of 300,000 viewers watched it on ITV+1 an hour later. The episode opened with 6.8&nbsp;million viewers at 9&nbsp;pm, and ended with 8.7&nbsp;million viewers (with a peak viewership of 8.9&nbsp;million). ''Broadchurch'' was the second-most-watched programme of the evening, with the most-watched being ''[[Coronation Street]]'' (which had a peak audience of 8.3&nbsp;million).<ref name="twopremiereratings"/> The series two premiere drew 800,000 (28.1 percent) more viewers than the series one premiere, and was 22.6 percent higher than average ITV viewership (5.2&nbsp;million) in the same time-slot over the past 12 months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/ratings/broadchurch-return-thrills-76m/5081491.article|last=Campelli|first=Matthew|title=Broadchurch return thrills 7.6m|newspaper=Broadcast|date=6 January 2015|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The consolidated rating made this episode the [[Highest rated drama episodes in the United Kingdom in 2015|highest rated drama episode on ITV in 2015]].<br />
<br />
But ratings dropped significantly afterward. Viewership for the second episode fell to just 6.11&nbsp;million viewers (a 22.4 percent share) after accounting for ITV+1 viewership.<ref name=gilldrop>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-01-13/broadchurch-beats-silent-witness-and-celebrity-big-brother-in-strong-monday-night-ratings-battle|last=Gill|first=James|title=Broadchurch beats Silent Witness and Celebrity Big Brother in strong Monday night ratings battle|newspaper=Radio Times|date=13 January 2015|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> That was the lowest overnight viewership rating for the series since episode five of series one. It was still good enough to win its timeslot, however.<ref name=plunkettdrop>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/13/broadchurch-ratings-6-1-million-return-last-week|last=Plunkett|first=john|title=Broadchurch dips to ratings low of 6.1&nbsp;million after big return last week|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 January 2015|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Overnight ratings dropped again for the third episode to just 5.2&nbsp;million viewers, the lowest for any episode of the series.<ref name=williamslowest>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2918494/Broadchurch-ratings-plunge-lowest-fans-complain-unrealistic-lawyers-new-mother-recovered-immediately-giving-birth.html|last=Williams|first=Amanda|title=Broadchurch ratings plunge to lowest ever as fans complain about unrealistic lawyers and new mother who recovered almost immediately after giving birth|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=owenlowest>{{cite news|url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/1329927/silent-witness-beats-broadchurch-monday-crime-battle|last=Owen|first=Ed|title=Silent Witness beats Broadchurch in Monday crime battle|newspaper=Media Week|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> Overnight viewership dropped again for episode four, reaching a low of 5.6&nbsp;million viewers. However, the series still won its timeslot, beating ''Silent Witness''.<ref name=campellihalfway>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/ratings/broadchurch-hits-halfway-point-with-56m/5082276.article|last=Campelli|first=Matthew|title=Broadchurch hits halfway point with 5.6m|newspaper=Broadcast|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Series 3==<br />
{{main|Broadchurch (series 3)}}<br />
<br />
On 1 December 2014, a number of media outlets reported that ITV had commissioned a third series of ''Broadchurch''. ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' first reported the news, claiming Chibnall was rushing to finish a script so that filming could begin in Dorset in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/6138842/Third-series-for-Broadchurch.html|last=Payne|first=Will|title=Third series for Broadchurch|newspaper=The Sun|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|postscript=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/broadchurch-series-3-new-series-4725792|last=Leigh|first=Rob|title=Broadchurch series 3: New series of ITV drama 'commissioned before season 2 has aired on TV'|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Later that day, ITV denied that a third series had yet been commissioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-12-01/broadchurch-series-three-hasnt-been-commissioned-yet|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=Broadchurch series three hasn't been commissioned... yet|newspaper=Radio Times|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
ITV confirmed that ''Broadchurch'', as well as Tennant and Colman, would return for a third series immediately after the series two finale on 23 February 2015, repeating the use of "''Broadchurch'' will return" after the closing credits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ItvDrama/photos/a.459842267404959.105524.457847194271133/800550790000770/?type=1&theater|publisher=ITV Drama|title=Exclusive! David Tennant and Olivia Colman will return in a brand new series of Broadchurch on ITV|via=Facebook|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2016, [[Olivia Colman]] gave an interview on ''[[This Morning (TV programme)|This Morning]]'' where she stated that the final series would be shot in May 2016, and said that she did not yet know anything about the plot.<ref name="LooseEnds">{{Cite episode |title=Loose Ends with Olivia Colman|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06hywnl|series=Loose Ends|serieslink=Loose Ends (radio)|network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]]|airdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 April 2016, ITV officially announced the casting for the third and final series, with [[Jodie Whittaker]], [[Andrew Buchan]], [[Arthur Darvill]], [[Carolyn Pickles]] and Adam Wilson returning. Filming for the third series began in May 2016 and broadcast started on 27 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/2516419/broadchurch-season-3-release-date-finally-revealed-alongside-ominous-video-of-the-cliffs/|title=Broadchurch season 3 release date finally revealed with eerie video|date=2017-01-02|newspaper=The Sun|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref> Miller and Hardy investigate a serious sexual assault. Creator Chris Chibnall said, “We have one last story to tell, featuring both familiar faces and new characters. I hope it’s a compelling and emotional farewell to a world and show that means so much to me.”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nagamedigital.com/2016/12/28/broadchurch-season-3/|last=Hime|first=Nelly|title=Broadchurch Season 3 Plot Details, Cast and New Teaser|publisher=nagamedigital.com|date=28 December 2016|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Awards===<br />
''Broadchurch'' won the award for best Crime Drama at [[National Television Awards]] in early 2018.<ref name="radiotimes">{{cite web|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna|title=Broadchurch wins best Crime Drama at the National Television Awards|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-01-24/broadchurch-wins-best-crime-drama-at-the-national-television-awards/|work=[[Radio Times]]|date=24 January 2018|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref> This was the first year the award was presented and ''Broadchurch'' was competing against ''[[Sherlock (TV series)|Sherlock]]'', ''[[Line of Duty]]'' and ''[[Little Boy Blue (TV series)|Little Boy Blue]]''.<ref name="radiotimes"/><br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
In early 2014, the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] in the United States announced it had licensed the rights to ''Broadchurch'' and would produce a U.S. version of the series, to be named ''[[Gracepoint]]''. The Fox series also starred David Tennant, was created and written by Chris Chibnall and directed by James Strong.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rice|first=Lynette|title='Broadchurch' heading to Fox|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/08/01/broadchurch-heading-to-fox/|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=1 August 2013|accessdate=19 November 2014|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall: David Tennant's US accent is 'fantastic'|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-01-30/broadchurch-creator-chris-chibnall-david-tennants-us-accent-is-fantastic|newspaper=Radio Times|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref> Fox specifically said ''Gracepoint'' would have a different ending from ''Broadchurch''. ''Gracepoint'' began airing on 2 October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/oct/02/fox-gracepoint-broadchurch-remake-why-bother|last=Moylan|first=Brian|title=The curious case of Broadchurch's US remake Gracepoint: why bother?|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 October 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref> Following very low ratings, ''Gracepoint'' was not recommissioned for a second season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/12/15/gracepoint-canceled/|last=Hibberd|first=James|title='Gracepoint' won't get a second season|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=15 December 2014|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The French channel [[France 2]], on which ''Broadchurch'' aired in February 2014, also announced an adaptation. The French series, produced in association with Shine France, was titled ''Malaterra''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linternaute.com/television/serie-tv/broadchurch-le-remake-francais-malaterra-bientot-sur-france-2-1214.shtml|last=Léger|first=Adrien|title=Broadchurch: l'adaptation française bientôt diffusée sur France 2|publisher=Linternaute.com|date=17 December 2014|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> and was directed by [[Jean-Xavier de Lestrade]].<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite web|ref=harv|url=http://presscentre.itvstatic.com/presscentre/sites/presscentre/files/ITV%20Broadchurch%20press%20pack.pdf|author=ITV|title=Broadchurch: A new drama for ITV|date=6 February 2013|accessdate=9 November 2014}}<br />
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Millerson|first1=Gerald|last2=Owens|first2=Jim|title=Television Production|location=New York|publisher=CRC Press|date=2012|isbn=9781136038907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIHOAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}<br />
* {{cite report|ref=harv|url=http://www.thebarnscottages.co.uk/book/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Official-Broadchurch-Guide.pdf|format=PDF|author=West Dorset District Council|title=The Official Broadchurch Guide|date=2013|accessdate=9 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129232451/http://www.thebarnscottages.co.uk/book/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Official-Broadchurch-Guide.pdf|archivedate=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=2249364|title=Broadchurch}}<br />
* {{tv.com show|broadchurch|title=Broadchurch}}<br />
* {{epguides|Broadchurch|Broadchurch}}<br />
* [http://guru.bafta.org/broadchurch-tv-qa BAFTA Guru&nbsp;– Broadchurch: TV Q&A (recorded 19 February 2013)]<br />
<br />
{{Chris Chibnall}}<br />
{{BAFTA TV Award for Best Drama Series}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 British television programme debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 British television programme endings]]<br />
[[Category:2010s British crime drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010s British mystery television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010s crime drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:British crime drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Broadchurch| ]]<br />
[[Category:Detective television series]]<br />
[[Category:English-language television programs]]<br />
[[Category:ITV television dramas]]<br />
[[Category:Peabody Award-winning television programs]]<br />
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by Shine Group]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Dorset]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsec&diff=831716610Parsec2018-03-21T22:20:26Z<p>Ronstew: /* Parsecs and kiloparsecs */ One sig fig in the original uncertainty, => 1 sig fig in the converted uncertainty</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses}}<br />
{{Infobox unit<br />
| image = [[Image:Stellarparallax parsec1.svg|200px]]<br />
| caption = A parsec is the distance from the Sun to an [[astronomical object]] that has a [[parallax]] angle of one [[Minute and second of arc#Symbols and abbreviations|arcsecond]] (not to scale)<br />
| standard = astronomical units<br />
| quantity = [[length]]/[[distance]]<br />
| symbol = pc<br />
| units1 = [[metric system|metric]] ([[International System of Units|SI]]) units<br />
| inunits1 = {{val|3.0857|e=16|ul=m}} <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;~31 [[petametres]]<br />
| units2 = [[Imperial units|imperial]]&nbsp;&&nbsp;[[United States customary units|US]]&nbsp;units<br />
| inunits2 = {{val|1.9174|e=13|ul=mi}}<br />
| units3 = [[Astronomical system of units|astronomical units]]<br />
| inunits3 = {{val|2.06265|e=5|ul=au}}<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{val|3.26156|ul=ly}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''parsec''' (symbol: '''pc''') is a [[unit of length]] used to measure large distances to [[astronomical object]]s outside the [[Solar System]]. A parsec was defined as the distance at which one [[astronomical unit]] [[subtended angle|subtends]] an angle of one [[Minute and second of arc#Symbols and abbreviations|arcsecond]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cosmic Distance Scales - The Milky Way|url=https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/milkyway_info.html|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> but it was redefined in 2015 to exactly {{sfrac|{{val|648000}}|{{pi}}}} [[astronomical units]]. One parsec is equal to about 3.26 [[light-year]]s (30&nbsp;trillion km or 19&nbsp;trillion miles) in length. The nearest star, [[Proxima Centauri]], is about {{convert|1.3|pc|ly|abbr=off}} from the [[Sun]].<ref>{{cite conference<br />
| last=Benedict |first=G.&nbsp;F. <br />
| display-authors=etal<br />
| title =Astrometric Stability and Precision of Fine Guidance Sensor #3: The Parallax and Proper Motion of Proxima Centauri<br />
| booktitle =Proceedings of the HST Calibration Workshop<br />
| pages =380–384<br />
| url =http://clyde.as.utexas.edu/SpAstNEW/Papers_in_pdf/%7BBen93%7DEarlyProx.pdf<br />
|format=PDF<br />
| accessdate=11 July 2007}}</ref> Most of the [[star]]s visible to the [[naked eye|unaided eye]] in the [[night sky]] are within 500 parsecs of the Sun.{{cn|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
The parsec unit was probably first suggested in 1913 by the British [[astronomer]] [[Herbert Hall Turner]].<ref name=dyson>{{cite journal|authorlink=Frank Watson Dyson|last=Dyson|first=F.&nbsp;W.|bibcode=1913MNRAS..73..334D |title=Stars, Distribution and drift of, The distribution in space of the stars in Carrington's Circumpolar Catalogue|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=73|pages=334–342|date=March 1913|doi=10.1093/mnras/73.5.334|quote=There is a need for a name for this unit of distance. Mr. [[Carl Charlier|Charlier]] has suggested Siriometer ... Professor [[Herbert Hall Turner|Turner]] suggests parsec, which may be taken as an abbreviated form of 'a distance corresponding to a parallax of one second'.}}</ref> Named as a [[portmanteau]] of the [[parallax|'''''par'''''allax]] of one arc'''''sec'''''ond, it was defined so as to make calculations of astronomical distances quick and easy for astronomers from only their raw observational data. Partly for this reason, it is the unit preferred in [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]], though the light-year remains prominent in [[popular science]] texts and common [[usage]]. Although parsecs are used for the shorter distances within the [[Milky Way]], multiples of parsecs are required for the larger scales in the universe, including [[kilo-|kilo]]<nowiki />parsecs (kpc) for the more distant objects within and around the Milky Way, [[Mega-|mega]]<nowiki />parsecs (Mpc) for mid-distance galaxies, and [[giga-|giga]]<nowiki />parsecs (Gpc) for many [[quasar]]s and the most distant galaxies.<br />
<br />
In August 2015, the [[IAU]] passed Resolution B2, which as part of the definition of a standardized absolute and apparent [[bolometric magnitude]] scale, included an explicit definition of the parsec as exactly {{sfrac|{{val|648000}}|{{pi}}}} [[astronomical units]], or approximately {{val|3.08567758149137|e=16}} metres (based on the IAU 2012 exact SI definition of the astronomical unit). This corresponds to the small-angle definition of the parsec found in many contemporary astronomical references.<ref>{{cite book|bibcode=2000asqu.book.....C|editor-last=Cox|editor-first=Arthur N.|date=2000|title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities|edition=4th|publisher=AIP Press / Springer|location=New York|ISBN=0387987460}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|bibcode=2008gady.book.....B|last1=Binney|first1=James|last2=Tremaine|first2=Scott|date=2008|title=Galactic Dynamics|edition=2nd|ISBN=978-0-691-13026-2|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History and derivation ==<br />
{{See also|Stellar parallax}}<br />
The parsec is defined as being equal to the length of the longer leg of an extremely elongated imaginary [[right triangle]] in space. The two dimensions on which this triangle is based are its shorter leg, of length one astronomical unit (the average Earth-Sun distance), and the [[subtended|subtended angle]] of the vertex opposite that leg, measuring one arc second. Applying the rules of trigonometry to these two values, the unit length of the other leg of the triangle (the parsec) can be derived.<br />
<br />
One of the oldest methods used by astronomers to calculate the distance to a [[star]] is to record the difference in angle between two measurements of the position of the star in the sky. The first measurement is taken from the Earth on one side of the Sun, and the second is taken approximately half a year later, when the Earth is on the opposite side of the Sun. The distance between the two positions of the Earth when the two measurements were taken is twice the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The difference in angle between the two measurements is twice the parallax angle, which is formed by lines from the Sun and Earth to the star at the distant [[Vertex (geometry)#Of an angle|vertex]]. Then the distance to the star could be calculated using trigonometry.<ref name='NASAparallax'>{{cite web | url = http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/YBA/HTCas-size/parallax1-derive.html | title = Deriving the Parallax Formula | accessdate=26 November 2011| author = [[High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center]] (HEASARC) | work = NASA's Imagine the Universe! | publisher = Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) at [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> The first successful published direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German astronomer [[Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel]] in 1838, who used this approach to calculate the 3.5-parsec distance of [[61 Cygni]].<ref>{{cite journal|authorlink=Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel|last=Bessel|first=F.&nbsp;W.|url=http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/gaia/documents/bessel-1838/index.html|title=Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Sterns des Schwans|trans-title=Determination of the distance of the 61st star of Cygnus|date=1838|journal=[[Astronomische Nachrichten]]|volume=16|pages=65–96|doi=10.1002/asna.18390160502|bibcode=1838AN.....16...65B|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624220502/http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/gaia/documents/bessel-1838/index.html|archivedate=2007-06-24|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:ParallaxeV2.png|thumb|left|300px|stellar parallax motion from annual parallax]]<br />
The parallax of a star is defined as half of the [[angular distance]] that a star appears to move relative to the [[celestial sphere]] as Earth orbits the Sun. Equivalently, it is the subtended angle, from that star's perspective, of the [[semimajor axis]] of the Earth's orbit. The star, the Sun and the Earth form the corners of an imaginary right triangle in space: the right angle is the corner at the Sun, and the corner at the star is the parallax angle. The length of the opposite side to the parallax angle is the distance from the Earth to the Sun (defined as one astronomical unit (au), and the length of the [[Adjacent side (right triangle)#Trigonometric ratios in right triangles|adjacent]] side gives the distance from the sun to the star. Therefore, given a measurement of the parallax angle, along with the rules of [[trigonometry]], the distance from the Sun to the star can be found. A parsec is defined as the length of the side adjacent to the vertex occupied by a star whose parallax angle is one arcsecond.<br />
<br />
The use of the parsec as a unit of distance follows naturally from Bessel's method, because the distance in parsecs can be computed simply as the [[multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] of the parallax angle in arcseconds (i.e. if the parallax angle is 1 arcsecond, the object is 1&nbsp;pc from the Sun; if the parallax angle is 0.5 arcseconds, the object is 2&nbsp;pc away; etc.). No [[trigonometric function]]s are required in this relationship because the very small angles involved mean that the approximate solution of the [[skinny triangle]] can be applied.<br />
<br />
Though it may have been used before, the term ''parsec'' was first mentioned in an astronomical publication in 1913. [[Astronomer Royal]] [[Frank Watson Dyson]] expressed his concern for the need of a name for that unit of distance. He proposed the name ''astron'', but mentioned that [[Carl Charlier]] had suggested ''siriometer'' and [[Herbert Hall Turner]] had proposed ''parsec''.<ref name=dyson /> It was Turner's proposal that stuck.<br />
<br />
=== Calculating the value of a parsec ===<br />
:[[Image:Parsec (1).svg|400px|Diagram of parsec.]]<br />
<br />
In the diagram above (not to scale), '''S''' represents the [[Sun]], and '''E''' the [[Earth]] at one point in its orbit. Thus the distance '''ES''' is one astronomical unit (au). The angle '''SDE''' is one arcsecond ({{sfrac|3600}} of a degree) so by definition '''D''' is a point in space at a distance of one parsec from the Sun. Through [[trigonometry]], the distance '''SD''' is calculated as follows:<br />
<br />
:<math>\mathrm{SD} = \frac{\mathrm{ES} }{\tan 1'' }</math><br />
<br />
:<math>\mathrm{SD} \approx \frac{\mathrm{ES} }{1 } = \frac{1 \, \mbox{au} }{\frac{1}{60 \times 60} \times \frac{\pi}{180}} = \frac{648\,000}{\pi} \, \mbox{au} \approx 206\,264.81 \mbox{ au} .</math><br />
<br />
Because the astronomical unit is defined to be {{val|149597870700|ul=m}},<ref>{{citation|contribution=RESOLUTION B2 on the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length |title=RESOLUTION B2|editor=International Astronomical Union|publisher = [[International Astronomical Union]]|place=Beijing|date=31 August 2012|contribution-url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2012_English.pdf|quote=The XXVIII General Assembly of International Astronomical Union recommends [adopted] that the astronomical unit be redefined to be a conventional unit of length equal to exactly {{val|149597870700|u=m}}, in agreement with the value adopted in IAU 2009 Resolution B2}}</ref> the following can be calculated:<br />
<br />
{| style="margin-left:1em"<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 valign=top|Therefore, 1 parsec <br />
|≈ {{val|206264.806247096}} astronomical units <br />
|-<br />
|≈ {{val|3.085677581|e=16}} [[metre]]s<!--<br />
|-<br />
|≈ {{val|30.856775815}}&nbsp;trillion [[kilometre]]s--><br />
|-<br />
|≈ {{val|19.173511577}}&nbsp;trillion [[mile]]s<br />
|-<br />
|≈ {{val|3.261563777}} [[light-year]]s<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A corollary states that a parsec is also the distance from which a disc one astronomical unit in diameter must be viewed for it to have an [[angular diameter]] of one arcsecond (by placing the observer at '''D''' and a diameter of the disc on '''ES''').<br />
<br />
The length of the parsec adopted in [[IAU]] 2015 Resolution B2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronomy2015.org/resolutions|title=Four Resolutions to be Presented for Voting at the IAU XXIX GA}}</ref> (exactly {{sfrac|{{val|648000}}|{{pi}}}} astronomical units) corresponds exactly to that derived using the small-angle calculation. This differs from the classic inverse-[[tangent]] definition by about 200&nbsp;km, i.e. only after the 11th [[significant figure]]. As the astronomical unit was defined by the [[IAU]] (2012) as an exact [[SI]] length in metres, so now the parsec corresponds to an exact [[SI]] length in metres. To the nearest meter, the IAU 2015 parsec corresponds to approximately 30,856,775,814,913,673 m.<br />
<br />
== Usage and measurement ==<br />
The parallax method is the fundamental calibration step for [[cosmic distance ladder|distance determination in astrophysics]]; however, the accuracy of ground-based [[telescope]] measurements of parallax angle is limited to about 0.01&nbsp;arcseconds, and thus to stars no more than 100&nbsp;pc distant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit1/distances.html|first=Richard|last=Pogge|title=Astronomy 162|publisher=Ohio State University}}</ref> This is because the Earth's atmosphere limits the sharpness of a star's image.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/5021/Parallax-Parallax-measurements.html|website=jrank.org|title=Parallax Measurements}}</ref> Space-based telescopes are not limited by this effect and can accurately measure distances to objects beyond the limit of ground-based observations. Between 1989 and 1993, the ''[[Hipparcos]]'' satellite, launched by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), measured parallaxes for about {{val|100000}} stars with an [[astrometry|astrometric]] precision of about 0.97&nbsp;milliarcseconds, and obtained accurate measurements for stellar distances of stars up to 1000&nbsp;pc away.<ref>{{cite web | title= The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission | url=http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=HIPPARCOS | accessdate=28 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwhip.obspm.fr/hipparcos/SandT/hip-SandT.html|first=Catherine|last=Turon|title=From Hipparchus to Hipparcos}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- [[NASA]]'s [[Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer|''FAME'' satellite]] was to have been launched in 2004, to measure parallaxes for about 40&nbsp;million stars with sufficient precision to measure stellar distances of up to 2000&nbsp;pc. However, the mission's funding was withdrawn by NASA in January 2002.<ref>[http://www.usno.navy.mil/FAME/news/ FAME news], 25 January 2002.</ref> --><br />
ESA's [[Gaia mission|''Gaia'' satellite]], which launched on 19 December 2013, is intended to measure one billion stellar distances to within 20&nbsp;microarcseconds, producing errors of 10% in measurements as far as the [[Galactic Center|Galactic Centre]], about 8000&nbsp;pc away in the [[constellation]] of [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26|title=GAIA|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]}}</ref><br />
In popular culture, it was misused as a unit of time in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.<br />
<br />
== Distances in parsecs ==<br />
<br />
=== Distances less than a parsec ===<br />
Distances expressed in fractions of a parsec usually involve objects within a single star system. So, for example:<br />
* One astronomical unit (au), the distance from the Sun to the Earth, is just under {{val|5|e=-6}} parsecs.<br />
* The most distant [[space probe]], ''[[Voyager 1]]'', was {{val|0.00066}} parsecs from Earth {{As of|August 2016|lc=on}}. It took ''Voyager 1'' 39 years to cover that distance.<br />
* The [[Oort cloud]] is estimated to be approximately 0.6 parsecs in [[diameter]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:M87 jet.jpg|right|thumb|225px|The jet erupting from the [[active galactic nucleus]] of [[Messier 87|M87]] is thought to be {{val|1.5|u=kiloparsecs}} ({{val|4890|ul=ly}}) long. (image from [[Hubble Space Telescope]])]]<br />
<br />
=== Parsecs and kiloparsecs ===<br />
Distances expressed in parsecs (pc) include distances between nearby stars, such as those in the same [[spiral arm]] or [[globular cluster]]. A distance of 1000 parsecs (3262 light-years) is commonly denoted by the kiloparsec (kpc). Astronomers typically use kiloparsecs to express distances between parts of a [[galaxy]], or within [[galaxy group|groups of galaxies]]. So, for example:<br />
* One parsec is approximately 3.26 light-years.<br />
* [[Proxima Centauri]], the nearest known star to earth other than the sun, is about 1.30 parsecs (4.24 light-years) away, by direct parallax measurement.<br />
* The distance to the [[open cluster]] [[Pleiades]] is {{val|130|10|u=pc}} ({{val|420|30|u=ly}}) from us, per ''[[Hipparcos]]'' parallax measurement.<br />
* The [[Galactic Center|centre]] of the [[Milky Way]] is more than 8 kiloparsecs ({{val|26000|u=ly}}) from the Earth, and the Milky Way is roughly 34&nbsp;kpc ({{val|110000|u=ly}}) across.<br />
* The [[Andromeda Galaxy]] ([[Messier object|M31]]) is about 780&nbsp;kpc (2.5&nbsp;million light-years) away from the Earth.<br />
<br />
=== Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs ===<br />
<!-- Template:Convert/Mpc & Template:Convert/Gpc link here. --><br />
A distance of one&nbsp;million parsecs is commonly denoted by the megaparsec (Mpc). Astronomers typically express the distances between neighbouring [[galaxy|galaxies]] and [[galaxy cluster]]s in megaparsecs.<br />
<br />
Galactic distances are sometimes given in units of Mpc/''h'' (as in "50/''h''&nbsp;Mpc", also written "{{nowrap|50 Mpc ''h''<sup>−1</sup>}}"). ''h'' is a parameter in the range {{nowrap|0.5 < ''h'' < 0.75}} reflecting the uncertainty in the value of the [[Hubble constant]] ''H'' for the rate of expansion of the universe: {{nowrap|1=''h'' = {{sfrac|''H''|100&nbsp;km/s/Mpc}}}}. The Hubble constant becomes relevant when converting an observed [[redshift]] ''z'' into a distance ''d'' using the formula {{nowrap|''d'' ≈ {{sfrac|''[[Speed of light|c]]''|''H''}} × ''z''}}.<ref>{{cite web | title= Galaxy structures: the large scale structure of the nearby universe | url= http://pil.phys.uniroma1.it/twiki/bin/view/Pil/GalaxyStructures | accessdate= 22 May 2007 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070305202144/http://pil.phys.uniroma1.it/twiki/bin/view/Pil/GalaxyStructures | archivedate= 5 March 2007 | df= }}</ref><br />
<br />
One gigaparsec (Gpc) is [[1000000000 (number)|one billion]] parsecs — one of the largest [[Orders of magnitude (length)|units of length]] commonly used. One gigaparsec is about 3.26&nbsp;billion light-years, or roughly {{sfrac|14}} of the distance to the [[Cosmological horizon#Practical horizons|horizon]] of the [[observable universe]] (dictated by the [[cosmic background radiation]]). Astronomers typically use gigaparsecs to express the sizes of [[Large-scale structure of the cosmos|large-scale structures]] such as the size of, and distance to, the [[CfA2 Great Wall]]; the distances between galaxy clusters; and the distance to [[quasar]]s.<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
* The [[Andromeda Galaxy]] is about 0.78&nbsp;Mpc (2.5&nbsp;million light-years) from the Earth.<br />
* The nearest large [[galaxy cluster]], the [[Virgo Cluster]], is about 16.5&nbsp;Mpc (54&nbsp;million light-years) from the Earth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mei|first1=S.|last2=Blakeslee|first2=J.&nbsp;P.|last3=Côté|first3=P.|displayauthors=etal|title=The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster|date=2007|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=655|page=144|doi=10.1086/509598|bibcode=2007ApJ...655..144M|arxiv=astro-ph/0702510}}</ref><br />
* The galaxy [[RXJ1242-11]], observed to have a [[supermassive black hole]] core similar to the [[Milky Way]]'s, is about 200&nbsp;Mpc (650&nbsp;million light-years) from the Earth.<br />
* The [[galaxy filament]] [[Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall]], currently the [[List of largest known cosmic structures|largest known structure]] in the universe, is about 3&nbsp;Gpc (10&nbsp;billion light-years) across.<br />
* The [[particle horizon]] (the boundary of the [[observable universe]]) has a radius of about 14.0&nbsp;Gpc (46&nbsp;billion light-years).<ref>{{cite web | title= Misconceptions about the Big Bang | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=misconceptions-about-the-2005-03&page=5 |publication-date=2005-03-01 |last1= Lineweaver |first1=Charles H. |last2=Davis |first2=Tamara M. | dead-url=yes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810231727/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=misconceptions-about-the-2005-03&page=5 |archive-date=2011-08-10 | accessdate=2016-02-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Volume units ==<br />
To determine the number of stars in the Milky Way, volumes in cubic kiloparsecs{{efn|name=vol|{{aligned table<br />
|{{val|1|u=pc3}}|[[Approximation|≈]] {{val|2.938|e=49|u=m3}}<br />
|{{val|1|u=kpc3}}|≈ {{val|2.938|e=58|u=m3}}<br />
|{{val|1|u=Mpc3}}|≈ {{val|2.938|e=67|u=m3}}<br />
|{{val|1|u=Gpc3}}|≈ {{val|2.938|e=76|u=m3}}<br />
|{{val|1|u=Tpc³}}|≈ {{val|2.938|e=85|u=m3}}<br />
}}}} (kpc<sup>3</sup>) are selected in various directions. All the stars in these volumes are counted and the total number of stars statistically determined. The number of globular clusters, dust clouds, and interstellar gas is determined in a similar fashion. To determine the number of galaxies in [[supercluster]]s, volumes in cubic megaparsecs{{efn|name=vol}} (Mpc<sup>3</sup>) are selected. All the galaxies in these volumes are classified and tallied. The total number of galaxies can then be determined statistically. The huge [[Boötes void]] is measured in cubic megaparsecs.<ref name="KirshnerOemler1981">{{cite journal |last1=Kirshner |first1=R.&nbsp;P. |last2=Oemler |first2=A., Jr. |last3=Schechter |first3=P.&nbsp;L. |last4=Shectman |first4=S.&nbsp;A. |title=A million cubic megaparsec void in Bootes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=248 |year=1981 |pages=L57 |issn=0004-637X |doi=10.1086/183623 |bibcode=1981ApJ...248L..57K}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[physical cosmology]], volumes of cubic gigaparsecs{{efn|name=vol}} (Gpc<sup>3</sup>) are selected to determine the distribution of matter in the visible universe and to determine the number of galaxies and quasars. The Sun is the only star in its cubic parsec,{{efn|name=vol}} (pc<sup>3</sup>) but in globular clusters the stellar density could be from 100 to 1000 per cubic parsec.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Distance measures (cosmology)]]<br />
* [[List of humorous units of measurement#Attoparsec]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notes}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{cite web | author=Guidry|first= Michael | title=Astronomical Distance Scales | work=Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology | publisher=University of Tennessee, Knoxville | url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/distances.html | archive-url=https://archive.is/20121212134512/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/distances.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=12 December 2012 | accessdate=26 March 2010}} <br />
*{{cite web|last=Merrifield|first=Michael|title=pc Parsec|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/parsec.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Units of length used in Astronomy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Units of length]]<br />
[[Category:Units of measurement in astronomy]]<br />
[[Category:Parallax]]<br />
[[Category:1913 in science]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitten_(TV_series)&diff=828872380Bitten (TV series)2018-03-05T07:18:17Z<p>Ronstew: Copy edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| show_name = Bitten<br />
| image = Bitten (TV series).png<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Drama]]<br />
* [[Fantasy television|Fantasy]]<br />
* [[Horror fiction|Horror]]<br />
}}<br />
| creator = Daegan Fryklind<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Women of the Otherworld]]''|[[Kelley Armstrong]]}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Laura Vandervoort]] <br />
* [[Greyston Holt]]<br />
* [[Greg Bryk]]<br />
* [[Paul Greene (actor)|Paul Greene]] (2014)<br />
* Steve Lund<br />
* Michael Xavier (2014-2015)<br />
* [[Genelle Williams]] <br />
* Tommie-Amber Pirie (2015-2016)<br />
}}<br />
| composer = [[Todor Kobakov]]<br />
| country = Canada<br />
| language = English<br />
| num_seasons = 3<br />
| num_episodes = 33<br />
| list_episodes = List of Bitten episodes<br />
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Daegan Fryklind<br />
* [[Grant Rosenberg]]<br />
* Patrick Banister<br />
* John Barbisan<br />
* John Morayniss<br />
* Margaret O'Brien<br />
* Tecca Crosby<br />
* J.B. Sugar<br />
* Wil Zmak<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Margaret O'Brien<br />
* J.B. Sugar<br />
* Norman Denver<br />
}}<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Stephen Reizes<br />
* Boris Mojsovski<br />
* Craig Wright<br />
}}<br />
| runtime = 43–45 minutes<br />
| company = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Hoodwink Entertainment<br />
* No Equal Entertainment<br />
* [[Entertainment One Television]]<br />
* [[Bell Media]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Entertainment One]]<br />
| network = [[Space (TV channel)|Space]] , [[Syfy]]<br />
| picture_format = [[480i]] ([[NTSC]])<br />[[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]<br />
| audio_format = [[Stereophonic sound|Stereophonic]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|01|11}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|04|15}}<br />
| website = http://bitten.space.ca/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bitten''''' is a [[Television in Canada|Canadian]] television series based on the ''[[Women of the Otherworld]]'' series of books by author [[Kelley Armstrong]]. The name was inspired by the first book in the series. The show was produced as an original series for [[Space (TV channel)|Space]], with most filming in [[Toronto]] and [[Cambridge,_Ontario|Cambridge]], Ontario. Its third and final season finished in April 2016.<ref name="tvbythenumber20150630">{{Cite web|last=Kondolojoy|first=Amanda|title='Bitten' Renewed for Third Season on Syfy|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/06/29/bitten-renewed-for-third-season-on-syfy/424129/|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|accessdate=June 30, 2015|date=June 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Season 3">{{Cite web|author=DarkUFO|title=Bitten - Season 3 will be the last|url=http://www.spoilertv.com/2015/12/bitten-season-3-will-be-last.html?m=1|work=SpoilerTV|date=December 9, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Series overview ==<br />
{{main article|List of Bitten episodes}}<br />
The first season the story centres on [[Elena Michaels]] (portrayed by [[Laura Vandervoort]]), a female [[werewolf]] who is torn between a normal life with her human boyfriend Philip in [[Toronto]] and her "family" obligations as a werewolf in [[upstate New York]]. Among her "pack" is her ex-fiancé Clayton, who is responsible for her becoming a werewolf.<ref name="nytimes20140113">{{Cite web|last=Genzlinger|first=Neil|title=If the Fur Doesn't Drive You Crazy, the Virus Will – 'Bitten' and 'Helix,' Both on Syfy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/13/arts/television/bitten-and-helix-both-on-syfy.html?|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 18, 2014|date=January 12, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second season [[Left Hand Path]] is the narrative as the story features on the aftermath of the battle as well as meeting the witches Paige and Ruth, who are looking to save their lost [[coven]] member, Savannah, from an evil warlock Aleister. <br />
{{:List of Bitten episodes}}<br />
<br />
== Cast and characters ==<br />
<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* [[Laura Vandervoort]] as [[Elena Michaels]]<br />
* [[Greyston Holt]] as Clayton Danvers<br />
* [[Greg Bryk]] as Jeremy Danvers<br />
* [[Paul Greene (actor)|Paul Greene]] as Philip McAdams (season 1)<br />
* Steve Lund as Nick Sorrentino<br />
* Michael Xavier as Logan Jonsen (seasons 1–2)<br />
* [[Genelle Williams]] as Rachel Sutton (recurring seasons 1–2; main season 3)<br />
* Tommie-Amber Pirie as Paige Winterbourne (recurring season 2; main season 3)<br />
<br />
=== Recurring cast ===<br />
* Paulino Nunes as Antonio Sorrentino (season 1)<br />
* [[Joel S. Keller|Joel Keller]] as Peter Myers (season 1)<br />
* Benjamin Ayres as Jorge Sorrentino (seasons 1, 3)<br />
* [[Elias Toufexis]] as Joey Stillwell (seasons 1-3)<br />
* Michael Luckett as Daniel Santos (season 1)<br />
* [[James McGowan (actor)|James McGowan]] as Malcolm Danvers (seasons 1–2)<br />
* Noah Danby as Zachary Cain (seasons 1–3)<br />
* Pascal Langdale as Karl Marsten (seasons 1–3)<br />
* Curtis Carravaggio as Thomas LeBlanc (season 1)<br />
* Patrick Garrow as Victor Olson (season 1)<br />
* Marc Bendavid as Scott Brandon (season 1)<br />
* Ryan Kelly as Nate Parker (seasons 1-2)<br />
* [[Dan Petronijevic]] as Samuel Boggs (season 1)<br />
* Fiona Highet as Sheriff Karen Morgan (seasons 1, 3)<br />
* Rogan Christopher as Deputy Paul O'Neil (season 1)<br />
* [[Natalie Brown (actress)|Natalie Brown]] as Diane McAdams (seasons 1–2)<br />
* [[Sherry Miller]] as Olivia McAdams (season 1)<br />
* [[Eve Harlow]] as Amber (season 1)<br />
* [[Natalie Lisinska]] as Sylvie (season 1)<br />
* Ace Hicks as Becky McAdams (season 1)<br />
* [[Evan Buliung]] as Michael Braxton (season 1)<br />
* [[Noah Cappe]] as Travis (season 1)<br />
* Chris Ratz as Jack (season 1)<br />
* Tammy Isbell as Ruth Winterbourne (season 2)<br />
* [[Sean Rogerson]] as Aleister (season 2)<br />
* Kiara Glasco as Savannah Levine (season 2)<br />
* Debra McCabe as Clara Sullivan (season 2)<br />
* Angela Besharah as Bridget (season 2)<br />
* Carly Street as Dr. Sondra Bauer (season 2)<br />
* [[Daniel Kash]] as Roman Navikev (seasons 2–3)<br />
* Brock Johnson as Richard Hart (season 2)<br />
* Mishka Thebaud as Eduardo Escobado (seasons 2-3)<br />
* Salvatore Antonio as Roderigo Sanchez (season 2)<br />
* [[John Ralston (actor)|John Ralston]] as Sasha Antonov (season 3)<br />
* Sofia Banzhaf as Katia Antonov (season 3)<br />
* Alex Ozerov as Alexei Antonov (season 3)<br />
* Rafael Petardi as Konstantin Sarantin (season 3)<br />
* Oliver Becker as The Albino (season 3)<br />
* Ian Lake as Anson Haight (season 3)<br />
* Ian Matthews as Bucky Durst (season 3)<br />
<br />
=== Guest Cast ===<br />
* [[Mackenzie Gray]] as Jimmy Koenig (season 1)<br />
* [[Shauna MacDonald]] as Lily Bevelaqua (season 2)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
On May 22, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes, with production beginning in Summer.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Paradox|title=Bitten – Renewed for 2nd Season by Space|url=http://www.spoilertv.com/2014/05/bitten-renewed-for-2nd-season-by-space.html|website=spoilertv.com|date=May 22, 2014|accessdate=April 13, 2015}}</ref> On May 22, 2015, Space confirmed the series to be renewed for a third season with filming set to begin summer/fall 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bitten Will Be Back For Season 3|url=http://bitten.space.ca/bitten-will-be-back/|publisher=[[Space (TV channel)|Space Channel]]|date=May 22, 2015|accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref> It was confirmed in December 2015 that the third season of ''Bitten'' would be the show's final season.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2015/12/09/the-last-bite-is-the-deepest-third-and-final-season-of-original-canadian-thriller-bitten-premieres-february-12-on-space-470402/20151209bell01/ |title=The Last Bite Is the Deepest: Third and Final Season of Original Canadian Thriller "Bitten" Premieres February 12 on Space |publisher=[[Bell Media]] |date=December 9, 2015 |accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Music ===<br />
[[Todor Kobakov]] was hired to compose the score for the series.<br />
<br />
==== Score ====<br />
{{Infobox album <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums --><br />
| Name = Bitten – Score Soundtrack Vol. 1<br />
| Type = film<br />
| Artist = [[Todor Kobakov]]<br />
| Cover = <br />
| Alt = <br />
| Released = {{Start date|2014|03|18}}<br />
| Recorded = <br />
| Genre =<br />
| Length = {{Duration|m=46|s=52}}<br />
| Label = [[Entertainment One Music|Entertainment One]]<br />
| Producer = <br />
| Last album = <br />
| This album = <br />
| Next album = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bitten – Score Soundtrack Vol. 1''''' was released on March 18, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitten Score Soundtrack|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00IZOL9GW|website=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=April 8, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
| headline = ''Bitten – Score Soundtrack Vol. 1''<br />
<br />
| title1 = Opening Theme<br />
| length1 = 0:35<br />
<br />
| title2 = Sexy Wolf<br />
| length2 = 3:08<br />
<br />
| title3 = The Pack Gathers<br />
| length3 = 1:15<br />
<br />
| title4 = Time for a Run<br />
| length4 = 0:40<br />
<br />
| title5 = Clay and Elena<br />
| length5 = 0:57<br />
<br />
| title6 = Clay Wins<br />
| length6 = 0:42<br />
<br />
| title7 = First Blood<br />
| length7 = 1:21<br />
<br />
| title8 = Naughty Dream<br />
| length8 = 1:33<br />
<br />
| title9 = Wolf Chaos<br />
| length9 = 1:46<br />
<br />
| title10 = Antonio at Work<br />
| length10 = 0:52<br />
<br />
| title11 = Clay and Elena Run<br />
| length11 = 2:23<br />
<br />
| title12 = Elena Gets Bitten<br />
| length12 = 2:51<br />
<br />
| title13 = First Transformation<br />
| length13 = 4:41<br />
<br />
| title14 = Santos Pleads His Case<br />
| length14 = 0:48<br />
<br />
| title15 = Positive<br />
| length15 = 0:40<br />
<br />
| title16 = Eyes in a Box<br />
| length16 = 1:44<br />
<br />
| title17 = Bad Time for a Sheriff<br />
| length17 = 1:14<br />
<br />
| title18 = Sheriff in the Den<br />
| length18 = 0:34<br />
<br />
| title19 = The Battle<br />
| length19 = 1:47<br />
<br />
| title20 = Clay and Elena Aftermath<br />
| length20 = 0:50<br />
<br />
| title21 = Clean Up<br />
| length21 = 0:51<br />
<br />
| title22 = A Baby and a Killer<br />
| length22 = 1:17<br />
<br />
| title23 = It's Joey<br />
| length23 = 1:03<br />
<br />
| title24 = Joey, Clay and Elena<br />
| length24 = 1:42<br />
<br />
| title25 = Meet Clay<br />
| length25 = 1:05<br />
<br />
| title26 = Tension at the Gallery<br />
| length26 = 1:16<br />
<br />
| title27 = Everything Is on Edge<br />
| length27 = 1:41<br />
<br />
| title28 = Trust Logan<br />
| length28 = 1:46<br />
<br />
| title29 = This Is a Nightmare<br />
| length29 = 1:40<br />
<br />
| title30 = We Have to Get Clay<br />
| length30 = 1:08<br />
<br />
| title31 = One More Thing to Fix<br />
| length31 = 1:46<br />
<br />
| title32 = Recap<br />
| length32 = 1:16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== ''InnerSpace: After Bite'' ===<br />
A live after-show titled ''InnerSpace: After Bite'' premiered on Space on February 7, 2015, following the season two premiere. ''After Bite'' features hosts Morgan Hoffman and [[Teddy Wilson (television personality)|Teddy Wilson]], discussing the latest episode with actors and producers of ''Bitten''.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Bitten'' has received mixed reviews. [[Metacritic]] gave the first season a score of 59 out of 100 (based on 8 reviews).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitten : Season 1|url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bitten|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=February 13, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
In ratings, ''Bitten'' averaged 348,000 viewers in its timeslot, making it Space's highest-rated original series of all time.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=BITTEN Sinks its Teeth into Viewers as Sexy Thriller Becomes Space’s #1 Original Series, Ever|url=http://www.bellmediapr.ca/Network/Space/Press/BITTEN-Becomes-Spaces-1-Original-Series-Ever-Season-1-Finale-airs-Saturday|accessdate=August 24, 2014|date=April 3, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! width=5%|Year !! width=30%|Award !! width=45%|Category !! width=40%|Nominee !! width=10%|Result !! width=3%|Reference<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2014 || [[Directors Guild of Canada|Directors Guild of Canada Awards]] || Production Design - Television Series || Rob Gray || {{nom}} || <ref>{{cite web|title=2014 nominees|url=https://www.dgc.ca/assets/Uploads/National/TheGuild/Documents/AWARDS2014/LONG-2014DGCAWARDSNOMINEESFINALENG.pdf|website=dgc.ca|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|[[Leo Awards]] || Best Screenwriting Dramatic Series || Daegan Fryklind || {{nom}} || rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 nominees|url=http://www.leoawards.com/past_winners/pdf/2014.pdf|website=leoawards.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series || [[Mackenzie Gray]] || {{won}} <br />
|-<br />
| Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series || [[Greyston Holt]] || {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || rowspan="2"|[[Golden Maple Awards]] || Best Actor in a TV Series Broadcasted in the U.S. || [[Greyston Holt]] || {{nom}} || <ref>{{cite web|last1=Levine|first1=Sydney|title=Golden Maple Awards’15 Winners Include Brandon Jay McLaren and Amanda Crew {{!}} IndieWire|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/golden-maple-awards15-winners-include-brandon-jay-mclaren-and-amanda-crew-171061/|website=www.indiewire.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2016 || Best Actress in a TV series broadcast in the U.S. || [[Laura Vandervoort]] || {{nom}} || <ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Maple Awards Nominees Unveiled|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/golden-maple-awards-nominees-unveiled-894363|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Prix Aurora Awards]] || Best Visual Presentation || ''Bitten'' || {{nom}} || <ref>{{cite web|last1=Publications|first1=Locus|title=Locus Online News » 2016 Aurora Awards Winners|url=http://www.locusmag.com/News/2016/08/2016-aurora-awards-winners/|website=www.locusmag.com|accessdate=18 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Broadcast ==<br />
The series was acquired by [[Syfy]] for airing in the United States,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/09/17/syfy-acquires-new-original-werewolf-drama-series-bitten-from-entertainment-one-523511/20130917syfy01/ |title=Syfy Acquires New Original Werewolf Drama Series "Bitten" from Entertainment One |publisher=[[Syfy]] |date=September 17, 2013 |accessdate=February 24, 2016 |via=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> and premiered in January 2014.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2014/01/03/syfys-new-lineup-of-sexy-supernatural-dramas-heats-up-mondays-beginning-january-13-from-8-11pm-987403/20140103syfy01/ |title=Syfy's New Lineup of Sexy Supernatural Dramas Heats Up Mondays Beginning January 13 from 8-11PM |publisher=[[Syfy]] |date=January 3, 2014 |accessdate=February 24, 2016 |via=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> It premiered in [[Australia]] on August 8, 2015 on [[FOX8]].<ref name="Aug3Fox">{{cite web|publisher=The Green Room|first=Charles|last=Purcell|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/New-this-week-Aug-3-Rogue-Jonathan-Strange-Bitten-7-Days-In-Hell/ba-p/85240|title=New this week (Aug 3): Rogue, Jonathan Strange, Bitten, 7 Days In Hell and live sport|date=July 30, 2015|accessdate=July 30, 2015|archivedate=July 30, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730104035/http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/New-this-week-Aug-3-Rogue-Jonathan-Strange-Bitten-7-Days-In-Hell/ba-p/85240}}</ref> SyfyUK commenced broadcast on 19 May 2016.<br />
<br />
== Home media ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 10em;" | Set details<br />
! scope="col" | [[Blu-ray]] and [[DVD]] release dates<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Special features<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 12em; font-size: 100%;"| [[Blu-ray#Region codes|Region A]]/[[DVD region code|1]]<ref>Canadian home media:<br />
* {{cite web|title=Bitten: Season 1 [Blu-ray]|url=https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00KM5F2SS/|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.ca]]|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Bitten: Season 1|url=https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00KM5F31O/|publisher=Amazon.ca|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Bitten – Season 2|url=https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00WAZHS4E/|publisher=Amazon.ca|accessdate=June 3, 2015}}<br />
</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[List of Bitten episodes#Season 1 (2014)|Bitten — The Complete First Season]]''<br />
|<br />
* Discs: 4<br />
* Episodes: 13<br />
| {{Start date|2014|08|12}}<br />
|<br />
* Behind-the-Scenes Featurette<br />
* Deleted Scenes<br />
* Split Screen Stunt Choreography<br />
* Audio Commentary with Laura Vandervort and Producers<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[List of Bitten episodes#Season 2 (2015)|Bitten — The Complete Second Season]]''<br />
|<br />
* Discs: 3<br />
* Episodes: 10<br />
| {{Start date|2015|07|07}}<br />
|<br />
* Behind-the-Scenes Featurette<br />
* Deleted and Extended Scenes<br />
* Stunt Choreography<br />
* Gag Reel<br />
* Gentling Video<br />
* ''Bitten'' [[New York Comic Con]] Panel<br />
* ''[[#InnerSpace: After Bite|Innerspace: After Bite]]''<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[List of Bitten episodes#Season 3 (2016)|Bitten — The Final Season]]''<br />
|<br />
* Discs: 3<br />
* Episodes: 10<br />
| {{Start date|2016|07|19}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''Bitten: The Complete Series''<br />
|<br />
* Discs: 10<br />
* Episodes: 33<br />
| {{Start date|2016|10|11}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{portal|Television in Canada}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://bitten.space.ca/}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|2365946}}<br />
<br />
{{Syfy Shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s Canadian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Canadian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Canadian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian fantasy television series]]<br />
[[Category:English-language television programs]]<br />
[[Category:Space (TV channel) network shows]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Toronto]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Toronto]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Werewolves in television]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by Bell Media]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by Entertainment One]]<br />
[[Category:Witchcraft in television]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polygon_triangulation&diff=814591128Polygon triangulation2017-12-09T19:16:16Z<p>Ronstew: /* Computational complexity */ hopefully better wording</p>
<hr />
<div>In [[computational geometry]], '''polygon triangulation''' is the decomposition of a [[polygonal area]] ([[simple polygon]]) '''P''' into a set of [[triangles]],<ref name= bkos>{{Citation|author = [[Mark de Berg]], [[Marc van Kreveld]], [[Mark Overmars]], and [[Otfried Schwarzkopf]] | year = 2000 | title = Computational Geometry | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | edition = 2nd revised | isbn = 3-540-65620-0}} Chapter 3: Polygon Triangulation: pp.45–61.</ref> i.e., finding a set of triangles with pairwise non-intersecting interiors whose union is '''P'''.<br />
<br />
Triangulations may be viewed as special cases of [[planar straight-line graph]]s. When there are no holes or added points, triangulations form [[outerplanar graph|maximal outerplanar graphs]].<br />
<br />
== Polygon triangulation without extra vertices ==<br />
<br />
Over time a number of algorithms have been proposed to triangulate a polygon.<br />
<br />
=== Special cases ===<br />
[[File:Polygon Triangulations (heptagon).svg|thumb|The 42 possible triangulations for a [[convex region|convex]] [[heptagon]] (7-sided convex polygon). This number is given by the 5th [[Catalan number]].]]<br />
It is trivial to triangulate any [[convex polygon]] in [[linear time]] into a [[fan triangulation]], by adding diagonals from one vertex to all other vertices. <br />
<br />
The total number of ways to triangulate a convex ''n''-gon by non-intersecting diagonals is the (''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1)-th [[Catalan number]], which equals <math>\tfrac{n \cdot (n+1) \cdots (2n-4)}{(n-2)!}</math>, a solution found by [[Leonhard Euler]].<ref>[[Clifford Pickover|Pickover, Clifford A.]], ''The Math Book'', Sterling, 2009: p. 184.</ref><br />
<br />
A [[monotone polygon]] can be triangulated in linear time with either the algorithm of [[Alain Fournier|A. Fournier]] and D.Y. Montuno,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fournier |first1=A. |author1-link=Alain Fournier |last2=Montuno |first2=D. Y. |author2-link= |title=Triangulating simple polygons and equivalent problems |journal=[[ACM Transactions on Graphics]] |volume=3 |issue=2 | year=1984 <!--|month=April--> |pages=153–174 |issn=0730-0301 |doi=10.1145/357337.357341}}</ref> or the algorithm of [[Godfried Toussaint]].<ref>Toussaint, Godfried T. (1984), "A new linear algorithm for triangulating monotone polygons," ''Pattern Recognition Letters'', '''2''' (March):155–158.</ref><br />
<br />
===Ear clipping method===<br />
[[Image:Polygon-ear.png|thumb|A polygon ear]]<br />
One way to triangulate a simple polygon is based on the [[two ears theorem]], the fact that any simple polygon with at least 4 vertices without holes has at least two '[[Ear (mathematics)|ear]]s', which are triangles with two sides being the edges of the polygon and the third one completely inside it.<ref>Meisters, G. H., "Polygons have ears." American Mathematical Monthly 82 (1975). 648–651</ref> The algorithm then consists of finding such an ear, removing it from the polygon (which results in a new polygon that still meets the conditions) and repeating until there is only one triangle left.<br />
<br />
This algorithm is easy to implement, but slower than some other algorithms, and it only works on polygons without holes. An implementation that keeps separate lists of convex and concave vertices will run in ''O''(''n''<sup>2</sup>) time. This method is known as ''ear clipping'' and sometimes ''ear trimming''. An efficient algorithm for cutting off ears was discovered by Hossam ElGindy, Hazel Everett, and [[Godfried Toussaint]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = ElGindy | first1 = H. | last2 = Everett | first2 = H. | last3 = Toussaint | first3 = G. T. | year = 1993 | title = Slicing an ear using prune-and-search | url = | journal = Pattern Recognition Letters | volume = 14 | issue = 9| pages = 719–722 | doi=10.1016/0167-8655(93)90141-y}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Using monotone polygons===<br />
[[Image:Polygon-to-monotone.png|thumb|Breaking a polygon into monotone polygons]]<br />
A simple polygon may be decomposed into [[monotone polygon]]s as follows.<ref name= bkos/><br />
<br />
For each point, check if the neighboring points are both on the same side of the '[[sweep line]]', a horizontal or vertical line on which the point being iterated lies. If they are, check the next sweep line on the other side. Break the polygon on the line between the original point and one of the points on this one.<br />
<br />
Note that if you are moving downwards, the points where both of the vertices are below the sweep line are 'split points'. They mark a split in the polygon. From there you have to consider both sides separately.<br />
<br />
Using this algorithm to triangulate a simple polygon takes ''O''(''n''&nbsp;log&nbsp;''n'') time.<br />
<br />
=== Dual graph of a triangulation ===<br />
<br />
A useful graph that is often associated with a triangulation of a polygon {{math|<var>P</var>}} is the [[dual graph]]. Given a triangulation {{math|<var>T<sub>P</sub></var>}} of {{math|<var>P</var>}}, one defines the graph {{math|<var>G</var>(<var>T<sub>P</sub></var>)}} as the graph whose vertex set are the triangles of {{math|<var>T<sub>P</sub></var>}}, two vertices (triangles) being adjacent if and only if they share a diagonal. It is easy to observe that {{math|<var>G</var>(<var>T<sub>P</sub></var>)}} is a [[Tree (graph theory)|tree]] with maximum degree 3.<br />
<br />
===Computational complexity===<br />
Until 1988, whether a [[simple polygon]] can be triangulated faster than {{math|O(<var>n</var> log <var>n</var>)}} time was an open problem in computational geometry.<ref name= bkos/> Then, {{harvtxt|Tarjan|Van Wyk|1988}} discovered an {{math|O(<var>n</var> log log <var>n</var>)}}-time algorithm for triangulation,<ref>{{citation<br />
| last1 = Tarjan | first1 = Robert E. | author1-link = Robert Tarjan<br />
| last2 = Van Wyk | first2 = Christopher J.<br />
| doi = 10.1137/0217010<br />
| issue = 1<br />
| journal = [[SIAM Journal on Computing]]<br />
| mr = 925194<br />
| pages = 143–178<br />
| title = An O(''n'' log log ''n'')-time algorithm for triangulating a simple polygon<br />
| volume = 17<br />
| year = 1988}}.</ref> later simplified by {{harvtxt|Kirkpatrick|Klawe|Tarjan|1992}}.<ref>{{citation<br />
| last1 = Kirkpatrick | first1 = David G. | author1-link = David G. Kirkpatrick<br />
| last2 = Klawe | first2 = Maria M. | author2-link = Maria Klawe<br />
| last3 = Tarjan | first3 = Robert E. | author3-link = Robert Tarjan<br />
| doi = 10.1007/BF02187846<br />
| issue = 4<br />
| journal = [[Discrete and Computational Geometry]]<br />
| mr = 1148949<br />
| pages = 329–346<br />
| title = Polygon triangulation in O(''n'' log log ''n'') time with simple data structures<br />
| volume = 7<br />
| year = 1992}}.</ref> Several improved methods with complexity [[Big O notation#Orders of common functions|{{math|O(<var>n</var> log<sup>*</sup> <var>n</var>)}}]] (in practice, indistinguishable from [[linear time]]) followed.<ref>{{citation<br />
| last1 = Clarkson | first1 = Kenneth L. | author1-link = Kenneth L. Clarkson<br />
| last2 = Tarjan | first2 = Robert | author2-link = Robert Tarjan<br />
| last3 = van Wyk | first3 = Christopher J.<br />
| doi = 10.1007/BF02187741<br />
| journal = [[Discrete and Computational Geometry]]<br />
| pages = 423–432<br />
| title = A fast Las Vegas algorithm for triangulating a simple polygon<br />
| volume = 4<br />
| year = 1989}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Seidel|first=Raimund |author-link= Raimund Seidel| title=A Simple and Fast Incremental Randomized Algorithm for Computing Trapezoidal Decompositions and for Triangulating Polygons |journal=[[Computational Geometry (journal)|Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications]] |volume=1 |year=1991 |pages=51–64 |doi=10.1016/0925-7721(91)90012-4}}</ref><ref>{{citation<br />
| last1 = Clarkson | first1 = Kenneth L. | author1-link = Kenneth L. Clarkson<br />
| last2 = Cole | first2 = Richard<br />
| last3 = Tarjan | first3 = Robert E. | author3-link = Robert Tarjan<br />
| doi = 10.1142/S0218195992000081<br />
| issue = 2<br />
| journal = International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications<br />
| mr = 1168952<br />
| pages = 117–133<br />
| title = Randomized parallel algorithms for trapezoidal diagrams<br />
| volume = 2<br />
| year = 1992}}.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Bernard Chazelle]] showed in 1991 that any simple polygon can be triangulated in linear time, though the proposed algorithm is very complex.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chazelle |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Chazelle | title=Triangulating a Simple Polygon in Linear Time |journal=Discrete & Computational Geometry |volume=6 |year=1991|pages=485–524 |issn=0179-5376 |doi=10.1007/BF02574703}}</ref> A simpler randomized algorithm with linear expected time is also known.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Amato |first1=Nancy M. |last2=Goodrich |first2=Michael T. |author2-link=Michael T. Goodrich|last3=Ramos |first3=Edgar A. |title=A Randomized Algorithm for Triangulating a Simple Polygon in Linear Time |journal=Discrete & Computational Geometry |volume=26 |year=2001 <!--|month=May--> |pages=245–265 |issn=0179-5376 |doi=10.1007/s00454-001-0027-x |url=http://parasol.tamu.edu/publications/abstract.php?pub_id=185 |issue=2}}</ref><br />
<br />
Seidel's decomposition algorithm and Chazelle's triangulation method are discussed in detail in {{harvtxt|Li|Klette|2011}}.<br />
<ref>{{citation<br />
| last1 = Li | first1 = Fajie<br />
| last2 = Klette | first2 = Reinhard<br />
| title = Euclidean Shortest Paths<br />
| publisher = [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]<br />
| doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-2256-2<br />
| ISBN = 978-1-4471-2255-5<br />
| year = 2011}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The [[time complexity]] of triangulation of an {{math|<var>n</var>}}-vertex polygon ''with'' holes has an {{math|Ω(<var>n</var> log <var>n</var>)}} [[lower bound]].<ref name= bkos/><br />
<br />
== Related problems ==<br />
[[Minimum-weight triangulation]] is a triangulation in which the goal is to minimize the total edge length, rather than the number of triangles.<br />
<br />
Both triangulation problems are a special case of [[triangulation (geometry)]] and a special case of [[polygon partition]].<br />
<br />
A [[point set triangulation]] is a polygon triangulation of the convex hull of a set of points. A [[Delaunay triangulation]] is another way to create a triangulation based on a set of points.<br />
<br />
A related problem is [[Polygon covering#Covering a polygon with triangles|polygon triangle covering]], in which the triangles may overlap. Another related problem is [[Euclidean tilings by convex regular polygons|tiling by polygons]], where the goal is to cover the entire plane with polygons of pre-specified shapes.<br />
<br />
=== See also ===<br />
* [[Nonzero-rule]]<br />
* [[Catalan number]]<br />
* [[Planar graph]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://computacion.cs.cinvestav.mx/~anzures/geom/triangulation.php Demo as Flash swf], A Sweep Line algorithm.<br />
* [http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_tessellation.html Song Ho's explanation of the OpenGL GLU tesselator]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polygon Triangulation}}<br />
[[Category:Triangulation (geometry)]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(2017_TV_series)&diff=812525909Belle and Sebastian (2017 TV series)2017-11-28T09:27:29Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
<hr />
<div>Belle and Sebastian is an animated children's television program, one of many adaptations of the 1965 [[Belle et Sébastien|novel]] by Cécile Aubry. This version is a Canada-France coproduction by the [[Gaumont Animation]] Groupe.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{stub}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_et_S%C3%A9bastien&diff=812525684Belle et Sébastien2017-11-28T09:24:38Z<p>Ronstew: /* Adaptations */ added a link to the newest adaptation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the novel||Belle and Sebastian (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Belle and Sébastien<br />
| title_orig = Belle et Sébastien<br />
| translator = <br />
| image = File:BelleEtSebastien.jpg<br />
| caption = First edition<br />
| author = [[Cécile Aubry]]<br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = France<br />
| language = French<br />
| series = <br />
| subject = <br />
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]]<br />
| publisher = [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]]<br />
| pub_date = 1965<br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = <br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Belle et Sébastien''''' is a novel by [[Cécile Aubry]]<ref>{{cite book |title= Belle et Sébastien |last=Aubry |first=Cécile |authorlink=Cécile Aubry |year=1965 |publisher=Hachette |location= |isbn= |page=184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Cécile Aubry obituary|work= Guardian|date=2010-07-30|url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/30/cecile-aubry-obituary|accessdate=2010-08-14 | location=London | first=Ronald | last=Bergan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Cécile Aubry: French actress who went on to create the much-loved children's TV series 'Belle et Sébastien'|work= Independent|date=2010-07-31|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ccile-aubry-french-actress-who-went-on-to-create-the-muchloved-childrens-tv-series-belle-et-sbastien-2040068.html|accessdate=2010-08-14 | location=London | first=Pierre | last=Perrone}}</ref><br />
about a six-year-old boy named Sébastien and his [[dog]] Belle, a [[Great Pyrenees]], who live in a village in the [[French Alps]] close to the Italian border. Sébastien lives with his adopted grandfather, sister, and brother, as his mother, a [[Romani people|Romani]], died after giving birth to him while trying to cross the border on [[Saint Sebastian]]'s day. The novel, known in [[English language|English-speaking]] countries as '''''Belle and Sebastian''''', was made into a French [[live action]] [[Television program#series|television series]] in 1965, a Japanese [[anime]] version nearly two decades later and a motion picture in 2013, followed by a sequel in 2015.<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
<br />
===Belle et Sébastien (1965–1970)===<br />
{{main|Belle and Sebastian (French TV series)}}<br />
<br />
The novel was filmed in France as live action in black and white. The BBC dubbed it into English, and anglicized the title to "Belle and Sebastian", and it became a favourite on children's television, shown a few times.<br />
<br />
The serial spawned two further 13 part colour film sequels 'Sebastien parmi les Hommes' (Sebastien Among Men) (1968) retitled '[[Belle, Sebastian and the Horses]]' by the BBC and 'Sebastien et la Mary-Morgane' (Sebastian and the Mary Morgan) (1970) this second sequel was not broadcast by the BBC.<br />
<br />
The [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[indie pop]] band [[Belle & Sebastian]] took their name from the TV series.<ref name="grd">{{Citation |last=Strong |first=Martin Charles |title=The Great Rock Discography: Complete Discographies Listing Every Track Recorded By More Than 1200 Artists |publisher=[[Canongate U.S.]] |year=2004 |page=122 |isbn=1-84195-615-5}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Wilson |first=Dave |title=Rock Formations: Categorical Answers to How Band Names Were Formed |publisher=[[Cidermill Books]] |year=2005 |page=105 |isbn=0-9748483-5-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Meiken Jolie (1981)===<br />
{{main|Belle and Sebastian (Japanese TV series)}}<br />
<br />
The [[anime]] version, released initially under its [[Japan]]ese name of ''Meiken Jolie'',<ref>{{cite news|title= French film star Cecile Aubry dies at 81|work= BBC|date=2010-07-21|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10709826|accessdate=2010-08-14}}</ref> was created in 1980, a joint production of MK Company, Visual 80 Productions and [[Toho|Toho Company, Ltd.]], with animation director Toshiyuki Kashiwakura helming the project and character designs from Shuichi Seki. The show was broadcast on French, Italian and Japanese television in 1981, with [[United States|American]] cable network [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] picking it up in 1984.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0283710/ "Meiken Jolie" (1981)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
===Belle et Sébastien (Motion Picture 2013)===<br />
{{main|Belle and Sebastian (film)}}<br />
<br />
In 2013 the novel was filmed again by director [[Nicolas Vanier]] (Original Title: ''Belle et Sébastien'') targeting a family audience, but placing it at the French-Swiss border (Haute-Maurienne-Vanoise) in 1943 and adding a storyline about fugitives crossing the mountains to the child-friendly boy-befriends-dog story.<br />
<br />
===Belle et Sébastien: l'aventure continue (Motion Picture 2015)===<br />
{{main|Belle & Sebastian: The Adventure Continues}}<br />
A sequel to the 2013 film (Original Title: ''Belle et Sébastien: l'aventure continue''), set in 1945 and directed by Canadian director [[Christian Duguay (director)|Christian Duguay]], was released on December 9, 2015.<ref>[http://www.gaumont.fr/fr/film/Belle-et-Sebastien-l-aventure-continue.html Belle et Sébastien: l'aventure continue]</ref><br />
<br />
===Belle et Sébastien (2017)===<br />
{{main|Belle and Sebastian (2017 Canadian, French animated TV series)}}<br />
<br />
A production by Gaumont Animation, shown on [[Knowledge_Network|Knowledge]], in British Columbia.<ref>http://www.knowledgekids.ca/videos/belle-and-sebastian</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0166900|title=Belle et Sébastien}} : the live action 1965 version<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0283710|title=Meiken Jolie}} : the 1981 anime version<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=3146360|title=Belle et Sébastien}} : the 2013 film version<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Belle et Sebastien}}<br />
[[Category:1965 novels]]<br />
[[Category:French adventure novels]]<br />
[[Category:French children's novels]]<br />
[[Category:Dogs in literature]]<br />
[[Category:Children's novels about animals]]<br />
[[Category:1965 children's books]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Belle et Sébastien]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(disambiguation)&diff=812524987Belle and Sebastian (disambiguation)2017-11-28T09:15:11Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Belle and Sebastian]]''' are a Scottish indie pop band.<br />
<br />
'''Belle and Sebastian''' may also refer to:<br />
<br />
* "Belle and Sebastian", song by the band first appearing on the ''[[Dog on Wheels]]'' EP<br />
* ''[[Belle et Sébastien]]'', novel by Cécile Aubry about a boy named Sébastien and his dog Belle<br />
** [[Belle and Sebastian (French TV series)|''Belle and Sebastian'' (French TV series)]], English title of French television adaptation of the novel<br />
** [[Belle and Sebastian (Japanese TV series)|''Belle and Sebastian'' (Japanese TV series)]], Japanese anime adaptation of the novel, also known as ''Meiken Jolie''<br />
** [[Belle and Sebastian (film)|''Belle and Sebastian'' (film)]], French film adaptation of the novel.<br />
** [[Belle and Sebastian (2017 Canadian, French animated TV series)|''Belle and Sebastian'', (2017 Canadian, French animated TV series)]], 2017 adaptation<br />
{{disambiguation}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaumont_Animation&diff=812523944Gaumont Animation2017-11-28T09:08:19Z<p>Ronstew: /* Series */ link to new stub for Bele & Sebastian</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Gaumont Animation<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]] of [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]]<br />
| logo = Gaumont Animation logo.svg<br />
| fate = <br />
| foundation = 1997 as Alphanim<br>2009 as Gaumont Alphanim<br>2013 as Gaumont Animation |<br />
| defunct = <br />
| location_city = [[Vincennes]] <br />
| location_country= [[France]] <br />
| successor = <br />
| key_people = '''Founder''':<br>Christian Davin<br/> '''Managing Director''':<br>Pierre Belaïsch<br />
| industry = [[Animation]]<br />
| products = Consisting mainly of children's animation productions (TV series, movies)<br />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.gaumontanimation.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gaumont Animation''' (founded in 1997 as '''Alphanim''', recent name acquired in 2013) is a leading, award-winning producer and distributor of children's entertainment. The company has produced and distributes a catalogue of over 30 kids' television series and 800 half-hours of animation broadcast in over 130 countries. Flagship titles are Dude That's My Ghost (52×13’), Lanfeust Quest (26×26’), Galactik Football (78×26’), Robotboy (104×13’) and SantApprentice (52×13’ & 2 feature films).<br />
The studio is currently in production of 104×13’ new episodes of ''[[Calimero]]'' and ''[[Noddy, Toyland Detective]]''.<br />
<br />
==Productions==<br />
<br />
===Series===<br />
*''[[Animal Crackers (TV series)|Animal Crackers]]'' (1998, co-production with [[Cookie Jar Group|Cinar]])<br />
*''[[Atomic Puppet]]'' (2016, co-production with [[Mercury Filmworks]], [[Technicolor SA|Technicolor Entertainment]])<br />
*''[[The Baskervilles]]'' (1999, co-production with [[Cookie Jar Group|Cinar]] Production Inc., [[France 2]])<br />
*''[[Belle and Sebastian (2017 Canadian, French animated TV series)|Belle and Sebastian]]'' (2017)<br />
*''Bottom's Up'' (2020)<br />
*''[[Calimero]]'' (2014, co-production with Calidra, Studio Campbell, [[TV Tokyo]], and [[Kodansha]]) <br />
*''Cooking? Child's Play!'' (2005, co-production with CCA, Tiji)<br />
*''Cosmic Cowboys'' (2003, co-production with [[France 3]], Tooncan Productions VI Inc., Europool)<br />
*''[[Creepschool]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Happy Life]], [[Cookie Jar Group|Cinar]] Corporation, [[France 3]])<br />
*''[[Delta State (TV series)|Delta State]] ''(2004, co-production [[France 2]], [[Nelvana]] Limited, Deltanim Productions Inc.)<br />
*''[[Dude, That's My Ghost!]]'' (2013)<br />
*''[[F is for Family]]'' (2015, co-production with [[Vince Vaughn]]-owned Wild West Television)<br />
*''[[Franklin (TV series)|Franklin]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Nelvana|Nelvana Limited]], [[TF1]], [[LuxAnimation]], Neurohouse, [[Funbag Animation Studios]], [[TFO|Mini TFO]], and [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]])<br />
*''Furry Wheels'' (2017)<br />
*''[[Galactik Football]]'' (2006, co-production with [[France 2]])<br />
*''[[Gawayn]]'' (2010)<ref>[http://www.gaumontanimation.com/catalogues/gawayn-seasons-1-2/ Gawayn profile]</ref><br />
*''Going Cuckoo'' (2018)<br />
*''[[Hairy Scary]]'' (2007, co-production with Europool, [[Super RTL]])<br />
*''[[Herself the Elf]]'' (TBA, co-production with [[American Greetings]])<br />
*''[[Lanfeust Quest]]'' (2014)<br />
*''[[Matt's Monsters]]'' (2008)<br />
*''[[Mona the Vampire]]'' (1999, 2001–2003, co-production with [[Cookie Jar Group|Cinar Corp.]], [[France 3]], [[Canal J]], Tiji, Agogo Media)''<br />
*''Mouss & Boubidi'' (2009)<br />
*''[[Noddy, Toyland Detective]]'' (2016, co-production with [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks Television Animation]], [[France 5]], [[France Télévisions]])<br />
*''[[Potatoes and Dragons]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Cookie Jar Group|Cookie Jar Entertainment]] Inc., [[Canal J]], Europool)<br />
*''Powerball'' (2020)<br />
*''Ralf the Record Rat'' (2003, co-production with [[Blue Water Studios|Ocean Sound Studios Ltd.]], [[Canal J]])<br />
*''[[Redwall (TV series)|Redwall]]'' (1999, co-production with [[Nelvana Limited]], [[France 2]], [[France 3]])<br />
*''[[Ripley's Believe It or Not! (TV series)#Animated series (1999)|Ripley's Believe It or Not!]]'' (co-production with [[Cookie Jar Group|Cinar]])<br />
*''[[Robotboy]]'' (2005, co-production with [[France 3]], [[Cartoon Network]])<br />
*''Roddy Longbottom'' (2019)<br />
*''[[SantApprentice]]'' (2006, co-production with [[France 5]], Europool)<br />
*''[[Spaced Out]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Canal+]], Tooncan Productions Inc.)<br />
*''[[The Small Giant]]'' (2010)<br />
*''[[The Green Squad]]'' (2010)<br />
*''[[The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog]]'' (2010)<br />
*''Toto Trouble'' (2010)<br />
*''Trullalleri'' (2017)<br />
*''Welcome to Bric-a-Broc'' (2019)<br />
*''Woofy'' (2004, co-production with Tooncan Production Inc., [[France 5]])<br />
*''[[X-DuckX]]'' (2001–2002, co-production with [[France 3]]. Tooncan Productions Inc., Europool.)<br />
*''Zap Junior High'' (2007)<br />
*''[[Zombie Hotel]]'' (2005, co-produced with Telegael, [[Magma]], [[Canal J]])<br />
*''[[Pok & Mok]]''<br />
<br />
===Features===<br />
*''[[Franklin and the Turtle Lake Treasure]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Nelvana Limited]], [[StudioCanal]] and Europool)<br />
*''[[Eleanor's Secret]]'' (2009, co-produced with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]])<br />
*''[[Santa's Apprentice]]'' (2010, co-produced with Avril Stark Entertainment, [[Cartoon Saloon]] and [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]])<br />
*''[[The Magic Snowflake]]'' (2013, co-produced with Snipple Animation, Dapaco Productions and [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.gaumontanimation.com Gaumont Animation official website]<br />
*[http://www.imdb.com/company/co0285075/ Gaumont-Alphanim] at [[Internet Movie Database]]<br />
<br />
{{Animation industry in France}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gaumont Animation| ]]<br />
[[Category:French animation studios]]<br />
[[Category:Gaumont Film Company]]<br />
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:Media companies established in 1997]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(2017_TV_series)&diff=812523848Belle and Sebastian (2017 TV series)2017-11-28T09:07:12Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
<hr />
<div>Belle and Sebastian is an animated children's television program, one of many adaptations of the 1965 [[Belle et Sébastien|novel]] by Cécile Aubry. This version is a Canada-France coproduction by the [[Gaumont Animation]] Groupe.</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(2017_TV_series)&diff=812523796Belle and Sebastian (2017 TV series)2017-11-28T09:06:28Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
<hr />
<div>Belle and Sebastian is an animated children's television program, one of many adaptations of the 1965 [[Belle et Sébastien|novel]] by Cécile Aubry. This version is a Canada-France coproduction by the [[Gaumonte_Animation]] Groupe.</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(2017_TV_series)&diff=812523757Belle and Sebastian (2017 TV series)2017-11-28T09:05:56Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
<hr />
<div>Belle and Sebastian is an animated children's television program, one of many adaptations of the 1965 [[Belle et Sébastien|novel]] by Cécile Aubry. This version is a Canada-France coproduction by the [[Gaumonte Animation]] Groupe.</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_and_Sebastian_(2017_TV_series)&diff=812523718Belle and Sebastian (2017 TV series)2017-11-28T09:05:28Z<p>Ronstew: New stub</p>
<hr />
<div>Belle and Sebastian is an animated children's television program, one of many adaptations of the 1965 [[Belle et Sébastien|novel]] by Cécile Aubry. This version is a Canada-France coproduction by the [Gaumonte Animation] Groupe.</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Weather_Station&diff=806165663The Weather Station2017-10-20T03:50:34Z<p>Ronstew: corrected band web site url</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = The Weather Station<br />
| image = Tamara Lindeman at Hillside Festival 2015.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Frontwoman Tamara Lindeman performing at the 2015 [[Hillside Festival]]<br />
| background = group_or_band<br />
| alias = <br />
| origin = [[Toronto]]<br />
| genre = [[Folk music]], [[experimental music]]<br />
| years_active = {{start date|2006}}–present<br />
| label = Paradise of Bachelors (U.S., Europe, Australia) and [[Outside Music]] (Canada); previously [[You've Changed Records]]<br />
| associated_acts = [[Bahamas (musician)|Bahamas]], [[Bruce Peninsula (band)|Bruce Peninsula]], [[Daniel Romano]], [[Steve Lambke|Baby Eagle]], [[Marine Dreams]]<br />
