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Steccherinaceae

2016-10-21T20:24:40Z

Sasata: /* Phylogenetics */

{{Taxobox
| name = Steccherinaceae
| image = Steccherinum ochraceum 82227.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Steccherinum ochraceum''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Polyporales]]
| familia = '''Steccherinaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Erast Parmasto|Parmasto]] (1968)
| type_genus = ''[[Steccherinum]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] (1821)
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = *Mycorrhaphiaceae Jülich (1982)
}}

The '''Steccherinaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of about 200 species of [[fungi]] in the order [[Polyporales]]. It includes [[crust fungus|crust-like]], [[hydnoid|toothed]], and [[polypore|poroid]] species that cause a [[wood-decay fungus#White rot|white rot]] in dead wood.

==Taxonomy==
The family was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by Czech mycologist [[Erast Parmasto]] in 1968.<ref name="Parmasto 1968"/> Parmasto's original concept included species that are today classified in the [[Agaricales]], [[Hymenochaetales]], [[Polyporales]], and [[Russulales]]. A large-scale [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] study published in 2012 by Otto Miettinen and colleagues redefined the limits of the Steccherinaceae to include most species of the [[polypore|poroid]] and [[hydnoid fungus|hydnoid]] genera ''[[Antrodiella]]'', ''[[Junghuhnia]]'', and ''[[Steccherinum]]'', as well as members of 12 other hydnoid and poroid genera. These genera were traditionally classified in the families [[Phanerochaetaceae]], [[Polyporaceae]], and [[Meruliaceae]]. They commented: "we see the need for at least 30 monophyletic, morphologically distinguishable genera. These include no fewer than 15 new genera for both polypores and hydnoid fungi, and revival of several unused genus names."<ref name="Miettinen 2012"/> In a subsequent 2016 publication coauthored with [[Leif Ryvarden]], Miettinen circumscribed several new genera—''[[Antella (fungus)|Antella]]'', ''[[Austeria (fungus)|Austeria]]'', ''[[Butyrea]]'', ''[[Citripora]]'', and ''[[Trulla]]''.<ref name="Miettinen 2016"/>

==Phylogenetics==
The genus ''[[Xanthoporus]]'' and the Loweomyces [[clade]] occupy a [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] position of the Steccherinaceae phylogenetic tree. The genus ''[[Antrodiella]]'' was found to be [[polyphyletic]], containing species spread throughout 10 distinct clades in the Steccherinaceae. Although it is not known with certainty what the closest relatives of the Steccherinaceae are, the genera ''[[Climacocystis]]'', ''[[Hypochnicium]]'', ''[[Meripilus]]'', ''[[Podoscypha]]'', and ''[[Pouzaroporia]]'' (all in the family [[Meruliaceae]]) consistently appear close regardless of the gene used for phylogenetic analysis.<ref name="Miettinen 2012"/>

Species in the core ''Antrodiella'' clade are very close genetically, even between species with a rather different spore shape, suggesting that these [[taxon|taxa]] may be undergoing ongoing rapid [[speciation]]. In some cases, DNA evidence shows that two [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] nearly identical ''Antrodiella'' species are more distantly related than species that have larger phenotypic differences.<ref name="Miettinen 2012"/>

==Description==
Most genera of the Steccherinaceae contain poroid or hydnoid fungi; ''Steccherinum'' contains both types. Steccherinaceae
[[basidiospore|spores]] are usually broadly cylindrical or [[ellipsoid]] in shape. [[Phenotypic trait|Characters]] useful for genus-level classification include fruit body colour and type, detailed hyphal structure, presence of cystidia, the strength of cyanophilic reactions of hyphae or spores, and the thickness of the spore walls. All species cause a [[wood-decay fungus#White rot|white rot]], and most grow on wood. Most of the species considered have a dimitic hyphal structure (containing both generative and skeletal hyphae), and most have [[clamp connection|clamps]] at the primary [[septum|septa]].<ref name="Miettinen 2012"/>

==Genera==
[[File:Nigroporus vinosus 264439.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nigroporus vinosus]]'']]
[[File:Antrodiella pallasii (15892700487).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Antrodiella pallasii]]'']]
[[File:Flabellophora 305449.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Flabellophora]]'' sp.]]
[[File:2011-09-21 Frantisekia mentschulensis (Pilat) Spirin 204803.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Frantisekia mentschulensis]]'']]
[[File:Loweomyces fractipes 241707.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Loweomyces fractipes]]'']]
*''[[Antella (fungus)|Antella]]'' Miettinen (2016); 3 species
:Type: ''[[Antella niemelaei]]''
*''[[Antrodiella]]'' Ryvarden & I.Johans (1980); ~50 species
:Type: ''[[Antrodiella semisupina]]''
*''[[Atraporiella]]'' Ryvarden (2007); 1 species
:Type: ''[[Atraporiella neotropica]]''
*''[[Austeria (fungus)|Austeria]]'' Miettinen (2016); 1 species
:Type: ''[[Austeria citrea]]''
*''[[Butyrea]]'' Miettinen (2016); 2 species
:Type: ''[[Butyrea luteoala]]''
*''[[Cabalodontia]]'' M.Piątek (2004); 5 species
:Type: ''[[Cabalodontia queletii]]''
*''[[Chaetoporus]]'' P.Karst (1890); 1 species
:Type: ''[[Chaetoporus tenuis]]''
*''[[Citropora]]'' Miettinen (2016); 2 species
:Type: ''[[Citripora bannaensis]]''
*''[[Etheirodon]]'' Banker (1902); 1 species
:Type: ''[[Etheirodon fimbriatum]]''
*''[[Flabellophora]]'' G.Cunn (1965); ~20 species
:Type: ''[[Flabellophora superposita]]''
*''[[Flaviporus]]'' Murrill (1905); 12 species
:Type: ''[[Flaviporus rufoflavus]]''
*''[[Frantisekia]]'' Spirin and Zmitr (2007); 3 species
:Type: ''[[Frantisekia fissiliformis]]''
*''[[Junghuhnia]]'' Corda (1842); 36 species
:Type: ''[[Junghuhnia crustacea]]''
*''[[Lamelloporus]]'' Ryvarden (1987); 1 species
:Type: ''[[Lamelloporus americanus]]''
*''[[Loweomyces]]'' (Kotl. & Pouzar) Julich (1982); 6 species
:Type: ''[[Loweomyces fractipes]]''
*''[[Metuloidea]]'' G.Cunn (1965); 4 species
:Type: ''[[Metuloidea tawa]]''
*''[[Mycorrhaphium]]'' Maas Geest (1962); 6 species
:Type: ''[[Mycorrhaphium adustum]]''
*''[[Nigroporus]]'' Murrill (1905); 5 species
:Type: ''[[Nigroporus vinosus]]''
*''[[Steccherinum]]'' Gray (1821); ~ 30 species
:Type: ''[[Steccherinum ochraceum]]''
*''[[Trulla]]'' Miettinen & Ryvarden (2016); 5 species
:Type: ''[[Trulla dentipora]]''
*''[[Xanthoporus]]'' Audet (2010); 2 species
:Type: ''[[Xanthoporus peckianus]]''

Several genera are speculated to belong to the Steccherinaceae, although they have not yet been sampled: ''[[Amaurohydnum]]'', ''[[Columnodontia]]'', ''[[Cystidiodendron]]'', ''[[Irpicochaete]]'', ''[[Melzerodontia]]'', ''[[Mycoleptodonoides]]'', and ''[[Odontiochaete]]''.<ref name="Miettinen 2012"/> The genus ''[[Irpex]]'' has historically been placed in the Steccherinaceae,<ref name="Cannon 2007"/> but its type species, ''[[Irpex lacteus]]'', is more closely related to ''[[Byssomerulius]]'' in the [[Phanerochaetaceae]].<ref name="Miettinen 2012"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em||refs=

<ref name="Cannon 2007">{{cite book |author1=Cannon, P.F. |author2=Kirk, P.M. |year=2007 |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |pages=337–338 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Miettinen 2012">{{cite journal |author=Miettinen, Otto |author2=Larsson, Ellen |author3=Sjökvist, Elisabet |author4=Larsson, Karl-Henrik |year=2012 |title=Comprehensive taxon sampling reveals unaccounted diversity and morphological plasticity in a group of dimitic polypores (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) |journal=Cladistics |volume=28 |pages=251–270 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Otto_Miettinen/publication/256859903_Cladistics_Comprehensive_taxon_sampling_reveals_unaccounted_diversity_and_morphological_plasticity_in_a_group_of_dimitic_polypores/links/0a85e535acdc888cb0000000.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Miettinen 2016">{{cite journal |author1=Miettinen, Otto |author2=Ryvarden, Leif |year=2016 |title=Polypore genera ''Antella'', ''Austeria'', ''Butyrea'', ''Citripora'', ''Metuloidea'' and ''Trulla'' (Steccherinaceae, Polyporales) |journal=Annales Botanici Fennici |volume=53 |issue=3–4 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.5735/085.053.0403}}</ref>

<ref name="Parmasto 1968">{{cite book |author=Parmasto, Erast |year=1968 |title=Conspectus systematis coriciacearum |publisher=Institutum Zoologicum & Botanicum Academiae Scientarium R.P.S.S Estonicae |location=Tartu |page=169}}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Steccherinaceae]]
[[Category:Basidiomycota families]]

Skeletocutis

2016-10-01T03:46:30Z

Sasata: /* Microscopic characteristics */ +e

{{Taxobox
| image = 2011-09-06 Skeletocutis nivea 167181.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Skeletocutis nivea'' on dead branch of [[Corylus avellana|common hazel]]; Slovenia
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Polyporales]]
| familia = [[Polyporaceae]]
| genus = '''''Skeletocutis'''''
| genus_authority = [[Kotl.]] & [[Zdenek Pouzar|Pouzar]] (1958)
| type_species = ''Skeletocutis amorpha''
| type_species_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) Kotl. & Pouzar (1958)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Incrustoporia'' Domański (1963)
*''Leptotrimitus'' Pouzar (1966)
}}

'''''Skeletocutis''''' is a [[genus]] of about 40 species of poroid [[fungi]] in the family [[Polyporaceae]]. The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], although most species are found in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. ''Skeletocutis'' causes a [[Wood-decay fungus#White rot|white rot]] in a diverse array of woody [[substrate (biology)|substrates]]. Their [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] grow as a [[crust fungus|crust]] on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like [[pileus (mycology)|caps]].

''Skeletocutis'' is primarily distinguished from similar genera of wood-rotting fungi by microscopic features, especially by the sausage-shaped to [[ellipsoid]] spores, and spiny crystals covering certain [[hypha]]e in the pore tissue. The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by Czech mycologists [[František Kotlaba]] and [[Zdenek Pouzar]] in 1958, with ''[[Skeletocutis amorpha]]'' as the [[type species]].

==Description==
===Macroscopic characteristics===
The [[Basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] of ''Skeletocutis'' are annual to perennial. They are resupinate ([[crust fungus|crust-like)]] to pileate (that is, with a [[pileus (mycology)|cap]]). When caps are present, their colour is typically white, cream-pink, or lilac, although the fruit body tends to discolour somewhat when dry. The pores are small and round to irregular in shape. Many ''Skeletocutis'' species have a zone of dense cartilaginous tissue above the tube layer;<ref name="Ryvarden 2014"/> this zone has a gelatinous texture when fresh.<ref name="Prasher 2015"/>
[[File:2011-09-06 Skeletocutis nivea 167182.jpg|thumb|left|Bisected fruit body of ''S. nivea'']]
[[File:2011-09-06 Skeletocutis nivea 167183.jpg|thumb|right|Pores of ''S. nivea'']]

===Microscopic characteristics===
The [[hypha]]l system is dimitic to trimitic. The generative hyphae have [[clamp connection|clamps]], and are often encrusted with spiny crystals, particularly in the dissepiments (tissue that is found between the pores). The skeletal hyphae are [[hyaline]] (translucent).<ref name="Ryvarden 2014"/> Although typically only the generative hyphae of ''Skeletocutis'' fungi have incrustations, three species are reported to have apical incrustations on the skeletal hyphae: ''S. alutacea'' and ''S. percandida'', and ''S. novae-zelandiae.'' Ţura and colleagues suggest that the "taxonomy of these species is poorly worked-out."<ref name="Ţura 2008"/>

[[Cystidium|Cystidia]] are absent in the [[hymenium]], but cystidioles are present in most species.<ref name="Ryvarden 2014"/> The [[basidiospore|spores]] are smooth,<ref name="Prasher 2015"/> hyaline, and have an allantoid (sausage-like) to cylindric to [[ellipsoid]] shape. They do not have reaction with [[Melzer's reagent]].<ref name="Ryvarden 2014"/> The [[basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are club shaped to barrel shaped and four spored,<ref name="Prasher 2015"/> measuring 8–15 by 4–5 [[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="Spirin 2005"/> Although the majority of ''Skeletocutis'' species have thin-walled spores, six species have spores with thick walls: ''S. alutacea'', ''S. bambusicola'', ''S. borealis'', ''S. krawtzewii'', ''S. percandida'', and ''S. perennis''.<ref name="Zhou 2012"/>

==Ecology, habitat, and distribution==
''Skeletocutis'' causes a [[Wood-decay fungus#White rot|white rot]] in a diverse array of woody [[substrate (biology)|substrates]]. Although the majority of species are found growing on the dead wood of various [[conifer]] and [[hardwood]] genera, some are known to grow on the dead fruit bodies of other polypores. For example, ''[[Skeletocutis brevispora|S. brevispora]]'' feeds on ''[[Phellinus ferrugineofuscus]]'', while ''[[Skeletocutis chrysella|S. chrysella]]'' eats ''[[Phellinus abietis]]''.<ref name="Ryvarden 2014"/> The tropical Chinese species ''[[Skeletocutis bambusicola|S. bambusicola]]'' grows on dead [[bamboo]].<ref name="Zhou 2012"/> ''[[Skeltocutis percandida|S. percandida]]'' has been reported growing on exotic bamboos cultivated in France.<ref name="Boidin 1986"/> In the [[Daxing'anling Prefecture|Daxing'anling]] forest areas of northeastern China, ''[[Skeletocutis ochroalba |S. ochroalba]]'' has been found growing on charred wood after forest fires, and may be a [[pioneer species]] for this substrate.<ref name="Yu 2004"/>

In the southern part of the [[Russian Far East]], ''S. odora'' is common in [[aspen]] forests. It is often found fruiting in association with other fungi, including ''[[Fomitopsis rosea]]'', ''[[Crustoderma dryinum]]'', ''[[Leptoporus mollis]]'', and ''[[Phlebia centrifuga]]''.<ref name="Spirin 2005"/> ''S. odora'' favours large logs more than {{convert|30|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. This species is part of the community of fungal [[Ecological succession|successors]] of decaying wood. A Finnish study found that it fruited most frequently in the third stage (medium decay) of wood decomposition of [[Norway spruce]] (''Picea abies''). In this stage, which occurs about 20–40 years after the death of the plant, the decay penetrates more than {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} into the wood, while the core is still hard.<ref name="Stokland 2012"/> ''S. carneogrisea'' and ''S. kuehneri'' are successor species that grow on the dead fruit bodies of the polypores ''[[Trichaptum abietinum]]'' and ''[[Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum|T. fuscoviolaceum]]''.<ref name="Niemelä 1995"/><ref name="Komonen 2014"/>

''Skeletocutis'' has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], although most species are found in the [[Northern Hemisphere]].<ref name="Cui 2008"/> [[Leif Ryvarden]] considered 22 species to occur in Europe in his 2014 work ''Poroid Fungi of Europe''.<ref name="Ryvarden 2014"/> Viacheslav Spirin reported 13 species in Russia in 2005.<ref name="Spirin 2005"/> Twenty-two species have been recorded in China.<ref name="Zhou 2012"/><ref name="Dai 2012a"/>

==Conservation==
[[File:Skeletocutis odora.jpg|thumb|right|''S. odora'' is used as an [[indicator species]] in Estonia]]
In Europe, ''Skeletocutis odora'' appears on the national [[Regional Red List|Red Lists]] of threatened fungi in 5 countries and is one of 33 species of fungi proposed for international conservation under the [[Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats|Bern Convention]]. Its natural habitat is threatened by [[deforestation]] and loss of thick fallen logs typical of [[old-growth forest]]s.<ref name="Dahlberg 2006"/> In [[Estonia]], ''S. odora'' and ''S. stellae'' are used as [[indicator species]] to help assess whether forest stands should be [[Protected area|protected]]. They are associated with old-growth forest areas that have been minimally impacted by humans.<ref name="Moore 2008"/> In contrast, ''[[Skeletocutis lilacina|S. lilacina]]'' is found exclusively in selectively logged forests, while ''[[Skeletocutis stellae|S. stellae]]'' inhabits both types of forest.<ref name="Sippola 2004"/> The Argentinian species ''S. nothofagi'', known only from [[Tierra del Fuego]], has been proposed for inclusion in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] due to its highly restricted distribution and rare occurence.<ref name="IUCN"/>

==Taxonomy==
The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by Czech mycologists [[František Kotlába]] and [[Zdeněk Pouzar]] in 1958 with ''[[Skeletocutis amorpha]]'' (originally described as ''Polyporus amorphus'' by [[Elias Magnus Fries]] in 1815<ref name="Fries 1815"/>) as the [[type species|type]] and only species.<ref name="Kotlába 1958"/> The generic name ''Skeletocutis'' is derived from the roots ''skeleto'' (dried up) and ''cutis'' (skin).

Other genera that feature encrustations in the hyphae of the dissepiment edges include ''[[Tyromyces]]'' and ''[[Piloporia]]''.<ref name="Zhou 2012"/> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] analyses has shown the close [[phylogenetic]] relationship between ''Skeletocutis'' and ''Tyromyces''.<ref name="Yao 1999"/><ref name="Kim 2001"/> These two genera group together in the tyromyces [[clade]], on a branch lying outside of the core polyporoid clade,<ref name="Floudas 2015"/> or in the "residual polypore clade" of Tomšovský and colleagues.<ref name="Tomšovský 2010"/>
[[File:Sidera lenis 197089.jpg|thumb|left|''Sidera lenis'' was formerly placed in ''Skeletocutis''.]]
Two species formerly placed in ''Skeletocutis'', ''S. lenis'' (P.Karst.) Niemelä and ''S. vulgaris'' (Fr.) Niemelä & Y.C.Dai, were transferred to the new genus ''[[Sidera (fungus)|Sidera]]'' based on molecular analysis. Although ''Sidera'' is placed in a different order ([[Hymenochaetales]]), it shares many characteristic features with ''Skeletocutis'', including whitish resupinate basidiocarps (in many species) with small pores, and narrow skeletal hyphae. In contrast with ''Skeletocutis'', however, the hyphae in ''Sidera'' comprising the dissepiment edge are smooth or covered with only a few [[facet]]ed crystal clusters.<ref name="Miettinen 2011"/>

In 1963, Polish mycologist [[Stanislaw Domanski]] circumscribed the genus ''Incrustoporia'' (typified by ''Poria stellae'') to contain several polypores featuring encrusted hyphae at the dissepiments.<ref name="Domanski 1963"/> In 1969, John Ericksson and Åke Strid added ''Polyporus semipileatus'' Peck to the genus.<ref name="Ericksson 1969"/> The taxonomic placement of this fungus had long before confused mycologists, who had given it a variety of scientific names.<ref name="Keller 1978"/> Three years before, Pouzar created the genus ''Leptotrimitus'' to contain this fungus, as he was not satisfied with other possible generic placements. The main distinguishing feature of ''Leptotrimitus'' was the presence of trimitic hyphae.<ref name="Pouzar 1966"/> In 1971, [[Marinus Anton Donk]] reunited ''Incrustoporia'' and ''Leptotrimitus'', as he did not believe that the trimitic character alone was a sufficient criterion for delineating a new genus when so many other characters were identical.<ref name="Donk 1971"/> Jean Keller studied the [[ultrastructure]] of the encrusted hyphae of ''Incrustoporia'' species using [[electron microscope|electron microscopy]]. He determined that, with the exception of ''I. carneola'', the crystallizations were similar in all instances. The crystals of ''I. carneola'' were in the shape of small regular [[parallelepiped]]s—clearly distinct from the spiny crystal structures characteristic of the rest of ''Incrustoporia''. Because ''Skeletocutis'' was published earlier, it had [[Principle of Priority|priority]] over the generic name ''Incrustoporia'', and so Keller transferred the remaining six species to ''Skeletocutis'' in 1989: ''S. alutacea'', ''S. nivea'', ''S. percandida'', ''S. stellae'', ''S. subincarnata'', and ''S. tschulymica''.<ref name="Keller 1978"/> ''Incrustoporia carneola'' was transferred to ''[[Junghuhnia]]'' as ''[[Junghuhnia carneola|J. carneola]]''.<ref name="Fungorum: Incrustoporia carneola"/>

The inclusion of several monomitic species by Alix David in 1982 (''S. azorica'', ''S. jelicii'', ''S. portcrosensis'' and ''S. subsphaerospora'')<ref name="David 1982"/> was controversial,<ref name="Rachenberg 2011"/> as mycologists [[Leif Ryvarden]] and [[Robert Lee Gilbertson]] (1993, 1994)<ref name="Ryvarden 1993"/><ref name="Ryvarden 1994"/> and Annarosa Bernicchia (2005)<ref name="Berniccia 2005"/> transferred them to or accepted them in ''[[Ceriporiopsis]]''. Later molecular work demonstrated that two of these monomitic species, ''S. azorica'' and ''S. subsphaerospora'', are phylogenetically much closer to the Skeletocutis-Tyromyces [[sensu stricto]] group of species than to ''Ceriporiopsis'',<ref name="Tomšovský 2010"/> and the current concept of ''Skeletocutis'' includes monomitic species.<ref name="Miettinen 2011"/> ''S. jelicii'' and ''S. portcrosensis'' remain in ''Ceriporiopsis''.<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis jelicii"/><ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis portcrosensis"/>