| website = {{url|theweatherstation.net}}<br />
| current_members = [[Tamara Lindeman]], Ben Whiteley, Adrian Cook, Ian Kehoe<br />
| past_members = Jack Donovan, Simon Borer, Dwight Schenk, Elaine Kelly<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Weather Station''' is a Canadian [[folk music]] band fronted by [[Tamara Lindeman]], formed in 2006. The band membership has changed over the years, but now includes Lindeman, with Ben Whiteley on bass, Adrian Cook on pedal steel, and Ian Kehoe on drums.<br />
<br />
The debut album ''The Line'' was released in 2009. The second album, ''All of It Was Mine'', made in collaboration with [[Daniel Romano]], was released in 2011.<ref>Terauds, John (August 15, 2011). "[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2011/08/15/weather_stations_pleasant_evenings_and_more.html Weather Station’s pleasant evenings, and more]", ''[[Toronto Star]]''. Retrieved February 26, 2015.</ref><ref>Masters, Marc and Currin, Grayson (March 15, 2012). "[http://pitchfork.com/features/the-out-door/8788-border-crossing/4/ The Out Door: Border Crossing: Deciding Factors: The Weather Station]", [[Pitchfork.com]]. Retrieved February 26, 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
Lindeman was a nominee for the 2013 [[SOCAN Songwriting Prize]] for The Weather Station song "Mule in the Flowers", cowritten with [[Steve Lambke]].<ref>(July 10, 2013). "[http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2013/07/10/arts-mo-kenney-socan-prize.html Mo Kenney claims SOCAN songwriting prize]". [[CBC News]]. Retrieved February 26, 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
The third album, ''Loyalty'', was recorded at La Frette studios near Paris, France, with [[Afie Jurvanen]] and Robbie Lackritz, who has worked on albums with [[Bahamas (musician)|Bahamas]], [[Feist (singer)|Feist]], [[Zeus (band)|Zeus]], and [[Jason Collett]]. ''Loyalty'' was released May 5, 2015 on Paradise of Bachelors (U.S., worldwide), and [[Outside Music]] (Canada).<ref>Wheeler, Brad (May 8, 2015). "[https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/why-toronto-folk-singer-weather-station-is-a-warm-patch-of-sunlight/article24332921/ Why Toronto folk singer Weather Station is a warm patch of sunlight]", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Retrieved September 4, 2017.</ref><ref>Murphy, Sarah (January 14, 2015). "[http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/weather_station_signs_to_paradise_of_bachelors_for_loyalty_lp The Weather Station Signs to Paradise of Bachelors for 'Loyalty' LP]", ''[[Exclaim!]]''. Retrieved February 26, 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
* ''East'' EP (2008)<br />
* ''The Line'' (2009)<br />
* ''All of It Was Mine'' (2011)<br />
* ''Duets #1–3'' (2013)<br />
* ''What Am I Going to Do with Everything I Know'' EP (2014)<ref>Currin, Grayson Haver (October 17, 2014). "[http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19825-weather-station-what-am-i-going-to-do-with-everything-i-know/ The Weather Station: What Am I Going to Do With Everything I Know]", [[Pitchfork.com]]. Retrieved February 26, 2015.</ref><ref>Houle, Zachary (October 16, 2014). "[http://www.popmatters.com/review/186686-the-weather-station-what-am-i-going-to-do-with-everything-i-know-ep/ The Weather Station: What Am I Going to Do With Everything I Know EP]", [[PopMatters]]. Retrieved February 26, 2015.</ref><br />
* ''Loyalty'' (2015)<ref>Currin, Grayson Haver (May 5, 2015). "[http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/20330-loyalty/ The Weather Station: Loyalty]", [[Pitchfork.com]]. Retrieved May 9. 2015.</ref><br />
* ''The Weather Station'' (2017)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|the-weather-station.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Weather Station, The}}<br />
[[Category:Canadian folk rock groups]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups from Toronto]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2006]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_steel&diff=805059340Electrical steel2017-10-12T20:07:12Z<p>Ronstew: /* Magnetic properties */ Greek letter mu and subscript</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Grain-oriented electrical steel (grains).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35| [[Crystallite|Polycrystalline structure]] of electrical steel after coating has been removed.]]<br />
<br />
'''Electrical steel''' ('''lamination steel''', '''silicon electrical steel''', '''silicon steel''', '''relay steel''', '''transformer steel''') is a special [[steel]] tailored to produce specific [[magnetic]] properties: small [[hysteresis]] area resulting in low power loss per cycle, low [[core loss]], and high [[permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]].<br />
<br />
Electrical steel is usually manufactured in [[cold rolling|cold-rolled]] strips less than 2&nbsp;mm thick. These strips are cut to shape to make [[lamination]]s which are stacked together to form the [[laminated core]]s of [[transformer]]s, and the [[stator]] and [[Rotor (electric)|rotor]] of [[electric motor]]s. Laminations may be cut to their finished shape by a punch and die or, in smaller quantities, may be cut by a laser, or by [[wire erosion|wire EDM]].<br />
<br />
==Metallurgy==<br />
Electrical steel is an iron alloy which may have from zero to 6.5% silicon (Si:5Fe). Commercial alloys usually have silicon content up to 3.2% (higher concentrations usually provoke brittleness during cold rolling). [[Manganese]] and [[aluminum]] can be added up to 0.5%.<br />
<br />
Silicon significantly increases the electrical resistivity of the steel, which decreases the induced [[eddy current]]s and narrows the [[hysteresis loop]] of the material, thus lowering the [[core loss]].<ref>K.H.J. Buschow et al, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Materials:Science and Technology'', Elsevier, 2001, {{ISBN|0-08-043152-6}} pp.4807-4808</ref> However, the grain structure hardens and embrittles the metal, which adversely affects the workability of the material, especially when rolling it. When alloying, the concentration levels of [[carbon]], [[sulfur]], [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]] must be kept low, as these elements indicate the presence of [[carbide]]s, [[sulfide]]s, [[oxide]]s and [[nitride]]s. These compounds, even in particles as small as one micrometer in diameter, increase [[hysteresis loss]]es while also decreasing [[magnetic permeability]]. The presence of carbon has a more detrimental effect than sulfur or oxygen. Carbon also causes [[magnetism|magnetic]] aging when it slowly leaves the solid solution and precipitates as carbides, thus resulting in an increase in power loss over time. For these reasons, the carbon level is kept to 0.005% or lower. The carbon level can be reduced by [[Annealing (metallurgy)|annealing]] the steel in a [[decarburizing]] atmosphere, such as [[hydrogen]].<ref>[http://blues.franko.lviv.ua/publishbd/articles/11/249/669/38_02.pdf Y. Sidor, F. Kovac: Contribution to modeling of decarburization process in electrical steels]</ref><br />
<br />
===Iron-silicon relay steel===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Steel Type !! Nominal Composition<ref>{{cite web|title=ASTM A867|url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/A867.htm|work=ASTM A867|publisher=ASTM|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref> || Alternate Description<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || 1.1% Si-Fe || Silicon Core Iron "A"<ref>{{cite web|title=Silicon Core Iron "A"|url=http://cartech.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?i=103&e=193&c=TechArt|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1F || 1.1% Si-Fe free machining || Silicon Core Iron "A-FM"<ref>{{cite web|title=Silicon Core Iron "A-FM"|url=http://cartech.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?i=103&e=192&c=TechArt|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2 || 2.3% Si-Fe || Silicon Core Iron "B"<ref name="cartech.ides.com">http://cartech.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?i=103&e=190&c=techart</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2F || 2.3% Si-Fe free machining || Silicon Core Iron "B-FM"<ref name="cartech.ides.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| 3 || 4.0% Si-Fe ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Physical properties examples===<br />
[[Melting point]]: ~1,500&nbsp;°C (example for ~3.1% silicon content)<ref>"Note on electromigration of grain boundaries in silicon iron" - Journal of Materials Science 10 (1975) - Letters</ref><br />
<br />
[[Density]]: 7,650&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup> (example for 3% silicon content)<br />
<br />
[[Resistivity]]: 47.2×10<sup>−8</sup> (Ω·m) (example for 3% silicon content)<br />
<br />
==Grain orientation==<br />
[[File:Non Oriented Electrical Silicon Steel.png|thumb|right|Non-oriented electrical silicon steel (image made with magneto-optical sensor and polarizer microscope)]]<br />
Electrical steel made without special processing to control crystal orientation, '''non-oriented''' steel, usually has a silicon level of 2 to 3.5% and has similar magnetic properties in all directions, i.e., it is [[isotropy|isotropic]]. Cold-rolled non-grain-oriented steel is often abbreviated to CRNGO.<br />
<br />
'''Grain-oriented''' electrical steel usually has a silicon level of 3% (Si:11Fe). It is processed in such a way that the optimal properties are developed in the rolling direction, due to a tight control (proposed by [[Norman P. Goss]]) of the crystal orientation relative to the sheet. The [[magnetic flux]] density is increased by 30% in the coil rolling direction, although its [[saturation (magnetic)|magnetic saturation]] is decreased by 5%. It is used for the cores of power and distribution [[transformer]]s, cold-rolled grain-oriented steel is often abbreviated to CRGO.<br />
<br />
CRGO is usually supplied by the producing mills in coil form and has to be cut into "laminations", which are then used to form a transformer core, which is an integral part of any transformer. Grain-oriented steel is used in large power and distribution transformers and in certain audio output transformers.<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/tlinespeakers/vaughn/downloads/SE-v-PP-Part2.pdf Single Ended vs. Push Pull: The Deep, Dark Secrets of Output Transformers]</ref><br />
<br />
CRNGO is less expensive than CRGO. It is used when cost is more important than efficiency and for applications where the direction of magnetic flux is not constant, as in electric motors and generators with moving parts. It can be used when there is insufficient space to orient components to take advantage of the directional properties of grain-oriented electrical steel.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Magnetic domains of grain oriented silicon or electrical steel.png|Magnetic domains and domain walls in oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView)<br />
File:Magnetic domains of grain oriented silicon or electrical steel 2.png|Magnetic domains and domain walls in oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView)<br />
File:Magnetic domains of non oriented silicon or electrical steel.png|Magnetic domains and domain walls in non-oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Amorphous steel===<br />
This material is a [[amorphous metal|metallic glass]] prepared by pouring molten alloy steel onto a rotating cooled wheel, which cools the metal at a rate of about one megakelvin per second, so fast that crystals do not form. Amorphous steel is limited to foils of about 50&nbsp;µm thickness. It has poorer mechanical properties and as of 2010 it costs about twice as much as conventional steel, making it cost-effective only for some distribution-type transformers.<ref>John Whincup, ''News Item Globe and Mail March 3rd'', Federal Pioneer BAT, March 1983</ref> [[Amorphous metal transformer|Transformers with amorphous steel cores]] can have core losses of one-third that of conventional electrical steels.<br />
<br />
==Lamination coatings==<br />
Electrical steel is usually coated to increase electrical resistance between laminations, reducing eddy currents, to provide resistance to [[corrosion]] or [[rust]], and to act as a lubricant during [[Shearing (manufacturing)|die cutting]]. There are various coatings, [[organic molecule|organic]] and [[inorganic]], and the coating used depends on the application of the steel.<ref>Beatty, ''Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers 11th ed.'', pg. 4-111</ref> The type of coating selected depends on the heat treatment of the laminations, whether the finished lamination will be immersed in oil, and the working temperature of the finished apparatus. Very early practice was to insulate each lamination with a layer of paper or a varnish coating, but this reduced the [[stacking factor]] of the core and limited the maximum temperature of the core.<ref name=Jump81/><br />
<br />
ASTM A976-03 classifies different types of coating for electrical steel.<ref>{{cite web|title=ASTM A976 - 03(2008) Standard Classification of Insulating Coatings by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability and Application|url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/A976.htm|work=ASTM A976 - 03(2008)|publisher=ASTM}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Classification !! Description<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Insulating Coating for Electrical Steel|url=http://www.skodie.com/pdf/classification.pdf|accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref>!! For Rotors/Stators !! Anti-stick treatment<br />
|-<br />
| C0 || Natural oxide formed during mill processing || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| C2 || Glass like film || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| C3 || Organic enamel or varnish coating || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| C3A || As C3 but thinner || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
| C4 || Coating generated by chemical and thermal processing || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| C4A || As C4 but thinner and more weldable || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
| C4AS || Anti-stick variant of C4 || Yes || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| C5 || High-resistance similar to C4 plus inorganic filler || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| C5A || As C5, but more weldable || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
| C5AS || Anti-stick variant of C5 || Yes || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| C6 || Inorganic filled organic coating for insulation properties || Yes || Yes<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Magnetic properties==<br />
The typical [[Permeability_(electromagnetism)|relative permeability]] (μ<sub>r</sub>) of electrical steel is 4,000 times that of vacuum.<br />
<br />
The magnetic properties of electrical steel are dependent on [[heat treatment]], as increasing the average crystal size decreases the hysteresis loss. Hysteresis loss is determined by a standard test and, for common grades of electrical steel, may range from about 2 to 10 watts per kilogram (1 to 5 watts per pound) at 60&nbsp;Hz and 1.5 tesla magnetic field strength. <br />
<br />
Electrical steel can be delivered in a semi-processed state so that, after punching the final shape, a final heat treatment can be applied to form the normally required 150-micrometer grain size. Fully processed electrical steel is usually delivered with an [[electrical insulation|insulating]] coating, full heat treatment, and defined magnetic properties, for applications where punching does not significantly degrade the electrical steel properties. Excessive bending, incorrect heat treatment, or even rough handling can adversely affect electrical steel's magnetic properties and may also increase noise due to [[magnetostriction]].<ref name=Jump81/><br />
<br />
The magnetic properties of electrical steel are tested using the internationally standard [[Epstein frame]] method.<ref>[http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/mysearchajax?Openform&key=60404-2&sorting=&start=1&onglet=1 IEC 60404-2]</ref><br />
<br />
==Practical aspects==<br />
Electrical steel is much more costly than [[Carbon steel#Mild and low carbon steel|mild steel]]—in 1981 it was more than twice the cost by weight.<ref name=Jump81>Les Jump, ''Transformer Steel and Cores'', Federal Pioneer BAT, March 1981</ref><br />
<br />
The size of magnetic domains in sheet electrical steel can be reduced by scribing the surface of the sheet with a laser, or mechanically. This greatly reduces the hysteresis losses in the assembled core.<ref>Richard de Lhorbe ''Steel No Lasers Here'', Federal Pioneer BAT, June/July 1981</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Ferrosilicon]], starter material for silicon steel<br />
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==References==<br />
<!-- Do not edit this section directly; use <ref>ref.details</ref> tags anywhere in the main text to make inline citations. See [[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Footnotes]] for details --><br />
<references/><br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFC6tbbMUaA&feature=plcp Dynamic domain movement video] Video-File from [[YouTube]]<br />
* [http://www.matesy.de/Downloads/Demo/Matesy%20-%20Magneto-Optical%20Domain%20Analysis%20Electrical%20Steel.pdf Comparison of grain oriented and non oriented electrical/ silicon steel] PDF-File(4500KB) from [http://www.matesy.com www.matesy.com]<br />
*[http://www.alleghenyludlum.com/ludlum/pages/products/xq/asp/T.2/qx/ProductCategory.html Allegheny Ludlum]<br />
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-81363 Encyclopædia Britannica]<br />
*[http://www.steelexport.org Transformer Scrap, Transformer Core, Cold Rolled Steel]<br />
*[http://www.emerf.org EMERF, the Electric Motor Education and Research Foundation]<br />
*[http://www.protolam.com/page7.html Summary of Silicon Steels]<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2011}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Electrical Steel}}<br />
[[Category:Steels]]<br />
[[Category:Electromagnetic components]]<br />
[[Category:Magnetic alloys]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Anglo-Irish_Treaty&diff=751676835Talk:Anglo-Irish Treaty2016-11-27T06:01:32Z<p>Ronstew: /* Final status of the treaty? */ new section</p>
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<div>{{WikiProject Politics of the United Kingdom|class=B|auto=inherit|importance=}}<br />
{{WikiProject Ireland|class=B |importance=top |image-needed=no |needs-infobox=no }}<br />
{{OnThisDay|date1=2007-12-06|oldid1=176113985|date2=2008-12-06|oldid2=256280281|date3=2009-12-06|oldid3=330062009|date4=2011-01-07|oldid4=406027089|date5=2011-12-06|oldid5=464304278|date6=2013-12-06|oldid6=584645580}}<br />
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==Partition==<br />
I question the statement that Partition was not a factor. I find these on [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/ historical-debates of the Dáil]<br />
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* MR. S.T. O'CEALLAIGH: (Dáil Éireann - Volume 3 - 20 December, 1921), ''con'' "The two great principles for which so many have died, and for which they would still gladly die—no partition of Ireland and no subjugation of Ireland by any foreign power—have gone by the board in this Treaty, and some good men are thinking of voting for it."<br />
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* MR. MILROY: (same) ''pro'' "Did they expect that the five men who went there would be able to bring back an arrangement that was at variance with the declaration of President de Valera that we were not going to coerce Ulster? The fact is that the provisions of the Treaty are not Partition provisions, but they ensure eventual unity in Ireland. But, as a matter of fact, whether there were Partition provisions or not, the economic position and the effects on the six counties' area is this, that sooner or later isolation from the rest of Ireland would have so much weight on the economic state of these six counties as to compel them to renew their association with the rest of Ireland. That trend of economic fact will be stimulated by the provisions of this Treaty, and the man who asserts that Partition is perpetuated in that Treaty is a man who has not read or understands what are the provisions in the Treaty. "<br />
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* MR. SEAN MACENTEE: (Dáil Éireann - Volume 3 - 22 December, 1921) ''con'' "I am opposed to this Treaty because it gives away our allegiance and perpetuates partition. By that very fact that it perpetuates our slavery; by the fact that it perpetuates partition it must fail utterly to do what it is ostensibly intended to do—reconcile the aspirations of the Irish people to association with the British Empire. When did the achievement of our nation's unification cease to be one of our national aspirations?" <br />
<br />
In fact their substantive objection was about continuing to be a Dominion of the British Empire, and not be a Republic. The Oath of Allegiance (or Fidelity) is merely a symbol of that. However, the debates do confirm the view of many (but not all) that the Unionists of Ulster could not and should not be coerced into a United Ireland.<br />
--[[User:Red King|Red King]] 17:24, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)<br />
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:Yes. All you can say at this distance is that the supporters of Dev (for a 32-county Republic) failed to persuade a majority of TDs to change their minds, after very long debate. Partition was of most interest naturally to TDs from the north, such as McEntee. Most were not interested, or felt that Northern Ireland would collapse, or that the boundary would be altered. Pro-treaty TDs knew that it was not on the agenda.[[User:Red Hurley|Red Hurley]] 09:00, 30 April 2007 (UTC)<br />
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==Edit by anonymous [[user:207.200.116.8]] ==<br />
Some useful stuff in a rather POV edit. If you wish to reiterate your changes, please use this talk page to achieve a consensus version. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 09:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)<br />
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===Material on 1937 Consitution and 1948 Republic of Ireland Act===<br />
I've deleted a large paragraph the 1937 and 1948 activities, because this article is about the treaty, not a potted history of Ireland 1921 to the present day. If a synopsis is really needed (consensus view again), this is the material:<br />
:Eamon de Valera, who, in [[1932]], became the second of only two [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|Presidents of the Executive Council]] the Free State ever had, set about doing just that. Under the terms of the Constitution of the Free State, the Dáil was empowered to change it by simple majority (as is the case in the United Kingdom). These changes might be regarded as provisional measures while a new constitution was drafted and ratified, which took effect in 1937. Still in effect today, the new Bunreacht na hÉireann/Constitution of Ireland re-christened the country simply ''Éire'' or "Ireland" converted DeValera's post from "President of the Executive Counsel" to ''Taoiseach'' ("Leader," that is, Prime Minister), and replaced the appointed Governor General with an elected ''Uachtaran na hÉireann'' or "President of Ireland." The king remained nominally, if obtusely, head of the Irish state as a quasi-political gesture. According to some sources, DeValera did not wish to actually proclaim an Irish Republic until after the British Province of Northern Ireland were repatriated to Ireland. But DeValera and his party were out of power between 1948 and 1951. In 1949, and much to his and Fianna Fáil's chagrin, John Costello's Fine Gael party proclaimed the Irish Republic, which necessitated Ireland leaving the Commonwealth of Nations - because it no longer retained even the fiction of recognising the King as head of state. A year later, at the request of the Dominion of India, which wanted to become the Republic of India, the rules of the Commonwealth were changed to permit member states to opt out of having the British monarch as their head of state and be republics instead of constitutional monarchies. One can only wonder what both DeValera and Costello thought of ''that''.<br />
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And by the way, [[Northern Ireland]] is ''not'' legally a Province. Ulster is, but Ulster is not Northern Ireland or vice versa. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 09:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)<br />
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Neither is Ulster a "legal" province, it's a commerative or historical province with little if any meaning in legal or other terms. - [[Dalta]]<br />
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==Inaccurate statement about the Treaty of Westminster==<br />
<br />
The statement: ''(The sole exception to this was Canada, at her own request, who remained nominally subject to the British Parliament until 1982, because the federal and provincial governments could not agree on an amending formula for the Canadian Constitution.)'' is both factually incorrect and irrelevant. It is factually incorrect in that Canada was not the only dominion for which the statute did not enter into force in its entirety on signature - at a minimum Australia and New Zealand had special provisions which resulted in the statute not applying for several years. More significantly, it doesn't add anything understanding of the application of the statute to the Irish Free State. This page already links to the Statute of Westminster page and that would be the appropriate place for details of its applicability in other dominions. Unless someone objects, I intend to remove the sentence about Canada from the page. [[User:DHam|DHam]] 16:42, 18 March 2006 (UTC)<br />
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==Name==<br />
The Anglo-Irish Treaty was never called such. The name on the papers was along the lines of "Articles of association between Ireland and the British Empire", this is it's proper name and the page should be called such, with reference to the various names given to it. Neither did the British ever accept it as a treaty, though the League of Nations did. This may be mentioned, I didn't really read the article. Also, in that box on the side, did Wales have the Red Dragon as their flag back in them days? I imagine it would've been a somewhat simplified version, if a singular flag existed at all. - [[Dalta]]<br />
:That would be quite a long title! History knows this agreement as the "Anglo-Irish Treaty", and that's what the article is called. --[[User:JW1805|JW1805]] 21:44, 8 August 2005 (UTC)<br />
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Wikipedia under the MoS uses ''most common name''. The most common name was the Anglo-Irish Treaty, not the Articles of Agreement. In any case the Articles of Agreement became a treaty when ratified by the three parliaments. [[User:Jtdirl|<font color="#006666">'''Fear'''<font color="#FF6600">'''''ÉIREANN''''']][[Image:Ireland coa.png|15px]]\<sup><font color=blue>[[user_talk:Jtdirl|(caint)</sup><font color=black>]] 21:52, 8 August 2005 (UTC)<br />
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:Generally it is wikipedia policy that the common names of things are accepted[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_%28common_names%29] to be used, exceptions are granted but quite unlikely to such a long and relatively unknown title - irrespective of been official. Many things from this era used long names as standard. Whatever either side called the agreement it is well regarded as a treaty - not least that it ended the war of independence - the article can make reference to the official title if wanted. [[User:Djegan|Djegan]] 21:57, 8 August 2005 (UTC)<br />
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I changed the "official name" in the first sentence of the article to "Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland" taking the title from Public Record Office Catalogue ref: HO 45/19974, and also [http://acts.oireachtas.ie/zza1y1922.1.html Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922].[[User:Garryq|garryq]] 09:10, 16 November 2005 (UTC)<br />
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==Chronic inaccuracy==<br />
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Whoever changed the opening paragraph produced a version that would earn an ''F'' in any exam. It contained a monumental clanger, the suggestion that the Treaty created Northern Ireland. That is BS. Northern Ireland had been created by the ''Government of Ireland Act, 1920''. All the Treaty did was presume that Northern Ireland would continue as a home rule region within the Irish Free State unless Northern Ireland opted out and decided to remain in the UK, which it duly did. The claim that Northern Ireland was created by the AIT is elementary inaccuracy. [[User:Jtdirl|<font color="#006666">'''Fear'''<font color="#FF6600">'''''ÉIREANN''''']][[Image:Ireland coa.png|15px]]\<sup><font color=blue>[[user_talk:Jtdirl|(caint)</sup><font color=black>]] 21:56, 8 August 2005 (UTC)<br />
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== Incorrect negotiators name ==<br />
<br />
The name of one of the Irish negotiators is incorrectly given as [[Charles Gavan Duffy]]. It was actually his son, George Gavan Duffy. See [http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/collections/gavanduffy-george.htm the UCD archives] for further details. Seoirse (the name signed to the treaty) translates as George, not Charles.<br />
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I will make the corresponding change to the main page barring any major objections here.<br />
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[[User:Eanair|Eanair]] 09:22, 24 November 2005 (UTC)<br />
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==Military leadership of Dev?==<br />
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''"Opponents of the Treaty, primarily Éamon de Valera, mounted a military campaign of opposition which produced the Irish Civil War (1922–23)."''<br />
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Sorry, but that just is'nt so. Dev was in America or jailed for much of the war; his only contribution as a military leader was insisting on the disasterious raid on the Customs House. So if nobody minds, I'll change the above to reflect that. [[User:Fergananim|Fergananim]] 01:00, 29 November 2005 (UTC)<br />
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: Right conclusion for wrong reason. The war that Dev was in America for is the War of Independence, not the Civil War. That said, the leaders were Rory O'Connor and Cathal Brugha - there is no evidence that Dev wass in control. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 20:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)<br />
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::Thank you Red, I realised the same thing the following day. Cheers. [[User:Fergananim|Fergananim]] 20:17, 30 November 2005 (UTC)<br />
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::: Dev may not have been in direct control militarily, but his Republican Sinn Fein (not the current Ruari O' Bradaigh RSF) did instruct loyal IRA elements to sieze control of buildings of strategic importance. 13:18, 25 January 2006 83.71.74.73<br />
:::: Very dubious - you'll need to point to some evidence. Everything that I've read suggests that Rory O'Connor acted unilaterally and then Dev endorsed it. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 21:59, 25 January 2006 (UTC)<br />
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==added to 'ratification'==<br />
I've added some main quotes to ratification; hope all agree. Lifted from the Dáil reports. Someone should do a page on the debates - incredible insults etc.[[User:Red Hurley|Red Hurley]] 09:38, 25 April 2007 (UTC)<br />
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==inaccurate line==<br />
''Opponents of the Treaty mounted a military campaign of opposition which produced the Irish Civil War (1922–23)<br />
''<br />
Surely a military campaign did not begin until the Free State forces shelled the Four Courts? I think this line could be put better.<br />
[[User:Cliste|Cliste]] 19:58, 23 August 2007 (UTC)<br />
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:You are right but military campaign means different things to different people. Have a look at the debates between the Treaty vote and the 1922 election [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/en.toc.D.S2.html], and you'll see that there was a lot of jockeying for position, and even a 'Truce' between the sides (leading to the electoral Pact), months before the Four Courts shelling. Well done for your tidying up.[[User:Red Hurley|Red Hurley]] 14:31, 1 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
::Or maybe you aren't right. The anti-treaty forces occupied the Four Courts under force of arms and refused to surrender to the (unarmed) Civic Guards or accept an ultimatum from the National Army. It was at that point, coming to the aid of the civil power, that the National Army opened fire. The military campaign began with the armed occupation. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 23:53, 1 September 2007 (UTC) But I agree with the wording of your edit. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 23:57, 1 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
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:::Red King, thats not 100% true the Free State Government was under pressure by the british Government to curtail opposition to the Treaty, they had a choice of doing it themselves or having British troops do it for them, which the Free State Government knew would lead to a re-starting of the War of Independence and would have re-United the IRA against both the Free State and Britain.--[[User:Padraig|padraig]] 00:02, 2 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
::::Or so the Provo mythology goes. But let's not re-open hostilities! --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 00:10, 2 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
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::::I don't understand your reference to the provos, they didn't exist then. The British Government had halted British troop withdrawals and refused to hand over any more arms to the Free State when the Collins and De Valera pact was approved by the Sinn Féin Feis. The British Government drew up plans to attack the Four Courts themselves, Churchhill also made a speech, stating if the siege was not ended, ''we shall regard the Treaty as having been formally violated, that we shall take no steps to carry out or legalise its further stage, and we shall resume full liberty of action in any direction that may seem proper....''. --[[User:Padraig|padraig]] 00:52, 2 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
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:::::Not mythology at all Red King, provo or otherwise. Arguably of course the Four Courts people had deliberately provoked this crisis, but its a fact that Collins attacked them so that the British would not do it themselves. I think he had no choice and the anti-treatyites had put him in an impossible position, but still...<br />
[[User:Jdorney|Jdorney]] 12:31, 2 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
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::::::I was using "Provos" as shorthand for Irregulars, Anti-treatyites, whatever-you-call people who think themselves above democracy. As for "the British would do it themselves", produce the citation. Must be in Cabinet Papers if genuine. I've put a citation request on the main article. --[[User:Red King|Red King]] 16:02, 2 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
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:::::::Already done. Michael Hopkinson, Green against Green, p114-117. And he got it from the minutes of hte British Council of Ministers. Check his footnotes if you want. [[User:Jdorney|Jdorney]] 16:45, 2 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
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==Ratification==<br />
I edited this section slightly to remove POV, however, I think it can be deleted altogether it doesn't really sit well were it's placed and most of the information is incorporated into the main text anyway. [[User:Cliste|Cliste]] 15:50, 25 August 2007 (UTC)<br />
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== "Irish Republic" not a party ==<br />
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I have fixed the info column. Up to now it said the parties to the Treaty were the UK and the "Irish Republic". The latter was not a party and was not recognised by the UK. An Irish delegation did sign of course. They did not sign in any official sense as representatives of the "Irish Republic". For a source: Just read the Treaty itself. [[Special:Contributions/84.203.65.158|84.203.65.158]] ([[User talk:84.203.65.158|talk]]) 11:17, 13 December 2011 (UTC)<br />
:The plenipotentiaries were sent by Dáil Éireann, and the treaty was ratified (narrowly) by that body. If it had not been there would not have been a treaty. If the delegates were not representing the Irish Republic, British Gov. sensitivities aside, then who or what exactly were they representing? [[User:RashersTierney|RashersTierney]] ([[User talk:RashersTierney|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2011 (UTC)<br />
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::You're both right because there had to be some ambivalence in the transition. Recall that at the start of the [[Peace of Paris (1783)]] negotiations the British did not recognise the independence of the USA but were dealing with the reps of the USA. A "Treaty" is agreed between sovereign states, and once ratified by the Dail of the Irish Republic, and by the UK Parliament, everyone called this one a treaty. As soon as that group of treasonous 13-Colonies individuals had signed in 1783, the British recognised the USA. It's fair to say that the Irish Republic was a party to the treaty, not least because the northern loyalists who were already running [[Northern Ireland]] were not directly involved. As they say, there was no other game in town. The Irish republic was of course turned into a dominion a year later, but in December 1921 the Irish signatories were acting on behalf of the then Irish Republic.[[User:Red Hurley|Red Hurley]] ([[User talk:Red Hurley|talk]]) 09:55, 11 August 2012 (UTC)<br />
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===Inaccuracies in the lede===<br />
'''Quote''' from lede:<br />
<br />
"The Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish: An Conradh Angla-Éireannach), officially the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a '''treaty''' between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and representatives of the '''secessionist Irish Republic''' that concluded the Irish War of Independence. '''It established''' the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations (the first use of this term, rather than "British Empire", in an '''imperial statute''') and also provided Northern Ireland, which had been created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, an option to opt out of the Irish Free State, which it exercised."<br />
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The following comments concern the words I have put in bold above:<br />
*(1) as to "treaty": I expect this has been discussed already - but it wasn't a treaty (though I have no problem with it being referred to by its common name);<br />
*(2) as to "scessionist Irish Republic" - The Irish representatives signed as the "Irish delegation" - I think the words "scessionist Irish Republic" here are plainly misleading;<br />
*(3) as to "It established" are not accurate. It established nothing. Subsequent legislation giving it the force of law and implementing it did - the wording ought in some way to reflect this;<br />
*(4) as to "imperial statute", it wasn't an imperial statute so how does this make sense ?<br />
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I don't want to edit and get sucked into a silly argument. Hope some one else is up for that. All the best: [[User:Lawrysalt|Lawrysalt]] ([[User talk:Lawrysalt|talk]]) 01:02, 27 July 2012 (UTC)<br />
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It was called a treaty by everyone once it was ratified. In itself it did not "establish the IFS" but allowed for it to be established a year later, as happened. During the transitional year see: [[Provisional Government of the Irish Free State]]. [[User:Red Hurley|Red Hurley]] ([[User talk:Red Hurley|talk]]) 10:08, 11 August 2012 (UTC)<br />
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== External links modified ==<br />
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I have just modified {{plural:4|one external link|4 external links}} on [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=744258157 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:<br />
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132103/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.S.192108260003.html to http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.S.192108260003.html<br />
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Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''<span style="color:darkgrey;font-family:monospace">InternetArchiveBot</span>''']] <span style="color:green;font-family:Rockwell">([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]])</span> 03:32, 14 October 2016 (UTC)<br />
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== Final status of the treaty? ==<br />
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I know nothing about the topic, and find the article a bit frustrating. The treaty "was." That seems to mean it no longer "is". So, what happened to it? Is it still in effect? Was it officially terminated? If it established Ireland as a Dominion, similar to Canada, does that status continue? (Obviously not, but what are the details of the change?)</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Tamashiro&diff=726597456Tim Tamashiro2016-06-23T04:46:09Z<p>Ronstew: corrected web site in infobox</p>
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<div>{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Tim Tamashiro<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --><br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| background = solo_singer<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year unless the exact date is already WIDELY published, as per [[WP:DOB]] --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| origin = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| genre = [[Jazz]]<br />
| occupation = Singer, radio broadcaster, speaker<br />
| instrument = <br />
| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --><br />
| label = <br />
| associated_acts = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.timtamashiro.com/}}<br />
| notable_instruments = <br />
}}<br />
'''Tim Tamashiro''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[jazz]] singer, radio broadcaster and speaker.<br />
<br />
Since March 2007, he has been the weekend host of ''[[Tonic (radio program)|Tonic]]'', a nightly jazz program on [[CBC Radio 2]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/music/manitoba-artists-could-dominate-at-wcmas-59930392.html|title=Manitoba artists could dominate at WCMAs|date=20 September 2009|publisher=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> He became the full-time host of ''Tonic'' on April 2, 2012, after the retirement of weekday host [[Katie Malloch]].<ref>[http://music.cbc.ca/#/Tonic/blogs/2012/4/Tim-Tamashiros-take-on-Tonic "Tim Tamashiro’s take on Tonic"], CBC Music Tonic Blog, 2 April 2012</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours and Awards==<br />
On June 5, 2015 Red Deer College awarded an honorary degree in Interdisciplinary Studies to Tim Tamashiro.<ref>[http://rdc.ab.ca/about/news-events/rdc-news/tim-tamashiro-be-given-rdc-honorary-degree-during-51st-convocation-ceremony "Tim Tamashiro to be Given RDC Honorary Degree"], Red Deer College News and Events</ref><br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://www.timtamashiro.com Tim Tamashiro official website]<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamashiro}}<br />
[[Category:Canadian jazz singers]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian people of Japanese descent]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:CBC Radio hosts]]<br />
[[Category:Jazz radio presenters]]<br />
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{{Canada-radio-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Canada-singer-stub}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickory_Motor_Speedway&diff=573844377Hickory Motor Speedway2013-09-20T23:36:52Z<p>Ronstew: Rounding some numbers. Using Busch instead of Nationwide as appropriate for particular time frames.</p>
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<div>{{Motorsport venue<br />
|Name = Hickory Motor Speedway<br />
|Nicknames = The World's Most Famous Short Track<br>Birthplace of the NASCAR Stars<br />
|Time = GMT-5<br />
|Location = [[Hickory, North Carolina]]<br />
|Coordinates =<br />
|Image =<br />
|Image_caption =<br />
|Capacity = 13,200<br />
|Owner =<br />
|Operator =<br />
|Broke_ground =<br />
|Opened = 1951<br />
|Closed =<br />
|Construction_cost=<br />
|Architect =<br />
|Former_names =<br />
|Events = '''[[USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series|USARacing Pro Cup Series]]''', '''NASCAR [[Whelen Southern Modified Tour]]'''<br />
|Miles_first = True <br />
|Layout1 = Oval<br />
|Surface = Asphalt<br />
|Length_km = 0.584<br />
|Length_mi = 0.363<br />
|Turns = 4<br />
|Banking = 14° (Turns 1 & 2)<br>12° (Turns 3 & 4)<br>8° (Straights)<br />
|Record_time =<br />
|Record_driver =<br />
|Record_team =<br />
|Record_year =<br />
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}}<br />
'''Hickory Motor Speedway''' is a [[Short track motor racing|short track]] located in [[Hickory, North Carolina]]. It is one of [[stock car racing]]'s most storied venues, and is often referred to as "The World's Most Famous Short Track" and the "Birthplace of the [[NASCAR]] Stars".<br />
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The track first opened in 1951 as a {{convert|1/2|mi|adj=on}} dirt track. [[Gwyn Staley]] won the first race at the speedway and later became the first track champion. Drivers such as [[Junior Johnson]], [[Ned Jarrett]], and [[Ralph Earnhardt]] also became track champions in the 1950s, Earnhardt alone winning five of them.<br />
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In 1953, NASCAR's Grand National Series (later the [[Sprint Cup Series|Sprint Cup]]) visited the track for the first time. [[Tim Flock]] won the first race at the speedway, which became a regular part of the Grand National Schedule. After winning his track championship in 1952, Junior Johnson became the most successful Grand National driver at Hickory, winning there seven times.<br />
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The track has been re-configured three times in its history. The track became a 0.4-mile (644 meters) dirt track in 1955, which was paved for the first time during the 1967 season. In 1970, Hickory was shortened a second time to its present length of 0.363 miles (584 meters).<br />
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Hickory was dropped from the Grand National schedule after the 1971 season when [[R. J. Reynolds]] began sponsoring the series and dropped all races under 250 miles (402 kilometers) from the schedule. It remained in use as a popular NASCAR Late Model Sportsman Series venue. When the series was reformed as the Budweiser Late Model Series (later the Busch Grand National Series and currently the [[Nationwide Series]]) in 1982, Hickory played a prominent part of its first season, hosting six of the series' 28 races. Drivers [[Jack Ingram (NASCAR)|Jack Ingram]] and [[Tommy Houston]], two former track champions, each won eight times at the track in the Busch Series.<br />
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As more tracks began hosting Busch Series races, Hickory's involvement was progressively reduced to two races a year by 1987, and then just the Easter weekend by 1995. By 1998, the Busch Grand National Series began adding more races at [[Sprint Cup Series]] tracks, and Hickory was dropped from the schedule after 17 years.<br />
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Hickory is still used as a venue for NASCAR's club racing division, the [[Whelen All-American Series]]. The [[USAR Hooters Pro Cup]] also features a race at the track.<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[http://www.hickorymotorspeedway.com/ Official Site of Hickory Motor Speedway]<br />
*[http://www.racing-reference.info/tracks?id=097 Track stats at racing-reference.info]<br />
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{{NASCAR Nationwide Series racetracks}}<br />
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{{coord|35|41|45|N|81|16|10|W|type:landmark_region:US-NC_source:dewiki|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Sports venues in North Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Hickory, North Carolina]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autotransformer&diff=573690322Autotransformer2013-09-19T20:00:27Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
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<div>An '''autotransformer''' (sometimes called '''''autostep down transformer''''')<ref>Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics Second Edition'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge MA, 1989, ISBN 0-521-37095-7, page 58</ref> is an electrical [[transformer]] with only one [[coil#Electromagnetic|winding]]. The "[[wiktionary:auto-|auto]]" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting on itself and not to any kind of [[Automation|automatic mechanism]]. In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The winding has at least three [[Tap (transformer)|taps]] where electrical connections are made. Autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but autotransformers have the disadvantage of not providing [[Galvanic isolation|electrical isolation]]. <br />
<br />
Autotransformers are often used to step up or step down voltages in the 110-115-120 volt range and voltages in the 220-230-240 volt range—for example. providing 110 or 120V (with taps) from 230V input, allowing equipment designed for 100 or 120 volts to be used with a 230 volt supply (as in using US electrical equipment with higher European voltages).<br />
<br />
==Operation==<br />
[[Image:Tapped autotransformer.svg|thumb|right|300px|Single-phase tapped autotransformer with output voltage range of 40%&ndash;115% of input]]<br />
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An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more terminals at intermediate tap points, or a transformer in which the primary and secondary coils have part or all of their turns in common. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost always having one terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common.<ref>{{cite book | last = Pansini | title = Electrical Transformers and Power Equipment | pages = 89–91}}</ref> Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer part of the current flows directly from the input to the output, and only part is transferred inductively, allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a single winding.<ref>[http://victoruae.com/auto_transformer_detail.html Commercial site explaining why autotransformers are smaller]</ref><br />
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One end of the winding is usually connected in common to both the [[voltage source]] and the [[External electric load|electrical load]]. The other end of the source and load are connected to taps along the winding. Different taps on the winding correspond to different voltages, measured from the common end. In a step-down transformer the source is usually connected across the entire winding while the load is connected by a tap across only a portion of the winding. In a step-up transformer, conversely, the load is attached across the full winding while the source is connected to a tap across a portion of the winding.<br />
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As in a two-winding transformer, the ratio of secondary to primary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns of the winding they connect to. For example, connecting the load between the middle and bottom of the autotransformer will reduce the voltage by 50%. Depending on the application, that portion of the winding used solely in the higher-voltage (lower current) portion may be wound with wire of a smaller gauge, though the entire winding is directly connected.<br />
<br />
==Limitations==<br />
An autotransformer does not provide electrical isolation between its windings as an ordinary transformer does; if the [[Neutral wire|neutral]] side of the input is not at ground voltage, the neutral side of the output will not be either. A failure of the insulation of the windings of an autotransformer can result in full input [[voltage]] applied to the output. Also, a break in the part of the winding that is used as both primary and secondary will result in the transformer acting as an inductor in series with the load (which under light load conditions may result in near full input voltage being applied to the output). These are important safety considerations when deciding to use an autotransformer in a given application.<br />
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Because it requires both fewer windings and a smaller core, an autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and less costly than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of about 3:1; beyond that range, a two-winding transformer is usually more economical.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}<br />
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In [[three phase]] power transmission applications, autotransformers have the limitations of not suppressing [[harmonic]] currents and as acting as another source of [[Residual-current device|ground fault]] currents. A large three-phase autotransformer may have a "buried" delta winding, not connected to the outside of the tank, to absorb some harmonic currents.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}<br />
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In practice, losses mean that both standard transformers and autotransformers are not perfectly reversible; one designed for stepping down a voltage will deliver slightly less voltage than required if it is used to step up. The difference is usually slight enough to allow reversal where the actual voltage level is not critical.<br />
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Like multiple-winding transformers, autotransformers use time-varying [[magnetic field]]s to transfer power. They require [[alternating current]]s to operate properly and will not function on [[direct current]].<br />
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==Applications==<br />
<br />
===Power distribution===<br />
Autotransformers are frequently used in [[power transmission|power]] applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes, for example 138 kV to 66 kV for transmission. Another application in industry is to adapt machinery built (for example) for 480 V supplies to operate on a 600 V supply. They are also often used for providing conversions between the two common domestic mains voltage bands in the world (100V-130V and 200V-250V). The links between the UK 400 kV and 275 kV '[[Super Grid]]' networks are normally three phase autotransformers with taps at the common neutral end.<br />
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On long rural power distribution lines, special autotransformers with automatic tap-changing equipment are inserted as [[voltage regulator]]s, so that customers at the far end of the line receive the same average voltage as those closer to the source. The variable ratio of the autotransformer compensates for the [[voltage drop]] along the line.<br />
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A special form of autotransformer called a ''[[Zigzag transformer|zig zag]]'' is used to provide [[Earthing system|grounding]] on three-phase systems that otherwise have no connection to ground. A [[Zigzag transformer|zig-zag transformer]] provides a path for current that is common to all three phases (so-called ''zero sequence'' current).<br />
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===Audio===<br />
In audio applications, tapped autotransformers are used to adapt speakers to constant-voltage audio distribution systems, and for [[impedance matching]] such as between a low-impedance microphone and a high-impedance amplifier input.<br />
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===Railways===<br />
{{main|25 kV AC railway electrification}}<br />
In UK railway applications, it is common to power the trains at 25 kV AC. To increase the distance between electricity supply Grid feeder points they can be arranged to supply a 25-0-25 kV supply with the third wire (opposite phase) out of reach of the train's overhead collector pantograph. The 0 V point of the supply is connected to the rail while one 25 kV point is connected to the overhead contact wire. At frequent (about 10&nbsp;km) intervals, an autotransformer links the contact wire to rail and to the second (antiphase) supply conductor. This system increases usable transmission distance, reduces induced interference into external equipment and reduces cost. A variant is occasionally seen where the supply conductor is at a different voltage to the contact wire with the autotransformer ratio modified to suit.<ref>"''Fahrleitungen electrischer Bahnen''" BG Teubner-Verlag, Stuttgart, page 672. An English edition "Contact Lines for Electric Railways" appears to be out of print. This industry standard text describes the various European electrification principles. See the website of the UIC in Paris for the relevant international rail standards, in English. No comparable publications seem to exist for American railways, probably due to the paucity of electrified installations there.</ref><br />
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==Variable autotransformers==<!--[[Variac]] links to this section--><br />
[[Image:Variable Transformer 01.jpg|thumb|left|240px|A variable autotransformer, with a sliding-brush secondary connection and a toroidal core. Cover has been removed to show copper windings and brush.]]<br />
[[Image:Variable Transformer MFrey 001.jpg|thumb|Variable Transformer - part of Tektronix 576 Curve Tracer]]<br />
As with two-winding transformers, autotransformers may be equipped with many taps and automatic switchgear to allow them to act as automatic [[voltage regulator]]s, to maintain a steady voltage at the customers' service during a wide range of load conditions. They can also be used to simulate low line conditions for testing. Another application is a lighting [[dimmer]] that doesn't produce the [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI]] typical of most [[thyristor]] dimmers.<br />
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By exposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a sliding [[brush (electric)|brush]], a continuously variable turns ratio can be obtained, allowing for very smooth control of voltage. Applicable only for relatively low voltage designs, this device is known as a variable AC transformer (often referred to by the trademark name Variac). The output voltage is not limited to the discrete voltages represented by actual number of turns. The voltage can be smoothly varied between turns as the brush has a relatively high resistance (compared with a metal contact) and the actual output voltage is a function of the relative area of brush in contact with adjacent windings. <ref>{{cite book<br />
| author = Bakshi, M. V. and Bakshi, U. A.<br />
| title = Electrical Machines - I<br />
| page = 330<br />
| isbn = 81-8431-009-9}}</ref> Typically the primary connection connects to only a part of the winding allowing the output voltage to be varied smoothly from zero to above the input voltage and thus allowing the device to be used for testing electrical equipment at the limits of its specified voltage range.<br />
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===Variac Trademark===<br />
From 1934 to 2002, '''Variac''' was a U.S. trademark of [[General Radio]] for a variable autotransformer intended to conveniently vary the output voltage for a steady AC input voltage. In 2004, Instrument Service Equipment applied for and obtained the ''Variac'' trademark for the same type of product.<ref>http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=76573123&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=documentSearch</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Electromagnetism]]<br />
* [[Faraday's law of induction]]<br />
* [[Ignition coil]]<br />
* [[Inductor]]<br />
* [[Magnetic field]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
*Terrell Croft and Wilford Summers (ed), ''American Electricians' Handbook, Eleventh Edition'', McGraw Hill, New York (1987) ISBN 0-07-013932-6<br />
*[[Donald G. Fink]] and H. Wayne Beaty, ''Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition'',McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-07-020974-X<br />
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[[Category:Transformers (electrical)]]<br />
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[[sv:Transformator#Enkellindade transformatorer]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumas_Mountain_(British_Columbia)&diff=561221888Sumas Mountain (British Columbia)2013-06-23T15:57:28Z<p>Ronstew: Removed "relatively large" since its debatable. Sumas Mountain is surrounded by much higher peaks.</p>
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<div>[[Image:Sumas Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Sumas Mountain from Sumas Central Road in [[Chilliwack]].]]<br />
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'''Sumas Mountain''', also referred to as '''Canadian Sumas''' to distinguish it from [[Sumas Mountain|an identically-named mountain]] just south in Washington state, is a mountain rising from the floodplain of the [[Fraser River]] in the [[Lower Mainland]] of southwestern [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{BCGNIS|13328|Sumas Mountain}}</ref> Its western end is in the urban area of [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] and is home to a number of suburban areas of that city, notably [[Clayburn, British Columbia|Clayburn]]. Its higher eastern reaches tower over [[Greendale, British Columbia|Greendale]], a community within the [[Chilliwack|City of Chilliwack]] and is mostly wilderness; the mountain's summit, [[Sumas Peak]], is located in this area, along with [[Chadsey Lake]]. The mountain is separated from the [[North Cascades|Cascade Mountains]] by the drained lake now called [[Sumas Prairie]], south of which is its American sister, [[Sumas Mountain]], and which is part of the greater floodplain of the Fraser River (the [[Fraser Lowland]]). West of the mountain is [[Matsqui Prairie]], another floodplain, and north of the Fraser, which lies along the mountain's north flank, are similar floodplains - [[Nicomen Island]] and [[Hatzic Prairie]]. <br />
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[[Sumas Mountain Provincial Park]] is located in the higher, northern reaches of the mountain. Some mining has taken place in the mountain, notably brick-clay, which gave rise to the mining community of Clayburn. Located on the mountain's north foot, adjacent to the Fraser, is a Canadian Forces base naval station. On its south side is the reserve of the [[Sumas First Nation]].<br />
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==Name==<br />
"Sumas" is a [[Halqemeylem]] word meaning "a big level opening", referring to the Sumas Prairie area south of the mountain, formerly [[Sumas Lake]]. A common 19th Century spelling of Sumas was "Smess"; [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]]'s journal recorded the name as "shemotch".<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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{{coord|49|05|21|N|122|10|15|W|region:CA-BC_type:mountain|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Mountains of the Lower Mainland]]<br />
[[Category:Abbotsford, British Columbia]]<br />
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{{BritishColumbia-geo-stub}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Schama&diff=542695684Simon Schama2013-03-07T22:59:24Z<p>Ronstew: /* In the United States */ add link to painting: The Death of General Wolfe</p>
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<div>{{Infobox writer<br />
|name = Simon Schama<br />
|image = Simonschrama.JPG<br />
|image_size =<br />
|caption =<br />
|birth_name=Simon Michael Schama<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|02|13}}<br />
|birth_place = London<br />
|death_date =<br />
|death_place =<br />
|residence =<br />
|citizenship =<br />
|nationality = British<br />
|ethnicity =<br />
|field =<br />
|work_institutions = [[Columbia University]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br />
|doctoral_advisor =<br />
|doctoral_students =<br />
|known_for =<br />
|influences =<br />
|influenced =<br />
|prizes =<br />
|religion =<br />
|footnotes =<br />
|spouse=Virginia E. "Ginny" Papaioannou (2 children)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Simon Michael Schama''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (born 13 February 1945) is a British historian and [[art history|art historian]]. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at [[Columbia University]].<ref name="snowman"/> He is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC documentary series ''[[Simon Schama's A History of Britain|A History of Britain]]''. Other works on history and art include ''The Embarrassment of Riches'', ''Landscape and Memory'', ''Dead Certainties'', ''Rembrandt's Eyes'',<ref name="binstock">Binstock, Benjamin. “Rembrandt's Eyes by Simon Schama.” The Art Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Jun., 2000), pp. 361–366. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3051386 (accessed 30 April 2009).</ref> and his history of the [[French Revolution]], ''[[Citizens (book)|Citizens]]''.<ref name="snowman"/> Schama is an art and cultural critic for ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref name="snowman"/><br />
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== Life and early career ==<br />
<br />
The son of Jewish parents with roots in [[Lithuania]], [[Romania]], and [[Turkey]], Schama was born in London.<ref name="snowman">Snowman, Daniel. "Simon Schama." History Today 54, no. 7 (July 2004): 34–36. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?AId=46437&ATypeId=1&search=true2&srchtxt=1&srchhead=1&srchauthor=1&srchsandp=1&scsrch=0 |title=Schama’s art of making history |publisher= by [[The Jewish Chronicle]] |date= |accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> In the mid-1940s, the family moved to [[Southend-on-Sea]] in Essex before moving back to London. Schama writes of this period in the Introduction to ''Landscape & Memory'' (pp.&nbsp;3–4)<br />
<blockquote>I had no hill [the previous paragraph had talked of his enthusiasm for ''[[Puck of Pook's Hill]]''], but I did have the [[Thames]]. It was not the upstream river that the poets in my [[Palgrave's Golden Treasury|Palgrave]] claimed burbled betwixt mossy banks. ... It was the low, gull-swept estuary, the marriage bed of salt and fresh water, stretching as far as I could see from my northern Essex bank, toward a thin black horizon on the other side. That would be Kent, the sinister enemy who always seemed to beat us in the County Cricket Championship. ...</blockquote><br />
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In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the independent [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] in [[Cricklewood]], (from 1961 [[Elstree]], Herts.), followed by [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], reading history under [[J. H. Plumb]] and graduating with a [[British undergraduate degree classification|Starred First]] in 1966.<ref name="snowman"/><br />
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He worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he became a Fellow and Director of Studies in History, and at [[Oxford University|Oxford]], where he was made a Fellow of [[Brasenose College]] in 1976, specialising in the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="snowman"/> At this time, Schama wrote his first book, ''Patriots and Liberators'', which won the [[Wolfson History Prize]]. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the [[Patriots (faction)|Patriot]] revolution in The Netherlands, and its [[Batavian Republic|aftermath]].<br />
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His second book, ''Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel'' (1978), is a study of the [[Zionism|Zionist]] aims of [[Edmond James de Rothschild]] and [[James Armand de Rothschild]].<br />
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He is married to Virginia E. "Ginny" Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children.<ref>[http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000048712,00.html Penguin Authors: Simon Schama] (retrieved 11 April 2010)</ref><br />
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== In the United States ==<br />
<br />
In 1980 Schama took up a chair at [[Harvard University]]. His next book, ''The Embarrassment of Riches'' (1987), again focused on Dutch history.<ref>Daniel, M., and S. Steinberg. "Simon Schama." Publishers Weekly 238, No. 22 (17 May 1991): 46. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009).</ref> In it, Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the [[Dutch Golden Age]] of the seventeenth century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture.<ref>"He provides a reading of cultural tints and social textures," the reviewers in ''Contemporary Sociology'' (Vol. 17.6 (November 1988:760–62) found, "at a level of visual detail that is usually reserved for art history."</ref><br />
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''Citizens'' (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, finally saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French revolution, and won the 1990 [[NCR Book Award]]. ''Citizens'' was very well received and sold admirably. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious criticism.<ref name="snowman"/><ref>Notably in Timothy Tackett, "Interpreting the Terror" ''French Historical Studies'' '''24'''.4 (Autumn 2001:569–578); Tackett's view of swiftly evolving revolution in his [[prosopography]] of the deputies, ''Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture, 1789–1790'' (Princeton University Press) 1996, was not fundamentally at variance with Schama.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1991, he published ''Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)'',<ref>Halttunen, Karen. Review of “Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations.) by Simon Schama.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Sep., 1992), p. 631 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080071 (accessed 30 April 2009).</ref> a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of General [[James Wolfe]] – and the famous [[The Death of General Wolfe|painting]] by [[Benjamin West]] – and that of (by murder) [[George Parkman]], uncle of the better known [[Francis Parkman]]. Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation," and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a greatly mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative<ref name="Windschuttle2000">{{cite book|last=Windschuttle|first=Keith|authorlink=Keith Windschuttle|title=The Killing of History: How Literary Critics and Social Theorists are Murdering Our Past|year=2000|publisher=Encounter Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=1-893554-12-0|page=252|quote=...drawing absolute conclusions from ... fragments of evidence}}</ref> but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.<ref name="Toplin1996">{{cite book|last=Toplin|first=Robert Brent|title=History by Hollywood: the use and abuse of the American past|year=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-06536-0|page=7quote=a fascinating experiment in historical writing.}}</ref> It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as [[Peter Ackroyd]], [[D. J. Taylor|David Taylor]] and [[Richard Holmes (historian)|Richard Holmes]].<ref name="Byatt2000">{{cite book|last=Byatt|first=A. S.|authorlink=A. S. Byatt|title=On histories and stories: selected essays|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-674-00451-5|page=10}}</ref> Sales in hardback exceeded Schama's earlier works.<ref>[[Amazon.com|Amazon]] sales ranks (hardback versions), as at December 2010: ''Dead Certainties: Unwarranted Speculations'', 103,781; ''Citizens'', 320,762; ''The Embarrassment of Riches'', 877,177.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:Simon Schama at The Strand by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|right|Schama at [[Strand Bookstore]], New York City]]<br />
<br />
Schama's ''Landscape and Memory'' (1995) focused on the relationship between physical environment and [[folk memory]], separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" that are embodied in [[myth]]s, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. While in many ways even more personal and idiosyncratic than ''Dead Certainties'', roaming through widening circles of digressions, this book was also more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. While many reviews remained decidedly mixed, the book was a definite commercial success and won numerous prizes.<ref name="williams">Williams, Michael. Review of: “Landscape and Memory. by Simon Schama.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 564–565 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2564086 (accessed 30 April 2009)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gussow|first=Mel|title=Into Arcadia with Simon Schama|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/05/books/into-arcadia-with-simon-schama.html|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=June 5, 1995|retrieved=January 3, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Appropriately, many of the plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. This was borne out when Schama became [[art critic]] for ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at [[Columbia University]]; a selection of his best essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title ''Hang Ups''. During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated ''Rembrandt's Eyes'', another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] and [[Peter Paul Rubens]].<br />
<br />
== BBC ==<br />
In 1995 Schama wrote and presented a series called ''Landscape and Memory'' to accompany his book of the same name.<br />
<br />
The year 2000 saw Schama return to the UK, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title [[A History of Britain (TV series)|''A History of Britain'']]. Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of insular Celtic civilisation.<ref>[http://hnn.us/comments/10421.html "Simon Schama Antidote]". History News Network. Retrieved on 28 March 2007.</ref> Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273359/episodes A History of Britain]". [[IMDb]]. Retrieved on 28 March 2007</ref><ref name="cooper"/> produced in total covering the complete span of British history up until 1965;<ref name="cooper">Cooper, Barbara Roisman. ''"A Wild Ride" Through A History Of Britain With Simon Schama.'' British Heritage 23, no. 6 (November 2002): 48. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009)</ref> it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]].<ref name="cooper"/><br />
<br />
In 2001 Schama received a [[CBE]]. In 2003 he signed a lucrative new contract with the BBC and [[HarperCollins]] to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled ''[[Rough Crossings]]: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution'', dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by [[Lord Dunmore]] offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.<br />
<br />
In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, ''[[Simon Schama's Power of Art]]'' which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: [[Caravaggio]]'s [[:Image:Michelangelo Caravaggio 018.jpg|''David with the Head of Goliath'']], [[Bernini]]'s ''[[Ecstasy of St Theresa]]'', [[Rembrandt]]'s [[The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis|''Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis'']], [[Jacques-Louis David]]'s [[:Image:Death of Marat by David.jpg|''The Death Of Marat'']], [[J. M. W. Turner]]'s ''[[The Slave Ship]]'', [[Vincent van Gogh]]'s ''[[Wheat Field with Crows]]'', [[Picasso]]'s ''[[:Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]'', and [[Mark Rothko]]'s ''Seagram Murals''.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/powerofart/ ''Simon Schama's Power of Art'']. BBC Arts. Retrieved on 28 March 2007.</ref> It was also shown on [[PBS]] in the United States.<ref name="nalley">Nalley, Richard. "SIMON SCHAMA'S POWER OF ART." Forbes 180 (18 September 2007): 165–165. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009).</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2008 BBC broadcast a four-part television series called ''[[The American Future: A History]]'' presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a [[BBC Radio 4]] show entitled 'Baseball and Me', both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the [[Boston Red Sox]].<br />
<br />
In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the [[BBC Radio 4]] series ''A Point of View'':<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00r7rg8 Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics]'': When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders. <br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rbs1f Singing in the Rain]'': Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons.<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rfl63 At the Heart of the Matter]'': The politics surrounding President [[Barack Obama]]'s healthcare reforms.<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rp41w The Gift of the Gab]'': The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates.<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rth9p Behold, Newstralia!]'': Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of [[New Zealand]] and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with [[Australia]].<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rz0kn A Welcome Slice of American Pie]'': Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits.<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s0y0d The Drama of Politics]'': The timeless drama of [[British politics]].<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s3hs0 When Money is Just an Illusion]'': Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art.<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s7g8c Hearts of Oak]'': Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] - the panelling made of solid oak.<br />
*''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s9xx2 Britain's New Politics]'': Reflection on the [[2010 United Kingdom General Election]], favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one.<br />
<br />
In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present ''A History of the Jews'' for BBC 2 for transmission in 2013.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/02_february/24/schama.shtml</ref><br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
<br />
Schama is a supporter of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], donating £2,000 to [[Oona King|Oona King's]] bid to become Labour's candidate for the 2012 [[London_mayoral_election,_2012#Elections|London Mayoral election]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/aug/13/labour-leadership-donations-miliband-burnham-balls | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=David Miliband hits it rich in leadership race as stars back Burnham and Balls | first=Michael | last=White | date=13 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Israel ===<br />
<br />
Schama was critical of a call by British novelist [[John Berger]] for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in an article co-authored with lawyer [[Anthony Julius]], Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by [[Nazi Germany]], noting "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, a week after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/dec/22/bergerboycott John Berger is wrong], Simon Schama and Anthony Julius, The Guardian, 22 December 2006</ref><br />
<br />
In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with [[Vivienne Westwood]] the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon war.<ref name="bbc2006">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/this_week/5210018.stm Simon Schama & Vivienne Westwood], This Week, BBC, 24 July 2006</ref> He characterised Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful in Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah.<ref name="bbc2006"/> With regard to the bombing he said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."<ref name="bbc2006"/><br />
<br />
=== United States ===<br />
<br />
Schama is a vocal supporter of President [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/30/barackobama.democrats20081|title=In its severity and fury, this was Obama at his most powerful and moving|last=Schama|first=Simon|date=30 August 2008|work=The Guardian|pages=34|accessdate=5 November 2008 | location=London}}</ref> and critic of [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/03/george-bush-legacy-dubya|title=Nowhere man: a farewell to Dubya, all-time loser in presidential history|last=Schama|first=Simon|date=3 November 2008|work=The Guardian|pages=1–2|accessdate=5 November 2008 | location=London}}</ref> He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. presidential election]], clashing with [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/display.var.2465762.0.road_to_the_white_house.php|title=Road to the White House|date=5 November 2008|work=The Evening Times|accessdate=5 November 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Writing style ==<br />
One critic noted that his writing is "packed with evocative detail: rich fruit cakes crammed with raisins, currants, nuts and glacé cherries all mulled in brandy sauce".<ref name="snowman"/><br />
<br />
== Criticism ==<br />
[[Susan Buck-Morss]] criticizes Schama's ''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of [[Dutch Golden Age|Dutch Culture in the Golden Age]]'' for its "selective national history" of the Dutch Republic, "that omits much or all of the colonizing story."<ref>Susan Buck-Morss, ''Hegel and Haiti,'' Critical Inquiry, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Summer, 2000), pp. 821-865.</ref> "One would have no idea that Dutch hegemony in the [[slave trade]] (replacing Spain and Portugal as major players) contributed substantially to the enormous 'overload' of wealth that he describes as becoming so socially and morally problematic during the century of Dutch 'centrality' to the 'commerce of the world.'"<ref>Susan Buck-Morss, ''Hegel and Haiti,'' Critical Inquiry, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Summer, 2000), pp. 821-865.</ref><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
<br />
; Books:<br />
* ''Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813'' (1977)<br />
* ''Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age]]'' (1987)<br />
* ''[[Citizens (book)|Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution]]'' (1989)<ref name="snowman"/><br />
* ''Dead Certainties: Unwarranted Speculations'' (1991)<br />
* ''Landscape and Memory'' (1995)<ref name="binstock"/><ref name="williams"/><br />
* ''Rembrandt's Eyes'' (1999)<ref name="binstock"/><br />
* ''[[A History of Britain (book)|A History of Britain]]'' Vol. I (2000, ISBN 0-563-48714-3)<br />
* ''A History of Britain'' Vol. II (2001, ISBN 0-563-48718-6)<br />
* ''A History of Britain'' Vol. III (2002, ISBN 0-563-48719-4)<br />
* ''Hang Ups: Essays on Art'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Rough Crossings]]'' (2005, ISBN 0-06-053916-X)<br />
* ''Simon Schama's Power of Art'' (2006, ISBN 0-06-117610-9)<ref name="nalley"/><br />
* ''The American Future: A History'' (2009, ISBN 0-06-053923-2)<br />
* ''Scribble, Scribble, Scribble: Writing on Politics, Ice Cream, Churchill and My Mother''<br />
<br />
; Documentaries:<br />
* ''Landscape and Memory'' (1995), in five parts<br />
* ''Rembrandt: The Public Eye and the Private Gaze'' (1995)<br />
* ''[[A History of Britain (TV series)|A History of Britain by Simon Schama]]'' – BBC (2000), in 15 parts<br />
* ''Simon Schama's John Donne - 2009<br />
* ''Murder at Harvard'' - PBS (2003)<br />
* ''[[Rough Crossings]]'' – BBC (2005)<br />
* ''[[Simon Schama's Power of Art]]'' – BBC (2006), in eight parts<br />
* ''[[The American Future: A History]]'' – BBC (2008), in four parts<br />
* ''Simon Schama's: Obama's America'' – BBC (2009)<br />
* ''Simon Schama's Shakespeare'' - BBC (2012)<br />
<br />
==Prizes & Other Honors==<br />
*1977 [[Wolfson History Prize]], for ''Patriots and Liberators''<br />
*1977 Leo Gershoy Award, for ''Patriots and Liberators''<br />
*1987 [[New York Times Best Books of the Year]], for ''The Embarrassment of Riches''<br />
*1989 New York Times Best Books of the Year, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''<br />
*1989 Yorkshire Post Book Award, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''<br />
*1996 Lionel Trilling Book Award, for ''Landscape and Memory''<br />
*1996 [[WH Smith Literary Award]], for ''Landscape and Memory''<br />
*2001 Broadcasting Press Guild Writer's Award, for ''A History of Britain''<br />
*2001 Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series (Arts, History, Religion and Science), for ''A History of Britain''<br />
*2002 Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter (Factual, Features and News), for ''A History of Britain''<br />
*2006 [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] for Non-fiction winner, for ''Rough Crossings''<ref>JULIE BOSMAN. "National Briefing | Arts: National Book Critics Circle Winners." ''New York Times'' (9 March 2007): 20. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 1 May 2009).</ref><br />
*2006 Hessell-Tiltman Prize Shortlist, for ''Rough Crossings''<br />
*2007 Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialized Factual Programme or Series, for ''Simon Schama's Power of Art''<br />
*2008 [[The Daily Telegraph]]'s 110 Best Books: The Perfect Library, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Refbegin|2}}<br />
* Binstock, Benjamin. “Rembrandt's Eyes by Simon Schama.” The Art Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Jun., 2000), pp.&nbsp;361–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3051386 (accessed 30 April 2009).<br />
* Cooper, Barbara Roisman. ''"A Wild Ride" Through A History Of Britain With Simon Schama.'' British Heritage 23, No. 6 (November 2002): 48. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 28 April 2009)<br />
* Daniel, M., and S. Steinberg. "Simon Schama." Publishers Weekly 238, No. 22 (17 May 1991): 46. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009)<br />
* Halttunen, Karen. Review of “Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations.) by Simon Schama.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Sep., 1992), p.&nbsp;631 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080071 (accessed 29 April 2009).<br />
* JULIE BOSMAN. "National Briefing | Arts: National Book Critics Circle Winners." New York Times (9 March 2007): 20. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 1 May 2009).<br />
* Nalley, Richard. "SIMON SCHAMA'S POWER OF ART." Forbes 180 (18 September 2007): 165. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009).<br />
* "SIMON SCHAMA; Dumbed Down." New York Times (24 November 2002): 4. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 1 May 2009).<br />
* Snowman, Daniel. "Simon Schama." History Today 54, No. 7 (July 2004): 34–36. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009)<br />
* Williams, Michael. Review of: “Landscape and Memory. by Simon Schama.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp.&nbsp;564–565 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2564086 (accessed 30 April 2009)<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/fac-bios/Schama/faculty.html Columbia History faculty page]<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/html/dept_faculty_schama.html Columbia Art History faculty page]<br />
* [http://www.wnyc.org/shows/bl/episodes/2006/05/08 "Free Fight"], with Schama, offers "a new look at Britain, the United States, slavery and freedom during the Revolutionary War". ''[[The Brian Lehrer Show]]'', 8 May 2006.<br />
* [http://www.cityweekend.com.cn/shanghai/articles/blogs-shanghai/silf/silf-podcast-simon-schamas-the-american-history-a-future/ Simon Schama’s The American History: A Future A Talk at the Shanghai International Literary Festival]<br />
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_the_forum/page24.shtml Audio: Simon Schama in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme] [[The Forum (BBC World Service)|''The Forum'']]<br />
*[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/8380-1/Simon+Schama.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Schama on ''Citizens'', 14 July 1989.]<br />
* {{OL author|OL22497A}}<br />
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{{Commons category|Simon Schama}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}<br />
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{{Authority control|VIAF=46784579}}<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Schama, Simon<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British historian<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH =13 February 1945<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =London<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schama, Simon}}<br />
[[Category:1945 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of the French Revolution]]<br />
[[Category:English historians]]<br />
[[Category:English Jews]]<br />
[[Category:Romanian Jews]]<br />
[[Category:English people of Romanian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish historians]]<br />
[[Category:British academics]]<br />
[[Category:British art historians]]<br />
[[Category:British expatriates in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:English academics]]<br />
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:NCR Book Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Huizinga Lecturers]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundial&diff=526620671Sundial2012-12-05T23:39:40Z<p>Ronstew: /* Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials */ last formatting change for now</p>
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<div>{{Other uses}}<br />
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<br />
A '''sundial''' is a device that tells the time of day by the [[position of the Sun]]. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its ''style'' onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. The style is the time-telling edge of the ''[[gnomon]]'', often a thin rod or a sharp, straight edge. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow-edge aligns with different hour-lines. All sundials must be aligned with the axis of the Earth's rotation to tell the correct time. In most designs, the style must point towards true celestial north (not the north magnetic pole or south magnetic pole). That is, the style's horizontal angle must equal the sundial's geographical latitude.<br />
<br />
It is common for inexpensive decorative sundials to have incorrect hour angles, and these cannot be adjusted to tell correct time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} <br />
<br />
{| align="right"<br />
|[[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]]<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Sundial-from-Marcianopolis.jpg|thumb|Ancient sundial from [[Marcianopolis]]]]<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
There are different types of sundials: Some sundials use a line of light to indicate the time. Others use the edge of a shadow. The spot of light may be formed by allowing the sun's rays through a small hole or reflecting them from a small circular mirror. A line of light may be formed by allowing the rays through a thin slit or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]].<br />
<br />
When the sundial reads by shadows, the shadow-casting object — the sundial's ''[[gnomon]]'' — may be a thin rod, or any object with a sharp tip or a straight edge. Sundials employ many types of gnomon. The gnomon may be fixed or moved according to the season. It may be oriented vertically, horizontally, aligned with the Earth's axis, or oriented in an altogether different direction determined by mathematics.<br />
<br />
Sundials also may use many types of surfaces to receive the light or shadow. [[Plane (mathematics)|Planes]] are the most common surface, but partial [[sphere]]s, [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinders]], [[cone (geometry)|cones]] and other shapes have been used for greater accuracy or beauty.<br />
<br />
Sundials differ in their portability and their need for orientation. The installation of many dials requires knowing the local [[latitude]], the precise vertical direction (e.g., by a level or plumb-bob), and the direction to [[true North]]. Portable dials are self-aligning; for example, it may have two dials that operate on different principles, such as a horizontal and [[Analemmatic sundial|analemmatic]] dial, mounted together on one plate. In these designs, their times agree only when the plate is aligned properly.<br />
<br />
Sundials indicate the [[solar time|local solar time]], unless corrected for some other time. To obtain the official clock time, three types of corrections need to be made.<br />
<br />
First, the orbit of the Earth is not perfectly circular and its rotational axis not perfectly perpendicular to its orbit. The sundial's indicated solar time thus varies from clock time by small amounts that change throughout the year. This correction — which may be as great as 15 minutes — is described by the [[equation of time]]. A sophisticated sundial, with a curved style or hour lines, may incorporate this correction. Often instead, simpler sundials are used, with a small plaque that gives the offsets at various times of the year.<br />
<br />
Second, the solar time must be corrected for the [[longitude]] of the sundial relative to the longitude of the official time zone. For example, a sundial located ''west'' of [[Greenwich]], England but within the same time-zone, shows a ''later'' time than the official time. It will show "noon" after the official noon has passed, since the sun passes overhead later. This correction is often made by rotating the hour-lines by an angle equal to the difference in longitudes.<br />
<br />
Last, to adjust for [[daylight saving time]], the sundial must shift the time away from solar time by some amount, usually an hour. This correction may be made in the adjustment plaque, or by numbering the hour-lines with two sets of numbers.<br />
<br />
==Apparent motion of the Sun==<br />
[[File:Equatorial sundial topview.gif|thumb|upright|Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is 5/12 the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. (not accounting for Daylight Saving Time) on or around Solstice, when the sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3am and 9pm, respectively, on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.05°, roughly the latitude of [[Aberdeen, Scotland]] or [[Sitka, Alaska]].]]<br />
<br />
The principles of sundials can be understood most easily from the [[Sun]]'s apparent motion. Scientists have proven that the Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptic orbit about the Sun; however, meticulous observations and experiments were needed. For the purposes of a sundial, an excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the [[celestial sphere]], which rotates every 23 hours and 56 minutes about its celestial axis. The celestial axis is the line connecting the [[celestial pole]]s. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical [[latitude]].<br />
<br />
Unlike the [[fixed stars]], the Sun changes its position on the celestial sphere, being at a positive [[declination]] in summer, at a negative declination in winter, and having exactly zero declination (i.e., being on the [[celestial equator]]) at the [[equinox]]es. The Sun's [[celestial longitude]] also varies, changing by one complete revolution per year. The path of the Sun on the celestial sphere is called the [[ecliptic]]. The ecliptic passes through the twelve constellations of the [[zodiac]] in the course of a year.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sundial, Singapore Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Sundial in [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]]. The fact that [[Singapore]] is located almost at the [[equator]] is reflected in its design.]]<br />
<br />
This model of the Sun's motion helps to understand sundials. If the shadow-casting gnomon is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, its shadow will revolve at a constant rate, and this rotation will not change with the seasons. This is the most common design. In such cases, the same hour lines may be used throughout the year. The hour-lines will be spaced uniformly if the surface receiving the shadow is either perpendicular (as in the equatorial sundial) or circular about the gnomon (as in the [[armillary sphere]]).<br />
<br />
In other cases, the hour-lines are not spaced evenly, even though the shadow rotates uniformly. If the gnomon is ''not'' aligned with the celestial poles, even its shadow will not rotate uniformly, and the hour lines must be corrected accordingly. The rays of light that graze the tip of a gnomon, or which pass through a small hole, or reflect from a small mirror, trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] aligned with the celestial poles. The corresponding light-spot or shadow-tip, if it falls onto a flat surface, will trace out a [[conic section]], such as a [[hyperbola]], [[ellipse]] or (at the North or South Poles) a [[circle]].<br />
<br />
This conic section is the intersection of the cone of light rays with the flat surface. This cone and its conic section change with the seasons, as the Sun's declination changes; hence, sundials that follow the motion of such light-spots or shadow-tips often have different hour-lines for different times of the year. This is seen in shepherd's dials, sundial rings, and vertical gnomons such as obelisks. Alternatively, sundials may change the angle and/or position of the gnomon relative to the hour lines, as in the analemmatic dial or the Lambert dial.<br />
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==History==<br />
{{details|History of sundials}}<br />
The earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are the [[obelisks]] (3500 BC) and [[shadow clock]]s (1500 BC) from ancient [[Egyptian astronomy]] and [[Babylonian astronomy]]. Presumably, humans were telling time from shadow-lengths at an even earlier date, but this is hard to verify. In roughly 700 BC, the [[Old Testament]] describes a sundial — the "dial of Ahaz" mentioned in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|38:8|HE}} and {{bibleverse|II|Kings|20:9|HE}}. The Roman writer Vitruvius lists dials and shadow clocks known at that time. Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Padovani]] published a treatise on the sundial in 1570, in which he included instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. [[Giuseppe Biancani|Giuseppe Biancani's]] ''Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria'' (ca. 1620) discusses how to make a perfect sundial.<br />
<br />
==Terminology==<br />
In general, sundials indicate the time by casting a shadow or throwing light onto a surface known as a ''dial face'' or ''dial plate''. Although usually a flat plane, the dial face may also be the inner or outer surface of a sphere, cylinder, cone, helix, and various other shapes.<br />
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The time is indicated where a shadow or light falls on the dial face, which is usually inscribed with hour lines. Although usually straight, these hour lines may also be curved, depending on the design of the sundial (see below). In some designs, it is possible to determine the date of the year, or it may be required to know the date to find the correct time. In such cases, there may be multiple sets of hour lines for different months, or there may be mechanisms for setting/calculating the month. In addition to the hour lines, the dial face may offer other data—such as the horizon, the equator and the tropics—which are referred to collectively as the dial furniture.<br />
<br />
The entire object that casts a shadow or light onto the dial face is known as the sundial's ''gnomon''.<ref name="B.S.S."/> However, it is usually only an edge of the gnomon (or another linear feature) that casts the shadow used to determine the time; this linear feature is known as the sundial's ''style''. The style is usually aligned with the axis of the celestial sphere, and therefore aligned with the local geographical meridian. In some sundial designs, only a point-like feature, such as the tip of the style, is used to determine the time and date; this point-like feature is known as the sundial's ''nodus''.<ref name="B.S.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = BSS Glossary.<br />
| url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/index.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2011-05-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071010085501/http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/alpha.htm#S |archivedate = 2007-10-10}}</ref><ref>In some technical writing, the word "gnomon" can also mean the perpendicular height of a nodus from the dial plate. The point where the style intersects the dial plate is called the ''gnomon root''.</ref><br />
Some sundials use both a style and a nodus to determine the time and date.<br />
<br />
The gnomon is usually fixed relative to the dial face, but not always; in some designs such as the analemmatic sundial, the style is moved according to the month. If the style is fixed, the line on the dial plate perpendicularly beneath the style is called the ''substyle'',<ref name="B.S.S."/> meaning "below the style". The angle the style makes perpendicularly with the dial plate is called the substyle height, an unusual use of the word ''height'' to mean an ''angle''. On many wall dials, the substyle is not the same as the noon line (see below). The angle on the dial plate between the noon line and the substyle is called the ''substyle distance'', an unusual use of the word ''distance'' to mean an ''angle''.<br />
<br />
By tradition, many sundials have a [[Motto]]. The motto is usually in the form of an epigram: sometimes sombre reflections on the passing of time and the brevity of life, but equally often humorous witticisms of the dial maker.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 126&ndash;129; Waugh (1973), pp. 124&ndash;125.</ref><br />
<br />
A dial is said to be ''equiangular'' if its hour-lines are straight and spaced equally. Most equiangular sundials have a fixed gnomon style aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, as well as a shadow-receiving surface that is symmetrical about that axis; examples include the equatorial dial, the equatorial bow, the armillary sphere, the cylindrical dial and the conical dial. However, other designs are equiangular, such as the Lambert dial, a version of the analemmatic dial with a moveable style.<br />
<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|270px|The Equation of Time]]<br />
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==Sundials in the Southern Hemisphere==<br />
[[File:Reloj solar san ignacio misiones paraguay.JPG|thumb|upright|Sundial in [[San Ignacio, Paraguay|San Ignacio]], [[Paraguay]].]]<br />
A sundial at a particular [[Earth#Orbit_and_rotation|latitude]] in one [[Sphere|hemisphere]] must be reversed for use at the opposite latitude in the other hemisphere.<ref name="C.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sabanski<br />
| first =Carl<br />
| title =The Sundial Primer<br />
|url=http://www.mysundial.ca/tsp/north_vs_south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref><br />
A vertical direct south sundial in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] becomes a vertical direct north sundial in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. To position a horizontal sundial correctly, one has to find true [[North]] or [[South]]. The same process can be used to do both.<ref name="S.P.01">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Sundials/south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> The gnomon, set to the correct latitude, has to point to the true South in the Southern hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere it has to point to the true North.<ref name="S.P.02">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/cgi-bin/novlesson_S.cgi<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> Also the hour numbers go in opposite directions, so on a horizontal dial they run anti-clockwise rather than clockwise.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/frameset.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sundials are used much less in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} One reason for this is the seasonal asymmetry of the [[Equation of Time]]. (See also [[Sundial#Equation_of_time_correction|'''below''']].) From early November to mid-February, during the Southern Hemisphere's summer, a sundial loses about half an hour relative to a clock. This adds to the difficulty of using it as a timepiece. The change during the northern summer is only about one-third as great, and is often ignored without causing much error. Since sundials are mainly used during the summer months, they are therefore better suited to the Northern Hemisphere.<br />
<br />
==Sundials with fixed axial gnomon==<br />
<br />
The most commonly observed sundials are those in which the shadow-casting style is fixed in position and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, being oriented with [[true North]] and South, and making an angle with the horizontal equal to the geographical [[latitude]]. This axis is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, which is closely, but not perfectly, aligned with the (present) [[pole star]] [[Polaris]]. For illustration, the celestial axis points vertically at the true [[North Pole]], where it points horizontally on the [[equator]]. At [[Jaipur]], a famous location for sundials, gnomons are raised 26°55" above horizontal, reflecting the local latitude.<br />
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On any given day, the Sun appears to rotate uniformly about this axis, at about 15° per hour, making a full circuit (360°) in 24 hours. A linear gnomon aligned with this axis will cast a sheet of shadow (a half-plane) that, falling opposite to the Sun, likewise rotates about the celestial axis at 15° per hour. The shadow is seen by falling on a receiving surface that is usually flat, but which may be spherical, cylindrical, conical or of other shapes. If the shadow falls on a surface that is symmetrical about the celestial axis (as in an armillary sphere, or an equatorial dial), the surface-shadow likewise moves uniformly; the hour-lines on the sundial are equally spaced. However, if the receiving surface is not symmetrical (as in most horizontal sundials), the surface shadow generally moves non-uniformly and the hour-lines are not equally spaced; one exception is the Lambert dial described below.<br />
<br />
Some types of sundials are designed with a fixed gnomon that is not aligned with the celestial poles, such as a vertical obelisk. Such sundials are covered below under the section, "Nodus-based sundials".<br />
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===Equatorial sundials===<br />
<!-- [[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds){{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]] Dup of one in galleryb--><br />
[[File:beijing sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|An equatorial sundial in the [[Forbidden City]], Beijing. {{Coord|39.9157|116.3904|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Forbidden City equatorial sundial}} The gnomon points [[true North]] and its angle with horizontal equals the local [[latitude]]. Closer inspection of the [[:File:beijing sundial.jpg|full-size image]] reveals the "spider-web" of date rings and hour-lines.]]<br />
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The distinguishing characteristic of the ''equatorial dial'' (also called the ''equinoctial dial'') is the planar surface that receives the shadow, which is exactly perpendicular to the gnomon's style.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 46&ndash;49; Waugh (1973), pp. 29&ndash;34; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 55&ndash;56, 96&ndash;98, 138&ndash;141.</ref> This plane is called equatorial, because it is parallel to the equator of the Earth and of the celestial sphere. If the gnomon is fixed and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the sun's apparent rotation about the Earth casts a uniformly rotating sheet of shadow from the gnomon; this produces a uniformly rotating line of shadow on the equatorial plane. Since the sun rotates 360° in 24 hours, the hour-lines on an equatorial dial are all spaced 15° apart (360/24). The uniformity of their spacing makes this type of sundial easy to construct. Both sides of the equatorial dial must be marked, since the shadow will be cast from below in winter and from above in summer. Near the [[equinox]]es in spring and autumn, the sun moves on a circle that is nearly the same as the equatorial plane; hence, no clear shadow is produced on the equatorial dial at those times of year, a drawback of the design.<br />
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A ''nodus'' is sometimes added to equatorial sundials, which allows the sundial to tell the time of year. On any given day, the shadow of the nodus moves on a circle on the equatorial plane, and the radius of the circle measures the [[declination]] of the sun. The ends of the gnomon bar may be used as the nodus, or some feature along its length. An ancient variant of the equatorial sundial has only a nodus (no style) and the concentric circular hour-lines are arranged to resemble a spider-web.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schaldach K | year = 2004 | title = The arachne of the Amphiareion and the origin of gnomonics in Greece | journal = Journal of the History of Astronomy | volume = 35 | pages = 435&ndash;445 | issn = 0021-8286}}</ref><br />
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===Horizontal sundials===<br />
{{for|a more detailed description of such a dial|Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)}}<br />
[[File:Garden sundial MN 2007.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Horizontal sundial in [[Minnesota]]. June 17, 2007 at 12:21. 44°51′39.3″N, 93°36′58.4″W]]<br />
In the ''horizontal sundial'' (also called a ''garden sundial''), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally, rather than being perpendicular to the style as in the equatorial dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 49&ndash;53; Waugh (1973), pp. 35&ndash;51; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 56, 99&ndash;101, 143&ndash;144.</ref> Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face; rather, the hour lines are spaced according to the rule<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 52; Waugh (1973), p. 45.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards [[true North]]) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. When λ equals 90° (at the [[North Pole]]), the horizontal sundial becomes an equatorial sundial; the style points straight up (vertically), and the horizontal plane is aligned with the equatorial place; the hour-line formula becomes θ = 15° × t, as for an equatorial dial. However, a horizontal sundial is impractical on the Earth's [[equator]], where λ equals 0°, the style would lie flat in the plane and cast no shadow.<br />
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The chief advantages of the horizontal sundial are that it is easy to read, and the sun lights the face throughout the year. All the hour-lines intersect at the point where the gnomon's style crosses the horizontal plane. Since the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the style points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] λ. A sundial designed for one latitude can be used in another latitude, provided that the sundial is tilted upwards or downwards by an angle equal to the difference in latitude. For example, a sundial designed for a latitude of 40° can be used at a latitude of 45°, if the sundial plane is tilted upwards by 5°, thus aligning the style with the Earth's rotational axis. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
Many ornamental sundials are designed to be used at 45 degrees north. A sundial designed for one [[latitude]] can be adjusted for use at another latitude by tilting its base so that its style, or [[gnomon]], is parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation and pointing in the direction of the north [[celestial pole]] in the northern hemisphere, or the south celestial pole in the southern hemisphere. Some mass-produced garden sundials fail to correctly calculate the ''hourlines'' so can never be corrected. A local standard [[time zone]] is nominally 15 degrees wide, but may be modified to follow geographic or political boundaries. A sundial can be rotated around its style (which must remain pointed at the celestial pole) to adjust to the local time zone. In most cases, a rotation in the range of 7.5 degrees east to 23 degrees west suffices. This will introduce error in sundials that do not have equal hour angles. To correct for [[daylight saving time]], a face needs two sets of numerals or a correction table. An informal standard is to have numerals in hot colors for summer, and in cool colors for winter. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
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===Vertical sundials===<br />
[[File:Houghton Hall Norfolk UK 4-face sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|Two vertical dials at [[Houghton Hall]] [[Norfolk]] [[UK]] {{Coord|52.827469|0.657616|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Houghton Hall vertical sundials}}. The left and right dials face South and East, respectively. Both styles are parallel, their angle to the horizontal equaling the latitude. The East-facing dial is a polar dial with parallel hour-lines, the dial-face being parallel to the style.]]<br />
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In the common ''vertical dial'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 53&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 57&ndash;58, 102&ndash;107, 141&ndash;143, 146&ndash;151.</ref> As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not ''equiangular''. If the face of the vertical dial points directly south, the angle of the hour-lines is instead described by the formula<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 55; Waugh (1973), p. 52.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \cos \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. Interestingly, the shadow moves ''counter-clockwise'' on a South-facing vertical dial, whereas it runs clockwise on horizontal and equatorial dials.<br />
<br />
Dials that face due South, North, East or West are called ''vertical direct dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 54&ndash;55; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;69</ref> If the face of a vertical dial does ''not'' face due South, the hours of sunlight that the dial receives may be limited. For example, a vertical dial that faces due East will tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are ''polar dials'', which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are rarely used, since they tell time only before 6am or after 6pm, by local solar time. For non-direct vertical dials — those that face in non-cardinal directions — the mathematics of arranging the hour-lines becomes more complicated, and is often done by observation; such dials are said to be ''declining dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 58.</ref><br />
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[[File:Nové Město nad Metují sundials 2011 3.jpg|thumb|"Double" sundials in [[Nové Město nad Metují]], Czech Republic]]<br />
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Vertical dials are commonly mounted on the walls of buildings, such as town-halls, [[cupola]]s and church-towers, where they are easy to see from far away. In some cases, vertical dials are placed on all four sides of a rectangular tower, providing the time throughout the day. The face may be painted on the wall, or displayed in inlaid stone; the gnomon is often a single metal bar, or a tripod of metal bars for rigidity. If the wall of the building does not face in a cardinal direction such as due South, the hour lines must be corrected. Since the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotation axis, it points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]]; consequently, its angle with the vertical face of the dial equals the [[colatitude]], or 90°-latitude.<br />
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===Pocket Sundials===<br />
This portable folding German sundial has a string gnomon (pointer), adjustable for accuracy at any latitude. As shadows fall across the sundial, the smaller dials show Italian and Babylonian hours. The dial also indicates the length of the day and the position of the sun in the zodiac.<br />
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===Polar dials===<br />
In ''polar dials'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned ''parallel'' to the gnomon-style.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 72; Waugh (1973), pp. 70&ndash;73; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 58, 107&ndash;112.</ref> Thus, the shadow slides sideways over the surface, moving perpendicularly to itself as the sun rotates about the style. As with the gnomon, the hour-lines are all aligned with the Earth's rotational axis. When the sun's rays are nearly parallel to the plane, the shadow moves very quickly and the hour lines are spaced far apart. The direct East- and West-facing dials are examples of a polar dial. However, the face of a polar dial need not be vertical; it need only be parallel to the gnomon. Thus, a plane inclined at the angle of latitude (relative to horizontal) under the similarly inclined gnomon will be a polar dial. The perpendicular spacing ''X'' of the hour-lines in the plane is described by the formula<br />
<br />
:<math><br />
X = H \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where ''H'' is the height of the style above the plane, and ''t'' is the time (in hours) before or after the center-time for the polar dial. The center time is the time when the style's shadow falls directly down on the plane; for an East-facing dial, the center time will be 6am, for a West-facing dial, this will be 6pm, and for the inclined dial described above, it will be noon. When ''t'' approaches ±6 hours away from the center time, the spacing ''X'' diverges to [[Extended real number line|+∞]]; this occurs when the sun's rays become parallel to the plane.<br />
<br />
===Vertical declining dials===<br />
[[File:Verticalezonnewijzers-en.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Effect of declining on a sundial's hour-lines. A vertical dial, at a latitude of 51° N, designed to face due South (far left) shows all the hours from 6am to 6pm, and has converging hour-lines symmetrical about the noon hour-line. By contrast, a West-facing dial (far right) is polar, with parallel hour lines, and shows only hours after noon. At the intermediate orientations of [[Boxing the compass|South-Southwest, Southwest, and West-Southwest]], the hour lines are asymmetrical about noon, with the morning hour-lines ever more widely spaced.]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!-- [[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|upright|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]] Logically better place--><br />
A ''declining dial'' is any non-horizontal, planar dial that does not face in a cardinal direction, such as (true) [[North]], [[South]], [[East]] or [[West]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 58, 112&ndash;117, 145&ndash;146.</ref> As usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, but the hour-lines are not symmetrical about the noon hour-line. For a vertical dial, the angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79">Rohr (1965), p. 79.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \frac{\cos \lambda}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and η is the angle of declination from true [[South]]. When such a dial faces South (η=0°), this formula reduces to the formula given above, tan θ = cos λ tan(15° × ''t'').<br />
<br />
When a sundial is not aligned with a cardinal direction, the substyle of its gnomon is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The angle β between the substyle and the noon hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79"/><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \eta \cot \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
If a vertical sundial faces true South or North (η=0° or 180°, respectively), the correction β=0° and the substyle is aligned with the noon hour-line.<br />
<br />
The height of the gnomon, γ (that is the angle the style makes to the plate) is<br />
:<math><br />
\sin \gamma = \cos \eta \cos \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 238.</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- [[File:StBuryan Sundial.JPG|thumb|upright|South west decliner with dial furniture in [[The church of St Buryan|Cornwall]] England. 50°4′30″N, 5°37′15″W]] --><br />
<!--[[File:CS RestorationHouseRochester SWDecliner.JPG|thumb|right|South west declining face of a polyhedral pillar dial, now found in the Restoration House Gardens in [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], [[UK]] 51.2862N 0.5045E ]]--><br />
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===Reclining dials===<br />
The sundials described above have gnomons that are aligned with the Earth's rotational axis and cast their shadow onto a plane. If the plane is neither vertical nor horizontal nor equatorial, the sundial is said to be ''reclining'' or ''inclining''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 70&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 100&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 59&ndash;60, 117&ndash;122, 144&ndash;145.</ref> Such a sundial might be located on a South-facing roof, for example. The hour-lines for such a sundial can be calculated by slightly correcting the horizontal formula above<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 77; Waugh (1973), pp. 101&ndash;103; {{cite book | author = Capt. Samuel Sturmy | year = 1683 | title = The Art of Dialling | publisher = Unknown publisher | location = London}}</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin(\lambda + \chi) \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where χ is the desired angle of reclining, λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+χ), since tan(45°) = 1. When χ equals 90° (in other words, a South-facing vertical dial), we obtain the vertical formula above, since [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+90°) = [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ).<br />
<br />
Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow-receiving plane. If the plane's face points downwards towards the ground, it is said to be ''proclining'' or ''inclining'', whereas a dial is said to be ''reclining'' when the dial face is pointing away from the ground.<br />
<br />
===Reclining-declining dials===<br />
Some sundials both decline and recline, in that their shadow-receiving plane is not oriented with a cardinal direction (such as [[true North]]) and is neither horizontal nor vertical nor equatorial. For example, such a sundial might be found on a roof that was not oriented in a cardinal direction. The formulae describing the spacing of the hour-lines on such dials are rather complicated.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 76&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 122&ndash;125.</ref> The angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line has two components θ = θ<sub>1</sub> + θ<sub>2</sub>, described by the formulae<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 77&ndash;78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{1} = \tan \eta \cos \chi \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{2} = \frac{\cos \chi \cos \eta \sin \lambda + \sin \chi \cos \lambda - \cos \chi \sin \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and χ and η are the angles of inclination and declination, respectively.<br />
<br />
As in the simpler declining dial, the gnomon-substyle is not aligned with the noon hour-line.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 78&ndash;79; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 59&ndash;60.</ref> The general formula for the angle β between the substyle and the noon-line is given by<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \chi \sin \eta \frac{\tan \lambda \cos \chi + \sin \chi \cos \eta}{\cos \chi - \tan \lambda \cos \eta \sin \chi}.<br />
</math><br />
<br />
===Spherical sundials===<br />
[[File:Zw stelling.jpg|thumb|upright|Equatorial bow sundial in [[Hasselt]] , [[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]] {{Coord|50|55|47|N|5|20|31|E|type:landmark|name=Hasselt equatorial bow sundial}}. The rays pass through the narrow slot, forming a uniformly rotating sheet of light that falls on the circular bow. The hour-lines are equally spaced; in this image, the local solar time is roughly 15:00 hours (3 pm). On September 10, a small ball, welded into the slot casts a shadow on centre of the hour band.]]<br />
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The surface receiving the shadow need not be a plane, but can have any shape, provided that the sundial maker is willing to mark the hour-lines. If the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, a spherical shape is convenient since the hour-lines are equally spaced, as they are on the equatorial dial above; the sundial is ''equiangular''. This is the principle behind the armillary sphere and the equatorial bow sundial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114, 124&ndash;125; Waugh (1973), pp. 174&ndash;180; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 60, 126&ndash;129, 151&ndash;155.</ref> However, some equiangular sundials — such as the Lambert dial described below — are based on other principles.<br />
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In the ''equatorial bow sundial'', the gnomon is a bar, slot or stretched wire parallel to the celestial axis. The face is a semicircle (corresponding to the equator of the sphere, with markings on the inner surface. This pattern, built a couple of meters wide out of temperature-invariant steel [[invar]], was used to keep the trains running on time in France before World War I.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 17.</ref><br />
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Among the most precise sundials ever made are two equatorial bows constructed of [[marble]] found in [[Yantra mandir (Jaipur)|Yantra mandir]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 118&ndash;119; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 215&ndash;216.</ref> This collection of sundials and other astronomical instruments was built by Maharaja [[Jai Singh II]] at his then-new capital of [[Jaipur]], India between 1727 and 1733. The larger equatorial bow is called the ''Samrat Yantra'' (The Supreme Instrument); standing at 27&nbsp;[[metre|meters]], its shadow moves visibly at 1&nbsp;mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6&nbsp;cm) every minute.<br />
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===Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials===<br />
[[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium.<br />
(Precision{{space}}={{space}}±30{{space}}seconds)<br />
{{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]]<br />
Other non-planar surfaces may be used to receive the shadow of the gnomon. For example, the gnomon may be aligned with the celestial poles and located also along the symmetry axis of a cone or a cylinder. Due to the symmetry, the hour lines on such surfaces will be equally spaced, as on an equatorial dial or an armillary sphere. The conical dial is very old, and was the basis for one type of ''chalice'' sundial; the style was a vertical pin within a conical goblet, within which were inscribed the hour lines.<br />
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As an elegant alternative, the gnomon may be located on the circumference of a cylinder or sphere, rather than at its center of symmetry. In that case, the hour lines are again spaced equally, but at ''double'' the usual angle, due to the geometrical [[inscribed angle]] theorem. This is the basis of some modern sundials, but it was also used in ancient times; in one type, the edges of a half-cylindrical gnomon served as the styles.<ref>An example of such a half-cylindrical dial may be found at [[Wellesley College]] in [[Massachusetts]]. (Mayall and Mayall, p. 94.)</ref><br />
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Just as the armillary sphere is largely open for easy viewing of the dial, such non-planar surfaces need not be complete. For example, a cylindrical dial could be rendered as a helical ribbon-like surface, with a thin gnomon located either along its center or at its periphery.<br />
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==Adjustments to calculate clock time from a sundial reading==<br />
The most common reason for a sundial to differ from clock time is that the sundial has not been oriented correctly or its hour lines have not been drawn correctly. For example, most commercial sundials are designed as ''horizontal sundials'' as described above. To be accurate such sundials must have been designed for that latitude and their style must be parallel to the Earth's rotational axis; the style must be aligned with [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal must equal the local geographical [[latitude]]. To align the style, the sundial can sometimes be tilted slightly on its north south axis.<br />
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===Summer (daylight saving) time correction===<br />
Some areas of the world practice [[daylight saving time]], which shifts the official time, usually by one hour. This shift must be added to the sundial's time to make it agree with the official time.<br />
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===Time-zone (longitude) correction===<br />
A [[time zone]] can cover 15° of longitude, so any point within that zone will experience time difference with the reference longitude, equivalent to 4 minutes of time per degree. For illustration, sunsets and sunrises occur at a later "official" time in the far western edge of a time-zone, compared to those observed at the far eastern edge. As an example, if a sundial is located at a longitude 5° west of the reference longitude, its time will read 20 minutes slow, since the sun appears to revolve around the Earth at 15° per hour. This is a constant correction throughout the year. For equiangular dials such as the equatorial, spherical or Lambert dials, this correction can be made by rotating the dial surface by an angle equalling the difference in longitude, without changing the gnomon position or orientation. However, this method does not work for other dials, such as a horizontal dial; the correction must be applied by the viewer.<br />
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===Equation of time correction===<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|The Equation of Time - above the axis the sundial will appear ''fast'', and below the sundial will appear ''slow'', relative to a clock showing local mean time.]]<br />
{{main|Equation of time}}<br />
[[File:Derby Sundial C 5810.JPG|thumb|The [[Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)|Whitehurst & Son]] sundial made in 1812, with a circular scale showing the equation of time correction. This is now on display in the [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery|Derby Museum.]] ]]<br />
Although the Sun appears to rotate nearly uniformly about the Earth, it is not perfectly uniform, due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit (the fact that the Earth's orbit about the Sun is not perfectly circular) and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of its orbit. Therefore, sundials time varies from [[Local mean time|standard clock time]]. On four days of the year, the correction is effectively zero, but on others, it can be as much as a quarter-hour early or late. The amount of correction is described by the [[equation of time]]. This correction is ''universal''; it does not depend on the local latitude of the sundial. It does, however, change over long periods of time, centuries or more,<ref>{{cite web<br />
|first=Kevin<br />
|last=Karney<br />
|title=Variation in the Equation of Time<br />
|url=http://www.monmouthshiredfas.org.uk/12%20KWK/KK%20Stuff/Journal.pdf}}<br />
</ref> because of slow variations in the Earth's orbital and rotational motions. Therefore, tables and graphs of the equation of time that were made centuries ago are now significantly incorrect. It is important to realize that the reading of an old sundial should be corrected by applying the present-day equation of time, not one from the period when the dial was made. <br />
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In some sundials, the equation of time correction is provided as a plaque affixed to the sundial. In more sophisticated sundials, however, the equation can be incorporated automatically. For example, some equatorial bow sundials are supplied with a small wheel that sets the time of year; this wheel in turn rotates the equatorial bow, offsetting its time measurement. In other cases, the hour lines may be curved, or the equatorial bow may be shaped like a vase, which exploits the changing altitude of the sun over the year to effect the proper offset in time.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = The Claremont, CA<br />
| first = Bowstring Equatorial<br />
| title = Photo Info<br />
| url = http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/exo/sundials/ca/claremont/info.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-19 }}</ref> A ''heliochronometer'' is a precision sundial that corrects [[solar time|apparent solar time]] to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. Heliochronometers usually indicate the minutes to within 1 minute of [[Universal Time]]. <br />
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An analemma may be added to many types of sundials to correct apparent solar time to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. These usually have hour lines shaped like "figure eights" ([[analemma]]s) according to the [[equation of time]]. This compensates for the slight eccentricity in the Earth's orbit and the tilt of the Earth's axis that causes up to a 15 minute variation from mean solar time. This is a type of dial furniture seen on more complicated horizontal and vertical dials.<br />
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Prior to the invention of accurate clocks, in the mid-17th Century, sundials were the only timepieces in common use, and were considered to tell the "right" time. The Equation of Time was not used. After the invention of good clocks, sundials were still considered to be correct, and clocks usually incorrect. The Equation of Time was used in the opposite direction from today, to apply a correction to the time shown by a clock to make it agree with sundial time, Some elaborate "[[Equation clock]]s", such as one made by Joseph Williamson in 1720, incorporated mechanisms to do this correction automatically. (Williamson's clock may have been the first-ever device to use a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] gear.) Only after about 1800 was uncorrected clock time considered to be "right", and sundial time usually "wrong", so the Equation of Time became used as it is today.<br />
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==Movable-gnomon sundials==<br />
In addition to the sundials have a gnomon that is designed to be moved over the course of the year. In other words, the position of the gnomon relative to the center of the hour lines can vary. The advantage of such dials is that the gnomon need not be aligned with the celestial poles and may even be perfectly vertical (the analemmatic dial). A second advantage is that such dials, when combined with a fixed-gnomon sundial, allow the user to determine [[true North]] with no other aid; the two sundials are correctly aligned if and only if the time on the two sundials agrees. This is a useful property for portable sundials.<br />
<!-- [[File:Traveler's sundial - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumbnail|left|Universal Equinoctial Ring Dial, constructed at [[Paris]], by Butterfield, probably in the last quarter of the 18th century]] --><br />
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===Universal equinoctial ring dial===<br />
[[File:Ringsundial open.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Universal ring dial. The dial is suspended from the cord shown in the upper left; the suspension point on the vertical meridian ring can be changed to match the local latitude. The center bar is twisted until a sunray passes through the small hole and falls on the horizontal equatorial ring.]]<br />
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A ''universal equinoctial ring dial'' (sometimes called a ''ring dial'' for brevity, although the term is ambiguous) is a portable version of an armillary sundial,<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 157.</ref> or was inspired by the [[mariner's astrolabe]].<ref name="swanick">Swanick, Lois Ann. ''An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration: 15th Century To Mid-17th Century'', MA Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2005</ref> It was likely invented by [[William Oughtred]] around 1600 and became common throughout Europe.<ref>Turner, 1980, p25</ref><br />
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In its simplest form, the style is a thin slit that allows the sun's rays to fall on the hour-lines of an equatorial ring. As usual, the style is aligned with the Earth's axis; to do this, the user may orient the dial towards [[true North]] and suspend the ring dial vertically from the appropriate point on the meridian ring. Such dials may be made self-aligning with the addition of a more complicated central bar, instead of a simple slit-style. These bars are sometimes an addition to a set of [[Gemma's rings]]. This bar could pivot about its end points and held a perforated slider that was positioned to the month and day according to a scale scribed on the bar. The time was determined by rotating the bar towards the sun so that the light shining through the hole fell on the equatorial ring. This forced the user to rotate the instrument, which had the effect of aligning the instrument's vertical ring with the meridian.<br />
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When not in use, the equatorial and meridian rings can be folded together into a small disk.<br />
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In 1610, [[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]] created the '''sea ring''', which mounted a universal ring dial over a magnetic compass. This permitted mariners to determine the time and magnetic variation in a single step.<ref name="may">May, William Edward, ''A History of Marine Navigation'', G. T. Foulis &amp; Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, ISBN 0-85429-143-1</ref><br />
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===Analemmatic sundials===<br />
{{Main|Analemmatic sundial}}<br />
[[File:Zonnewijzerherkenrode.jpg|upright|thumb|Analemmatic sundial on a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] line in the garden of the abbey of Herkenrode in [[Hasselt]] ([[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]])]] <br />
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'''Analemmatic sundials''' are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern. There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse. The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day.<br />
Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon. Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months. A 66 inch tall person casts a 4 inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice.<br />
<ref>Analemmatic sundials: How to build one and why they work by C.J. Budd and C.J. Sangwin</ref><br />
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===Lambert dials===<br />
The Lambert dial is another movable-gnomon sundial.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, pp. 190&ndash;192.</ref> In contrast to the elliptical analemmatic dial, the Lambert dial is circular with evenly spaced hour lines, making it an ''equiangular sundial'', similar to the equatorial, spherical, cylindrical and conical dials described above. The gnomon of a Lambert dial is neither vertical nor aligned with the Earth's rotational axis; rather, it is tilted northwards by an angle α = 45° - (Φ/2), where Φ is the geographical [[latitude]]. Thus, a Lambert dial located at latitude 40° would have a gnomon tilted away from vertical by 25° in a northerly direction. To read the correct time, the gnomon must also be moved northwards by a distance<br />
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:<math><br />
Y = R \tan \alpha \tan \delta \,<br />
</math><br />
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where ''R'' is the radius of the Lambert dial and δ again indicates the Sun's declination for that time of year.<br />
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==Altitude-based sundials==<br />
Altitude dials measure the height of the sun in the sky, rather than its rotation about the celestial axis. They are not oriented towards [[true North]], but rather towards the sun and generally held vertically. The sun's elevation is indicted by the position of a nodus, either the shadow-tip of a gnomon, or a spot of light. The time is read from where the nodus falls on a set of hour-curves that vary with the time of year. Since the sun's altitude is the same at times equally spaced about noon (e.g., 9am and 3pm), the user had to know whether it were morning or afternoon. Many of these dials are portable and simple to use, although they are not well-suited for travelers, since their hour-curves are specific for a given [[latitude]].<br />
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===Human shadows===<br />
The length of a human shadow (or of any vertical object) can be used to measure the sun's elevation and, thence, the time.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 15; Waugh (1973), pp. 1&ndash;3.</ref> The [[Venerable Bede]] gave a table for estimating the time from the length of one's shadow in feet, on the assumption that a monk's height is six times the length of his foot. Such shadow lengths will vary with the geographical [[latitude]] and with the time of year. For example, the shadow length at noon is short in summer months, and long in winter months.<br />
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[[Chaucer]] evokes this method a few times in his ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', as in his ''Parson's Tale''<br />
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{{cquote|It was four o'clock according to my guess,<br />Since eleven feet, a little more or less,<br />my shadow at the time did fall,<br />Considering that I myself am six feet tall.}}<br />
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An equivalent type of sundial using a vertical rod of fixed length is known as a ''[[backstaff|backstaff dial]]''.<br />
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===Shepherd dials &ndash;Timesticks===<br />
[[File:Tibetan Timestick.jpg|thumb|upright|19th century Tibetan Shepherd's Timestick]]<br />
A shepherd's dial — also known as a ''shepherds' column dial'',<ref name="story of time">{{cite book |author=National Maritime Museum; Lippincott, Kristen; Eco, Umberto; Gombrich, E. H. |title=The Story of Time |publisher=Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum |location=London |year=1999 |pages= 42&ndash;43|isbn=1-85894-072-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="beginnings">{{cite web|last=St. Edmundsbury|first=Borough Council|title=Telling the story of time measurement: The Beginnings|url=http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/beginnings.cfm|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> ''pillar dial'', ''cylinder dial'' or ''chilindre'' — is a portable cylindrical sundial with a knife-like gnomon that juts out perpendicularly.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 109&ndash;111; Waugh (1973), pp. 150&ndash;154; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 162&ndash;166.</ref> It is normally dangled from a rope or string so the cylinder is vertical. The gnomon can be twisted to be above a month or day indication on the face of the cylinder. This corrects the sundial for the equation of time. The entire sundial is then twisted on its string so that the gnomon aims toward the sun, while the cylinder remains vertical. The tip of the shadow indicates the time on the cylinder. The hour curves inscribed on the cylinder permit one to read the time. Shepherd's dials are sometimes hollow, so that the gnomon can fold within when not in use.<br />
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Shepherd's dials appear in several works of literature. For example, in the [[Chaucer|Chaucer's]] ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', the monk says,<br />
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{{cquote|"Goth now your wey," quod he, "al stille and softe,<br />And lat us dyne as sone as that ye may;<br />for by my chilindre it is pryme of day."}}<br />
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Similarly, the shepherd's dial is evoked in [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'',<br />
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{{cquote|O God! methinks it were a happy life<br />To be no better than a homely swain;<br />To sit upon a hill, as I do now,<br />To carve out dials, quaintly, point by point,<br />Thereby to see the minutes, how they run--<br />How many makes the hour full complete,<br />How many hours brings about the day,<br />How many days will finish up the year,<br />How many years a mortal man may live.}}<br />
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The cylindrical shepherd's dial can be unrolled into a flat plate. In one simple version,<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 166&ndash;167.</ref> the front and back of the plate each have three columns, corresponding to pairs of months with roughly the same solar declination (June–July, May–August, April–September, March–October, February–November, and January–December). The top of each column has a hole for inserting the shadow-casting gnomon, a peg. Often only two times are marked on the column below, one for noon and the other for mid-morning/mid-afternoon.<br />
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Timesticks, ''clock spear'',<ref name="story of time"/> or ''shepherds' time stick'',<ref name="story of time"/> are based on the same principles as dials.<ref name="story of time"/><ref name="beginnings"/> The time stick is carved with eight vertical time scales for a different period of the year, each bearing a time scale calculated according to the relative amount of daylight during the different months of the year. Any reading depends not only on the time of day but also on the latitude and time of year.<ref name="beginnings"/><br />
A peg gnomon is inserted at the top in the appropriate hole or face for the season of the year, and turned to the Sun so that the shadow falls directly down the scale. Its end displays the time.<ref name="story of time"/><br />
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===Ring dials===<br />
In a ring dial (also known as an ''Aquitaine'' or a ''perforated ring dial''), the ring is hung vertically and oriented sideways towards the sun.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 111; Waugh (1973), pp. 158&ndash;160; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 159&ndash;162.</ref> A beam of light passes through a small hole in the ring and falls on hour-curves that are inscribed on the inside of the ring. To adjust for the equation of time, the hole is usually on a loose ring within the ring so that the hole can be adjusted to reflect the current month.<br />
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===Card dials (Capuchin dials)===<br />
Card dials are another form of altitude dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 110; Waugh (1973), pp. 161&ndash;165; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 166&ndash;185.</ref> A card is aligned edge-on with the sun and tilted so that a ray of light passes through an aperture onto a specified spot, thus determining the sun's altitude. A weighted string hangs vertically downwards from a hole in the card, and carries a bead or knot. The position of the bead on the hour-lines of the card gives the time. In more sophisticated versions such as the Capuchin dial, there is only one set of hour-lines, i.e., the hour lines do not vary with the seasons. Instead, the position of the hole from which the weighted string hangs is varied according to the season.<br />
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==Nodus-based sundials==<br />
[[File:057Cracow.JPG|thumb|upright| Kraków. {{Coord|50.0614|19.9400|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Kraków sundial}} The shadow of the cross-shaped nodus moves along a [[hyperbola]] which shows the time of the year,indicated here by the zodiac figures. It is 1:50pm on 16 July, 25 days after the [[summer solstice]].]]<br />
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Another type of sundial follows the motion of a single point of light or shadow, which may be called the ''nodus''. For example, the sundial may follow the sharp tip of a gnomon's shadow, e.g., the shadow-tip of a vertical [[obelisk]] (e.g., the ''[[Solarium Augusti]]'') or the tip of the horizontal marker in a shepherd's dial. Alternatively, sunlight may be allowed to pass through a small hole or reflected from a small (e.g., coin-sized) circular mirror, forming a small spot of light whose position may be followed. In such cases, the rays of light trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] over the course of a day; when the rays fall on a surface, the path followed is the intersection of the cone with that surface. Most commonly, the receiving surface is a geometrical [[plane (geometry)|plane]], so that the path of the shadow-tip or light-spot (called ''declination line'') traces out a [[conic section]] such as a [[hyperbola]] or an [[ellipse]]. The collection of hyperbolae was called a ''pelekonon'' (axe) by the Greeks, because it resembles a double-bladed ax, narrow in the center (near the noonline) and flaring out at the ends (early morning and late evening hours).<br />
[[File:Sundial solstice declination lines for different latitudes - slow.gif|thumb|left|Declination lines at solstices and equinox for sundials, located at different latitudes]]<br />
There is a simple verification of hyperbolic declination lines on a sundial: the distance from the origin to the equinox line should be equal to [[harmonic mean]] of distances from the origin to summer and winter solstice lines.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Belk T | year = 2007|month = September | title = Declination Lines Detailed | journal = BSS Bulletin | volume = 19(iii) | pages = 137&ndash;140 | url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/Bulletin/Bulletin-19iii-Belk.pdf}}</ref><br />
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Nodus-based sundials may use a small hole or mirror to isolate a single ray of light; the former are sometimes called ''aperture dials''. The oldest example is perhaps the antiborean sundial (''antiboreum''), a spherical nodus-based sundial that faces [[true North]]; a ray of sunlight enters from the South through a small hole located at the sphere's pole and falls on the hour and date lines inscribed within the sphere, which resemble lines of longitude and latitude, respectively, on a globe.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 14.</ref><br />
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===Reflection sundials===<br />
[[Isaac Newton]] developed a convenient and inexpensive sundial, in which a small mirror is placed on the sill of a south-facing window.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 116&ndash;121.</ref> The mirror acts like a nodus, casting a single spot of light on the ceiling. Depending on the geographical [[latitude]] and time of year, the light-spot follows a conic section, such as the hyperbolae of the pelikonon. If the mirror is parallel to the Earth's equator, and the ceiling is horizontal, then the resulting angles are those of a conventional horizontal sundial. Using the ceiling as a sundial surface exploits unused space, and the dial may be large enough to be very accurate.<br />
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==Multiple dials==<br />
Sundials are sometimes combined into multiple dials. If two or more dials that operate on different principles — say, such as an analemmatic dial and a horizontal or vertical dial — are combined, the resulting multiple dial becomes self-aligning. In other words, the direction of [[true North]] need not be determined; the dials are oriented correctly when they read the same time. This is a significant advantage in portable dials. However, the most common forms combine dials based on the same principle, and thus are not self-aligning.<br />
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===Diptych (tablet) sundial===<br />
[[File:Sundial in the form of a mandolin - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumb|upright|Diptych sundial in the form of a [[lute]], c. 1612. The gnomons-style is a string stretched between a horizontal and vertical face. This sundial also has a small nodus (a bead on the string) that tells time on the hyperbolic ''pelikinon'', just above the date on the vertical face.]]<br />
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The '''[[diptych]]''' consisted of two small flat faces, joined by a hinge.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 112; Waugh (1973), pp. 154&ndash;155; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 23&ndash;24.</ref> Diptychs usually folded into little flat boxes suitable for a pocket. The gnomon was a string between the two faces. When the string was tight, the two faces formed both a vertical and horizontal sundial. These were made of white ivory, inlaid with black lacquer markings. The gnomons were black braided silk, linen or hemp string. With a knot or bead on the string as a nodus, and the correct markings, a diptych (really any sundial large enough) can keep a calendar well-enough to plant crops. A common error describes the diptych dial as self-aligning. This is not correct for diptych dials consisting of a horizontal and vertical dial using a string gnomon between faces, no matter the orientation of the dial faces. Since the string gnomon is continuous, the shadows must meet at the hinge; hence, ''any'' orientation of the dial will show the same time on both dials.<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 155.</ref><br />
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===Multiface (Facet-headed) dials===<br />
A common multiple dial is to place sundials on every face of a [[Platonic solid]], usually a [[cube]].<ref>Rohr (1965),, p. 118; Waugh (1973), pp. 155&ndash;156; Mayall and Mayall, p. 59.</ref> Extremely ornate sundials can be composed in this way, by applying a sundial to every surface of a solid object. In some cases, the sundials are formed as hollows in a solid object, e.g., a cylindrical hollow aligned with the Earth's rotational axis (in which the edges play the role of styles) or a spherical hollow in the ancient tradition of the ''hemisphaerium'' or the ''antiboreum''. (See the History section below.) In some cases, these multiface dials are small enough to sit on a desk, whereas in others, they are large stone monuments.<br />
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Such multiface dials have the advantage of receiving light (and, thus, telling time) at every hour of the day. They can also be designed to give the time in different time-zones simultaneously. However, they are generally not self-aligning, since their various dials generally use the same principle to tell time, that of a gnomon-style aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. Self-aligning dials require that at least two independent principles are used to tell time, e.g., a horizontal dial (in which the style is aligned with the Earth's axis) and an analemmatic dial (in which the style is not). In many cases, the multiface dials are erected never to be moved and, thus, need be aligned only once.<br />
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===Prismatic dials===<br />
Prismatic dials are a special case of polar dials, in which the sharp edges of a [[prism (geometry)|prism]] of a concave [[polygon]] serve as the styles and the sides of the prism receive the shadow.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 181&ndash;190.</ref> Examples include a three-dimensional cross or star of David on gravestones.<br />
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==Unusual sundials==<br />
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===Benoy dials===<br />
[[File:Benoy sun clock.jpg|upright|thumb|Benoy Sun Clock time shown: 6:00pm - 18.00 hours]]<br />
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The Benoy Dial was invented by Walter Gordon Benoy of Collingham in Nottinghamshire. Light may also be used to replace the shadow-edge of a gnomon. Whereas the style usually casts a sheet of shadow, an equivalent sheet of light can be created by allowing the sun's rays through a thin slit, reflecting them from a long, slim mirror (usually half-cylindrical), or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]]. For illustration, the Benoy Dial uses a cylindrical lens to create a sheet of light, which falls as a line on the dial surface. Benoy dials can be seen throughout Great Britain, such as<ref name="BSSRegister">List correct as of British Sundial Register 2000. {{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/register.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref><br />
*Carnfunnock Country Park [[Antrim, County Antrim|Antrim]] [[Northern Ireland]]<br />
*Upton Hall [[British Horological Institute]] [[Newark-on-Trent]] [[Nottinghamshire]] UK<br />
*Within the collections of St Edmundsbury Heritage Service [[Bury St Edmunds]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = St. Edmundsbury<br />
| first = Borough Council<br />
| title = Telling the story of time measurement.<br />
| url = http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/Telling-the-Story-of-Time-Measurement.cfm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref> UK<br />
*Longleat [[Warminster]] [[Wiltshire]] UK<br />
*[[Jodrell Bank]] Science Centre and [[Arboretum]]<br />
*[[Birmingham Botanical Gardens]] [[Edgbaston]] UK<br />
*[[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] UK - (inventory number 1975-318)<br />
<br />
===Bifilar sundial===<br />
Discovered by the German mathematician Hugo Michnik, the bifilar sundial has two non-intersecting threads parallel to the dial. Usually the second thread is orthogonal to the first.<ref>[http://www.nonvedolora.it/english/bifilare_en.htm Bifilar sundial]</ref><ref>[[:fr:Cadran bifilaire|Cadran Bifilaire]]</ref><br />
<br />
The intersection of the two threads' shadows gives the solar time.<br />
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===Digital sundial===<br />
<br />
{{Main|Digital sundial}}<br />
A [[digital sundial]] uses light and shadow to 'write' the time in numerals rather than marking time with position. One such design uses two parallel masks to screen sunlight into patterns appropriate for the time of day.<br />
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===Analog calculating sundial===<br />
A horizontal sundial with a face cut on a [[cardioid]] keeps clock time, while still resembling a conventional garden sundial. The cardioid shape connects the intersections between the solar-time marks of a conventional sundial, and the equal-angles of a true clock-time face. The place where The shadow crosses the cardioid's edge, and the clock time can be read from the underlying clock-time dial. The sundial is adjusted for daylight saving time by rotating the underlying equal-angle clock-time face. The sun-time face does not move.<br />
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===Globe dial===<br />
The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114&ndash;115.</ref> Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth. This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.<br />
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===Noon marks===<br />
[[File:Greenwich Royal Observatory Noon Mark.jpg|thumb|upright|Noon-mark from the [[Greenwich Royal Observatory]]. The analemma is the narrow figure-8 shape, which plots the [[equation of time]] (in degrees, not time, 1°=4minutes) versus the altitude of the sun at noon at the sundial's location. The altitude is measured vertically, the equation of time horizontally.]]<br />
<br />
The simplest sundials do not give the hours, but rather note the exact moment of 12:00 noon.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 18&ndash;28.</ref> In centuries past, such dials were used to correct mechanical clocks, which were sometimes so inaccurate as to lose or gain significant time in a single day.<br />
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In U.S. colonial-era houses, a noon-mark can often be found carved into a floor or windowsill.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 26.</ref> Such marks indicate local noon, and they provide a simple and accurate time reference for households that do not possess accurate clocks. In modern times, some Asian countries,<!-- Date and location needed--> post offices have set their clocks from a precision noon-mark. These in turn provided the times for the rest of the society. The typical noon-mark sundial was a lens set above an [[analemma]]tic plate. The plate has an engraved figure-eight shape., which corresponds to plotting the [[equation of time]] (described above) versus the solar declination. When the edge of the sun's image touches the part of the shape for the current month, this indicates that it is 12:00 noon.<br />
<br />
===Noon cannon===<br />
A noon cannon, sometimes called a 'meridian cannon', is a specialized sundial that is designed to create an 'audible noonmark', by automatically igniting a quantity of gunpowder at noon. These were novelties rather than precision sundials, sometimes installed in parks in Europe mainly in the late 18th or early 19th century. They typically consist of a horizontal sundial, which has in addition to a [[gnomon]] a suitably mounted [[lens (optics)|lens]], set up to focus the rays of the sun at exactly noon on the firing pan of a miniature [[cannon]] loaded with [[gunpowder]] (but no [[round shot|ball]]). To function properly the position and angle of the lens must be adjusted seasonally.<br />
<br />
==Meridian lines==<br />
A horizontal line aligned on a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] with a gnomon facing the noon-sun is termed a meridian line and does not indicate the time, but instead the day of the year. Historically they were used to accurately determine the length of the [[Tropical year|solar year]]. Examples are the [[Francesco Bianchini|Bianchini]] meridian line in [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]] in [[Rome]], and the [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Cassini]] line in [[San Petronio Basilica]] at [[Bologna]].<br />
<br />
==Sundial mottoes==<br />
{{Further|List of sundial mottoes}}<br />
The association of sundials with time has inspired their designers over the centuries to display mottoes as part of the design. Often these cast the device in the role of ''[[memento mori]]'', inviting the observer to reflect on the transience of the world and the inevitability of death. "Do not kill time, for it will surely kill thee." Other mottoes are more whimsical: "I count only the sunny hours," and "I am a sundial and I make a botch / of what is done far better by a watch." Collections of sundial mottoes have often been published through the centuries.<br />
<br />
==Using a sundial as a compass==<br />
If a horizontal-plate sundial is portable and is made for the latitude in which it is being used, and if the user has a [[watch]] and the necessary information to calculate the local [[solar time|sundial time]] from its reading, the sundial can be used to find the directions of [[True North]], South, etc. The sundial should be placed on a horizontal surface, and rotated about a vertical axis until it shows the correct time. The gnomon will then be pointing to the North, in the [[northern hemisphere]], or to the South in the southern hemisphere. This method is much more accurate than using the watch as a compass (see [[watch]]) and can be used in places where the [[magnetic declination]] is large, making a [[magnetic compass]] unreliable.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Foucault pendulum]]<br />
*[[Francesco Bianchini]]<br />
*[[Horology]]<br />
*[[Moondial]]<br />
*[[Equation clock]]<br />
*[[Nocturnal (instrument)|Nocturnal]] &mdash; device for determining time by the stars at night.<br />
*[[Scottish sundial]] &mdash; the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland.<br />
*[[Tide (time)]] &mdash; divisions of the day on early sundials.<br />
*[[Wilanów Palace#The sundial|Wilanów Palace Sundial]], created by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in about 1684.<br />
<br />
==References and footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book | author = Earle AM | year = 1971 | title = Sundials and Roses of Yesterday | publisher = Charles E. Tuttle | location = Rutland, VT | isbn = 0-8048-0968-2|lccn=74142763}} Reprint of the 1902 book published by Macmillan (New York).<br />
* A.P. Herbert, ''Sundials Old and New'', Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967.<br />
* {{cite book | author = Mayall RN, Mayall MW | year = 1994 | title = Sundials: Their Construction and Use | edition = 3rd | publisher = Sky Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-933346-71-9}}<br />
* Hugo Michnik, ''Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr'', Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217(5190), p.&nbsp;81-90, 1923<br />
* {{cite book|first=Christopher St.J.H. |last=Daniel |title=Sundials |series=Shire Album |publisher=Shire Publications |volume=176 |edition=2nd revised |year=2004 |isbn=978-0747805588 }}<br />
* {{cite book | author = Rohr RRJ | year = 1996 | title = Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice | edition = translated by G. Godin | publisher = Dover | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-29139-1}} Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title ''Les Cadrans solaires'' by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).<br />
* Frederick W. Sawyer, ''Bifilar gnomonics'', JBAA (Journal of the British Astronomical association), 88(4):334–351, 1978<br />
* Turner, Gerard L'E, ''Antique Scientific Instruments'', Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 ISBN 0-7137-1068-3<br />