==Species==
A 2008 estimate placed around 30 species in the widely distributed genus.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/> {{As of|2016|September}}, the nomenclatural database [[Index Fungorum]] accepts 41 species.<ref name="Fungorum-CoL"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis africana]]'' Ryvarden & P.Roberts (2006)<ref name="Ryvarden 2006"/> – Cameroon
*''[[Skeletocutis albocremea]]'' A.David (1982)<ref name="David 1982"/> – Russia<ref name="Spirin 2005"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis alutacea]]'' (J.Lowe) Jean Keller (1979)<ref name="Keller 1978"/> – United States, Europe
*''[[Skeletocutis amorpha]]'' (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar (1958) – China;<ref name="Dai 2007"/> Europe; Africa; Australia
[[File:2011-12-17 Skeletocutis amorpha 190007.jpg|thumb|right|''S. amorpha'' on pine stump, United States]]
*''[[Skeletocutis azorica]]'' (D.A.Reid) Jülich (1982)<ref name="Jülich 1982"/> – Portugal
*''[[Skeletocutis bambusicola]]'' L.W.Zhou & W.M.Qin (2012)<ref name="Zhou 2012"/> – China
*''[[Skeletocutis bicolor]]'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1992)<ref name="Ryvarden 1992"/> – Singapore
*''[[Skeletocutis biguttulata]]'' (Romell) Niemelä (1998)<ref name="Niemelä 1998"/> – Russia<ref name="Spirin 2005"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis borealis]]'' Niemelä (1998)<ref name="Niemelä 1998"/> – Europe
*''[[Skeletocutis brevispora]]'' Niemelä (1998)<ref name="Niemelä 1998"/> – China; Europe<ref name="Spirin 2005"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis brunneomarginata]]'' Ryvarden (2009)<ref name="Ryvarden 2009"/> – United States
*''[[Skeletocutis carneogrisea]]'' A.David (1982)<ref name="David 1982"/> – China;<ref name="Li 2010"/> Europe; South America
[[File:2012-02-24 Skeletocutis carneogrisea A. David 201033.jpg|thumb|right|''S. carneogrisea'' on [[Scots pine]], Austria]]
*''[[Skeletocutis chrysella]]'' Niemelä (1998)<ref name="Niemelä 1998"/> – Europe
*''[[Skeletocutis diluta]]'' (Rajchenb.) A.David & Rajchenb. (1992)<ref name="David 1992"/> – [[pantropical]]
*''[[Skeletocutis falsipileata]]'' (Corner) T.Hatt. (2002)<ref name="Hattori 2002"/> – Asia
*''[[Skeletocutis fimbriata]]'' Juan Li & Y.C.Dai (2008)<ref name="Li 2008"/> – China
*''[[Skeletocutis friata]]'' Niemelä & Saaren. (2001)<ref name="Niemelä 2001"/> – Europe
*''[[Skeletocutis inflata]]'' B.K.Cui (2013)<ref name="Cui 2013"/> – southern China
*''[[Skeletocutis krawtzewii]]'' (Pilát) Kotl. & Pouzar (1991)<ref name="Kotlaba 1991"/> – China; Siberia<ref name="Yu 2005"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis kuehneri]]'' A.David (1982)<ref name="David 1982"/> – Great Britain; Netherlands; Russia
*''[[Skeletocutis lilacina]]'' A.David & Jean Keller (1984)<ref name="David 1984"/> – China; Europe; North America<ref name="Dai 2004"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis luteolus]]'' B.K.Cui & Y.C.Dai (2008)<ref name="Cui 2008"/> – China
*''[[Skeletocutis microcarpa]]'' Ryvarden & Iturr. (2003)<ref name="Ryvarden 2003"/> – Venezuela
*''[[Skeletocutis nivea]]'' (Jungh.) Jean Keller (1979)<ref name="Keller 1978"/> – Africa, Europe, Australia, New Zealand; China<ref name="Li 2010"/> South America<ref name="Robledo 2007"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis niveicolor]]'' (Murrill) Ryvarden (1985)<ref name="Ryvarden 1985"/> – North America
*''[[Skeletocutis nothofagi]]'' Rajchenb. (1979)<ref name="Rajchenberg 2001"/> – Argentina
*''[[Skeletocutis novae-zelandiae]]'' (G.Cunn.) P.K.Buchanan & Ryvarden (1988)<ref name="Buchanan 1988"/> – New Zealand
*''[[Skeletocutis ochroalba]]'' Niemelä (1985)<ref name="Niemelä 1985"/> – Canada; China; Central and Northern Europe<ref name="Zíbarová 2014"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis odora]]'' (Sacc.) Ginns (1984)<ref name="Ginns 1984"/> – Slovakia; Russia<ref name="Spirin 2005"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis papyracea]]'' A.David (1982)<ref name="David 1982"/> – Europe<ref name="Spirin 2005"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis percandida]]'' (Malençon & Bertault) Jean Keller (1979)<ref name="Keller 1978"/> – Africa (Zimbabwe); Asia (China; Israel); [[Mediterranean Europe]]<ref name="Ţura 2008"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis perennis]]'' Ryvarden (1986) – China<ref name="Dai 2003"/>
*''[[Skeletocutis polyporicola]]'' Ryvarden & Iturr. (2011)<ref name="Ryvarden 2011"/> – Venezuela
*''[[Skeletocutis roseola]]'' (Rick ex Theiss.) Rajchenb. (1987)<ref name="Rajchenberg 1987b"/> – Brazil
*''[[Skeletocutis stellae]]'' (Pilát) Jean Keller (1979)<ref name="Keller 1978"/> – China;<ref name="Li 2010"/> Argentina;<ref name="Robledo 2007"/> Europe
[[File:Skeletocutis stellae (9209027243).jpg|thumb|right|''S. stellae'' on conifer log, Czech Republic]]
*''[[Skeletocutis stramentica]]'' (G.Cunn.) Rajchenb. (1995)<ref name="Rajchenberg 1995"/> – New Zealand
*''[[Skeletocutis subincarnata]]'' (Peck) Jean Keller (1979)<ref name="Keller 1978"/> – Europe; Canada
*''[[Skeletocutis subodora]]'' Vlasák & Ryvarden (2012)<ref name="Vlasák 2012"/> – United States
*''[[Skeletocutis substellae]]'' Y.C.Dai (2011)<ref name="Dai 2012"/> – China
*''[[Skeletocutis subvulgaris]]'' Y.C.Dai (1998)<ref name="Dai 1998"/> – China
*''[[Skeletocutis tschulymica]]'' (Pilát) Jean Keller (1979)<ref name="Keller 1978"/> – Europe
*''[[Skeletocutis uralensis]]'' (Pilát) Kotl. & Pouzar (1990)<ref name="Kotlába 1990"/> – Europe
*''[[Skeletocutis yunnanensis]]''<ref name="Bian 2016"/> – China

The [[taxon|taxa]] ''S. australis'', described from South America by Mario Rajchenberg in 1987,<ref name="Rajchenberg 1987"/> was later placed by him in [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] with the species ''S. stramentica'', originally described from New Zealand.<ref name="Rajchenberg 1995"/>

Index Fungorum shows 66 taxa associated with the generic name ''Skeletocutis''. Several species once placed in this genus have since been moved to other genera:
*''Skeletocutis basifusca'' (Corner) T.Hatt. (2001)<ref name="Hattori 2001"/> = ''[[Trichaptum basifuscum]]'' Corner (1987)<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis basifusca"/>
*''Skeletocutis hymeniicola'' (Murrill) Niemelä (1998)<ref name="Niemelä 1998"/> = ''[[Poria hymeniicola]]'' Murrill (1920)<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis hymeniicola"/>
*''Skeletocutis jelicii'' Tortič & A.David (1981) = ''[[Ceriporiopsis jelicii]]'' (Tortič & A.David) Ryvarden & Gilb. (1993)<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis jelicii"/>
*''Skeletocutis portcrosensis'' A.David (1982)<ref name="David 1982"/> = ''[[Ceriporiopsis portcrosensis]]'' (A.David) Ryvarden & Gilb. (1993)<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis portcrosensis"/>
*''Skeletocutis sensitiva'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1992)<ref name="Ryvarden 1992"/> = ''[[Fomitopsis sensitiva]]'' (Lloyd) R.Sasaki (1954)<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis sensitiva"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

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<ref name="Fungorum: Skeletocutis sensitiva">{{cite web |title=Record Details: ''Skeletocutis sensitiva'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=358481 |publisher=Index Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-09-30}}</ref>

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<ref name="Ryvarden 2011">{{cite journal |author1=Ryvarden, Leif |author2=Iturriaga, Teresa |year=2011 |title=Studies in Neotropical polypores 30, New and interesting species from Gran Sabana in Venezuela |journal=Synopsis Fungorum |volume=39 |pages=74–81}}</ref>

<ref name="Ryvarden 2014">{{cite book |author1=Ryvarden, Leif |author2=Melo, Ireneia |title=Poroid Fungi of Europe |year=2014 |series=Synopsis Fungorum |volume=31 |publisher=Fungiflora |location=Oslo, Norway |isbn=978-8290724462 |page=388}}</ref>

<ref name="Sippola 2004">{{cite report |editor1=Andersson, Folke |editor2=Birot, Yves |editor3=Päivinen, Risto |year=2004 |title=Towards the Sustainable Use of Europe’s Forests – Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Research: Scientific Challenges and Opportunities |author=Sippola, Anna-Liisa |chapter=Maintaining biodiversity in managed rorests – Results of beetle and polypore studies in boreal forests |publisher=European Forest Institute |url=http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/proc49_net.pdf#page=259 |pages=259–271 |isbn=952-5453-01-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Skeletocutis'' Kotl. & Pouzar |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=18554 |publisher=Species Fungorum |accessdate=2016-09-30}}</ref>

<ref name="Spirin 2005">{{cite journal |author=Spirin, Viacheslav |year=2005 |title=Notes on some rare polypores, found in Russia 2. ''Junghuhnia vitellina'' sp. nova, plus genera ''Cinereomyces'' and ''Skeletocutis'' |journal=Karstenia |volume=45 |pages=103–113 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Viacheslav_Spirin/publication/280038815_Notes_on_some_rare_polypores_found_in_Russia_2._Junghuhnia_vitellina_sp._nova_plus_genera_Cinereomyces_and_Skeletocutis/links/55a4e5cb08ae81aec9131ecc.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Stokland 2012">{{cite book |author1=Stokland, Jogeir N. |author2=Siitonen, Juha |author3=Jonsson, Gunnar |title=Biodiversity in Dead Wood |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3R4i5HKMfxEC&pg=PA185 |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88873-8 |page=185}}</ref>

<ref name="Tomšovský 2010">{{cite journal |author1=Tomšovský, Michal |author2=Menkis, Audrius |author3=Vasaitis, Rimvydas |year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in European ''Ceriporiopsis'' species inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Fungal Biology |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=350–358 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2010.02.004}}</ref>

<ref name="Ţura 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Ţura, Daniel |author2=Spirin, Wjacheslav A. |author3=Wasser, Solomon P. |author4=Nevo, Eviatar |author5=Zmitrovich, Ivan V. |year=2008 |title=Polypores new to Israel – 1: Genera ''Ceriporiopsis'', ''Postia'' and ''Skeletocutis'' |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=103 |pages=217–227 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270882792_Polypores_new_to_Israel_-_1_Genera_Ceriporiopsis_Postia_and_Skeletocutis}}</ref>

<ref name="Vlasák 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Vlasák, Josef |author2=Vlasák, Josef Jr. |author3=Ryvarden, Leif |year=2012 |title=Four new polypore species from the western United States |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=119 |pages=217–231 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0119/0217.htm |doi=10.5248/119.217}}</ref>

<ref name="Yao 1999">{{cite journal |author1=Yao, Y.-J. |author2=Pegler, D.N. |author3=Chase, M.W. |year=1999 |title=Application of ITS (nrDNA) sequences in the phylogenetic study of ''Tyromyces'' ''s.l.'' |journal=Mycological Research |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=219–229 |doi=10.1017/S0953756298007138}}</ref>

<ref name="Yu 2004">{{cite journal |author1=Yu, Chang-Jun |author2=Dai, Yu-Cheng |author3=Wang, Z. |title=A preliminary study on wood-inhabiting fungi on charred wood in Daxinganling forest areas |journal=Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1781–1784 |pmid=15624808}}</ref>

<ref name="Yu 2005">{{cite journal |author1=Yu, Chang-Jun |author2=Zuo, Li |author3=Dai, Yu-Cheng |year=2005 |title=Three polypores from Xizang new to China |journal=Fungal Science |volume=20 |issue=3–4 |pages=61–68 |url=http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/TFungi/chinese/data_all/chinese_pdf/chinese2034/2034-1.pdf}} </ref>

<ref name="Zhou 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Zhou, L.W. |author2=Qin, W.M. |year=2012 |title=A new species of ''Skeletocutis'' on bamboo (Polyporaceae) in tropical China |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=119 |pages=345–350 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0119/0345.htm |doi=10.5248/119.345}}</ref>

<ref name="Zíbarová 2014">{{cite journal |author1=Zíbarová, Lucie |author2=Kout, Jiří |year=2014 |title=First record of ''Skeletocutis ochroalba'' (Polyporales) in the Czech Republic |journal=Czech Mycology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=61–69 |url=https://www.czechmycology.org/_cmo/CM66104.pdf}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|18554}}

[[Category:Polyporaceae]]
[[Category:Polyporales genera]]

Polyporaceae

2016-09-04T21:42:01Z

Sasata: Heliocybe is in the Gloeophyllaceae

{{Taxobox
| name = Polypores
| image = Polyporus squamosus.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Dryad's saddle (''[[Polyporus squamosus]]'')
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Polyporales]]
| familia = '''Polyporaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] ex [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum |last=Corda ACJ. |year=1839|pages=1–55}}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Polyporus]]''
| type_genus_authority = ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]]
}}
The '''Polyporaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Bracket fungus|bracket fungi]] belonging to the [[Basidiomycota]]. The flesh of their [[fruiting bodies]] varies from soft (as in the case of the Dryad's Saddle illustrated) to very tough. Most members of this family have their [[hymenium]] (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. ''[[Panus]]'') or gill-like structures (such as ''[[Daedaleopsis]]'', whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth). Many species are brackets, but others have a definite [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] - for example: ''[[Polyporus badius]]''.

Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus ''[[Abundisporus]]'' have colored spores and produce yellowish [[spore print]]s. [[Cystidia]] are absent.

==Genera==
[[Image:Cerrena unicolor01.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Fruiting bodies of ''[[Cerrena unicolor]]'' covered with algae]]
Genera include:
{{Div col|cols=3}}
*''[[Abundisporus]]''
*''[[Amyloporiella]]''
*''[[Aurantiporus]]''
*''[[Australoporus]]''
*''[[Austrolentinus]]''
*''[[Bridgeoporus]]''
*''[[Cerrena]]''
*''[[Cinereomyces]]''
*''[[Coriolopsis]]''
*''[[Cryptomphalina]]''
*''[[Cryptoporus]]''
*''[[Cystidiophorus]]''
*''[[Daedaleopsis]]''
*''[[Datronia]]''
*''[[Dentocorticium]]''
*''[[Dichomitus]]''
*''[[Diplomitoporus]]''
*''[[Earliella]]''
*''[[Echinochaete]]''
*''[[Epithele]]''
*''[[Epithelopsis]]''
*''[[Erastia]]''
*''[[Faerberia]]''
*''[[Favolus]]''
*''[[Flabellophora]]''
*''[[Frantisekia]]''
*''[[Fuscocerrena]]''
*''[[Fomes]]''
*''[[Globifomes]]''
*''[[Grammothele]]''
*''[[Grammothelopsis]]''
*''[[Hapalopilus]]''
*''[[Haploporus (fungus)|Haploporus]]''
*''[[Hexagonia (fungus)|Hexagonia]]''
*''[[Hymenogramme]]''
*''[[Laccocephalum]]''
*''[[Laetifomes]]''
*''[[Lentinus]]''
*''[[Lenzites]]''
*''[[Leptoporus]]''
*''[[Lignosus]]''
*''[[Lithopolyporales]]''
*''[[Lopharia]]''
*''[[Loweporus]]''
*''[[Macrohyporia]]''
*''[[Megasporoporia]]''
*''[[Microporellus]]''
*''[[Microporus]]''
*''[[Mollicarpus]]''
*''[[Mycelithe]]''
*''[[Mycobonia]]''
*''[[Navisporus]]''
*''[[Neofavolus]]''
*''[[Neolentinus]]''
*''[[Nigrofomes]]''
*''[[Nigroporus]]''
*''[[Oligoporus]]''
*''[[Pachykytospora]]''
*''[[Panus]]''
*''[[Perenniporia]]''
*''[[Phaeotrametes]]''
*''[[Piloporia]]''
*''[[Podofomes]]''
*''[[Polyporus]]''
*''[[Poria (fungus)|Poria]]''
*''[[Porogramme]]''
*''[[Poronidulus]]''
*''[[Pseudofavolus]]''
*''[[Pseudopiptoporus]]''
*''[[Pycnoporus]]''
*''[[Pyrofomes]]''
*''[[Royoporus]]''
*''[[Rubroporus]]''
*''[[Ryvardenia]]''
*''[[Skeletocutis]]''
*''[[Sparsitubus]]''
*''[[Spongipellis]]''
*''[[Stiptophyllum]]''
*''[[Thermophymatospora]]''
*''[[Tinctoporellus]]''
*''[[Trametes]]''
*''[[Trametopsis]]''
*''[[Trichaptum]]''
*''[[Tyromyces]]''
*''[[Vanderbylia]]''
*''[[Wolfiporia]]''
*''[[Xerotus]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Polyporaceae]]
[[Category:Basidiomycota families|Polyporaceae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries]]

Amanita eliae

2016-08-20T17:35:48Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| image = Amanita eliae 1.png

| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Amanitaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Amanita]]''
| subgenus = ''[[Lepidella]]''
| species = '''''A. eliae'''''
| binomial = ''Amanita eliae''
| binomial_authority = [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]] (1872)
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Amanita eliae''
| whichGills = free
| capShape =
| hymeniumType=gills
| stipeCharacter=ring and volva
| ecologicalType=mycorrhizal
| sporePrintColor=white
| howEdible=
}}
'''''Amanita eliae''''' is an inedible<ref name="Phillips2013"/> species of fungi in the family of [[Amanitaceae]] found in Europe. It was described by [[Lucien Quélet]] in 1872.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&MycoBankNr_=211392|title=''Amanita eliae''|publisher=MycoBank|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> Synonyms include ''Amanitaria eliae'', ''Amanita godeyi'', and ''Amanita cordae''.

==Description==
Its cap is {{convert|8|to|10|cm}}<ref name="DeconchatPolèse2002"/> or {{convert|10|to|15|cm}}{{dubious|date=September 2015}} in diameter<ref name="Jordan2004">{{cite book|author=Michael Jordan|title=The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bFMfytLn3bEC&pg=PA196|accessdate=25 July 2012|date=1 September 2004|publisher=frances lincoln ltd|isbn=978-0-7112-2379-0|pages=196–}}</ref> and {{convert|6|to|10|cm}} across. It has a white volva.<ref name="Phillips2013"/> Its warts correspond to easily removable, deep depressions in the cap of the species.<ref name="DeconchatPolèse2002">{{cite book|author1=Christian Deconchat|author2=Jean-Marie Polèse|title=Champignons: l'encyclopédie|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zRH1yzMYsx4C&pg=PA430|accessdate=26 July 2012|year=2002|publisher=Editions Artemis|isbn=978-2-84416-145-1|page=430}}</ref> Its stem is around {{convert|8|to|12|cm}} tall and has a diameter of {{convert|0.8|to|1.2|cm}};<ref name="Phillips2013">{{cite book|author=Roger Phillips|title=Mushrooms: A comprehensive guide to mushroom identification|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nRKwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152|date=12 September 2013|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-6402-6|pages=152–}}</ref> it is subcylindric and tapers upwards. The cap and stem have white flesh.<ref name="Phillips2013"/><ref name="Pérez-SilvaSuárez1991">{{cite book|author1=Evangelina Pérez-Silva|author2=Teófilo Herrera Suárez|title=Iconografía de macromicetos de México: Amanita|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u9-YK0lu5ywC&pg=PA52|accessdate=25 July 2012|language=Galician|year=1991|publisher=UNAM|isbn=978-968-36-1634-0|pages=52–}}</ref> The stem is initially entirely white, but browns with age with a narrow bulb.<ref name="Pace1998">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Pace|title=Mushrooms of the world|date=1 September 1998|publisher=Firefly Books|isbn=978-1-55209-212-5|page=217}}</ref> The stem ring is white.<ref name="Phillips2013"/> Its stem is smooth and has white gills on the [[hymenium]].<ref name="Jordan2004"/> Its odour and taste are indistinct.<ref name="Phillips2013"/><ref name="Jordan2004"/>

==Habitat==
It is commonly found coniferous and deciduous trees.<ref name="DeconchatPolèse2002"/> It is found in the autumn and summer.<ref name="Jordan2004"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Evangelina Pérez-Silva|author2=Teófilo Herrera Suárez|title=Iconografía de macromicetos de México: Amanita|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u9-YK0lu5ywC&pg=PA52|accessdate=27 July 2012|year=1991|publisher=UNAM|isbn=978-968-36-1634-0|pages=52–}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 1872]]
[[Category:Amanita|eliae]]
[[Category:Poisonous fungi]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet]]

Russula amethystina

2016-08-20T17:33:09Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet using HotCat

{{taxobox
|image = Russula amethystina.jpg
|image_caption = ''Russula amethystina''
|regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
|divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
|classis= [[Agaricomycetes]]
|ordo = [[Russulales]]
|familia = [[Russulaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Russula]]''
|species = '''''R. amethystina'''''
|binomial = ''Russula amethystina''
|binomial_authority = [[Lucien Quélet|Quélet]] (1897)
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Russula amethystina''
| whichGills = free
| capShape = flat
| hymeniumType=gills
| stipeCharacter=bare
| ecologicalType=mycorrhizal
| sporePrintColor=white
| howEdible=edible}}
'''''Russula amethystina''''' is a conspicuous mushroom, which appears sporadically from mid-summer until the autumn under [[spruce]] and [[fir]] trees. In [[Northern Europe]], it is very rare. It is [[edible mushroom|edible]], but not very easy to distinguish from similarly coloured ''[[Russula]]'' species, and practically identical to ''[[Russula turci]]'' from which it can only be distinguished by microscopic differences in [[spore]] texture. A mistake would not be very grave, however, since there are no deadly poisonous mushrooms in the genus ''Russula''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Description==
*The cap can be up to 12 cm in diameter and varies in colour between violet, lilac, wine-red and wine-red-brown.
*The cap skin can be pulled off from the edge, right to the centre.
*The gills are from cream to bright yellow. Spore print is cream to light orange.
*The hollow stipe is initially white, later becoming yellowish or brownish.

==See also==
*[[List of Russula species|List of ''Russula'' species]]

==References==
*{{cite book |title=Danske storsvampe. Basidiesvampe" |author=J.H. Petersen and J. Vesterholt (eds.) |publisher=Gyldendal. Viborg, Denmark |year=1990 |isbn=87-01-09932-9}}
*[http://www.mtsn.tn.it/russulales-news/tx_photos.asp?index=5085 Image from the Russulales news web site]

[[Category:Russula|amethystina]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet]]

Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus

2016-08-20T17:32:55Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| image = Xerocomus armeniacus.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Boletaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rheubarbariboletus]]''
| species = '''''R. armeniacus'''''
| binomial = ''Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi (2015)
| synonyms = *''Boletus armeniacus'' Quél. (1885)
*''Xerocomus armeniacus'' (Quél.) Quél. (1888)
*''Xerocomellus armeniacus'' ([[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]) Šutara (2008)
}}

'''''Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus''''' is a small mushroom in the family [[Boletaceae]] native to Europe. It was formerly placed in the genera ''[[Boletus]]'', ''[[Xerocomus]]'', and ''[[Xerocomellus]]''. It acquired its current name when it was transferred to genus ''[[Rheubarbariboletus]]'' in 2015.