* J. L. Heilbron, ''The sun in the church: cathedrals as solar observatories,'' [[Harvard University Press]], 2001 ISBN 978-0-674-00536-5.<br />
*''Make A Sundial'', (The Education Group British Sundial Society) Editors Jane Walker and David Brown, British Sundial Society 1991 ISBN 0-9518404-0<br />
* {{cite book | author = Waugh AE | year = 1973 | title = Sundials: Their Theory and Construction | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-22947-5}}<br />
*"Illustrating Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, ISBN 0-9765286-8-1, LCN: 2005900674<br />
**Also see "Illustrating More Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, both books are over 300 pages long.<br />
* Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2010, ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0<br />
* [http://www.priceminister.com/s/trait%E9+abr%E9g%E9+de+gnomonique''Traité abrégé de gnomonique''], Francis Ziegeltrum, auto-édition, 2010, ISBN 978-2-7466-1913-5<br />
* Denis Savoie, ''Sundials, Design, Construction, and Use'', Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-09801-2.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Sundials}}<br />
* [http://wvaughan.org/sundials.html Understanding sundials through map projections]<br />
* [http://www.vedicastro.com/astronomy5.asp The Ancient Vedic Sun Dial]<br />
* [http://gonewengland.about.com/od/massachusettspictures/ss/Tanglewood-Photos_6.htm Analemmatic Sundial at Tanglewood]<br />
* [http://relojesdesol.info/ Asociación Amigos de los Relojes de Sol] (AARS) - Spanish Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/ British Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://cadrans_solaires.scg.ulaval.ca/ La Commission des Cadrans Solaires du Québec] (CCSQ) - Commission on Sundials of Quebec<br />
* [http://www.commission-cadrans-solaires.fr Commission des Cadrans Solaires de la Société Astronomique de France]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonicaitaliana.it/ Coordinamento Gnomonico Italiano] (CGI) - Italian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.pandy.me.uk/sundials/ Derbyshire Sundials] - Sundial Calculators<br />
* [http://www.sundials.org/ North American Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://www.sundialsofscotland.co.uk/ Register of Scottish Sundials]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonica.cat/ Societat Catalana de Gnomònica] - Catalonian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/ De Zonnewijzerkring] - Dutch Sundial Society (in English)<br />
* [http://www.zonnewijzerkringvlaanderen.be/ Zonnewijzerkring Vlaanderen] - Flemish Sundial Society<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sundials| ]]<br />
[[Category:Clocks]]<br />
[[Category:Horology]]<br />
[[Category:Garden features]]<br />
[[Category:Architectural elements]]<br />
[[Category:Garden ornaments]]<br />
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures]]<br />
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[[ar:مزولة]]<br />
[[az:Günəş saatı]]<br />
[[bn:সূর্যঘড়ি]]<br />
[[be:Сонечны гадзіннік]]<br />
[[bg:Слънчев часовник]]<br />
[[bs:Sunčani sat]]<br />
[[br:Horolaj-heol]]<br />
[[ca:Rellotge de sol]]<br />
[[cs:Sluneční hodiny]]<br />
[[co:Meridiana]]<br />
[[da:Solur]]<br />
[[de:Sonnenuhr]]<br />
[[et:Päikesekell]]<br />
[[el:Ηλιακό ρολόι]]<br />
[[es:Reloj de sol]]<br />
[[eo:Sunhorloĝo]]<br />
[[eu:Eguzki erloju]]<br />
[[fa:ساعت آفتابی]]<br />
[[fr:Cadran solaire]]<br />
[[gd:Uaireadair-grèine]]<br />
[[gl:Reloxo de sol]]<br />
[[gan:日晷]]<br />
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[[hi:सौर घड़ी]]<br />
[[hr:Sunčani sat]]<br />
[[id:Jam matahari]]<br />
[[is:Sólúr]]<br />
[[it:Meridiana]]<br />
[[he:שעון שמש]]<br />
[[ka:მზის საათი]]<br />
[[kk:Күн сағаты]]<br />
[[la:Solarium]]<br />
[[lv:Saules pulkstenis]]<br />
[[lb:Sonnenauer]]<br />
[[lt:Saulės laikrodis]]<br />
[[hu:Napóra]]<br />
[[ml:സൂര്യഘടികാരം]]<br />
[[ms:Jam matahari]]<br />
[[mwl:Reloijo de sol]]<br />
[[nl:Zonnewijzer]]<br />
[[nds-nl:Zunnewiezer]]<br />
[[ja:日時計]]<br />
[[no:Solur]]<br />
[[pl:Zegar słoneczny]]<br />
[[pt:Relógio de sol]]<br />
[[ro:Ceas solar]]<br />
[[ru:Солнечные часы]]<br />
[[sco:Sundial]]<br />
[[simple:Sundial]]<br />
[[sk:Slnečné hodiny]]<br />
[[sl:Sončna ura]]<br />
[[sr:Сунчани часовник]]<br />
[[fi:Aurinkokello]]<br />
[[sv:Solur]]<br />
[[ta:சூரிய மணி காட்டி]]<br />
[[th:นาฬิกาแดด]]<br />
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[[uk:Сонячний годинник]]<br />
[[vi:Đồng hồ Mặt Trời]]<br />
[[wa:Cwadran solaire]]<br />
[[zh:日晷]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundial&diff=526620326Sundial2012-12-05T23:36:22Z<p>Ronstew: /* Spherical sundials */ another minor formatting change</p>
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<div>{{Other uses}}<br />
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A '''sundial''' is a device that tells the time of day by the [[position of the Sun]]. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its ''style'' onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. The style is the time-telling edge of the ''[[gnomon]]'', often a thin rod or a sharp, straight edge. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow-edge aligns with different hour-lines. All sundials must be aligned with the axis of the Earth's rotation to tell the correct time. In most designs, the style must point towards true celestial north (not the north magnetic pole or south magnetic pole). That is, the style's horizontal angle must equal the sundial's geographical latitude.<br />
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It is common for inexpensive decorative sundials to have incorrect hour angles, and these cannot be adjusted to tell correct time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} <br />
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{| align="right"<br />
|[[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]]<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Sundial-from-Marcianopolis.jpg|thumb|Ancient sundial from [[Marcianopolis]]]]<br />
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==Introduction==<br />
<br />
There are different types of sundials: Some sundials use a line of light to indicate the time. Others use the edge of a shadow. The spot of light may be formed by allowing the sun's rays through a small hole or reflecting them from a small circular mirror. A line of light may be formed by allowing the rays through a thin slit or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]].<br />
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When the sundial reads by shadows, the shadow-casting object — the sundial's ''[[gnomon]]'' — may be a thin rod, or any object with a sharp tip or a straight edge. Sundials employ many types of gnomon. The gnomon may be fixed or moved according to the season. It may be oriented vertically, horizontally, aligned with the Earth's axis, or oriented in an altogether different direction determined by mathematics.<br />
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Sundials also may use many types of surfaces to receive the light or shadow. [[Plane (mathematics)|Planes]] are the most common surface, but partial [[sphere]]s, [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinders]], [[cone (geometry)|cones]] and other shapes have been used for greater accuracy or beauty.<br />
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Sundials differ in their portability and their need for orientation. The installation of many dials requires knowing the local [[latitude]], the precise vertical direction (e.g., by a level or plumb-bob), and the direction to [[true North]]. Portable dials are self-aligning; for example, it may have two dials that operate on different principles, such as a horizontal and [[Analemmatic sundial|analemmatic]] dial, mounted together on one plate. In these designs, their times agree only when the plate is aligned properly.<br />
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Sundials indicate the [[solar time|local solar time]], unless corrected for some other time. To obtain the official clock time, three types of corrections need to be made.<br />
<br />
First, the orbit of the Earth is not perfectly circular and its rotational axis not perfectly perpendicular to its orbit. The sundial's indicated solar time thus varies from clock time by small amounts that change throughout the year. This correction — which may be as great as 15 minutes — is described by the [[equation of time]]. A sophisticated sundial, with a curved style or hour lines, may incorporate this correction. Often instead, simpler sundials are used, with a small plaque that gives the offsets at various times of the year.<br />
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Second, the solar time must be corrected for the [[longitude]] of the sundial relative to the longitude of the official time zone. For example, a sundial located ''west'' of [[Greenwich]], England but within the same time-zone, shows a ''later'' time than the official time. It will show "noon" after the official noon has passed, since the sun passes overhead later. This correction is often made by rotating the hour-lines by an angle equal to the difference in longitudes.<br />
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Last, to adjust for [[daylight saving time]], the sundial must shift the time away from solar time by some amount, usually an hour. This correction may be made in the adjustment plaque, or by numbering the hour-lines with two sets of numbers.<br />
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==Apparent motion of the Sun==<br />
[[File:Equatorial sundial topview.gif|thumb|upright|Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is 5/12 the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. (not accounting for Daylight Saving Time) on or around Solstice, when the sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3am and 9pm, respectively, on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.05°, roughly the latitude of [[Aberdeen, Scotland]] or [[Sitka, Alaska]].]]<br />
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The principles of sundials can be understood most easily from the [[Sun]]'s apparent motion. Scientists have proven that the Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptic orbit about the Sun; however, meticulous observations and experiments were needed. For the purposes of a sundial, an excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the [[celestial sphere]], which rotates every 23 hours and 56 minutes about its celestial axis. The celestial axis is the line connecting the [[celestial pole]]s. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical [[latitude]].<br />
<br />
Unlike the [[fixed stars]], the Sun changes its position on the celestial sphere, being at a positive [[declination]] in summer, at a negative declination in winter, and having exactly zero declination (i.e., being on the [[celestial equator]]) at the [[equinox]]es. The Sun's [[celestial longitude]] also varies, changing by one complete revolution per year. The path of the Sun on the celestial sphere is called the [[ecliptic]]. The ecliptic passes through the twelve constellations of the [[zodiac]] in the course of a year.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sundial, Singapore Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Sundial in [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]]. The fact that [[Singapore]] is located almost at the [[equator]] is reflected in its design.]]<br />
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This model of the Sun's motion helps to understand sundials. If the shadow-casting gnomon is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, its shadow will revolve at a constant rate, and this rotation will not change with the seasons. This is the most common design. In such cases, the same hour lines may be used throughout the year. The hour-lines will be spaced uniformly if the surface receiving the shadow is either perpendicular (as in the equatorial sundial) or circular about the gnomon (as in the [[armillary sphere]]).<br />
<br />
In other cases, the hour-lines are not spaced evenly, even though the shadow rotates uniformly. If the gnomon is ''not'' aligned with the celestial poles, even its shadow will not rotate uniformly, and the hour lines must be corrected accordingly. The rays of light that graze the tip of a gnomon, or which pass through a small hole, or reflect from a small mirror, trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] aligned with the celestial poles. The corresponding light-spot or shadow-tip, if it falls onto a flat surface, will trace out a [[conic section]], such as a [[hyperbola]], [[ellipse]] or (at the North or South Poles) a [[circle]].<br />
<br />
This conic section is the intersection of the cone of light rays with the flat surface. This cone and its conic section change with the seasons, as the Sun's declination changes; hence, sundials that follow the motion of such light-spots or shadow-tips often have different hour-lines for different times of the year. This is seen in shepherd's dials, sundial rings, and vertical gnomons such as obelisks. Alternatively, sundials may change the angle and/or position of the gnomon relative to the hour lines, as in the analemmatic dial or the Lambert dial.<br />
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==History==<br />
{{details|History of sundials}}<br />
The earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are the [[obelisks]] (3500 BC) and [[shadow clock]]s (1500 BC) from ancient [[Egyptian astronomy]] and [[Babylonian astronomy]]. Presumably, humans were telling time from shadow-lengths at an even earlier date, but this is hard to verify. In roughly 700 BC, the [[Old Testament]] describes a sundial — the "dial of Ahaz" mentioned in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|38:8|HE}} and {{bibleverse|II|Kings|20:9|HE}}. The Roman writer Vitruvius lists dials and shadow clocks known at that time. Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Padovani]] published a treatise on the sundial in 1570, in which he included instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. [[Giuseppe Biancani|Giuseppe Biancani's]] ''Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria'' (ca. 1620) discusses how to make a perfect sundial.<br />
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==Terminology==<br />
In general, sundials indicate the time by casting a shadow or throwing light onto a surface known as a ''dial face'' or ''dial plate''. Although usually a flat plane, the dial face may also be the inner or outer surface of a sphere, cylinder, cone, helix, and various other shapes.<br />
<br />
The time is indicated where a shadow or light falls on the dial face, which is usually inscribed with hour lines. Although usually straight, these hour lines may also be curved, depending on the design of the sundial (see below). In some designs, it is possible to determine the date of the year, or it may be required to know the date to find the correct time. In such cases, there may be multiple sets of hour lines for different months, or there may be mechanisms for setting/calculating the month. In addition to the hour lines, the dial face may offer other data—such as the horizon, the equator and the tropics—which are referred to collectively as the dial furniture.<br />
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The entire object that casts a shadow or light onto the dial face is known as the sundial's ''gnomon''.<ref name="B.S.S."/> However, it is usually only an edge of the gnomon (or another linear feature) that casts the shadow used to determine the time; this linear feature is known as the sundial's ''style''. The style is usually aligned with the axis of the celestial sphere, and therefore aligned with the local geographical meridian. In some sundial designs, only a point-like feature, such as the tip of the style, is used to determine the time and date; this point-like feature is known as the sundial's ''nodus''.<ref name="B.S.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = BSS Glossary.<br />
| url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/index.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2011-05-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071010085501/http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/alpha.htm#S |archivedate = 2007-10-10}}</ref><ref>In some technical writing, the word "gnomon" can also mean the perpendicular height of a nodus from the dial plate. The point where the style intersects the dial plate is called the ''gnomon root''.</ref><br />
Some sundials use both a style and a nodus to determine the time and date.<br />
<br />
The gnomon is usually fixed relative to the dial face, but not always; in some designs such as the analemmatic sundial, the style is moved according to the month. If the style is fixed, the line on the dial plate perpendicularly beneath the style is called the ''substyle'',<ref name="B.S.S."/> meaning "below the style". The angle the style makes perpendicularly with the dial plate is called the substyle height, an unusual use of the word ''height'' to mean an ''angle''. On many wall dials, the substyle is not the same as the noon line (see below). The angle on the dial plate between the noon line and the substyle is called the ''substyle distance'', an unusual use of the word ''distance'' to mean an ''angle''.<br />
<br />
By tradition, many sundials have a [[Motto]]. The motto is usually in the form of an epigram: sometimes sombre reflections on the passing of time and the brevity of life, but equally often humorous witticisms of the dial maker.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 126&ndash;129; Waugh (1973), pp. 124&ndash;125.</ref><br />
<br />
A dial is said to be ''equiangular'' if its hour-lines are straight and spaced equally. Most equiangular sundials have a fixed gnomon style aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, as well as a shadow-receiving surface that is symmetrical about that axis; examples include the equatorial dial, the equatorial bow, the armillary sphere, the cylindrical dial and the conical dial. However, other designs are equiangular, such as the Lambert dial, a version of the analemmatic dial with a moveable style.<br />
<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|270px|The Equation of Time]]<br />
<br />
==Sundials in the Southern Hemisphere==<br />
[[File:Reloj solar san ignacio misiones paraguay.JPG|thumb|upright|Sundial in [[San Ignacio, Paraguay|San Ignacio]], [[Paraguay]].]]<br />
A sundial at a particular [[Earth#Orbit_and_rotation|latitude]] in one [[Sphere|hemisphere]] must be reversed for use at the opposite latitude in the other hemisphere.<ref name="C.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sabanski<br />
| first =Carl<br />
| title =The Sundial Primer<br />
|url=http://www.mysundial.ca/tsp/north_vs_south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref><br />
A vertical direct south sundial in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] becomes a vertical direct north sundial in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. To position a horizontal sundial correctly, one has to find true [[North]] or [[South]]. The same process can be used to do both.<ref name="S.P.01">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Sundials/south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> The gnomon, set to the correct latitude, has to point to the true South in the Southern hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere it has to point to the true North.<ref name="S.P.02">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/cgi-bin/novlesson_S.cgi<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> Also the hour numbers go in opposite directions, so on a horizontal dial they run anti-clockwise rather than clockwise.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/frameset.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sundials are used much less in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} One reason for this is the seasonal asymmetry of the [[Equation of Time]]. (See also [[Sundial#Equation_of_time_correction|'''below''']].) From early November to mid-February, during the Southern Hemisphere's summer, a sundial loses about half an hour relative to a clock. This adds to the difficulty of using it as a timepiece. The change during the northern summer is only about one-third as great, and is often ignored without causing much error. Since sundials are mainly used during the summer months, they are therefore better suited to the Northern Hemisphere.<br />
<br />
==Sundials with fixed axial gnomon==<br />
<br />
The most commonly observed sundials are those in which the shadow-casting style is fixed in position and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, being oriented with [[true North]] and South, and making an angle with the horizontal equal to the geographical [[latitude]]. This axis is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, which is closely, but not perfectly, aligned with the (present) [[pole star]] [[Polaris]]. For illustration, the celestial axis points vertically at the true [[North Pole]], where it points horizontally on the [[equator]]. At [[Jaipur]], a famous location for sundials, gnomons are raised 26°55" above horizontal, reflecting the local latitude.<br />
<br />
On any given day, the Sun appears to rotate uniformly about this axis, at about 15° per hour, making a full circuit (360°) in 24 hours. A linear gnomon aligned with this axis will cast a sheet of shadow (a half-plane) that, falling opposite to the Sun, likewise rotates about the celestial axis at 15° per hour. The shadow is seen by falling on a receiving surface that is usually flat, but which may be spherical, cylindrical, conical or of other shapes. If the shadow falls on a surface that is symmetrical about the celestial axis (as in an armillary sphere, or an equatorial dial), the surface-shadow likewise moves uniformly; the hour-lines on the sundial are equally spaced. However, if the receiving surface is not symmetrical (as in most horizontal sundials), the surface shadow generally moves non-uniformly and the hour-lines are not equally spaced; one exception is the Lambert dial described below.<br />
<br />
Some types of sundials are designed with a fixed gnomon that is not aligned with the celestial poles, such as a vertical obelisk. Such sundials are covered below under the section, "Nodus-based sundials".<br />
<br />
===Equatorial sundials===<br />
<!-- [[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds){{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]] Dup of one in galleryb--><br />
[[File:beijing sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|An equatorial sundial in the [[Forbidden City]], Beijing. {{Coord|39.9157|116.3904|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Forbidden City equatorial sundial}} The gnomon points [[true North]] and its angle with horizontal equals the local [[latitude]]. Closer inspection of the [[:File:beijing sundial.jpg|full-size image]] reveals the "spider-web" of date rings and hour-lines.]]<br />
<br />
The distinguishing characteristic of the ''equatorial dial'' (also called the ''equinoctial dial'') is the planar surface that receives the shadow, which is exactly perpendicular to the gnomon's style.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 46&ndash;49; Waugh (1973), pp. 29&ndash;34; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 55&ndash;56, 96&ndash;98, 138&ndash;141.</ref> This plane is called equatorial, because it is parallel to the equator of the Earth and of the celestial sphere. If the gnomon is fixed and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the sun's apparent rotation about the Earth casts a uniformly rotating sheet of shadow from the gnomon; this produces a uniformly rotating line of shadow on the equatorial plane. Since the sun rotates 360° in 24 hours, the hour-lines on an equatorial dial are all spaced 15° apart (360/24). The uniformity of their spacing makes this type of sundial easy to construct. Both sides of the equatorial dial must be marked, since the shadow will be cast from below in winter and from above in summer. Near the [[equinox]]es in spring and autumn, the sun moves on a circle that is nearly the same as the equatorial plane; hence, no clear shadow is produced on the equatorial dial at those times of year, a drawback of the design.<br />
<br />
A ''nodus'' is sometimes added to equatorial sundials, which allows the sundial to tell the time of year. On any given day, the shadow of the nodus moves on a circle on the equatorial plane, and the radius of the circle measures the [[declination]] of the sun. The ends of the gnomon bar may be used as the nodus, or some feature along its length. An ancient variant of the equatorial sundial has only a nodus (no style) and the concentric circular hour-lines are arranged to resemble a spider-web.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schaldach K | year = 2004 | title = The arachne of the Amphiareion and the origin of gnomonics in Greece | journal = Journal of the History of Astronomy | volume = 35 | pages = 435&ndash;445 | issn = 0021-8286}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Horizontal sundials===<br />
{{for|a more detailed description of such a dial|Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)}}<br />
[[File:Garden sundial MN 2007.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Horizontal sundial in [[Minnesota]]. June 17, 2007 at 12:21. 44°51′39.3″N, 93°36′58.4″W]]<br />
In the ''horizontal sundial'' (also called a ''garden sundial''), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally, rather than being perpendicular to the style as in the equatorial dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 49&ndash;53; Waugh (1973), pp. 35&ndash;51; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 56, 99&ndash;101, 143&ndash;144.</ref> Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face; rather, the hour lines are spaced according to the rule<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 52; Waugh (1973), p. 45.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards [[true North]]) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. When λ equals 90° (at the [[North Pole]]), the horizontal sundial becomes an equatorial sundial; the style points straight up (vertically), and the horizontal plane is aligned with the equatorial place; the hour-line formula becomes θ = 15° × t, as for an equatorial dial. However, a horizontal sundial is impractical on the Earth's [[equator]], where λ equals 0°, the style would lie flat in the plane and cast no shadow.<br />
<br />
The chief advantages of the horizontal sundial are that it is easy to read, and the sun lights the face throughout the year. All the hour-lines intersect at the point where the gnomon's style crosses the horizontal plane. Since the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the style points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] λ. A sundial designed for one latitude can be used in another latitude, provided that the sundial is tilted upwards or downwards by an angle equal to the difference in latitude. For example, a sundial designed for a latitude of 40° can be used at a latitude of 45°, if the sundial plane is tilted upwards by 5°, thus aligning the style with the Earth's rotational axis. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
Many ornamental sundials are designed to be used at 45 degrees north. A sundial designed for one [[latitude]] can be adjusted for use at another latitude by tilting its base so that its style, or [[gnomon]], is parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation and pointing in the direction of the north [[celestial pole]] in the northern hemisphere, or the south celestial pole in the southern hemisphere. Some mass-produced garden sundials fail to correctly calculate the ''hourlines'' so can never be corrected. A local standard [[time zone]] is nominally 15 degrees wide, but may be modified to follow geographic or political boundaries. A sundial can be rotated around its style (which must remain pointed at the celestial pole) to adjust to the local time zone. In most cases, a rotation in the range of 7.5 degrees east to 23 degrees west suffices. This will introduce error in sundials that do not have equal hour angles. To correct for [[daylight saving time]], a face needs two sets of numerals or a correction table. An informal standard is to have numerals in hot colors for summer, and in cool colors for winter. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
<br />
===Vertical sundials===<br />
[[File:Houghton Hall Norfolk UK 4-face sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|Two vertical dials at [[Houghton Hall]] [[Norfolk]] [[UK]] {{Coord|52.827469|0.657616|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Houghton Hall vertical sundials}}. The left and right dials face South and East, respectively. Both styles are parallel, their angle to the horizontal equaling the latitude. The East-facing dial is a polar dial with parallel hour-lines, the dial-face being parallel to the style.]]<br />
<br />
In the common ''vertical dial'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 53&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 57&ndash;58, 102&ndash;107, 141&ndash;143, 146&ndash;151.</ref> As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not ''equiangular''. If the face of the vertical dial points directly south, the angle of the hour-lines is instead described by the formula<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 55; Waugh (1973), p. 52.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \cos \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. Interestingly, the shadow moves ''counter-clockwise'' on a South-facing vertical dial, whereas it runs clockwise on horizontal and equatorial dials.<br />
<br />
Dials that face due South, North, East or West are called ''vertical direct dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 54&ndash;55; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;69</ref> If the face of a vertical dial does ''not'' face due South, the hours of sunlight that the dial receives may be limited. For example, a vertical dial that faces due East will tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are ''polar dials'', which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are rarely used, since they tell time only before 6am or after 6pm, by local solar time. For non-direct vertical dials — those that face in non-cardinal directions — the mathematics of arranging the hour-lines becomes more complicated, and is often done by observation; such dials are said to be ''declining dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 58.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Nové Město nad Metují sundials 2011 3.jpg|thumb|"Double" sundials in [[Nové Město nad Metují]], Czech Republic]]<br />
<br />
Vertical dials are commonly mounted on the walls of buildings, such as town-halls, [[cupola]]s and church-towers, where they are easy to see from far away. In some cases, vertical dials are placed on all four sides of a rectangular tower, providing the time throughout the day. The face may be painted on the wall, or displayed in inlaid stone; the gnomon is often a single metal bar, or a tripod of metal bars for rigidity. If the wall of the building does not face in a cardinal direction such as due South, the hour lines must be corrected. Since the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotation axis, it points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]]; consequently, its angle with the vertical face of the dial equals the [[colatitude]], or 90°-latitude.<br />
<br />
===Pocket Sundials===<br />
This portable folding German sundial has a string gnomon (pointer), adjustable for accuracy at any latitude. As shadows fall across the sundial, the smaller dials show Italian and Babylonian hours. The dial also indicates the length of the day and the position of the sun in the zodiac.<br />
<br />
===Polar dials===<br />
In ''polar dials'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned ''parallel'' to the gnomon-style.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 72; Waugh (1973), pp. 70&ndash;73; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 58, 107&ndash;112.</ref> Thus, the shadow slides sideways over the surface, moving perpendicularly to itself as the sun rotates about the style. As with the gnomon, the hour-lines are all aligned with the Earth's rotational axis. When the sun's rays are nearly parallel to the plane, the shadow moves very quickly and the hour lines are spaced far apart. The direct East- and West-facing dials are examples of a polar dial. However, the face of a polar dial need not be vertical; it need only be parallel to the gnomon. Thus, a plane inclined at the angle of latitude (relative to horizontal) under the similarly inclined gnomon will be a polar dial. The perpendicular spacing ''X'' of the hour-lines in the plane is described by the formula<br />
<br />
:<math><br />
X = H \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where ''H'' is the height of the style above the plane, and ''t'' is the time (in hours) before or after the center-time for the polar dial. The center time is the time when the style's shadow falls directly down on the plane; for an East-facing dial, the center time will be 6am, for a West-facing dial, this will be 6pm, and for the inclined dial described above, it will be noon. When ''t'' approaches ±6 hours away from the center time, the spacing ''X'' diverges to [[Extended real number line|+∞]]; this occurs when the sun's rays become parallel to the plane.<br />
<br />
===Vertical declining dials===<br />
[[File:Verticalezonnewijzers-en.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Effect of declining on a sundial's hour-lines. A vertical dial, at a latitude of 51° N, designed to face due South (far left) shows all the hours from 6am to 6pm, and has converging hour-lines symmetrical about the noon hour-line. By contrast, a West-facing dial (far right) is polar, with parallel hour lines, and shows only hours after noon. At the intermediate orientations of [[Boxing the compass|South-Southwest, Southwest, and West-Southwest]], the hour lines are asymmetrical about noon, with the morning hour-lines ever more widely spaced.]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!-- [[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|upright|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]] Logically better place--><br />
A ''declining dial'' is any non-horizontal, planar dial that does not face in a cardinal direction, such as (true) [[North]], [[South]], [[East]] or [[West]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 58, 112&ndash;117, 145&ndash;146.</ref> As usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, but the hour-lines are not symmetrical about the noon hour-line. For a vertical dial, the angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79">Rohr (1965), p. 79.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \frac{\cos \lambda}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and η is the angle of declination from true [[South]]. When such a dial faces South (η=0°), this formula reduces to the formula given above, tan θ = cos λ tan(15° × ''t'').<br />
<br />
When a sundial is not aligned with a cardinal direction, the substyle of its gnomon is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The angle β between the substyle and the noon hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79"/><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \eta \cot \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
If a vertical sundial faces true South or North (η=0° or 180°, respectively), the correction β=0° and the substyle is aligned with the noon hour-line.<br />
<br />
The height of the gnomon, γ (that is the angle the style makes to the plate) is<br />
:<math><br />
\sin \gamma = \cos \eta \cos \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 238.</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- [[File:StBuryan Sundial.JPG|thumb|upright|South west decliner with dial furniture in [[The church of St Buryan|Cornwall]] England. 50°4′30″N, 5°37′15″W]] --><br />
<!--[[File:CS RestorationHouseRochester SWDecliner.JPG|thumb|right|South west declining face of a polyhedral pillar dial, now found in the Restoration House Gardens in [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], [[UK]] 51.2862N 0.5045E ]]--><br />
<br />
===Reclining dials===<br />
The sundials described above have gnomons that are aligned with the Earth's rotational axis and cast their shadow onto a plane. If the plane is neither vertical nor horizontal nor equatorial, the sundial is said to be ''reclining'' or ''inclining''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 70&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 100&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 59&ndash;60, 117&ndash;122, 144&ndash;145.</ref> Such a sundial might be located on a South-facing roof, for example. The hour-lines for such a sundial can be calculated by slightly correcting the horizontal formula above<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 77; Waugh (1973), pp. 101&ndash;103; {{cite book | author = Capt. Samuel Sturmy | year = 1683 | title = The Art of Dialling | publisher = Unknown publisher | location = London}}</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin(\lambda + \chi) \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where χ is the desired angle of reclining, λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+χ), since tan(45°) = 1. When χ equals 90° (in other words, a South-facing vertical dial), we obtain the vertical formula above, since [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+90°) = [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ).<br />
<br />
Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow-receiving plane. If the plane's face points downwards towards the ground, it is said to be ''proclining'' or ''inclining'', whereas a dial is said to be ''reclining'' when the dial face is pointing away from the ground.<br />
<br />
===Reclining-declining dials===<br />
Some sundials both decline and recline, in that their shadow-receiving plane is not oriented with a cardinal direction (such as [[true North]]) and is neither horizontal nor vertical nor equatorial. For example, such a sundial might be found on a roof that was not oriented in a cardinal direction. The formulae describing the spacing of the hour-lines on such dials are rather complicated.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 76&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 122&ndash;125.</ref> The angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line has two components θ = θ<sub>1</sub> + θ<sub>2</sub>, described by the formulae<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 77&ndash;78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{1} = \tan \eta \cos \chi \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{2} = \frac{\cos \chi \cos \eta \sin \lambda + \sin \chi \cos \lambda - \cos \chi \sin \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and χ and η are the angles of inclination and declination, respectively.<br />
<br />
As in the simpler declining dial, the gnomon-substyle is not aligned with the noon hour-line.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 78&ndash;79; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 59&ndash;60.</ref> The general formula for the angle β between the substyle and the noon-line is given by<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \chi \sin \eta \frac{\tan \lambda \cos \chi + \sin \chi \cos \eta}{\cos \chi - \tan \lambda \cos \eta \sin \chi}.<br />
</math><br />
<br />
===Spherical sundials===<br />
[[File:Zw stelling.jpg|thumb|upright|Equatorial bow sundial in [[Hasselt]] , [[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]] {{Coord|50|55|47|N|5|20|31|E|type:landmark|name=Hasselt equatorial bow sundial}}. The rays pass through the narrow slot, forming a uniformly rotating sheet of light that falls on the circular bow. The hour-lines are equally spaced; in this image, the local solar time is roughly 15:00 hours (3 pm). On September 10, a small ball, welded into the slot casts a shadow on centre of the hour band.]]<br />
<br />
The surface receiving the shadow need not be a plane, but can have any shape, provided that the sundial maker is willing to mark the hour-lines. If the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, a spherical shape is convenient since the hour-lines are equally spaced, as they are on the equatorial dial above; the sundial is ''equiangular''. This is the principle behind the armillary sphere and the equatorial bow sundial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114, 124&ndash;125; Waugh (1973), pp. 174&ndash;180; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 60, 126&ndash;129, 151&ndash;155.</ref> However, some equiangular sundials — such as the Lambert dial described below — are based on other principles.<br />
<br />
In the ''equatorial bow sundial'', the gnomon is a bar, slot or stretched wire parallel to the celestial axis. The face is a semicircle (corresponding to the equator of the sphere, with markings on the inner surface. This pattern, built a couple of meters wide out of temperature-invariant steel [[invar]], was used to keep the trains running on time in France before World War I.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 17.</ref><br />
<br />
Among the most precise sundials ever made are two equatorial bows constructed of [[marble]] found in [[Yantra mandir (Jaipur)|Yantra mandir]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 118&ndash;119; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 215&ndash;216.</ref> This collection of sundials and other astronomical instruments was built by Maharaja [[Jai Singh II]] at his then-new capital of [[Jaipur]], India between 1727 and 1733. The larger equatorial bow is called the ''Samrat Yantra'' (The Supreme Instrument); standing at 27&nbsp;[[metre|meters]], its shadow moves visibly at 1&nbsp;mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6&nbsp;cm) every minute.<br />
<br />
===Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials===<br />
[[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium.<br />
(Precision = ±30 seconds)<br />
{{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]]<br />
Other non-planar surfaces may be used to receive the shadow of the gnomon. For example, the gnomon may be aligned with the celestial poles and located also along the symmetry axis of a cone or a cylinder. Due to the symmetry, the hour lines on such surfaces will be equally spaced, as on an equatorial dial or an armillary sphere. The conical dial is very old, and was the basis for one type of ''chalice'' sundial; the style was a vertical pin within a conical goblet, within which were inscribed the hour lines.<br />
<br />
As an elegant alternative, the gnomon may be located on the circumference of a cylinder or sphere, rather than at its center of symmetry. In that case, the hour lines are again spaced equally, but at ''double'' the usual angle, due to the geometrical [[inscribed angle]] theorem. This is the basis of some modern sundials, but it was also used in ancient times; in one type, the edges of a half-cylindrical gnomon served as the styles.<ref>An example of such a half-cylindrical dial may be found at [[Wellesley College]] in [[Massachusetts]]. (Mayall and Mayall, p. 94.)</ref><br />
<br />
Just as the armillary sphere is largely open for easy viewing of the dial, such non-planar surfaces need not be complete. For example, a cylindrical dial could be rendered as a helical ribbon-like surface, with a thin gnomon located either along its center or at its periphery.<br />
<br />
==Adjustments to calculate clock time from a sundial reading==<br />
The most common reason for a sundial to differ from clock time is that the sundial has not been oriented correctly or its hour lines have not been drawn correctly. For example, most commercial sundials are designed as ''horizontal sundials'' as described above. To be accurate such sundials must have been designed for that latitude and their style must be parallel to the Earth's rotational axis; the style must be aligned with [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal must equal the local geographical [[latitude]]. To align the style, the sundial can sometimes be tilted slightly on its north south axis.<br />
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===Summer (daylight saving) time correction===<br />
Some areas of the world practice [[daylight saving time]], which shifts the official time, usually by one hour. This shift must be added to the sundial's time to make it agree with the official time.<br />
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===Time-zone (longitude) correction===<br />
A [[time zone]] can cover 15° of longitude, so any point within that zone will experience time difference with the reference longitude, equivalent to 4 minutes of time per degree. For illustration, sunsets and sunrises occur at a later "official" time in the far western edge of a time-zone, compared to those observed at the far eastern edge. As an example, if a sundial is located at a longitude 5° west of the reference longitude, its time will read 20 minutes slow, since the sun appears to revolve around the Earth at 15° per hour. This is a constant correction throughout the year. For equiangular dials such as the equatorial, spherical or Lambert dials, this correction can be made by rotating the dial surface by an angle equalling the difference in longitude, without changing the gnomon position or orientation. However, this method does not work for other dials, such as a horizontal dial; the correction must be applied by the viewer.<br />
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===Equation of time correction===<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|The Equation of Time - above the axis the sundial will appear ''fast'', and below the sundial will appear ''slow'', relative to a clock showing local mean time.]]<br />
{{main|Equation of time}}<br />
[[File:Derby Sundial C 5810.JPG|thumb|The [[Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)|Whitehurst & Son]] sundial made in 1812, with a circular scale showing the equation of time correction. This is now on display in the [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery|Derby Museum.]] ]]<br />
Although the Sun appears to rotate nearly uniformly about the Earth, it is not perfectly uniform, due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit (the fact that the Earth's orbit about the Sun is not perfectly circular) and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of its orbit. Therefore, sundials time varies from [[Local mean time|standard clock time]]. On four days of the year, the correction is effectively zero, but on others, it can be as much as a quarter-hour early or late. The amount of correction is described by the [[equation of time]]. This correction is ''universal''; it does not depend on the local latitude of the sundial. It does, however, change over long periods of time, centuries or more,<ref>{{cite web<br />
|first=Kevin<br />
|last=Karney<br />
|title=Variation in the Equation of Time<br />
|url=http://www.monmouthshiredfas.org.uk/12%20KWK/KK%20Stuff/Journal.pdf}}<br />
</ref> because of slow variations in the Earth's orbital and rotational motions. Therefore, tables and graphs of the equation of time that were made centuries ago are now significantly incorrect. It is important to realize that the reading of an old sundial should be corrected by applying the present-day equation of time, not one from the period when the dial was made. <br />
<br />
In some sundials, the equation of time correction is provided as a plaque affixed to the sundial. In more sophisticated sundials, however, the equation can be incorporated automatically. For example, some equatorial bow sundials are supplied with a small wheel that sets the time of year; this wheel in turn rotates the equatorial bow, offsetting its time measurement. In other cases, the hour lines may be curved, or the equatorial bow may be shaped like a vase, which exploits the changing altitude of the sun over the year to effect the proper offset in time.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = The Claremont, CA<br />
| first = Bowstring Equatorial<br />
| title = Photo Info<br />
| url = http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/exo/sundials/ca/claremont/info.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-19 }}</ref> A ''heliochronometer'' is a precision sundial that corrects [[solar time|apparent solar time]] to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. Heliochronometers usually indicate the minutes to within 1 minute of [[Universal Time]]. <br />
<br />
An analemma may be added to many types of sundials to correct apparent solar time to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. These usually have hour lines shaped like "figure eights" ([[analemma]]s) according to the [[equation of time]]. This compensates for the slight eccentricity in the Earth's orbit and the tilt of the Earth's axis that causes up to a 15 minute variation from mean solar time. This is a type of dial furniture seen on more complicated horizontal and vertical dials.<br />
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Prior to the invention of accurate clocks, in the mid-17th Century, sundials were the only timepieces in common use, and were considered to tell the "right" time. The Equation of Time was not used. After the invention of good clocks, sundials were still considered to be correct, and clocks usually incorrect. The Equation of Time was used in the opposite direction from today, to apply a correction to the time shown by a clock to make it agree with sundial time, Some elaborate "[[Equation clock]]s", such as one made by Joseph Williamson in 1720, incorporated mechanisms to do this correction automatically. (Williamson's clock may have been the first-ever device to use a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] gear.) Only after about 1800 was uncorrected clock time considered to be "right", and sundial time usually "wrong", so the Equation of Time became used as it is today.<br />
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==Movable-gnomon sundials==<br />
In addition to the sundials have a gnomon that is designed to be moved over the course of the year. In other words, the position of the gnomon relative to the center of the hour lines can vary. The advantage of such dials is that the gnomon need not be aligned with the celestial poles and may even be perfectly vertical (the analemmatic dial). A second advantage is that such dials, when combined with a fixed-gnomon sundial, allow the user to determine [[true North]] with no other aid; the two sundials are correctly aligned if and only if the time on the two sundials agrees. This is a useful property for portable sundials.<br />
<!-- [[File:Traveler's sundial - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumbnail|left|Universal Equinoctial Ring Dial, constructed at [[Paris]], by Butterfield, probably in the last quarter of the 18th century]] --><br />
<br />
===Universal equinoctial ring dial===<br />
[[File:Ringsundial open.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Universal ring dial. The dial is suspended from the cord shown in the upper left; the suspension point on the vertical meridian ring can be changed to match the local latitude. The center bar is twisted until a sunray passes through the small hole and falls on the horizontal equatorial ring.]]<br />
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A ''universal equinoctial ring dial'' (sometimes called a ''ring dial'' for brevity, although the term is ambiguous) is a portable version of an armillary sundial,<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 157.</ref> or was inspired by the [[mariner's astrolabe]].<ref name="swanick">Swanick, Lois Ann. ''An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration: 15th Century To Mid-17th Century'', MA Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2005</ref> It was likely invented by [[William Oughtred]] around 1600 and became common throughout Europe.<ref>Turner, 1980, p25</ref><br />
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In its simplest form, the style is a thin slit that allows the sun's rays to fall on the hour-lines of an equatorial ring. As usual, the style is aligned with the Earth's axis; to do this, the user may orient the dial towards [[true North]] and suspend the ring dial vertically from the appropriate point on the meridian ring. Such dials may be made self-aligning with the addition of a more complicated central bar, instead of a simple slit-style. These bars are sometimes an addition to a set of [[Gemma's rings]]. This bar could pivot about its end points and held a perforated slider that was positioned to the month and day according to a scale scribed on the bar. The time was determined by rotating the bar towards the sun so that the light shining through the hole fell on the equatorial ring. This forced the user to rotate the instrument, which had the effect of aligning the instrument's vertical ring with the meridian.<br />
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When not in use, the equatorial and meridian rings can be folded together into a small disk.<br />
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In 1610, [[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]] created the '''sea ring''', which mounted a universal ring dial over a magnetic compass. This permitted mariners to determine the time and magnetic variation in a single step.<ref name="may">May, William Edward, ''A History of Marine Navigation'', G. T. Foulis &amp; Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, ISBN 0-85429-143-1</ref><br />
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===Analemmatic sundials===<br />
{{Main|Analemmatic sundial}}<br />
[[File:Zonnewijzerherkenrode.jpg|upright|thumb|Analemmatic sundial on a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] line in the garden of the abbey of Herkenrode in [[Hasselt]] ([[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]])]] <br />
<br />
'''Analemmatic sundials''' are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern. There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse. The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day.<br />
Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon. Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months. A 66 inch tall person casts a 4 inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice.<br />
<ref>Analemmatic sundials: How to build one and why they work by C.J. Budd and C.J. Sangwin</ref><br />
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===Lambert dials===<br />
The Lambert dial is another movable-gnomon sundial.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, pp. 190&ndash;192.</ref> In contrast to the elliptical analemmatic dial, the Lambert dial is circular with evenly spaced hour lines, making it an ''equiangular sundial'', similar to the equatorial, spherical, cylindrical and conical dials described above. The gnomon of a Lambert dial is neither vertical nor aligned with the Earth's rotational axis; rather, it is tilted northwards by an angle α = 45° - (Φ/2), where Φ is the geographical [[latitude]]. Thus, a Lambert dial located at latitude 40° would have a gnomon tilted away from vertical by 25° in a northerly direction. To read the correct time, the gnomon must also be moved northwards by a distance<br />
<br />
:<math><br />
Y = R \tan \alpha \tan \delta \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where ''R'' is the radius of the Lambert dial and δ again indicates the Sun's declination for that time of year.<br />
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==Altitude-based sundials==<br />
Altitude dials measure the height of the sun in the sky, rather than its rotation about the celestial axis. They are not oriented towards [[true North]], but rather towards the sun and generally held vertically. The sun's elevation is indicted by the position of a nodus, either the shadow-tip of a gnomon, or a spot of light. The time is read from where the nodus falls on a set of hour-curves that vary with the time of year. Since the sun's altitude is the same at times equally spaced about noon (e.g., 9am and 3pm), the user had to know whether it were morning or afternoon. Many of these dials are portable and simple to use, although they are not well-suited for travelers, since their hour-curves are specific for a given [[latitude]].<br />
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===Human shadows===<br />
The length of a human shadow (or of any vertical object) can be used to measure the sun's elevation and, thence, the time.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 15; Waugh (1973), pp. 1&ndash;3.</ref> The [[Venerable Bede]] gave a table for estimating the time from the length of one's shadow in feet, on the assumption that a monk's height is six times the length of his foot. Such shadow lengths will vary with the geographical [[latitude]] and with the time of year. For example, the shadow length at noon is short in summer months, and long in winter months.<br />
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[[Chaucer]] evokes this method a few times in his ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', as in his ''Parson's Tale''<br />
<br />
{{cquote|It was four o'clock according to my guess,<br />Since eleven feet, a little more or less,<br />my shadow at the time did fall,<br />Considering that I myself am six feet tall.}}<br />
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An equivalent type of sundial using a vertical rod of fixed length is known as a ''[[backstaff|backstaff dial]]''.<br />
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===Shepherd dials &ndash;Timesticks===<br />
[[File:Tibetan Timestick.jpg|thumb|upright|19th century Tibetan Shepherd's Timestick]]<br />
A shepherd's dial — also known as a ''shepherds' column dial'',<ref name="story of time">{{cite book |author=National Maritime Museum; Lippincott, Kristen; Eco, Umberto; Gombrich, E. H. |title=The Story of Time |publisher=Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum |location=London |year=1999 |pages= 42&ndash;43|isbn=1-85894-072-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="beginnings">{{cite web|last=St. Edmundsbury|first=Borough Council|title=Telling the story of time measurement: The Beginnings|url=http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/beginnings.cfm|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> ''pillar dial'', ''cylinder dial'' or ''chilindre'' — is a portable cylindrical sundial with a knife-like gnomon that juts out perpendicularly.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 109&ndash;111; Waugh (1973), pp. 150&ndash;154; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 162&ndash;166.</ref> It is normally dangled from a rope or string so the cylinder is vertical. The gnomon can be twisted to be above a month or day indication on the face of the cylinder. This corrects the sundial for the equation of time. The entire sundial is then twisted on its string so that the gnomon aims toward the sun, while the cylinder remains vertical. The tip of the shadow indicates the time on the cylinder. The hour curves inscribed on the cylinder permit one to read the time. Shepherd's dials are sometimes hollow, so that the gnomon can fold within when not in use.<br />
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Shepherd's dials appear in several works of literature. For example, in the [[Chaucer|Chaucer's]] ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', the monk says,<br />
<br />
{{cquote|"Goth now your wey," quod he, "al stille and softe,<br />And lat us dyne as sone as that ye may;<br />for by my chilindre it is pryme of day."}}<br />
<br />
Similarly, the shepherd's dial is evoked in [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'',<br />
<br />
{{cquote|O God! methinks it were a happy life<br />To be no better than a homely swain;<br />To sit upon a hill, as I do now,<br />To carve out dials, quaintly, point by point,<br />Thereby to see the minutes, how they run--<br />How many makes the hour full complete,<br />How many hours brings about the day,<br />How many days will finish up the year,<br />How many years a mortal man may live.}}<br />
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The cylindrical shepherd's dial can be unrolled into a flat plate. In one simple version,<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 166&ndash;167.</ref> the front and back of the plate each have three columns, corresponding to pairs of months with roughly the same solar declination (June–July, May–August, April–September, March–October, February–November, and January–December). The top of each column has a hole for inserting the shadow-casting gnomon, a peg. Often only two times are marked on the column below, one for noon and the other for mid-morning/mid-afternoon.<br />
<br />
Timesticks, ''clock spear'',<ref name="story of time"/> or ''shepherds' time stick'',<ref name="story of time"/> are based on the same principles as dials.<ref name="story of time"/><ref name="beginnings"/> The time stick is carved with eight vertical time scales for a different period of the year, each bearing a time scale calculated according to the relative amount of daylight during the different months of the year. Any reading depends not only on the time of day but also on the latitude and time of year.<ref name="beginnings"/><br />
A peg gnomon is inserted at the top in the appropriate hole or face for the season of the year, and turned to the Sun so that the shadow falls directly down the scale. Its end displays the time.<ref name="story of time"/><br />
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===Ring dials===<br />
In a ring dial (also known as an ''Aquitaine'' or a ''perforated ring dial''), the ring is hung vertically and oriented sideways towards the sun.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 111; Waugh (1973), pp. 158&ndash;160; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 159&ndash;162.</ref> A beam of light passes through a small hole in the ring and falls on hour-curves that are inscribed on the inside of the ring. To adjust for the equation of time, the hole is usually on a loose ring within the ring so that the hole can be adjusted to reflect the current month.<br />
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===Card dials (Capuchin dials)===<br />
Card dials are another form of altitude dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 110; Waugh (1973), pp. 161&ndash;165; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 166&ndash;185.</ref> A card is aligned edge-on with the sun and tilted so that a ray of light passes through an aperture onto a specified spot, thus determining the sun's altitude. A weighted string hangs vertically downwards from a hole in the card, and carries a bead or knot. The position of the bead on the hour-lines of the card gives the time. In more sophisticated versions such as the Capuchin dial, there is only one set of hour-lines, i.e., the hour lines do not vary with the seasons. Instead, the position of the hole from which the weighted string hangs is varied according to the season.<br />
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==Nodus-based sundials==<br />
[[File:057Cracow.JPG|thumb|upright| Kraków. {{Coord|50.0614|19.9400|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Kraków sundial}} The shadow of the cross-shaped nodus moves along a [[hyperbola]] which shows the time of the year,indicated here by the zodiac figures. It is 1:50pm on 16 July, 25 days after the [[summer solstice]].]]<br />
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Another type of sundial follows the motion of a single point of light or shadow, which may be called the ''nodus''. For example, the sundial may follow the sharp tip of a gnomon's shadow, e.g., the shadow-tip of a vertical [[obelisk]] (e.g., the ''[[Solarium Augusti]]'') or the tip of the horizontal marker in a shepherd's dial. Alternatively, sunlight may be allowed to pass through a small hole or reflected from a small (e.g., coin-sized) circular mirror, forming a small spot of light whose position may be followed. In such cases, the rays of light trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] over the course of a day; when the rays fall on a surface, the path followed is the intersection of the cone with that surface. Most commonly, the receiving surface is a geometrical [[plane (geometry)|plane]], so that the path of the shadow-tip or light-spot (called ''declination line'') traces out a [[conic section]] such as a [[hyperbola]] or an [[ellipse]]. The collection of hyperbolae was called a ''pelekonon'' (axe) by the Greeks, because it resembles a double-bladed ax, narrow in the center (near the noonline) and flaring out at the ends (early morning and late evening hours).<br />
[[File:Sundial solstice declination lines for different latitudes - slow.gif|thumb|left|Declination lines at solstices and equinox for sundials, located at different latitudes]]<br />
There is a simple verification of hyperbolic declination lines on a sundial: the distance from the origin to the equinox line should be equal to [[harmonic mean]] of distances from the origin to summer and winter solstice lines.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Belk T | year = 2007|month = September | title = Declination Lines Detailed | journal = BSS Bulletin | volume = 19(iii) | pages = 137&ndash;140 | url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/Bulletin/Bulletin-19iii-Belk.pdf}}</ref><br />
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Nodus-based sundials may use a small hole or mirror to isolate a single ray of light; the former are sometimes called ''aperture dials''. The oldest example is perhaps the antiborean sundial (''antiboreum''), a spherical nodus-based sundial that faces [[true North]]; a ray of sunlight enters from the South through a small hole located at the sphere's pole and falls on the hour and date lines inscribed within the sphere, which resemble lines of longitude and latitude, respectively, on a globe.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 14.</ref><br />
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===Reflection sundials===<br />
[[Isaac Newton]] developed a convenient and inexpensive sundial, in which a small mirror is placed on the sill of a south-facing window.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 116&ndash;121.</ref> The mirror acts like a nodus, casting a single spot of light on the ceiling. Depending on the geographical [[latitude]] and time of year, the light-spot follows a conic section, such as the hyperbolae of the pelikonon. If the mirror is parallel to the Earth's equator, and the ceiling is horizontal, then the resulting angles are those of a conventional horizontal sundial. Using the ceiling as a sundial surface exploits unused space, and the dial may be large enough to be very accurate.<br />
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==Multiple dials==<br />
Sundials are sometimes combined into multiple dials. If two or more dials that operate on different principles — say, such as an analemmatic dial and a horizontal or vertical dial — are combined, the resulting multiple dial becomes self-aligning. In other words, the direction of [[true North]] need not be determined; the dials are oriented correctly when they read the same time. This is a significant advantage in portable dials. However, the most common forms combine dials based on the same principle, and thus are not self-aligning.<br />
<br />
===Diptych (tablet) sundial===<br />
[[File:Sundial in the form of a mandolin - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumb|upright|Diptych sundial in the form of a [[lute]], c. 1612. The gnomons-style is a string stretched between a horizontal and vertical face. This sundial also has a small nodus (a bead on the string) that tells time on the hyperbolic ''pelikinon'', just above the date on the vertical face.]]<br />
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The '''[[diptych]]''' consisted of two small flat faces, joined by a hinge.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 112; Waugh (1973), pp. 154&ndash;155; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 23&ndash;24.</ref> Diptychs usually folded into little flat boxes suitable for a pocket. The gnomon was a string between the two faces. When the string was tight, the two faces formed both a vertical and horizontal sundial. These were made of white ivory, inlaid with black lacquer markings. The gnomons were black braided silk, linen or hemp string. With a knot or bead on the string as a nodus, and the correct markings, a diptych (really any sundial large enough) can keep a calendar well-enough to plant crops. A common error describes the diptych dial as self-aligning. This is not correct for diptych dials consisting of a horizontal and vertical dial using a string gnomon between faces, no matter the orientation of the dial faces. Since the string gnomon is continuous, the shadows must meet at the hinge; hence, ''any'' orientation of the dial will show the same time on both dials.<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 155.</ref><br />
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===Multiface (Facet-headed) dials===<br />
A common multiple dial is to place sundials on every face of a [[Platonic solid]], usually a [[cube]].<ref>Rohr (1965),, p. 118; Waugh (1973), pp. 155&ndash;156; Mayall and Mayall, p. 59.</ref> Extremely ornate sundials can be composed in this way, by applying a sundial to every surface of a solid object. In some cases, the sundials are formed as hollows in a solid object, e.g., a cylindrical hollow aligned with the Earth's rotational axis (in which the edges play the role of styles) or a spherical hollow in the ancient tradition of the ''hemisphaerium'' or the ''antiboreum''. (See the History section below.) In some cases, these multiface dials are small enough to sit on a desk, whereas in others, they are large stone monuments.<br />
<br />
Such multiface dials have the advantage of receiving light (and, thus, telling time) at every hour of the day. They can also be designed to give the time in different time-zones simultaneously. However, they are generally not self-aligning, since their various dials generally use the same principle to tell time, that of a gnomon-style aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. Self-aligning dials require that at least two independent principles are used to tell time, e.g., a horizontal dial (in which the style is aligned with the Earth's axis) and an analemmatic dial (in which the style is not). In many cases, the multiface dials are erected never to be moved and, thus, need be aligned only once.<br />
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===Prismatic dials===<br />
Prismatic dials are a special case of polar dials, in which the sharp edges of a [[prism (geometry)|prism]] of a concave [[polygon]] serve as the styles and the sides of the prism receive the shadow.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 181&ndash;190.</ref> Examples include a three-dimensional cross or star of David on gravestones.<br />
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==Unusual sundials==<br />
<br />
===Benoy dials===<br />
[[File:Benoy sun clock.jpg|upright|thumb|Benoy Sun Clock time shown: 6:00pm - 18.00 hours]]<br />
<br />
The Benoy Dial was invented by Walter Gordon Benoy of Collingham in Nottinghamshire. Light may also be used to replace the shadow-edge of a gnomon. Whereas the style usually casts a sheet of shadow, an equivalent sheet of light can be created by allowing the sun's rays through a thin slit, reflecting them from a long, slim mirror (usually half-cylindrical), or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]]. For illustration, the Benoy Dial uses a cylindrical lens to create a sheet of light, which falls as a line on the dial surface. Benoy dials can be seen throughout Great Britain, such as<ref name="BSSRegister">List correct as of British Sundial Register 2000. {{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/register.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref><br />
*Carnfunnock Country Park [[Antrim, County Antrim|Antrim]] [[Northern Ireland]]<br />
*Upton Hall [[British Horological Institute]] [[Newark-on-Trent]] [[Nottinghamshire]] UK<br />
*Within the collections of St Edmundsbury Heritage Service [[Bury St Edmunds]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = St. Edmundsbury<br />
| first = Borough Council<br />
| title = Telling the story of time measurement.<br />
| url = http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/Telling-the-Story-of-Time-Measurement.cfm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref> UK<br />
*Longleat [[Warminster]] [[Wiltshire]] UK<br />
*[[Jodrell Bank]] Science Centre and [[Arboretum]]<br />
*[[Birmingham Botanical Gardens]] [[Edgbaston]] UK<br />
*[[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] UK - (inventory number 1975-318)<br />
<br />
===Bifilar sundial===<br />
Discovered by the German mathematician Hugo Michnik, the bifilar sundial has two non-intersecting threads parallel to the dial. Usually the second thread is orthogonal to the first.<ref>[http://www.nonvedolora.it/english/bifilare_en.htm Bifilar sundial]</ref><ref>[[:fr:Cadran bifilaire|Cadran Bifilaire]]</ref><br />
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The intersection of the two threads' shadows gives the solar time.<br />
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===Digital sundial===<br />
<br />
{{Main|Digital sundial}}<br />
A [[digital sundial]] uses light and shadow to 'write' the time in numerals rather than marking time with position. One such design uses two parallel masks to screen sunlight into patterns appropriate for the time of day.<br />
<br />
===Analog calculating sundial===<br />
A horizontal sundial with a face cut on a [[cardioid]] keeps clock time, while still resembling a conventional garden sundial. The cardioid shape connects the intersections between the solar-time marks of a conventional sundial, and the equal-angles of a true clock-time face. The place where The shadow crosses the cardioid's edge, and the clock time can be read from the underlying clock-time dial. The sundial is adjusted for daylight saving time by rotating the underlying equal-angle clock-time face. The sun-time face does not move.<br />
<br />
===Globe dial===<br />
The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114&ndash;115.</ref> Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth. This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.<br />
<br />
===Noon marks===<br />
[[File:Greenwich Royal Observatory Noon Mark.jpg|thumb|upright|Noon-mark from the [[Greenwich Royal Observatory]]. The analemma is the narrow figure-8 shape, which plots the [[equation of time]] (in degrees, not time, 1°=4minutes) versus the altitude of the sun at noon at the sundial's location. The altitude is measured vertically, the equation of time horizontally.]]<br />
<br />
The simplest sundials do not give the hours, but rather note the exact moment of 12:00 noon.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 18&ndash;28.</ref> In centuries past, such dials were used to correct mechanical clocks, which were sometimes so inaccurate as to lose or gain significant time in a single day.<br />
<br />
In U.S. colonial-era houses, a noon-mark can often be found carved into a floor or windowsill.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 26.</ref> Such marks indicate local noon, and they provide a simple and accurate time reference for households that do not possess accurate clocks. In modern times, some Asian countries,<!-- Date and location needed--> post offices have set their clocks from a precision noon-mark. These in turn provided the times for the rest of the society. The typical noon-mark sundial was a lens set above an [[analemma]]tic plate. The plate has an engraved figure-eight shape., which corresponds to plotting the [[equation of time]] (described above) versus the solar declination. When the edge of the sun's image touches the part of the shape for the current month, this indicates that it is 12:00 noon.<br />
<br />
===Noon cannon===<br />
A noon cannon, sometimes called a 'meridian cannon', is a specialized sundial that is designed to create an 'audible noonmark', by automatically igniting a quantity of gunpowder at noon. These were novelties rather than precision sundials, sometimes installed in parks in Europe mainly in the late 18th or early 19th century. They typically consist of a horizontal sundial, which has in addition to a [[gnomon]] a suitably mounted [[lens (optics)|lens]], set up to focus the rays of the sun at exactly noon on the firing pan of a miniature [[cannon]] loaded with [[gunpowder]] (but no [[round shot|ball]]). To function properly the position and angle of the lens must be adjusted seasonally.<br />
<br />
==Meridian lines==<br />
A horizontal line aligned on a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] with a gnomon facing the noon-sun is termed a meridian line and does not indicate the time, but instead the day of the year. Historically they were used to accurately determine the length of the [[Tropical year|solar year]]. Examples are the [[Francesco Bianchini|Bianchini]] meridian line in [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]] in [[Rome]], and the [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Cassini]] line in [[San Petronio Basilica]] at [[Bologna]].<br />
<br />
==Sundial mottoes==<br />
{{Further|List of sundial mottoes}}<br />
The association of sundials with time has inspired their designers over the centuries to display mottoes as part of the design. Often these cast the device in the role of ''[[memento mori]]'', inviting the observer to reflect on the transience of the world and the inevitability of death. "Do not kill time, for it will surely kill thee." Other mottoes are more whimsical: "I count only the sunny hours," and "I am a sundial and I make a botch / of what is done far better by a watch." Collections of sundial mottoes have often been published through the centuries.<br />
<br />
==Using a sundial as a compass==<br />
If a horizontal-plate sundial is portable and is made for the latitude in which it is being used, and if the user has a [[watch]] and the necessary information to calculate the local [[solar time|sundial time]] from its reading, the sundial can be used to find the directions of [[True North]], South, etc. The sundial should be placed on a horizontal surface, and rotated about a vertical axis until it shows the correct time. The gnomon will then be pointing to the North, in the [[northern hemisphere]], or to the South in the southern hemisphere. This method is much more accurate than using the watch as a compass (see [[watch]]) and can be used in places where the [[magnetic declination]] is large, making a [[magnetic compass]] unreliable.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Foucault pendulum]]<br />
*[[Francesco Bianchini]]<br />
*[[Horology]]<br />
*[[Moondial]]<br />
*[[Equation clock]]<br />
*[[Nocturnal (instrument)|Nocturnal]] &mdash; device for determining time by the stars at night.<br />
*[[Scottish sundial]] &mdash; the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland.<br />
*[[Tide (time)]] &mdash; divisions of the day on early sundials.<br />
*[[Wilanów Palace#The sundial|Wilanów Palace Sundial]], created by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in about 1684.<br />
<br />
==References and footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book | author = Earle AM | year = 1971 | title = Sundials and Roses of Yesterday | publisher = Charles E. Tuttle | location = Rutland, VT | isbn = 0-8048-0968-2|lccn=74142763}} Reprint of the 1902 book published by Macmillan (New York).<br />
* A.P. Herbert, ''Sundials Old and New'', Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967.<br />
* {{cite book | author = Mayall RN, Mayall MW | year = 1994 | title = Sundials: Their Construction and Use | edition = 3rd | publisher = Sky Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-933346-71-9}}<br />
* Hugo Michnik, ''Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr'', Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217(5190), p.&nbsp;81-90, 1923<br />
* {{cite book|first=Christopher St.J.H. |last=Daniel |title=Sundials |series=Shire Album |publisher=Shire Publications |volume=176 |edition=2nd revised |year=2004 |isbn=978-0747805588 }}<br />
* {{cite book | author = Rohr RRJ | year = 1996 | title = Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice | edition = translated by G. Godin | publisher = Dover | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-29139-1}} Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title ''Les Cadrans solaires'' by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).<br />
* Frederick W. Sawyer, ''Bifilar gnomonics'', JBAA (Journal of the British Astronomical association), 88(4):334–351, 1978<br />
* Turner, Gerard L'E, ''Antique Scientific Instruments'', Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 ISBN 0-7137-1068-3<br />
* J. L. Heilbron, ''The sun in the church: cathedrals as solar observatories,'' [[Harvard University Press]], 2001 ISBN 978-0-674-00536-5.<br />
*''Make A Sundial'', (The Education Group British Sundial Society) Editors Jane Walker and David Brown, British Sundial Society 1991 ISBN 0-9518404-0<br />
* {{cite book | author = Waugh AE | year = 1973 | title = Sundials: Their Theory and Construction | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-22947-5}}<br />
*"Illustrating Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, ISBN 0-9765286-8-1, LCN: 2005900674<br />
**Also see "Illustrating More Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, both books are over 300 pages long.<br />
* Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2010, ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0<br />
* [http://www.priceminister.com/s/trait%E9+abr%E9g%E9+de+gnomonique''Traité abrégé de gnomonique''], Francis Ziegeltrum, auto-édition, 2010, ISBN 978-2-7466-1913-5<br />
* Denis Savoie, ''Sundials, Design, Construction, and Use'', Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-09801-2.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Sundials}}<br />
* [http://wvaughan.org/sundials.html Understanding sundials through map projections]<br />
* [http://www.vedicastro.com/astronomy5.asp The Ancient Vedic Sun Dial]<br />
* [http://gonewengland.about.com/od/massachusettspictures/ss/Tanglewood-Photos_6.htm Analemmatic Sundial at Tanglewood]<br />
* [http://relojesdesol.info/ Asociación Amigos de los Relojes de Sol] (AARS) - Spanish Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/ British Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://cadrans_solaires.scg.ulaval.ca/ La Commission des Cadrans Solaires du Québec] (CCSQ) - Commission on Sundials of Quebec<br />
* [http://www.commission-cadrans-solaires.fr Commission des Cadrans Solaires de la Société Astronomique de France]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonicaitaliana.it/ Coordinamento Gnomonico Italiano] (CGI) - Italian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.pandy.me.uk/sundials/ Derbyshire Sundials] - Sundial Calculators<br />
* [http://www.sundials.org/ North American Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://www.sundialsofscotland.co.uk/ Register of Scottish Sundials]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonica.cat/ Societat Catalana de Gnomònica] - Catalonian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/ De Zonnewijzerkring] - Dutch Sundial Society (in English)<br />
* [http://www.zonnewijzerkringvlaanderen.be/ Zonnewijzerkring Vlaanderen] - Flemish Sundial Society<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sundials| ]]<br />
[[Category:Clocks]]<br />
[[Category:Horology]]<br />
[[Category:Garden features]]<br />
[[Category:Architectural elements]]<br />
[[Category:Garden ornaments]]<br />
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures]]<br />
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[[ar:مزولة]]<br />
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[[no:Solur]]<br />
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[[ro:Ceas solar]]<br />
[[ru:Солнечные часы]]<br />
[[sco:Sundial]]<br />
[[simple:Sundial]]<br />
[[sk:Slnečné hodiny]]<br />
[[sl:Sončna ura]]<br />
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[[zh:日晷]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundial&diff=526620084Sundial2012-12-05T23:34:10Z<p>Ronstew: /* Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials */ minor formatting</p>