==Taxonomy==
French naturalist [[Lucien Quélet]] described this species as ''Boletus armeniacus'' in 1885,<ref name="Quélet 1885"/> before placing it in the genus ''[[Xerocomus]]'' in his 1888 work ''Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes'' (''Mycological flora of France and neighbouring countries'').<ref name="Quélet 1888"/>

It was transferred to the new genus ''[[Xerocomellus]]'' described by Czech mycologist Josef Šutara in 2008,<ref name="Šutara 2008"/> and then to ''[[Rheubarbariboletus]]'' in 2015.<ref name="Vizzini 2015"/>

==Description==
[[File:Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus 596300.jpg|thumb|left|Fruiting in [[Monte Arci]], [[Sardinia]], Italy]]
The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is initially globular before expanding to become convex and flattening somewhat; it grows to a diameter of {{convert|2|–|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}. The cap margin initially adheres to the stipe and has a tendency to become lobed or undulated in age. The cap surface is first somewhat [[pubescent (botany)|pubescent]] but later becomes smooth and hairless, and may develop cracks in age. Its color is orangish-[[apricot (color)|apricot]], aging to [[ochre]]. Tubes are initially pale yellow, but become more vivid in age, and eventually develop greenish-yellow to greenish-olive tones. They will become pale blue upon with bruising. The pores are circular or a bit angular, with the same coloring and bruising reaction as the tubes. The robust [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] measures {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|0.5|–|1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick. It is usually thicker in the middle or lower region, and its base roots into the [[substrate (biology)|substrate]]. The top part of the stipe is yellow; under this the coloration tends to be masked by a dense and fine reticulation that becomes brown to brownish-crimson in age. In some specimens the stipe cuticle cracks and pointed patches lift from the surface. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is pale yellow in the cap, with a narrow strip of pinkish-yellow under the [[cap cuticle|cuticle]]; in the stipe, the flesh is orange-ochre, with a reddish tint. The flesh sometimes shows a slight and temporary color change to blue when cut or otherwise injured, but this feature is not consistent. It has a pleasant odor and a fruity-acid taste.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/>

[[Spore]]s are [[wikt:fusiform|fusiform]] (spindle shaped), measuring 10–15 by 4.5–6 [[micrometre|µm]]. The [[basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and contain internal oil droplets; they measure 28–35 by 9–12 µm. The [[cystidia]] are fusiform, [[hyaline]] (translucent), and 40–55 by 9–12 µm.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/>

==Ecology==
It has been recorded forming [[ectomycorrhiza]]l association with white poplar (''[[Populus alba]]'') in Hungary.<ref name="Jakucs 2002"/> Its ectomycorrhizae contain bright yellow [[biological pigment|pigments]], especially the [[rhizomorph]]s, and have warts on the outer surfaces of both the rhizomorphs and the mantle. The ectomycorrhizae of ''R. armeniacus'' cannot be reliably distinguished from those of ''[[Xerocomus subtomentosus]]''.<ref name="Palfner 1995"/>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Alessio 1985">{{cite book |author=Alessio CL. |title=''Boletus'' Dill. ex L. (''sensu lato'') |year=1985 |publisher=Biella Giovanna |location=Saronno |pages=302–05 |language=Italian}}</ref>

<ref name="Jakucs 2002">{{cite journal |author=Jakucs E. |title=Ectomycorrhizae of ''Populus alba'' L. in south Hungary |journal=Phyton (Horn, Austria) |year=2002 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=199–210 |url=http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/PHY_42_2_0199-0210.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Palfner 1995">{{cite journal |author=Palfner G, Agerer R. |title=Sind die Ektomykorrhizen von ''Xerocomus subtomentosus'' und ''X.armeniacus'' anatomisch unterscheidbar?|trans_title=Are the ectomycorrhizae of ''Xerocomus subtomentosus'' and ''X. armeniacus'' anatomically distinguishable? |journal=Zeitschrift für Mykologie |year=1995 |volume=61 |pages=45–58 |issue=1 |language=German |url=http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM611045Palfner.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>

<ref name="Quélet 1885">{{cite journal |author=Quélet L. |title=Comptes Rendus de l´Association Française pour l´Avancement des Sciences |year=1885 |volume=13 |pages=277–86 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="Quélet 1888">{{cite book |author=Quélet L. |title=Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes |year=1888 |publisher=Octave Doin |location=Paris |page=419 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="Šutara 2008">{{cite journal |author=Šutara J. |title=''Xerocomus'' s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge |journal=Czech Mycology |year=2008 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=29–62 |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM60104F.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Vizzini 2015">{{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |date=26 June 2015 |page=1 |issn=2049-2375 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.244.pdf}}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Boletaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1885]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet]]

Agaricus bitorquis

2016-08-20T17:32:40Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| image = Agaricus.bitorquis.nathan.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Agaricus]]''
| species = '''''A. bitorquis'''''
| binomial = ''Agaricus bitorquis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Lucien Quélet|Quélet]]) [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]] (1887)
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Agaricus bitorquis''
| whichGills = free
| capShape = convex
| capShape2 = flat
| hymeniumType = gills
| stipeCharacter = ring
| ecologicalType = saprotrophic
| sporePrintColor = brown
| howEdible = choice
}}
'''''Agaricus bitorquis''''' is an [[edible mushroom|edible]] white [[mushroom]] of the genus ''[[Agaricus]]'', similar to the [[Agaricus bisporus|common button mushroom]] that is sold commercially. The name supersedes ''[[Agaricus rodmani]]''. It is also commonly known as torq, the banded agaric, spring agaric, or '''pavement mushroom''', as it has been recorded pushing up paving slabs.

==Taxonomy==
The [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''bitorquis'' is [[Latin]] "having two collars", and refers to the two rings resulting from detachment of the [[ring (mycology)|annulus]] from both the top and bottom of the [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]].

==Description==
The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is dry, smooth, and white (but staining yellowish in age), and measures 4 to 15 cm in diameter, convex to flat; often with dirt on the cap.
The [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] are free, very narrow, close, light pink color when young, becoming dark reddish-brown as the spores mature. The [[spore print]] is chocolate brown. The stipe is 3 – 11 cm long, 2 – 4 cm thick, cylindrical to clavate (club-shaped), equal to enlarged at the base, stout, white, smooth, with a membranous veil and thick white mycelial sheathing near the base. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is solid and firm, with a mild odor. It is often confused with ''[[Agaricus bernardii]]''; however, that mushroom has a salty odor.

===Microscopic details===
[[Basidiospore]]s are elliptical in shape, smooth, and with dimensions of 5–7 x 4–5.5 [[micrometre|µm]]. [[Basidia]] are 20–25 x 6.5–8.5 µm, usually four-spored, but often with two-spored basidia present. [[Cystidia]] are present and numerous.

==Distribution and habitat==
''Agaricus bitorquis'' may be found growing solitary or in small groups in gardens, and at roadsides, often where salt is applied to combat ice in winter. Pushing through asphalt and slabs, it is subterranean, and often matures underground. It is occasional throughout North America,<ref name=Arora2nd>{{cite book |author=David Arora |year=1986 |title=Mushrooms Demystified |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=0-89815-169-4 |page=321}}</ref> Europe, and Australia.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==Edibility==
''Agaricus bitorquis'' is a choice edible species, with a typical 'mushroomy' taste. Specimens collected in the wild may be gritty due to its often subterranean habitat. As with all specimens picked from the wild, care should be taken to consider the suitability of the collection site, as this species can bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals, especially lead, from polluted areas.<ref>Cocchia, L., Vescovia, L., Petrinid, L.E, Petrini, O. (2006). Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy. ''Food Chem''. '''98'''(2):277-84.</ref> Nutritional analysis has shown this species to contain 18 [[amino acids]], including all of the [[essential amino acid|essential]] ones.<ref>Zakhary, J.W., Abo-Bakr, T., El-Mahdy, A.R., El-Tabey, S.A.M. (1983). Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt. ''Food Chem''. '''11'''(1):31-42.</ref>

==Cultivation==
First cultivated commercially in 1968,<ref>Fritsche, G. (1975). Welche Möglichkeiten eröffnet der viersporige Champignon "Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc."" dem Züchter? [What potentialities does 4-spored mushroom ''Agaricus bitorquis'' (Quel) Sacc. offer to breeders?] ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' '''47'''(3):125–31.</ref> ''A. bitorquis'' has several growth characteristics that have piqued the interest of mushroom cultivators looking for an alternative to the standard button mushroom, ''[[Agaricus bisporus|A. bisporus]]''. For example, ''A. bitorquis'' is more resistant to various viral diseases,<ref>Dieleman-van Zaayen A. (1972). Spread, prevention and control of mushroom virus disease. ''Mushroom Sci''. 8:131-54.</ref><ref>Vedder, P.J.C. (1975). Practical experiences with ''Agaricus bitorquis''. ''The Mushroom J''. 32:262-9.</ref><ref>Van-Zaayen, A. (1976). Immunity of strains, of ''Agaricus bitorquis'' to mushroom virus disease. ''The Mushroom J''. 47:360–3.</ref> can grow at higher temperatures<ref>Hasselbach O.E., Mutsers, P. (1971). ''Agaricus bitorquis'' (Quel.) Sacc. ein wärmeliebendes familienmitglied der Champignons. ''Champignon''. 130:20–6.</ref> and CO2 concentrations,<ref>Steane, G.R. (1980). The case for growing ''Agaricus bitorquis''. ''The Mushroom J''. 96:435-8.</ref> and has better resistance to bruising.<ref>Vedder, P.J.C. (1978). "Cultivation". In the ''Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms'', pp. 377–92. Eds: Chang, S.T, Hayes, W.A. Academic Press: New York, San Francisco.</ref> Furthermore, high temperature-resistant strains have recently been developed which may help cultivators overcome problems associated with cooling production rooms during hot summer months.<ref>Guler, P., Ergene, A., Tan, S. Production of high temperature-resistant strains of ''Agaricus bitorquis''. ''Afr. J. Biotechnol''. '''5'''(8):615-9.</ref><ref>Sharma, S.S., Doshi, A. (2001). High temperature tolerant button mushroom (''Agaricus bitorquis'') and its strains suitable under Rajasthan conditions. ''J Mycol Plant Pathol''. 31(2):256–7.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mushroom-collecting.com/mushroomhorse.html Mushroom-Collecting.com - ''Agaricus bitorquis'']
* [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=213898 Index Fungorum] listing of synonyms
* [http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5480~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp Roger's Mushrooms] picture and description
* [http://www.mushroomobserver.org/name/show_name/399 Mushroom Observer] various photos
* [http://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/mycology/agaricus_bitorquis.html (A Drawing by Julius Schaffer)]

[[Category:Agaricus|bitorquis]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1884]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet]]

Clavariadelphus truncatus

2016-08-20T17:32:24Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| image = Clavariadelphus truncatus 69586.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Basidiomycetes]]
| subclassis = [[Agaricomycetidae]]
| ordo = [[Gomphales]]
| familia = [[Gomphaceae]]
| genus =''[[Clavariadelphus]]''
| species ='''''C. truncatus'''''
| binomial =''Clavariadelphus truncatus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]) [[Marinus Anton Donk|Donk]]
| synonyms = ''Clavariadelphus borealis'' V.L. Wells & Kempton 
''Clavariadelphus lovejoyae'' V.L. Wells & Kempton 
''Clavariadelphus truncatus'' var. ''lovejoyae'' (V.L. Wells & Kempton) Corner 
''Craterellus pistillaris'' Fr. 
''Trombetta pistillaris'' (Fr.) Kuntze 
''Clavaria truncata'' Lovejoy
}}
'''''Clavariadelphus truncatus''''' is a species of [[mushroom]]. The [[common name]] of the species is '''club coral'''. It is a member of the [[Gomphaceae]] family of [[Basidiomycete]] fungi.

==Description==
The species has a [[fruiting body]] in the shape of a club. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is white, thin, and hollow at the top.<ref name="North American mushrooms">{{cite book | last = K. Miller | first = Orson | authorlink = |author2=Miller, Hope | title = North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi | publisher = Globe Pequot | year = 2006 | location = | pages = 343 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&pg=PA343&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=12#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-7627-3109-1 }}</ref> The vertical side of the fruiting body normally has folds and wrinkles, but can be smooth. The [[spores]] are smooth and their [[spore print]] is pale yellow to [[ochre]].<ref>{{cite book | last = C. Roody | first = William | authorlink = | title = Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | year = 2003 | location = Kentucky | pages = 408 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&pg=PA408&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=13#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-8131-9039-6 }}</ref> The [[yellow chanterelle]] is distantly related to the mushroom and looks nearly the same, except for the ridges and cross-veined [[hymenium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Clavariadelphus_truncatus.html |title=Clavariadelphus truncatus |accessdate=2010-01-17 |work=California Fungi }}</ref> The authors of ''Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America'' said that they think that it is unlikely that anyone would confuse the mushroom with another species.<ref>{{cite book | last = Authors | first = Multiple | authorlink = | title = Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-To-Kitchen Guide | publisher = University of Texas Press | year = 1992 | location = Texas | pages = 114 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=zsJN7NZutTAC&pg=PA114&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=18#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-292-72080-0 }}</ref>

==Habitat==
The mushroom's [[habitat]] is in [[coniferous forests]] from [[summer]] to [[autumn]].<ref name="North American mushrooms"/> The mushroom is a common species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/CORAL/clavdelp.htm |title=Clavariadelphus truncatus |accessdate=2010-01-17 |work=University of Guelph }}</ref> The species can be found at a high elevation and is widely distributed.<ref>{{cite book | last = Stucky Evenson | first = Vera | authorlink = | title = Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains | publisher = Big Earth Publishing | year = 1997 | location = | pages = 165 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=EAeDeyqZLq0C&pg=PA165&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=16#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-56579-192-3 }}</ref> ''C. truncatus'' can [[bioaccumulate]] significant amounts of [[zinc]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonen |first1=TF |last2=Yamac M, Cabuk A, Yildiz Z |first2= M|year=2008 |title=Selection of newly isolated mushroom strains for tolerance and biosorption of zinc in vitro |journal=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=483–489 |url= |doi= |pmid=18388466 |last3=Cabuk |first3=A |last4=Yildiz |first4=Z }}</ref> and radioactive [[caesium-137]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaso |first1=MI |last2=Segovia N, Morton O, Lopez JL, Machuca A, Hernandez E |first2= N|year=2007 |title=Radioactive and stable metal bioaccumulation, crystalline compound and siderophore detection in ''Clavariadelphus truncatus'' |journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=57–69 |url= |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.03.003 |pmid=17466420 |last3=Morton |first3=O |last4=Lopez |first4=JL |last5=Machuca |first5=A |last6=Hernandez |first6=E }}</ref>

==Edibility==
The mushroom is [[edible mushroom|edible]] and has a sweet taste.<ref name="North American mushrooms"/> While the species is edible, old mushrooms may be spongy and soft inside.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Alexander Hanchett |author2=Weber, Nancy S. | title = The mushroom hunter's field guide | publisher = University of Michigan Press | year = 1980 | location = Michigan | pages = 79 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=TYI4f6fqrfkC&pg=RA1-PA79&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-472-85610-7 }}</ref> The species is high in [[nutrition]] and can be used for cooking.<ref>{{cite book | last = Persson | first = Olle | authorlink = | title = The chanterelle book | publisher = Ten Speed Press | year = 1998 | location = | pages = 78 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=AGRF3tqnCgsC&pg=PA78&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=21#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-89815-947-9 }}</ref> The authors of ''North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi'' said that the mushroom has a pleasant odor.<ref name="North American mushrooms"/> ''A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America'' says that the mushroom is one of the best to eat and has a sweet flavor that is especially appealing to some people.<ref>{{cite book | last = Authors | first = Multiple | authorlink = | title = A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | year = 1998 | location = | pages = 72 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA72&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=6#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-395-91090-0 }}</ref> [[David Arora]], the author of ''Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi'', said that the mushroom can be [[sauteed]] and served for dessert.<ref>{{cite book | last = Arora | first = David | authorlink = | title = Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi | publisher = Ten Speed Press | year = 1986 | location = | pages = 634 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=86tM01VsFG0C&pg=RA1-PA634&dq=Clavariadelphus+truncatus&cd=11#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20truncatus&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-89815-169-5 }}</ref>

==Medicinal==
The mushroom contains [[clavaric acid]], which has been shown to reduce the rate of [[tumor]] development when given to mice.<ref name = ACSASP>{{cite journal|title = Note Clavaric Acid: A Triterpenoid Inhibitor of Farnesyl-Protein Transferase from Clavariadelphus truncatus |year=1998 |journal =Journal of Natural Products | doi = 10.1021/np980200c | volume = 61 | issue = 12 | pages = 1568–1570|last1=Jayasuriya|first1=Hiranthi|last2=Silverman|first2=Keith C.|last3=Zink|first3=Deborah L.|last4=Jenkins|first4=Rosalind G.|last5=Sanchez|first5=Manuel|last6=Pelaez|first6=Fernando|last7=Vilella|first7=Dolores|last8=Lingham|first8=Russell B.|last9=Singh|first9=Sheo B.|pmid=9868169}}</ref> Clavaric acid interferes with [[farnesyltransferase]], an enzyme implicated in [[tumorigenesis]], which suggests that clavaric acid may have therapeutic value in the treatment of certain cancers.<ref name = ACSASP/>

==See also==
[[Medicinal mushrooms]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://healing-mushrooms.net/archives/clavariadelphus-truncatus.html Healing-mushrooms.net] Image & description of bioactive properties

[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Medicinal fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet]]

Echinoderma asperum

2016-08-20T17:32:08Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon using HotCat

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightblue
| name = ''Lepiota aspera''
| status = common
| image = Lep.asp.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = '''''[[Lepiota]]'''''
| species = '''''L.aspera'''''
| binomial = ''Lepiota aspera''
| binomial_authority = [[Christian Hendrik Persoon|(Pers.)]] [[Lucien Quelet|Quel.]]
| synonyms = ''L. friesii'' '''(Lasch.) Quel.''' ''L. acutesquamosa var. furcata'' '''Kuhner''' ''Cystolepiota aspera'' '''(Pers.) Knudsen'''
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = Lepiota aspera
| whichGills = free
| capShape = ovate
| capShape2 = campanulate
| hymeniumType=gills
| stipeCharacter=ring
| sporePrintColor=white
| howEdible=unknown}}

'''''Lepiota aspera'''''; sometimes known commonly as the '''Freckled Dapperling''', is a large, brownish, white-gilled mushroom, with a warty or scaly cap. It lives in woodland, or on bark chips in parks, and gardens.

==Taxonomy==
Noted by two of the most eminent nineteenth century mycologists ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Persoon]] & [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]]), the '''Freckled Dapperling''' has been back and forth through many taxonomical name changes. For a time; it was placed with the so-called '''spiny''' ''[[Lepiota]]'' species into a separate sub-genus called '''''Echinoderma''''', and was also placed into '''''Cystolepiota'''''. However; the most recent and widely accepted binomial name is '''''Lepiota aspera''''' ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Lucien Quelet|Quel.]]<ref name=Phillips06>{{cite book | author = Roger Phillips | year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 0-330-44237-6}}</ref> The genus name ''[[Lepiota]]'' coming from the Greek, and meaning ''''scale'''', which probably refers to the cap surface.

==Description==
The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is oval at first; becoming convex, or campanulate with age. Uniform reddish/brown, or brown at the centre; breaking up into erect scales, on a paler ground, and up to 10 cm in diameter. The [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] is paler; around 10 cm in length, and has sparse brown scales below the [[Annulus (mycology)|ring]]. The ring itself is large and cottony; sometimes adhering to the cap perimeter, and often taking brownish scales from there, which are seen at its edge. The [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] are free; crowded, and white, with the spore print being white also. The flesh is white, and is said to smell of rubber; earth balls,<ref name = "MarcelBon87">{{cite book | author = Marcel Bon | year = 1987 | title = The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe | publisher = Hodder and Stoughton | isbn = 0-340-39935-X}}</ref> or ''[[Lepiota cristata]]''.

===Similar species===
Check '''''Lepiota'''''; '''''Macrolepiota''''', and '''''Amanita''''' species.

==Distribution and habitat==
'''''Lepiota aspera''''' appears during autumn; in [[deciduous]] woodland, or in parks and gardens where ''''wood chip'''' mulch has been used. It has been recorded in most northern temperate zones; England; Europe, and North Africa.<ref name=C&D1995>{{cite book | author = Regis Courtecuisse and Bernard Duhem | year = 1995 | title = Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 0-00-220025-2}}</ref>

==Edibility==
This mushroom has been shown to cause alcohol intolerance and may be poisonous.<ref>PMID 21370948</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
* [[List of Lepiota species|List of ''Lepiota'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|Lepiota aspera}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lepiota aspera}}
[[Category:Agaricaceae]]
[[Category:Lepiota]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

Lepiota castanea

2016-08-20T17:31:55Z

Sasata: added Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| image = Lepiota castanea 70848.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Lepiota]]''
| species = '''''L. castanea'''''
| binomial = ''Lepiota castanea''
| binomial_authority = [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]}}
'''''Lepiota castanea''''', commonly known as the '''chestnut dapperling''', is a dangerously poisonous, uncommon, gilled [[mushroom]] of the genus ''[[Lepiota]]'' in the order [[Agaricales]]. It is known to contain [[amatoxin]]s and consuming this fungus can be a potentially lethal proposition. It was described by French mycologist [[Lucien Quélet]] in 1881.

It has white gills and spores. They typically have rings on the stems, which in larger fungi are detachable and glide up and down the stem.

It can be found in coniferous and deciduous woodlands, mostly singly or in small groups.

Like several other species of the genus ''Lepiota'', it contains [[amatoxin]]s which can result in severe liver toxicity.

==Description==

The cap is broadly bell shaped to flat, dark red-brown; soon splitting and scaly, up to 3 cm in diameter.
The spores and flesh are white, with a mild taste. The stem is typically chestnut brown.

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of deadly fungi]]
* [[List of Lepiota species|List of ''Lepiota'' species]]

==References==
*E. Garnweidner. ''Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe''. Collins. 1994.

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Agaricaceae]]
[[Category:Deadly fungi]]
[[Category:Poisonous fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1881]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

Category:Taxa named by Lucien Quélet

2016-08-20T17:31:21Z

Sasata: ←Created page with '*{{C|Taxa by author|Taxa named by}} '''Lucien Quélet''' (1832–1899) — 19th century French mycologist. {{-}} {{category TOC}} Category:Taxa by...'

*{{C|Taxa by author|Taxa named by}} '''[[Lucien Quélet]]''' (1832–1899) — 19th century French [[mycologist]].

{{-}}
{{category TOC}}

[[Category:Taxa by author|Quélet, Lucien]]

User:Sasata

2016-07-12T15:55:25Z

Sasata: ←Replaced content with '{{template:Retired}}'

User talk:Sasata

2016-07-12T15:51:53Z

Sasata: archive

Talk:Fungus

2016-07-11T20:33:34Z

Sasata: /* Trailing periods after authors in citations */ re

{{Talk header}}
{{Vital article|level=3|topic=Science|class=FA}}
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|action2link=Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Fungus/archive1
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|aciddate=July 16 2006
|currentstatus=FA
|maindate=November 17, 2009
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{{To do|1}}
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== To do list ==

==Medicinal use section==
I believe this is a better paragraph for this section of the page...

Many fungi species of '''medicinal mushrooms''' have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. The use of medicinal mushrooms in folk medicine, is best documented in the [[Eastern world|East]]. Medicinal mushrooms are now the subject of study for many [[ethnobotanist]]s and medical researchers. The ability of some mushrooms to inhibit [[tumor]] growth and enhance aspects of the [[immune system]] has been a subject of research for approximately 50 years.<ref>{{Citation |author= Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME |title= The immunobiology of mushrooms
|journal= Exp Biol Med |volume=233 |issue=3 |pages=259–76 |year=2008 |pmid=18296732 |doi=10.3181/0708-MR-227}}</ref> International mushroom research continues today, with a focus on mushroom's that may have [[blood sugar|hypoglycemic]] activity, anti-[[cancer]] activity, anti-[[pathogen|pathogenic]] activity, and [[immune system]] enhancing activity. Discoveries so far include, that the [[oyster mushroom]] naturally contains significant amounts of [[lovastatin]],<ref name="pmid7614366">
{{citation
| author = Gunde-Cimerman N, Cimerman A.
| title = Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin.
| journal = Exp Mycol.
| volume = 19
| issue = 1
| pages = 1–6
| publisher =
| location =
| year = 1995
| month = Mar
| url =
| doi =10.1006/emyc.1995.1001
| pmid = 7614366
}}</ref> and that certain fungi may be a future source of [[taxol]][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572833]. To date, [[penicillin]], [[lovastatin]], [[ciclosporin]], [[griseofulvin]], [[cephalosporin]], and [[ergometrine]], are the most famous pharmaceuticals which have been isolated from the [[fungus|fungi]] kingdom.
{{reflist}}
However, this page is difficult to edit (constant reverts), so I am putting it here in hopes someone can change it for me![[User:Jatlas|Jatlas]] ([[User talk:Jatlas|talk]]) 17:54, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

::How is this better? Overlooking the grammar and prose problems, the "future source of taxol" claim is interesting, but it seems (to me) to be too [[WP:Crystal ball|speculative]] for inclusion in a general overview article, and the source of the claim is an article in Chinese, making it impossible for most to read more than the abstract. There's a POV problem with the phrases "significant amounts" and "most famous pharmaceuticals". However, I wouldn't mind dropping a few more "famous pharmaceutical" names in that section, if others think it is appropriate. Other opinions? [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 20:44, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

:::I agree with Sasata that this draft would not improve this section. I can see that the first sentence, "Many species of medicinal mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years" could be a lead in, but it will need a solid reference for this claim. In addition, "folk medicine" is a bit of a fluffy term (which folks have practised this medicine?). This area is a can of worms, because it invites bold claims that are by nature contentious. Taxol is a case in point—since the paper by Stierle et al [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8097061?ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum here] describing taxol production by a fungus, there hasn't been a follow-up study in high-profile journals (say, [[PNAS]] or the like) that have corroborated their findings or taken it further to larger-scale production by these fungi. Considering that they published this >15 years ago, and that this is a compound for cancer treatment, something seems amiss (mis-identification, insurmountable problems with scale up, patent issues, etc). So to err on the side of caution, I would keep this section brief and entirely free of speculation with regards to medicinal properties and future applications. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 22:13, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Ok... :( well I thought it was an improvement... Thanks for the opinions... [[User:Jatlas|Jatlas]] ([[User talk:Jatlas|talk]]) 17:24, 4 September 2009 (UTC) I still think including pharmaceuticals isolated from fungi would be an interesting addition to this section (or possibly a new section).[[User:Jatlas|Jatlas]] ([[User talk:Jatlas|talk]]) 17:28, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
:Which pharmaceuticals would you like to include in addition to those already given in the section (beta-lactams, lentinan, polysaccharide K)? [[Lovastatin]] is the only one I can see right now that may be missing, but I don't think that this justifies a section solely dedicated to fungal pharmaceuticals. The level of detail should probably correspond to entries of similar breadth (see e.g., [[Bacteria#Significance_in_technology_and_industry|industrial use of bacteria]]). The entries for these compounds and the fungi that make them are probably giving enough detail. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 18:00, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Yeah I guess you guys are right... In that case, I have a few suggestions for editing what is currently in this section.
*"Certain mushrooms enjoy usage as therapeutics in traditional and folk medicines" ...seems redundant we should say either folk or traditional medicine.
:Done. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 15:42, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
*"Research has identified compounds produced by these and other fungi that have inhibitory biological effects against viruses and cancer cells." Instead of virus it should read pathogens since many fungal compounds also inhibit bacteria. Also I think it should be mentioned that the inhibitory effect on cancer cells, is most due to up-regulation of the immune system and not a direct effect (i.e. mention biological response modifiers).
:The citations that immediately follow are reference for activities against HIV. I prefer to leave it like that for clarity, and because anti-bacterial effects are already covered in the "Antibiotics" section and are not really in the purview of medicinal mushrooms (which may also produce antibiotics, but I'm not aware that they're competitive with those from moulds yet). The latter is an interesting but tricky topic (some compounds are cytotoxic, but others are immunomodulators, and to distinguish these effects is not straightforward in biological models), and difficult to accommodate. This would need a good citation—I'll look into this. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 15:42, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
*"Specific metabolites with biological or antimicrobial activities, such as polysaccharide-K, ergotamine, and β-lactam antibiotics, are routinely used in clinical medicine". Since inhibitory effect on pathogens is already mentioned, this sentence should be simplified to "Specific metabolites of mushrooms, such as polysaccharide-K, ergotamine, and β-lactam antibiotics, are routinely used in clinical medicine"
:Done. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 15:42, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
*The lentinan and PSK sentences should be joined due to the fact their MOA and clinical application is practically identical.
:I agree if the two compounds have very identical effects and uses, which I'm not sure that they have, since they differ in chemical composition—one is a β-glucan, the other a protein-bound carbohydrate (I've not been able to track down its structure, even on NCI). So I believe leaving this info in two sentences would be clearer—one talks of use as a clinical drug, the other of therapeutical use as an adjuvant. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 15:42, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Let me know what you think and lets make these changes if they are agreed upon.[[User:Jatlas|Jatlas]] ([[User talk:Jatlas|talk]]) 23:07, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for the changes... PSK and lentinan are both β-glucans (although PSK does have a protein attached). Also, PSK does not have a structure, since is it is a collection of molecules and not a specific chemical (which is described in papers as being primary beta-glucan structures). PSK is a specific fraction that has been isolated from Turkey Tail (based upon molecular weight differentiation, I think...). I believe their clinical roles are both adjuvants for cancer therapy. So that was my reasoning for combining them. Well, I'll let you guys decide. Glad you made the other changes for me![[User:Jatlas|Jatlas]] ([[User talk:Jatlas|talk]]) 18:22, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

==Medicinal use section link==
I would like to place a "Main article" link for [[Medicinal mushrooms]] under the title of Medicinal use. Please let me know if this is allowed.[[User:Jatlas|Jatlas]] ([[User talk:Jatlas|talk]]) 17:21, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

== Sourcing of collage photo ==

[[:File:Fungi collage.jpg]] has an error in its source information. The bottom left image is not [[:File:Aspergillus.jpg]]. [[User:William Avery|William Avery]] ([[User talk:William Avery|talk]]) 21:13, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

==Recent edits by [[user:Ddusenbery|Ddusenbery]]==
I've reverted an earlier edit by the above editor, and an expanded edit by the same editor was just reverted. I see a couple of problems with these edits. One, the new section "Behaviors" duplicates most of what is already in other sections of the entry + the assertion that fungi have "rolled up" to become animals, while interesting fodder for inspired debate, is a little simplistic. Secondly, the editor uses the same name as the author of the book he cites, so I think there's a potential conflict of interest issue. I'd urge the editor to engage in discussion here, also to clarify whether he indeed is the author in question. Thanks. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 20:27, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
: I agree that this addition is suspect. Besides, the animals do not nest within the fungi [http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 phylogenetically] so there is no reason to say that fungi evolved into animals. [[User:Debivort|de]] [[User Talk:Debivort|Bivort]] 03:28, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

== Incorrect Information ==
It is a kingdom seperate from plants, animals, and PROTISTS. Thank you. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/72.196.251.134|72.196.251.134]] ([[User talk:72.196.251.134|talk]]) 19:00, 5 May 2010 (UTC) 

:It's a kingdom separate from plants, animals and bacteria, like the article says, and also separate from protists and archaea. It's more complicated than you think; see [[Kingdom (biology)]]. I think the present wording of that paragraph is ok, giving an overview of where Fungi fit on the tree of life without getting bogged down in detail or stating anything inaccurate. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 04:12, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
::I second Adrian's comment. Also, if you go to the [[Protista]] entry you'll notice that there is some taxonomic uncertainty re the placement of protists in a separate kingdom. They are not as easily delineated as the Plant and Animal kingdoms. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 14:31, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

:The lead page on WikiSpecies says tat fungi are part of Classis 24 of the Plant kingdom, rather than a kingdom of their own. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/121.218.179.17|121.218.179.17]] ([[User talk:121.218.179.17|talk]]) 09:07, 1 July 2012 (UTC) 
::That is an older classification that has been superceded by recent work in cladistics and molecular phylogenetics. It needs to be fixed in WikiSpecies. -- [[User talk:Donald Albury|Donald Albury]] 12:59, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

::Actually, the lead page on Wikispecies says no such thing; it lists a separate Regnum (kingdom) Fungi. --[[User:EncycloPetey|EncycloPetey]] ([[User talk:EncycloPetey|talk]]) 21:26, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Why is this page title "Fungus"? The name of the kingdom is Fungi. The title should be the name of the kingdom. [[User:Mycowizard|Mycowizard]] ([[User talk:Mycowizard|talk]]) 17:38, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

:For some reason, WP follows a naming convention for its articles that prefers the singular over the plural (see also [[Animal]] and [[Plant]]).[[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 17:50, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
::And for most subject areas (plants are an exception) prefers vernacular names. [[User:Lavateraguy|Lavateraguy]] ([[User talk:Lavateraguy|talk]]) 19:48, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

== Nutritional value? ==

I think some more info would be nice. [[Special:Contributions/85.77.213.2|85.77.213.2]] ([[User talk:85.77.213.2|talk]]) 04:25, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
:In my opinion, the [[Mushroom]] and [[Edible mushroom]] entries may be more appropriate places for such info. There's some there already, but not too much, perhaps because the nutritional value of dietary mushrooms is not very remarkable (not counting medicinal properties, which are relevant to [[nutraceuticals]]). [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 15:20, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
::I think there's a case for including info here, as the relevance of fungi to human nutrition goes far beyond mushrooms. Think of [[quorn]], vegemite (which is mostly yeast extract), tempeh and other molded oriental foods, and molded cheeses, plus there are plans for making so-called [[single cell protein]] from fungi or other microbes grown on agricultural wastes. The essential amino acid content of fungi is of special interest to vegetarians. Wikipedia seems to have a gap on this topic – I'll try to find something over the weekend. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 06:35, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

==Physiology and Nutrition==
[[User:Icecooldesign|Icecooldesign]] ([[User talk:Icecooldesign|talk]]) 10:58, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
I think this should be added, as it is one of the most important aspects of fungi (namely extra-cellular digestion):

Fungi are [[saprotrophic]], meaning that by extra-cellular digestion they digest their food. This occurs by both [[exocytosis]], and then [[endocytosis]], in which vesicles are secreted onto the matter, digested, and then absorbed endocytotically. Hence, they are vitally important in such processes as the nitrogen and carbon cycles in which they help to digest products very quickly, and making them available for plants to take up. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Icecooldesign|Icecooldesign]] ([[User talk:Icecooldesign|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Icecooldesign|contribs]]) 10:57, 3 June 2010 (UTC) 
:Some of what you're proposing is already covered in the entry (such as extracellular digestion by hydrolytic enzymes). I'm not aware that fungi take up nutrients via endocytosis, since they have a cell wall. It seems that mainly small molecules, ie. monomeric sugars and amino acids, are taken up after extracellular breakdown. But perhaps the direct and indirect roles in plant nutrition could be slightly expanded. Thanks! [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 15:27, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

== Rozellida ==

Someone might like to comment in the article on the [http://www.ese.u-psud.fr/microbiologie/pdfs/2009-Protist-Rozella_Lara-etal_online-early.pdf Rozellida hypothesis] (found while looking for new stuff on [[Nucleariida]]) - that is that ''[[Rozella]]'' and related uncultured species (probably also parasitic) are the sister group to (the rest of) Fungi. I'm not sure how robust (apart from the uncertain position of Microsporidia) the hypothesis is. [[User:Lavateraguy|Lavateraguy]] ([[User talk:Lavateraguy|talk]]) 01:37, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

== Morphology, Microscopic structure picture ==

The picture in the Morphology, Microscopic structure section depicts Hyaloperonospora parasitica. This organism is an oomycete (Chromist)and not a Fungus. This picture is thus inapropriate for this article. [[User:DetourJan|DetourJan]] ([[User talk:DetourJan|talk]]) 20:55, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

[[File:Penicillium_labeled.jpg‎|thumb|right|alt=|An environmental isolate of ''[[Penicillium]]'' 1. [[hypha]] 2. [[conidiophore]] 3. [[phialide]] 4. [[conidia]] 5. [[septa]]]]
:So it is ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/154/12/3743.pdf]), thank you. What does everyone think of replacing it with the image on the right? One issue I can see is that the terms [[conidiophore]] and [[phialide]] are not presently mentioned in the article. I'm not sure how detailed alt text ought to be for an image like this. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 06:00, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
:To make detail such as the beads-on-a-string structure of the conidiophores easier to see, it should probably be cropped on both sides, and perhaps the top third could be cropped and the image made wider than standard thumb size. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 06:11, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
::The suggested new picture looks ok to me and would be a good replacement—the numerals along with the various fungal structures make it look a wee bit cluttered, so some cropping might indeed help with that. The ''H parasitica'' figure should probably be replaced asap, thanks for catching that DetourJan. One of those things that text book editors could get bad rashes about, but luckily this is WP ;-). [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 16:17, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

:Thanks Malljaja. I've replaced the image with a cropped version of the image on the right, 50% larger than the default image size so the structure of the conidiophores can (just) be seen. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 06:54, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

==Time of earliest fungi==
Fossils of the [[alga]] ''[[Grypania]]'' have been reported in {{ma|1850|million-year-old}} rocks (originally dated to {{ma|2100}} but later revised({{cite journal
| author=Fedonkin, M. A. | month=March | year=2003
| title=The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record
| journal=Paleontological Research | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=9–41
| url=http://www.vend.paleo.ru/pub/Fedonkin_2003.pdf | accessdate=2008-09-02
|format=PDF
| doi=10.2517/prpsj.7.9}}). A diverse collection of fossil algae were found in rocks dated between {{ma|1500|}} and {{ma|1400}}.({{cite journal
| author=Javaux, E. J., Knoll, A. H. and Walter, M. R. | month=September | year=2004
| title=TEM evidence for eukaryotic diversity in mid-Proterozoic oceans
| journal=Geobiology| volume=2 | issue=3| pages=121–132 | doi=10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00027.x
| url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118814335/abstract | accessdate=2008-09-02
}}) The earliest known fossils of [[fungi]] date from {{ma|1430}}.({{cite journal
| author = Butterfield, N. J. | year = 2005 | title = Probable Proterozoic fungi
| journal = Paleobiology | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–182
| doi =10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0165:PPF>2.0.CO;2
| url=http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/165 | accessdate=2008-09-02
}}) The proto-fungi must have been before {{ma|1850}}, as fungi are [[opisthokonta]] within [[unikonta]], while plants are [[bikonta]], in a very different branch of the eukaryote tree. --[[User:Philcha|Philcha]] ([[User talk:Philcha|talk]]) 21:33, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

== fungi and orchids. ==

Many orchids have tiny seeds which embody no food supply of their own. These seeds lie around until invaded by the hyphae of a fungi, then they take over the fungus as their food supply.
[Some orchids (Gastrodia ) have taken this to the extreme of relying on the fungi for all their food.]
This parasitic activity helps explain the apparent association of some orchids with a particular type of plant community. The association is really that of the fungi with a specific plant community, and the orchid in turn with the fungi. [[User:Suma rongi|Suma rongi]] ([[User talk:Suma rongi|talk]]) 06:56, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
:See [[Orchid mycorrhiza]]. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 07:12, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

== New Phylum, or possibily even Kingdom!==

There is a recent discovery of a new Phylum of fungus, a phylum that is so different from all other fungi that some are calling it a new ''Kingdom''
See our new article on [[Cryptomycota]].
However, there is (understandably) a naming dispute on this article, because the science is so new.

One person suggests that the name [[Rozellida]] has been previously given to this clade. I, however, disagree. This article says otherwise.

:"The only previously known fungus that the team found to fall within the new group is the genus Rozella — long thought to be an oddity because of its lack of a chitinous cell wall — which diverged from the rest of the fungi very early on. "We thought that the Rozella branch of fungus was just a twig that had hung on over the course of evolution," says James, "but this paper shows us it's part of a whole evolutionary bush."
:Nature News, Published online 11 May 2011 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2011.285
:''The evolutionary tree of fungi grows a new branch'', Marian Turner
:http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110511/full/news.2011.285.html

Also see the current Wikipedia article [[Rozella]]

Let's look for more sources, and discuss this issue further. [[User:RK|RK]] ([[User talk:RK|talk]]) 15:49, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

==Sex in fungi==

how do they reproduce sexually :0 —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Gummydrop|Gummydrop]] ([[User talk:Gummydrop|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gummydrop|contribs]]) 19:19, 19 May 2011 (UTC) 
:See [[Mating in fungi]]. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 02:59, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

== Ref formatting ==

I would like to convert the refs in this article to [[WP:LDR|List-defined refs]], and at the same time clean up any minor formatting inconsistencies. If there are any objections to this, let me know, otherwise I'll do this in about a week. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 20:05, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
:I'm curious what this would look like. The MoS link doesn't make the distinction very clear between this sort of reference tagging and other formats. Can you give an example of a page that uses this style? Again, this is more out of curiosity, in case I'd like to use it somewhere myself. --[[User:EncycloPetey|EncycloPetey]] ([[User talk:EncycloPetey|talk]]) 23:50, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
::Sure, check out ''[[Verpa bohemica]]''. There's no change to the way the refs look to the reader, but internally they all get moved to the end, which makes editing and article maintenance easier. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 00:00, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
:::Thanks. That does indeed look much easier to maintain. --[[User:EncycloPetey|EncycloPetey]] ([[User talk:EncycloPetey|talk]]) 00:05, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
:::Follow-up question: Is there a tool or mechanism for identifying listed references that aren't actually cited in the article? --[[User:EncycloPetey|EncycloPetey]] ([[User talk:EncycloPetey|talk]]) 00:30, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
::::Yes, if you preview (or save) with an unused ref, it says in big red letters <nowiki>"Cite error: <ref> tag with name "foo2011" defined in <references> is not used in prior text; see the help page."</nowiki> [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 01:00, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
Hello Sasata, this re-formatting suggestion is excellent. It'll make for much easier reading of the source text, and one can almost at a glance see any formatting discrepancies in the ref list (unless of course a whimsical bot comes along and screws it up again ;-) ). [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 01:16, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
:Yeah, one problem is when one specifies the authors with the parameter "last=", the bot thinks the parameter "first=" is missing and "helpfully" adds it. I didn't know this formatting nuance (and others) when we worked on this article 2 years ago. When I convert the refs, I'll fix these, as well as other stuff like remove empty parameters, eliminate retrieval dates for convenience links print-based sources, add missing doi's, etc. I've done this enough times now to know what's needed to keep the citation bot away :) [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 01:28, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
*OK, the deed is done (it ''only'' took four hours!) There's further tweaking that could be done (for example, most of the ''[[Mycologia]]'' refs are available for free viewing on the [http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/ Cyberliber] page, so direct links for all those would be handy), but my brain is fried, so I'll leave it for another day. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 21:28, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
**Sasata, that was worth all the effort. Well done. [[User:GrahamColm|Graham Colm]] ([[User talk:GrahamColm|talk]]) 22:29, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
::Yes, great work as always! Great to see this entry in such good order. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 23:50, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

== Use of "lifestyle" in descriptions ==

I noticed the use of "lifestyle" in both the [[Fungus]] and [[Evolution of fungi]] articles. However, isn't this mostly an expression having to do with psychology and sociology? It somehow appears to insert an awkward tone to a scientific encyclopedic description. Do other readers also stumble on that expression with the same impression? [[Special:Contributions/66.11.179.30|66.11.179.30]] ([[User talk:66.11.179.30|talk]]) 07:43, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

:The term ''lifestyle'' is quite commonly used in biology. For example, have a look [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=fungal%20lifestyle here]. So even though many lay readers might connote it with human activity and expression, it's the appropriate term here. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 14:04, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

::That's fine with me then, thanks for the example. It may also have to do with the fact that english is not my native language. [[Special:Contributions/66.11.179.30|66.11.179.30]] ([[User talk:66.11.179.30|talk]]) 07:02, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

== The bridge between alga and Amoeba:Funghi,true or false? ==

How do we consider funghi, like, yeast, to be classified as, botany or zoology?In my estimation, they are neither and are the evolutionary bridge, between plants and animals.Some funghi, combine with algae and are intriguing indeed.Yeast, are utilised to produce, alcohol(ethanol) in beer and teetotalling bread, a subject worthy of scrutiny! Furthermore, parasitic:- Lichens, could shed a shimmering light, on the beginning of lifes creations.There is a possibility that analysing, funghi and coral reefs, might be a worthwhile study, into the microcosm's, savoir faire. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/178.208.206.205|178.208.206.205]] ([[User talk:178.208.206.205|talk]]) 11:23, 14 October 2011 (UTC) 
:Yeast are fungi.
:The study of fungi ([[mycology]]) is a branch of botany. This is an accident of history; fungi are more closely related to animals (both groups are [[opisthokont]]s) than to plants. They are not an evolutionary bridge between plants and animals.
:Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between some types of fungi and some types of algae.
:[[User:Lavateraguy|Lavateraguy]] ([[User talk:Lavateraguy|talk]]) 11:35, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

== etymology ==

the fungus/sphongos root is not obviously the root of the words in German, and very obviously not the root of the "champignon"-cluster of words. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/88.110.115.27|88.110.115.27]] ([[User talk:88.110.115.27|talk]]) 13:56, 19 November 2011 (UTC) 
:A fact does not need to be obvious to be true. You can verify the German information from Ainsworth, as cited in the article, or from an etymological dictionary of of German, as I have done. However, you are correct about the French and Spanish. The [[Real Academia Española|RAE's]] dictionary of the Spanish language derives ''champiñón'' from French, but the French derives from the Latin placename ''Campania'' (Champagne), a region in Gaul, and this most likely derives from an older Italianate word meaning either "fields" or "camps". --[[User:EncycloPetey|EncycloPetey]] ([[User talk:EncycloPetey|talk]]) 15:58, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

== Description of Fungi collage is incorrect ==

The bottom left image in the collage of fungi (with the bluish background) is actually an Aspergillus conidiophore

thanks — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.207.203.227|66.207.203.227]] ([[User talk:66.207.203.227|talk]]) 16:40, 25 January 2012 (UTC) 
:Gah! The uploader of [[:Commons:File:Aspergillus.jpg|the original image]] agrees with you. I've fixed the caption here and at [[Evolution of fungi]]. Thanks! [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 01:45, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

== Adding a new image - diagram of hyphae ==

[[File:HYPHAE.png|thumb|'''Fungal Hyphae Cells''' 1- Hyphal wall 2- Septum 3- Mitochondrion 4- Vacuole 5- [[Ergosterol]] crystal 6- Ribosome 7- Nucleus 8- Endoplasmic reticulum 9- Lipid body 10- Plasma membrane 11- [[Spitzenkörper]] 12- Golgi apparatus]]
I made this image, I would like to add it to this article. This image was made as part of a Wikischools project ([[WP:APBAPST]]) What are your thoughts?
[[User:AHiggins12|AHiggins12]] ([[User talk:AHiggins12|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
:This looks nice — well done. It would be good to indicate the location of the [[Spitzenkörper]], which roughly corresponds to the location of "vesicles", but usually inhabits a more compact zone. Also, I'm unsure what a "crystal" is, and the cell membrane should ideally also be included. [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 14:29, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
::I believe the cell membrane is #10 plasma membrane. She based her image off of [http://www.fungionline.org.uk/3hyphae/1hypha_ultra.html%20 this one] I believe, which accounts for the crystal inclusions, not sure what they are, perhaps [[Laccase]] or something from this [https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ix=seb&ie=UTF-8&ion=1#hl=en&gs_nf=1&gs_mss=hypha%20c&tok=SLkd_sWEEtlwDibfqWknKg&pq=ultrastructure%20crystal%20fungus&cp=13&gs_id=1f&xhr=t&q=hypha+crystal&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&site=webhp&oq=hypha+crystal&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=a4b2ce1ddda35dee&ix=seb&ion=1&biw=1105&bih=656 google search]. [[User:Earthdirt|Earthdirt]] ([[User talk:Earthdirt|talk]]) 16:38, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
I see, many thanks for the explanation. I could not access the original image, though. One additional suggestion is to separate the figure legend from the figure. That way the figure legend could be edited by others if needed (for example, it would be good to regularise the plural and singular, as in vacuoles --> vacuole, ribosomes --> ribosome, etc.). [[User:Malljaja|Malljaja]] ([[User talk:Malljaja|talk]]) 16:48, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
:Try [http://www.fungionline.org.uk/3hyphae/1hypha_ultra.html this] link. I think those vesicles at the tip are actually Spitzenkörper (mislabeled in the diagram from the original source). The crystals could be ergosterol, which apparently accumulates in older hyphae. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
::I have changed the plural/singular of the legend and change vesicles label to [[Spitzenkörper]] and changes crystal to ergosterol crystal. Does anyone object if I add it to the article? [[User:Earthdirt|Earthdirt]] ([[User talk:Earthdirt|talk]]) 13:59, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
:::seeing no objections I'm adding it. [[User:Earthdirt|Earthdirt]] ([[User talk:Earthdirt|talk]]) 15:20, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