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<div>{{Other uses}}<br />
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A '''sundial''' is a device that tells the time of day by the [[position of the Sun]]. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its ''style'' onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. The style is the time-telling edge of the ''[[gnomon]]'', often a thin rod or a sharp, straight edge. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow-edge aligns with different hour-lines. All sundials must be aligned with the axis of the Earth's rotation to tell the correct time. In most designs, the style must point towards true celestial north (not the north magnetic pole or south magnetic pole). That is, the style's horizontal angle must equal the sundial's geographical latitude.<br />
<br />
It is common for inexpensive decorative sundials to have incorrect hour angles, and these cannot be adjusted to tell correct time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} <br />
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{| align="right"<br />
|[[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]]<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Sundial-from-Marcianopolis.jpg|thumb|Ancient sundial from [[Marcianopolis]]]]<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
There are different types of sundials: Some sundials use a line of light to indicate the time. Others use the edge of a shadow. The spot of light may be formed by allowing the sun's rays through a small hole or reflecting them from a small circular mirror. A line of light may be formed by allowing the rays through a thin slit or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]].<br />
<br />
When the sundial reads by shadows, the shadow-casting object — the sundial's ''[[gnomon]]'' — may be a thin rod, or any object with a sharp tip or a straight edge. Sundials employ many types of gnomon. The gnomon may be fixed or moved according to the season. It may be oriented vertically, horizontally, aligned with the Earth's axis, or oriented in an altogether different direction determined by mathematics.<br />
<br />
Sundials also may use many types of surfaces to receive the light or shadow. [[Plane (mathematics)|Planes]] are the most common surface, but partial [[sphere]]s, [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinders]], [[cone (geometry)|cones]] and other shapes have been used for greater accuracy or beauty.<br />
<br />
Sundials differ in their portability and their need for orientation. The installation of many dials requires knowing the local [[latitude]], the precise vertical direction (e.g., by a level or plumb-bob), and the direction to [[true North]]. Portable dials are self-aligning; for example, it may have two dials that operate on different principles, such as a horizontal and [[Analemmatic sundial|analemmatic]] dial, mounted together on one plate. In these designs, their times agree only when the plate is aligned properly.<br />
<br />
Sundials indicate the [[solar time|local solar time]], unless corrected for some other time. To obtain the official clock time, three types of corrections need to be made.<br />
<br />
First, the orbit of the Earth is not perfectly circular and its rotational axis not perfectly perpendicular to its orbit. The sundial's indicated solar time thus varies from clock time by small amounts that change throughout the year. This correction — which may be as great as 15 minutes — is described by the [[equation of time]]. A sophisticated sundial, with a curved style or hour lines, may incorporate this correction. Often instead, simpler sundials are used, with a small plaque that gives the offsets at various times of the year.<br />
<br />
Second, the solar time must be corrected for the [[longitude]] of the sundial relative to the longitude of the official time zone. For example, a sundial located ''west'' of [[Greenwich]], England but within the same time-zone, shows a ''later'' time than the official time. It will show "noon" after the official noon has passed, since the sun passes overhead later. This correction is often made by rotating the hour-lines by an angle equal to the difference in longitudes.<br />
<br />
Last, to adjust for [[daylight saving time]], the sundial must shift the time away from solar time by some amount, usually an hour. This correction may be made in the adjustment plaque, or by numbering the hour-lines with two sets of numbers.<br />
<br />
==Apparent motion of the Sun==<br />
[[File:Equatorial sundial topview.gif|thumb|upright|Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is 5/12 the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. (not accounting for Daylight Saving Time) on or around Solstice, when the sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3am and 9pm, respectively, on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.05°, roughly the latitude of [[Aberdeen, Scotland]] or [[Sitka, Alaska]].]]<br />
<br />
The principles of sundials can be understood most easily from the [[Sun]]'s apparent motion. Scientists have proven that the Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptic orbit about the Sun; however, meticulous observations and experiments were needed. For the purposes of a sundial, an excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the [[celestial sphere]], which rotates every 23 hours and 56 minutes about its celestial axis. The celestial axis is the line connecting the [[celestial pole]]s. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical [[latitude]].<br />
<br />
Unlike the [[fixed stars]], the Sun changes its position on the celestial sphere, being at a positive [[declination]] in summer, at a negative declination in winter, and having exactly zero declination (i.e., being on the [[celestial equator]]) at the [[equinox]]es. The Sun's [[celestial longitude]] also varies, changing by one complete revolution per year. The path of the Sun on the celestial sphere is called the [[ecliptic]]. The ecliptic passes through the twelve constellations of the [[zodiac]] in the course of a year.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sundial, Singapore Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Sundial in [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]]. The fact that [[Singapore]] is located almost at the [[equator]] is reflected in its design.]]<br />
<br />
This model of the Sun's motion helps to understand sundials. If the shadow-casting gnomon is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, its shadow will revolve at a constant rate, and this rotation will not change with the seasons. This is the most common design. In such cases, the same hour lines may be used throughout the year. The hour-lines will be spaced uniformly if the surface receiving the shadow is either perpendicular (as in the equatorial sundial) or circular about the gnomon (as in the [[armillary sphere]]).<br />
<br />
In other cases, the hour-lines are not spaced evenly, even though the shadow rotates uniformly. If the gnomon is ''not'' aligned with the celestial poles, even its shadow will not rotate uniformly, and the hour lines must be corrected accordingly. The rays of light that graze the tip of a gnomon, or which pass through a small hole, or reflect from a small mirror, trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] aligned with the celestial poles. The corresponding light-spot or shadow-tip, if it falls onto a flat surface, will trace out a [[conic section]], such as a [[hyperbola]], [[ellipse]] or (at the North or South Poles) a [[circle]].<br />
<br />
This conic section is the intersection of the cone of light rays with the flat surface. This cone and its conic section change with the seasons, as the Sun's declination changes; hence, sundials that follow the motion of such light-spots or shadow-tips often have different hour-lines for different times of the year. This is seen in shepherd's dials, sundial rings, and vertical gnomons such as obelisks. Alternatively, sundials may change the angle and/or position of the gnomon relative to the hour lines, as in the analemmatic dial or the Lambert dial.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{details|History of sundials}}<br />
The earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are the [[obelisks]] (3500 BC) and [[shadow clock]]s (1500 BC) from ancient [[Egyptian astronomy]] and [[Babylonian astronomy]]. Presumably, humans were telling time from shadow-lengths at an even earlier date, but this is hard to verify. In roughly 700 BC, the [[Old Testament]] describes a sundial — the "dial of Ahaz" mentioned in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|38:8|HE}} and {{bibleverse|II|Kings|20:9|HE}}. The Roman writer Vitruvius lists dials and shadow clocks known at that time. Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Padovani]] published a treatise on the sundial in 1570, in which he included instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. [[Giuseppe Biancani|Giuseppe Biancani's]] ''Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria'' (ca. 1620) discusses how to make a perfect sundial.<br />
<br />
==Terminology==<br />
In general, sundials indicate the time by casting a shadow or throwing light onto a surface known as a ''dial face'' or ''dial plate''. Although usually a flat plane, the dial face may also be the inner or outer surface of a sphere, cylinder, cone, helix, and various other shapes.<br />
<br />
The time is indicated where a shadow or light falls on the dial face, which is usually inscribed with hour lines. Although usually straight, these hour lines may also be curved, depending on the design of the sundial (see below). In some designs, it is possible to determine the date of the year, or it may be required to know the date to find the correct time. In such cases, there may be multiple sets of hour lines for different months, or there may be mechanisms for setting/calculating the month. In addition to the hour lines, the dial face may offer other data—such as the horizon, the equator and the tropics—which are referred to collectively as the dial furniture.<br />
<br />
The entire object that casts a shadow or light onto the dial face is known as the sundial's ''gnomon''.<ref name="B.S.S."/> However, it is usually only an edge of the gnomon (or another linear feature) that casts the shadow used to determine the time; this linear feature is known as the sundial's ''style''. The style is usually aligned with the axis of the celestial sphere, and therefore aligned with the local geographical meridian. In some sundial designs, only a point-like feature, such as the tip of the style, is used to determine the time and date; this point-like feature is known as the sundial's ''nodus''.<ref name="B.S.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = BSS Glossary.<br />
| url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/index.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2011-05-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071010085501/http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/alpha.htm#S |archivedate = 2007-10-10}}</ref><ref>In some technical writing, the word "gnomon" can also mean the perpendicular height of a nodus from the dial plate. The point where the style intersects the dial plate is called the ''gnomon root''.</ref><br />
Some sundials use both a style and a nodus to determine the time and date.<br />
<br />
The gnomon is usually fixed relative to the dial face, but not always; in some designs such as the analemmatic sundial, the style is moved according to the month. If the style is fixed, the line on the dial plate perpendicularly beneath the style is called the ''substyle'',<ref name="B.S.S."/> meaning "below the style". The angle the style makes perpendicularly with the dial plate is called the substyle height, an unusual use of the word ''height'' to mean an ''angle''. On many wall dials, the substyle is not the same as the noon line (see below). The angle on the dial plate between the noon line and the substyle is called the ''substyle distance'', an unusual use of the word ''distance'' to mean an ''angle''.<br />
<br />
By tradition, many sundials have a [[Motto]]. The motto is usually in the form of an epigram: sometimes sombre reflections on the passing of time and the brevity of life, but equally often humorous witticisms of the dial maker.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 126&ndash;129; Waugh (1973), pp. 124&ndash;125.</ref><br />
<br />
A dial is said to be ''equiangular'' if its hour-lines are straight and spaced equally. Most equiangular sundials have a fixed gnomon style aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, as well as a shadow-receiving surface that is symmetrical about that axis; examples include the equatorial dial, the equatorial bow, the armillary sphere, the cylindrical dial and the conical dial. However, other designs are equiangular, such as the Lambert dial, a version of the analemmatic dial with a moveable style.<br />
<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|270px|The Equation of Time]]<br />
<br />
==Sundials in the Southern Hemisphere==<br />
[[File:Reloj solar san ignacio misiones paraguay.JPG|thumb|upright|Sundial in [[San Ignacio, Paraguay|San Ignacio]], [[Paraguay]].]]<br />
A sundial at a particular [[Earth#Orbit_and_rotation|latitude]] in one [[Sphere|hemisphere]] must be reversed for use at the opposite latitude in the other hemisphere.<ref name="C.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sabanski<br />
| first =Carl<br />
| title =The Sundial Primer<br />
|url=http://www.mysundial.ca/tsp/north_vs_south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref><br />
A vertical direct south sundial in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] becomes a vertical direct north sundial in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. To position a horizontal sundial correctly, one has to find true [[North]] or [[South]]. The same process can be used to do both.<ref name="S.P.01">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Sundials/south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> The gnomon, set to the correct latitude, has to point to the true South in the Southern hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere it has to point to the true North.<ref name="S.P.02">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/cgi-bin/novlesson_S.cgi<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> Also the hour numbers go in opposite directions, so on a horizontal dial they run anti-clockwise rather than clockwise.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/frameset.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sundials are used much less in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} One reason for this is the seasonal asymmetry of the [[Equation of Time]]. (See also [[Sundial#Equation_of_time_correction|'''below''']].) From early November to mid-February, during the Southern Hemisphere's summer, a sundial loses about half an hour relative to a clock. This adds to the difficulty of using it as a timepiece. The change during the northern summer is only about one-third as great, and is often ignored without causing much error. Since sundials are mainly used during the summer months, they are therefore better suited to the Northern Hemisphere.<br />
<br />
==Sundials with fixed axial gnomon==<br />
<br />
The most commonly observed sundials are those in which the shadow-casting style is fixed in position and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, being oriented with [[true North]] and South, and making an angle with the horizontal equal to the geographical [[latitude]]. This axis is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, which is closely, but not perfectly, aligned with the (present) [[pole star]] [[Polaris]]. For illustration, the celestial axis points vertically at the true [[North Pole]], where it points horizontally on the [[equator]]. At [[Jaipur]], a famous location for sundials, gnomons are raised 26°55" above horizontal, reflecting the local latitude.<br />
<br />
On any given day, the Sun appears to rotate uniformly about this axis, at about 15° per hour, making a full circuit (360°) in 24 hours. A linear gnomon aligned with this axis will cast a sheet of shadow (a half-plane) that, falling opposite to the Sun, likewise rotates about the celestial axis at 15° per hour. The shadow is seen by falling on a receiving surface that is usually flat, but which may be spherical, cylindrical, conical or of other shapes. If the shadow falls on a surface that is symmetrical about the celestial axis (as in an armillary sphere, or an equatorial dial), the surface-shadow likewise moves uniformly; the hour-lines on the sundial are equally spaced. However, if the receiving surface is not symmetrical (as in most horizontal sundials), the surface shadow generally moves non-uniformly and the hour-lines are not equally spaced; one exception is the Lambert dial described below.<br />
<br />
Some types of sundials are designed with a fixed gnomon that is not aligned with the celestial poles, such as a vertical obelisk. Such sundials are covered below under the section, "Nodus-based sundials".<br />
<br />
===Equatorial sundials===<br />
<!-- [[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds){{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]] Dup of one in galleryb--><br />
[[File:beijing sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|An equatorial sundial in the [[Forbidden City]], Beijing. {{Coord|39.9157|116.3904|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Forbidden City equatorial sundial}} The gnomon points [[true North]] and its angle with horizontal equals the local [[latitude]]. Closer inspection of the [[:File:beijing sundial.jpg|full-size image]] reveals the "spider-web" of date rings and hour-lines.]]<br />
<br />
The distinguishing characteristic of the ''equatorial dial'' (also called the ''equinoctial dial'') is the planar surface that receives the shadow, which is exactly perpendicular to the gnomon's style.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 46&ndash;49; Waugh (1973), pp. 29&ndash;34; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 55&ndash;56, 96&ndash;98, 138&ndash;141.</ref> This plane is called equatorial, because it is parallel to the equator of the Earth and of the celestial sphere. If the gnomon is fixed and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the sun's apparent rotation about the Earth casts a uniformly rotating sheet of shadow from the gnomon; this produces a uniformly rotating line of shadow on the equatorial plane. Since the sun rotates 360° in 24 hours, the hour-lines on an equatorial dial are all spaced 15° apart (360/24). The uniformity of their spacing makes this type of sundial easy to construct. Both sides of the equatorial dial must be marked, since the shadow will be cast from below in winter and from above in summer. Near the [[equinox]]es in spring and autumn, the sun moves on a circle that is nearly the same as the equatorial plane; hence, no clear shadow is produced on the equatorial dial at those times of year, a drawback of the design.<br />
<br />
A ''nodus'' is sometimes added to equatorial sundials, which allows the sundial to tell the time of year. On any given day, the shadow of the nodus moves on a circle on the equatorial plane, and the radius of the circle measures the [[declination]] of the sun. The ends of the gnomon bar may be used as the nodus, or some feature along its length. An ancient variant of the equatorial sundial has only a nodus (no style) and the concentric circular hour-lines are arranged to resemble a spider-web.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schaldach K | year = 2004 | title = The arachne of the Amphiareion and the origin of gnomonics in Greece | journal = Journal of the History of Astronomy | volume = 35 | pages = 435&ndash;445 | issn = 0021-8286}}</ref><br />
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===Horizontal sundials===<br />
{{for|a more detailed description of such a dial|Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)}}<br />
[[File:Garden sundial MN 2007.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Horizontal sundial in [[Minnesota]]. June 17, 2007 at 12:21. 44°51′39.3″N, 93°36′58.4″W]]<br />
In the ''horizontal sundial'' (also called a ''garden sundial''), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally, rather than being perpendicular to the style as in the equatorial dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 49&ndash;53; Waugh (1973), pp. 35&ndash;51; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 56, 99&ndash;101, 143&ndash;144.</ref> Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face; rather, the hour lines are spaced according to the rule<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 52; Waugh (1973), p. 45.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards [[true North]]) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. When λ equals 90° (at the [[North Pole]]), the horizontal sundial becomes an equatorial sundial; the style points straight up (vertically), and the horizontal plane is aligned with the equatorial place; the hour-line formula becomes θ = 15° × t, as for an equatorial dial. However, a horizontal sundial is impractical on the Earth's [[equator]], where λ equals 0°, the style would lie flat in the plane and cast no shadow.<br />
<br />
The chief advantages of the horizontal sundial are that it is easy to read, and the sun lights the face throughout the year. All the hour-lines intersect at the point where the gnomon's style crosses the horizontal plane. Since the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the style points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] λ. A sundial designed for one latitude can be used in another latitude, provided that the sundial is tilted upwards or downwards by an angle equal to the difference in latitude. For example, a sundial designed for a latitude of 40° can be used at a latitude of 45°, if the sundial plane is tilted upwards by 5°, thus aligning the style with the Earth's rotational axis. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
Many ornamental sundials are designed to be used at 45 degrees north. A sundial designed for one [[latitude]] can be adjusted for use at another latitude by tilting its base so that its style, or [[gnomon]], is parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation and pointing in the direction of the north [[celestial pole]] in the northern hemisphere, or the south celestial pole in the southern hemisphere. Some mass-produced garden sundials fail to correctly calculate the ''hourlines'' so can never be corrected. A local standard [[time zone]] is nominally 15 degrees wide, but may be modified to follow geographic or political boundaries. A sundial can be rotated around its style (which must remain pointed at the celestial pole) to adjust to the local time zone. In most cases, a rotation in the range of 7.5 degrees east to 23 degrees west suffices. This will introduce error in sundials that do not have equal hour angles. To correct for [[daylight saving time]], a face needs two sets of numerals or a correction table. An informal standard is to have numerals in hot colors for summer, and in cool colors for winter. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
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===Vertical sundials===<br />
[[File:Houghton Hall Norfolk UK 4-face sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|Two vertical dials at [[Houghton Hall]] [[Norfolk]] [[UK]] {{Coord|52.827469|0.657616|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Houghton Hall vertical sundials}}. The left and right dials face South and East, respectively. Both styles are parallel, their angle to the horizontal equaling the latitude. The East-facing dial is a polar dial with parallel hour-lines, the dial-face being parallel to the style.]]<br />
<br />
In the common ''vertical dial'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 53&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 57&ndash;58, 102&ndash;107, 141&ndash;143, 146&ndash;151.</ref> As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not ''equiangular''. If the face of the vertical dial points directly south, the angle of the hour-lines is instead described by the formula<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 55; Waugh (1973), p. 52.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \cos \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. Interestingly, the shadow moves ''counter-clockwise'' on a South-facing vertical dial, whereas it runs clockwise on horizontal and equatorial dials.<br />
<br />
Dials that face due South, North, East or West are called ''vertical direct dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 54&ndash;55; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;69</ref> If the face of a vertical dial does ''not'' face due South, the hours of sunlight that the dial receives may be limited. For example, a vertical dial that faces due East will tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are ''polar dials'', which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are rarely used, since they tell time only before 6am or after 6pm, by local solar time. For non-direct vertical dials — those that face in non-cardinal directions — the mathematics of arranging the hour-lines becomes more complicated, and is often done by observation; such dials are said to be ''declining dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 58.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Nové Město nad Metují sundials 2011 3.jpg|thumb|"Double" sundials in [[Nové Město nad Metují]], Czech Republic]]<br />
<br />
Vertical dials are commonly mounted on the walls of buildings, such as town-halls, [[cupola]]s and church-towers, where they are easy to see from far away. In some cases, vertical dials are placed on all four sides of a rectangular tower, providing the time throughout the day. The face may be painted on the wall, or displayed in inlaid stone; the gnomon is often a single metal bar, or a tripod of metal bars for rigidity. If the wall of the building does not face in a cardinal direction such as due South, the hour lines must be corrected. Since the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotation axis, it points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]]; consequently, its angle with the vertical face of the dial equals the [[colatitude]], or 90°-latitude.<br />
<br />
===Pocket Sundials===<br />
This portable folding German sundial has a string gnomon (pointer), adjustable for accuracy at any latitude. As shadows fall across the sundial, the smaller dials show Italian and Babylonian hours. The dial also indicates the length of the day and the position of the sun in the zodiac.<br />
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===Polar dials===<br />
In ''polar dials'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned ''parallel'' to the gnomon-style.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 72; Waugh (1973), pp. 70&ndash;73; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 58, 107&ndash;112.</ref> Thus, the shadow slides sideways over the surface, moving perpendicularly to itself as the sun rotates about the style. As with the gnomon, the hour-lines are all aligned with the Earth's rotational axis. When the sun's rays are nearly parallel to the plane, the shadow moves very quickly and the hour lines are spaced far apart. The direct East- and West-facing dials are examples of a polar dial. However, the face of a polar dial need not be vertical; it need only be parallel to the gnomon. Thus, a plane inclined at the angle of latitude (relative to horizontal) under the similarly inclined gnomon will be a polar dial. The perpendicular spacing ''X'' of the hour-lines in the plane is described by the formula<br />
<br />
:<math><br />
X = H \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where ''H'' is the height of the style above the plane, and ''t'' is the time (in hours) before or after the center-time for the polar dial. The center time is the time when the style's shadow falls directly down on the plane; for an East-facing dial, the center time will be 6am, for a West-facing dial, this will be 6pm, and for the inclined dial described above, it will be noon. When ''t'' approaches ±6 hours away from the center time, the spacing ''X'' diverges to [[Extended real number line|+∞]]; this occurs when the sun's rays become parallel to the plane.<br />
<br />
===Vertical declining dials===<br />
[[File:Verticalezonnewijzers-en.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Effect of declining on a sundial's hour-lines. A vertical dial, at a latitude of 51° N, designed to face due South (far left) shows all the hours from 6am to 6pm, and has converging hour-lines symmetrical about the noon hour-line. By contrast, a West-facing dial (far right) is polar, with parallel hour lines, and shows only hours after noon. At the intermediate orientations of [[Boxing the compass|South-Southwest, Southwest, and West-Southwest]], the hour lines are asymmetrical about noon, with the morning hour-lines ever more widely spaced.]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!-- [[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|upright|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]] Logically better place--><br />
A ''declining dial'' is any non-horizontal, planar dial that does not face in a cardinal direction, such as (true) [[North]], [[South]], [[East]] or [[West]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 58, 112&ndash;117, 145&ndash;146.</ref> As usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, but the hour-lines are not symmetrical about the noon hour-line. For a vertical dial, the angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79">Rohr (1965), p. 79.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \frac{\cos \lambda}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and η is the angle of declination from true [[South]]. When such a dial faces South (η=0°), this formula reduces to the formula given above, tan θ = cos λ tan(15° × ''t'').<br />
<br />
When a sundial is not aligned with a cardinal direction, the substyle of its gnomon is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The angle β between the substyle and the noon hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79"/><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \eta \cot \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
If a vertical sundial faces true South or North (η=0° or 180°, respectively), the correction β=0° and the substyle is aligned with the noon hour-line.<br />
<br />
The height of the gnomon, γ (that is the angle the style makes to the plate) is<br />
:<math><br />
\sin \gamma = \cos \eta \cos \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 238.</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- [[File:StBuryan Sundial.JPG|thumb|upright|South west decliner with dial furniture in [[The church of St Buryan|Cornwall]] England. 50°4′30″N, 5°37′15″W]] --><br />
<!--[[File:CS RestorationHouseRochester SWDecliner.JPG|thumb|right|South west declining face of a polyhedral pillar dial, now found in the Restoration House Gardens in [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], [[UK]] 51.2862N 0.5045E ]]--><br />
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===Reclining dials===<br />
The sundials described above have gnomons that are aligned with the Earth's rotational axis and cast their shadow onto a plane. If the plane is neither vertical nor horizontal nor equatorial, the sundial is said to be ''reclining'' or ''inclining''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 70&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 100&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 59&ndash;60, 117&ndash;122, 144&ndash;145.</ref> Such a sundial might be located on a South-facing roof, for example. The hour-lines for such a sundial can be calculated by slightly correcting the horizontal formula above<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 77; Waugh (1973), pp. 101&ndash;103; {{cite book | author = Capt. Samuel Sturmy | year = 1683 | title = The Art of Dialling | publisher = Unknown publisher | location = London}}</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin(\lambda + \chi) \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where χ is the desired angle of reclining, λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+χ), since tan(45°) = 1. When χ equals 90° (in other words, a South-facing vertical dial), we obtain the vertical formula above, since [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+90°) = [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ).<br />
<br />
Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow-receiving plane. If the plane's face points downwards towards the ground, it is said to be ''proclining'' or ''inclining'', whereas a dial is said to be ''reclining'' when the dial face is pointing away from the ground.<br />
<br />
===Reclining-declining dials===<br />
Some sundials both decline and recline, in that their shadow-receiving plane is not oriented with a cardinal direction (such as [[true North]]) and is neither horizontal nor vertical nor equatorial. For example, such a sundial might be found on a roof that was not oriented in a cardinal direction. The formulae describing the spacing of the hour-lines on such dials are rather complicated.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 76&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 122&ndash;125.</ref> The angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line has two components θ = θ<sub>1</sub> + θ<sub>2</sub>, described by the formulae<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 77&ndash;78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{1} = \tan \eta \cos \chi \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{2} = \frac{\cos \chi \cos \eta \sin \lambda + \sin \chi \cos \lambda - \cos \chi \sin \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and χ and η are the angles of inclination and declination, respectively.<br />
<br />
As in the simpler declining dial, the gnomon-substyle is not aligned with the noon hour-line.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 78&ndash;79; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 59&ndash;60.</ref> The general formula for the angle β between the substyle and the noon-line is given by<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \chi \sin \eta \frac{\tan \lambda \cos \chi + \sin \chi \cos \eta}{\cos \chi - \tan \lambda \cos \eta \sin \chi}.<br />
</math><br />
<br />
===Spherical sundials===<br />
[[File:Zw stelling.jpg|thumb|upright|Equatorial bow sundial in [[Hasselt]]{{Coord|50|55|47|N|5|20|31|E|type:landmark|name=Hasselt equatorial bow sundial}}, [[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]]. The rays pass through the narrow slot, forming a uniformly rotating sheet of light that falls on the circular bow. The hour-lines are equally spaced; in this image, the local solar time is roughly 15:00 hours (3 pm). On September 10, a small ball, welded into the slot casts a shadow on centre of the hour band.]]<br />
<br />
The surface receiving the shadow need not be a plane, but can have any shape, provided that the sundial maker is willing to mark the hour-lines. If the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, a spherical shape is convenient since the hour-lines are equally spaced, as they are on the equatorial dial above; the sundial is ''equiangular''. This is the principle behind the armillary sphere and the equatorial bow sundial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114, 124&ndash;125; Waugh (1973), pp. 174&ndash;180; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 60, 126&ndash;129, 151&ndash;155.</ref> However, some equiangular sundials — such as the Lambert dial described below — are based on other principles.<br />
<br />
In the ''equatorial bow sundial'', the gnomon is a bar, slot or stretched wire parallel to the celestial axis. The face is a semicircle (corresponding to the equator of the sphere, with markings on the inner surface. This pattern, built a couple of meters wide out of temperature-invariant steel [[invar]], was used to keep the trains running on time in France before World War I.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 17.</ref><br />
<br />
Among the most precise sundials ever made are two equatorial bows constructed of [[marble]] found in [[Yantra mandir (Jaipur)|Yantra mandir]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 118&ndash;119; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 215&ndash;216.</ref> This collection of sundials and other astronomical instruments was built by Maharaja [[Jai Singh II]] at his then-new capital of [[Jaipur]], India between 1727 and 1733. The larger equatorial bow is called the ''Samrat Yantra'' (The Supreme Instrument); standing at 27&nbsp;[[metre|meters]], its shadow moves visibly at 1&nbsp;mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6&nbsp;cm) every minute.<br />
<br />
===Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials===<br />
[[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium.<br />
(Precision = ±30 seconds)<br />
{{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]]<br />
Other non-planar surfaces may be used to receive the shadow of the gnomon. For example, the gnomon may be aligned with the celestial poles and located also along the symmetry axis of a cone or a cylinder. Due to the symmetry, the hour lines on such surfaces will be equally spaced, as on an equatorial dial or an armillary sphere. The conical dial is very old, and was the basis for one type of ''chalice'' sundial; the style was a vertical pin within a conical goblet, within which were inscribed the hour lines.<br />
<br />
As an elegant alternative, the gnomon may be located on the circumference of a cylinder or sphere, rather than at its center of symmetry. In that case, the hour lines are again spaced equally, but at ''double'' the usual angle, due to the geometrical [[inscribed angle]] theorem. This is the basis of some modern sundials, but it was also used in ancient times; in one type, the edges of a half-cylindrical gnomon served as the styles.<ref>An example of such a half-cylindrical dial may be found at [[Wellesley College]] in [[Massachusetts]]. (Mayall and Mayall, p. 94.)</ref><br />
<br />
Just as the armillary sphere is largely open for easy viewing of the dial, such non-planar surfaces need not be complete. For example, a cylindrical dial could be rendered as a helical ribbon-like surface, with a thin gnomon located either along its center or at its periphery.<br />
<br />
==Adjustments to calculate clock time from a sundial reading==<br />
The most common reason for a sundial to differ from clock time is that the sundial has not been oriented correctly or its hour lines have not been drawn correctly. For example, most commercial sundials are designed as ''horizontal sundials'' as described above. To be accurate such sundials must have been designed for that latitude and their style must be parallel to the Earth's rotational axis; the style must be aligned with [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal must equal the local geographical [[latitude]]. To align the style, the sundial can sometimes be tilted slightly on its north south axis.<br />
<br />
===Summer (daylight saving) time correction===<br />
Some areas of the world practice [[daylight saving time]], which shifts the official time, usually by one hour. This shift must be added to the sundial's time to make it agree with the official time.<br />
<br />
===Time-zone (longitude) correction===<br />
A [[time zone]] can cover 15° of longitude, so any point within that zone will experience time difference with the reference longitude, equivalent to 4 minutes of time per degree. For illustration, sunsets and sunrises occur at a later "official" time in the far western edge of a time-zone, compared to those observed at the far eastern edge. As an example, if a sundial is located at a longitude 5° west of the reference longitude, its time will read 20 minutes slow, since the sun appears to revolve around the Earth at 15° per hour. This is a constant correction throughout the year. For equiangular dials such as the equatorial, spherical or Lambert dials, this correction can be made by rotating the dial surface by an angle equalling the difference in longitude, without changing the gnomon position or orientation. However, this method does not work for other dials, such as a horizontal dial; the correction must be applied by the viewer.<br />
<br />
===Equation of time correction===<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|The Equation of Time - above the axis the sundial will appear ''fast'', and below the sundial will appear ''slow'', relative to a clock showing local mean time.]]<br />
{{main|Equation of time}}<br />
[[File:Derby Sundial C 5810.JPG|thumb|The [[Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)|Whitehurst & Son]] sundial made in 1812, with a circular scale showing the equation of time correction. This is now on display in the [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery|Derby Museum.]] ]]<br />
Although the Sun appears to rotate nearly uniformly about the Earth, it is not perfectly uniform, due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit (the fact that the Earth's orbit about the Sun is not perfectly circular) and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of its orbit. Therefore, sundials time varies from [[Local mean time|standard clock time]]. On four days of the year, the correction is effectively zero, but on others, it can be as much as a quarter-hour early or late. The amount of correction is described by the [[equation of time]]. This correction is ''universal''; it does not depend on the local latitude of the sundial. It does, however, change over long periods of time, centuries or more,<ref>{{cite web<br />
|first=Kevin<br />
|last=Karney<br />
|title=Variation in the Equation of Time<br />
|url=http://www.monmouthshiredfas.org.uk/12%20KWK/KK%20Stuff/Journal.pdf}}<br />
</ref> because of slow variations in the Earth's orbital and rotational motions. Therefore, tables and graphs of the equation of time that were made centuries ago are now significantly incorrect. It is important to realize that the reading of an old sundial should be corrected by applying the present-day equation of time, not one from the period when the dial was made. <br />
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In some sundials, the equation of time correction is provided as a plaque affixed to the sundial. In more sophisticated sundials, however, the equation can be incorporated automatically. For example, some equatorial bow sundials are supplied with a small wheel that sets the time of year; this wheel in turn rotates the equatorial bow, offsetting its time measurement. In other cases, the hour lines may be curved, or the equatorial bow may be shaped like a vase, which exploits the changing altitude of the sun over the year to effect the proper offset in time.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = The Claremont, CA<br />
| first = Bowstring Equatorial<br />
| title = Photo Info<br />
| url = http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/exo/sundials/ca/claremont/info.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-19 }}</ref> A ''heliochronometer'' is a precision sundial that corrects [[solar time|apparent solar time]] to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. Heliochronometers usually indicate the minutes to within 1 minute of [[Universal Time]]. <br />
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An analemma may be added to many types of sundials to correct apparent solar time to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. These usually have hour lines shaped like "figure eights" ([[analemma]]s) according to the [[equation of time]]. This compensates for the slight eccentricity in the Earth's orbit and the tilt of the Earth's axis that causes up to a 15 minute variation from mean solar time. This is a type of dial furniture seen on more complicated horizontal and vertical dials.<br />
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Prior to the invention of accurate clocks, in the mid-17th Century, sundials were the only timepieces in common use, and were considered to tell the "right" time. The Equation of Time was not used. After the invention of good clocks, sundials were still considered to be correct, and clocks usually incorrect. The Equation of Time was used in the opposite direction from today, to apply a correction to the time shown by a clock to make it agree with sundial time, Some elaborate "[[Equation clock]]s", such as one made by Joseph Williamson in 1720, incorporated mechanisms to do this correction automatically. (Williamson's clock may have been the first-ever device to use a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] gear.) Only after about 1800 was uncorrected clock time considered to be "right", and sundial time usually "wrong", so the Equation of Time became used as it is today.<br />
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==Movable-gnomon sundials==<br />
In addition to the sundials have a gnomon that is designed to be moved over the course of the year. In other words, the position of the gnomon relative to the center of the hour lines can vary. The advantage of such dials is that the gnomon need not be aligned with the celestial poles and may even be perfectly vertical (the analemmatic dial). A second advantage is that such dials, when combined with a fixed-gnomon sundial, allow the user to determine [[true North]] with no other aid; the two sundials are correctly aligned if and only if the time on the two sundials agrees. This is a useful property for portable sundials.<br />
<!-- [[File:Traveler's sundial - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumbnail|left|Universal Equinoctial Ring Dial, constructed at [[Paris]], by Butterfield, probably in the last quarter of the 18th century]] --><br />
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===Universal equinoctial ring dial===<br />
[[File:Ringsundial open.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Universal ring dial. The dial is suspended from the cord shown in the upper left; the suspension point on the vertical meridian ring can be changed to match the local latitude. The center bar is twisted until a sunray passes through the small hole and falls on the horizontal equatorial ring.]]<br />
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A ''universal equinoctial ring dial'' (sometimes called a ''ring dial'' for brevity, although the term is ambiguous) is a portable version of an armillary sundial,<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 157.</ref> or was inspired by the [[mariner's astrolabe]].<ref name="swanick">Swanick, Lois Ann. ''An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration: 15th Century To Mid-17th Century'', MA Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2005</ref> It was likely invented by [[William Oughtred]] around 1600 and became common throughout Europe.<ref>Turner, 1980, p25</ref><br />
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In its simplest form, the style is a thin slit that allows the sun's rays to fall on the hour-lines of an equatorial ring. As usual, the style is aligned with the Earth's axis; to do this, the user may orient the dial towards [[true North]] and suspend the ring dial vertically from the appropriate point on the meridian ring. Such dials may be made self-aligning with the addition of a more complicated central bar, instead of a simple slit-style. These bars are sometimes an addition to a set of [[Gemma's rings]]. This bar could pivot about its end points and held a perforated slider that was positioned to the month and day according to a scale scribed on the bar. The time was determined by rotating the bar towards the sun so that the light shining through the hole fell on the equatorial ring. This forced the user to rotate the instrument, which had the effect of aligning the instrument's vertical ring with the meridian.<br />
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When not in use, the equatorial and meridian rings can be folded together into a small disk.<br />
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In 1610, [[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]] created the '''sea ring''', which mounted a universal ring dial over a magnetic compass. This permitted mariners to determine the time and magnetic variation in a single step.<ref name="may">May, William Edward, ''A History of Marine Navigation'', G. T. Foulis &amp; Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, ISBN 0-85429-143-1</ref><br />
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===Analemmatic sundials===<br />
{{Main|Analemmatic sundial}}<br />
[[File:Zonnewijzerherkenrode.jpg|upright|thumb|Analemmatic sundial on a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] line in the garden of the abbey of Herkenrode in [[Hasselt]] ([[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]])]] <br />
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'''Analemmatic sundials''' are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern. There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse. The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day.<br />
Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon. Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months. A 66 inch tall person casts a 4 inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice.<br />
<ref>Analemmatic sundials: How to build one and why they work by C.J. Budd and C.J. Sangwin</ref><br />
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===Lambert dials===<br />
The Lambert dial is another movable-gnomon sundial.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, pp. 190&ndash;192.</ref> In contrast to the elliptical analemmatic dial, the Lambert dial is circular with evenly spaced hour lines, making it an ''equiangular sundial'', similar to the equatorial, spherical, cylindrical and conical dials described above. The gnomon of a Lambert dial is neither vertical nor aligned with the Earth's rotational axis; rather, it is tilted northwards by an angle α = 45° - (Φ/2), where Φ is the geographical [[latitude]]. Thus, a Lambert dial located at latitude 40° would have a gnomon tilted away from vertical by 25° in a northerly direction. To read the correct time, the gnomon must also be moved northwards by a distance<br />
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:<math><br />
Y = R \tan \alpha \tan \delta \,<br />
</math><br />
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where ''R'' is the radius of the Lambert dial and δ again indicates the Sun's declination for that time of year.<br />
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==Altitude-based sundials==<br />
Altitude dials measure the height of the sun in the sky, rather than its rotation about the celestial axis. They are not oriented towards [[true North]], but rather towards the sun and generally held vertically. The sun's elevation is indicted by the position of a nodus, either the shadow-tip of a gnomon, or a spot of light. The time is read from where the nodus falls on a set of hour-curves that vary with the time of year. Since the sun's altitude is the same at times equally spaced about noon (e.g., 9am and 3pm), the user had to know whether it were morning or afternoon. Many of these dials are portable and simple to use, although they are not well-suited for travelers, since their hour-curves are specific for a given [[latitude]].<br />
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===Human shadows===<br />
The length of a human shadow (or of any vertical object) can be used to measure the sun's elevation and, thence, the time.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 15; Waugh (1973), pp. 1&ndash;3.</ref> The [[Venerable Bede]] gave a table for estimating the time from the length of one's shadow in feet, on the assumption that a monk's height is six times the length of his foot. Such shadow lengths will vary with the geographical [[latitude]] and with the time of year. For example, the shadow length at noon is short in summer months, and long in winter months.<br />
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[[Chaucer]] evokes this method a few times in his ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', as in his ''Parson's Tale''<br />
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{{cquote|It was four o'clock according to my guess,<br />Since eleven feet, a little more or less,<br />my shadow at the time did fall,<br />Considering that I myself am six feet tall.}}<br />
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An equivalent type of sundial using a vertical rod of fixed length is known as a ''[[backstaff|backstaff dial]]''.<br />
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===Shepherd dials &ndash;Timesticks===<br />
[[File:Tibetan Timestick.jpg|thumb|upright|19th century Tibetan Shepherd's Timestick]]<br />
A shepherd's dial — also known as a ''shepherds' column dial'',<ref name="story of time">{{cite book |author=National Maritime Museum; Lippincott, Kristen; Eco, Umberto; Gombrich, E. H. |title=The Story of Time |publisher=Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum |location=London |year=1999 |pages= 42&ndash;43|isbn=1-85894-072-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="beginnings">{{cite web|last=St. Edmundsbury|first=Borough Council|title=Telling the story of time measurement: The Beginnings|url=http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/beginnings.cfm|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> ''pillar dial'', ''cylinder dial'' or ''chilindre'' — is a portable cylindrical sundial with a knife-like gnomon that juts out perpendicularly.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 109&ndash;111; Waugh (1973), pp. 150&ndash;154; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 162&ndash;166.</ref> It is normally dangled from a rope or string so the cylinder is vertical. The gnomon can be twisted to be above a month or day indication on the face of the cylinder. This corrects the sundial for the equation of time. The entire sundial is then twisted on its string so that the gnomon aims toward the sun, while the cylinder remains vertical. The tip of the shadow indicates the time on the cylinder. The hour curves inscribed on the cylinder permit one to read the time. Shepherd's dials are sometimes hollow, so that the gnomon can fold within when not in use.<br />
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Shepherd's dials appear in several works of literature. For example, in the [[Chaucer|Chaucer's]] ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', the monk says,<br />
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{{cquote|"Goth now your wey," quod he, "al stille and softe,<br />And lat us dyne as sone as that ye may;<br />for by my chilindre it is pryme of day."}}<br />
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Similarly, the shepherd's dial is evoked in [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'',<br />
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{{cquote|O God! methinks it were a happy life<br />To be no better than a homely swain;<br />To sit upon a hill, as I do now,<br />To carve out dials, quaintly, point by point,<br />Thereby to see the minutes, how they run--<br />How many makes the hour full complete,<br />How many hours brings about the day,<br />How many days will finish up the year,<br />How many years a mortal man may live.}}<br />
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The cylindrical shepherd's dial can be unrolled into a flat plate. In one simple version,<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 166&ndash;167.</ref> the front and back of the plate each have three columns, corresponding to pairs of months with roughly the same solar declination (June–July, May–August, April–September, March–October, February–November, and January–December). The top of each column has a hole for inserting the shadow-casting gnomon, a peg. Often only two times are marked on the column below, one for noon and the other for mid-morning/mid-afternoon.<br />
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Timesticks, ''clock spear'',<ref name="story of time"/> or ''shepherds' time stick'',<ref name="story of time"/> are based on the same principles as dials.<ref name="story of time"/><ref name="beginnings"/> The time stick is carved with eight vertical time scales for a different period of the year, each bearing a time scale calculated according to the relative amount of daylight during the different months of the year. Any reading depends not only on the time of day but also on the latitude and time of year.<ref name="beginnings"/><br />
A peg gnomon is inserted at the top in the appropriate hole or face for the season of the year, and turned to the Sun so that the shadow falls directly down the scale. Its end displays the time.<ref name="story of time"/><br />
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===Ring dials===<br />
In a ring dial (also known as an ''Aquitaine'' or a ''perforated ring dial''), the ring is hung vertically and oriented sideways towards the sun.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 111; Waugh (1973), pp. 158&ndash;160; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 159&ndash;162.</ref> A beam of light passes through a small hole in the ring and falls on hour-curves that are inscribed on the inside of the ring. To adjust for the equation of time, the hole is usually on a loose ring within the ring so that the hole can be adjusted to reflect the current month.<br />
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===Card dials (Capuchin dials)===<br />
Card dials are another form of altitude dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 110; Waugh (1973), pp. 161&ndash;165; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 166&ndash;185.</ref> A card is aligned edge-on with the sun and tilted so that a ray of light passes through an aperture onto a specified spot, thus determining the sun's altitude. A weighted string hangs vertically downwards from a hole in the card, and carries a bead or knot. The position of the bead on the hour-lines of the card gives the time. In more sophisticated versions such as the Capuchin dial, there is only one set of hour-lines, i.e., the hour lines do not vary with the seasons. Instead, the position of the hole from which the weighted string hangs is varied according to the season.<br />
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==Nodus-based sundials==<br />
[[File:057Cracow.JPG|thumb|upright| Kraków. {{Coord|50.0614|19.9400|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Kraków sundial}} The shadow of the cross-shaped nodus moves along a [[hyperbola]] which shows the time of the year,indicated here by the zodiac figures. It is 1:50pm on 16 July, 25 days after the [[summer solstice]].]]<br />
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Another type of sundial follows the motion of a single point of light or shadow, which may be called the ''nodus''. For example, the sundial may follow the sharp tip of a gnomon's shadow, e.g., the shadow-tip of a vertical [[obelisk]] (e.g., the ''[[Solarium Augusti]]'') or the tip of the horizontal marker in a shepherd's dial. Alternatively, sunlight may be allowed to pass through a small hole or reflected from a small (e.g., coin-sized) circular mirror, forming a small spot of light whose position may be followed. In such cases, the rays of light trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] over the course of a day; when the rays fall on a surface, the path followed is the intersection of the cone with that surface. Most commonly, the receiving surface is a geometrical [[plane (geometry)|plane]], so that the path of the shadow-tip or light-spot (called ''declination line'') traces out a [[conic section]] such as a [[hyperbola]] or an [[ellipse]]. The collection of hyperbolae was called a ''pelekonon'' (axe) by the Greeks, because it resembles a double-bladed ax, narrow in the center (near the noonline) and flaring out at the ends (early morning and late evening hours).<br />
[[File:Sundial solstice declination lines for different latitudes - slow.gif|thumb|left|Declination lines at solstices and equinox for sundials, located at different latitudes]]<br />
There is a simple verification of hyperbolic declination lines on a sundial: the distance from the origin to the equinox line should be equal to [[harmonic mean]] of distances from the origin to summer and winter solstice lines.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Belk T | year = 2007|month = September | title = Declination Lines Detailed | journal = BSS Bulletin | volume = 19(iii) | pages = 137&ndash;140 | url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/Bulletin/Bulletin-19iii-Belk.pdf}}</ref><br />
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Nodus-based sundials may use a small hole or mirror to isolate a single ray of light; the former are sometimes called ''aperture dials''. The oldest example is perhaps the antiborean sundial (''antiboreum''), a spherical nodus-based sundial that faces [[true North]]; a ray of sunlight enters from the South through a small hole located at the sphere's pole and falls on the hour and date lines inscribed within the sphere, which resemble lines of longitude and latitude, respectively, on a globe.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 14.</ref><br />
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===Reflection sundials===<br />
[[Isaac Newton]] developed a convenient and inexpensive sundial, in which a small mirror is placed on the sill of a south-facing window.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 116&ndash;121.</ref> The mirror acts like a nodus, casting a single spot of light on the ceiling. Depending on the geographical [[latitude]] and time of year, the light-spot follows a conic section, such as the hyperbolae of the pelikonon. If the mirror is parallel to the Earth's equator, and the ceiling is horizontal, then the resulting angles are those of a conventional horizontal sundial. Using the ceiling as a sundial surface exploits unused space, and the dial may be large enough to be very accurate.<br />
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==Multiple dials==<br />
Sundials are sometimes combined into multiple dials. If two or more dials that operate on different principles — say, such as an analemmatic dial and a horizontal or vertical dial — are combined, the resulting multiple dial becomes self-aligning. In other words, the direction of [[true North]] need not be determined; the dials are oriented correctly when they read the same time. This is a significant advantage in portable dials. However, the most common forms combine dials based on the same principle, and thus are not self-aligning.<br />
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===Diptych (tablet) sundial===<br />
[[File:Sundial in the form of a mandolin - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumb|upright|Diptych sundial in the form of a [[lute]], c. 1612. The gnomons-style is a string stretched between a horizontal and vertical face. This sundial also has a small nodus (a bead on the string) that tells time on the hyperbolic ''pelikinon'', just above the date on the vertical face.]]<br />
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The '''[[diptych]]''' consisted of two small flat faces, joined by a hinge.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 112; Waugh (1973), pp. 154&ndash;155; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 23&ndash;24.</ref> Diptychs usually folded into little flat boxes suitable for a pocket. The gnomon was a string between the two faces. When the string was tight, the two faces formed both a vertical and horizontal sundial. These were made of white ivory, inlaid with black lacquer markings. The gnomons were black braided silk, linen or hemp string. With a knot or bead on the string as a nodus, and the correct markings, a diptych (really any sundial large enough) can keep a calendar well-enough to plant crops. A common error describes the diptych dial as self-aligning. This is not correct for diptych dials consisting of a horizontal and vertical dial using a string gnomon between faces, no matter the orientation of the dial faces. Since the string gnomon is continuous, the shadows must meet at the hinge; hence, ''any'' orientation of the dial will show the same time on both dials.<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 155.</ref><br />
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===Multiface (Facet-headed) dials===<br />
A common multiple dial is to place sundials on every face of a [[Platonic solid]], usually a [[cube]].<ref>Rohr (1965),, p. 118; Waugh (1973), pp. 155&ndash;156; Mayall and Mayall, p. 59.</ref> Extremely ornate sundials can be composed in this way, by applying a sundial to every surface of a solid object. In some cases, the sundials are formed as hollows in a solid object, e.g., a cylindrical hollow aligned with the Earth's rotational axis (in which the edges play the role of styles) or a spherical hollow in the ancient tradition of the ''hemisphaerium'' or the ''antiboreum''. (See the History section below.) In some cases, these multiface dials are small enough to sit on a desk, whereas in others, they are large stone monuments.<br />
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Such multiface dials have the advantage of receiving light (and, thus, telling time) at every hour of the day. They can also be designed to give the time in different time-zones simultaneously. However, they are generally not self-aligning, since their various dials generally use the same principle to tell time, that of a gnomon-style aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. Self-aligning dials require that at least two independent principles are used to tell time, e.g., a horizontal dial (in which the style is aligned with the Earth's axis) and an analemmatic dial (in which the style is not). In many cases, the multiface dials are erected never to be moved and, thus, need be aligned only once.<br />
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===Prismatic dials===<br />
Prismatic dials are a special case of polar dials, in which the sharp edges of a [[prism (geometry)|prism]] of a concave [[polygon]] serve as the styles and the sides of the prism receive the shadow.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 181&ndash;190.</ref> Examples include a three-dimensional cross or star of David on gravestones.<br />
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==Unusual sundials==<br />
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===Benoy dials===<br />
[[File:Benoy sun clock.jpg|upright|thumb|Benoy Sun Clock time shown: 6:00pm - 18.00 hours]]<br />
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The Benoy Dial was invented by Walter Gordon Benoy of Collingham in Nottinghamshire. Light may also be used to replace the shadow-edge of a gnomon. Whereas the style usually casts a sheet of shadow, an equivalent sheet of light can be created by allowing the sun's rays through a thin slit, reflecting them from a long, slim mirror (usually half-cylindrical), or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]]. For illustration, the Benoy Dial uses a cylindrical lens to create a sheet of light, which falls as a line on the dial surface. Benoy dials can be seen throughout Great Britain, such as<ref name="BSSRegister">List correct as of British Sundial Register 2000. {{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/register.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref><br />
*Carnfunnock Country Park [[Antrim, County Antrim|Antrim]] [[Northern Ireland]]<br />
*Upton Hall [[British Horological Institute]] [[Newark-on-Trent]] [[Nottinghamshire]] UK<br />
*Within the collections of St Edmundsbury Heritage Service [[Bury St Edmunds]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = St. Edmundsbury<br />
| first = Borough Council<br />
| title = Telling the story of time measurement.<br />
| url = http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/Telling-the-Story-of-Time-Measurement.cfm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref> UK<br />
*Longleat [[Warminster]] [[Wiltshire]] UK<br />
*[[Jodrell Bank]] Science Centre and [[Arboretum]]<br />
*[[Birmingham Botanical Gardens]] [[Edgbaston]] UK<br />
*[[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] UK - (inventory number 1975-318)<br />
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===Bifilar sundial===<br />
Discovered by the German mathematician Hugo Michnik, the bifilar sundial has two non-intersecting threads parallel to the dial. Usually the second thread is orthogonal to the first.<ref>[http://www.nonvedolora.it/english/bifilare_en.htm Bifilar sundial]</ref><ref>[[:fr:Cadran bifilaire|Cadran Bifilaire]]</ref><br />
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The intersection of the two threads' shadows gives the solar time.<br />
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===Digital sundial===<br />
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{{Main|Digital sundial}}<br />
A [[digital sundial]] uses light and shadow to 'write' the time in numerals rather than marking time with position. One such design uses two parallel masks to screen sunlight into patterns appropriate for the time of day.<br />
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===Analog calculating sundial===<br />
A horizontal sundial with a face cut on a [[cardioid]] keeps clock time, while still resembling a conventional garden sundial. The cardioid shape connects the intersections between the solar-time marks of a conventional sundial, and the equal-angles of a true clock-time face. The place where The shadow crosses the cardioid's edge, and the clock time can be read from the underlying clock-time dial. The sundial is adjusted for daylight saving time by rotating the underlying equal-angle clock-time face. The sun-time face does not move.<br />
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===Globe dial===<br />
The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114&ndash;115.</ref> Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth. This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.<br />
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===Noon marks===<br />
[[File:Greenwich Royal Observatory Noon Mark.jpg|thumb|upright|Noon-mark from the [[Greenwich Royal Observatory]]. The analemma is the narrow figure-8 shape, which plots the [[equation of time]] (in degrees, not time, 1°=4minutes) versus the altitude of the sun at noon at the sundial's location. The altitude is measured vertically, the equation of time horizontally.]]<br />
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The simplest sundials do not give the hours, but rather note the exact moment of 12:00 noon.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 18&ndash;28.</ref> In centuries past, such dials were used to correct mechanical clocks, which were sometimes so inaccurate as to lose or gain significant time in a single day.<br />
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In U.S. colonial-era houses, a noon-mark can often be found carved into a floor or windowsill.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 26.</ref> Such marks indicate local noon, and they provide a simple and accurate time reference for households that do not possess accurate clocks. In modern times, some Asian countries,<!-- Date and location needed--> post offices have set their clocks from a precision noon-mark. These in turn provided the times for the rest of the society. The typical noon-mark sundial was a lens set above an [[analemma]]tic plate. The plate has an engraved figure-eight shape., which corresponds to plotting the [[equation of time]] (described above) versus the solar declination. When the edge of the sun's image touches the part of the shape for the current month, this indicates that it is 12:00 noon.<br />
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===Noon cannon===<br />
A noon cannon, sometimes called a 'meridian cannon', is a specialized sundial that is designed to create an 'audible noonmark', by automatically igniting a quantity of gunpowder at noon. These were novelties rather than precision sundials, sometimes installed in parks in Europe mainly in the late 18th or early 19th century. They typically consist of a horizontal sundial, which has in addition to a [[gnomon]] a suitably mounted [[lens (optics)|lens]], set up to focus the rays of the sun at exactly noon on the firing pan of a miniature [[cannon]] loaded with [[gunpowder]] (but no [[round shot|ball]]). To function properly the position and angle of the lens must be adjusted seasonally.<br />
<br />
==Meridian lines==<br />
A horizontal line aligned on a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] with a gnomon facing the noon-sun is termed a meridian line and does not indicate the time, but instead the day of the year. Historically they were used to accurately determine the length of the [[Tropical year|solar year]]. Examples are the [[Francesco Bianchini|Bianchini]] meridian line in [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]] in [[Rome]], and the [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Cassini]] line in [[San Petronio Basilica]] at [[Bologna]].<br />
<br />
==Sundial mottoes==<br />
{{Further|List of sundial mottoes}}<br />
The association of sundials with time has inspired their designers over the centuries to display mottoes as part of the design. Often these cast the device in the role of ''[[memento mori]]'', inviting the observer to reflect on the transience of the world and the inevitability of death. "Do not kill time, for it will surely kill thee." Other mottoes are more whimsical: "I count only the sunny hours," and "I am a sundial and I make a botch / of what is done far better by a watch." Collections of sundial mottoes have often been published through the centuries.<br />
<br />
==Using a sundial as a compass==<br />
If a horizontal-plate sundial is portable and is made for the latitude in which it is being used, and if the user has a [[watch]] and the necessary information to calculate the local [[solar time|sundial time]] from its reading, the sundial can be used to find the directions of [[True North]], South, etc. The sundial should be placed on a horizontal surface, and rotated about a vertical axis until it shows the correct time. The gnomon will then be pointing to the North, in the [[northern hemisphere]], or to the South in the southern hemisphere. This method is much more accurate than using the watch as a compass (see [[watch]]) and can be used in places where the [[magnetic declination]] is large, making a [[magnetic compass]] unreliable.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Foucault pendulum]]<br />
*[[Francesco Bianchini]]<br />
*[[Horology]]<br />
*[[Moondial]]<br />
*[[Equation clock]]<br />
*[[Nocturnal (instrument)|Nocturnal]] &mdash; device for determining time by the stars at night.<br />
*[[Scottish sundial]] &mdash; the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland.<br />
*[[Tide (time)]] &mdash; divisions of the day on early sundials.<br />
*[[Wilanów Palace#The sundial|Wilanów Palace Sundial]], created by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in about 1684.<br />
<br />
==References and footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book | author = Earle AM | year = 1971 | title = Sundials and Roses of Yesterday | publisher = Charles E. Tuttle | location = Rutland, VT | isbn = 0-8048-0968-2|lccn=74142763}} Reprint of the 1902 book published by Macmillan (New York).<br />
* A.P. Herbert, ''Sundials Old and New'', Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967.<br />
* {{cite book | author = Mayall RN, Mayall MW | year = 1994 | title = Sundials: Their Construction and Use | edition = 3rd | publisher = Sky Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-933346-71-9}}<br />
* Hugo Michnik, ''Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr'', Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217(5190), p.&nbsp;81-90, 1923<br />
* {{cite book|first=Christopher St.J.H. |last=Daniel |title=Sundials |series=Shire Album |publisher=Shire Publications |volume=176 |edition=2nd revised |year=2004 |isbn=978-0747805588 }}<br />
* {{cite book | author = Rohr RRJ | year = 1996 | title = Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice | edition = translated by G. Godin | publisher = Dover | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-29139-1}} Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title ''Les Cadrans solaires'' by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).<br />
* Frederick W. Sawyer, ''Bifilar gnomonics'', JBAA (Journal of the British Astronomical association), 88(4):334–351, 1978<br />
* Turner, Gerard L'E, ''Antique Scientific Instruments'', Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 ISBN 0-7137-1068-3<br />
* J. L. Heilbron, ''The sun in the church: cathedrals as solar observatories,'' [[Harvard University Press]], 2001 ISBN 978-0-674-00536-5.<br />
*''Make A Sundial'', (The Education Group British Sundial Society) Editors Jane Walker and David Brown, British Sundial Society 1991 ISBN 0-9518404-0<br />
* {{cite book | author = Waugh AE | year = 1973 | title = Sundials: Their Theory and Construction | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-22947-5}}<br />
*"Illustrating Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, ISBN 0-9765286-8-1, LCN: 2005900674<br />
**Also see "Illustrating More Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, both books are over 300 pages long.<br />
* Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2010, ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0<br />
* [http://www.priceminister.com/s/trait%E9+abr%E9g%E9+de+gnomonique''Traité abrégé de gnomonique''], Francis Ziegeltrum, auto-édition, 2010, ISBN 978-2-7466-1913-5<br />
* Denis Savoie, ''Sundials, Design, Construction, and Use'', Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-09801-2.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Sundials}}<br />
* [http://wvaughan.org/sundials.html Understanding sundials through map projections]<br />
* [http://www.vedicastro.com/astronomy5.asp The Ancient Vedic Sun Dial]<br />
* [http://gonewengland.about.com/od/massachusettspictures/ss/Tanglewood-Photos_6.htm Analemmatic Sundial at Tanglewood]<br />
* [http://relojesdesol.info/ Asociación Amigos de los Relojes de Sol] (AARS) - Spanish Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/ British Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://cadrans_solaires.scg.ulaval.ca/ La Commission des Cadrans Solaires du Québec] (CCSQ) - Commission on Sundials of Quebec<br />
* [http://www.commission-cadrans-solaires.fr Commission des Cadrans Solaires de la Société Astronomique de France]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonicaitaliana.it/ Coordinamento Gnomonico Italiano] (CGI) - Italian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.pandy.me.uk/sundials/ Derbyshire Sundials] - Sundial Calculators<br />
* [http://www.sundials.org/ North American Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://www.sundialsofscotland.co.uk/ Register of Scottish Sundials]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonica.cat/ Societat Catalana de Gnomònica] - Catalonian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/ De Zonnewijzerkring] - Dutch Sundial Society (in English)<br />
* [http://www.zonnewijzerkringvlaanderen.be/ Zonnewijzerkring Vlaanderen] - Flemish Sundial Society<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sundials| ]]<br />
[[Category:Clocks]]<br />
[[Category:Horology]]<br />
[[Category:Garden features]]<br />
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[[simple:Sundial]]<br />
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[[zh:日晷]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundial&diff=526619233Sundial2012-12-05T23:27:18Z<p>Ronstew: /* Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials */ added a hard return to improve word wrap appearance</p>
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<div>{{Other uses}}<br />
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<br />
A '''sundial''' is a device that tells the time of day by the [[position of the Sun]]. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its ''style'' onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. The style is the time-telling edge of the ''[[gnomon]]'', often a thin rod or a sharp, straight edge. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow-edge aligns with different hour-lines. All sundials must be aligned with the axis of the Earth's rotation to tell the correct time. In most designs, the style must point towards true celestial north (not the north magnetic pole or south magnetic pole). That is, the style's horizontal angle must equal the sundial's geographical latitude.<br />
<br />
It is common for inexpensive decorative sundials to have incorrect hour angles, and these cannot be adjusted to tell correct time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} <br />
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{| align="right"<br />
|[[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]]<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Sundial-from-Marcianopolis.jpg|thumb|Ancient sundial from [[Marcianopolis]]]]<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
There are different types of sundials: Some sundials use a line of light to indicate the time. Others use the edge of a shadow. The spot of light may be formed by allowing the sun's rays through a small hole or reflecting them from a small circular mirror. A line of light may be formed by allowing the rays through a thin slit or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]].<br />
<br />
When the sundial reads by shadows, the shadow-casting object — the sundial's ''[[gnomon]]'' — may be a thin rod, or any object with a sharp tip or a straight edge. Sundials employ many types of gnomon. The gnomon may be fixed or moved according to the season. It may be oriented vertically, horizontally, aligned with the Earth's axis, or oriented in an altogether different direction determined by mathematics.<br />
<br />
Sundials also may use many types of surfaces to receive the light or shadow. [[Plane (mathematics)|Planes]] are the most common surface, but partial [[sphere]]s, [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinders]], [[cone (geometry)|cones]] and other shapes have been used for greater accuracy or beauty.<br />
<br />
Sundials differ in their portability and their need for orientation. The installation of many dials requires knowing the local [[latitude]], the precise vertical direction (e.g., by a level or plumb-bob), and the direction to [[true North]]. Portable dials are self-aligning; for example, it may have two dials that operate on different principles, such as a horizontal and [[Analemmatic sundial|analemmatic]] dial, mounted together on one plate. In these designs, their times agree only when the plate is aligned properly.<br />
<br />
Sundials indicate the [[solar time|local solar time]], unless corrected for some other time. To obtain the official clock time, three types of corrections need to be made.<br />
<br />
First, the orbit of the Earth is not perfectly circular and its rotational axis not perfectly perpendicular to its orbit. The sundial's indicated solar time thus varies from clock time by small amounts that change throughout the year. This correction — which may be as great as 15 minutes — is described by the [[equation of time]]. A sophisticated sundial, with a curved style or hour lines, may incorporate this correction. Often instead, simpler sundials are used, with a small plaque that gives the offsets at various times of the year.<br />
<br />
Second, the solar time must be corrected for the [[longitude]] of the sundial relative to the longitude of the official time zone. For example, a sundial located ''west'' of [[Greenwich]], England but within the same time-zone, shows a ''later'' time than the official time. It will show "noon" after the official noon has passed, since the sun passes overhead later. This correction is often made by rotating the hour-lines by an angle equal to the difference in longitudes.<br />
<br />
Last, to adjust for [[daylight saving time]], the sundial must shift the time away from solar time by some amount, usually an hour. This correction may be made in the adjustment plaque, or by numbering the hour-lines with two sets of numbers.<br />
<br />