== Fungal Cell ==

I have a query about the fungal cell wall. How many layers are there in the cell wall of fungus. It would be really helpful. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Aniruddha 3 9 27|Aniruddha 3 9 27]] ([[User talk:Aniruddha 3 9 27|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aniruddha 3 9 27|contribs]]) 16:19, 31 May 2012 (UTC) 

== Request: Mycophage ==

A brief inclusion of [[Mycovore|mycophage]] or [[Fungivore|fungiphage]] (or derivative terms) should be added, probably under ''Ecology'' section. -- General form of word, as in "fungus-eater". Note: [[Fungivore]] seems to be the only relevant page. ~E [[Special:Contributions/74.60.29.141|74.60.29.141]] ([[User talk:74.60.29.141|talk]]) 23:12, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

==Poisonous vs. hallucinogenic==

Concerning the section ''Edible and poisonous species'': Popular anti-drug campaigns notwithstanding, I think we should clarify the point here that some fungi are hallucinogenic without being poisonous (by any meaningful definition). [[User:Heavenlyblue|Heavenlyblue]] ([[User talk:Heavenlyblue|talk]]) 01:46, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
:This is distinguished in the mycomorphboxes, at least, on species pages. [[User:Debivort|de]] [[User Talk:Debivort|Bivort]] 04:22, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

== Plant? ==

Is not mushroom a plant? --[[User:Oddeivind|Oddeivind]] ([[User talk:Oddeivind|talk]]) 02:30, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
:No, a mushroom is not a plant, but a member of an entirely separate kingdom, "Fungi". There's confusion because historically, the study of mushrooms used to be considered part of [[botany]], which is the study of plants. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 02:40, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

== Proposed merge with [[Mycobiota]] ==

Since [[WP:WINAD|Wikipedia is not a dictionary]], I'd suggest this definition be incorporated into the [[Fungus]] article.--'''''[[User:Forward Unto Dawn|Forward]] [[User talk:Forward Unto Dawn|Unto]] [[Special:Contributions/Forward_Unto_Dawn|Dawn]]''''' 12:53, 14 August 2013 (UTC) --'''''[[User:Forward Unto Dawn|Forward]] [[User talk:Forward Unto Dawn|Unto]] [[Special:Contributions/Forward_Unto_Dawn|Dawn]]''''' 12:53, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' - [[fauna]] is separate from [[animal]], which feels right to me. [[User:Debivort|de]] [[User Talk:Debivort|Bivort]] 15:12, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
:*Just in response to that, both of those articles are well-developed. This article (mycobiota) is a one line article which repeats what is said in the fungus article. However, the creator of the article has stated that they intend on expanding this article, so I'll '''Withdraw''' my proposed merger for now.--'''''[[User:Forward Unto Dawn|Forward]] [[User talk:Forward Unto Dawn|Unto]] [[Special:Contributions/Forward_Unto_Dawn|Dawn]]''''' 13:01, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

== Edit request on 3 October 2013 ==

{{edit semi-protected||answered=yes}}

The following sentence "The use of fungi by humans dates back to prehistory; [[Ötzi the Iceman]], a well-preserved mummy of a 5,300-year-old [[Neolithic]] man found frozen in the Austrian Alps" should be changed with this one The use of fungi by humans dates back to prehistory; [[Ötzi the Iceman]], a well-preserved mummy of a 5,300-year-old [[Neolithic]] man found frozen in the Italian Alps". So far is stored in Italy, not Austria.

[[User:Spqr83|Spqr83]] ([[User talk:Spqr83|talk]]) 14:18, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
: [[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' The source at [[Ötzi_the_Iceman]] says it was found in the Austrian alps. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 16:32, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
::No it does not, it says it was found later that the location is almost 100 meters inside Italy and because of that Italy reclamed its rights over him and now he is stored at that country. --[[User:RoRo|RoRo]] ([[User talk:RoRo|talk]]) 17:35, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

== reference unclear ==

In the first sentence of the article: "A fungus (/ˈfʌŋɡəs/; plural: fungi[3] or funguses[4]) is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds (British English: moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms." it is not clear to me whether yeasts, molds, mushrooms and fungus are all parts of a large group or whether yeasts, molds and mushrooms are all fungus. I looked at the Simple English version and found "A fungus (plural: fungi) is a kind of living organism: yeasts, moulds and mushrooms are types of fungi."
Perhaps this could be clarified.
[[Special:Contributions/209.181.43.238|209.181.43.238]] ([[User talk:209.181.43.238|talk]]) 01:07, 22 February 2014 (UTC)
:I see what you're saying. I've changed "A fungus is a member of a large group..." to "A fungus is any member of a large group...". Thanks, [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 11:55, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

== Readability ==

This [http://www.readabilityofwikipedia.com/ handy site] indicates that this article has a [http://www.readabilityofwikipedia.com/check/Fungus poor readability score] of 25 (="very difficult"). Ideal would be a score in the range of 60–70 ("Standard"). I'm going to go through the article in the next while and try to improve this, mostly by splitting longer sentences and trimming unnecessary verbiage. Feel free to revert any changes that you think have affected the meaning. Any assisistance is most welcome! [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 17:28, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

==Animation constitutes [[WP:OR]], so tagged==
The presentation of editor-produced visual information regarding progress of a fungal infection/infestation (decomposition), here [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus#Growth_and_physiology], is not a simple graphical illustration, but is OR—it is a study in the progress of putative pathogen as a function of time. However nice I and we may find this as an illustration, this sort of expertise-rich content must come from published/peer-reviews sources; we cannot miss the fact that we must take on trust that this is indeed a pure fungal infection/infestation (accept editor subject expertise). While in this case we may have little doubt, it is the principle that is important; concern for "editor as expert and original content producer" is at the heart of the WP policy, extrapolating this example to a general approach is troubling, and so this contribution should not stand. Le Prof [[User:Leprof 7272|Leprof 7272]] ([[User talk:Leprof 7272|talk]]) 00:39, 18 August 2014 (UTC)
:Wikipedia's policy concerning original research in images is described at [[WP:OI]]. I don't see how this is any different from the multitudes of images in Wikipedia and on Commons where the only evidence we have that the fungus/bridge/painting is what we say it is is the uploader's say-so. The animation is not used to advance any unpublished idea or argument, nor is there any claim the infection is pure. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 11:46, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

== First use of term "Mycology" ==

According to the article, the use of the word ''mycology'' "is thought to have originated in 1836 with English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley's publication The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, Vol. 5."

However, Google Book Search reveals at least one earlier use, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OhAPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT244&dq=mycology this], from ''Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, Vol. III'', by Robert Kaye Greville, published 1825. [[Special:Contributions/217.44.215.218|217.44.215.218]] ([[User talk:217.44.215.218|talk]]) 20:04, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
:The source our article currently cites says "'' 'Mycology' ... seems to have been first used ... in 1836''". So the author was making their best guess, but per 217.44.215.218 was incorrect. I see two options. We could go with something like this:
{{quotation|The word ''mycology'' was thought to have originated in 1836 with English naturalist [[Miles Joseph Berkeley]]'s publication ''The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, Vol. 5.'',<ref name=Ainsworth2>Ainsworth, p. 2.</ref> but was in fact used at least as early as 1825.[ref the Google book search above]}}
:That would be as informative and as accurate as we could be. It might be opposed on [[WP:OR|original research]] grounds, though personally I wouldn't have any problem with it, as there's no novel synthesis and nothing controversial or debatable.
:Alternatively, we could just remove any mention of the first use of ''mycology''. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 September 2014 (UTC)
{{ref-talk}}

== Sexual reproduction cycle in basidiomycetes ==

[[File:Fungi Sexual reproduction cycle.png|thumb|Sexual reproduction cycle in basidiomycetes.]]

This is an image I designed and drawn to help the comprehension of the sexual reproduction process in basidiomycetes.

--[[User:LaNitaRi|LaNitaRi]] ([[User talk:LaNitaRi|talk]]) 15:30, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
:Thanks! I've added to the article [[Basidiomycetes]], but don't think it should be added here (too much weight on the life cycle of one particular class). I like the image, but in the future you might want to consider making the lettering larger/darker, as it is very difficult to read without viewing the image full size. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 16:50, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
:Great pic! If you're open to editing it, "New fungus" and "Growth of the fungus" should probably be "New fruiting body" and "Growth of the fruiting body" or something like that. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 00:36, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

== Biosynthesis of terpenes ==

The following sentence toward the end of the Characteristics section could be misleading because it implies fungi are more similar to plants and share a biosynthetic pathway with plants (which it is implied animals don't have since they aren't mentioned). In fact, all eukaryotes possess the mevalonic acid pathway, while the MEP pathway in chloroplasts is absent from both fungi and animals.

"Another characteristic shared with plants is a biosynthetic pathway for producing terpenes that uses mevalonic acid and pyrophosphate as chemical building blocks.[28] However, plants have an additional terpene pathway in their chloroplasts, a structure fungi do not have.[29]"

Instead, this could read:
"As eukaryotes, fungi possess a biosynthetic pathway for producing terpenes that uses mevalonic acid and pyrophosphate as chemical building blocks.[28] Plants and some other organisms have an additional terpene biosynthesis pathway in their chloroplasts, a structure fungi and animals do not have.[29]" — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:172.101.151.230|172.101.151.230]] ([[User talk:172.101.151.230|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/172.101.151.230|contribs]]) 
:Agreed and {{Done}}. Thanks, [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 00:00, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

== Closer to animals than plants? ==

Is there a citation for this claim, or is it original research? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/124.197.22.57|124.197.22.57]] ([[User talk:124.197.22.57|talk]]) 10:54, 3 March 2016 (UTC) 

:See [[Opisthokont]] for various citations. That Fungi and Animals are more closely related to each other than to most other organisms, plants included, is one of the more robust conclusions about broad-scale eukaryote phylogeny. [[User:Lavateraguy|Lavateraguy]] ([[User talk:Lavateraguy|talk]]) 14:24, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

::Thanks for that. Would it be worth modifying the last sentence in the 2nd paragraph to mention that fungi and animals are both opisthokonts, unlike plants which are archaeplastida? (If I'm reading that correctly?) Or would that be redundant? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/124.197.22.57|124.197.22.57]] ([[User talk:124.197.22.57|talk]]) 02:27, 4 March 2016 (UTC) 

== Confusing ==

In the Taxonomy section it refers to "The above cladogram" but there is no diagram "above". Does it mean "below"? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/81.152.70.173|81.152.70.173]] ([[User talk:81.152.70.173|talk]]) 23:59, 6 May 2016 (UTC) 
:Thanks. Such pointers are always risky because we don't know how elements will be rearranged in Wikipedia mirrors. I've eliminated the Phylogeny subheading, which puts the pointer in the same section as the cladogram, and changed "above" to "accompanying".
:Meanwhile, is there any reason for the two refs in this section to be explicitly attributed in-text, rather than just cited in the usual way? [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]]) 04:56, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 10 May 2016 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Fungus|answered=yes}}



You should add [[Fungi (Caribbean Dish)]], which redirects to [[Cou-cou]] to the "you may be looking for" section at the top.

[[Special:Contributions/67.174.242.129|67.174.242.129]] ([[User talk:67.174.242.129|talk]]) 18:14, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
:[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=]] '''Done''' [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] Please {{[[Template:re|re]]}} 21:27, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

== Trailing periods after authors in citations ==

(see [[User_talk:Sasata#vauthors_vs._authors|vauthors vs. authors]] and [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fungi#vauthors_vs._authors_citation_style|vauthors vs. authors citation style]] for background)

I propose removing the redundant trailing period after the authors in the citations in this article and replacing {{para|authors}} with {{para|vauthors}} in {{tl|cite journal}} and {{tl|cite book}} templates.

Currently this article formats authors to citations in [[Vancouver style]] followed by period before the date. The use of trailing periods after the authors is part of the [[Vancouver system]] where it makes grammatical sense since this period separates authors from the title. However the combination of {{tl|cite journal}} with {{para|authors}} or {{para|vauthors}} follows neither the [[Vancouver system]] nor the default [[WP:CS1]] style, but is a hybrid. In {{tl|cite journal}}, the date is parenthetically placed after the authors, and hence it makes sense to place the period after the date. Placing a period before and after the date as this article currently does is redundant.

The newer {{para|vauthors}} parameter (1) produces clean metadata, (2) is fully compatible with the auxiliary {{para|author-link''n''}} and {{para|display authors}} parameters, and (3) contains error checking to make sure that the authors are consistently formatted according to the Vancouver system. {{para|authors}} has none of these advantages. Furthermore the trailing period is not supported by the {{para|vauthors}} parameter and in fact triggers an error message.

[[User:Sasata]] in this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fungus&type=revision&diff=722051940&oldid=722051184 edit] objected to this change on the basis of consistency (''some authors lists will have ending periods, some not'') and [[WP:CITEVAR]]. To the best of my knowledge, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fungus&oldid=722051184 version] after my edit was completely internally consistent (no author list had trailing periods). [[WP:CITEVAR]] says don't change citation format unless there is consensus to do so. I am now asking if there is consensus to make this relatively minor change to the citation format of this article. [[User:Boghog|Boghog]] ([[User talk:Boghog|talk]]) 21:49, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

: {{ping|Sasata}} I have asked if there is consensus in replacing {{para|authors}} with {{para|vauthors}} in this article. You have not responded to my detailed arguments above in favor of this change. Hence I interpret your non-response as agreement that the substitution should be made. Do you agree with my interpretation.? [[User:Boghog|Boghog]] ([[User talk:Boghog|talk]]) 17:52, 11 July 2016 (UTC)
::No. There does not appear to be consensus for making the change. [[User:Sasata|Sasata]] ([[User talk:Sasata|talk]]) 20:33, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Cyptotrama

2016-07-11T18:01:49Z

Sasata: fmt; added Fungorum template; genus cat; added pub. year

{{Taxobox
| image = Wielangta Unidentified Fungus 5208.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''[[Cyptotrama asprata]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Physalacriaceae]]
| genus = '''''Cyptotrama'''''
| genus_authority = [[Rolf Singer|Singer]] (1960)
| type_species = ''[[Cyptotrama macrobasidia]]''
| type_species_authority = Singer (1960)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}
'''''Cyptotrama''''' is a [[genus]] of mushrooms in the family [[Physalacriaceae]].<ref name=Moreau_et_al2015/>

==Species==
*''[[Cyptotrama asprata]]'' (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns (1980)
*''[[Cyptotrama chrysopepla]]'' (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer (1973)
*''[[Cyptotrama costesii]]'' (Speg.) Singer (1973)
*''[[Cyptotrama dennisii]]'' Singer (1973)
*''[[Cyptotrama depauperata]]'' Singer (1977)
*''[[Cyptotrama deseynesiana]]'' (Pegler) Redhead & Ginns (1980)
*''[[Cyptotrama fagiphila]]'' Vila, Pérez-Butrόn and P.-A. Moreau (2015)<ref name=Moreau_et_al2015/>
*''[[Cyptotrama granulosa]]'' (Romell) Redhead & Ginns (1980)
*''[[Cyptotrama hygrocyboides]]'' Singer (1969)
*''[[Cyptotrama lachnocephala]]'' (Pat.) Singer (1973)
*''[[Cyptotrama macrobasidia]]'' Singer (1960)
*''[[Cyptotrama nivea]]'' Singer (1989)
*''[[Cyptotrama pauper]]'' Singer (1989)
*''[[Cyptotrama platense]]'' Singer (1969)
*''[[Cyptotrama songolara]]'' Courtec. (1995)
*''[[Cyptotrama verruculosa]]'' (Singer) Singer (1973)

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=Moreau_et_al2015>{{cite journal |authors=Moreau P-A, Vila J, Aime MC, Antonín V, Horak E, Pérez-Butrón JL, Richard F, Urban A, Welti S, Vizzini A. |title=''Cibaomyces'' and ''Cyptotrama'', two new genera for Europe, and an emendation of ''Rhizomarasmius'' (Basidiomycota, Physalacriaceae) |journal=Mycological Progress |year=2015 |volume=14 |doi=10.1007/s11557-015-1024-4}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|17442}}

[[Category:Agaricales genera]]
[[Category:Physalacriaceae]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

Agaricus bisporus

2016-07-11T17:54:24Z

Sasata: fmt; phylum->division

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
| name = Common mushroom
| image = ChampignonMushroom.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Agaricus]]''
| species = '''''A. bisporus'''''
| binomial = ''Agaricus bisporus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Jakob Emanuel Lange|J.E.Lange]]) [[Emil J. Imbach|Imbach]] (1946)<ref name=Imbach1946/>
| synonyms = *''Psalliota hortensis'' f. ''bispora'' J.E.Lange (1926)
}}
{{mycomorphbox
|name = ''Agaricus bisporus''
|whichGills = free
|capShape = convex
|hymeniumType = gills
|stipeCharacter = ring
|ecologicalType = saprotrophic
|sporePrintColor = brown
|howEdible = choice
}}

'''''Agaricus bisporus''''' is an [[edible mushroom|edible]] [[Basidiomycota|basidiomycete]] [[mushroom]] native to [[grassland]]s in [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. It has two color states while immature —white and brown—both of which have various names. When mature, it is known as '''portobello mushroom''', often shortened to just '''portobello'''.

When immature and ''white'', this mushroom may be known as '''common mushroom''', '''button mushroom''', '''white mushroom''', '''cultivated mushroom''', '''table mushroom''', and '''champignon mushroom'''. When immature and ''brown'', this mushroom may be known variously as '''Swiss brown mushroom''', '''Roman brown mushroom''', '''Italian brown''', '''Italian mushroom''', '''cremini''' or '''crimini mushroom''', '''brown cap mushroom''', or '''chestnut mushroom'''.<ref>[http://www.thinkvegetables.co.uk/vegetable.asp?VegetableID=19 Think Vegetables: ''Chestnut mushroom''] Retrieved 2013-04-01</ref>

''A. bisporus'' is [[fungiculture|cultivated]] in more than seventy countries,<ref name=Cappelli84/> and is one of the most commonly and widely consumed mushrooms in the world.

==Taxonomy and naming==
The common mushroom has a complicated [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] history. It was first described by English botanist [[Mordecai Cubitt Cooke]] in his 1871 ''Handbook of British Fungi'', as a [[Variety (botany)|variety]] (var. ''hortensis'') of ''[[Agaricus campestris]]''.<ref name=Cooke1871>{{cite book|title=Handbook of British Fungi|volume=1|author=Cooke MC.|year=1871|publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London|page=138}}</ref><ref name="url Fungorum - Species synonymy">{{cite web|url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=531546 |title=Species Fungorum – Species synonymy |publisher=CAB International |work=Index Fungorum|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> [[Danish people|Danish]] [[mycologist]] [[Jakob Emanuel Lange]] later reviewed a [[cultivar]] specimen, and dubbed it ''Psalliota hortensis'' var. ''bispora'' in 1926.<ref name=Lange1926>{{cite journal|author =Lange JE.|year=1926|title=Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part VI. ''Psalliota'', ''Russula''|journal=Dansk botanisk Arkiv|volume=4|issue=12|pages=1–52}}</ref> In 1938, it was promoted to [[species]] status and renamed ''Psalliota bispora''.<ref name=Schaffer1938>{{cite journal |authors =Schäffer J, Møller FH. |year=1939|title=Beitrag zur Psalliota Forschung |journal=Annales Mycologici|volume=36|issue=1|pages=64–82|language=German}}</ref> Emil Imbach imparted the current scientific name of the species, ''Agaricus bisporus'', after the genus ''Psalliota'' was renamed to ''Agaricus'' in 1946.<ref name=Cappelli84>{{cite book|title=Fungi Europaei:Agaricus|author =Cappelli A. |year=1984|publisher=Giovanna Biella |place=[[Saronno]], Italy|pages=123–25|language=it}}</ref> The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''bispora'' distinguishes the two-spored [[basidia]] from four-spored [[Variety (botany)|varieties]].

Among English speakers, ''A. bisporus'' is known by many names. A young specimen with a closed cap and either pale white or light brown flesh is known as a '''button mushroom''' or '''white mushroom'''. In strains with darker flesh, the immature mushroom is variously marketed as a '''cremini mushroom''', '''baby portobello''', '''baby bella''', '''mini bella''', '''portabellini''', '''Roman mushroom''', '''Italian mushroom''', or '''brown mushroom'''. At this stage of maturation, the cap also may begin to open slightly. In maturity, the mushroom is called a '''portobello'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agaricus bisporus: The Button Mushroom|url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_bisporus.html|accessdate=23 April 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110606032930/http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_bisporus.html|archivedate=6 June 2011 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The French name is '''''champignon de Paris''''' ("Paris mushroom").

The spellings "portobello", "portabella", and "portabello" are all used,<ref name="OED portobello, n. 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/267736?rskey=uubXEq&result=2&isAdvanced=false|title=portobello, n.2|date=June 2011 |work=[[OED Online]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|accessdate=7 August 2011}}</ref> but the first of these spellings is the most common.

==Description==
The [[Pileus (mycology)|pileus]] or cap of the original wild species is a pale grey-brown in color, with broad, flat scales on a paler background and fading toward the margins. It is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity, and {{convert|5|–|10|cm|in|abbr=off|0}} in diameter. The narrow, crowded [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] are free and initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown with a whitish edge from the [[Cystidium|cheilocystidia]]. The cylindrical [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]] is up to {{convert|6|cm|in|frac=3|abbr=on}} tall by 1–2 cm wide and bears a thick and narrow [[Annulus (mycology)|ring]], which may be streaked on the upper side. The firm flesh is white, although stains a pale pinkish-red on bruising.<ref>{{cite book|author =Zeitlmayr L|year=1976|title=Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook|pages=82–83|publisher=Garden City Press, Hertfordshire|isbn=0-584-10324-7}}</ref><ref name=Carluccio03/> The [[spore print]] is dark brown. The spores are oval to round and measure approximately 4.5–5.5 μm × 5–7.5 μm, and the [[Basidium|basidia]] usually two-spored, although two-tetrasporic varieties have been described from the [[Mojave Desert]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], with predominantly [[heterothallic]] and [[Homothallism|homothallic]] lifestyles, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3760617 |authors=Callac P, Billette C, Imbernon M, Kerrigan RW. |title=Morphological, genetic, and interfertility analyses reveal a novel, tetrasporic variety of ''Agaricus bisporus'' from the Sonoran Desert of California|jstor=3760617|journal=[[Mycologia]]|volume=85|issue=5|pages=835–851|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Callac P, Imbernon M, Guinberteau J, Pirobe L, Granit S, Olivier JM, Theochari I. |title=Discovery of a wild Mediterranean population of ''Agaricus bisporus'', and its usefulness for breeding work|journal=Mushroom Science|volume=15|pages=245–252|year=2000}}</ref>

This mushroom is commonly found worldwide in fields and grassy areas following rain, from late spring through to autumn, especially in association with [[manure]]. It is widely collected and eaten, even by those who would not normally experiment with [[mushroom hunting]].<ref name=Carluccio03>{{cite book|author =Carluccio A. |year=2003|title=The Complete Mushroom Book|pages=21–22|publisher=Quadrille|isbn=1-84400-040-0}}</ref>

===Similar species===
The common mushroom could be confused with young specimens of the deadly poisonous [[destroying angel]] (''Amanita'' sp.), but the latter may be distinguished by their [[Volva (mycology)|volva]] or cup at the base of the mushroom and pure white gills (as opposed to pinkish or brown of ''A. bisporus''). Thus it is always important to clear away debris and examine the base of such similar mushrooms, as well as cutting open young specimens to check the gills. Furthermore, the destroying angel grows in [[moss]]y woods and lives symbiotically with [[spruce]].

A more common and less dangerous mistake is to confuse ''A. bisporus'' with ''[[Agaricus xanthodermus]]'', an inedible mushroom found worldwide in grassy areas. ''A. xanthodermus'' has an odor reminiscent of [[phenol]]; its flesh turns yellow when bruised. This fungus causes [[nausea]] and vomiting in some people.

The poisonous European species, ''[[Entoloma sinuatum]]'', has a passing resemblance as well, but has yellowish gills turning pink and it lacks a ring.

==Cultivation history==
[[File:Agaricus bisporus mushroom.jpg|thumb|right|''A. bisporus'' being cultivated.]]
The earliest description of the commercial cultivation of ''A. bisporus'' was made by French botanist [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] in 1707.<ref name=Spencer1985>{{cite book|author =Spencer DM.|chapter=The mushroom–its history and importance|veditors=Flegg PB, Spencer DM, Wood DA|title=The Biology and Technology of the Cultivated Mushroom|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|place=[[New York City|New York]]|year=1985|pages=1–8|isbn=0-471-90435-X}}</ref> French agriculturist [[Olivier de Serres]] noted that transplanting mushroom [[mycelia]] would lead to more mushrooms.

Originally, cultivation was unreliable as mushroom growers would watch for good flushes of mushrooms in fields before digging up the mycelium and replanting them in beds of composted manure or inoculating 'bricks' of compressed litter, [[loam]], and manure. Spawn collected this way contained pathogens and crops commonly would be infected, or not grow at all.<ref>{{harvnb|Genders|1969|p=19}}</ref> In 1893, sterilized, or pure culture, spawn was discovered and produced by the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, for cultivation on composted horse manure.<ref>{{harvnb|Genders|1969|p=18}}</ref>

Today's commercial variety of the common mushroom originally was a light brown color. In 1926, a [[Pennsylvania]] mushroom farmer found a clump of common mushrooms with white caps in his mushroom bed. As with the reception of white bread, it was seen as a more attractive food item and became very popular.<ref>{{harvnb|Genders|1969|p=121}}</ref> Similar to the commercial development history of the [[navel orange]] and [[Red Delicious]] apple, cultures were grown from the mutant individuals, and most of the cream-colored store mushrooms marketed today are products of this 1926 chance natural mutation.

''A. bisporus'' is now cultivated in at least seventy countries throughout the world.<ref name=Cappelli84/> Global production in the early 1990s was reported to be more than 1.5 million tons, worth more than US$2 billion.<ref name=Chang1993>{{cite book|author=Chang ST.|editors=Chiu S-W, Buswell J, Chang S-T. |chapter=Mushroom biology: the impact on mushroom production and mushroom products|title=Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products|publisher=[[Chinese University Press]]|place=[[Hong Kong]]|year=1993|pages=3–20|isbn=962-201-610-3}}</ref>

==Nutritional profile==
{{nutritional value
| name=Agaricus bisporus, white raw
| water=92.45 g
| kJ=93
| protein=3.09 g
| fat=0.34 g
| carbs=3.26 g
| fiber=1 g
| sugars=1.98 g
| iron_mg=0.5
| magnesium_mg=9
| phosphorus_mg=86
| potassium_mg=318
| sodium_mg=3
| zinc_mg=0.52
| vitC_mg=2.1
| thiamin_mg=0.081
| riboflavin_mg=0.402
| niacin_mg=3.607
| pantothenic_mg=1.497
| vitB6_mg=0.104
| folate_ug=17
| vitB12_ug=0.04
| vitD_ug=0.2
| source_usda = 1
| note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11260&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

In a 100-gram serving, raw white mushrooms provide {{convert|93|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and are an excellent source (> 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of the [[B vitamins]], [[riboflavin]], [[niacin]], and [[pantothenic acid]] (table). Fresh mushrooms are also a good source (10–19% DV) of the [[dietary mineral]], [[phosphorus]] (table).

While fresh ''A. bisporus'' only contains 0.2 micrograms (8 IU) of [[vitamin D]] as [[ergocalciferol]] (vitamin D2), the ergocalciferol content increases substantially after exposure to [[UV light]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/health/he-eat31|title=Mushrooms and vitamin D|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=23 August 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|authors=Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Song CH, Cho KY, Pang G. |title=Vitamin D2 formation and bioavailability from ''Agaricus bisporus'' button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=57|issue=8|pages=3351–5|date=April 2009|pmid=19281276|doi=10.1021/jf803908q}}</ref>

==Research==
Mushrooms contain [[hydrazine]] derivatives, including [[agaritine]] and [[gyromitrin]], that have been evaluated for [[carcinogenic]] activity.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hashida C, Hayashi K, Jie L, Haga S, Sakurai M, Shimizu H. |title=[Quantities of agaritine in mushrooms (''Agaricus bisporus'') and the carcinogenicity of mushroom methanol extracts on the mouse bladder epithelium]|language=Japanese|journal=Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi|volume=37|issue=6|pages=400–5|date=June 1990|pmid=2132000}}</ref> Agaritine, a hydrazine, poses no toxicological risk to humans when mushrooms are consumed in typical amounts.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Roupasa P, Keogh J, Noakes M, Margettsa C, Taylor P. |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464610000241 |title=Mushrooms and agaritine: A mini-review |journal=Journal of Functional Foods|volume=2| issue=2|date=April 2010|pages=91–8|doi=10.1016/j.jff.2010.04.003}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="5">
Image:Portobello_mushrooms.jpg|Portobello mushrooms
Image:Giant mushroom cross-section.jpg|Cross-section of a portobello cultivar
Image:Giant mushroom underside.jpg|Ventral view of a portobello cultivar with a bisected [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]]
Image:Agaricus bisporus (Cup mushroom, doubled).jpg|Two ''Agaricus bisporus'' mushrooms which have fused together
Image:Agaricus bisporus Zuchtchampignon2.jpg|White ''Agaricus bisporus''
File:2014 11 Portobello rocket feta toasted baguette.jpg|Grilled portobello, [[feta]], and [[Eruca sativa|rocket]] salad on toasted [[baguette]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[Fungiculture]]
*[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name=Imbach1946>{{cite journal|author =Imbach EJ.|year=1946|title=Pilzflora des Kantons Luzern und der angrenzen Innerschweiz|journal=Mitteilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft Luzern|volume=15|pages=5–85|language=German}}</ref>}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Benjamin|first=Denis R.|title=Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas—a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians|publisher=WH Freeman and Company|place=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-7167-2600-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Genders|first=Roy|title=Mushroom Growing for Everyone|year=1969|publisher=Faber|place=London|isbn=0-571-08992-5|ref=harv}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Agaricus bisporus|Agaricus bisporus}}
{{Wikispecies}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Taxon bar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agaricus Bisporus}}
[[Category:Agaricus|bisporus]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi in cultivation]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1926]]

Agaricus

2016-07-11T17:50:32Z

Sasata: phylum->division

{{Taxobox
| image = Agaricus campestris.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''A. campestris''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| division = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = '''''Agaricus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]:[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] emend [[Petter Adolf Karsten|Karst.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]
| type_species = ''[[Agaricus campestris]]''
| type_species_authority = L.:Fr.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum: Agaricus"/>
| synonyms =
{{plainlist|
*''Amanita'' [[Dill.]] ex [[Boehm.]] (1760)
*''Fungus'' [[Tourn.]] ex [[Adans.]] (1763)
*''Hypophyllum'' Paulet (1808)
*''Myces'' Paulet (1808)
*''Agaricus'' trib. ''Psalliota'' Fr. (1821)
*''Pratella'' (Pers.) [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] (1821)
*''Psalliota'' (Fr.) [[P.Kumm.]] (1871)
}}
}}

'''''Agaricus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[mushroom]]s containing both [[edible mushroom|edible]] and [[poisonous mushroom|poisonous]] species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide.<ref>Bas C. (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus ''Agaricus'', 21–24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), ''Genetics and breeding of ''Agaricus. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</ref><ref>Capelli A. (1984). ''Agaricus''. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). ''Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna'', Saronno, Italy</ref> The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (''[[Agaricus bisporus]]'') and the field mushroom (''[[Agaricus campestris]]''), the dominant [[cultivated mushroom]]s of the West.

Members of ''Agaricus'' are characterized by having a fleshy cap or [[pileus (mycology)|pileus]], from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or [[gill (mushroom)|gill]]s on which are produced the naked [[spore]]s. They are distinguished from other members of their family, [[Agaricaceae]], by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of ''Agaricus'' also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or [[substrate (biology)|substrate]], and a [[partial veil]], which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or [[annulus (mushroom)|annulus]] on the stalk.

==Taxonomy==
For many years, members of the genus ''Agaricus'' were given the generic name ''Psalliota'', and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve ''Agaricus'' against ''Psalliota'' or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous.<ref name="Wakesfield 1940"/>

Several origins of ''Agaricus'' have been proposed. It possibly originates from ancient Sarmatia Europaea, where people Agari, promontory Agarum and a river Agarus were known (all located on the northern shore of [[Sea of Azov]], probably, near modern [[Berdiansk]] in Ukraine).<ref name=Rolfe_1974/><ref name=Barrington_2000/><ref name=Smith_1854/> Note also Greek {{lang|el|ἀγαρικ}}<ref>Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.</ref> όν, "a sort of tree fungus" (There has been an ''Agaricon'' Adans. genus, treated by Donk in ''Persoonia'' 1:180.)

Donk reports [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus']] name is devalidated (so the proper author citation apparently is "L. ''per'' Fr., 1821") because ''Agaricus'' was not linked to Tournefort's name. Linnaeus places both ''Agaricus'' Dill. and ''Amanita'' Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for ''Amanita'' Dill., which would require ''A. quercinus'', not ''A. campestris'' be the type. This question is compounded because [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]] himself used ''Agaricus'' roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with ''Amanita''), and ''A. campestris'' was eventually excluded from ''Agaricus'' by Karsten and was apparently in ''Lepiota'' at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessary.<ref name = "Donk62">{{cite journal| last=Donk| first=M.A.| title=The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae| journal=Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia| pages=1–320| volume=5| year=1962| issn= 0078-2238}}</ref>

The alternate name for the genus, ''Psalliota'', derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''psalion''/ψάλιον, "ring",
was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. ''Psalliota''. The type is ''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed ''A. cretaceus''). [[Paul Kummer]] (not Quélet, who merely excluded Stropharia) was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. ''Psalliota'' was the tribe containing the type of ''Agaricus'', so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, but this is not what happened.<ref>Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238</ref>

==Phylogenetics==
The use of [[phylogenetic]] analysis to determine evolutionary relationships amongst ''Agaricus'' species has increased the understanding of this taxonomically difficult genus, although much work remains to be done to fully delineate infrageneric relationships. Prior to these analyses, the genus ''Agaricus'', as circumscribed by [[Rolf Singer]], was divided into 42 species grouped into five sections based on reactions of mushroom tissue to air or various chemical reagents, as well as subtle differences in mushroom morphology.<ref name="isbn3-7682-0143-0">{{cite book |author=Singer, Rolf |title=Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |publisher=Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd |location= |year=1987 |pages= |isbn=3-7682-0143-0}}</ref> [[Restriction fragment length polymorphism]] analysis demonstrated this classification scheme needed revision.<ref name="pmid9045755">{{cite journal |authors=Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ |title=Phylogeny of the genus ''Agaricus'' inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA |journal=Fungal Genet Biol |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=243–53 |date=December 1996 |pmid=9045755 |doi= 10.1006/fgbi.1996.0039|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087184596900390}}</ref>

===Sections===
This genus is divided into several sections:

* Section ''Agaricus''
* Section ''Arvense'' Konrad & Maubl.
:Contains 19 species in six subgroups similar to the horse mushroom, ''[[Agaricus arvensis|A. arvensis]]'', it has versatile [[heterothallic]] life cycles.<ref name="pmid10653743">{{cite journal |authors=Calvo-Bado L, Noble R, Challen M, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Elliott T |title=Sexuality and Genetic Identity in the Agaricus Section Arvenses |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=728–34 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10653743 |pmc=91888 |doi= 10.1128/AEM.66.2.728-734.2000|url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10653743}}</ref>
* Section ''Xanthodermatei''
:Outlined by Singer in 1948, this section includes species with various characteristics similar to the type species ''A. xanthodermus''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Singer R | year = 1948 | title = Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium | url = | journal = Sydowia | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 26–42 }}</ref> The section forms a single [[clade]] based on analysis of ITS1+2.<ref name="pmid16722221">{{cite journal |authors=Kerrigan RW, Callac P, Guinberteau J, Challen MP, Parra LA |title=''Agaricus'' section ''Xanthodermatei'': a phylogenetic reconstruction with commentary on taxa |journal=Mycologia |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=1292–315 |year=2005 |pmid=16722221 |doi= 10.3852/mycologia.97.6.1292|url=}}</ref>
* Section ''Chitonioides''
* Section ''Sanguinoletti''
* Section ''Spissicaules'' (Hainem.) Kerrigan
* Section ''Duploannulatae''
:Based on DNA analysis of [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS1]], ITS2, and [[5.8S]] sequences, this section (also known as section ''Hortenses'') may be divided into six distinct clades, five of which correspond to well-known species from the [[temperate]] [[Northern Hemisphere]]: ''A. bisporus'', ''A. subfloccosus'', ''A. bitorquis'', ''A. vaporarius'' and ''A. cupressicola''. The sixth clade comprises the [[species complex]] ''A. devoniensis''.<ref>{{cite journal | authors = Challen MP, Kerrigan RW, Callac P | year = 2003 | title = A phylogenetic reconstruction and emendation of ''Agaricus'' section Duploannulatae | url = | journal = Mycologia | volume = 95 | issue = 1| pages = 61–73 | doi=10.2307/3761962}}</ref>

==Edibility==
The genus contains the most widely consumed and best-known mushroom today, ''[[Agaricus bisporus|A. bisporus]]'', with ''[[Agaricus campestris|A. campestris]]'' also being well known. The most notable inedible species is the yellow-staining mushroom, ''[[Agaricus xanthodermus|A. xanthodermus]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} All three are found worldwide.

One species reported from Africa, ''[[Agaricus aurantioviolaceus|A. aurantioviolaceus]]'', is reportedly deadly poisonous.<ref name="Walleyn 1994"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="urlFungorum: Agaricus">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Agaricus'' L., Sp. pl. 2: 1171 (1753) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=17030 |publisher=[[Index Fungorum]]. CAB International |accessdate=2013-08-29}}</ref>

<ref name=Barrington_2000>{{cite book
|chapter = Map 84. Maeotis ([http://www.webcitation.org/6ZVnhqMx3 description]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=x_FHmc_E2uQC&pg=PA1204&dq=Agaron on Google Books])
|title = [[:en:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World|Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World]]
|editor = R. Talbert
|publisher = Princeton University Press
|year = 2000
}}</ref>
<ref name=Rolfe_1974>{{cite book
|chapter = The derivation of fungus names
|chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBNC8pABzoC&pg=PA293&dq=Agarum
|title = The Romance of the Fungus World
|authors = Rolfe R. T., Rolfe F. W.
|publisher = Courier Corporation
|year = 1874
|isbn = 9780486231051
|pages = 292–293
}}</ref>
<ref name=Smith_1854>{{cite book
|chapter =Agari
|chapterurl=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=agari-geo&highlight=agarum
|title =Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
|editor =W. Smith
|volume =Vol.I
|place =Boston
|publisher =Little, Brown, and Company
|year =1854
|page =72
}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=9y0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=Agarum on Google Books], [https://archive.org/stream/dictionarygreek01smitgoog#page/n87/mode/1up on archive.org])</ref>

<ref name="Wakesfield 1940">{{cite journal |author=Wakesfield E. |title=Nomina genérica conservando. Contributions from the Nomenclature Committee of the British Mycological Society, III |journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |year=1940 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=282–293}}</ref>

<ref name="Walleyn 1994">{{cite book |authors=Walleyn R, Rammeloo J. |title=The Poisonous and Useful Fungi of Africa South of the Sahara |year=1994 |series=Scripta Botanica Belgica |volume=10 |publisher=National Botanic Garden of Belgium |page=10 |isbn=978-90-72619-22-8}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category|Agaricus}}

* [http://www.mycokey.org/speciesindex/10/language=uk/LocalLanguage=uk MycoKey - The Genus Agaricus]
* [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus.html Mushroom Expert - The Genus Agaricus]
* [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/genera/Agaricus.html Varieties of California, USA on MYKOWEB .com]
* [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=17030 ''Agaricus'' page at Index Fungorum]
* [http://www.rjb.csic.es/sim/php/Paginas/nomenclatura.php?busca=agaricus&fichero=nomenaga&por=gensi&version=english On-line nomenclature of Agaricus from Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. CSIC]

{{unimelb|Agaricus.html}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Agaricus| ]]
[[Category:Agaricales genera]]

Agaricus bitorquis

2016-07-11T17:49:11Z

Sasata: phylum->division; links

{{Taxobox
| image = Agaricus.bitorquis.nathan.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Agaricus]]''
| species = '''''A. bitorquis'''''
| binomial = ''Agaricus bitorquis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Lucien Quélet|Quélet]]) [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]] (1887)
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Agaricus bitorquis''
| whichGills = free
| capShape = convex
| capShape2 = flat
| hymeniumType = gills
| stipeCharacter = ring
| ecologicalType = saprotrophic
| sporePrintColor = brown
| howEdible = choice
}}
'''''Agaricus bitorquis''''' is an [[edible mushroom|edible]] white [[mushroom]] of the genus ''[[Agaricus]]'', similar to the [[Agaricus bisporus|common button mushroom]] that is sold commercially. The name supersedes ''[[Agaricus rodmani]]''. It is also commonly known as torq, the banded agaric, spring agaric, or '''pavement mushroom''', as it has been recorded pushing up paving slabs.

==Taxonomy==
The [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''bitorquis'' is [[Latin]] "having two collars", and refers to the two rings resulting from detachment of the [[ring (mycology)|annulus]] from both the top and bottom of the [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]].

==Description==
The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is dry, smooth, and white (but staining yellowish in age), and measures 4 to 15 cm in diameter, convex to flat; often with dirt on the cap.
The [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] are free, very narrow, close, light pink color when young, becoming dark reddish-brown as the spores mature. The [[spore print]] is chocolate brown. The stipe is 3 – 11 cm long, 2 – 4 cm thick, cylindrical to clavate (club-shaped), equal to enlarged at the base, stout, white, smooth, with a membranous veil and thick white mycelial sheathing near the base. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is solid and firm, with a mild odor.[[File bi.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Close-up of bitorquial [[Annulus (mycology)|ring]].]] It is often confused with ''[[Agaricus bernardii]]''; however, that mushroom has a salty odor.

===Microscopic details===
[[Basidiospore]]s are elliptical in shape, smooth, and with dimensions of 5–7 x 4–5.5 [[micrometre|µm]]. [[Basidia]] are 20–25 x 6.5–8.5 µm, usually four-spored, but often with two-spored basidia present. [[Cystidia]] are present and numerous.

==Distribution and habitat==
''Agaricus bitorquis'' may be found growing solitary or in small groups in gardens, and at roadsides, often where salt is applied to combat ice in winter. Pushing through asphalt and slabs, it is subterranean, and often matures underground. It is occasional throughout North America,<ref name=Arora2nd>{{cite book |author=David Arora |year=1986 |title=Mushrooms Demystified |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=0-89815-169-4 |page=321}}</ref> Europe, and Australia.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==Edibility==
''Agaricus bitorquis'' is a choice edible species, with a typical 'mushroomy' taste. Specimens collected in the wild may be gritty due to its often subterranean habitat. As with all specimens picked from the wild, care should be taken to consider the suitability of the collection site, as this species can bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals, especially lead, from polluted areas.<ref>Cocchia, L., Vescovia, L., Petrinid, L.E, Petrini, O. (2006). Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy. ''Food Chem''. '''98'''(2):277-84.</ref> Nutritional analysis has shown this species to contain 18 [[amino acids]], including all of the [[essential amino acid|essential]] ones.<ref>Zakhary, J.W., Abo-Bakr, T., El-Mahdy, A.R., El-Tabey, S.A.M. (1983). Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt. ''Food Chem''. '''11'''(1):31-42.</ref>

==Cultivation==
First cultivated commercially in 1968,<ref>Fritsche, G. (1975). Welche Möglichkeiten eröffnet der viersporige Champignon „Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc.”" dem Züchter? [What potentialities does 4-spored mushroom ''Agaricus bitorquis'' (Quel) Sacc. offer to breeders?] ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' '''47'''(3):125–31.</ref> ''A. bitorquis'' has several growth characteristics that have piqued the interest of mushroom cultivators looking for an alternative to the standard button mushroom, ''[[Agaricus bisporus|A. bisporus]]''. For example, ''A. bitorquis'' is more resistant to various viral diseases,<ref>Dieleman-van Zaayen A. (1972). Spread, prevention and control of mushroom virus disease. ''Mushroom Sci''. 8:131-54.</ref><ref>Vedder, P.J.C. (1975). Practical experiences with ''Agaricus bitorquis''. ''The Mushroom J''. 32:262-9.</ref><ref>Van-Zaayen, A. (1976). Immunity of strains, of ''Agaricus bitorquis'' to mushroom virus disease. ''The Mushroom J''. 47:360–3.</ref> can grow at higher temperatures<ref>Hasselbach O.E., Mutsers, P. (1971). ''Agaricus bitorquis'' (Quel.) Sacc. ein wärmeliebendes familienmitglied der Champignons. ''Champignon''. 130:20–6.</ref> and CO2 concentrations,<ref>Steane, G.R. (1980). The case for growing ''Agaricus bitorquis''. ''The Mushroom J''. 96:435-8.</ref> and has better resistance to bruising.<ref>Vedder, P.J.C. (1978). "Cultivation". In the ''Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms'', pp. 377–92. Eds: Chang, S.T, Hayes, W.A. Academic Press: New York, San Francisco.</ref> Furthermore, high temperature-resistant strains have recently been developed which may help cultivators overcome problems associated with cooling production rooms during hot summer months.<ref>Guler, P., Ergene, A., Tan, S. Production of high temperature-resistant strains of ''Agaricus bitorquis''. ''Afr. J. Biotechnol''. '''5'''(8):615-9.</ref><ref>Sharma, S.S., Doshi, A. (2001). High temperature tolerant button mushroom (''Agaricus bitorquis'') and its strains suitable under Rajasthan conditions. ''J Mycol Plant Pathol''. 31(2):256–7.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mushroom-collecting.com/mushroomhorse.html Mushroom-Collecting.com - ''Agaricus bitorquis'']
* [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=213898 Index Fungorum] listing of synonyms
* [http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5480~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp Roger's Mushrooms] picture and description
* [http://www.mushroomobserver.org/name/show_name/399 Mushroom Observer] various photos
* [http://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/mycology/agaricus_bitorquis.html (A Drawing by Julius Schaffer)]

[[Category:Agaricus|bitorquis]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1884]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]

Agaricus arvensis

2016-07-11T17:46:58Z

Sasata: link; phylum->division

{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Horse mushroom
| image = Pieczarka_polowa_vongrzanka.JPG
| image_width = 234px
| image_caption = ''Agaricus arvensis''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = '''''[[Agaricus]]'''''
| species = '''''A. arvensis'''''
| binomial = ''Agaricus arvensis''
| binomial_authority = [[Jacob Christian Schaeffer|Schaeff.]]
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Agaricus arvensis''
| whichGills = free
| capShape =convex
| hymeniumType=gills
| stipeCharacter=ring
| ecologicalType=saprotrophic
| sporePrintColor=brown
| sporePrintColor2=blackish-brown
| howEdible=choice
}}
'''''Agaricus arvensis''''', commonly known as the '''horse mushroom''', is a [[mushroom]] of the genus ''[[Agaricus]]''.