==Apparent motion of the Sun==<br />
[[File:Equatorial sundial topview.gif|thumb|upright|Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is 5/12 the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. (not accounting for Daylight Saving Time) on or around Solstice, when the sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3am and 9pm, respectively, on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.05°, roughly the latitude of [[Aberdeen, Scotland]] or [[Sitka, Alaska]].]]<br />
<br />
The principles of sundials can be understood most easily from the [[Sun]]'s apparent motion. Scientists have proven that the Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptic orbit about the Sun; however, meticulous observations and experiments were needed. For the purposes of a sundial, an excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the [[celestial sphere]], which rotates every 23 hours and 56 minutes about its celestial axis. The celestial axis is the line connecting the [[celestial pole]]s. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical [[latitude]].<br />
<br />
Unlike the [[fixed stars]], the Sun changes its position on the celestial sphere, being at a positive [[declination]] in summer, at a negative declination in winter, and having exactly zero declination (i.e., being on the [[celestial equator]]) at the [[equinox]]es. The Sun's [[celestial longitude]] also varies, changing by one complete revolution per year. The path of the Sun on the celestial sphere is called the [[ecliptic]]. The ecliptic passes through the twelve constellations of the [[zodiac]] in the course of a year.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sundial, Singapore Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Sundial in [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]]. The fact that [[Singapore]] is located almost at the [[equator]] is reflected in its design.]]<br />
<br />
This model of the Sun's motion helps to understand sundials. If the shadow-casting gnomon is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, its shadow will revolve at a constant rate, and this rotation will not change with the seasons. This is the most common design. In such cases, the same hour lines may be used throughout the year. The hour-lines will be spaced uniformly if the surface receiving the shadow is either perpendicular (as in the equatorial sundial) or circular about the gnomon (as in the [[armillary sphere]]).<br />
<br />
In other cases, the hour-lines are not spaced evenly, even though the shadow rotates uniformly. If the gnomon is ''not'' aligned with the celestial poles, even its shadow will not rotate uniformly, and the hour lines must be corrected accordingly. The rays of light that graze the tip of a gnomon, or which pass through a small hole, or reflect from a small mirror, trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] aligned with the celestial poles. The corresponding light-spot or shadow-tip, if it falls onto a flat surface, will trace out a [[conic section]], such as a [[hyperbola]], [[ellipse]] or (at the North or South Poles) a [[circle]].<br />
<br />
This conic section is the intersection of the cone of light rays with the flat surface. This cone and its conic section change with the seasons, as the Sun's declination changes; hence, sundials that follow the motion of such light-spots or shadow-tips often have different hour-lines for different times of the year. This is seen in shepherd's dials, sundial rings, and vertical gnomons such as obelisks. Alternatively, sundials may change the angle and/or position of the gnomon relative to the hour lines, as in the analemmatic dial or the Lambert dial.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{details|History of sundials}}<br />
The earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are the [[obelisks]] (3500 BC) and [[shadow clock]]s (1500 BC) from ancient [[Egyptian astronomy]] and [[Babylonian astronomy]]. Presumably, humans were telling time from shadow-lengths at an even earlier date, but this is hard to verify. In roughly 700 BC, the [[Old Testament]] describes a sundial — the "dial of Ahaz" mentioned in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|38:8|HE}} and {{bibleverse|II|Kings|20:9|HE}}. The Roman writer Vitruvius lists dials and shadow clocks known at that time. Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Padovani]] published a treatise on the sundial in 1570, in which he included instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. [[Giuseppe Biancani|Giuseppe Biancani's]] ''Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria'' (ca. 1620) discusses how to make a perfect sundial.<br />
<br />
==Terminology==<br />
In general, sundials indicate the time by casting a shadow or throwing light onto a surface known as a ''dial face'' or ''dial plate''. Although usually a flat plane, the dial face may also be the inner or outer surface of a sphere, cylinder, cone, helix, and various other shapes.<br />
<br />
The time is indicated where a shadow or light falls on the dial face, which is usually inscribed with hour lines. Although usually straight, these hour lines may also be curved, depending on the design of the sundial (see below). In some designs, it is possible to determine the date of the year, or it may be required to know the date to find the correct time. In such cases, there may be multiple sets of hour lines for different months, or there may be mechanisms for setting/calculating the month. In addition to the hour lines, the dial face may offer other data—such as the horizon, the equator and the tropics—which are referred to collectively as the dial furniture.<br />
<br />
The entire object that casts a shadow or light onto the dial face is known as the sundial's ''gnomon''.<ref name="B.S.S."/> However, it is usually only an edge of the gnomon (or another linear feature) that casts the shadow used to determine the time; this linear feature is known as the sundial's ''style''. The style is usually aligned with the axis of the celestial sphere, and therefore aligned with the local geographical meridian. In some sundial designs, only a point-like feature, such as the tip of the style, is used to determine the time and date; this point-like feature is known as the sundial's ''nodus''.<ref name="B.S.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = BSS Glossary.<br />
| url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/index.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2011-05-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071010085501/http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/alpha.htm#S |archivedate = 2007-10-10}}</ref><ref>In some technical writing, the word "gnomon" can also mean the perpendicular height of a nodus from the dial plate. The point where the style intersects the dial plate is called the ''gnomon root''.</ref><br />
Some sundials use both a style and a nodus to determine the time and date.<br />
<br />
The gnomon is usually fixed relative to the dial face, but not always; in some designs such as the analemmatic sundial, the style is moved according to the month. If the style is fixed, the line on the dial plate perpendicularly beneath the style is called the ''substyle'',<ref name="B.S.S."/> meaning "below the style". The angle the style makes perpendicularly with the dial plate is called the substyle height, an unusual use of the word ''height'' to mean an ''angle''. On many wall dials, the substyle is not the same as the noon line (see below). The angle on the dial plate between the noon line and the substyle is called the ''substyle distance'', an unusual use of the word ''distance'' to mean an ''angle''.<br />
<br />
By tradition, many sundials have a [[Motto]]. The motto is usually in the form of an epigram: sometimes sombre reflections on the passing of time and the brevity of life, but equally often humorous witticisms of the dial maker.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 126&ndash;129; Waugh (1973), pp. 124&ndash;125.</ref><br />
<br />
A dial is said to be ''equiangular'' if its hour-lines are straight and spaced equally. Most equiangular sundials have a fixed gnomon style aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, as well as a shadow-receiving surface that is symmetrical about that axis; examples include the equatorial dial, the equatorial bow, the armillary sphere, the cylindrical dial and the conical dial. However, other designs are equiangular, such as the Lambert dial, a version of the analemmatic dial with a moveable style.<br />
<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|270px|The Equation of Time]]<br />
<br />
==Sundials in the Southern Hemisphere==<br />
[[File:Reloj solar san ignacio misiones paraguay.JPG|thumb|upright|Sundial in [[San Ignacio, Paraguay|San Ignacio]], [[Paraguay]].]]<br />
A sundial at a particular [[Earth#Orbit_and_rotation|latitude]] in one [[Sphere|hemisphere]] must be reversed for use at the opposite latitude in the other hemisphere.<ref name="C.S.">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sabanski<br />
| first =Carl<br />
| title =The Sundial Primer<br />
|url=http://www.mysundial.ca/tsp/north_vs_south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref><br />
A vertical direct south sundial in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] becomes a vertical direct north sundial in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. To position a horizontal sundial correctly, one has to find true [[North]] or [[South]]. The same process can be used to do both.<ref name="S.P.01">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Sundials/south.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> The gnomon, set to the correct latitude, has to point to the true South in the Southern hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere it has to point to the true North.<ref name="S.P.02">{{cite web<br />
| last =Sunshine in your pocket!<br />
| first =<br />
| title =Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.<br />
|url=http://solar.physics.montana.edu/cgi-bin/novlesson_S.cgi<br />
| accessdate = 2008-07-11 }}</ref> Also the hour numbers go in opposite directions, so on a horizontal dial they run anti-clockwise rather than clockwise.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/frameset.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sundials are used much less in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} One reason for this is the seasonal asymmetry of the [[Equation of Time]]. (See also [[Sundial#Equation_of_time_correction|'''below''']].) From early November to mid-February, during the Southern Hemisphere's summer, a sundial loses about half an hour relative to a clock. This adds to the difficulty of using it as a timepiece. The change during the northern summer is only about one-third as great, and is often ignored without causing much error. Since sundials are mainly used during the summer months, they are therefore better suited to the Northern Hemisphere.<br />
<br />
==Sundials with fixed axial gnomon==<br />
<br />
The most commonly observed sundials are those in which the shadow-casting style is fixed in position and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, being oriented with [[true North]] and South, and making an angle with the horizontal equal to the geographical [[latitude]]. This axis is aligned with the [[celestial pole]]s, which is closely, but not perfectly, aligned with the (present) [[pole star]] [[Polaris]]. For illustration, the celestial axis points vertically at the true [[North Pole]], where it points horizontally on the [[equator]]. At [[Jaipur]], a famous location for sundials, gnomons are raised 26°55" above horizontal, reflecting the local latitude.<br />
<br />
On any given day, the Sun appears to rotate uniformly about this axis, at about 15° per hour, making a full circuit (360°) in 24 hours. A linear gnomon aligned with this axis will cast a sheet of shadow (a half-plane) that, falling opposite to the Sun, likewise rotates about the celestial axis at 15° per hour. The shadow is seen by falling on a receiving surface that is usually flat, but which may be spherical, cylindrical, conical or of other shapes. If the shadow falls on a surface that is symmetrical about the celestial axis (as in an armillary sphere, or an equatorial dial), the surface-shadow likewise moves uniformly; the hour-lines on the sundial are equally spaced. However, if the receiving surface is not symmetrical (as in most horizontal sundials), the surface shadow generally moves non-uniformly and the hour-lines are not equally spaced; one exception is the Lambert dial described below.<br />
<br />
Some types of sundials are designed with a fixed gnomon that is not aligned with the celestial poles, such as a vertical obelisk. Such sundials are covered below under the section, "Nodus-based sundials".<br />
<br />
===Equatorial sundials===<br />
<!-- [[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds){{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]] Dup of one in galleryb--><br />
[[File:beijing sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|An equatorial sundial in the [[Forbidden City]], Beijing. {{Coord|39.9157|116.3904|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Forbidden City equatorial sundial}} The gnomon points [[true North]] and its angle with horizontal equals the local [[latitude]]. Closer inspection of the [[:File:beijing sundial.jpg|full-size image]] reveals the "spider-web" of date rings and hour-lines.]]<br />
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The distinguishing characteristic of the ''equatorial dial'' (also called the ''equinoctial dial'') is the planar surface that receives the shadow, which is exactly perpendicular to the gnomon's style.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 46&ndash;49; Waugh (1973), pp. 29&ndash;34; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 55&ndash;56, 96&ndash;98, 138&ndash;141.</ref> This plane is called equatorial, because it is parallel to the equator of the Earth and of the celestial sphere. If the gnomon is fixed and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the sun's apparent rotation about the Earth casts a uniformly rotating sheet of shadow from the gnomon; this produces a uniformly rotating line of shadow on the equatorial plane. Since the sun rotates 360° in 24 hours, the hour-lines on an equatorial dial are all spaced 15° apart (360/24). The uniformity of their spacing makes this type of sundial easy to construct. Both sides of the equatorial dial must be marked, since the shadow will be cast from below in winter and from above in summer. Near the [[equinox]]es in spring and autumn, the sun moves on a circle that is nearly the same as the equatorial plane; hence, no clear shadow is produced on the equatorial dial at those times of year, a drawback of the design.<br />
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A ''nodus'' is sometimes added to equatorial sundials, which allows the sundial to tell the time of year. On any given day, the shadow of the nodus moves on a circle on the equatorial plane, and the radius of the circle measures the [[declination]] of the sun. The ends of the gnomon bar may be used as the nodus, or some feature along its length. An ancient variant of the equatorial sundial has only a nodus (no style) and the concentric circular hour-lines are arranged to resemble a spider-web.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schaldach K | year = 2004 | title = The arachne of the Amphiareion and the origin of gnomonics in Greece | journal = Journal of the History of Astronomy | volume = 35 | pages = 435&ndash;445 | issn = 0021-8286}}</ref><br />
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===Horizontal sundials===<br />
{{for|a more detailed description of such a dial|Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)}}<br />
[[File:Garden sundial MN 2007.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Horizontal sundial in [[Minnesota]]. June 17, 2007 at 12:21. 44°51′39.3″N, 93°36′58.4″W]]<br />
In the ''horizontal sundial'' (also called a ''garden sundial''), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally, rather than being perpendicular to the style as in the equatorial dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 49&ndash;53; Waugh (1973), pp. 35&ndash;51; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 56, 99&ndash;101, 143&ndash;144.</ref> Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face; rather, the hour lines are spaced according to the rule<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 52; Waugh (1973), p. 45.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards [[true North]]) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. When λ equals 90° (at the [[North Pole]]), the horizontal sundial becomes an equatorial sundial; the style points straight up (vertically), and the horizontal plane is aligned with the equatorial place; the hour-line formula becomes θ = 15° × t, as for an equatorial dial. However, a horizontal sundial is impractical on the Earth's [[equator]], where λ equals 0°, the style would lie flat in the plane and cast no shadow.<br />
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The chief advantages of the horizontal sundial are that it is easy to read, and the sun lights the face throughout the year. All the hour-lines intersect at the point where the gnomon's style crosses the horizontal plane. Since the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the style points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]] λ. A sundial designed for one latitude can be used in another latitude, provided that the sundial is tilted upwards or downwards by an angle equal to the difference in latitude. For example, a sundial designed for a latitude of 40° can be used at a latitude of 45°, if the sundial plane is tilted upwards by 5°, thus aligning the style with the Earth's rotational axis. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
Many ornamental sundials are designed to be used at 45 degrees north. A sundial designed for one [[latitude]] can be adjusted for use at another latitude by tilting its base so that its style, or [[gnomon]], is parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation and pointing in the direction of the north [[celestial pole]] in the northern hemisphere, or the south celestial pole in the southern hemisphere. Some mass-produced garden sundials fail to correctly calculate the ''hourlines'' so can never be corrected. A local standard [[time zone]] is nominally 15 degrees wide, but may be modified to follow geographic or political boundaries. A sundial can be rotated around its style (which must remain pointed at the celestial pole) to adjust to the local time zone. In most cases, a rotation in the range of 7.5 degrees east to 23 degrees west suffices. This will introduce error in sundials that do not have equal hour angles. To correct for [[daylight saving time]], a face needs two sets of numerals or a correction table. An informal standard is to have numerals in hot colors for summer, and in cool colors for winter. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
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===Vertical sundials===<br />
[[File:Houghton Hall Norfolk UK 4-face sundial.jpg|upright|thumb|Two vertical dials at [[Houghton Hall]] [[Norfolk]] [[UK]] {{Coord|52.827469|0.657616|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Houghton Hall vertical sundials}}. The left and right dials face South and East, respectively. Both styles are parallel, their angle to the horizontal equaling the latitude. The East-facing dial is a polar dial with parallel hour-lines, the dial-face being parallel to the style.]]<br />
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In the common ''vertical dial'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 53&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 57&ndash;58, 102&ndash;107, 141&ndash;143, 146&ndash;151.</ref> As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not ''equiangular''. If the face of the vertical dial points directly south, the angle of the hour-lines is instead described by the formula<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 55; Waugh (1973), p. 52.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \cos \lambda \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ), since tan(45°) = 1. Interestingly, the shadow moves ''counter-clockwise'' on a South-facing vertical dial, whereas it runs clockwise on horizontal and equatorial dials.<br />
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Dials that face due South, North, East or West are called ''vertical direct dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 54&ndash;55; Waugh (1973), pp. 52&ndash;69</ref> If the face of a vertical dial does ''not'' face due South, the hours of sunlight that the dial receives may be limited. For example, a vertical dial that faces due East will tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are ''polar dials'', which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are rarely used, since they tell time only before 6am or after 6pm, by local solar time. For non-direct vertical dials — those that face in non-cardinal directions — the mathematics of arranging the hour-lines becomes more complicated, and is often done by observation; such dials are said to be ''declining dials''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 58.</ref><br />
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[[File:Nové Město nad Metují sundials 2011 3.jpg|thumb|"Double" sundials in [[Nové Město nad Metují]], Czech Republic]]<br />
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Vertical dials are commonly mounted on the walls of buildings, such as town-halls, [[cupola]]s and church-towers, where they are easy to see from far away. In some cases, vertical dials are placed on all four sides of a rectangular tower, providing the time throughout the day. The face may be painted on the wall, or displayed in inlaid stone; the gnomon is often a single metal bar, or a tripod of metal bars for rigidity. If the wall of the building does not face in a cardinal direction such as due South, the hour lines must be corrected. Since the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotation axis, it points [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical [[latitude]]; consequently, its angle with the vertical face of the dial equals the [[colatitude]], or 90°-latitude.<br />
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===Pocket Sundials===<br />
This portable folding German sundial has a string gnomon (pointer), adjustable for accuracy at any latitude. As shadows fall across the sundial, the smaller dials show Italian and Babylonian hours. The dial also indicates the length of the day and the position of the sun in the zodiac.<br />
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===Polar dials===<br />
In ''polar dials'', the shadow-receiving plane is aligned ''parallel'' to the gnomon-style.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 72; Waugh (1973), pp. 70&ndash;73; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 58, 107&ndash;112.</ref> Thus, the shadow slides sideways over the surface, moving perpendicularly to itself as the sun rotates about the style. As with the gnomon, the hour-lines are all aligned with the Earth's rotational axis. When the sun's rays are nearly parallel to the plane, the shadow moves very quickly and the hour lines are spaced far apart. The direct East- and West-facing dials are examples of a polar dial. However, the face of a polar dial need not be vertical; it need only be parallel to the gnomon. Thus, a plane inclined at the angle of latitude (relative to horizontal) under the similarly inclined gnomon will be a polar dial. The perpendicular spacing ''X'' of the hour-lines in the plane is described by the formula<br />
<br />
:<math><br />
X = H \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where ''H'' is the height of the style above the plane, and ''t'' is the time (in hours) before or after the center-time for the polar dial. The center time is the time when the style's shadow falls directly down on the plane; for an East-facing dial, the center time will be 6am, for a West-facing dial, this will be 6pm, and for the inclined dial described above, it will be noon. When ''t'' approaches ±6 hours away from the center time, the spacing ''X'' diverges to [[Extended real number line|+∞]]; this occurs when the sun's rays become parallel to the plane.<br />
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===Vertical declining dials===<br />
[[File:Verticalezonnewijzers-en.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Effect of declining on a sundial's hour-lines. A vertical dial, at a latitude of 51° N, designed to face due South (far left) shows all the hours from 6am to 6pm, and has converging hour-lines symmetrical about the noon hour-line. By contrast, a West-facing dial (far right) is polar, with parallel hour lines, and shows only hours after noon. At the intermediate orientations of [[Boxing the compass|South-Southwest, Southwest, and West-Southwest]], the hour lines are asymmetrical about noon, with the morning hour-lines ever more widely spaced.]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!-- [[File:MootHallSundial.JPG|upright|thumb|SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, [[Aldeburgh]], Suffolk, England.]] Logically better place--><br />
A ''declining dial'' is any non-horizontal, planar dial that does not face in a cardinal direction, such as (true) [[North]], [[South]], [[East]] or [[West]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 55&ndash;69; Waugh (1973), pp. 74&ndash;99; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 58, 112&ndash;117, 145&ndash;146.</ref> As usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, but the hour-lines are not symmetrical about the noon hour-line. For a vertical dial, the angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79">Rohr (1965), p. 79.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \frac{\cos \lambda}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and η is the angle of declination from true [[South]]. When such a dial faces South (η=0°), this formula reduces to the formula given above, tan θ = cos λ tan(15° × ''t'').<br />
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When a sundial is not aligned with a cardinal direction, the substyle of its gnomon is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The angle β between the substyle and the noon hour-line is given by the formula<ref name="Rohr 1965, p. 79"/><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \eta \cot \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
If a vertical sundial faces true South or North (η=0° or 180°, respectively), the correction β=0° and the substyle is aligned with the noon hour-line.<br />
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The height of the gnomon, γ (that is the angle the style makes to the plate) is<br />
:<math><br />
\sin \gamma = \cos \eta \cos \lambda. \,<br />
</math><br />
<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 238.</ref><br />
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<!-- [[File:StBuryan Sundial.JPG|thumb|upright|South west decliner with dial furniture in [[The church of St Buryan|Cornwall]] England. 50°4′30″N, 5°37′15″W]] --><br />
<!--[[File:CS RestorationHouseRochester SWDecliner.JPG|thumb|right|South west declining face of a polyhedral pillar dial, now found in the Restoration House Gardens in [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], [[UK]] 51.2862N 0.5045E ]]--><br />
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===Reclining dials===<br />
The sundials described above have gnomons that are aligned with the Earth's rotational axis and cast their shadow onto a plane. If the plane is neither vertical nor horizontal nor equatorial, the sundial is said to be ''reclining'' or ''inclining''.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 70&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 100&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 59&ndash;60, 117&ndash;122, 144&ndash;145.</ref> Such a sundial might be located on a South-facing roof, for example. The hour-lines for such a sundial can be calculated by slightly correcting the horizontal formula above<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 77; Waugh (1973), pp. 101&ndash;103; {{cite book | author = Capt. Samuel Sturmy | year = 1683 | title = The Art of Dialling | publisher = Unknown publisher | location = London}}</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta = \sin(\lambda + \chi) \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where χ is the desired angle of reclining, λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and ''t'' is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle θ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the [[inverse trigonometric function|arctangent]] of [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+χ), since tan(45°) = 1. When χ equals 90° (in other words, a South-facing vertical dial), we obtain the vertical formula above, since [[trigonometric function|sin]](λ+90°) = [[trigonometric function|cos]](λ).<br />
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Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow-receiving plane. If the plane's face points downwards towards the ground, it is said to be ''proclining'' or ''inclining'', whereas a dial is said to be ''reclining'' when the dial face is pointing away from the ground.<br />
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===Reclining-declining dials===<br />
Some sundials both decline and recline, in that their shadow-receiving plane is not oriented with a cardinal direction (such as [[true North]]) and is neither horizontal nor vertical nor equatorial. For example, such a sundial might be found on a roof that was not oriented in a cardinal direction. The formulae describing the spacing of the hour-lines on such dials are rather complicated.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 76&ndash;81; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 122&ndash;125.</ref> The angle θ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line has two components θ = θ<sub>1</sub> + θ<sub>2</sub>, described by the formulae<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 77&ndash;78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{1} = \tan \eta \cos \chi \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \theta_{2} = \frac{\cos \chi \cos \eta \sin \lambda + \sin \chi \cos \lambda - \cos \chi \sin \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\sin \eta \sin \lambda + \cos \eta \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where λ is the sundial's geographical [[latitude]], ''t'' is the time before or after noon, and χ and η are the angles of inclination and declination, respectively.<br />
<br />
As in the simpler declining dial, the gnomon-substyle is not aligned with the noon hour-line.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 78&ndash;79; Waugh (1973), pp. 106&ndash;107; Mayall and Mayall, 59&ndash;60.</ref> The general formula for the angle β between the substyle and the noon-line is given by<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 78.</ref><br />
<br />
:<math><br />
\tan \beta = \sin \chi \sin \eta \frac{\tan \lambda \cos \chi + \sin \chi \cos \eta}{\cos \chi - \tan \lambda \cos \eta \sin \chi}.<br />
</math><br />
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===Spherical sundials===<br />
[[File:Zw stelling.jpg|thumb|upright|Equatorial bow sundial in [[Hasselt]]{{Coord|50|55|47|N|5|20|31|E|type:landmark|name=Hasselt equatorial bow sundial}}, [[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]]. The rays pass through the narrow slot, forming a uniformly rotating sheet of light that falls on the circular bow. The hour-lines are equally spaced; in this image, the local solar time is roughly 15:00 hours (3 pm). On September 10, a small ball, welded into the slot casts a shadow on centre of the hour band.]]<br />
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The surface receiving the shadow need not be a plane, but can have any shape, provided that the sundial maker is willing to mark the hour-lines. If the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, a spherical shape is convenient since the hour-lines are equally spaced, as they are on the equatorial dial above; the sundial is ''equiangular''. This is the principle behind the armillary sphere and the equatorial bow sundial.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114, 124&ndash;125; Waugh (1973), pp. 174&ndash;180; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 60, 126&ndash;129, 151&ndash;155.</ref> However, some equiangular sundials — such as the Lambert dial described below — are based on other principles.<br />
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In the ''equatorial bow sundial'', the gnomon is a bar, slot or stretched wire parallel to the celestial axis. The face is a semicircle (corresponding to the equator of the sphere, with markings on the inner surface. This pattern, built a couple of meters wide out of temperature-invariant steel [[invar]], was used to keep the trains running on time in France before World War I.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 17.</ref><br />
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Among the most precise sundials ever made are two equatorial bows constructed of [[marble]] found in [[Yantra mandir (Jaipur)|Yantra mandir]].<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 118&ndash;119; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 215&ndash;216.</ref> This collection of sundials and other astronomical instruments was built by Maharaja [[Jai Singh II]] at his then-new capital of [[Jaipur]], India between 1727 and 1733. The larger equatorial bow is called the ''Samrat Yantra'' (The Supreme Instrument); standing at 27&nbsp;[[metre|meters]], its shadow moves visibly at 1&nbsp;mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6&nbsp;cm) every minute.<br />
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===Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials===<br />
[[File:Precision sundial in Bütgenbach-Belgium.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds)<br />
{{Coord|50.4231|6.2017|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Belgium}} [http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/ (Google Earth)]]]<br />
Other non-planar surfaces may be used to receive the shadow of the gnomon. For example, the gnomon may be aligned with the celestial poles and located also along the symmetry axis of a cone or a cylinder. Due to the symmetry, the hour lines on such surfaces will be equally spaced, as on an equatorial dial or an armillary sphere. The conical dial is very old, and was the basis for one type of ''chalice'' sundial; the style was a vertical pin within a conical goblet, within which were inscribed the hour lines.<br />
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As an elegant alternative, the gnomon may be located on the circumference of a cylinder or sphere, rather than at its center of symmetry. In that case, the hour lines are again spaced equally, but at ''double'' the usual angle, due to the geometrical [[inscribed angle]] theorem. This is the basis of some modern sundials, but it was also used in ancient times; in one type, the edges of a half-cylindrical gnomon served as the styles.<ref>An example of such a half-cylindrical dial may be found at [[Wellesley College]] in [[Massachusetts]]. (Mayall and Mayall, p. 94.)</ref><br />
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Just as the armillary sphere is largely open for easy viewing of the dial, such non-planar surfaces need not be complete. For example, a cylindrical dial could be rendered as a helical ribbon-like surface, with a thin gnomon located either along its center or at its periphery.<br />
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==Adjustments to calculate clock time from a sundial reading==<br />
The most common reason for a sundial to differ from clock time is that the sundial has not been oriented correctly or its hour lines have not been drawn correctly. For example, most commercial sundials are designed as ''horizontal sundials'' as described above. To be accurate such sundials must have been designed for that latitude and their style must be parallel to the Earth's rotational axis; the style must be aligned with [[true North]] and its angle with the horizontal must equal the local geographical [[latitude]]. To align the style, the sundial can sometimes be tilted slightly on its north south axis.<br />
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===Summer (daylight saving) time correction===<br />
Some areas of the world practice [[daylight saving time]], which shifts the official time, usually by one hour. This shift must be added to the sundial's time to make it agree with the official time.<br />
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===Time-zone (longitude) correction===<br />
A [[time zone]] can cover 15° of longitude, so any point within that zone will experience time difference with the reference longitude, equivalent to 4 minutes of time per degree. For illustration, sunsets and sunrises occur at a later "official" time in the far western edge of a time-zone, compared to those observed at the far eastern edge. As an example, if a sundial is located at a longitude 5° west of the reference longitude, its time will read 20 minutes slow, since the sun appears to revolve around the Earth at 15° per hour. This is a constant correction throughout the year. For equiangular dials such as the equatorial, spherical or Lambert dials, this correction can be made by rotating the dial surface by an angle equalling the difference in longitude, without changing the gnomon position or orientation. However, this method does not work for other dials, such as a horizontal dial; the correction must be applied by the viewer.<br />
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===Equation of time correction===<br />
[[File:Equation of time.svg|thumb|The Equation of Time - above the axis the sundial will appear ''fast'', and below the sundial will appear ''slow'', relative to a clock showing local mean time.]]<br />
{{main|Equation of time}}<br />
[[File:Derby Sundial C 5810.JPG|thumb|The [[Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)|Whitehurst & Son]] sundial made in 1812, with a circular scale showing the equation of time correction. This is now on display in the [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery|Derby Museum.]] ]]<br />
Although the Sun appears to rotate nearly uniformly about the Earth, it is not perfectly uniform, due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit (the fact that the Earth's orbit about the Sun is not perfectly circular) and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of its orbit. Therefore, sundials time varies from [[Local mean time|standard clock time]]. On four days of the year, the correction is effectively zero, but on others, it can be as much as a quarter-hour early or late. The amount of correction is described by the [[equation of time]]. This correction is ''universal''; it does not depend on the local latitude of the sundial. It does, however, change over long periods of time, centuries or more,<ref>{{cite web<br />
|first=Kevin<br />
|last=Karney<br />
|title=Variation in the Equation of Time<br />
|url=http://www.monmouthshiredfas.org.uk/12%20KWK/KK%20Stuff/Journal.pdf}}<br />
</ref> because of slow variations in the Earth's orbital and rotational motions. Therefore, tables and graphs of the equation of time that were made centuries ago are now significantly incorrect. It is important to realize that the reading of an old sundial should be corrected by applying the present-day equation of time, not one from the period when the dial was made. <br />
<br />
In some sundials, the equation of time correction is provided as a plaque affixed to the sundial. In more sophisticated sundials, however, the equation can be incorporated automatically. For example, some equatorial bow sundials are supplied with a small wheel that sets the time of year; this wheel in turn rotates the equatorial bow, offsetting its time measurement. In other cases, the hour lines may be curved, or the equatorial bow may be shaped like a vase, which exploits the changing altitude of the sun over the year to effect the proper offset in time.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = The Claremont, CA<br />
| first = Bowstring Equatorial<br />
| title = Photo Info<br />
| url = http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/exo/sundials/ca/claremont/info.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-19 }}</ref> A ''heliochronometer'' is a precision sundial that corrects [[solar time|apparent solar time]] to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. Heliochronometers usually indicate the minutes to within 1 minute of [[Universal Time]]. <br />
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An analemma may be added to many types of sundials to correct apparent solar time to [[mean solar time]] or another [[standard time]]. These usually have hour lines shaped like "figure eights" ([[analemma]]s) according to the [[equation of time]]. This compensates for the slight eccentricity in the Earth's orbit and the tilt of the Earth's axis that causes up to a 15 minute variation from mean solar time. This is a type of dial furniture seen on more complicated horizontal and vertical dials.<br />
<br />
Prior to the invention of accurate clocks, in the mid-17th Century, sundials were the only timepieces in common use, and were considered to tell the "right" time. The Equation of Time was not used. After the invention of good clocks, sundials were still considered to be correct, and clocks usually incorrect. The Equation of Time was used in the opposite direction from today, to apply a correction to the time shown by a clock to make it agree with sundial time, Some elaborate "[[Equation clock]]s", such as one made by Joseph Williamson in 1720, incorporated mechanisms to do this correction automatically. (Williamson's clock may have been the first-ever device to use a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] gear.) Only after about 1800 was uncorrected clock time considered to be "right", and sundial time usually "wrong", so the Equation of Time became used as it is today.<br />
<br />
==Movable-gnomon sundials==<br />
In addition to the sundials have a gnomon that is designed to be moved over the course of the year. In other words, the position of the gnomon relative to the center of the hour lines can vary. The advantage of such dials is that the gnomon need not be aligned with the celestial poles and may even be perfectly vertical (the analemmatic dial). A second advantage is that such dials, when combined with a fixed-gnomon sundial, allow the user to determine [[true North]] with no other aid; the two sundials are correctly aligned if and only if the time on the two sundials agrees. This is a useful property for portable sundials.<br />
<!-- [[File:Traveler's sundial - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumbnail|left|Universal Equinoctial Ring Dial, constructed at [[Paris]], by Butterfield, probably in the last quarter of the 18th century]] --><br />
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===Universal equinoctial ring dial===<br />
[[File:Ringsundial open.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Universal ring dial. The dial is suspended from the cord shown in the upper left; the suspension point on the vertical meridian ring can be changed to match the local latitude. The center bar is twisted until a sunray passes through the small hole and falls on the horizontal equatorial ring.]]<br />
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A ''universal equinoctial ring dial'' (sometimes called a ''ring dial'' for brevity, although the term is ambiguous) is a portable version of an armillary sundial,<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 157.</ref> or was inspired by the [[mariner's astrolabe]].<ref name="swanick">Swanick, Lois Ann. ''An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration: 15th Century To Mid-17th Century'', MA Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2005</ref> It was likely invented by [[William Oughtred]] around 1600 and became common throughout Europe.<ref>Turner, 1980, p25</ref><br />
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In its simplest form, the style is a thin slit that allows the sun's rays to fall on the hour-lines of an equatorial ring. As usual, the style is aligned with the Earth's axis; to do this, the user may orient the dial towards [[true North]] and suspend the ring dial vertically from the appropriate point on the meridian ring. Such dials may be made self-aligning with the addition of a more complicated central bar, instead of a simple slit-style. These bars are sometimes an addition to a set of [[Gemma's rings]]. This bar could pivot about its end points and held a perforated slider that was positioned to the month and day according to a scale scribed on the bar. The time was determined by rotating the bar towards the sun so that the light shining through the hole fell on the equatorial ring. This forced the user to rotate the instrument, which had the effect of aligning the instrument's vertical ring with the meridian.<br />
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When not in use, the equatorial and meridian rings can be folded together into a small disk.<br />
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In 1610, [[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]] created the '''sea ring''', which mounted a universal ring dial over a magnetic compass. This permitted mariners to determine the time and magnetic variation in a single step.<ref name="may">May, William Edward, ''A History of Marine Navigation'', G. T. Foulis &amp; Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, ISBN 0-85429-143-1</ref><br />
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===Analemmatic sundials===<br />
{{Main|Analemmatic sundial}}<br />
[[File:Zonnewijzerherkenrode.jpg|upright|thumb|Analemmatic sundial on a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] line in the garden of the abbey of Herkenrode in [[Hasselt]] ([[Flanders]] in [[Belgium]])]] <br />
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'''Analemmatic sundials''' are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern. There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse. The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day.<br />
Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon. Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months. A 66 inch tall person casts a 4 inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice.<br />
<ref>Analemmatic sundials: How to build one and why they work by C.J. Budd and C.J. Sangwin</ref><br />
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===Lambert dials===<br />
The Lambert dial is another movable-gnomon sundial.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, pp. 190&ndash;192.</ref> In contrast to the elliptical analemmatic dial, the Lambert dial is circular with evenly spaced hour lines, making it an ''equiangular sundial'', similar to the equatorial, spherical, cylindrical and conical dials described above. The gnomon of a Lambert dial is neither vertical nor aligned with the Earth's rotational axis; rather, it is tilted northwards by an angle α = 45° - (Φ/2), where Φ is the geographical [[latitude]]. Thus, a Lambert dial located at latitude 40° would have a gnomon tilted away from vertical by 25° in a northerly direction. To read the correct time, the gnomon must also be moved northwards by a distance<br />
<br />
:<math><br />
Y = R \tan \alpha \tan \delta \,<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where ''R'' is the radius of the Lambert dial and δ again indicates the Sun's declination for that time of year.<br />
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==Altitude-based sundials==<br />
Altitude dials measure the height of the sun in the sky, rather than its rotation about the celestial axis. They are not oriented towards [[true North]], but rather towards the sun and generally held vertically. The sun's elevation is indicted by the position of a nodus, either the shadow-tip of a gnomon, or a spot of light. The time is read from where the nodus falls on a set of hour-curves that vary with the time of year. Since the sun's altitude is the same at times equally spaced about noon (e.g., 9am and 3pm), the user had to know whether it were morning or afternoon. Many of these dials are portable and simple to use, although they are not well-suited for travelers, since their hour-curves are specific for a given [[latitude]].<br />
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===Human shadows===<br />
The length of a human shadow (or of any vertical object) can be used to measure the sun's elevation and, thence, the time.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 15; Waugh (1973), pp. 1&ndash;3.</ref> The [[Venerable Bede]] gave a table for estimating the time from the length of one's shadow in feet, on the assumption that a monk's height is six times the length of his foot. Such shadow lengths will vary with the geographical [[latitude]] and with the time of year. For example, the shadow length at noon is short in summer months, and long in winter months.<br />
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[[Chaucer]] evokes this method a few times in his ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', as in his ''Parson's Tale''<br />
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{{cquote|It was four o'clock according to my guess,<br />Since eleven feet, a little more or less,<br />my shadow at the time did fall,<br />Considering that I myself am six feet tall.}}<br />
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An equivalent type of sundial using a vertical rod of fixed length is known as a ''[[backstaff|backstaff dial]]''.<br />
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===Shepherd dials &ndash;Timesticks===<br />
[[File:Tibetan Timestick.jpg|thumb|upright|19th century Tibetan Shepherd's Timestick]]<br />
A shepherd's dial — also known as a ''shepherds' column dial'',<ref name="story of time">{{cite book |author=National Maritime Museum; Lippincott, Kristen; Eco, Umberto; Gombrich, E. H. |title=The Story of Time |publisher=Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum |location=London |year=1999 |pages= 42&ndash;43|isbn=1-85894-072-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="beginnings">{{cite web|last=St. Edmundsbury|first=Borough Council|title=Telling the story of time measurement: The Beginnings|url=http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/beginnings.cfm|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> ''pillar dial'', ''cylinder dial'' or ''chilindre'' — is a portable cylindrical sundial with a knife-like gnomon that juts out perpendicularly.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 109&ndash;111; Waugh (1973), pp. 150&ndash;154; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 162&ndash;166.</ref> It is normally dangled from a rope or string so the cylinder is vertical. The gnomon can be twisted to be above a month or day indication on the face of the cylinder. This corrects the sundial for the equation of time. The entire sundial is then twisted on its string so that the gnomon aims toward the sun, while the cylinder remains vertical. The tip of the shadow indicates the time on the cylinder. The hour curves inscribed on the cylinder permit one to read the time. Shepherd's dials are sometimes hollow, so that the gnomon can fold within when not in use.<br />
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Shepherd's dials appear in several works of literature. For example, in the [[Chaucer|Chaucer's]] ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', the monk says,<br />
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{{cquote|"Goth now your wey," quod he, "al stille and softe,<br />And lat us dyne as sone as that ye may;<br />for by my chilindre it is pryme of day."}}<br />
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Similarly, the shepherd's dial is evoked in [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'',<br />
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{{cquote|O God! methinks it were a happy life<br />To be no better than a homely swain;<br />To sit upon a hill, as I do now,<br />To carve out dials, quaintly, point by point,<br />Thereby to see the minutes, how they run--<br />How many makes the hour full complete,<br />How many hours brings about the day,<br />How many days will finish up the year,<br />How many years a mortal man may live.}}<br />
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The cylindrical shepherd's dial can be unrolled into a flat plate. In one simple version,<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 166&ndash;167.</ref> the front and back of the plate each have three columns, corresponding to pairs of months with roughly the same solar declination (June–July, May–August, April–September, March–October, February–November, and January–December). The top of each column has a hole for inserting the shadow-casting gnomon, a peg. Often only two times are marked on the column below, one for noon and the other for mid-morning/mid-afternoon.<br />
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Timesticks, ''clock spear'',<ref name="story of time"/> or ''shepherds' time stick'',<ref name="story of time"/> are based on the same principles as dials.<ref name="story of time"/><ref name="beginnings"/> The time stick is carved with eight vertical time scales for a different period of the year, each bearing a time scale calculated according to the relative amount of daylight during the different months of the year. Any reading depends not only on the time of day but also on the latitude and time of year.<ref name="beginnings"/><br />
A peg gnomon is inserted at the top in the appropriate hole or face for the season of the year, and turned to the Sun so that the shadow falls directly down the scale. Its end displays the time.<ref name="story of time"/><br />
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===Ring dials===<br />
In a ring dial (also known as an ''Aquitaine'' or a ''perforated ring dial''), the ring is hung vertically and oriented sideways towards the sun.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 111; Waugh (1973), pp. 158&ndash;160; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 159&ndash;162.</ref> A beam of light passes through a small hole in the ring and falls on hour-curves that are inscribed on the inside of the ring. To adjust for the equation of time, the hole is usually on a loose ring within the ring so that the hole can be adjusted to reflect the current month.<br />
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===Card dials (Capuchin dials)===<br />
Card dials are another form of altitude dial.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 110; Waugh (1973), pp. 161&ndash;165; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 166&ndash;185.</ref> A card is aligned edge-on with the sun and tilted so that a ray of light passes through an aperture onto a specified spot, thus determining the sun's altitude. A weighted string hangs vertically downwards from a hole in the card, and carries a bead or knot. The position of the bead on the hour-lines of the card gives the time. In more sophisticated versions such as the Capuchin dial, there is only one set of hour-lines, i.e., the hour lines do not vary with the seasons. Instead, the position of the hole from which the weighted string hangs is varied according to the season.<br />
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==Nodus-based sundials==<br />
[[File:057Cracow.JPG|thumb|upright| Kraków. {{Coord|50.0614|19.9400|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Kraków sundial}} The shadow of the cross-shaped nodus moves along a [[hyperbola]] which shows the time of the year,indicated here by the zodiac figures. It is 1:50pm on 16 July, 25 days after the [[summer solstice]].]]<br />
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Another type of sundial follows the motion of a single point of light or shadow, which may be called the ''nodus''. For example, the sundial may follow the sharp tip of a gnomon's shadow, e.g., the shadow-tip of a vertical [[obelisk]] (e.g., the ''[[Solarium Augusti]]'') or the tip of the horizontal marker in a shepherd's dial. Alternatively, sunlight may be allowed to pass through a small hole or reflected from a small (e.g., coin-sized) circular mirror, forming a small spot of light whose position may be followed. In such cases, the rays of light trace out a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] over the course of a day; when the rays fall on a surface, the path followed is the intersection of the cone with that surface. Most commonly, the receiving surface is a geometrical [[plane (geometry)|plane]], so that the path of the shadow-tip or light-spot (called ''declination line'') traces out a [[conic section]] such as a [[hyperbola]] or an [[ellipse]]. The collection of hyperbolae was called a ''pelekonon'' (axe) by the Greeks, because it resembles a double-bladed ax, narrow in the center (near the noonline) and flaring out at the ends (early morning and late evening hours).<br />
[[File:Sundial solstice declination lines for different latitudes - slow.gif|thumb|left|Declination lines at solstices and equinox for sundials, located at different latitudes]]<br />
There is a simple verification of hyperbolic declination lines on a sundial: the distance from the origin to the equinox line should be equal to [[harmonic mean]] of distances from the origin to summer and winter solstice lines.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Belk T | year = 2007|month = September | title = Declination Lines Detailed | journal = BSS Bulletin | volume = 19(iii) | pages = 137&ndash;140 | url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/Bulletin/Bulletin-19iii-Belk.pdf}}</ref><br />
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Nodus-based sundials may use a small hole or mirror to isolate a single ray of light; the former are sometimes called ''aperture dials''. The oldest example is perhaps the antiborean sundial (''antiboreum''), a spherical nodus-based sundial that faces [[true North]]; a ray of sunlight enters from the South through a small hole located at the sphere's pole and falls on the hour and date lines inscribed within the sphere, which resemble lines of longitude and latitude, respectively, on a globe.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 14.</ref><br />
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===Reflection sundials===<br />
[[Isaac Newton]] developed a convenient and inexpensive sundial, in which a small mirror is placed on the sill of a south-facing window.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 116&ndash;121.</ref> The mirror acts like a nodus, casting a single spot of light on the ceiling. Depending on the geographical [[latitude]] and time of year, the light-spot follows a conic section, such as the hyperbolae of the pelikonon. If the mirror is parallel to the Earth's equator, and the ceiling is horizontal, then the resulting angles are those of a conventional horizontal sundial. Using the ceiling as a sundial surface exploits unused space, and the dial may be large enough to be very accurate.<br />
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==Multiple dials==<br />
Sundials are sometimes combined into multiple dials. If two or more dials that operate on different principles — say, such as an analemmatic dial and a horizontal or vertical dial — are combined, the resulting multiple dial becomes self-aligning. In other words, the direction of [[true North]] need not be determined; the dials are oriented correctly when they read the same time. This is a significant advantage in portable dials. However, the most common forms combine dials based on the same principle, and thus are not self-aligning.<br />
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===Diptych (tablet) sundial===<br />
[[File:Sundial in the form of a mandolin - Project Gutenberg eText 15050.png|thumb|upright|Diptych sundial in the form of a [[lute]], c. 1612. The gnomons-style is a string stretched between a horizontal and vertical face. This sundial also has a small nodus (a bead on the string) that tells time on the hyperbolic ''pelikinon'', just above the date on the vertical face.]]<br />
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The '''[[diptych]]''' consisted of two small flat faces, joined by a hinge.<ref>Rohr (1965), p. 112; Waugh (1973), pp. 154&ndash;155; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 23&ndash;24.</ref> Diptychs usually folded into little flat boxes suitable for a pocket. The gnomon was a string between the two faces. When the string was tight, the two faces formed both a vertical and horizontal sundial. These were made of white ivory, inlaid with black lacquer markings. The gnomons were black braided silk, linen or hemp string. With a knot or bead on the string as a nodus, and the correct markings, a diptych (really any sundial large enough) can keep a calendar well-enough to plant crops. A common error describes the diptych dial as self-aligning. This is not correct for diptych dials consisting of a horizontal and vertical dial using a string gnomon between faces, no matter the orientation of the dial faces. Since the string gnomon is continuous, the shadows must meet at the hinge; hence, ''any'' orientation of the dial will show the same time on both dials.<ref>Waugh (1973), p. 155.</ref><br />
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===Multiface (Facet-headed) dials===<br />
A common multiple dial is to place sundials on every face of a [[Platonic solid]], usually a [[cube]].<ref>Rohr (1965),, p. 118; Waugh (1973), pp. 155&ndash;156; Mayall and Mayall, p. 59.</ref> Extremely ornate sundials can be composed in this way, by applying a sundial to every surface of a solid object. In some cases, the sundials are formed as hollows in a solid object, e.g., a cylindrical hollow aligned with the Earth's rotational axis (in which the edges play the role of styles) or a spherical hollow in the ancient tradition of the ''hemisphaerium'' or the ''antiboreum''. (See the History section below.) In some cases, these multiface dials are small enough to sit on a desk, whereas in others, they are large stone monuments.<br />
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Such multiface dials have the advantage of receiving light (and, thus, telling time) at every hour of the day. They can also be designed to give the time in different time-zones simultaneously. However, they are generally not self-aligning, since their various dials generally use the same principle to tell time, that of a gnomon-style aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. Self-aligning dials require that at least two independent principles are used to tell time, e.g., a horizontal dial (in which the style is aligned with the Earth's axis) and an analemmatic dial (in which the style is not). In many cases, the multiface dials are erected never to be moved and, thus, need be aligned only once.<br />
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===Prismatic dials===<br />
Prismatic dials are a special case of polar dials, in which the sharp edges of a [[prism (geometry)|prism]] of a concave [[polygon]] serve as the styles and the sides of the prism receive the shadow.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 181&ndash;190.</ref> Examples include a three-dimensional cross or star of David on gravestones.<br />
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==Unusual sundials==<br />
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===Benoy dials===<br />
[[File:Benoy sun clock.jpg|upright|thumb|Benoy Sun Clock time shown: 6:00pm - 18.00 hours]]<br />
<br />
The Benoy Dial was invented by Walter Gordon Benoy of Collingham in Nottinghamshire. Light may also be used to replace the shadow-edge of a gnomon. Whereas the style usually casts a sheet of shadow, an equivalent sheet of light can be created by allowing the sun's rays through a thin slit, reflecting them from a long, slim mirror (usually half-cylindrical), or focusing them through a [[cylindrical lens]]. For illustration, the Benoy Dial uses a cylindrical lens to create a sheet of light, which falls as a line on the dial surface. Benoy dials can be seen throughout Great Britain, such as<ref name="BSSRegister">List correct as of British Sundial Register 2000. {{cite web<br />
| last = British Sundial<br />
| first = Society<br />
| title = The Sundial Register.<br />
|url = http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/register.htm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref><br />
*Carnfunnock Country Park [[Antrim, County Antrim|Antrim]] [[Northern Ireland]]<br />
*Upton Hall [[British Horological Institute]] [[Newark-on-Trent]] [[Nottinghamshire]] UK<br />
*Within the collections of St Edmundsbury Heritage Service [[Bury St Edmunds]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = St. Edmundsbury<br />
| first = Borough Council<br />
| title = Telling the story of time measurement.<br />
| url = http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/Telling-the-Story-of-Time-Measurement.cfm<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-05 }}</ref> UK<br />
*Longleat [[Warminster]] [[Wiltshire]] UK<br />
*[[Jodrell Bank]] Science Centre and [[Arboretum]]<br />
*[[Birmingham Botanical Gardens]] [[Edgbaston]] UK<br />
*[[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] UK - (inventory number 1975-318)<br />
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===Bifilar sundial===<br />
Discovered by the German mathematician Hugo Michnik, the bifilar sundial has two non-intersecting threads parallel to the dial. Usually the second thread is orthogonal to the first.<ref>[http://www.nonvedolora.it/english/bifilare_en.htm Bifilar sundial]</ref><ref>[[:fr:Cadran bifilaire|Cadran Bifilaire]]</ref><br />
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The intersection of the two threads' shadows gives the solar time.<br />
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===Digital sundial===<br />
<br />
{{Main|Digital sundial}}<br />
A [[digital sundial]] uses light and shadow to 'write' the time in numerals rather than marking time with position. One such design uses two parallel masks to screen sunlight into patterns appropriate for the time of day.<br />
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===Analog calculating sundial===<br />
A horizontal sundial with a face cut on a [[cardioid]] keeps clock time, while still resembling a conventional garden sundial. The cardioid shape connects the intersections between the solar-time marks of a conventional sundial, and the equal-angles of a true clock-time face. The place where The shadow crosses the cardioid's edge, and the clock time can be read from the underlying clock-time dial. The sundial is adjusted for daylight saving time by rotating the underlying equal-angle clock-time face. The sun-time face does not move.<br />
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===Globe dial===<br />
The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.<ref>Rohr (1965), pp. 114&ndash;115.</ref> Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth. This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.<br />
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===Noon marks===<br />
[[File:Greenwich Royal Observatory Noon Mark.jpg|thumb|upright|Noon-mark from the [[Greenwich Royal Observatory]]. The analemma is the narrow figure-8 shape, which plots the [[equation of time]] (in degrees, not time, 1°=4minutes) versus the altitude of the sun at noon at the sundial's location. The altitude is measured vertically, the equation of time horizontally.]]<br />
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The simplest sundials do not give the hours, but rather note the exact moment of 12:00 noon.<ref>Waugh (1973), pp. 18&ndash;28.</ref> In centuries past, such dials were used to correct mechanical clocks, which were sometimes so inaccurate as to lose or gain significant time in a single day.<br />
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In U.S. colonial-era houses, a noon-mark can often be found carved into a floor or windowsill.<ref>Mayall and Mayall, p. 26.</ref> Such marks indicate local noon, and they provide a simple and accurate time reference for households that do not possess accurate clocks. In modern times, some Asian countries,<!-- Date and location needed--> post offices have set their clocks from a precision noon-mark. These in turn provided the times for the rest of the society. The typical noon-mark sundial was a lens set above an [[analemma]]tic plate. The plate has an engraved figure-eight shape., which corresponds to plotting the [[equation of time]] (described above) versus the solar declination. When the edge of the sun's image touches the part of the shape for the current month, this indicates that it is 12:00 noon.<br />
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===Noon cannon===<br />
A noon cannon, sometimes called a 'meridian cannon', is a specialized sundial that is designed to create an 'audible noonmark', by automatically igniting a quantity of gunpowder at noon. These were novelties rather than precision sundials, sometimes installed in parks in Europe mainly in the late 18th or early 19th century. They typically consist of a horizontal sundial, which has in addition to a [[gnomon]] a suitably mounted [[lens (optics)|lens]], set up to focus the rays of the sun at exactly noon on the firing pan of a miniature [[cannon]] loaded with [[gunpowder]] (but no [[round shot|ball]]). To function properly the position and angle of the lens must be adjusted seasonally.<br />
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==Meridian lines==<br />
A horizontal line aligned on a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] with a gnomon facing the noon-sun is termed a meridian line and does not indicate the time, but instead the day of the year. Historically they were used to accurately determine the length of the [[Tropical year|solar year]]. Examples are the [[Francesco Bianchini|Bianchini]] meridian line in [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]] in [[Rome]], and the [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Cassini]] line in [[San Petronio Basilica]] at [[Bologna]].<br />
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==Sundial mottoes==<br />
{{Further|List of sundial mottoes}}<br />
The association of sundials with time has inspired their designers over the centuries to display mottoes as part of the design. Often these cast the device in the role of ''[[memento mori]]'', inviting the observer to reflect on the transience of the world and the inevitability of death. "Do not kill time, for it will surely kill thee." Other mottoes are more whimsical: "I count only the sunny hours," and "I am a sundial and I make a botch / of what is done far better by a watch." Collections of sundial mottoes have often been published through the centuries.<br />
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==Using a sundial as a compass==<br />
If a horizontal-plate sundial is portable and is made for the latitude in which it is being used, and if the user has a [[watch]] and the necessary information to calculate the local [[solar time|sundial time]] from its reading, the sundial can be used to find the directions of [[True North]], South, etc. The sundial should be placed on a horizontal surface, and rotated about a vertical axis until it shows the correct time. The gnomon will then be pointing to the North, in the [[northern hemisphere]], or to the South in the southern hemisphere. This method is much more accurate than using the watch as a compass (see [[watch]]) and can be used in places where the [[magnetic declination]] is large, making a [[magnetic compass]] unreliable.<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Foucault pendulum]]<br />
*[[Francesco Bianchini]]<br />
*[[Horology]]<br />
*[[Moondial]]<br />
*[[Equation clock]]<br />
*[[Nocturnal (instrument)|Nocturnal]] &mdash; device for determining time by the stars at night.<br />
*[[Scottish sundial]] &mdash; the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland.<br />
*[[Tide (time)]] &mdash; divisions of the day on early sundials.<br />
*[[Wilanów Palace#The sundial|Wilanów Palace Sundial]], created by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in about 1684.<br />
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==References and footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book | author = Earle AM | year = 1971 | title = Sundials and Roses of Yesterday | publisher = Charles E. Tuttle | location = Rutland, VT | isbn = 0-8048-0968-2|lccn=74142763}} Reprint of the 1902 book published by Macmillan (New York).<br />
* A.P. Herbert, ''Sundials Old and New'', Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967.<br />
* {{cite book | author = Mayall RN, Mayall MW | year = 1994 | title = Sundials: Their Construction and Use | edition = 3rd | publisher = Sky Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-933346-71-9}}<br />
* Hugo Michnik, ''Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr'', Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217(5190), p.&nbsp;81-90, 1923<br />
* {{cite book|first=Christopher St.J.H. |last=Daniel |title=Sundials |series=Shire Album |publisher=Shire Publications |volume=176 |edition=2nd revised |year=2004 |isbn=978-0747805588 }}<br />
* {{cite book | author = Rohr RRJ | year = 1996 | title = Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice | edition = translated by G. Godin | publisher = Dover | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-29139-1}} Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title ''Les Cadrans solaires'' by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).<br />
* Frederick W. Sawyer, ''Bifilar gnomonics'', JBAA (Journal of the British Astronomical association), 88(4):334–351, 1978<br />
* Turner, Gerard L'E, ''Antique Scientific Instruments'', Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 ISBN 0-7137-1068-3<br />
* J. L. Heilbron, ''The sun in the church: cathedrals as solar observatories,'' [[Harvard University Press]], 2001 ISBN 978-0-674-00536-5.<br />
*''Make A Sundial'', (The Education Group British Sundial Society) Editors Jane Walker and David Brown, British Sundial Society 1991 ISBN 0-9518404-0<br />
* {{cite book | author = Waugh AE | year = 1973 | title = Sundials: Their Theory and Construction | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | isbn = 0-486-22947-5}}<br />
*"Illustrating Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, ISBN 0-9765286-8-1, LCN: 2005900674<br />
**Also see "Illustrating More Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, both books are over 300 pages long.<br />
* Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2010, ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0<br />
* [http://www.priceminister.com/s/trait%E9+abr%E9g%E9+de+gnomonique''Traité abrégé de gnomonique''], Francis Ziegeltrum, auto-édition, 2010, ISBN 978-2-7466-1913-5<br />
* Denis Savoie, ''Sundials, Design, Construction, and Use'', Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-09801-2.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Sundials}}<br />
* [http://wvaughan.org/sundials.html Understanding sundials through map projections]<br />
* [http://www.vedicastro.com/astronomy5.asp The Ancient Vedic Sun Dial]<br />
* [http://gonewengland.about.com/od/massachusettspictures/ss/Tanglewood-Photos_6.htm Analemmatic Sundial at Tanglewood]<br />
* [http://relojesdesol.info/ Asociación Amigos de los Relojes de Sol] (AARS) - Spanish Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/ British Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://cadrans_solaires.scg.ulaval.ca/ La Commission des Cadrans Solaires du Québec] (CCSQ) - Commission on Sundials of Quebec<br />
* [http://www.commission-cadrans-solaires.fr Commission des Cadrans Solaires de la Société Astronomique de France]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonicaitaliana.it/ Coordinamento Gnomonico Italiano] (CGI) - Italian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.pandy.me.uk/sundials/ Derbyshire Sundials] - Sundial Calculators<br />
* [http://www.sundials.org/ North American Sundial Society]<br />
* [http://www.sundialsofscotland.co.uk/ Register of Scottish Sundials]<br />
* [http://www.gnomonica.cat/ Societat Catalana de Gnomònica] - Catalonian Sundial Society<br />
* [http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/ De Zonnewijzerkring] - Dutch Sundial Society (in English)<br />
* [http://www.zonnewijzerkringvlaanderen.be/ Zonnewijzerkring Vlaanderen] - Flemish Sundial Society<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sundials| ]]<br />
[[Category:Clocks]]<br />
[[Category:Horology]]<br />
[[Category:Garden features]]<br />
[[Category:Architectural elements]]<br />
[[Category:Garden ornaments]]<br />
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:مزولة]]<br />
[[az:Günəş saatı]]<br />
[[bn:সূর্যঘড়ি]]<br />
[[be:Сонечны гадзіннік]]<br />
[[bg:Слънчев часовник]]<br />
[[bs:Sunčani sat]]<br />
[[br:Horolaj-heol]]<br />
[[ca:Rellotge de sol]]<br />
[[cs:Sluneční hodiny]]<br />
[[co:Meridiana]]<br />
[[da:Solur]]<br />
[[de:Sonnenuhr]]<br />
[[et:Päikesekell]]<br />
[[el:Ηλιακό ρολόι]]<br />
[[es:Reloj de sol]]<br />
[[eo:Sunhorloĝo]]<br />
[[eu:Eguzki erloju]]<br />
[[fa:ساعت آفتابی]]<br />
[[fr:Cadran solaire]]<br />
[[gd:Uaireadair-grèine]]<br />
[[gl:Reloxo de sol]]<br />
[[gan:日晷]]<br />
[[ko:해시계]]<br />
[[hi:सौर घड़ी]]<br />
[[hr:Sunčani sat]]<br />
[[id:Jam matahari]]<br />
[[is:Sólúr]]<br />
[[it:Meridiana]]<br />
[[he:שעון שמש]]<br />
[[ka:მზის საათი]]<br />
[[kk:Күн сағаты]]<br />
[[la:Solarium]]<br />
[[lv:Saules pulkstenis]]<br />
[[lb:Sonnenauer]]<br />
[[lt:Saulės laikrodis]]<br />
[[hu:Napóra]]<br />
[[ml:സൂര്യഘടികാരം]]<br />
[[ms:Jam matahari]]<br />
[[mwl:Reloijo de sol]]<br />
[[nl:Zonnewijzer]]<br />
[[nds-nl:Zunnewiezer]]<br />
[[ja:日時計]]<br />
[[no:Solur]]<br />
[[pl:Zegar słoneczny]]<br />
[[pt:Relógio de sol]]<br />
[[ro:Ceas solar]]<br />
[[ru:Солнечные часы]]<br />
[[sco:Sundial]]<br />
[[simple:Sundial]]<br />
[[sk:Slnečné hodiny]]<br />
[[sl:Sončna ura]]<br />
[[sr:Сунчани часовник]]<br />
[[fi:Aurinkokello]]<br />
[[sv:Solur]]<br />
[[ta:சூரிய மணி காட்டி]]<br />
[[th:นาฬิกาแดด]]<br />
[[tr:Güneş saati]]<br />
[[uk:Сонячний годинник]]<br />
[[vi:Đồng hồ Mặt Trời]]<br />
[[wa:Cwadran solaire]]<br />
[[zh:日晷]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcatraz_(TV_series)&diff=524099367Alcatraz (TV series)2012-11-20T23:02:22Z<p>Ronstew: We use "is" not "was" for a cancelled TV series because it still exists in some sense (DVDs, etc)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| show_name = Alcatraz<br />
| image = [[File:AlcatrazLogo.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = {{Unbulleted list|[[Science fiction film|Science fiction]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]|[[Drama film|Drama]]|}}<br />
| creator = {{Unbulleted list|[[Elizabeth Sarnoff]]|Steven Lilien|Bryan Wynbrandt}}<br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| director = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Sarah Jones (screen actress)|Sarah Jones]]|[[Jorge Garcia]]|Jonny Coyne|[[Parminder Nagra]]|[[Jason Butler Harner]]|[[Sam Neill]]|[[Robert Forster]]|}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = [[J. J. Abrams]]<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| endtheme = <br />
| composer = [[Michael Giacchino]]<br />Chris Tilton<br />Andrea Datzman <br />
| country = {{TVUS}}<br />
| language = English<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 13<br />
| list_episodes = #Episodes<br />
| executive_producer = {{Unbulleted list|J. J. Abrams|[[Jack Bender]]|[[Bryan Burk]]|[[Jennifer M. Johnson|Jennifer Johnson]]|Daniel Pyne}}{{small|'''Co-executive producers:'''}}<br />[[Toni Graphia]]<br />Steven Lilien<br />Bryan Wynbrandt<br />Kathy Lingg <br />
| producer = Alison Balian<br />Robert Hull<br />Athena Wickham<br />Robert M. Williams, Jr.<br />{{small|'''Co-Producer:'''}}<br />[[Stephen Semel]]<br />{{small|'''Associate Producers:'''}}<br />Geoff Garrett<br />Noreen O'Toole<br />
| editor = Andrew Seklir<br />Imelda Betiong<br />
| location = [[Riverview Hospital (Coquitlam)|Riverview Hospital]], [[Coquitlam]], [[British Columbia]] / [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada / San Francisco, United States <small>(pilot)</small><br />
| cinematography = Stephen McNutt<br />David Stockton<br />
| runtime = 43 minutes<br />
| company = {{Unbulleted list|[[Bad Robot Productions]]|[[Warner Bros. Television]]}}<br />
| network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]<br />
| picture_format = <br />
| audio_format = <br />
| first_aired = {{Dts||1|16}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2012|3|26}} <br />
| followed_by = <br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Alcatraz''''' is an American television series created by [[Elizabeth Sarnoff]], Steven Lilien and Bryan Wynbrandt, and produced by [[J. J. Abrams]] and [[Bad Robot Productions]]. The series premiered on [[Fox Broadcasting Network|Fox]] on January 16, 2012, as a [[mid-season replacement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/fox-2011-2012-mid-season-schedule-21543/ |title=FOX mid-season 2011–12 schedule |publisher=TV Series Finale |accessdate=February 8, 2012}}</ref> Switching between eras, the series focuses on the [[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz]] prison, which was allegedly shut down in 1963 due to unsafe conditions for its prisoners and guards. The show's premise is that both the prisoners and the guards disappeared in 1963 and have abruptly reappeared in modern-day San Francisco, where they are being tracked down by a government agency. The series stars [[Sarah Jones (screen actress)|Sarah Jones]], [[Jorge Garcia]], [[Sam Neill]] and [[Parminder Nagra]].<ref name="io9">{{cite web|url=http://io9.com/5739027/could-jj-abrams-new-show-be-more-bizarre-than-lost-heres-everything-we-know-so-far |title=Could J.J. Abrams' new show be more bizarre than Lost? Here's everything we know so far |publisher=[[io9]] |first=Meredith |last=Woerner |date=January 20, 2011 |accessdate=January 30, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110128003346/http://io9.com/5739027/could-jj-abrams-new-show-be-more-bizarre-than-lost-heres-everything-we-know-so-far| archivedate= January 28, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The show was cancelled on May 9, 2012.<ref name="Cancel">{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Lacey|title=Fox Renews 'Touch'; Cancels 'Alcatraz,' 'The Finder'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/fox-renewals-cancellations-322656|accessdate=9 May 2012|newspaper=Hollywood Reporter|date=9 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot summary==<br />
On March 21, 1963, 256 inmates and 46 guards disappeared from the [[Alcatraz Island]] prison without a trace. To cover up the disappearance, the government invented a cover story about the prison's being closed, due to unsafe conditions, and officially reported that the inmates had been transferred. However, federal agent Emerson Hauser ([[Sam Neill]]), a young San Francisco police officer tasked with transferring inmates to the island in 1963, is one of the first to discover that the inmates are actually missing and not transferred. In present-day San Francisco, the "63s" (as the missing inmates and guards are called) begin returning, one by one. Strangely, they haven't aged at all, and they have no clues about their missing time or their whereabouts during their missing years; however, they appear to be returning with compulsions to find certain objects and to continue their criminal habits. Even more strangely, the government has been expecting their return, and Hauser now runs a secret government unit dedicated to finding the returning prisoners; this unit was set up long ago in anticipation of the prisoners' returns. To help track down the returning prisoners and capture them, Hauser enlists police detective Rebecca Madsen ([[Sarah Jones (screen actress)|Sarah Jones]]) and Dr. Diego Soto ([[Jorge Garcia]]), a published expert on the history of Alcatraz and its inmates.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
*[[Sarah Jones (screen actress)|Sarah Jones]] as Rebecca Madsen, a [[San Francisco Police Department]] homicide detective with family ties to Alcatraz; she becomes involved after one of the inmates— her grandfather— is responsible for the death of her partner, directly meeting the task force when investigating the death of the former deputy warden at Alcatraz. She was raised by her great-uncle— a former Alcatraz guard and, later, cop— after the death of her parents, occasionally helping him look over his case files as she was growing up and offering useful insight into his cases, inspiring her own career.<br />
*[[Jorge Garcia]] as Dr. Diego "Doc" Soto, a PhD in both [[Criminal Justice]] and [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War History]], author of books on [[Alcatraz]], comic book store owner, writer, and artist. He claims that he received the PhDs to satisfy his parents, subsequently deliberately disgracing himself in the industry by writing a crime evaluation report using [[Gotham City]] as his example so that he could open the store. He went through an unspecified traumatic experience at age eleven involving being abducted, which affected him deeply. Although he lacks field training, Doc's detailed knowledge of the missing Alcatraz prisoners has proven invaluable in helping the task force identify and track the returning inmates.<br />
*[[Sam Neill]] as Emerson Hauser, an [[Federal Bureau of Investigations|FBI]] agent and former police officer who arrived on the dock at Alcatraz to find the prisoners gone in 1963. Currently heads the Alcatraz Task Force. Although his priority is generally to capture and contain the inmates to find out where they went and why they are coming back, he has shown that he is willing to put innocent lives over the lives of the inmates when the situation directly requires him to make a choice. He studied Philosophy at [[Yale University]] before he began working at Alcatraz.<br />
*[[Parminder Nagra]] as Dr. Lucille "Lucy" Banerjee, Agent Hauser's technician/colleague and friend. In 1963, she was known as Dr. Lucille Sengupta, who served as a psychiatrist at Alcatraz, and apparently had the potential of a romantic relationship with Hauser before she vanished. She spent some time in a coma after she was injured during one of the first cases, but recovered thanks to a blood transfusion from Webb Porter due to the accelerated healing of certain inmates due to tests they underwent at Alcatraz.<br />
*[[Jonny Coyne]] as Edwin James, the warden of Alcatraz. Although more tolerant of the prisoners, he has been shown to resort to psychological torture in order to learn crucial information about them, such as manipulating Ernest Cobb's attempts to be placed in solitary confinement or threatening to leave Kit Nelson in a small dark room until Nelson admits the truth about his first crime. He apparently vanished with the rest of the inmates, and his present whereabouts are unknown, although he appears to be the only person who knew what was really going on at Alcatraz.<br />
*[[Jason Butler Harner]] as Elijah Bailey "E.B." Tiller, the deputy warden of Alcatraz, whose cynical views of the inmates often put him at odds with James; he was killed in the present by Jack Sylvane in the pilot, although he still appears in flashbacks to the past where he brutally treated the various inmates.<br />
* [[Robert Forster]] as Raymond "Ray" Archer (previously Ray Madsen), Rebecca's great-uncle and former Alcatraz prison guard; he was approached by Hauser to join the task force sixteen years ago, but rejected the offer due to his responsibilities to Rebecca. He now owns a bar and is aware of at least Madsen's return, although he is generally unaware of the other 63s.<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* [[David Hoflin]] as Thomas "Tommy" Madsen <small>(#2002)</small>, Rebecca's grandfather and Ray's brother who reappeared in 2012 and killed Rebecca's partner; Rebecca was raised believing that he was a guard at the prison until she witnessed the list of '63s'. He is apparently more significant than the other inmates, as Hauser approached Ray specifically due to his connection to Madsen, with Madsen having been underground for several months since his return rather than the more public activities of other inmates.<br />
* [[Leon Rippy]] as Dr. Milton Beauregard, the head doctor of Alcatraz who reappeared in 2012 and operates under Hauser.<br />
* [[Jeananne Goossen]] as Nikki, a medical examiner in the coroner's office, and a possible love interest of Doc.<br />
* [[Jeffrey Pierce]] as Jack Sylvane <small>(#2024)</small>, the first inmate tracked down and captured by the Alcatraz Task Force. While most of his targets fit in with his expected pattern—going after Tiller and his brother, who married his ex-wife, he also went to an unconnected house to acquire a distinctive key from a man's safe. His own ignorance of his reasons for requesting that key suggests that there is another agenda behind the inmates' sudden return.<br />
<br />
===Featured guests===<br />
====Inmates (in order of appearance)====<br />
There were around 302 people on Alcatraz when they all mysteriously vanished, with fewer than 50 of these being prison staff; the other 250+, referred to by Hauser as the '63s, remain some of America's worst recorded criminals. Each one has demonstrated a ruthless skill in their chosen crime fields of expertise and no compunctions about picking up where they left off. Various inmates underwent mysterious experiments involving their blood being extracted, treated with an unidentified process, and then returned to them, those inmates who underwent this procedure possessing a degree of accelerated healing that allows them to recover from wounds in far less time than would normally be expected.<br />
*[[David Hoflin]] as Tommy Madsen <small>(#2002)</small><br />
*[[Jeffrey Pierce]] as Jack Sylvane <small>(#2024)</small><br />
*Joe Egender as Ernest Cobb <small>(#2047)</small><br />
*[[Michael Eklund]] as Kit Nelson <small>(#2046)</small><br />
*[[Eric Johnson (actor)|Eric Johnson]] as Cal Sweeney <small>(#2112)</small><br />
*James Pizzinato as Paxton Petty <small>(#2223)</small><br />
*[[Adam Rothenberg]] as Johnny McKee <small>(#2055)</small><br />
*Graham Shiels as Pinky Ames <small>(#2177)</small><br />
*Travis Aaron Wade as Herman Ames <small>(#2178)</small><br />
*[[Theo Rossi]] as Sonny Burnett <small>(#2088)</small><br />
*[[Mahershalalhashbaz Ali]] as Clarence Montgomery <small>(#2214)</small><br />
*[[Rami Malek]] as Webb Porter <small>(#2012)</small><br />
*[[Greg Ellis (actor)|Greg Ellis]] as Garrett Stillman <small>(#2109)</small><br />
*[[Brendan Fletcher]] as Joe Limerick <small>(Ghost)</small><br />
<br />
====Guards====<br />
*[[Jim Parrack]] as Guy Hastings<br />
*[[Frank Whaley]] as Officer Donovan<br />
*[[Robbie Amell]] as the young Raymond "Ray" Archer<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
<!-- Please do not create a "List of Alcatraz episodes" page until there is sufficient notability, such as a back-nine episode order or a second season renewal. --><br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"<br />
|- style="color:white;"<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| No.<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| Directed by<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| Written by<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| Original air date<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| Production<br />code<br />
! style="background:#3f1959;"| U.S. viewers<br />(million)<br />
|-<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = Pilot<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Danny Cannon]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Steven Lilien, Bryan Wynbrandt & [[Elizabeth Sarnoff]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|1|16}}<br />
|ProdCode = 296790<br />
|Aux4 = 10.05<ref name="premiereratings">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/18/monday-final-ratings-2-broke-girls-adjusted-up-castle-adjusted-down/116810/|title=Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'Castle' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = Years after every prisoner on Alcatraz mysteriously vanished, FBI Agent Emerson Hauser and Detective Rebecca Madsen are drawn into the case of Jack Sylvane, who is on a killing spree. They later find out that Sylvane was in fact one of the inmates in the prison. Joined by Alcatraz expert "Doc" Soto, Hauser and Madsen race to stop Sylvane and solve the mystery of Alcatraz. Hauser takes Sylvane to a prison facility in the woods much like Alcatraz. <br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Ernest Cobb<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Jack Bender]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Alison Balian<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|1|16}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6052<br />
|Aux4 = 10.05<ref name="premiereratings"/><br />
|ShortSummary = Ernest Cobb (Joe Egender), another Alcatraz prisoner, is now killing people using a sniper rifle. Madsen and Hauser try to stop him before he kills more, forcing them to try and deduce the motivation for his murder sprees. Lucy is shot by Cobb and is comatose. Lucy is also revealed to be working as a doctor in the 1960s as she is introduced to Cobb when he was in Alcatraz.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Kit Nelson<br />
|DirectedBy = Jack Bender<br />
|WrittenBy = [[Jennifer M. Johnson|Jennifer Johnson]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|1|23}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6053<br />
|Aux4 = 9.03<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/24/monday-final-ratings-gossip-girl-hart-of-dixie-adjusted-down/117518/|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'Gossip Girl,' 'Hart of Dixie' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=January 24, 2012|accessdate=January 24, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = A child killer, who would kidnap his victims and return their bodies home, reappears from the past, spurring a manhunt. Dr. Soto proves his worth by coming up with the clues to the killer's capture. Also, a secret from Dr. Soto's past is revealed.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Cal Sweeney<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Brad Anderson (director)|Brad Anderson]]<br />
|WrittenBy = [[Robert Hull]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|1|30}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6055<br />
|Aux4 = 8.44<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/31/monday-final-ratings-house-alcatraz-adjusted-up/118088/|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'House,' 'Alcatraz' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=January 31, 2012|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = A bank robber from the past causes mayhem in the present and puts Rebecca in a difficult position as she has to work out how to get him out of the bank without revealing the existence of the 63s.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Guy Hastings<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Charles Beeson (director)|Charles Beeson]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|2|6}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6056<br />
|Aux4 = 6.91<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/02/07/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-alcatraz-house-two-and-a-half-men-adjusted-up/119033/|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice,' 'Alcatraz,' 'House,' 'Two and a Half Men' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=February 7, 2012|accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = A guard from Alcatraz appears- acting in a far more violent manner than the team would have expected- and encounters Ray, whom Rebecca suspects the guard may be using to track down her grandfather. Ray is revealed to be Rebecca's uncle.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = Paxton Petty<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Paul A. Edwards|Paul Edwards]]<br />
|WrittenBy = ''Teleplay by:'' Steven Lilien, Bryan Wynbrandt & Robert Hull<br />''Story by:'' Jennifer Johnson <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|2|13}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6058<br />
|Aux4 = 6.24<ref>{{cite web |last=Gorman |first=Bill |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/02/14/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-2-broke-girls-two-and-a-half-men-mike-molly-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up/119824/ |title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice,' '2 Broke Girls,' 'Two And A Half Men,' 'Mike & Molly,' 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up |publisher=[[TV by the Numbers]]. [[Zap2it]] |date=February 14, 2012 |accessdate=February 14, 2012}}</ref> <br />
|ShortSummary = A military land mine specialist resurfaces and plants bombs throughout the city. Rebecca, Soto and Hauser follow a series of clues to find his next targeted location. Hauser learns that Lucy might not wake up from her coma, so he removes her from the hospital to be fixed by Dr. Beauregard.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title = Johnny McKee<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Brad Turner (director)|Brad Turner]]<br />
|WrittenBy = [[Toni Graphia]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|2|20}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6054<br />
|Aux4 = 5.98<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/02/22/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-house-two-and-a-half-men-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up/121204/|title= Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice,' 'House,' 'Two and a Half Men,' 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up|last=Bibel|first=Sara|date=February 22, 2012}}</ref> <br />
|ShortSummary = Johnny McKee, another former Alcatraz prisoner, returns and begins to poison the people of San Francisco, particularly men who behave similarly to grade-school bullies.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 8<br />
|Title = The Ames Brothers<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = [[Nick Copus]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Robert Hull<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|5}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6059<br />
|Aux4 = 5.82<ref name="Nine">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/06/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-adjusted-up/123287/|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up|last=Bibel|first=Sara|date=March 6, 2012.}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = When brothers Herman and Pinky Ames, who almost escaped in 1961, return to modern times, Soto gets caught and kidnapped by the ultra-violent duo as they follow a map in the hunt for a certain treasure, resulting in a tense confrontation in Alcatraz itself.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 9<br />
|Title = Sonny Burnett<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Paul Edwards<br />
|WrittenBy = ''Teleplay by:'' Toni Graphia & Robert Hull<br />''Story by:'' Toni Graphia<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|5}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6060<br />
|Aux4 = 5.47<ref name="Nine"/><br />
|ShortSummary = Sonny Burnett, sent to 1960 Alcatraz for kidnapping wealthy people and holding them for outrageous ransoms, appears in the present, seeking revenge from Warden Tiller's treatment of him in the past. Also, the blood taken from the 1963 prisoners has a modern connection. The link between Rebecca, Uncle Ray, and Tommy is further explored.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = <!-- Do not change to episode 8. This episode aired after March 5 so it's placed after. but it is listed on the Alcatraz official show site as 8 so it's been changed to such-->10<br />
|Title = Clarence Montgomery<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Jack Bender<br />
|WrittenBy = Leigh Dana Jackson<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|12}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6057<br />
|Aux4 = 5.07<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/13/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-repeats-of-house-how-i-met-your-mother-2-broke-girls-adjust-up/124195/ |title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', Repeats of 'House', 'How I Met Your Mother', '2 Broke Girls' Adjust Up |work=TV by the Numbers |last=Kondolojy |first=Amanda |date=March 13, 2012 |accessdate=March 13, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = After a woman is found dead on a golf course, killed in a similar manner to the murdered girlfriend of former Alcatraz inmate Clarence Montgomery, the team begins to suspect that the innocent Montgomery, who was falsely accused of and imprisoned for murdering his girlfriend, has returned, and is now committing crimes similar to that which he was imprisoned for.<br />
<br />
'''Note''': This episode was scheduled to premiere in the US on February 27, 2012, however it was rescheduled due to the weather delay of the [[2012 Daytona 500]].<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 11<br />
|Title = Webb Porter<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Jack Bender<br />
|WrittenBy = Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|19}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6061<br />
|Aux4 = 5.04<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/20/monday-final-ratings-the-voice-alcatraz-house-how-i-met-your-mother-2-broke-girls-adjusted-up-castle-smash-mike-molly-adjusted-down/125230/|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice,' 'Alcatraz,' 'House 'How I Met Your Mother,' '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'Castle,' 'Smash,' 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Down|last=Seidman|first=Robert|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 20, 2012|accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = Sent to Alcatraz for killing his mother, who tried to drown him when he was younger, violin-playing former inmate Webb Porter resurfaces. He willingly gives blood to Lucy, allowing her to wake from her coma.<br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 12<br />
|Title = Garrett Stillman<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Eagle Egilsson]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Leigh Dana Jackson & Coleman Herbert<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|26}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6062<br />
|Aux4 = 4.78<ref name="Twelve">{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/27/monday-final-ratings-alcatraz-dwts-voice-adjust-up-castle-smash-adjust-down/126132/|title=Monday Final Ratings: 'Alcatraz', 'DWTS' & 'Voice' Adjust Up, 'Castle' & Smash' Adjust Down|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 27, 2012|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
|ShortSummary = Doc and Rebecca close in on a man who may be the key to revealing the secrets behind all the returning criminals. Meanwhile, Hauser makes a discovery beneath the halls of Alcatraz that reveals more of the truth. <br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Alcatraz episodes<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 13<br />
|Title = Tommy Madsen<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Aaron Lipstadt]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Daniel Pyne & Jennifer Johnson<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|26}}<br />
|ProdCode = 2J6063<br />
|Aux4 = 4.75<ref name="Twelve"/> <br />
|ShortSummary = Rebecca finds the man who killed her partner.<br />
'''Note''': This is the series finale, following the show's cancellation.<ref name="Cancel"/><br />
|LineColor = 3f1959<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
[[File:Toronto Dominion Bank Building Vancouver 2011.jpg|thumb|right|The climactic sniper scene in the second episode was filmed atop the [[Toronto-Dominion Bank]] Building in [[Vancouver]].]]<br />
In November 2011, [[Elizabeth Sarnoff]], co-creator of the series, stepped down as executive producer. She remains as an "executive consultant".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/alcatraz-liz-sarnoff-exit-261990|title=<br />
'Alcatraz' Co-Creator Liz Sarnoff Steps Down as Showrunner |last=Ng|first=Philiana|date=November 15, 2011|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=February 23, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The show is filmed in [[Vancouver]] and San Francisco. Scenes from the second episode prominently feature Vancouver's [[Toronto-Dominion Bank]] and [[Vancouver Film School]], as well as backdrops of the port facilities.<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[File:Jorge Garcia, Sarah Jones & Parminder Nagra by Gage Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb|Jorge Garcia, Sarah Jones and Parminder Nagra at [[WonderCon]] 2012 in promotion of ''Alcatraz''.]]<br />
In June 2011, ''Alcatraz'' was one of eight honorees in the ''Most Exciting New Series'' category at the [[1st Critics' Choice Television Awards]], elected by journalists who had seen the pilots.<ref name=cca>{{cite news | url = http://www.deadline.com/2011/06/critics-choice-awards-honors-8-new-shows/ | title = Critics' Choice Awards Honors 8 New Shows | last = Andreeva | first = Nellie |date = June 9, 2011 | work = [[Deadline.com]] | accessdate =June 10, 2011 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110627082600/http://www.deadline.com/2011/06/critics-choice-awards-honors-8-new-shows/| archivedate= June 27, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> It has an aggregate score of 63/100 on [[Metacritic]], denoting "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/alcatraz/season-1|title=Alcatraz – Season 1|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Newsday]]''{{'}}s Verne Gay likes the series, but stated, " 'Traz' shares some of the DNA of ''[[The 4400]]'' (of all shows) with a strand or two stripped from the genetic code of ''[[FlashForward]]''. Love all these aforementioned worthies."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/alcatraz-between-rock-and-fun-place-1.3450793|title='Alcatraz': Between Rock and fun place|last=Gay|first=Verne|date=January 13, 2012|work=Newsday|accessdate=February 23, 2012}}</ref> Robert Bianco of ''[[USA Today]]'' wrote: "''Alcatraz'' is easy enough to follow, with twists and surprises that are enjoyable and not enervating. But you still may leave it wondering how long it will be before there are eight timelines and six universes."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/reviews/story/2012-01-15/alcatraz/52585162/1|title='Alcatraz' unlocks another Abrams mind bender|last=Bianco|first=Robert|date=January 15, 2012|work=USA Today|accessdate=February 23, 2012}}</ref> ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''{{'}}s Matt Zoller Seitz panned the series, saying, "The characters are so TV cute (and in some cases TV pretty) and the storytelling so mechanical, that I couldn’t give myself over to it either way."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vulture.com/2012/01/tv-review-alcatraz-should-never-have-been-freed.html|title=TV Review: Alcatraz Should Never Have Been Freed<br />
|last=Zoller Seitz|first=Matt|date=January 16, 2012|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|accessdate=February 23, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series opened with over 10 million U.S. viewers, but for the season finale, it had decreased to 4.75 million U.S viewers, the series' lowest viewership.<ref name="premiereratings"/><ref name="Twelve"/> In the UK, the pilot episode debuted on March 15, 2012, with 496,000 viewers, marking [[UKTV]]'s [[Watch (TV channel)|Watch channel]]'s highest debut for the time-slot since 2011's ''[[Dynamo: Magician Impossible]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/ratings/alcatraz-debut-tops-multichannel/5039235.article|title=Alcatraz debut tops multichannel|last=Rosser|first=Michael|date=March 14, 2012|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== US ratings ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:10%;" rowspan="2"| Season<br />
! style="width:7%;" rowspan="2" | Episodes<br />
! style="width:28%;" rowspan="2"| Timeslot ([[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|ET]]/[[Pacific Time Zone|PT]])<br />
! colspan=2| Premiered<br />
! colspan=2| Ended<br />
! style="width:7%;" rowspan="2"| TV season<br />
! rowspan="2"| Rank<br />
! style="width:10%; background:#ffdead;" rowspan="2"| Viewers<br />(in millions)<br />
|-<br />
! Date<br />
! span style="width:7%; font-size:smaller; line-height:100%;"| Premiere<br />viewers<br />(in millions)<br />
! Date<br />
! span style="width:10%; font-size:smaller; line-height:100%;"| Finale<br />viewers<br />(in millions)<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| '''1'''<br />
| 13<br />
| Monday 9:00 PM<br />
| style="font-size:11px;line-height:110%"|January 16, 2012<br />
| 10.05<ref name="premiereratings"/><br />
| style="font-size:11px;line-height:110%"|March 26, 2012<br />
| 4.75<ref name="Twelve"/> <br />
| style="font-size:smaller"|[[2011–12 United States network television schedule|2011–12]]<br />
| style="text-align:center"|#46<br />
| style="background:#fc9;"| 9.56<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/05/24/complete-list-of-2011-12-season-tv-show-viewership-sunday-night-football-tops-followed-by-american-idol-ncis-dancing-with-the-stars/135785/|title=Complete List Of 2011-12 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'American Idol,' 'NCIS' & 'Dancing With The Stars'|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gormam|first=Bill|date=May 25, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2012}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==International distribution==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country or region<br />
! Channel<br />
! Premiere date<br />
! Sources<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arab world]]<br />
| [[MBC Action]]<br />
| January 19, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{ARG}} <br />
| [[Warner Channel]]<br />
| January 23, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{AUS}}<br />
| [[Nine Network]]<br />
| February 13, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/02/airdate-alcatraz.html|title=Airdate: Alcatraz|first=David|last=Knox|work=TV Tonight|date=February 3, 2012|accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{BEL}} <br />
| [[VIER]] and [[RTBF]]<br />
| March 26, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{BRA}} <br />
| [[Warner Channel]]<br />
| January 23, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{CAN}} <br />
| [[Citytv]]<br />
| January 16, 2012<br />
| align=center | <ref>http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/732043/this-fall-s-most-anticipated-shows-are-on-citytv</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{DNK}}<br />
| [[Kanal 5 (Denmark)|Kanal 5]]<br />
| March 11, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kanal5.dk/presse/presseiframe/viewPress.php?id=479|title=KANAL 5 - presse [ pressemeddelelser ]|date=February 16, 2012|accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{FIN}} <br />
| [[Sub (TV channel)|Sub]]<br />
| September 2, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mesta.net/tv/uutiset/?aid=26395|title=J.J. Abramsin uutuusdraama Subille |date=August 8, 2012|accessdate=August 8, 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{FRA}} <br />
| [[TF1]]<br />
| <br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{GER}} <br />
| [[RTL Nitro]]<br />
| September 19, 2012<br />
| align=center | <ref>http://www.rtlnitro.de/cms/sendungen/alcatraz.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{HKG}}<br />
| [[TVB Pearl]]<br />
| September 18, 2012<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| {{IND}} <br />
| [[Star World]]<br />
| November 10, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Star World Schedule|url=http://www.whatsonindia.com/WhatsOnTV/Program/Alcatraz.aspx}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| {{IRL}} <br />
| [[Watch (TV channel)|Watch]]<br />
| March 13, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Munn">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2012/02/watch-announces-premiere-date-for-alcatraz|title=Watch Announces Premiere Date For Alcatraz|work=TVWise|first=Patrick|last=Munn|date=February 1, 2012|accessdate=February 1, 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{ISR}} <br />
| [[HOT (Israel)|HOT]]<br />
| March 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hot.net.il/heb/tv/channels/hotchannels/hotzone/|title= Alcatraz on Hot Israel}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{ITA}} <br />
| [[Mediaset Premium|Premium Crime]]<br />
| January 30, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Latin America]], ''except Argentina, Brazil''<br />
| [[Warner Channel]]<br />
| January 22, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{NOR}}<br />
| [[TVNorge]]<br />
| February 9, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{POL}}<br />
| Platforma n VOD<br />
| February 6, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{PHL}}<br />
| [[Chase (TV channel)|CHASE on BEAM 31]]<br />
| February 18, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=May 2012}}<br />
|- <br />
| {{PRT}}<br />
| [[RTP2]] <br />
| March 16, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="AtelevisaoRTP2">{{cite web |url= http://www.atelevisao.com/rtp/alcatraz-estreia-dia-16-na-rtp2/ |title= Alcatraz - Estreia dia 16 na RTP2 - A Televisão |language=Portuguese |first=Pedro |last=Vendeira |date=March 9, 2012 |publisher=A Televisão |accessdate=April 4, 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{RSA}}<br />
| [[M-Net|M-Net and M-Net HD]]<br />
| May 29, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnet.dstv.com/category/shows/alcatraz/|title=Alcatraz:M-Net|accessdate=May 29, 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{ESP}} <br />
| [[TNT (TV channel)|TNT]] (pay)<br />
| January 17, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[La Sexta]] (free)<br />
| February 8, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/television/20120208/54251230307/la-sexta-estrena-alcatraz-lo-ultimo-de-j-j-abrams.html|title=La Sexta estrena 'Alcatraz', lo último de J.J Abrams|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=February 8, 2012|accessdate=February 9, 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SWE}}<br />
| [[TV4 (Sweden)|TV4]]<br />
| April 9, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alcatraz Serier|url=http://www.tv4.se/1.2586172|accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| {{THA}}<br />
| [[True Series]]<br />
| June 17, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=July 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{TUR}} <br />
| [[DiziMax]]<br />
| January 21, 2012<br />
| {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{GBR}} <br />
| [[Watch (TV channel)|Watch]]<br />
| March 13, 2012<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Munn"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Connection to the actual prison==<br />
The series has renewed the public's interest in the actual [[Alcatraz Island|Alcatraz prison]], so much so that the [[National Park Service]] has had to install warning signs for its public tours. Fans of the TV series have broken away from tours in an attempt to find the "nerve center" that is shown underneath the prison on the show. The signs state: "The TV show ''Alcatraz'' is fictional, many areas it depicts are not real. Closed areas protect you, historic structures and nesting birds."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/world/on-location-in-chilling-alcatraz/story-e6frfqc9-1226268599439|title=On location in chilling Alcatraz|last=Stevens|first=Jenny|date=February 16, 2012|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Home video release==<br />
[[File:Alcatraz Complete Series DVD.jpg|thumb|right|Region 1 DVD cover of the complete series showing [[Sarah Jones (screen actress)|Sarah Jones]], [[Jorge Garcia]], [[Sam Neill]] (left to right)]]<br />
<br />
[[Warner Home Video]] will release the entire series in [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc]] formats on October 16, 2012. Both the three-disc DVD and two-disc Blu-ray sets will feature deleted scenes, a [[blooper|gag reel]], the "Alcatraz: Island of Intrigue" featurette of the cast and crew, and a 6-page full-color collectible booklet. The United States Blu-ray version will also feature digital [[UltraViolet (system)|UltraViolet]] versions of each episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alcatraz-The-Complete-Series/17087|title=Alcatraz - 'The Complete Series' Announced for DVD, Blu-ray: Street Date, Extras, Packaging|last=Lambert|first=David|date=June 13, 2012|work=[[TVShowsOnDVD.com]]|accessdate=June 22, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1728102|Alcatraz}}<br />
* [http://www.tv.com/shows/alcatraz/ ''Alcatraz''] at [[TV.com]]<br />
* [http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/alcatraz/319392 ''Alcatraz''] at [[TV Guide]]<br />
* {{Wikia|alcatraz|''Alcatrazpedia''}}<br />
<br />
{{J. J. Abrams}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s American television series]]<br />
[[Category:2012 American television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2012 American television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Alcatraz Island in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:American crime television series]]<br />
[[Category:American drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:American science fiction television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by Bad Robot Productions]]<br />
[[Category:English-language television series]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the San Francisco Police Department]]<br />
[[Category:Fox network shows]]<br />
[[Category:Police procedural television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by Warner Bros. Television]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in San Francisco, California]]<br />
[[Category:Time travel television series]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:الكاتراز (مسلسل أمريكي)]]<br />
[[bg:Алкатраз (сериал)]]<br />
[[de:Alcatraz (Fernsehserie)]]<br />
[[es:Alcatraz (serie de televisión)]]<br />
[[fa:آلکاتراز]]<br />
[[fr:Alcatraz (série télévisée)]]<br />
[[hr:Alcatraz (TV serija)]]<br />
[[it:Alcatraz (serie televisiva)]]<br />
[[he:אלקטרז (סדרת טלוויזיה)]]<br />
[[ja:ALCATRAZ/アルカトラズ]]<br />
[[no:Alcatraz (TV-serie)]]<br />
[[pl:Alcatraz (serial telewizyjny)]]<br />
[[pt:Alcatraz (série)]]<br />
[[ro:Alcatraz (serial TV)]]<br />
[[ru:Алькатрас (телесериал)]]<br />
[[simple:Alcatraz (TV series)]]<br />
[[fi:Alcatraz (televisiosarja)]]<br />
[[sv:Alcatraz (TV-serie)]]<br />
[[tr:Alcatraz (dizi)]]<br />
[[uk:Алькатрас (телесеріал)]]<br />
[[zh:恶魔岛 (电视剧)]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_City&diff=499505172Second City2012-06-26T21:05:11Z<p>Ronstew: one link per line in disambig pages (but I made an exception for Birmingham)</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Second City''' or '''The Second City''' may refer to:<br />
<br />
* The second largest city in a country. See: [[List of largest cities and second largest cities by country]]<br />
* [[Chicago]], Illinois, which had been the second largest city in the United States for most of the twentieth century until being overtaken by Los Angeles<br />
* [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom, the most populous British city outside the capital London, traditionally known as the [[Second city of the United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Glasgow]], used to be known as "the Second City of the British Empire"<br />
* [[The Second City]], an improvisational comedy troupe<br />
* [[Mercenary_(video_game)#Mercenary:_The_Second_City|Mercenary: The Second City]], an expansion pack for the 1985 home computer game Mercenary<br />
* An episode from [[List of The Dresden Files episodes#Season 1: 2007|''The Dresden Files'']]<br />
* [[Second City derby]], an Association football rivalry between Aston Villa F.C. and Birmingham City F.C.<br />
<br />
{{disambig}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Detective&diff=484745895The Last Detective2012-03-30T19:59:50Z<p>Ronstew: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the television series|the [[Elvis Cole]] novel by [[Robert Crais]]|The Last Detective (Robert Crais novel)}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Last Detective''''' is an [[ITV]] drama starring [[Peter Davison]] as [[Dangerous Davies]]. The first series aired in 2003 with three more seasons succeeding this. The first consisted of a pilot and three episodes, the second and the third series both consisted of four normal episodes and the fourth series increased the run to five episodes and the duration of each individual episode to 90 minutes as opposed to the previous 70-minute format. As of 2007 this series had 17 episodes in total.<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The series is based on the "Dangerous Davies" series of novels written by [[Leslie Thomas]] and was filmed in the North London suburbs of [[Willesden]], [[Neasden]] and [[Harlesden]]. Its gentle but engrossing nature is in stark contrast with other harder hitting police dramas, leading to a surprise success in the UK.<br />
<br />
The [[Granada]] series was not the first time "Dangerous" Davies had appeared on television. In 1981 a TV movie ''Dangerous Davies:The Last Detective'' was produced starring British actor [[Bernard Cribbins]]. Granada have stated that the fourth series was the last. ''The Last Detective: Complete Collection'' was released on Region 1 DVD on 20 January 2009 and includes all 17 episodes of the TV show, the earlier TV movie, and other features including an interview with Peter Davison.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The series follows Detective Constable "Dangerous" Davies. It is referred to that Davies testified against a corrupt fellow officer in the past and was reduced to the lowest rank of constable as a result, although this was never shown in the series. As such, Davies is treated as a [[pariah]] by his colleagues, but is committed to his work and staunchly humane in his application leading to a degree of grudging respect from the local criminal fraternity. As the series progresses his reputation improves with his colleagues, particularly with Detective Inspector Aspinall who realises that Davies' intelligence and fair but determined methods make him the best policeman in his squad. A strained mutual respect develops between the characters as Davies increasingly finds the time to try to understand the troubled DI and his demons. <br />
<br />
The other major aspect of the series concerns Davies' private life centering on his estranged wife, Julie (played by [[Emma Amos (actress)|Emma Amos]]), his attempts to repair the damage his career in the Metropolitan Police Force has done to their marriage and the loss of his wife's respect after being reduced in rank. His efforts mainly consist of walking the unnamed dog (a [[Landseer (dog)|Landseer]] in early episodes, and later a [[St. Bernard (dog)|St. Bernard]]), and carrying out routine household repairs to the family home now occupied solely by his wife, and his friendship with irreverent and rather feckless friend Mod (short for Modesty) Lewis played by Irish comedian [[Sean Hughes (comedian)|Sean Hughes]]. Other amusing scenes concern the relationship between "Dangerous" and the romantic daydreaming landlady of the Bali-Hai Guest House where he resides for a period.<br />
<br />
==Recurring cast in the TV series==<br />
*[[Peter Davison]] as DC "Dangerous" Davies<br />
*[[Sean Hughes (comedian)|Sean Hughes]] as Mod<br />
*[[Emma Amos (actress)|Emma Amos]] as Julie Davies<br />
*[[Rob Spendlove]] as DI Ray Aspinall<br />
*[[Charles De'Ath]] as DS Pimlott<br />
*Billy Geraghty as DC Barrett<br />
*[[Vineeta Rishi]] as PC "Zsa Zsa" Kapoor<br />
*[http://oska.mywebweb.com Oska] as the Davies' Saint Bernard dog (2003 Series)<br />
<br />
== DVD ==<br />
The DVD of this series is available now, distributed by [[Acorn Media UK]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*1981 film :{{imdb title|id=80593|title=Dangerous Davies - The Last Detective}}<br />
*TV series :{{imdb title|id=0312895|title=The Last Detective}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Last Detective, The}}<br />
[[Category:2000s British television series]]<br />
[[Category:ITV television programmes]]<br />
[[Category:2003 television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2003 in British television]]<br />
<br />
[[nl:The Last Detective]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Water_Taxi&diff=480372737New York Water Taxi2012-03-05T19:42:21Z<p>Ronstew: /* Water Taxi Beach */ now closed</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Water transit<br />
|name = New York Water Taxi<br />
|logo = NYWT logo.svg<br />
|logo_size = 110<br />
|image = New York Water Taxi.JPG<br />
|image_size = 240<br />
|locale = [[New York City]]<br />
|waterway = [[East River]], [[Flushing Bay, New York|Flushing Bay]], [[Harlem River]], [[Hell Gate]], [[Hudson River]], [[New York Harbor]], [[Buttermilk Channel]], Erie Basin, [[Upper New York Bay]], [[The Narrows]], [[Lower New York Bay]], [[Raritan Bay]], [[Rockaway Inlet]], [[Raritan Bayshore#Sandy Hook Bay|Sandy Hook Bay]], West Channel<br />
|transit_type = [[Water taxi]]<br />
|began_operation = September 25, 2002<ref>{{cite news |title=New York City Water Taxi Company Takes Off |url=http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showpost.php?p=269&postcount=3 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 21, 2002 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref><br />
|ended_operation = <br />
|system_length = <br />
|lines = 13<br />
|vessels = 12<br />
|terminals = 11<br />
|ridership = [[Approximately]] 1,370<br />
|operator = New York Water Taxi <br />
|owner = Douglas Durst<br>Helena Durst<br />
|website = http://www.nywatertaxi.com/ New York Water Taxi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''New York Water Taxi''' is a [[water taxi]] service based in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], [[Brooklyn]] offering commuter and sightseeing service mainly to points along the [[East River]] and [[Hudson River]]. It is one of several private operators of [[ferry|ferries]], [[sightseeing]] boats, and water taxis in the [[Port of New York and New Jersey]].<br />
<br />
On November 3, 2008, New York Water Taxi purchased [[Circle Line Downtown]], a cruise and sightseeing company that operates on the New York Harbor, and together with [[Water Taxi Beach]] formed the Harbor Experience Companies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grace |first=Melissa |title=New York Water Taxi buys Circle Line Downtown, two boats |newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York |date=November 3, 2008 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2008/11/03/2008-11-03_new_york_water_taxi_buys_circle_line_dow.html |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> On June 21, 2010, the Durst Organization purchased New York Water Taxi and Circle Line Downtown, with Water Taxi Beach operations handed over to former New York Water Taxi co-president Tom Fox, and the Harbor Experience Companies name discontinued.<ref name="NewYorkology">{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkology.com/archives/2010/06/ny_water_taxi_i.php |title=NY Water Taxi in talks with German firm; beaches spin-off |work=NewYorkology |date=June 21, 2010 |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Vessels==<br />
New York Water Taxi operates a fleet of 12 vessels of four distinct types with most of them being named for what the company refers to as "New York's civic heroes".<ref name="NewYorkology"/><br />
The {{convert|67.1|ft|m|sing=on}} ''Ed Rogowsky'', ''Gene Flatow'', ''[[National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy|Marian S Heiskell]]'', ''Sam Holmes'', and ''[[Seymour Durst|Seymour B. Durst]]'' vessels built from 2005 to 2008 by the Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding Corporation are capable of carrying up to 149 passengers at a speed of 26 knots. The {{convert|53.3|ft|m|sing=on}} ''Curt Berger'', ''John Keith'', ''Michael Mann'', ''Mickey Murphy'', and ''Schuyler Meyer Jr.'' vessels built from 2002 to 2003 by Robert E. Derecktor [[Connecticut]] Shipyards, LLC are capable of carrying up to 74 passengers at 24 knots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywatertaxi.com/boats/ |title=Our Boats |work=New York Water Taxi |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref><br />
The {{convert|95|ft|m|sing=on}} ''[[American Princess Cruises|American Princess]]'' built in 1988 by Breaux Brothers Enterprises can carry up to 250 passengers, while the {{convert|120|ft|m|sing=on}} ''[[American Princess Cruises|American Princess II]]'' is capable of carrying up to 288 passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanprincesscruises.com/index.htm |title=Cruises and Charters in New York City |work=American Princess Cruises |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref><br />
All vessels can sustain massive amounts of abuse from the elements, and every vessel (except for the ''American Princess'' and ''American Princess II'', which are [[monohull]]ed) is a [[catamaran]].<br />
<br />
==Commuter service==<br />
New York Water Taxi currently operates one commuter service:<br />
*The [[IKEA]] Express Service serving:<br />
**[[Wall Street]] at the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] in [[Manhattan]]<br />
**IKEA in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], [[Brooklyn]]<br />
[[Image:NY Water Taxi East River.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Ed Rogowsky'' on the [[East River]] near [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]]]]<br />
<br />
==Seasonal services==<br />
During the [[summer]], New York Water Taxi operates seasonal services. '''[[American Princess Cruises|New York Beach Ferry]]''' service connects [[Ferry slip|slips]] along the [[East River]] in [[Manhattan]] with beaches at [[Jacob Riis Park]] at [[Roxbury, Queens|Roxbury]], [[Queens]]. '''Hop-on/Hop-off''' services serve various slips along the [[East River]], [[Hudson River]], and [[New York Harbor]] within the [[New York City|city]].<br />
<br />
All services run on weekends and holidays, with [[New York Harbor|NYHarbor]]Way [[Brooklyn]]/[[Manhattan]] Express Service also provided on Fridays:<br />
<br />
===New York Beach Ferry===<br />
<br />
*[[Pier 11 at Wall Street]], [[Manhattan]]- Riis Landing in [[Roxbury, Queens|Roxbury]], [[Queens]]<br />
<br />
===Hop-on/Hop-off services===<br />
*The [[New York Harbor|NYHarbor]]Way [[Brooklyn]]/[[Manhattan]] Express Service serving:<br />
**[[Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn|Fulton Ferry]] Landing in [[Brooklyn]]<br />
**[[South Street Seaport]] ([[Water Taxi Beach]]) at the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] in [[Manhattan]]<br />
**[[Governors Island]] ([[Water Taxi Beach]]) ''(Fridays and Holidays only)''<br />
**[[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]] ([[Brooklyn Bridge Park]]) in [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Brooklyn]]<br />
*The [[Statue of Liberty]] [[Lower Manhattan|Downtown]] Express Service serving:<br />
**[[South Street Seaport]] ([[Water Taxi Beach]]) at the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] in [[Manhattan]]<br />
**[[Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn|Fulton Ferry]] Landing in [[Brooklyn]]<br />
**West 44th Street ([[Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum]]) in [[Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan|Clinton]], [[Manhattan]]<br />
**[[Battery Park]] in [[Battery Park City, Manhattan|Battery Park City]], [[Manhattan]]<br />
<br />
===Water Taxi Beach===<br />
Until 2010, [[Water Taxi Beach]] at Governor's Island and South Street Seaport was open in conjunction with events at the locations, access provided by ferry.<ref>http://watertaxibeach.com/</ref><br />
<br />
==Other services==<br />
New York Water Taxi also provides sightseeing tours of the [[East River]], [[Hudson River]] and [[New York Harbor]]. Special events services connect [[Ferry slip|slips]] along the [[East River]] in [[Manhattan]] with [[Citi Field]], [[Icahn Stadium]], the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]], [[Yankee Stadium]], and [[Water Taxi Beach]] locations at [[Governors Island]] and [[Hunters Point, Queens|Hunters Point]].<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:NYWT Tottenville yd jeh.JPG|A boat [[drydock]]ed at a maintenance [[marina]] in [[Tottenville, Staten Island|Tottenville]], [[Staten Island]]<br />
Image:Fat March Taping in New York City.JPG|A Hop-on/Hop-off boat leaves the [[Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn|Fulton Ferry]] Landing during the taping of reality TV show ''[[Fat March]]''<br />
Image:Water Taxi parking Erie Basin jeh.JPG|Boats moored at New York Water Taxi's storage facility in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], [[Brooklyn]] near New York Water Taxi's former [[ferry slip]] behind the [[Fairway Market]]<br />
Image:Erie Basin, Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York 2009-07-19 at 11-11-29.jpg|''Marians Heiskell'' departs the storage facility in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]]<br />
Image:Water Taxi.jpg|The ''Schuyler Meyer Jr.'' arriving at the [[Wall Street]] Ferry Pier<br />
Image:WaterTaxiIkeaByLuigiNovi1.jpg|The ''Seymour B. Durst'' loading passengers at the [[IKEA]] Slip in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.nywatertaxi.com/ Official site]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Ferries of New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Ferry companies of New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist activities]]<br />
[[Category:Water transportation in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Port of New York and New Jersey]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_stress_test&diff=475814221Cardiac stress test2012-02-08T19:52:56Z<p>Ronstew: /* Cardiac stress test */ a bit better choice of words - should it be a separate paragraph?</p>
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<div>{{Distinguish|Cardiac arrest}}<br />
{{Refimprove|date=September 2009}}<br />
{{Abbreviations|date=October 2010}}<br />
{{Cleanup|date=October 2010}}<br />
{{Interventions infobox |<br />
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |<br />
Image = Stress test.jpg |<br />
Caption = A male patient walks on a stress test treadmill to have his heart's function checked |<br />
ICD10 = |<br />
ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|89.4}} |<br />
MeshID = D025401 |<br />
OtherCodes = |<br />
}}<br />
'''Cardiac stress test''' (or '''Cardiac diagnostic test''') is a test used in [[medicine]] and [[cardiology]] to measure the [[heart]]'s ability to respond to external [[Stress (biology)|stress]] in a controlled clinical environment.<br />
<br />
The [[Stress (biology)|stress]] response is induced by exercise or [[drug]] stimulation. [[Cardiac]] stress tests compare the [[coronary]] circulation while the patient is at rest with the same patient's circulation observed during maximum physical exertion, showing any abnormal [[blood]] flow to the heart's muscle tissue (the [[myocardium]]). The results can be interpreted as a reflection on the general physical condition of the test patient. This test can be used to diagnose [[ischemic heart disease]], and for patient prognosis after a heart attack ([[myocardial infarction]]).<br />
<br />
== Cardiac stress test ==<br />
{{Distinguish|Cardiac cycle}}<br />
<br />
The cardiac stress test is done with heart stimulation, either by exercise on a treadmill, pedalling a stationary exercise bicycle ergometer[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003878.htm] or with intravenous pharmacological stimulation, with the patient connected to an [[electrocardiogram]] (or [[ECG]]). People who cannot use their legs may exercise with a bicycle-like crank that they turn with their arms.[http://www.livestrong.com/article/373962-treadmill-stress-test-exercises/]<br />
<br />
The level of mechanical stress is progressively increased by adjusting the difficulty (steepness of the slope) and speed. The test administrator or attending physician examines the symptoms and [[blood pressure]] response. With use of ECG, the test is most commonly called a cardiac stress test, but is known by other names, such as exercise testing, stress testing treadmills, exercise tolerance test, stress test or stress test ECG.<br />
<br />
=== Stress echocardiography ===<br />
A stress test may be accompanied by [[echocardiography]].<ref name="Rimmerman2009">{{cite book|last=Rimmerman|first=Curtis|title=The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Heart Attacks|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o3k3fLOjUNEC&pg=PA113|accessdate=25 September 2011|date=2009-05-05|publisher=Kaplan Publishing|isbn=9781427799685|pages=113–}}</ref> The echocardiography is performed both before and after the exercise so that structural differences can be compared.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear stress test ===<br />
<br />
Typically, a radiotracer (Tc-99 [[sestamibi]], [[Myoview]] or [[Thallous Chloride 201]]) may be injected during the test. After a suitable waiting period to ensure proper distribution of the radiotracer, photos are taken with a gamma camera to capture images of the blood flow. Photos taken before and after exercise are examined to assess the state of the coronary arteries of the patient.<br />
<br />
Showing the relative amounts of radioisotope within the heart muscle, the nuclear stress tests more accurately identify regional areas of reduced blood flow.<br />
<br />
Stress and potential cardiac damage from exercise during the test is a problem in patients with ECG abnormalities at rest or in patients with severe motor disability. Pharmacological stimulation from vasodilators such as dipyridamole or adenosine, or positive chronotropic agents such as dobutamine can be used. Testing personnel can include a cardiac radiologist, a nuclear medicine physician, a cardiologist, and/or a nurse.<br />
<br />
== Function ==<br />
[[Image:StressECG STDepression.jpg|thumb|300px|Stress-ECG of a patient with coronary heart disease: ST-segment depression (arrow) at 100 Watt. A in rest, B at 75 Watt, C at 100 Watt, D at 125 Watt.]]<br />
The American Heart Association recommends ECG treadmill testing as the first choice for patients with medium risk of coronary heart disease according to risk factors of smoking, family history of coronary artery stenosis, hypertension, diabetes and high cholesterol.<br />
* Perfusion stress test (or sestamibi) is appropriate for select patients, especially those with an abnormal resting electrocardiogram.<br />
* Intracoronary ultrasound or angiogram can provide more information at the risk of complications associated with cardiac catheterization.<br />
<br />
== Diagnostic value ==<br />
<br />
The common approach for stress testing by American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association indicates the following:<br />
<ref>Gibbons, R., Balady, G.; Timothybricker, J., Chaitman, B., Fletcher, G., Froelicher, V., Mark, D., McCallister, B. et al. (2002). "ACC / AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary articleA report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines,Journal of the American College of Cardiology</ref><br />
<br />
* Treadmill test: sensitivity 73-90%, specificity 50-74% (Modified Bruce Protocol)<br />
* Nuclear test: sensitivity 81%, specificity 85-95%<br />
<br />
([[Sensitivity and specificity|Sensitivity]] is the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition. [[Sensitivity and specificity|Specificity]] indicates the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition.)<br />
<br />
The value of stress tests has always been recognized as limited in assessing heart disease such as [[atherosclerosis]], a condition which mainly produces wall thickening and enlargement of the arteries. This is because the stress test compares the patient's coronary flow status before and after exercise and is suitable to detecting specific areas of [[ischemia]] and [[Lumen_(anatomy)|lumen]] narrowing, not a generalized arterial thickening.<br />
<br />
According to American Heart Association data{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, about 65% of men and 47% of women have as their first symptom of cardiovascular disease a heart attack or [[sudden cardiac arrest]].<br />
Stress tests, carried out shortly before these events, are not relevant to the prediction of infarction in the majority of individuals tested.{{Dubious|date=August 2011}} Over the past two decades, better methods{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} have been developed to identify atherosclerotic disease before it becomes symptomatic.<br />
<br />
These detection methods have included either ''anatomical'' or ''physiological''.<br />
<br />
; Examples of anatomical methods include:<br />
* [[CT coronary calcium score]]<br />
* [[Intima-media thickness|Intima-media thickness (IMT)]]<br />
* [[IVUS|Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)]]<br />
<br />
; Examples of physiological methods include:<br />
* [[Lipoprotein]] analysis<br />
* [[HbA1c]]<br />
* [[Hs-CRP]]<br />
* [[Homocysteine]]<br />
<br />
The anatomic methods directly measure some aspects of the actual process of atherosclerosis itself and therefore offer the possibility of early diagnosis, but are often more expensive and may be invasive (in the case of IVUS, for example). The physiological methods are often less expensive and more secure, but are not able to quantify the current status of the disease or directly track progression.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}<br />
<br />
== Absolute contraindications ==<br />
Absolute contraindications to cardiac stress test include:<br />
* Acute myocardial infarction within 48 hours<br />
* Unstable angina not yet stabilized with medical therapy<br />
* Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, which may have significant hemodynamic responses (e.g. ventricular tachycardia)<br />
* Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, and pericarditis<br />
* Multivessel coronary artery diseases that have a high risk of producing an acute myocardial infarction<br />
<br />
== Adverse effects ==<br />
Side effects from cardiac stress testing may include<br />
* Palpitations, chest pain, MI, shortness of breath, headache, nausea or fatigue.<br />
* Adenosine and dipyridamole can cause mild hypotension.<br />
* As the tracers used for this test are carcinogenic, frequent use of these tests carries a small risk of cancer.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacological agents ==<br />
The choice of pharmacologic stress agents used in the test depends on factors such as potential drug interactions with other treatments and concomitant diseases. <br />
<br />
Pharmacologic agents such as Adenosine, Lexiscan (Regadenoson), or dipyridamole is generally used when a patient cannot achieve adequate work level with treadmill exercise, or has poorly controlled [[hypertension]] or left [[bundle branch block]]. However, a exercise stress test may provide more information about exercise tolerance than a pharmacologic stress test.<ref name="WeissmanAdelmann2004">{{cite book|last1=Weissman|first1=Neil J.|last2=Adelmann|first2=Gabriel A.|title=Cardiac imaging secrets|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TTWdpgTFU9cC&pg=PA126|accessdate=25 September 2011|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781560535157|pages=126–}}</ref><br />
<br />
Commonly used agents include:<br />
<br />
* [[Vasodilators]] acting as [[adenosine receptor]] agonists, such as [[Adenosine]] itself, and [[Dipyridamole]] (brand name "Persantine"),<ref name="NichollsWorthley2011">{{cite book|last1=Nicholls|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Worthley|first2=Stephen|title=Cardiovascular Imaging for Clinical Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JUDJp7DFpxUC&pg=PA198|accessdate=25 September 2011|date=2011-01|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9780763756222|pages=198–}}</ref> which acts indirectly at the receptor.<br />
* [[Regadenoson]] (brand name "Lexiscan"), which acts specifically at the [[Adenosine A2A receptor]], thus affecting the heart more than the lung.<br />
* [[Dobutamine]]. The effects of [[beta-agonist]]s such as dobutamine can be reversed by administering [[beta-blocker]]s such as [[propranolol]].<br />
<br />
Lexiscan (Regadenoson) or Dobutamine is often used in patients with severe [[reactive airway disease]] ([[Asthma]] or [[COPD]]) as adenosine and dipyridamole can cause acute exacerbation of these conditions. If the patient's Asthma is treated with an inhaler then it should be used as a pre-treatment prior to the injection of the pharmacologic stress agent. In addition, if the patient is actively wheezing then the physician should determine the benefits versus the risk to the patient of performing a stress test especially outside of a hospital setting.<br />
<br />
[[Aminophylline]] may be used to attenuate severe and/or persistent adverse reactions to Adenosine and Lexiscan.<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
The stress test does not detect:<br />
* Atheroma<br />
* Vulnerable plaques<br />
<br />
The test has relatively high rates of false positives and false negatives compared with other clinical tests.<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
<br />
Once the stress test is completed, the patient generally is advised to not suddenly stop activity, but to slowly decrease the intensity of the exercise over the course of several minutes.<br />
<br />
* Increased spatial resolution allows a more sensitive detection of ischemia.<br />
<br />
* Stress testing, even if made in time, is not able to guarantee the prevention of symptoms, fainting, or death. Stress testing, although more effective than a resting ECG at detecting heart function, is only able to detect certain cardiac properties.<br />
<br />
* The detection of high-grade coronary artery stenosis by a cardiac stress test was the key to recognizing people who have heart attacks since 1980. From 1960 to 1990, despite the success of stress testing to identify many who were at high risk of heart attack, the inability of this test correctly identify many others is discussed in medical circles but unexplained.<br />
<br />
* High degrees of coronary artery stenosis, which are detected by stress testing methods are often, though not always, responsible for recurrent symptoms of angina.<br />
<br />
* Unstable atheroma produces "vulnerable plaques" hidden within the walls of coronary arteries which go undetected by this test.<br />
<br />
* Limitation in blood flow to the left ventricle can lead to recurrent angina pectoris.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[Cardiac]]<br /><br />
[[Cardiac arrest]]<br /><br />
[[Harvard Step Test]]<br /><br />
[[Metabolic equivalent]]<br /><br />
[[Robert A. Bruce]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<small><br />
*Sabatine, Marc (February 15, 2000). Pocket Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.&nbsp;256 pages.<br />
*Master AM, Oppenheimer ET (1929). "A simple exercise tolerance test for circulatory efficiency with standard tables for normal individuals". Am J Med Sci . . Retrieved , retrieved on 6 August 2010.<br />
*Gibbons, R.; Balady, G.; Timothybricker, J.; Chaitman, B.; Fletcher, G.; Froelicher, V.; Mark, D.; McCallister, B. et al. (2002). "ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary articleA report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines ". Journal of the American College of Cardiology , - retrieved on 6 August 2010<br />
*E. Boden, William; Robert A. O'Rourke, Koon K. Teo, Pamela M. Hartigan, David J. Maron, M.D., William J. Kostuk, M.D., Merril Knudtson, M.D. et al. (2007). "Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease: the COURAGE trial". New England Journal of Medicine - consulted in 12th of april 2010.<br />
*Medline Plus ,Exercise Stress Test - Retrieved on 26 January 2010<br />
*Harvard Health Publications,Preparation for an Exercise Stress - Retrieved on 26 January 2010<br />
*Exercise Stress ,Cool down properly - Retrieved on 2010-01-26<br />
*Cardiac Stress,Expect after the test - Retrieved on 2010-01-26<br />
*Circulation, Fletcher et al. AHA Exercise Standards for Testing.<br />
*National Guideline Clearinghouse. Cardiac Stress Test Supplement. ,2003,<br />
*Michael Jerosch-Herold; Seethamraju, RT; Swingen, CM; Wilke, NM; Stillman, AE (2004). "Analysis of myocardial perfusion MRI". Journal of MRI.<br />
*Thomson LE; Kim, RJ; Judd, RM ,2004, "Magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of myocardial viability". Journal of MRI.<br />
*A. de González (2004). "Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries". The Lancet<br />
*Morin; Gerber, TC; McCollough, CH ,2003, "Radiation Dose in Computed Tomography of the Heart".Circulation.<br />
</small><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003878.htm medline plus]<br />
*[http://www.health.harvard.edu/diagnostic-tests/exercise-stress-test.htm#How-do-I-prepare-for-the-test Harvard Health Publication]<br />
*[http://www.medicinenet.com/fitness_exercise_for_a_healthy_heart/page2.htm medicine.net]<br />
*[http://cardiacstress.net/ cardiacstress.net]<br />
*[http://journals.lww.com/amjmedsci/Citation/1929/02000/A_Simple_Exercise_Tolerance_Test_for_Circulatory.10.aspx American journal of medical sciences]<br />
*[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070829 New england journal of medicine]<br />
*[http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4568 Stress Test Info from the American Heart Association]<br />
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007201.htm Nuclear stress test] at NIH MedLine<br />
*[http://www.heartsite.com/html/regular_stress.html Stress test FAQ's]<br />
*[http://www.mgh.org/education/health/pamphlet.htm Adenosine Nuclear Stress Test]<br />
*[http://www.midwestheart.com/patient/pdfs/dobutamine_nuclear.pdf Dobutamine Nuclear Stress Test]<br />
<br />
{{Cardiac procedures}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardiac Stress Test}}<br />
[[Category:Cardiac procedures]]<br />
[[Category:Radiology]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Medical tests]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Ergometrie]]<br />
[[de:Ergometrie]]<br />
[[fr:Épreuve d'effort]]<br />
[[it:Test da sforzo]]<br />
[[he:ארגומטריה]]<br />
[[nl:Inspannings-ecg]]<br />
[[pl:Test wysiłkowy]]<br />
[[pt:Teste de esforço]]<br />
[[ru:Велоэргометрия]]<br />
[[sq:Ergometria]]<br />
[[fi:Rasitus-EKG]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHLG-FM&diff=474691043CHLG-FM2012-02-03T02:41:59Z<p>Ronstew: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox radio station<br />
| name = CHHR-FM<br />
| image = [[Image:Chhr-fm.png|246px]]<br />
| city = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia|BC]]<br />
| area = [[Metro Vancouver]]<br />
| branding = Shore 104.3 FM<br />
| slogan = Music First!<br />
| airdate = July 1, 2009<br />
| frequency = 104.3 MHz ([[FM radio|FM]])<br />
| format = [[adult album alternative]]<br />
| haat = 600 metres<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|49.354252|N|122.958308|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|display=inline,title|name=CHHR-FM Tower}}<br />
| erp = 10 [[watt|kilowatts]]<br />
| class = C<br />
| callsign_meaning = '''CH''' S'''H'''o'''R'''e |<br />
| former_frequency = 104.3 (2009-2010)<br />
| webcast = [http://player.streamtheworld.com/liveplayer.php?callsign=CHHRFMAAC Listen live]<br />
| owner = [[Astral Media]]<br />
| website = [http://www.shore104.com/ Shore 104.3 FM]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''CHHR-FM''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[radio station]]. Licenced to [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] and operating at 104.3 [[FM radio|FM]], the station serves the [[Metro Vancouver]] area. CHHR broadcasts with an [[effective radiated power|ERP]] of 10000 watts with an [[HAAT]] of 600m. The station has an [[adult album alternative]] format. CHHR is owned by [[Astral Media]] and uses the brand, ''104.3 Shore FM''.<br />
<br />
The station was licensed by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] on May 30, 2008.<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2008/db2008-117.htm CRTC Decision 2008-117]</ref> The station started test transmissions at 104.1&nbsp;MHz on June 1, 2009. The station officially went on the air on July 1, 2009.<br />
<br />
On January 14, 2010, CHHR changed frequency to 104.3&nbsp;MHz in a swap with [[KAFE]], a [[Bellingham, Washington]] station.<ref>[http://kafe.com/Press-Release/5868196 Press Release KAFE-FM to move to dial position 104.1]</ref> The move was required to reduce interference between KAFE and [[KMCQ|KMCQ 104.5]] in [[Covington, Washington]].<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2009/2009-41.htm#2 Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2009-41]</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, [[Astral Media]] proposed the takeover of CHHR from Shore Media Group. On September 28, 2011, the proposal was rejected by the CRTC. On December 19, 2011, Astral announced on their website that they had acquired the ownership rights of Shore 104.3 for $13.4 million. The takeover was completed in early 2012. <ref>[http://www.astral.com/en/press-room/news/2011/astral-radio-announces-the-acquisition-of-shore-fm-in-vancouver Astral Radio announces the acquisition of Shore FM in Vancouver]</ref> As of February 2, the station web site reads, "We’re making changes to make Shore FM a better radio station. We appreciate your patience. <br />
For now, we’re playing even more of your favourite Shore music. If you have suggestions or ideas on what you’d like to hear on Shore FM let us know...."<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.shore104.com/ Shore 104.3 FM]<br />
*[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.php?url=http%3A//www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php%3Fid%3D1339%26historyID%3D1318 CHHR-FM history] at [[Canadian Communications Foundation]]<br />
* {{RecnetCanada|CHHR-FM}}<br />
<br />
{{Vancouver Radio}}<br />
{{Astral Media}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhr-Fm}}<br />
[[Category:Adult album alternative radio stations in Canada|Hhr]]<br />
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:Radio stations in Vancouver|Hhr]]<br />
[[Category:Astral Media radio stations|Hhr]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BritishColumbia-radio-station-stub}}</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_change&diff=464614120Chemical change2011-12-07T19:18:14Z<p>Ronstew: rv to version by Velella at 01:50, 1 December 2011</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}<br />
'''Chemical changes''' occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and , in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat and are called [[exothermic]] reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur. Understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of [[chemistry]]. <br />
<br />
When [[chemical reaction]]s occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an [[Gibbs free energy|energy change]] as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between [[sodium]] and [[water]] to produce [[sodium hydroxide]] and [[hydrogen]]. So much energy is released that the hydrogen released spontaneously burns in the air. This is an example of a chemical change because the end products are chemically different from the substances before the reaction<br />
<br />
==Types ==<br />
Chemists categorise chemical changes into three main classes.<br />
*Inorganic chemical changes<br />
*Organic chemical changes<br />
*Bio-chemical changes<br />
<br />
==Inorganic changes==<br />
[[Inorganic chemistry]] describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in [[laboratory|laboratories]], or , on a larger scale in heavy industries.<br />
<br />
Typical types of change include [[Neutralization]] (Mixing an [[acid]] with a [[base (chemistry)|base]], resulting in [[water]] and [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]), [[oxidisation]] including [[combustion]], [[reduction]], [[redox]] reactions. etc<br />
<br />
==Organic changes==<br />
[[Organic chemistry]] is concerned with the chemistry of [[carbon]] and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing [[pharmaceutical]]s, [[paint]]s, [[detergent]]s, [[cosmetic]]s etc.<br />
Typiocal examples of organic chemical changes include[[Cracking (chemistry)|Cracking]] heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of [[refining]] [[oil]]), [[Methylation]], [[condensation reaction]]s, [[polymerisation]], [[halogen]]ation etc.<br />
<br />
==Biochemical change==<br />
Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called [[enzymes]] and are moderated and limited by [[hormones]]. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood.<br />
<br />
Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity [[fungus|fungi]] and [[bacteria]] and other micro-organisms that is involved.<br />
<br />
Typical types of change include all the process involved in [[photosynthesis]] – a process in which [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]] are changed into [[sugars]] by [[plants]], [[digestion]] in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, [[Krebs cycle]] which liberates energy from stored reserves, [[protein]] synthesis which enable organisms to grow using processes controlled by [[RNA]] etc.<br />
<br />
==Evidence of a chemical change==<br />
<br />
The following can indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is not conclusive:<br />
* Change of odor.<br />
* Change of color (for example, silver to reddish-brown when [[iron]] rusts).<br />
* Change in temperature or [[energy]], such as the production ([[exothermic]]) or loss ([[endothermic]]) of [[heat]].<br />
* Change of form - paper turning to ash when burned.<br />
* [[Light]], [[heat]], or [[sound]] given off.<br />
* Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles in liquids.<br />
* Formation of a [[precipitate]] (insoluble particles).<br />
* The decomposition of [[organic matter]] (for example, rotting food).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chemical bonds}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemical change}}<br />
[[Category:Chemical bonding| ]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical properties]]<br />
<br />
[[el:Χημική μεταβολή]]<br />
[[ht:Chanjman chimik]]<br />
[[ne:रासायनिक परिवर्तन]]<br />
[[simple:Chemical change]]<br />
[[tr:Kimyasal değişim]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_change&diff=464611053Chemical change2011-12-07T19:02:22Z<p>Ronstew: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>Chemical change occurs when a substance combines with another to form a new substance or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat and are called [[exothermic]] reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur. Understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of [[chemistry]].<br />
<br />
When [[chemical reaction]]s occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an [[Gibbs free energy|energy change]] as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between [[sodium]] and [[water]] to produce [[sodium hydroxide]] and [[hydrogen]]. So much energy is released that the hydrogen released spontaneously burns in the air. This is an example of a chemical change because the end products are chemically different from the substances before the reaction<br />
<br />
==Types ==<br />
Chemists categorise chemical changes into three main classes.<br />
*Inorganic chemical changes<br />
*Organic chemical changes<br />
*Bio-chemical changes<br />
<br />
==Inorganic changes==<br />
[[Inorganic chemistry]] describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in [[laboratory|laboratories]], or , on a larger scale in heavy industries.<br />
<br />
Typical types of change include [[Neutralization]] (Mixing an [[acid]] with a [[base (chemistry)|base]], resulting in [[water]] and [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]), [[oxidisation]] including [[combustion]], [[reduction]], [[redox]] reactions. etc<br />
<br />
==Organic changes==<br />
[[Organic chemistry]] is concerned with the chemistry of [[carbon]] and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing [[pharmaceutical]]s, [[paint]]s, [[detergent]]s, [[cosmetic]]s etc.<br />
Typiocal examples of organic chemical changes include[[Cracking (chemistry)|Cracking]] heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of [[refining]] [[oil]]), [[Methylation]], [[condensation reaction]]s, [[polymerisation]], [[halogen]]ation etc.<br />
<br />
==Biochemical change==<br />
Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called [[enzymes]] and are moderated and limited by [[hormones]]. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood.<br />
<br />
Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity [[fungus|fungi]] and [[bacteria]] and other micro-organisms that is involved.<br />
<br />
Typical types of change include all the process involved in [[photosynthesis]] – a process in which [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]] are changed into [[sugars]] by [[plants]], [[digestion]] in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, [[Krebs cycle]] which liberates energy from stored reserves, [[protein]] synthesis which enable organisms to grow using processes controlled by [[RNA]] etc.<br />
<br />
==Evidence of a chemical change==<br />
<br />
The following can indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is not conclusive:<br />
* Change of odor.<br />
* Change of color (for example, silver to reddish-brown when [[iron]] rusts).<br />
* Change in temperature or [[energy]], such as the production ([[exothermic]]) or loss ([[endothermic]]) of [[heat]].<br />
* Change of form - paper turning to ash when burned.<br />
* [[Light]], [[heat]], or [[sound]] given off.<br />
* Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles in liquids.<br />
* Formation of a [[precipitate]] (insoluble particles).<br />
* The decomposition of [[organic matter]] (for example, rotting food).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chemical bonds}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemical change}}<br />
[[Category:Chemical bonding| ]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical properties]]<br />
<br />
[[el:Χημική μεταβολή]]<br />
[[ht:Chanjman chimik]]<br />
[[ne:रासायनिक परिवर्तन]]<br />
[[simple:Chemical change]]<br />
[[tr:Kimyasal değişim]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_of_Normandy&diff=461127687Emma of Normandy2011-11-17T16:17:52Z<p>Ronstew: /* Reign of Cnut */ Who is Harthacnut, and who intended him to rule?</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| consort = yes<br />
| image = EmmaNormanská.jpg<br />
| imgw = 200px<br />
| caption = Queen Emma of Normandy with her two young sons.<br />
| succession = [[List of English consorts|Queen consort of England]]<br />
| reign = 1002–16 (1st time)<br />1017–35 (2nd time)<br />
| coronation =<br />
| succession1 = [[List of Danish consorts|Queen consort of Denmark]]<br />
| reign1 = 1017–35<br />
| coronation1 =<br />
| succession2 = [[List of Norwegian consorts|Queen consort of Norway]]<br />
| reign2 = 1028–35<br />
| coronation2 =<br />
| spouse =[[Æthelred the Unready]]<br/>[[Cnut the Great]]<br />
| issue =[[Edward the Confessor]]<br/>[[Goda of England|Goda, Countess of the Véxin]]<br/>[[Alfred Ætheling]]<br/>[[Harthacnut]]<br/>[[Gunhilda of Denmark|Gunhilda, Queen of the Romans]]<br />
| house = [[House of Normandy]]<br />
| father =[[Richard I of Normandy|Richard the Fearless]]<br />
| mother =[[Gunnora]]<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|985}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Normandy]]<br />
| death_date = 6 March 1052 (aged 66–67)<br />
| death_place = [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]]<br />
| religion =[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]<br />
| signature =<br />
}}<br />
'''Emma''' ({{circa|985}} – 6 March 1052 in [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]]), was a daughter of [[Richard I of Normandy|Richard the Fearless]], [[Duke of Normandy]], by his second wife [[Gunnora]]. She was [[Queen consort]] of England twice, by successive marriages: first as second wife to [[Æthelred the Unready]] of [[England]] (1002–16); and then second wife to [[Cnut the Great]] of [[Denmark]] (1017–35). Two of her sons, one by each husband, and two stepsons, also by each husband, became kings of England, as did her great-nephew, [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], [[Duke of Normandy]].<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
===Reign of Æthelred===<br />
In 1000–1 Normandy gave shelter to a Viking army threatening England, and Æthelred may have attempted an invasion of Normandy in response, but in 1002 he changed tack and arranged to marry Emma, the sister of [[Richard II, Duke of Normandy]], as his second wife.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8915/?back=,8794 Simon Keynes, Æthelred II, Oxford Online DNB, 2009]. However, Ian Howard sees the marriage as an alliance to meet a Viking threat to both England and Normandy. ''Harthacnut: The last Danish King of England'', The History Press, 2008, p. 10.</ref> She was given an English name, Ælfgifu, which was used instead of her Norman name on formal occasions or on charters. She had two sons, Edward (the future [[Edward the Confessor]]) and [[Alfred Ætheling|Alfred]], and a daughter, [[Goda of England|Goda]]. She was accorded a more prominent place in charters than his first wife.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8794/?back=,8794,8915 | first = Simon | last = Kenyes | contribution = Emma | title = Oxford Online DNB | year = 2004}}.</ref> She received properties that had belonged to [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Queen Ælfthryth]] in [[Winchester]] and [[Rutland]], and also controlled the city of [[Exeter]], parts of [[Devon]]shire, [[Suffolk]] and [[Oxfordshire]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship | last=Honeycutt | first=Lois | page=41 | year=2003 | publisher=The Boydell Press | location=Woodbridge }}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1013 Æthelred sent Emma and her children to her brother in Normandy to escape [[Sweyn Forkbeard|Sweyn]]'s invasion, and soon followed himself, but they were able to return when Sweyn died in February 1014. Æthelred's eldest son, [[Æthelstan Ætheling|Æthelstan]] had long been recognised as heir apparent, and charter evidence shows that Edward ranked behind all Æthelred's sons by his first marriage,<ref>Keynes, Æthelred II.</ref> but Æthelstan died in June 1014, and Emma now tried to get her own son, the ten year old Edward, recognised as heir. She was an ally of her husband's most trusted adviser, the deeply distrusted [[Eadric Streona]], [[ealdorman]] of [[Mercia]], and he took her side, but she was opposed by Æthelred's oldest surviving son, [[Edmund Ironside]], and his allies, who naturally regarded him as the heir.<br />
<br />
Edmund revolted against his father, and in 1015 Sweyn's son [[Cnut the Great|Cnut]] invaded. Æthelred was able to hold out against Cnut in London, but in April 1016 Æthelred died, as did Edmund in November. Queen Emma still held out against Cnut in London, but it was finally agreed that her sons should go to live in Normandy and she would marry Cnut.<ref>Howard, pp. 12–5.</ref> The marriage probably saved her sons, as Cnut tried to rid himself of rival claimants, but spared their lives.<ref>{{cite book | last=Honeycutt | first=Lois | page=41 | year = 2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Reign of Cnut===<br />
During the first years of Cnut's reign, Emma was rarely called upon to act as witness to his acts. This changed around 1020, when she became more active in affairs.<ref>{{cite book | last=Honeycutt | first=Lois | page=42 | year=2003 }}</ref> Like Queen Ælfthryth, she acted as patroness of the clergy and abbot Ælfsige of Peterborough was one of her closest advisors. She also befriended clergy from the continent, which added to the prestige of both herself and her husband as a christian king. <br />
<br />
It is thought though, due not least to the extolling of her in the ''[[Encomium Emmae Reginae]]'', that in addition to political machinations, Cnut grew fond of Emma. In this, an affectionate marriage and the ability to keep the threat from over the channel at bay, was seen as a happy coincidence.<br />