==Taxonomy==
It was [[species description|described]] as ''Agaricus arvensis'' by [[Jacob Christian Schaeffer]] in 1762, and given numerous binomial descriptions since. Its generic name '''arvensis''' means 'of the field'.

==Description==
[[Image:A. arvensis showing cogwheel.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Agaricus arvensis showing (the so-called) 'cogwheel' on left-hand specimen]]
The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is similar to that of ''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' (the field mushroom). The gills are white at first (when this fungus is most often confused with deadly ''[[Amanita]]'' genus). They later pass through grey and brown to become dull chocolate. There is a large spreading ring, white above but sometimes with yellowish scales underneath. Viewed from below, on a closed-cap specimen, the twin-layered ring has a well-developed 'cogwheel' pattern around the stipe. This is the lower part of the double ring. The odor is described as like [[anise]].<ref>Miller, Orson. ''Mushrooms of North America''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1984.</ref> It belongs to a group of ''[[Agaricus]]'' which tend to stain yellow on bruising.

===Similar species===
*''Agaricus osecanus'' is rare, and is without the aniseed smell.<ref name=Phillips06>{{cite book | author = Roger Phillips | year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 0-330-44237-6}}</ref>
*''[[Agaricus xanthodermus]]'', the yellow stainer, can cause stomach upsets.
*''[[Agaricus silvicola]]'', the wood mushroom, is a touch more arboreal, with a frail and delicate ring, but also edible.
*''[[Agaricus campestris]]'', the field mushroom, is generally (but not always) smaller, has pink gills when young, and is also edible.
*''[[Agaricus bitorquis]]'', the spring agaric(us); looks similar to arvensis and campestris, which are more common in the summer and autumn
*''[[Agaricus bisporus]]'' is the more commonly cultivated mushroom of the ''Agaricus'' genus.

==Distribution and habitat==
It is one of the largest white ''Agaricus'' species in Britain (where it appears during the months of July-November), West Asia (Iran)<ref name=Asef2010>{{cite book |title=قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) |trans_title=Poisonous mushrooms of Iran |year=2010 |author=Asef Shayan MR. |publisher=Iran shenasi |page=214 |isbn=978-964-2725-29-8 |language=Persian}}</ref> and North America.
Frequently found near stables, as well as in meadows, it may form [[fairy rings]]. The mushroom is often found growing with nettles (a plant that also likes nutrient-rich soil). It is sometimes found associated with [[spruce]].<ref>Lincoff, Gary. ''The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms''. Chanticleer Press: New York, 1981.</ref>

== Conservation ==
This mushroom is considered common and widespread, and is not a conservation concern.<ref name="kew.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Agaricus-arvensis.htm |title=Plants & Fungi: Agaricus arvensis (horse mushroom) - Species profile from |publisher=Kew |date= |accessdate=2013-05-19}}</ref>

==Edibility==
Much prized by farmers and gypsies for generations, the horse mushroom is regarded as one of the most delicious edible [[fungi]], although the fruitbodies of this and other yellow-staining ''Agaricus'' species often have a build-up of [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metals]], such as [[cadmium]] and [[copper]].<ref name="kew.org"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|Agaricus arvensis}}

==External links==
* [http://mushroom-collecting.com/mushroomhorse.html Mushroom-collecting.com - ''Agaricus arvensis'']
* [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_arvensis.html Mushroom Expert - ''Agaricus arvensis'']
* [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Agaricus_arvensis.html Mykoweb - ''Agaricus avernsis'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agaricus Arvensis}}
[[Category:Agaricus|arvensis]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1762]]

Agaricus campestris

2016-07-11T17:44:02Z

Sasata: fmt; phylum->division

{{Taxobox
| image=Agaricus_campestris.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Agaricus]]''
| species = '''''A. campestris'''''
| binomial = ''Agaricus campestris''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Agaricus campestris''
| whichGills = free
| capShape = convex
| capShape2 = flat
| hymeniumType = gills
| stipeCharacter = ring
| ecologicalType = saprotrophic
| sporePrintColor = brown
| howEdible = choice
}}

'''''Agaricus campestris''''' is a widely eaten [[Agaricales|gilled mushroom]] closely related to the cultivated [[button mushroom]] ''Agaricus bisporus''. It is [[common name|commonly]] known as the '''field mushroom''' or, in North America, '''meadow mushroom'''.

==Taxonomy==
This species was originally noted and named in 1753 by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] as ''Agaricus campestris''.<ref name="Linnaeus 1753"/> It was placed in the genus ''[[Psalliota]]'' by [[Lucien Quelet]] in 1872. Some variants have been isolated over the years, a few of which now have species status, for example, ''[[Agaricus bernardii]]'' Quel. (1878), ''[[Agaricus bisporus]]'' (J.E. Lange) Imbach (1946), ''[[Agaricus bitorquis]]'' (Quel.) Sacc. (1887), ''[[Agaricus cappellianus]]'' Hlavacek (1987), and ''[[Agaricus silvicola]]'' (Vittad.) Peck (1872). Some were so similar they did not warrant even [[variety (botany)|varietal]] status, while others have retained it. ''Agaricus campestris'' var. ''equestris'' (F.H.Moller) Pilat (1951) is still valid. ''A. campestris'' var. ''isabellinus'' (F.H.Moller) Pilat (1951), and ''A. campestris'' var. ''radicatus'', are possibly still valid too.

The [[Latin]] [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''campestris'' means "of the fields". [[Common name]]s given to the fungus include "meadow mushroom", "pink bottom",<ref name="Roody 2003"/> and "field mushroom".

==Description==
The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is white, may have fine scales, and is {{convert|5|to|10|cm|in}} in diameter; it is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity. The [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] are initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown, as is the [[spore print]]. The {{convert|3|to|10|cm|in}} tall [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] is predominantly white and bears a single thin ring.<ref name="Nilsson 1977"/> The taste is mild. The white [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] bruises a dingy reddish brown, as opposed to yellow in the inedible (and somewhat toxic) ''[[Agaricus xanthodermus]]'' and similar species. The thick-walled, elliptical [[spore]]s measure 5.5–8.0 [[micrometre|µm]] by 4–5 µm. [[Cheilocystidia]] are absent.<ref name="Miller 2006"/>

===Similar species===
Several species may be confused with ''Agaricus campestris''. ''[[Amanita virosa]]'' and similar, closely related species, are morbidly toxic. ''[[Agaricus xanthodermus]]'' ("the yellow stainer") causes gastrointestinal problems.
''[[Agaricus arvensis]]'', the horse mushroom, is an excellent edible. White ''[[Clitocybe]]'' species that also grow on lawns, and in grassy places may be dangerous to eat.

==Distribution and habitat==
''Agaricus campestris'' is common in fields and grassy areas after rain from late summer onwards worldwide. It is often found on lawns in suburban areas. Appearing in small groups, in [[fairy rings]],<ref name="Fox 2006"/> or solitary. Owing to the demise of horse-drawn vehicles, and the subsequent decrease in the number of horses on pasture, the old "white outs" of years gone by are becoming rare events.<ref name="Mabey 1972"/> This species is rarely found in [[woodland]].

The mushroom has been reported from Asia, Europe, northern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and North America<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> (including Mexico).<ref name="Alonso-Aguilar 2014"/>

==Edibility==
It is widely collected and eaten, even by those who would not normally eat wild [[mushrooms]]. This mushroom is not commercially cultivated on account of its fast maturing and short shelf-life.<ref name="Grigson 1975"/>
Culinary uses of the meadow mushroom include eating it sauteed or fried, in sauces, or even sliced raw and included in salads. In flavor and texture, this mushroom is almost identical to the white button mushroom available in grocery stores in the United States. Be sure to rinse well to dislodge any sand, and also watch out for small, white larvae which tunnel through the stems and caps. Among the similar species mentioned above, there have been cases (in fact the most common cause of fatal fungus poisoning in France) where the deadly toxic [[destroying angel]] (''Amanita bisporigera'') has been consumed by individuals who mistook it for this species. The edibility of specimens collected from lawns is uncertain because of possible contamination with pesticides or other chemicals.

==Other uses==
Research into fungal dressings for the treatment of ulcers, and bed sores, using fungal mycelial filaments, is ongoing. In the past, slices of ''A. campestris'' were applied to scalds, and burns in parts of Scotland.<ref name="Harding 2008"/>

==Bioactive properties==
Water extracts of ''A. campestris'' have been shown to enhance the secretion of [[insulin]], and to have insulin-like effects on [[glucose metabolism]] ''[[in vitro]]'', although the mechanism is not understood.<ref name="Gray 1998"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Alonso-Aguilar 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Alonso-Aguilar LE, Montoya A, Kong A, Estrada-Torres A, Garibay-Orijel R. |title=The cultural significance of wild mushrooms in San Mateo Huexoyucan, Tlaxcala, Mexico |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |year=2014 |volume=10 |page=27 |pmid=24597704 |pmc=3996006 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-10-27}} {{open access}}</ref>

<ref name="Fox 2006">{{cite journal |author =Fox RTV. |year=2006 |title=Fungal foes in your garden: fairy ring mushrooms |journal=Mycologist |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1016/j.mycol.2005.11.013}}</ref>

<ref name="Gray 1998">{{cite journal |authors=Gray AM, Flatt PR. |title=Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of ''Agaricus campestris'' (mushroom) |journal=The Journal of Endocrinology |volume=157 |issue=2 |pages=259–66 |year=1998 |pmid=9659289 |doi=10.1677/joe.0.1570259 |url=http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9659289}}</ref>

<ref name="Grigson 1975">{{cite book |author=Grigson J. |authorlink=Jane Grigson |title=The Mushroom Feast |year=1975 |publisher=Penguin |place=London, UK |isbn=0-14-046273-2}}</ref>

<ref name="Harding 2008">{{cite book |author=Harding P. |year=2008 |title=Mushroom Miscellany |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-728464-1}}</ref>

<ref name="Linnaeus 1753">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus C. |title=Species Plantarum |year=1753 |publisher=Lars Salvius |location=Stockholm |volume=2 |page=1173 |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359194 |language=Latin}}</ref>

<ref name="Mabey 1972">{{cite book |author=Mabey R. |year=1972 |title=Food For Free, A Guide to the Edible Wild Plants of Britain |publisher=Fontana/Collins}}</ref>

<ref name="Miller 2006">{{cite book |authors=Miller HR, Miller OK Jr. |title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |publisher=Falcon Guides |location=Guilford, Connecticut |year=2006 |page=283 |isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1}}</ref>

<ref name="Nilsson 1977">{{cite book |authors=Nilsson S, Persson O. |year=1977|title= Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi|publisher=Penguin, New York|isbn=0-14-063006-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Roberts 2011">{{cite book |authors=Roberts P, Evans S. |title=The Book of Fungi |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=35 |isbn=978-0-226-72117-0}}</ref>

<ref name="Roody 2003">{{cite book |author=Roody WC. |title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Kentucky |year=2003 |page=48 |isbn=978-0-8131-9039-6}}</ref>

}}
[http://www.basidiochecklist.info/DisplayResults.asp?intGBNum=9779 British Checklist]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Agaricus campestris}}
*{{IndexFungorum|416972}}
*[http://mushroom-collecting.com/mushroomhorse.html Mushroom-Collecting.com]
*[http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_campestris.html Mushroom Expert]

[[Category:Agaricus|campestris]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1753]]
[[Category:Fungi of Africa]]
[[Category:Fungi of Asia]]
[[Category:Fungi of Australia]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]

Bondarzewia tibetica

2016-07-09T19:07:40Z

Sasata: fmt

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_width = 234px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Russulales]]
| familia = [[Bondarzewiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bondarzewia]]''
| species = '''''B. tibetica'''''
| binomial = ''Bondarzewia tibetica''
| binomial_authority = B.K.Cui, J.Song & Jia J.Chen (2016)
}}

'''''Bondarzewia tibetica''''' is a species of [[polypore]] fungus in the family [[Bondarzewiaceae]]. Found in [[Tibet]], it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 2016.<ref name="Cui 2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Cui 2016">{{cite journal |authors=Cui B-K, Song J, Chen J-J. |title=Fungal diversity notes 253–366: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2016 |volume=78 |issue=1 |page=175 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0366-9}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|815274}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 2016]]
[[Category:Fungi of China]]
[[Category:Russulales]]

{{Russulales-stub}}

Blastosporella

2016-07-09T18:05:17Z

Sasata: fmt

{{Taxobox
| image = Blastosporella zonata 6790.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = in [[Murillo, Tolima|Murillo]], [[Colombia]]
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Lyophyllaceae]]
| genus = '''''Blastosporella'''''
| genus_authority = T.J.Baroni & Franco-Mol. (2007)
| type_species = '''''Blastosporella zonata'''''
| type_species_authority = T.J.Baroni & Franco-Mol. (2007)
}}
'''''Blastosporella''''' is a fungal [[genus]] in the family [[Lyophyllaceae]].<ref name="Belanger_et_al_2015"/> The genus is [[monotypic]], containing the single South American species '''''Blastosporella zonata''''', described as new to science in 2007. The fungus produces [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] characterized by producing spherical balls of [[blastospore]]s that cover the [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] surface in maturity.<ref name="Baroni 2007"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Agaricales genera]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Baroni 2007">{{cite journal |title=''Arthromyces'' and ''Blastosporella'', two new genera of conidia producing lyophylloid agarics (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from the Neotropics |journal=Mycological Research |year=2007 |authors=Baroni TJ, Franco-Molano AE, Lodge DJ, Lindner DL, Horak E, Hofstetter V. |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.007 |pmid=17572336}}</ref>

<ref name="Belanger_et_al_2015">{{cite journal |authors=Bellanger J-M, Moreau P-A, Corriol G, Bidaud A, Chalange R, Dudova Z, Richard F. |title=Plunging hands into the mushroom jar: a phylogenetic framework for Lyophyllaceae (Agaricales), Basidiomycota) |year=2015 | journal=Genetica |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s10709-015-9823-8 |pmid=25652231 |pages=169-194}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|510720}}

[[Category:Lyophyllaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi of South America]]
[[Category:Monotypic Agaricales genera]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

Talk:Boletus vermiculosoides

2016-07-07T21:01:27Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Boletus vermiculosoides

2016-07-07T21:01:01Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image = Boletus vermiculosoides 18333.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Boletaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Boletus]]''
| species = '''''B. vermiculosoides'''''
| binomial = ''Boletus vermiculosoides''
| binomial_authority = [[A.H.Sm.]] & [[Harry Delbert Thiers|Thiers]] (1971)
}}

'''''Boletus vermiculosoides''''' is a species of [[bolete]] fungus in the family [[Boletaceae]]. Found in North America, it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1971 by mycologists [[Alexander H. Smith]] and [[Harry Delbert Thiers]]. The [[type (biology)|type]] collection was made by Smith in [[Hartland, Michigan]], in 1966.<ref name="Smith 1971"/>

==See also==

*[[List of Boletus species|List of ''Boletus'' species]]
*[[List of North American boletes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Smith 1971">{{cite book |authors=Thiers HD, Smith AH. |title=The Boletes of Michigan |year=1971 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |pages=337–338 |isbn=0-472-85590-5 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/f/fung1tc/agk0838.0001.001/345?view=image&size=200}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|309822}}

[[Category:Boletus|vermiculosoides]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1971]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]

Lanmaoa pallidorosea

2016-07-07T20:43:14Z

Sasata: + image, link

{{Taxobox
| image = Boletus pallidoroseus 245628.jpg
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Boletaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Boletus]]''
| species = '''''B. pallidoroseus'''''
| binomial = ''Boletus pallidoroseus''
| binomial_authority = Both (1998)
}}

'''''Boletus pallidoroseus''''' is a [[fungus]] of the genus ''[[Boletus]]'' native to North America. It was [[species description|described]] scientifically by Ernst Both in 1998.<ref name="Both 1998"/>

==See also==
*[[List of Boletus species|List of ''Boletus'' species]]
*[[List of North American boletes]]
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Both 1998">{{cite journal |author=Both EE. |title=New taxa of boletes and two boletes with identity problems |journal=Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences |year=1998 |volume=36 |pages=215–32}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|444725}}

[[Category:Boletus|pallidoroseus]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1998]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]

{{Boletales-stub}}

Talk:Schenella pityophila

2016-07-07T19:08:34Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Schenella pityophila

2016-07-07T19:08:07Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image = Schenella pityophila 53720.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Geastrales]]
| familia = [[Geastraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Schenella]]''
| species = '''''S. pityophila'''''
| binomial = ''Schenella pityophila''
| binomial_authority = (Malençon & Riousset) Estrada & Lado (2005)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Schenella pityophila"/>
| synonyms = *''Pyrenogaster pityophilus'' Malençon & Riousset (1977)
}}

'''''Schenella pityophila''''' is a species of [[fungus]] in the family [[Geastraceae]] found in Europe. It was originally [[species description|described]] in 1997 as ''Pyrenogaster pityophilus'',<ref name="Malencon 1977"/> before being transferred to the genus ''[[Schenella]]'' in 2005.<ref name="Estrada-Torres 2005"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Estrada-Torres 2005">{{cite journal |title=The myxomycete genus ''Schenella'': morphological and DNA sequence evidence for synonymy with the gasteromycete genus ''Pyrenogaster'' |journal=Mycologia |authors=Estrada-Torres A, Gaither TW, Miller DL, Lado C, Keller HW. |year=2005 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/001/0139.htm |doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.139}}</ref>

<ref name="Malencon 1977">{{cite journal |title=''Pyrenogaster pithyopilus'' G. Malençon et L. Riousset, nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce de Gastéromycète (Geastraceae) |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |year=1977 |authors=Malençon G, Riousset L. |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=289–311 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Schenella pityophila">{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Schenella pityophila'' (Malençon & Riousset) Estrada & Lado [as 'pityophilus'] |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=565551 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-07-07}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|565551}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 1977]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Geastraceae]]

{{Geastrales-stub}}

Schenella

2016-07-07T18:42:05Z

Sasata: ce

{{Taxobox
| image = Schenella simplex 135444.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Schenella simplex''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Geastrales]]
| familia = [[Geastraceae]]
| genus = '''''Schenella'''''
| genus_authority = [[Thomas Huston Macbride|T.Macbr.]] (1911)
| type_species = ''Schenella simplex''
| type_species_authority = T.Macbr. (1911)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Schenella"/>
| synonyms = *''Pyrenogaster'' Malençon & Riousset (1977)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = ''[[Schenella microspora|S. microspora]]'' 
''[[Schenella pityophila|S. pityophila]]'' 
''[[Schenella romana|S. romana]]'' 
''[[Schenella simplex|S. simplex]]''
}}

'''''Schenella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Geastraceae]]. The widely distributed genus contains four species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/> The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Thomas Huston Macbride]] in 1911.<ref name="Macbride 1911"/> ''Pyrenogaster'', described in 1977,<ref name="Malencon 1977"/> is a later [[synonym (biology)|synonym]].<ref name="urlMycoBank: Schenella"/><ref name="EstradaTorres 2005"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="EstradaTorres 2005">{{cite journal |title=The myxomycete genus ''Schenella'': morphological and DNA sequence evidence for synonymy with the gasteromycete genus ''Pyrenogaster'' |journal=Mycologia |authors=Estrada-Torres A, Gaither TW, Miller DL, Lado C, Keller HW. |year=2005 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/001/0139.htm |doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.139}}</ref>

<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |authors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=618 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Macbride 1911">{{cite journal |title=A new genus of Myxomycetes |journal=Mycologia |year=1911 |author=Macbride TH. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=39–40 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0003/001/0039.htm |doi=10.2307/3753654}}</ref>

<ref name="Malencon 1977">{{cite journal |title=''Pyrenogaster pithyopilus'' G. Malençon et L. Riousset, nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce de Gastéromycète (Geastraceae) |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |year=1977 |authors=Malençon G, Riousset L. |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=289–311 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Schenella">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=12216 |title=''Schenella'' T. Macbr. 1911 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|12216}}

[[Category:Geastraceae]]
[[Category:Agaricomycetes genera]]

{{Geastrales-stub}}

Talk:Pyrenogaster

2016-07-07T18:41:23Z

Sasata: {{WikiProject Fungi|class=redirect}}

Pyrenogaster

2016-07-07T18:41:00Z

Sasata: {{R to alternative scientific name|fungus}}

#REDIRECT [[Schenella]]

{{R to alternative scientific name|fungus}}

Schenella

2016-07-07T18:40:27Z

Sasata: fmt; c/e; pityophilus -> pityophila

{{Taxobox
| image = Schenella simplex 135444.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Schenella simplex''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Geastrales]]
| familia = [[Geastraceae]]
| genus = '''''Schenella'''''
| genus_authority = [[Thomas Huston Macbride|T.Macbr.]] (1911)
| type_species = ''Schenella simplex''
| type_species_authority = T.Macbr. (1911)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Schenella"/>
| synonyms = *''Pyrenogaster'' Malençon & Riousset (1977)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = ''[[Schenella microspora|S. microspora]]'' 
''[[Schenella pityophilus|S. pityophila]]'' 
''[[Schenella romana|S. romana]]'' 
''[[Schenella simplex|S. simplex]]''
}}

'''''Schenella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Geastraceae]]. The widely distributed genus contains four species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/> The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Thomas Huston Macbride]] in 1911.<ref name="Macbride 1911"/> ''Pyrenogaster'', described in 1977,<ref name="Malencon 1977"/> is a later [[synonym (biology)|synonym]].<ref name="urlMycoBank: Schenella"/><ref name="EstradaTorres 2005"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="EstradaTorres 2005">{{cite journal |title=The myxomycete genus ''Schenella'': morphological and DNA sequence evidence for synonymy with the gasteromycete genus ''Pyrenogaster'' |journal=Mycologia |authors=Estrada-Torres A, Gaither TW, Miller DL, Lado C, Keller HW. |year=2005 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/001/0139.htm |doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.139}}</ref>

<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |authors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=618 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Macbride 1911">{{cite journal |title=A new genus of Myxomycetes |journal=Mycologia |year=1911 |author=Macbride TH. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=39–40 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0003/001/0039.htm |doi=10.2307/3753654}}</ref>

<ref name="Malencon 1977">{{cite journal |title=''Pyrenogaster pithyopilus'' G. Malençon et L. Riousset, nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce de Gastéromycète (Geastraceae) |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |year=1977 |authors=Malençon G, Riousset L. |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=289–311 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Schenella">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=12216 |title=''Schenella'' T. Macbr. 1911 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|12216}}

[[Category:Geastraceae]]
[[Category:Agaricomycetes genera]]

{{Geastrales-stub}}

Talk:Buellia asterella

2016-07-07T03:55:41Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Buellia

2016-07-07T03:55:16Z

Sasata: + Buellia asterella; genus cat

{{Taxobox
| image = Buellia chloroleuca 19318.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Buellia chloroleuca]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]]
| ordo = [[Teloschistales]]
| familia = [[Caliciaceae]]
| genus = '''''Buellia'''''
| genus_authority = [[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Not.]]
| type_species = ''Buellia disciformis''
| type_species_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) Mudd
| subdivisionRanks = Species
| subdivisions =
}}

'''''Buellia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Caliciaceae]]. The fungi are usually part of a [[crustose lichen]].<ref name=UDDA/> In this case, the lichen [[species (biology)|species]] is given the same name as the fungus. But members may also grow as [[parasite]]s on lichens ([[lichenicolous]]).<ref name=UDDA>[http://eol.org/pages/16410/overview Disc Lichen (Buellia), US Department of Agriculture]</ref> The [[algae]] in the lichen is always a member of the genus ''[[Trebouxia]]''.<ref name=UDDA/>

Lichens in the genus are [[List of common names of lichen genera|commonly called]] '''disc lichens''',<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch Results for Scientific Name Buellia, USDA]</ref> or '''button lichens'''.<ref name=SSFGCL>Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2</ref>{{rp|229}} The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 450 species.<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=105|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

Genetic studies indicates that the genus ''[[Amandinea]]'' and ''Buellia'' may be the same,<ref>Scheidegger, C. 2009. Amandinea Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer (1993). In: C. W. Smith, A. Aptroot, B. J. Coppins, A. Fletcher, O. L. Gilbert, P. W. James and P. A. Wosley (eds.) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. The British Lichen Society, Natural History Museum Publications, United Kingdom, pp. 142–144</ref> although this is not widely accepted.<ref name=KJAPJTNP>Amandinea punctata in the Joshua Tree National Park (California, U.S.A.) Map collection: Kerry Knudsen, Kocourková Jana; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Czech Republic; 2012</ref>

==Species==
*''[[Buellia abstracta]]''
*''[[Buellia asterella]]''
*''[[Buellia badia]]''
*''[[Buellia concinna]]''
*''[[Buellia disciformis]]''
*''[[Buellia dispersa]]''
*''[[Buellia frigida]]''
*''[[Buellia halonia]]''
*''[[Buellia maritima]]''
*''[[Buellia oidalea]]''
*''[[Buellia spuria]]''

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Buellia.disciformis.jpg|''[[Buellia disciformis]]''
Image:Buellia_stillingiana.jpg|''[[Buellia stillingiana]]''
Image:Buellia disciformis-2.jpg|Photograph of a cross section of an apothecium from ''B. disciformis'' taken through a compound microscope (x400), showing numerous brown, 1-septate spores per ascus.
Image:Buellia disciformis-4.jpg|Photograph of brown, 1-septate (2-celled) spores from ''B. disciformis'' taken through a compound microscope, x1000. (spores measure 27 x 11 micrometres)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|674}}

{{commons category|Buellia}}

[[Category:Teloschistales]]
[[Category:Ascomycota genera]]
[[Category:Lichens]]

{{Lecanoromycetes-stub}}

Buellia asterella

2016-07-07T03:53:33Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]]
| ordo = [[Teloschistales]]
| familia = [[Caliciaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Buellia]]''
| species = '''''B. asterella'''''
| binomial = ''Buellia asterella''
| binomial_authority = Poelt & Sulzer (1974)
}}

'''''Buellia asterella''''' is a [[lichen]] in the family [[Caliciaceae]]. Found in Germany, it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1974.<ref name="Poelt 1974"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Poelt 1974">{{cite journal |authors=Poelt J, Sulzer M. |title=Die Erdflechte ''Buellia epigaea'', eine Sammelart |journal=Nova Hedwigia |year=1974 |volume=27 |pages=173–192}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|341538}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 1974]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Teloschistales]]

{{Lecanoromycetes-stub}}

Talk:Sarcosoma globosum

2016-07-07T03:47:36Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Sarcosoma globosum

2016-07-07T03:47:09Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image = Bombmurkla.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Pezizomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Pezizales]]
| familia = [[Sarcosomataceae]]
| genus = ''[[Sarcosoma]]''
| species = '''''S. globosum'''''
| binomial = ''Sarcosoma globosum''
| binomial_authority = ([[Casimir Christoph Schmidel|Schmidel]]) [[Casp.]] (1891)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Sarcosoma globosum"/>
| synonyms = *''Burcardia globosa'' Schmidel (1793)
*''Bulgaria globosa (Schmidel)'' [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] (1822)
*''Sarcosoma globosum'' var. ''platydiscus'' Casp. (1891)
*''Sarcosoma platydiscus'' (Casp.) [[Sacc.]] (1892)
}}

'''''Sarcosoma globosum''''' is a species of [[fungus]] in the family [[Sarcosomataceae]]. It was first [[species description|described]] in 1793 by [[Casimir Christoph Schmidel]]. [[Johann Xaver Robert Caspary]] transferred it to the genus ''[[Sarcosoma]]'' in 1891.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Sarcosoma globosum">{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Sarcosoma globosum'' (Schmidel) Casp. |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=120549 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-07-06}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|120549}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 1793]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Pezizales]]

{{Pezizomycetes-stub}}

Talk:Destuntzia rubra

2016-07-07T03:24:46Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Destuntzia rubra

2016-07-07T03:23:22Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Phallales]]
| familia = [[Gomphaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Destuntzia]]''
| binomial = ''Destuntzia rubra''
| binomial_authority = ([[Harkn.]]) Fogel & [[James Trappe|Trappe]] (1985)
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = *''Hymenogaster ruber'' Harkn. (1899)
}}

'''''Destuntzia rubra''''' is a species of [[truffle]]-like [[fungus]] in the family [[Gomphaceae]], and the [[type species]] of the genus ''[[Destuntzia]]''. The fungus was first [[species description|described]] scientifically in 1899 by [[H. W. Harkness]] as ''Hymenogaster ruber''. Robert Fogel and [[James Trappe]] transferred it to ''Destuntzia'' in 1985.<ref name="Fogel 1985"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Fogel 1985">{{cite journal |authors=Fogel R, Trappe JM. |title=''Destuntzia'' a new genus in the Hymenogastraceae (Basidiomycotina) |journal=Mycologia |year=1985 |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=732–742 |jstor=3793282 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0077/005/0732.htm |doi=10.2307/3793282 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|104192}}

[[Category:Gomphaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1899]]

{{Gomphales-stub}}

List of Hygrocybe species

2016-07-07T03:14:29Z

Sasata: + Hygrocybe flavifolia

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Hygrocybe'' species}}
This is an incomplete '''list of species in the [[genus]] ''[[Hygrocybe]]'''''. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 150 species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/>

*''[[Hygrocybe anomala]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe aphylla]]'' - ([[Ecuador]])<ref name="Læssøe 2008"/>
*''[[Hygrocybe appalachianensis]]'' - (eastern United States) Appalachian waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe astatogala]]'' - (Australia, Madagascar, Central Africa, Philippines)
*''[[Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens]]'' - orange waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe aurantipes]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe austrolutea]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe austropratensis]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe batesii]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe batistae]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe brunneosquamosa]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe calyptriformis]]'' - pink waxcap (Europe, North America, northern Asia)
*''[[Hygrocybe cantharellus]]'' - goblet waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe ceracea]]'' - butter waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe cheelii]]'' - rose-pink waxcap (southeastern Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe chloochlora]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe chlorophana]]'' - golden waxcap (Europe, North America, northern Asia)
*''[[Hygrocybe cinereofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe citrina]]'' - citrine waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe citrinovirens]]'' - citrine waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe colemanniana]]'' - toasted waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe coccinea]]'' - scarlet waxcap or scarlet hood (Europe, North America, Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe conica]]'' - blackening waxcap or witch's hat (Europe, North America, Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe conicoides]]'' - dune waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe flavescens]]'' - yellow-foot waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe flavifolia]]'' - North America
*''[[Hygrocybe flavocampanulata]]'' - (Puerto Rico, Trinidad)
*''[[Hygrocybe fornicata]]'' - earthy waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe fuhreri]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe glutinipes]]'' - glutinous waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe hypohaemacta]]'' - (Jamaica, U.S. Virgin Islands)
*''[[Hygrocybe ingrata]]'' - Europe
*''[[Hygrocybe kula]]'' - Sydney, Australia
*''[[Hygrocybe lanecovensis]]'' - Sydney, Australia
*''[[Hygrocybe laboyi]]'' - (Puerto Rico)\
*''[[Hygrocybe lacmus]]'' - grey waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe lilacina]]''
*''[[Hygrocybe manadukaensis]]'' - (Western Ghats, India)
*''[[Hygrocybe miniata]]''- vermilion waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe miniatofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe natarajanii]]'' - ([[India]])<ref name="Gunasekaran 2009"/>
*''[[Hygrocybe neofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe)
*''[[Hygrocybe nigrescens]]'' - (Europe, Africa)
*''[[Hygrocybe olivaceofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe ovina]]'' - blushing waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe prieta]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe procera]]'' - red waxcap (Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand)\
*''[[Hygrocybe punicea]]'' - crimson waxcap (Europe, North America)
*''[[Hygrocybe quieta]]'' - oily waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe reidii]]'' - honey waxcap (Europe; North America?)
*''[[Hygrocybe reesiae]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe rubida]]'' - India<ref name="Vrinda 2013"/>
*''[[Hygrocybe saltirivula]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe spadicea]]'' - date-coloured waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe splendidissima]]'' - splendid waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe trinitensis]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe virescens]]'' - North America

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Gunasekaran 2009">{{cite journal |authors=Gunasekaran S, Kumaresan V, Singh S. |title=A new species of ''Hygrocybe'' in section ''Firmae'' from Western Ghats, India |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2009 |volume=111 |pages=301–307 |doi=10.5248/111.301}}</ref>

<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |authors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=326 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Læssøe 2008">{{cite journal |authors=Læssøe T, Boertmann D. |title=A new alamellate ''Hygrocybe'' species from Ecuador |journal=Mycological Research |year=2008 |volume=112 |issue=10 |pages=1206–1209 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2008.04.002}}</ref>

<ref name="Vrinda 2013">{{cite journal |authors=Vrinda KB, Varghese SP, Pradeep CK. |title=''Hygrocybe rubida'', a new species from Kerala State, India |journal=Mycoscience |year=2013 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=271–273 |doi=10.1016/j.myc.2012.10.003}}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Lists of fungal species|Hygrocybe]]
[[Category:Hygrocybe|*]]

Hygrocybe citrinovirens

2016-07-07T03:12:37Z

Sasata: + image

{{Taxobox
| image = Hygrocybe a1.JPG
| image_caption =
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Hygrophoraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Hygrocybe]]''
| species = '''''H. citrinovirens'''''
| binomial = ''Hygrocybe citrinovirens''
| binomial_authority = ([[J.E.Lange]]) [[Jul.Schäff.]] (1947)
| synonyms = *''Camarophyllus citrinovirens'' J.E.Lange (1923)
*''Godfrinia citrinovirens'' (J.E.Lange) Herink (1958)
*''Hygrocybe brevispora'' [[F.H.Møller]] (1945)
*''Godfrinia brevispora'' (F.H.Møller) Herink (1958)
*''Hygrophorus brevisporus'' (F.H.Møller) [[P.D.Orton]] (1960)
}}

'''''Hygrocybe citrinovirens''''' is a European [[mushroom]] of the waxcap genus ''[[Hygrocybe]]''. It was first [[species description|described]] scientifically in 1923 by Danish mycologist [[Jakob Emanuel Lange]] as ''Camarophyllus citrinovirens''.<ref name="Lange 1923"/> [[Julius Schäffer]] transferred it to the genus ''[[Hygrocybe]]'' in 1947.<ref name="Schäffer 1947"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Hygrocybe species|List of ''Hygrocybe'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Lange 1923">{{cite journal |author=Lange JE. |title=Studies in the Agarics of Denmark. V. Ecological notes. The Hygrophorei, Stropharia and Hypholoma. Supplementary notes to Parts I–II |journal=Dansk botanisk Arkiv |year=1923 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=1–55 (see p. 20)}}</ref>

<ref name="Schäffer 1947">{{citejournal |author=Schäffer J. |title=Beobachtungen an oberbayerischen Blätterpilzen |journal=Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft |year=1947 |volume=27 |pages=201–225 |language=German}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|438463}}

[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Hygrocybe|citrinovirens]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1923]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

Talk:Hygrocybe citrinovirens

2016-07-07T03:12:19Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Hygrocybe citrinovirens

2016-07-07T03:10:25Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Hygrophoraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Hygrocybe]]''
| species = '''''H. citrinovirens'''''
| binomial = ''Hygrocybe citrinovirens''
| binomial_authority = ([[J.E.Lange]]) [[Jul.Schäff.]] (1947)
| synonyms = *''Camarophyllus citrinovirens'' J.E.Lange (1923)
*''Godfrinia citrinovirens'' (J.E.Lange) Herink (1958)
*''Hygrocybe brevispora'' [[F.H.Møller]] (1945)
*''Godfrinia brevispora'' (F.H.Møller) Herink (1958)
*''Hygrophorus brevisporus'' (F.H.Møller) [[P.D.Orton]] (1960)
}}

'''''Hygrocybe citrinovirens''''' is a European [[mushroom]] of the waxcap genus ''[[Hygrocybe]]''. It was first [[species description|described]] scientifically in 1923 by Danish mycologist [[Jakob Emanuel Lange]] as ''Camarophyllus citrinovirens''.<ref name="Lange 1923"/> [[Julius Schäffer]] transferred it to the genus ''[[Hygrocybe]]'' in 1947.<ref name="Schäffer 1947"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Hygrocybe species|List of ''Hygrocybe'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Lange 1923">{{cite journal |author=Lange JE. |title=Studies in the Agarics of Denmark. V. Ecological notes. The Hygrophorei, Stropharia and Hypholoma. Supplementary notes to Parts I–II |journal=Dansk botanisk Arkiv |year=1923 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=1–55 (see p. 20)}}</ref>

<ref name="Schäffer 1947">{{citejournal |author=Schäffer J. |title=Beobachtungen an oberbayerischen Blätterpilzen |journal=Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft |year=1947 |volume=27 |pages=201–225 |language=German}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|438463}}

[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Hygrocybe|citrinovirens]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1923]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

Talk:Hygrocybe flavifolia

2016-07-07T02:59:50Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Hygrocybe flavifolia

2016-07-07T02:59:25Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_width = 234px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Hygrophoraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Hygrocybe]]''
| species = '''''H. flavifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Hygrocybe flavifolia''
| binomial_authority = ([[A.H.Sm.]] & [[Lexemuel Ray Hesler|Hesler]]) [[Rolf Singer|Singer]] (1951)
| synonyms = *''Hygrophorus flavifolius'' A.H.Sm. & Hesler (1942)
}}

'''''Hygrocybe flavifolia''''' is a [[mushroom]] of the waxcap genus ''[[Hygrocybe]]''. Found in North America, it was [[species description|described]] as new to science by [[Alexander H. Smith]] and [[Lexemuel Ray Hesler]] in 1942 as a species of ''[[Hygrophorus]]''.<ref name="Smith 1942"/> [[Rolf Singer]] transferred it to ''Hygrocybe'' in 1945.<ref name="Singer 1945"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
*[[List of Hygrocybe species|List of ''Hygrocybe'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Smith 1942">{{cite journal |author=Smith AH, Hesler LR. |title=Studies in North American species of ''Hygrophorus'' – II |journal=Lloydia |year=1942 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=72}}</ref>

<ref name="Singer 1945">{{cite book |author=Singer R. |title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |year=1949 |series=Lilloa |volume=22 |edition=2 |publisher=Cramer |location=Weinheim |page=154}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|298662}}

[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Hygrocybe|flavifolia]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1942]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

List of Hygrocybe species

2016-07-07T02:51:08Z

Sasata: + Hygrocybe ingrata

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Hygrocybe'' species}}
This is an incomplete '''list of species in the [[genus]] ''[[Hygrocybe]]'''''. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 150 species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/>

*''[[Hygrocybe anomala]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe aphylla]]'' - ([[Ecuador]])<ref name="Læssøe 2008"/>
*''[[Hygrocybe appalachianensis]]'' - (eastern United States) Appalachian waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe astatogala]]'' - (Australia, Madagascar, Central Africa, Philippines)
*''[[Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens]]'' - orange waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe aurantipes]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe austrolutea]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe austropratensis]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe batesii]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe batistae]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe brunneosquamosa]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe calyptriformis]]'' - pink waxcap (Europe, North America, northern Asia)
*''[[Hygrocybe cantharellus]]'' - goblet waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe ceracea]]'' - butter waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe cheelii]]'' - rose-pink waxcap (southeastern Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe chloochlora]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe chlorophana]]'' - golden waxcap (Europe, North America, northern Asia)
*''[[Hygrocybe cinereofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe citrina]]'' - citrine waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe citrinovirens]]'' - citrine waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe colemanniana]]'' - toasted waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe coccinea]]'' - scarlet waxcap or scarlet hood (Europe, North America, Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe conica]]'' - blackening waxcap or witch's hat (Europe, North America, Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe conicoides]]'' - dune waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe flavescens]]'' - yellow-foot waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe flavocampanulata]]'' - (Puerto Rico, Trinidad)
*''[[Hygrocybe fornicata]]'' - earthy waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe fuhreri]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe glutinipes]]'' - glutinous waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe hypohaemacta]]'' - (Jamaica, U.S. Virgin Islands)
*''[[Hygrocybe ingrata]]'' - Europe
*''[[Hygrocybe kula]]'' - Sydney, Australia
*''[[Hygrocybe lanecovensis]]'' - Sydney, Australia
*''[[Hygrocybe laboyi]]'' - (Puerto Rico)\
*''[[Hygrocybe lacmus]]'' - grey waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe lilacina]]''
*''[[Hygrocybe manadukaensis]]'' - (Western Ghats, India)
*''[[Hygrocybe miniata]]''- vermilion waxcap
*''[[Hygrocybe miniatofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe natarajanii]]'' - ([[India]])<ref name="Gunasekaran 2009"/>
*''[[Hygrocybe neofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe)
*''[[Hygrocybe nigrescens]]'' - (Europe, Africa)
*''[[Hygrocybe olivaceofirma]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe ovina]]'' - blushing waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe prieta]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe procera]]'' - red waxcap (Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand)\
*''[[Hygrocybe punicea]]'' - crimson waxcap (Europe, North America)
*''[[Hygrocybe quieta]]'' - oily waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe reidii]]'' - honey waxcap (Europe; North America?)
*''[[Hygrocybe reesiae]]'' (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe rubida]]'' - India<ref name="Vrinda 2013"/>
*''[[Hygrocybe saltirivula]]'' - (Australia)
*''[[Hygrocybe spadicea]]'' - date-coloured waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe splendidissima]]'' - splendid waxcap (Europe)
*''[[Hygrocybe trinitensis]]'' - (Puerto Rico)
*''[[Hygrocybe virescens]]'' - North America

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Gunasekaran 2009">{{cite journal |authors=Gunasekaran S, Kumaresan V, Singh S. |title=A new species of ''Hygrocybe'' in section ''Firmae'' from Western Ghats, India |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2009 |volume=111 |pages=301–307 |doi=10.5248/111.301}}</ref>

<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |authors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=326 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Læssøe 2008">{{cite journal |authors=Læssøe T, Boertmann D. |title=A new alamellate ''Hygrocybe'' species from Ecuador |journal=Mycological Research |year=2008 |volume=112 |issue=10 |pages=1206–1209 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2008.04.002}}</ref>

<ref name="Vrinda 2013">{{cite journal |authors=Vrinda KB, Varghese SP, Pradeep CK. |title=''Hygrocybe rubida'', a new species from Kerala State, India |journal=Mycoscience |year=2013 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=271–273 |doi=10.1016/j.myc.2012.10.003}}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Lists of fungal species|Hygrocybe]]
[[Category:Hygrocybe|*]]

Talk:Neohygrocybe ingrata

2016-07-07T02:50:03Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Neohygrocybe ingrata

2016-07-07T02:49:32Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

Talk:Rhizopogon alexsmithii

2016-07-07T02:42:45Z

Sasata: added to WikiProject Fungi

Rhizopogon alexsmithii

2016-07-07T02:42:16Z

Sasata: - photo

{{Taxobox
| image =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
| species = '''''R. alexsmithii'''''
| binomial = ''Rhizopogon alexsmithii''
| binomial_authority = (Trappe) Vizzini & Zotti (2010)
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = *''Alpova alexsmithii'' Trappe (1975)
}}

'''''Rhizopogon alexsmithii''''' is an [[ectomycorrhiza]]l [[fungus]] in the order [[Boletales]]. Named in honor of American mycologist [[Alexander H. Smith]], it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1975 by [[James Trappe]].<ref name="Trappe 1975"/> Vizzini and Zotti transferred it to the genus ''[[Rhizopogon]]'' in 2010.<ref name="Vizzini 2010"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Trappe 1975">{{cite journal |author=Trappe JM. |title=A revision of the genus ''Alpova'' with notes on ''Rhizopogon'' and the Melonasuaceae |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |year=1975 |volume=51 |pages=279–310}}</ref>

<ref name="Vizzini 2010">{{cite journal |authors=Vizzini A, Zotti M, Ryman S, Ghignone S. |title=Typification of ''Octaviania rubescens'' (Paxillineae, Boletales) and phylogenetic hypotheses for genus ''Alpova'' |journal=Mycologia |year=2010 |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=967–975 |doi=10.3852/09-256}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|515248}}

[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1817]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]

{{Boletales-stub}}

Rhizopogon alexsmithii

2016-07-07T02:42:00Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image = P1050633 Rhizopogon luteolus.jpg
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
| species = '''''R. alexsmithii'''''
| binomial = ''Rhizopogon alexsmithii''
| binomial_authority = (Trappe) Vizzini & Zotti (2010)
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = *''Alpova alexsmithii'' Trappe (1975)
}}

'''''Rhizopogon alexsmithii''''' is an [[ectomycorrhiza]]l [[fungus]] in the order [[Boletales]]. Named in honor of American mycologist [[Alexander H. Smith]], it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1975 by [[James Trappe]].<ref name="Trappe 1975"/> Vizzini and Zotti transferred it to the genus ''[[Rhizopogon]]'' in 2010.<ref name="Vizzini 2010"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Trappe 1975">{{cite journal |author=Trappe JM. |title=A revision of the genus ''Alpova'' with notes on ''Rhizopogon'' and the Melonasuaceae |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |year=1975 |volume=51 |pages=279–310}}</ref>

<ref name="Vizzini 2010">{{cite journal |authors=Vizzini A, Zotti M, Ryman S, Ghignone S. |title=Typification of ''Octaviania rubescens'' (Paxillineae, Boletales) and phylogenetic hypotheses for genus ''Alpova'' |journal=Mycologia |year=2010 |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=967–975 |doi=10.3852/09-256}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|515248}}

[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1817]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]

{{Boletales-stub}}