<br />
[[File:Canute and Ælfgifu.jpg|thumb|left|Cnut and Emma of Normandy, from the ''Liber Vitae'' of the New Minster, Winchester (1031).]]<br />
<br />
===Reigns of Harold I, Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor===<br />
After Cnut's death, Edward and Alfred returned to England from their exile in 1036, to see their mother, and were put under their half-brother, Harthacnut's, protection. This was seen as a move against [[Harold Harefoot]], Cnut's son by [[Ælfgifu of Northampton]], who put himself forward as Harold I with the support of many of the English nobility. In contempt of Harthacnut, and at war with his enemies in Scandinavia, Alfred was captured, blinded, and shortly after, died from his wounds. Edward escaped to Normandy and Emma herself soon left for Bruges and the court of the Count of Flanders. It was at this court that the ''Encomium Emmae'' (see above) was written.<br />
<br />
[[Image:British.Library.MS.Add.33241.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Twice the Queen of the English kingdom, Emma of Normandy sits here in receipt of the [[Encomium Emmae]], with her sons [[Harthacnut]] and [[Edward the Confessor]] in the frame.]]<br />
<br />
Harthacnut prepared an invasion force after he had made his Danish Lands secure in 1040 and picked Emma up from Flanders before setting out to England.<ref>{{cite book | title=Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe| last=Duggan | first=Anne | page=44 | year=1997 }}</ref> The death of Harold I in 1040 made his accession easier. Emma then held [[Wessex]] as regent for her son Edward,<ref>{{cite book | last=Honeycutt | first=Lois | page=44 | year=2003 }}</ref> until he was officially made welcome in England the next year. Harthacnut told the Norman court that Edward should be made king if he himself had no sons. Edward was subsequently King of England on the death of Harthacnut, who, like Harold I, met his end in the throes of a fit. Emma was also to return to England, yet was cast aside, as she supported [[Magnus the Noble]], not Edward, her son. It is supposed that she had no love for her children from her first marriage.<br />
<br />
===Psychological speculation===<br />
Emma of Normandy might well have seen herself as coming second to the first wife, in both of her marriages (Æthelred's first wife Ælfflaed possibly died in childbirth or from complications during labour). With her marriage to Cnut, set in the shade of his first wife, Ælfgifu of Northampton, she, at the time was known as Ælfgifu of Normandy. Her second marriage, then, in some way left her as a second Ælfgifu, which she was clearly inclined to abandon, preferring Emma. Despite her being a second wife, her noble marriages created a strong connection between England and Normandy, which was to find its culmination under her great-nephew [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] in 1066.<br />
<br />
===Emma's progeny===<br />
Emma's issue with [[Æthelred the Unready]] were:<br />
<br />
* [[Edward the Confessor]]<br />
* [[Goda of England]]<br />
* [[Alfred Ætheling]]<br />
<br />
Her issue with [[Cnut the Great]] were<br />
* [[Harthacnut]]<br />
* [[Gunhilda of Denmark]]<br />
<br />
==Family tree==<br />
{{Canute tree}}<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
* Emma was played by [[Elizabeth Hubbard]] in the 1970 television movie ''[[The Ceremony of Innocence (film)|The Ceremony of Innocence]]''.<br />
* She is also the protagonist of [[Helen Hollick]]'s 2010 novel, "[[The Forever Queen]]."<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|Normandy}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
;History<br />
See also [[Encomium Emmae]] (for the ''Encomium Emmae Reginae'' or ''Gesta Cnutonis Regis'' in honour of Queen Emma)<br />
*Monk of St Omer (1949) ''Encomium Emmae Reginae''; ed. Alistair Campbell. (Camden 3rd series; no. 72.) London: Royal Historical Society (Reissued by Cambridge U. P. 1998 with suppl. introd. by Simon Keynes ISBN 0521626552)<br />
* O'Brien, Harriet (2005) ''Queen Emma and the Vikings''. Bloomsbury U.S.A.<br />
*[[Pauline Stafford|Stafford, Pauline]] (2001) ''Queen Emma and Queen Edith: queenship and women's power in eleventh-century England''. Oxford: Blackwell.<br />
*Strachan, Isabella (2005) ''Emma: the twice-crowned Queen of England in the Viking Age''. London: Peter Owen<br />
<br />
;Fiction<br />
*Gordon, Noah (1986) ''The Physician''. Basingstoke: Macmillan ISBN 067147748X (Novel set in the early 11th century.)<br />
*Hollick, Helen (2004) ''[http://www.helenhollick.net/revuemma.html The Hollow Crown]''. (August 2004) William Heinemann, Random House. ISBN 0-434-00491-X; Arrow paperback ISBN 0-09-927234-2. This is a historical novel about Queen Emma of Normandy, intended to explain why she was so indifferent to the children of her first marriage.<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{S-hou|[[House of Normandy]]|circa|985|6 March|1052}}<br />
{{succession box | before = [[Ælfgifu of York]]| title = [[List of English consorts|Queen Consort of England]] | years = 1002–1013| after = [[Sigrid the Haughty]]}}<br />
{{succession box | before = [[Ealdgyth (floruit 1015–1016)]] | title = [[List of English consorts|Queen Consort of England]] | years =1016–1035 | after = [[Edith of Wessex]]}}<br />
{{succession box | before = [[Sigrid the Haughty]]| title = [[List of Danish royal consorts|Queen Consort of Denmark]] | years = 1017–1035| after = [[Gyda of Sweden]]}}<br />
{{succession box | before = [[Astrid Olofsdotter]]| title = [[List of Norwegian consorts|Queen Consort of Norway]] | years = 1028–1035| after = [[Elisiv of Kiev]]}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
{{Danish consorts}}<br />
{{Norwegian consorts}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata<br />
|NAME=Emma of Normandy<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=<br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=<br />
|birth_date=<br />
|birth_place= [[Normandy]]<br />
|death_date= 6 March 1052<br />
|death_place= [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH= 6 March 1052<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Normandy]]<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]]<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Emma Of Normandy}}<br />
[[Category:980s births]]<br />
[[Category:1052 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Anglo-Saxon royal consorts]]<br />
[[Category:Normans]]<br />
[[Category:English royal consorts]]<br />
[[Category:Danish royal consorts]]<br />
[[Category:Norwegian royal consorts]]<br />
[[Category:Female regents]]<br />
[[Category:Women of medieval England]]<br />
[[Category:Burials at Winchester Cathedral]]<br />
[[Category:Viking Age women]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century English people]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century women]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century women]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Emma Normandská]]<br />
[[da:Emma af Normandiet]]<br />
[[de:Emma von der Normandie]]<br />
[[el:Έμμα της Νορμανδίας]]<br />
[[es:Emma de Normandía]]<br />
[[eo:Emma de Normandio]]<br />
[[fa:امای نورماندی]]<br />
[[fr:Emma de Normandie]]<br />
[[hr:Ema Normanska]]<br />
[[is:Emma af Normandí]]<br />
[[it:Emma di Normandia]]<br />
[[nl:Emma van Normandië]]<br />
[[ja:エマ・オブ・ノーマンディー]]<br />
[[no:Emma av Normandie]]<br />
[[pl:Emma z Normandii]]<br />
[[pt:Ema da Normandia]]<br />
[[ru:Эмма Нормандская]]<br />
[[fi:Emma Normandialainen]]<br />
[[sv:Emma av Normandie]]<br />
[[th:เอ็มมาแห่งนอร์มังดี สมเด็จพระราชินีแห่งอังกฤษ]]<br />
[[uk:Емма Норманська]]<br />
[[zh:諾曼第的愛瑪]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_change&diff=456415010Chemical change2011-10-19T20:52:08Z<p>Ronstew: caps</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}<br />
'''Chemical changes''' occur when objects or substances are changed or altered. In a chemical change, [[chemical bond|bond]]s are broken and formed between different [[atom]]s. This breaking and forming of bonds takes place when particles of the original materials collide with one another. Some [[exothermic]] reactions may be hot enough to cause certain chemicals to also undergo a change in state. For example, in the case of aqueous solutions, bubbles may not necessarily be newly produced gas but instead water vapor, so, chemical change is nothing but a change which is usually irreversable.<br />
<br />
When [[chemical reaction]]s occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an [[Gibbs free energy|energy change]] as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between [[sodium hydroxide]] and [[hydrogen chloride]] to produce [[sodium chloride]], or common salt. This reaction is so exothermic, meaning it releases heat in the form of energy, that even flames are generated. This is an example of a chemical change because the end product is molecularly different from the starting molecules.<ref>Carpi, Anthony, Ph.D. [http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=54 “Chemical Reactions.”] Vision Learning. Vision Learning Inc. , 2009. Web. 6 Oct. 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
Chemical changes are happening all the time. There are several different types of chemical change, including: [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]], [[Decomposition reaction|decomposition]], [[Single displacement reaction|single displacement]], [[Double displacement reaction|double displacement]], [[Neutralization (chemistry)|neutralization]], [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]], [[combustion]] and [[redox]].<br />
<br />
Examples of chemical changes:<br />
<br />
* Burning of [[camphor]]<br />
* [[Decomposition]]<br />
* [[Neutralization]] (Mixing an [[acid]] with a [[base (chemistry)|base]], resulting in [[water]] and [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]).<br />
* [[Photosynthesis]] – a process in which [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]] are changed into [[sugars]] by [[plants]].<br />
* [[Cracking (chemistry)|Cracking]] heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of [[refining]] [[oil]]).<br />
* [[Cooking]] examples: [[cake]], [[pancakes]], and [[Egg (food)|eggs]]/[[bacon]]<br />
* [[Oxidation]] examples: [[rust]] or [[tarnishing]]<br />
* [[Ripening]] examples: [[bananas]], [[tomatoes]] or [[potatoes]]<br />
<br />
Evidence of a chemical change:<br />
<br />
The following can indicate that a chemical change took place, although this evidence is not conclusive:<br />
* Change of odor.<br />
* Change of color (for example, silver to reddish-brown when [[iron]] rusts).<br />
* Change in temperature or [[energy]], such as the production ([[exothermic]]) or loss ([[endothermic]]) of [[heat]].<br />
* Change of form (for example, burning paper).<br />
* [[Light]], [[heat]], or [[sound]] is given off.<br />
* Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles.<br />
* Formation of [[precipitate]] (insoluble particles).<br />
* The decomposition of [[organic matter]] (for example, rotting food).<br />
A chemical change is a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.<br />
A chemical change can have a huge impact on a physical change.chemical changes are permanent.<br />
A chemical change changes the identity or properties of a substance and cannot be reversible.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chemical bonds}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemical change}}<br />
[[Category:Chemical bonding| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quantum chemistry]]<br />
[[Category:Chemistry]]<br />
<br />
[[ht:Chanjman chimik]]<br />
[[simple:Chemical change]]<br />
[[tr:Kimyasal değişim]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_change&diff=456414827Chemical change2011-10-19T20:51:05Z<p>Ronstew: trimming a redundant heading and an off-topic aside</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}<br />
'''Chemical changes''' occur when objects or substances are changed or altered. In a chemical change, [[chemical bond|bond]]s are broken and formed between different [[atom]]s. This breaking and forming of bonds takes place when particles of the original materials collide with one another. Some [[exothermic]] reactions may be hot enough to cause certain chemicals to also undergo a change in state. For example, in the case of aqueous solutions, bubbles may not necessarily be newly produced gas but instead water vapor, so, chemical change is nothing but a change which is usually irreversable.<br />
<br />
When [[chemical reaction]]s occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an [[Gibbs free energy|energy change]] as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between [[sodium hydroxide]] and [[hydrogen chloride]] to produce [[sodium chloride]], or common salt. This reaction is so exothermic, meaning it releases heat in the form of energy, that even flames are generated. This is an example of a chemical change because the end product is molecularly different from the starting molecules.<ref>Carpi, Anthony, Ph.D. [http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=54 “Chemical Reactions.”] Vision Learning. Vision Learning Inc. , 2009. Web. 6 Oct. 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
Chemical changes are happening all the time. There are several different types of chemical change, including: [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]], [[Decomposition reaction|decomposition]], [[Single displacement reaction|single displacement]], [[Double displacement reaction|double displacement]], [[Neutralization (chemistry)|neutralization]], [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]], [[combustion]] and [[redox]].<br />
<br />
Examples of some chemical changes:<br />
<br />
* Burning of [[Camphor]].<br />
* [[Decomposition]]<br />
* [[Neutralization]] (Mixing an [[acid]] with a [[base (chemistry)|base]], resulting in [[water]] and [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]).<br />
* [[Photosynthesis]] – a process in which [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]] are changed into [[sugars]] by [[plants]].<br />
* [[Cracking (chemistry)|Cracking]] heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of [[refining]] [[oil]]).<br />
* [[Cooking]] examples: [[cake]], [[pancakes]], and [[Egg (food)|eggs]]/[[bacon]]<br />
* [[Oxidation]] examples: [[rust]] or [[tarnishing]]<br />
* [[Ripening]] examples: [[bananas]], [[tomatoes]] or [[potatoes]]<br />
<br />
Evidence of a chemical change:<br />
<br />
The following can indicate that a chemical change took place, although this evidence is not conclusive:<br />
* Change of odor.<br />
* Change of color (for example, silver to reddish-brown when [[iron]] rusts).<br />
* Change in temperature or [[energy]], such as the production ([[exothermic]]) or loss ([[endothermic]]) of [[heat]].<br />
* Change of form (for example, burning paper).<br />
* [[Light]], [[heat]], or [[sound]] is given off.<br />
* Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles.<br />
* Formation of [[precipitate]] (insoluble particles).<br />
* The decomposition of [[organic matter]] (for example, rotting food).<br />
A chemical change is a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.<br />
A chemical change can have a huge impact on a physical change.chemical changes are permanent.<br />
A chemical change changes the identity or properties of a substance and cannot be reversible.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chemical bonds}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemical change}}<br />
[[Category:Chemical bonding| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quantum chemistry]]<br />
[[Category:Chemistry]]<br />
<br />
[[ht:Chanjman chimik]]<br />
[[simple:Chemical change]]<br />
[[tr:Kimyasal değişim]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Queens&diff=456414168Talk:Queens2011-10-19T20:47:14Z<p>Ronstew: /* Current status of water taxi */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{WikiProject New York City|importance=Top|class=B}}<br />
{{WikiProject New York|class=B|importance=High}}<br />
{{WikiProject Long Island|class=B|importance=Top}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== changed sentance that read sort of like an add ==<br />
originally it read "and [[JetBlue Airways]], the '''low-cost''' airline based in John F. Kennedy Airport, is located in Forest Hills."<br />
i changed it to "and jetblue airways, the airline based in john f. Kennedy airport.". <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/74.64.65.111|74.64.65.111]] ([[User talk:74.64.65.111|talk]]) 21:58, 6 May 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
<br />
==Citation==<br />
i would be very interested to see the evidence from the nyc department of city housing which you say indicates the "top 10 wealthiest neighborhoods in queens".- you list woodhaven and richmond hill and jackson heights in this category? are you serious? homes in bellerose and floral park sell for an average of 650000, and you are telling me some of the towns on that list have greater property value please. i went to the website and found no such list. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/129.98.237.172|129.98.237.172]] ([[User talk:129.98.237.172|talk]]) 19:03, 24 October 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Queen's? ==<br />
Was it ever proper to use an apostrophe in the name Queens? It seems like it was named that was, as a possessive, along with Kings County. -- [[User:68.47.81.141|68.47.81.141]] 21:18, 14 November 2006 (UTC)<br />
:I quote the article on [[Catherine of Braganza]]<br/> Although some have claimed that [[Queens]] a borough of [[New York City]] was named after Catherine of Braganza, her name is not mentioned in the first 200 years of historical documents that have been preserved in the county archives.<br/> I'm curious as to the origin of the name as the article on [[Queens' Guard (College of William and Mary)]] states: <br/>The name uses the possessive plural "Queens'" in recognition of the three Queens of Great Britain considered patrons of the College: Queen Mary II, who ... granted the royal charter for the creation of the College; Queen Anne, who ... granted money for the rebuilding of the College ... and Queen Elizabeth II, who visited the College in 1957 and for whom the Queens' Guard was created.<br />
<br />
== most ethnically diverse county ==<br />
<br />
the page on NYC says that Brooklyn takes this honor. one of these two pages is incorrect.<small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:4.129.79.253 |4.129.79.253 ]] ([[User talk:4.129.79.253 |talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/4.129.79.253 |contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --><br />
<br />
Brooklyn and Queens have alot of diverse groups. I lived in Brooklyn and now I live in Queens and from experience, I would say that Queens is more diverse.<br />
<br />
<br />
== largest sikh population? ==<br />
<br />
does this person have any evidence to back up this claim "Richmond Hill, in the south, has the largest population of Indian Sikhs outside of India; ". it would make a lot more sense for a part of england to have the largest sikh population outside of india. i would believe areas of fiji, or dubai, or toronto to have that before richmond hill.<br />
<br />
--Well I do know that Richmod Hill has the largest Sikh temple outside of India. As for the numbers of people, it would be inaccurate to compare a single neighborhood of NYC to the whole city of Toronto or the whole island of Fiji. --[[User:Jleon|Jleon]] 14:12, 13 March 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
You don't read very well do you? I wrote '''areas''' of Fiji, Dubai, and Toronto. Also, I am not debating whether or not Richmond Hill does or not, I am asking for evidence of that claim, which clearly you have not presented. So why did you even bother responding? I don't know what your standards are, but simply "knowing that Richmond Hill has the largest population outside of India" just doesn't cut it in the encyclopedia world, that's why people cite their sources. You do know what citations are?<br />
<br />
-- Richmond Hill also has a large Carribean-Indian population, particularly from Guyana. These people form a community that is distinct from that of the Indians coming directly from India. This population may actually be more notable in Richmond Hill than the Sikhs.<small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:208.131.51.27|208.131.51.27]] ([[User talk:208.131.51.27|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/208.131.51.27|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --><br />
<br />
definitely more sikhs in neighbourhoods of london, or birmingham. there are probably more sikhs in some of these neighbourhoods than the entire queens. even manchester has a curry mile which i doubt richmond hill does.<br />
<br />
lol the numbers are definitely way off. the uk has 20% of usa's population but 5 times as many sikhs. canada has 1/10 of usa's population but double the amount of sikhs. someone definitely needs to change the sikh sentence in the article. just off the top of my head, id say the area of 49th and main in vancouver probably has 2 times as many sikhs as richmond hill.<br />
http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_sikh.html<br />
<br />
<br />
i am positive that toronto has the largest population of sikhs <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/216.221.67.75|216.221.67.75]] ([[User talk:216.221.67.75|talk]]) 02:08, 16 June 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== John Jay Coll. is not in Queens ==<br />
As far as I know, John Jay College of Criminal Justice is in Manhattan, and not in Queens. The John Jay article says as much. This should be deleted.<small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:208.131.51.27|208.131.51.27]] ([[User talk:208.131.51.27|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/208.131.51.27|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Crime ==<br />
<br />
Is the crime rate in Queens really that high? I've read somewhere that Queens has one of the lowest crimes rates in NYC.<small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:69.115.212.184|69.115.212.184]] ([[User talk:69.115.212.184|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/69.115.212.184|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --><br />
<br />
It depends where you live. There are safe places in Queens like Fresh Meadows, Rego Park, etc. There are also dangerous places like Jamaica. But I would say that Brooklyn has a higher crime rate than QUeens does.<br />
<br />
The crime stats for Queens are no different than the other 4 boroughs. The anonymous user added this link:<br />
<br />
http://www.fedstats.gov/mapstats/crime/county/36081.html<br />
<br />
But in looking at the other 4 boroughs, the crimes per population ratio is exactly the same:<br />
<br />
http://www.fedstats.gov/mapstats/crime/county/36047.html<br />
<br />
http://www.fedstats.gov/mapstats/crime/county/36005.html<br />
<br />
http://www.fedstats.gov/mapstats/crime/county/36061.html<br />
<br />
http://www.fedstats.gov/mapstats/crime/county/36085.html<br />
<br />
I suspect this is "Bkbkbkbk" trying to "roughen-up" Queens again.<br />
[[User:Dialt0ne|Dialt0ne]] 06:44, 11 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
This is why Queens sucks. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Supersajjin|Supersajjin]] ([[User talk:Supersajjin|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Supersajjin|contribs]]) 07:33, 31 May 2010 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
==Removed section==<br />
I removed the section titled "Crime" as it was completely uncited and appeared to be original research. [[WP:V]]/[[WP:OR]] --[[User:Wildnox|Wildnox]] 23:29, 27 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
The user that added it, Bkbkbkbk has been attempting to add this OR to Queens and College Point, Queens for some time now. Can he be locked out of editing pages he abuses often? -- [[User:Dialt0ne|Dialt0ne]] 13:10, 28 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
:Specific pages, no. But he can be, and currently is, blocked. --[[User:Wildnox|Wildnox]] 00:12, 29 September 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Uuuh. ==<br />
<br />
I'm not registered in the English Wikipedia, so I'd be glad if someone took care of it - "they like to lick dogs"? It's at the end of the second paragraph. Quite hilarious, I admit, but still...<br />
<br />
== Wow. ==<br />
<br />
It disappeared 2 seconds after I posted my comment. Wow.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Court System ==<br />
<br />
While a lesser organization exists at the county level, the court "system" itself is truly organized at the State level in New York, with all employees of the courts technically state employees. Can anyone with a more intimate knowledge of the courts fix this?<br />
<br />
That depends on what you mean by lesser. There are 2 court systems. State Supreme Court and County Criminal Court. More defendants are processed by Criminal Court then Supreme Court. Don't see anything wrong with<br />
:Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote.<br />
==Removed population table==<br />
The article used to have a table of borough population since 1900. What has happened to it??? [[User:Dogru144|Dogru144]] 17:13, 17 March 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
<br />
Not much is said about the culture in Queens and under it, it says culture of New york city and not too much is mention their about queens either. Queens has several parades in Flushing Meadwows park such as the Colombian day festivl held in mid July. The Ecuadorian parade held in august in and/or around Flushing Meadows park. Something about Run Dmc seing how Afrika Bambaata is included in The Bronx. If any one could improve this section please do.<br />
<br />
== Queens is also home to the one and only Christian E. Piña? ==<br />
<br />
What is a Christian E. Piña (brother of Caroline Piña) and why is it significant enough to go in the first paragraph?<br />
<br />
== Queens County? ==<br />
<br />
Seems like the first paragraph should be modified so as not to introduce Queens as Queens County but rather as Queens, one of the five boroughs of New York City, coterminous with Queens County. This would strengthen the consistency among the five individual articles about the boroughs. Plus, "Queens" is not simply a shortening of the county name, as the current wording suggests; it is the name of the borough. If colloquial shortening were the true root of the borough names, then Brooklyn would be known simply as "Kings" and Staten Island would be called "Richmond." Conisder revising for logic.<br />
<br />
== Jamaica or Mineola? ==<br />
<br />
Currently, this article has Mineola listed as the county seat prior to the secession of the western towns into New York City in 1898.<br />
<br />
However, I have found at least two sources which identify Jamaica as the county seat. The first is a website called Nassau County History ([http://www.rootsweb.com/~nynassa2/]), and the second is the ''[[Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', which is being updated for its second edition to be released next year. And, the Wikipedia entry on Mineola itself says the county seat was moved there in July 1900. It would seem to me that the reference listed in this article, from the Queens Borough President's office, may be wrong.<br />
<br />
I'm inclined to stick with my belief that Jamaica was the county seat of pre-consolidation Queens. However, I'm opening this for debate. [[User:Rollosmokes|Rollosmokes]] 08:21, 13 October 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:ADDENDUM: Some of these sources are confused: according to the Queens entry in the ''Encyclopedia of New York City'', the county seat was Jamaica until 1788, when it was moved to Mineola. The Jamaica entry in the same book mentions Jamaica as county seat, but doesn't mention anything else. I'll edit the article to reflect that, but I'm still for debate. [[User:Rollosmokes|Rollosmokes]] 08:32, 13 October 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::And then we have [[Long Island City Courthouse Complex]] which calls [[Garden City Park]] the "original" courthouse site but names LIC as the seat for the late 19th century. Frankly I'm surprised that Rustdorp was important enough in the 17th century to be the first county seat and would expect Newtown, as a port town, to take that job. And now where's the county seat? [[Kew Gardens (Queens)]]? Anyway the two questions that seem fairly clear are: (1) Mineola is too new to be a candidate, and (2) the question has not been settled with encyclopedic clarity. [[User:Jim.henderson|Jim.henderson]] 14:25, 13 October 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Did "Nassau" vote on consolidation? ==<br />
<br />
Flushing & West Chester voted AGAINST consolidation. IIRC, ToB, most of ToH, & ToNH were never invited to vote. Organizers knew "Nassau" was more Republican & likely to oppose it - it was also much further out than mostly anyone envisioned the city would ever go - so they were never asked to vote on it. Barely passed in City of Brooklyn, & 2 of 3 city mayors fought it. Mt Vernon voted against & did not consolidate. --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 10:45, 24 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
*http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=GGLG%2CGGLG%3A2006-07%2CGGLG%3Aen&q=consolidation+referendum+queens *http://www.thirteen.org/queens/history2.html <br />
*http://mapsites.net/gotham01/ConsolidationDBQ.htm<br />
*http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0CE2D81730E033A25756C1A9649D94659ED7CF<br />
*http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/his/bk2/ch4/pt8.html<br />
<br />
Do you really think Hempstead voted against consolidation & they split off the part of Rockaway that voted for consolidation -- and took just part of the town -- yet the entire Town of Flushing & entire Town of Eastchester voted against - and they took them entirely anyway??? ... Most of Brooklyn voted against, but they did not do any fancy partion in Brooklyn. The only reasonable conclusion, though my edit will not say that until there is a firm source, is that "Nassau" was never asked to vote. There is a firm source that Mt Vernon was not asked to vote, but organized its own vote (that is in the refs) & voted NAY. --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 06:20, 28 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==From 1898 to 1899==<br />
<br />
Every source says that parts of Queens County did not join the new Borough of Queens in 1898, but split off in 1899 to form Nassau County. Hence the borough & the county could not have been [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] "with consolidation" in 1898 - not until 1899. There is an editor who repeatedly reverts to saying they were coterminous "with consolidation". The same editor repeatedly reverts to say that those portions of Queens County that voted against consolidation did not join. Well, all the sources say Flushing voted against - and it still was joined. No sources say any part of present Nassau County ever voted, yet the same editor keeps re-inserting they did. No sources say that somehow the Rockaways voted yes & the rest of Hempstead voted no. There is no reference to support towns being split up based on votes. Though I would not have the article say so without good reference, tHe most likely case is that present Nassau was never part of the vote, they were simply not asked to vote & were "left behind".<br />
Please weigh in on this issue, as the user has not expressed any regard for the position I have presented, so far just blasting it away with reverts in excess of [[WP:3RR]] --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 10:16, 28 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
I have found numerous incontrovertible sources for the statement that I said I would not add until I found reliable sources. I will be adding them soon. --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 05:06, 29 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Coterminous does not mean "dissolved". Coterminous means "having the same boundaries". All during 1898, Queens County included 3 towns that would later become Nassau County - and so the County was thus much larger than the Borough of Queens. Those 3 towns were never dissolved. so it is flase that "with consolidation" the county & borough were coterminous. They were not coterminous until Nassau County was created.--[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 05:06, 29 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== If we need to shorten the history section, here are some candidates ==<br />
<br />
*Quartering Act<br />
**this was not just specific to Queens, leave as link. Might be worth saying something about prevalence of Loyalists in SOME towns<br />
**section contradicts the [[Quartering Act]] article, which says<br />
**:''While many sources claim that the 1774 act allowed troops to be billeted in occupied private homes, this is a myth. The act only permitted troops to be quartered in unoccupied buildings'' <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/JimWae|contribs]]) 09:52, 28 December 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
*In 1870, [[Long Island City, Queens|Long Island City]] was incorporated as a city, consisting of what had been the [[Astoria, Queens|Village of Astoria]] and some unincorporated areas in the Town of Newtown<br />
**unsourced & probably too much detail re constituent parts<br />
<br />
*The areas of Queens County that voted against{{dubious}} consolidation, consisting of the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay, and the remaining portions of the Town of Hempstead, were constituted as the new Nassau County in 1899.<br />
** it seems all the areas that were asked to vote & voted against were merged anyway<br />
<br />
*With consolidation, the city and former towns and villages within Queens County were dissolved; the county and borough of Queens were now [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]].{{dubious}}<br />
** just wrong in so many ways, no matter how many times it gets re-inserted <br />
<br />
*The borough's administrative and court buildings are presently located in [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]] and downtown Jamaica respectively, two neighborhoods that were villages of the former Town of Jamaica.<br />
** out of synchronicity & details should be in gov't section<br />
<br />
*The borough experienced a great leap in growth in the 1920s, from 469,042 in 1920 to 1,079,129 in 1930 <br />
** significance & context not given & no pointer to rest of census data<br />
<br />
*coincidental with the expansion of the use of the [[automobile]] and the construction of the elevated [[Interborough Rapid Transit|IRT]] [[rapid transit|subway]] lines to Astoria and Flushing.<br />
** things that are expressed as producers of results are more persuasive for inclusion than things that are "coincidental" -<br />
** since the article is on Queens, there's no big deal about IRT to Astoria & Flushing UNLESS they are FROM somewhere other than Queens - could they have used a tunnel maybe? ...or a bridge? I produced 2 academic articles that said the Queensboro Bridge was one of the major events in the history of Queens - but somebody deleted it, saying it should be in the Transportation section - but he did not put it there, & that section does not cover the historical significance of transportation<br />
<br />
I post this since I do not think ONE person should make all the decisions about what gets deleted, and invite comments.<br />
--[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 09:31, 28 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Actually, if any section needs to be shortened, I'd also look at Neighborhoods & Demographics - both already have their own articles, so only summaries & links need to be in the main article. Furthermore, the Neighborhoods section is particularly prone to ethnic generalizations --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 09:35, 28 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Unresolved issues from User-talk pages==<br />
<br />
Somewhere in the History section, it needs to be clear that Queens was NOT consolidating with itself, nor with LIC - it was consolidating with NYC - hence I propose a paragraph to begin "The '''New York City Borough''' of Queens was founded on January 1, 1898..." also making it clear that it was never any other kind of borough <br />
<br />
Regarding Mineola being the county seat of Queens from 1788 to 1874, it is more remarkable that Mineola is now part of a different county than that it was "then a hamlet of North Hempstead" (and this is separate from another issue that could confuse the reader: that most encyclopedia say Mineola is in 2 towns - also in the Town of Hempstead. This likely has more to do with post-office boundaries, however).<br />
--[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 10:31, 28 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
While we are at it, is anyone aware of a wikipedia policy that says reference notes must come at the end of a sentence, and may not be with the point being referenced? --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 10:34, 28 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Categories missing ==<br />
<br />
Why does this article have no categories? [[User:Badagnani|Badagnani]] ([[User talk:Badagnani|talk]]) 02:36, 18 February 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Boroughs as separate cities ==<br />
<br />
I have doubts about including this at all, but people keep adding it - If the boroughs were each a separate city, then NYC would not be a city anymore & it would not be in the rankings> Brooklyn would be 3rd, Queens 4th> If only that borough left, then each would be one lower --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 03:31, 2 March 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! rank||Place||Population||NYC pop if ONLY<br>that borough left city<br />
|-<br />
|0||NYC||8,110,067<br />
|-<br />
|1 ||Los Angeles|| 3,849,378 <br />
|-<br />
|2 ||Chicago || 2,833,321 <br />
|-<br />
|3 ||Brooklyn ||2,465,326||5,644,741<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||Queens ||2,229,379||5,880,688<br />
|-<br />
|5 ||Houston ||2,144,491 <br />
|-<br />
|6 ||Manhattan ||1,593,200||6,516,867<br />
|-<br />
|7 ||Phoenix|| 1,512,986 <br />
|-<br />
|8 ||Philadelphia|| 1,448,394 <br />
|-<br />
|9 ||Bronx ||1,357,589 || 6,752,478<br />
|-<br />
|10|| San Antonio|| 1,296,682 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
You are correct. I am going to fix this in the article. [[User:NoIdeaNick|NoIdeaNick]] ([[User talk:NoIdeaNick|talk]]) 20:17, 21 May 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Population figures ==<br />
Does the population estimates/figures/numbers take into account ILLEGAL immigrants. Cause there are ALOT in QUeens county.More than likely so than any where else in Nyc. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:FlushinQwnzNyc|FlushinQwnzNyc]] ([[User talk:FlushinQwnzNyc|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/FlushinQwnzNyc|contribs]]) 15:06, 21 March 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Urbanness ==<br />
<br />
The borough is often considered one of the more suburban boroughs of New York City. Queens urbanness is about 99% correlated to is proximity to lower manhattan (just as brooklyn). I mean really the closer to lower manhattan it is the more urban it is... The only exception would be [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] and [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]].<br />
<br />
== Population == <br />
<br />
10 th most populous county how about ranking/spot in population density. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.202.86.91|151.202.86.91]] ([[User talk:151.202.86.91|talk]]) 14:45, 1 June 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
: It's the nation's 4th densest-populated county (after the Counties of New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], and Bronx and before the City & County of San Francisco), as now noted (before I saw this) in the lead paragraphs. [[User:Shakescene|—— Shakescene]] ([[User talk:Shakescene|talk]]) 12:12, 6 February 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== floods in queens ==<br />
<br />
where are the flooded aeras in Queens?and what part of Queens is safe from floods in a basement of a house?last year Queens had a high flooded aeras------ <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.188.76.116|24.188.76.116]] ([[User talk:24.188.76.116|talk]]) 16:46, 13 July 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
~ Low level areas near 164th street and peck avenue<br />
*[[Willets point]] junk yard is EXTERMELY prone to being flooded since it has no sewer system.<br />
* Areas of spring field gardens and south jamaica (near rochdale village- Bedell street 144th avenue) <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.202.88.105|151.202.88.105]] ([[User talk:151.202.88.105|talk]]) 20:42, 22 July 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Illegal immigrants ==<br />
<br />
There is absolutely no way the population figues in the article represent Queens. Queens is population is more than 50% foreign born and there are thousands if not hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants. 99% of riders on the 7 train from [[Flushing|Flushing, Queens]] to [[Woodside|Woodside, Queens]] are illegal immigrants. Thats an exageration but there is a copious amount of illegal immigrants in Queens and there surely not accounted in the demographics. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.202.88.105|151.202.88.105]] ([[User talk:151.202.88.105|talk]]) 20:49, 22 July 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
===Non Hispanic White===<br />
<br />
The same link with the detailed information about Queens's demographics says theres %15 non hispanic whites...<br />
<br />
<small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.202.75.4|151.202.75.4]] ([[User talk:151.202.75.4|talk]]) 5 February 2009'' --(Signature manually added from talk page history by [[User:Shakescene]] 6 February 2009)''</small><br />
<br />
==Article title: Queens vs. Queens (New York City borough)==<br />
The title of this article has been changed from "Queens" to "Queens (New York City borough)", citing concerns about US-centrism. The article [[Queens]] now redirects to [[Queens (disambiguation)]]. This has left thousands of articles pointing to [[Queens]] as now pointing to a redirect.<br />
<br />
A review of the articles listed at [[Queens (disambiguation)]] shows that Queens County has a strong claim to be "the" Queens article. The vast majority of articles listed are for entries that are properly listed with an apostrophe as "Queen's". The few entries with the spelling without the possessive are for Queens County, for [[Indian Queens]] (a UK village), for a Polish musical group and for two minor films. No entry has the same level of global identity as Queens County. The existence of other articles that begin "Queen's" seems to be a poor reason to send every reader who types "Queens" to a disambiguation page. While I will support returning to the status quo ante, may I suggest consideration of the current title of "Queens (New York City borough)" or alternative such as "Queens County". [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 04:37, 13 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
;Queens<br />
*'''Support''' As argued above, the New York City county has a strong claim to the title "Queens" above other claimants that are spelled the same way and above all that are spelled "Queen's". The move has left thousands of articles that are now directed to a disambiguation page and would need to be corrected. [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 04:37, 13 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''' Just because Queens is in the US, it does not follow that the only reason it gets priority is US-centrism. It gets priority because it is the most common usage. 2nd is probably Queen's University in Ontario. --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 06:28, 13 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
**...and Queen's University in Ontario uses the possessive apostrophe. [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 06:37, 13 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''' Clearly the [[WP:D#Primary topic|primary topic]]. --[[User:R'n'B|Russ]] [[User talk:R'n'B|(talk)]] 15:00, 16 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''' as the most common usage, with the comment that this is a good example of what happens when someone makes a far-ranging change without any prior discussion. --[[User:CliffC|CliffC]] ([[User talk:CliffC|talk]]) 17:10, 16 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''' Along with earlier arguments, the names of the boroughs [[Manhattan]] and [[Brooklyn]] have far more alternative uses than does Queens, yet it would seem silly to suggest moving either of them. [[User:Xyzzyva|— ˈzɪzɨvə]] ([[User talk:Xyzzyva|talk]]) 21:15, 16 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''' for all the reasons mentioned above. --[[User:Jleon|Jleon]] ([[User talk:Jleon|talk]]) 23:23, 19 October 2008 (UTC) <br />
<br />
;Queens (New York City borough)<br />
*<br />
;Queens County<br />
*<br />
<br />
Based on the consensus demonstrated by the results above, I will be moving the article back to Queens. [[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] ([[User talk:Alansohn|talk]]) 20:31, 19 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Clowesville Courthouse ==<br />
<br />
The location of the previous Clowesville Courthouse is outside the boundaries of Mineola, though that area might be served by Mineola post office. The location is also in North Hempstead (not Hempstead) - something that was done in retribution for Loyalist support in Hempstead. An international reader cares little what Town Clowesville might have been in (which even contributors repeatedly get wrong). The fact that Clowesville is outside present Queens County boundaries bears stating more than what Town Clowesville was (or was not) in (which is so non-notable that even contributors don't seem to notice when they get it wrong) --[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 06:44, 20 October 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
What a cheap little section with no information ANYTHING after the 1950's. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.202.75.89|151.202.75.89]] ([[User talk:151.202.75.89|talk]]) 16:24, 7 February 2009 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Native born ==<br />
<br />
"As of the 2005[update] American Community Survey, immigrants comprise 47.6% of Queens residents making Queens the city's most diverse borough."<br />
<br />
Foriegn born meaning not born in the United States or foriegn born not being born in Queens.<br />
Im wondering how many people who live in Queens were actually born in Queens. Seem like it would be somewhere around 25%? <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.202.86.120|151.202.86.120]] ([[User talk:151.202.86.120|talk]]) 20:10, 16 February 2009 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== History of the name ==<br />
<br />
Addressing why the area was named Queens would be helpful. [[User:Toddst1|Toddst1]] <small>([[User talk: Toddst1|talk]])</small> 12:55, 8 March 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Hospitals ==<br />
I think it'd be appropriate to address the hospitals of Queens. [[Special:Contributions/98.113.11.122|98.113.11.122]] ([[User talk:98.113.11.122|talk]]) 15:33, 2 July 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I started, but never finished, doing the same for [[The Bronx]]. There are some excellent collections of statistics at the New York State Health Department and New York City Health and Hospital Department sites.<br />
:One general problem is that while there is a very good Wikipedia article about [[Health care in the United States]], the subarticles for different regions, states and cities are basically nothing more than lists of hospitals, which is different from describing their health, medicine, health care or public health. This is true even for Boston and the San Francisco Bay Area, where much medical research and education is conducted. [[User:Shakescene|—— Shakescene]] ([[User talk:Shakescene|talk]]) 21:46, 22 August 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Diversity ==<br />
<br />
http://www.queenspress.com/archives/features/2002/0607/feature.htm might help here. Especially note last section - about random selection. There could be many ways to quantify this, and it could change yearly (or even more often)--[[User:JimWae|JimWae]] ([[User talk:JimWae|talk]]) 20:53, 22 August 2009 (UTC)<br />
::i agree but that link doesnt seem to prove that the Queens is the most diverse county in the United States (we need prof) [[User:Smith Jones]] 21:19, 22 August 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::If my memory serves me well, I think that if you rummage deeply enough into the Census Briefs and other reports at http://www.census.gov there are attempts (at least for the 2000 Census returns) to quantify and list the most racially-diverse counties. If it's just a matter of counting the number of different ethnic, national and/or linguistic backgrounds, there would be stiff competition from cities and counties like [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles County]], [[Miami-Dade]] and [[Honolulu]]. <br />
<br />
:::Looking at that Queenspress link, the last section does support (even if it doesn't conclusively prove) such an assertion, and give a verifiable definition:<blockquote>The independent firm Claritas – a San Francisco based company that analyzes Census figures every 10 years – conducted an extensive study of Census demographics, and announced in July 2001 that Queens is the most diverse county of over 250,000 people in the country.<br>The study, conducted every 10 years, measures the probability that two randomly selected people from a county are of different ethnicities. Queens scored the highest probability for the second straight Census count.<br>Although Claritas Director of Demography Ken Hodges said it would be "impossible" to judge if Queens is the most diverse place on Earth, he admitted, "Based on international studies that I’ve seen, the United States is the most diverse country in the world, so if Queens is the most ethnically diverse in the United States, it would make sense that it’s the most diverse place on the planet. But there’s no way to say that for sure . . . You can just assume."<br>Salvo assumed there is no "real way" to tell if Queens is the most diverse place on the planet, but said, "It would be up there for sure."</blockquote>[[User:Shakescene|—— Shakescene]] ([[User talk:Shakescene|talk]]) 21:38, 22 August 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Adjacent Counties ==<br />
<br />
I'm not going to add this, but I should point out that Queens has a maritime boundary with both Staten Island (Richmond County) to the southwest, and Monmouth County, NJ to the south. [[Special:Contributions/98.221.131.77|98.221.131.77]] ([[User talk:98.221.131.77|talk]]) 23:44, 8 September 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Infobox ==<br />
<br />
I think the population of the county for 2000 should be put in the infobox (not just a 2008 estimate). (I cannot edit the box correctly myself.) The 2000 population should be put in the first paragraph of the article, replacing the approximate number. [[User:JonC0001|hello]] ([[User talk:JonC0001|talk]]) 09:39, 20 November 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Web site of the borough president of Queens ==<br />
<br />
http://www.queensbp.org/ seems to be have been secured with username and password as of 2010-04-16. If this persists, the link should be marked as dead. [[User:Patsw|patsw]] ([[User talk:Patsw|talk]]) 01:23, 17 April 2010 (UTC) Fixed. [[User:Patsw|patsw]] ([[User talk:Patsw|talk]]) 00:17, 23 April 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Neighborhood article renamed ==<br />
<br />
Please see [[Talk:Forest Hills (Queens)#Article renamed]] to discuss the recent renaming of the article "[[Forest Hills, Queens]]" to "[[Forest Hills (Queens)]]". There are about 100 of these neighborhood articles for Queens, almost all named with the comma version. -[[User:Colfer2|Colfer2]] ([[User talk:Colfer2|talk]]) 08:14, 11 October 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==[[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Locust Manor, Queens]]==<br />
[[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|48px|]]<br />
<br />
The article [[Locust Manor, Queens]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]&#32; because of the following concern:<br />
:'''Neighborhoods generally don't meet [[WP:N]], no indication of notability fails [[WP:V]]'''<br />
<br />
While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].<br />
<br />
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Locust Manor, Queens|the article's talk page]].<br />
<br />
Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist. The [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]] process can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion.<!-- Template:PRODWarning --> [[User:Jeepday|Jeepday]] <small>([[User talk:Jeepday|talk]])</small> 12:12, 22 December 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Current status of water taxi ==<br />
<br />
In the Waterways section, there is mention of Water Taxi service. I believe that this is not current, and should be updated. I am not sufficiently certain to make the edits myself. [[User:Ronstew|Ronstew]] ([[User talk:Ronstew|talk]]) 20:47, 19 October 2011 (UTC)</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballykissangel&diff=439113478Ballykissangel2011-07-12T16:59:16Z<p>Ronstew: we use the present tense for cancelled series because they still exist on tape, etc.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unreferenced|date=October 2010}}<br />
{{Infobox Television<br />
| show_name = Ballykissangel<br />
| image = [[Image:Ballyk title card.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption = Series title card<br />
| format = Drama<br />
| runtime = 50 min<br />
| executive_producer = [[Conor Harrington]]<br>[[Alan Moloney]]<br />
| starring = [[Dervla Kirwan]]<br>[[Stephen Tompkinson]]<br>[[Tony Doyle (actor)|Tony Doyle]]<br>[[Colin Farrell]]<br />
| theme_music_composer =<br />
| opentheme =<br />
| endtheme =<br />
| country = [[United Kingdom|UK]]<br />
| location = [[Enniskerry]] and [[Avoca, County Wicklow]], [[Republic of Ireland]]<br />
| language = [[English language|English]]<br />
| network = [[BBC One]]<br />
| first_aired = 11 February 1996<br />
| last_aired = 15 April 2001<br />
| num_series = 6<br />
| num_episodes = 58<br />
| list_episodes = List of Ballykissangel episodes<br />
| website = http://www.world-productions.com/wp/content/shows/ballyk/ballyk.htm<br />
}}<br />
[[Image:Fitzgeralds Avoca CtyWicklow IRE.jpg|thumb|Fitzgerald's, a pub in Avoca that was used as a primary exterior set in the series.]]<br />
'''''Ballykissangel''''' is a [[BBC]] television drama set in [[Ireland]], produced in-house by [[BBC Northern Ireland]]. The original story revolved around a young English [[priest]] as he became part of a rural community. It ran for six series, which were first broadcast on [[BBC One]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] from 1996 to 2001. It aired in the [[Republic of Ireland]] on [[RTE One]] and in Australia on [[ABC1|ABC TV]] between 1996 to 2001. Reruns currently air on [[ITV3]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and in the [[United States of America|United States]] on some [[PBS]] affiliates.<br />
<br />
Significant changes in the cast occurred between the third and fourth series and between the fifth and sixth series.<br />
<br />
There was a surprised reaction from both the cast and press when it was announced that Ballykissangel was to end, several articles at the time of the show's cancellation stated that a seventh series had been written and the cast were due to start filming in May 2001{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}. Following the cancellation a seventh series was never put into production.<br />
<br />
The name of the fictional village in which the show was set is derived from [[Ballykissanne]], a [[townland]] near [[Killorglin]] in [[County Kerry]], where the show's creator, [[Kieran Prendiville]], holidayed with his family as a child. The village's name in [[Irish language|Irish]] is shown as "''Baile Coisc Aingeal''", which means "The town of the fallen angel" on the sign outside the [[An Post|post office]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}. <br />
<br />
The show was filmed in [[Avoca, Ireland|Avoca]] & [[Enniskerry]] in [[County Wicklow]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Cast===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" width="16%" |Character<br />
! colspan="8" align="center" | Series<br />
|-<br />
! align="center" width="12%" |Series 1 <small>(1996)</small><br />
! align="center" width="12%" |Series 2 <small>(1997)</small><br />
! align="center" width="12%" |Series 3 <small>(1997–1998)</small><br />
! align="center" width="12%" |Series 4 <small>(1998)</small><br />
! align="center" width="12%" |Series 5 <small>(1999)</small><br />
! align="center" width="12%" |Series 6 <small>(2001)</small><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background-color:#ddf;" |<br />
<br />
====The Clergy====<br />
|-<br />
! Father Frank MacAnally<br />
| colspan="6" | [[Niall Toibin]]<br />
|-<br />
! Father Peter Clifford <br />
| colspan="3" | [[Stephen Tompkinson]] <br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Father Aidan O'Connell<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Don Wycherley]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Father Vincent Sheahan<br />
| colspan="5" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="1" | [[Robert Taylor (Australian actor)|Robert Taylor]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background-color:#ddf;" |<br />
<br />
====Landladies/Bar staff====<br />
|-<br />
! Assumpta Fitzgerald<br />
| colspan="3" | [[Dervla Kirwan]]<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Niamh Dillon<br />
| colspan="6" style | [[Tina Kellegher]]<br />
|-<br />
! Orla O'Connell<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Victoria Smurfit]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Oonagh Dooley<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | Marion O'Dwyer<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background-color:#ddf;" |<br />
<br />
====Garda====<br />
|-<br />
! Ambrose Egan<br />
| colspan="5" | [[Peter Hanly]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Frankie Sullivan<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Catherine Cusack]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background-color:#ddf;" |<br />
<br />
====The other villagers====<br />
|-<br />
! Donal Docherty<br />
| colspan="6" | Frankie McCafferty<br />
|-<br />
! Liam Coghlan<br />
| colspan="6" | Joe Savino<br />
|-<br />
! Siobhan Mehigan<br />
| colspan="6" | [[Deirdre Donnelly]]<br />
|-<br />
! Brendan Kearney<br />
| colspan="6" | [[Gary Whelan]]<br />
|-<br />
! Kathleen Hendley<br />
| colspan="6" | Aine Ni Mhuiri<br />
|-<br />
! Brian Quigley <br />
| colspan="5" | [[Tony Doyle (actor)|Tony Doyle]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Dr Michael Ryan<br />
| colspan="6" | [[Bosco Hogan]]<br />
|-<br />
! Eamon Byrne<br />
| colspan="5" | [[Birdy Sweeney]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Padraig O'Kelly<br />
| colspan="4" | [[Peter Caffrey]]<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Sean Dillon<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Lorcan Cranitch]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Emma Dillon<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Kate McEnery]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Danny Byrne<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Colin Farrell]]<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! Paul Dooley<br />
| colspan="1" | Owen Roe<br />
| colspan="1" | Owen Roe<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;" |<br />
| colspan="2" | Owen Roe<br />
|-<br />
! Dermot Dooley<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="2" | Ciaran Owens<br />
|-<br />
! Grainne Dooley<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="2" | Katie Cullen<br />
|-<br />
! Avril Burke<br />
| colspan="5" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="1" | [[Susannah Doyle]]<br />
|-<br />
! Edso Dowling<br />
| colspan="5" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="1" | Paul Ronan<br />
|-<br />
! Louis Dargan<br />
| colspan="5" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="1" | [[Mick Lally]]<br />
|-<br />
! Kevin O'Kelly<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="3" | John Cleere<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! Kieran Egan<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;" | <br />
| colspan="3" | Sam Farrar<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:gray;" | <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
{{main|List of Ballykissangel episodes}}<br />
The programme ran for six series from 11 February 1996 to 15 April 2001. Almost all episodes were 50 minutes in duration.<br />
<br />
==DVD release==<br />
<br />
All six series have been released in Region 2 and Region 4.<br />
<br />
In 2010, 4 years after the release of series 5, series 6 was released on Region 2, along with a box set of series 1-6.<br />
<br />
The ninth episode of series 3 "'The Waiting Game'" is omitted from that series DVD. The back of the DVD states<br />
<br />
"''Regrettably episode nine The Waiting Game is not available on DVD.''" However, this is not the case for Region 1 (North America) sets, which contain this episode dealing with the unknown local winner of a national lottery.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ballykissangel/ ''Ballykissangel''] at [[bbc.co.uk]]<br />
* [http://www.world-productions.com/wp/content/shows/ballyk/ballyk.htm ''Ballykissangel''] at [[World Productions]]<br />
* [http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/25956 ''Ballykissangel''] at the [[British Film Institute]]<br />
* {{imdb title|0115105|Ballykissangel}}<br />
* {{tv.com|4746|Ballykissangel}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:BBC television dramas]]<br />
[[Category:1996 in British television]]<br />
[[Category:1996 television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2001 television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:1990s British television series]]<br />
[[Category:2000s British television series]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UK-tv-prog-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[cy:Ballykissangel]]<br />
[[ga:Ballykissangel]]<br />
[[it:Ballykissangel]]<br />
[[fi:Elämää Ballykissangelissa]]</div>Ronstewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Major_(philosopher)&diff=437743369John Major (philosopher)2011-07-04T18:18:17Z<p>Ronstew: /* Calvin and Loyola */ removed another troublesome space</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:John Mair.jpg|right|320px]]<br />
'''John Mair''' (or '''Major''') (also known in [[Latin]] as ''Joannes Majoris'' and ''Haddingtonus Scotus'') (1467–1550) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[philosopher]], much admired in his day and an acknowledged influence on all the great thinkers of the time. He was a very renowned teacher and his works much collected and frequently republished across Europe. His "''sane conservatism''" and his [[scepticism|sceptical]], [[Medieval logic|logical]] approach to the study of texts such as [[Aristotle]] or the [[Bible]], were less prized in the subsequent age of [[humanism]] where a more committed, and linguistic/literary, approach prevailed. His influence in [[logic]] (especially the analysis of [[Supposition theory|terms]]), science ([[impetus]] and [[infinitesimals]]), politics (placing the people over kings), Church (councils over Popes), and [[international law]] (establishing the human rights of "''savages''" conquered by the [[Conquistador|Spanish]]) can be traced across the centuries and appear decidedly modern, and it is only in the modern age that he is not routinely dismissed as a [[Scholasticism|scholastic]]. His [[Latin]] style did not help - he thought that "it is more moment to understand aright, and clearly to lay down the truth of any matter than to use eloquent language". Nevertheless, it is to his writings, including their dedications, that we owe much of our knowledge of the everyday facts of Mair's life - for example his "shortness of stature". He was an extremely curious and very observant man, and used his experiences - of earthquakes in [[Paisley]], thunder in [[Glasgow]], storms at sea, eating oatcakes in northern England - to illustrate the more abstract parts of his logical writings.<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
===School===<br />
John Mair (or ‘Major’) was born about 1467 in [[Gleghornie]], near [[North Berwick]] where he received his early education. It was at nearby [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]], [[East Lothian]], Scotland, where he attended [[grammar school]]. He was probably taught by the town schoolmaster [[George Litsar]], who was, according to Mair "''although a circumspect man in other ways, more severe than was just in beating boys''". If it had not been for the influence of his mother, Mair says he would have left, but he and his brother stayed on and were successful. According to him, Haddington was “''the town which fostered the beginning of my studies, and in whose kindly embrace I was nourished as a novice with the sweetest milk of the art of grammar''”. He says he stayed in Haddington "''to a pretty advanced age''" and he remembers the sound of the [[James III of Scotland|King James III's]] bombardment of the nearby [[Dunbar Castle|castle]] of [[Dunbar]], which was in 1479. He also remembers the comet which was supposed to have foretold the King's defeat at [[Sauchieburn]] which was in 1488. However, it was in 1490, he reports, that he "''first left the paternal hearth''". In 1490, probably under the influence of [[Robert Cockburn]], another Haddington man, destined to be an influential bishop (of [[Bishop of Ross|Ross]] and later of [[Bishop of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]]), he decided to go to [[University of Paris|Paris]] to study among the great numbers of Scots there at the time.<br />
<br />
===University===<br />
It is not known whether he attended [[university]] in Scotland as a student – there are no matriculation records of him and he claimed never to have seen the university town of [[St Andrews University|St Andrews]], [[Fife]] as a young man (though he did complain later of its bad beer). He seems to have decided to prepare for Paris at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] in England. He says that in 1492 he attended "''Gods House''", which later became [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]].<ref>{{Venn|id=MJR492J|name=Major, John}}</ref> He remembers the bells - "''on great feast days, I spent half the night listening to them''" - but was obviously well-prepared, as he left for Paris after three terms. <br />
<br />
In 1493 he matriculated in the [[University of Paris]], [[France]], then the foremost University in Europe. He studied at the [[Collège Sainte-Barbe]] and took his Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1495 followed by his Master’s degree in 1496. There were many currents of thought in Paris but he was heavily influenced, as were fellow Scots such as [[Lawrence of Lindores]] by the [[nominalist]] and [[empiricist]] approach of [[John Buridan]]. (The latter's influence on [[Copernicus]] and [[Galileo]] can be traced through Mairs published works). He became a student master (‘regent’) in Arts in the [[Collège de Montaigu]] in1496 and began the study of [[theology]] under the formidable [[Jan Standonck]]. He consorted with scholars of later renown, some from his hometown, [[Robert Walterston]], and his home country ([[David Cranston]] of [[Glasgow]], who died in 1512), but mostly they were the luminaries of the age, including [[Erasmus]], whose reforming enthusiasms he shared, [[Rabelais]] and [[Reginald Pole]]. In the winter of 1497 he had a serious illness, from which he never completely recovered. He had never had dreams before, but ever afterwards he was troubled by dreams, [[migraine]], [[colic]] and "excessive sleepiness" (he was always hard to awaken). In 1499, he moved to the [[College of Navarre]]. In 1501, he received his degree of [[Bachelor of Sacred Theology]] and in 1505 his logical writings were collected and published for the first time. In 1506 he was licensed to teach theology and was awarded the degree of [[Doctor of Sacred Theology]] on the 11th of November that year (coming 3rd in the listings). He taught at the [[Collège de Montaigu]] (where he was, temporarily joint Director) and also the prestigious [[Sorbonne]], where he served on many commissions.<br />
<br />
===Later career===<br />
In 1510 he is discussing the moral and legal questions arising from the [[Spanish Conquest|Spanish]] discovery of [[Americas|America]]. He claimed that the natives had political and property rights that could not be invaded, at least not without compensation. He also uses the new discoveries to argue for the possibility of innovation in all knowledge saying "''Has not [[Amerigo Vespucci]] discovered lands unknown to [[Ptolemy]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and other geographers up to the present? Why cannot the same happen in other spheres?''" At the same time, he was impatient of [[Humanism|humanist]] criticism of the logical analyis of texts (including the Bible). ''"...these questions which the [[humanists]] think futile, are like a ladder for the intelligence to rise towards the Bible''" (which he elsewhere, perhaps unwisely called "''the easier parts of theology''"). Nevertheless, in 1512, like a good [[Humanism|humanist]], he is learning Greek from [[Girolamo Aleandro]] (who re-introduced the study of Greek to Paris) who wrote "''Many scholastics are to be found in France who are keen students in different kinds of knowledge and several of these are among my faithful hearers, such as John Mair, Doctor of Philosophy''..."<br />
<br />
In 1518 he returned to Scotland to become [[Principal of the University of Glasgow|Principal]] of the [[University of Glasgow]] (and also [[Canon (priest)|canon]] of [[Glasgow Cathedral|the cathedral]], [[Vicar#Roman Catholic|vicar]] of [[Corsehill, Lainshaw, Robertland and Dunlop#The Lands of Dunlop|Dunlop]] and Treasurer of the Chapel Royal). He returned to Paris several times - by sea one time, getting delayed in Dieppe for three weeks by a storm; and by land another time, having dinner en route through England with his friend, [[Cardinal Wolsey]]. He offered Mair a post, which he declined, in his new college at the [[University of Oxford]], to be called Cardinal's College, (later [[Christ Church, Oxford]]). In 1528, [[Francis I of France|King Francis I of France]] issued Mair with a patent of naturalisation, making him a naturalised subject of France.<br />
<br />
In 1533 he was made Provost of [[St Salvator's College]] in the [[University of St Andrews]] - to which thronged many of the most significant men in Scotland, including [[John Knox]] and [[George Buchanan]]. He missed Paris - "''When I was in Scotland, I often thought how I would go back to Paris and give lectures as I used to and hear disputations''". He died in 1550 (perhaps on the 1st of May), his works read throughout Europe, his name honoured everywhere, just as the storms of the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]] were about to sweep away, at least in his own country, any respect for his centuries-old methodology.<br />
<br />
===Some publications by John Mair===<br />
*[[Heinrich Totting von Oytha]]'s abbreviation of [[Adam de Wodeham]]'s Oxford Lectures, edited by Mair, Paris 1512. <br />
*''Lectures in logic'' (Lyons 1516)<br />
*''Reportia Parisiensia by Duns Scotus'' co-edited by Mair, Paris 1517-18<br />
*Commentary on the [[Sentences of Peter Lombard]] (''In Libros Sententiarum primum et secundum commentarium'') Paris 1519<br />
*History of Greater Britain (''Historia majoris Britanniae, tam Angliae quam Scotiae'') Paris 1521<br />
*''De Gestis Scotorum'' Paris 1521<br />
*''Commentary on Aristotle's physical and ethical writings'' Paris 1526<br />
*''Quaestiones logicales'' Paris 1528<br />
*''Commentary on the Four Gospels'' Paris 1528<br />
*''Disputationes de Potestate Papae et Concilii'' (Paris)<br />
*''Commentary on Aristotle’s [[Nichomachean Ethics]]'' (his last book)<br />
<br />
==Influence==<br />
===Historians===<br />
His ''De Gestis Scotorum'' (Paris, 1521) was partly a patriotic attempt to raise the profile of his native country, but was also an attempt to clear away myth and fable, basing his history on evidence. In this, he was following in the footsteps of his predecessor, the [[Chronicler]] [[Andrew of Wyntoun]], though writing in [[Latin]] for a European audience as opposed to the [[Scots Language|Scots]] Andrew wrote for his aristocratic Scots patrons. Although the documentary evidence available to Mair was limited, his scholarly approach was adopted and improved by later historians of [[Scotland]], including his pupil [[Hector Boece]] and [[John Lesley]].<br />
<br />
===Calvin and Loyola===<br />
In 1506 he was awarded a doctorate in [[theology]] by Paris where he began to teach and progress through the hierarchy, becoming for a brief period [[Rector]]. (Some 18 of his fellow Scots had held or were to hold this prestigious position). He was a renowned [[logician]] and philosopher. He is reported to have been a very clear and forceful lecturer, attracting students from all over Europe. In contrast, he had a rather dry, some said 'barbaric', written [[Latin]] style. He was referred to by [[Pierre Bayle]] as writing "''in stylo Sorbonico''", not meaning this as a compliment. His interests ranged across the burning issues of the day. His approach largely followed [[Nominalism]] which was in tune with the growing emphasis on the absolutely unconstrained nature of God, which in turn emphasised his grace and the importance of individual belief and submission. His [[Humanism|humanist]] approach was in tune with the return to the texts in the original languages of the Scriptures and classical authors. He emphasised that authority lay with the whole church and not with the Pope. Similarly, he asserted that authority in a kingdom lay not with the king but with the people, who could retake their power from a delinquent king (a striking echo of the ringing [[Declaration of Arbroath]] 1314 confirming to the Pope the independence of the Scottish crown from that of England). It is not surprising that he emphasised the natural freedom of human beings. <br />
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His influence extended through enthusiastic pupils to the leading thinkers of the day but most obviously to a group of [[Spain|Spanish]] thinkers, including Antonio Coronel, who taught [[John Calvin]] and very probably [[Ignatius of Loyola]].<br />
<br />
In 1522, at [[School of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Domingo de San Juan]] referred to him "''the revered master, John Mair, a man celebrated the world over''". The Salamanca school of (largely [[Thomist]]) philosophers was a brilliant flowering of thought until the early parts of the seventeenth century. It included [[Francisco de Vitoria]], '''Cano''', de [[Domingo de Soto]] and [[Bartolomé de Medina]], each one thorough soaked in Mairian enthusiasms.<br />
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===Knox===<br />
Mair wrote in his ''Commentary on the Sentences of [[Peter Lombard]]'' ''“Our native soil attracts us with a secret and inexpressible sweetness and does not permit us to forget it”.'' He returned to Scotland in 1518. Given his success and experience in Paris, it is no surprise that he became the Principal of the [[University of Glasgow]]. In 1523 left for the [[University of St Andrews]] where he was assessor to the Dean of Arts. In 1525 he went again to Paris from where he returned in 1531 eventually to become [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of [[St Salvator's College, St Andrews]] until his death in 1550, aged about eighty three. One of his most notable students was [[John Knox]] (coincidentally, another native of Haddington) who said of Mair that he was such as "''whose work was then held as an oracle on the matters of religion''" If this is not exactly a ringing endorsement, it is not hard to see in Knox's preaching an intense version of Mair's enthusiasms - the utter freedom of God, the importance of the Bible, scepticism of earthly authority. It might be more surprising that Mair preferred to follow his friend [[Erasmus|Erasmus's]] example and remain within the [[Roman Catholic Church]] (though he did envisage a national church for Scotland). Mair also enthused other Scottish [[reform|Reformers]] including the Protestant martyr [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]] and the Latin stylist [[George Buchanan (humanist)|George Buchanan]], whose enthusiasm for witty Latinisms had him waspishly suggesting that the only thing major about his ex-teacher was his surname - typical Renaissance disdain for the [[Schoolmen]].<br />
<br />
===Empiricism===<br />
Mair and his circle were interested in the structures of [[language]] – spoken, written and ‘mental’. This latter was the language which underlies the thoughts that are expressed in natural languages, like [[Scots language|Scots]], [[English language|English]] or [[Latin]]. He attacks a whole range of questions from a generally ‘nominalist’ perspective – a form of philosophical discourse whose tradition derives from the high [[Middle Ages]] and was to continue into that of the Scottish and other [[Europe]]an [[empiricists]]. According to [[Alexander Brodie]], Mair’s influence on this latter tradition reached as far as the 18th and 19th century [[Scottish School of Common Sense]] initiated by [[Thomas Reid]]. The highly logical and technical approach of [[Medieval philosophy]] – perhaps added to by Mair’s poor written style as well as his adherence to the [[Roman Catholic church|Catholic]] party at the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] – explain in some part why this influence is still somewhat occluded.<br />
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===Human rights===<br />
More obviously influential was his [[moral philosophy]], not primarily because of his [[casuistry]] - an approach acknowledging the complexity of individual cases. This was later so strong in [[Jesuit]] teaching, possibly related to the Mair’s renown in Spain mentioned above. His legal views were also influential. His Commentaries on the [[Sentences]] of [[Peter Lombard]] was most certainly studied and quoted in the debates at [[Burgos]] in 1512, by [[Antonio de Montesinos (Dominican friar)|Frày Anton Montesino]], a graduate of [[Salamanca]]. This "''debate unique in the history of empires''", as [[Hugh Thomas (historian)|Hugh Thomas]] calls it, resulted in the recognition in Spanish law of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] populations of [[Americas|America]] as being free [[human beings]] with all the [[rights]] (to liberty and property, for example) attached to them. This pronouncement was hedged in with many subtle qualifications, and the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish crown]] was never efficient at enforcing it, but it can be regarded as the fount of [[human rights law]]. <ref>Mauricio Beuchot; "El primer planteamiento teologico-politico-juridico sobre la conquista de América: John Mair", La ciencia tomista 103 (1976), 213-230;</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Thomas Reid]]<br />
* [[Empiricism]]<br />
* [[Scottish School of Common Sense]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* Brodie, A '' The Circle of John Mair: Logic and Logicians in Pre-Reformation Scotland'', Oxford 1985<br />
* Brodie, A ''The Tradition of Scottish Philosophy'' Edinburgh 1990 Polygon ISBN 0-7486-6029-1<br />
* Durkan, J ''New light on John Mair'' Innes Review Vol IV Edinburgh 1954<br />
* Mair, John ''A history of Greater Britain, as well England as Scotland; translated from the original Latin and edited with notes by Archibald Constable, to which is prefixed a life of the author by Aeneas J.G. Mackay''. Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society, (1892).<br />
* [[Augustin Renaudet|Renaudet, Augustin]], ''Préréforme et Humanisme à Paris pendant les premières guerres d'Italie (1494 -1516) Bibliotèque del l'Institut Français de Florence (Université de Grenobles 1st series Volume VI)''' Édouard Champion Paris 1916<br />
* Thomas, H ''Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire'' London 2003 Weidenfeld and Nicolson ISBN 0-297-64563-3<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Wallace, W A ''Prelude to Galileo - essays on medieval and sixteenth-century sources of Galileo's thought''. (Page 64 et seq) Springer Science and Business Dordrecht, Holland 1981[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2Ix6kR6iN-UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false]<br />
*Alexander Broadie, "John Mair," ''The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, Second Series'', Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 178-187.<br />
*John Durkan, "John Major: After 400 Years," ''Innes Review, vol. 1, 1950, pp. 131-139.<br />
* Ricardo García Villoslada, "Un teologo olvidado: Juan Mair", Estudios eclesiásticos 15 (1936), 83-118; <br />
* Ricardo García Villoslada, La Universidad de París durante los estudios de Francisco de Vitoria (1507-1522) (Roma, 1938), 127-164;<br />
* J.H. Burns, "New Light on John Major", Innes Review 5 (1954), 83-100;<br />
* T.F. Torrance, "La philosophie et la théologie de Jean Mair ou Major, de Haddington (1469-1550)", Archives de philosophie 32 (1969), 531-576;<br />
* Mauricio Beuchot, "El primer planteamiento teologico-politico-juridico sobre la conquista de América: John Mair", La ciencia tomista 103 (1976), 213-230;<br />
* Joël Biard, "La logique de l'infini chez Jean Mair", Les Etudes philosophiques 1986, 329-348; & Joël Biard, "La toute-puissance divine dans le Commentaire des Sentences de Jean Mair", in Potentia Dei. L'onnipotenza divina nel pensiero dei secoli XVI e XVII, ed. Guido Canziani / Miguel A. Granada / Yves Charles Zarka (Milano, 2000), 25-41.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://jmair.zahnd.be/ A site on John Mair with an extensive bibliography of primary and secondary sources]<br />
*[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/mair_john.htm Significant Scots - John Mair]<br />
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10090a.htm Catholic Encyclopaedia - John Major]<br />
* [http://www.scholasticon.fr/Database/Scholastiques_fr.php?ID=837] - scolasticon.fr - a database on Medieval scholars<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Mair, John<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Major, John<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Scottish philosopher<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1477<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Gleghornie, North Berwick, Scotland<br />
| DATE OF DEATH = 1550<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH = St Andrews, Scotland<br />
}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mair, John}}<br />
[[Category:1467 births]]<br />
[[Category:1550 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Early modern philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:People from East Lothian]]<br />
[[Category:Scholastic philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Latin commentators on Aristotle]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Christian theologians]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish scholars and academics]]<br />
[[Category:Principals of the University of Glasgow]]<br />
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews]]<br />
[[Category:University of Paris faculty]]<br />
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[[ru:Мейджор, Джон (философ)]]</div>Ronstew