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Conscription in Egypt

2024-04-01T01:18:39Z

Simsman333: College graduates are conscripted for only 12 months.

{{Short description|Compulsory military service in Egypt}}
'''Conscription in Egypt''' ({{lang-ar|التجنيد|translit=at-tagnīd}}) is a form of a compulsory military service in [[Egypt]].
{{conscription}}
Conscription is compulsory in Egypt for males of ages between 18 and 30. Conscription has been in force in Egypt in some form since the 1840s. The present conscription system is based on the National Conscription Law of 1948, which was further amended in 1955, 1957, 1969, and 1988. The service obligation is between 12 and 36 months,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/country/eg-egypt/mil-military|title=Egypt Military Facts & Stats}}</ref> depending on their educational backgrounds, culture, drop-outs, etc.<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/ Egypt] in the [[CIA World Fact Book]],</ref> followed by a 9-year reserve obligation.<ref name="cia"/>

Service is postponed for students until their [[Education in Egypt|studies]] are finished, before they turn 25 years old and they cannot travel abroad without a travel permit from the Ministry of Defense.

Egyptian males with a male sibling can be conscripted. However, Egyptian males without male siblings are not.

Males cannot be enlisted after the age of 30 because they are considered unfit for the service. {{Citation Needed|date=July 2020}}

A conscript can be enlisted in one of the various arms and branches of the [[Egyptian Army]], the [[Egyptian Air Defence Forces]] or the [[Egyptian Navy]]. A limited number of conscripts can join as ground/base staff in the [[Egyptian Air Force|Air Force]]. Those men who do not qualify for selection in any of the armed forces branches are required to do their service obligation in the [[Central Security Forces]] for a 36-month period.

College graduates are offered opportunities to remain after the obligation period (12 months), and they are positioned in special ranks amongst the other conscripts.

== See also ==
* [[Egyptian Armed Forces]]

== References ==
<references />
*[http://baheyeldin.com/egypt/notes-on-compulsory-army-service-in-egypt.html Notes on Compulsory Army Service in Egypt]. On [http://baheyeldin.com/ The Baheyeldin Dynasty].
*[http://www.indexmundi.com/egypt/military_service_age_and_obligation.html Egypt Military service age and obligation]. On [http://indexmundi.com Index Mundi]

== External links ==
*[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4172.html Egypt - Conscription and Reserves]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100108081052/http://www.aucegypt.edu/currstudents/registrar/policies/Pages/Military.aspx Military Service Policy] for Egyptian students. Instructions and guidelines on the [[American University in Cairo|AUC]] website.
*[http://www.nationmaster.com/country/eg-egypt/mil-military Egyptian Military Statistics]. On [http://nationmaster.com NationMaster].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615185555/http://tagnid.com/ Questions & Answers About Conscription In Egypt]

{{Egypt topics}}
{{Africa topic|Conscription in}}
{{Asia in topic|Conscription in}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military of Egypt]]
[[Category:Conscription by country|Egypt]]
[[Category:Sexism in the Middle East]]

{{Africa-mil-stub}}
{{egypt-stub}}

Al Jazeera Media Network

2024-02-06T14:46:51Z

Simsman333: It is owned by the Qatari regime and not 'private'.

{{short description|Qatari state-owned media conglomerate}}
{{about| media conglomerate Al Jazeera Media Network| subsidiaries|Al Jazeera English|and|Al Jazeera Arabic|and|AJ+|and|Al Jazeera Mubasher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Al Jazeera Media Network
| logo = Al Jazeera Media Network Logo.svg
| native_name = الجزيرة‎
| native_name_lang = ar
| former_name = Al Jazeera Satellite Network
| type = [[Statutory corporation|Statutory]] [[private foundation]] for [[Public interest law|public benefit]]
| industry = [[Mass media]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1996|11|1|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Sheikh Hamad ibn Khalifa Al Thani]]
| hq_location = Qatar Radio and Television Corporation Complex
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
*[[Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani]] {{small|([[Chairperson|Chairman of the Board]])}}
*Mostefa Souag {{small|([[Director General]])}}
}}
| products = [[Cable channel|Cable network programming]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]], [[television]], [[new media]], [[multicultural education]]
| hq_location_city = [[Doha]], [[Ad-Dawhah (municipality)|Ad-Dawhah]]
| hq_location_country = Qatar
| area_served = Worldwide
| subsid = '''News'''- [[Al Jazeera Arabic]] [[Al Jazeera English]] [[Al Jazeera Mubasher]] [[Al Jazeera Balkans]] [[Al Jazeera Türk]] '''Educational'''- [[Al Jazeera Documentary Channel]] '''Other'''- [[AJ+]] [[Aljazeera.com]] [[Al Jazeera Podcasts]] Rightly Al Jazeera Mobile Al Jazeera New Media Al Jazeera Center for Studies [[Aljazeera International Documentary Film Festival|Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival]] [[Al Jazeera Balkans Documentary Film Festival]]
| num_employees = 3,000
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes = {{refn|As an [[autonomous|independent]] [[Statutory corporation|public corporation]].<ref>[https://almeezan.qa/LawPage.aspx?id=2536&language=en Law No. 1 of 1996 on the Establishment of the Al Jazeera Satellite Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121071535/https://www.almeezan.qa/LawPage.aspx?id=2536&language=en |date=2021-01-21 }} (repealed 2011)</ref>}}<ref name="gnprivchange">{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/qatar/al-jazeera-turning-into-private-media-organisation-1.837871 |title=Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation |date=13 July 2011 |author=Habib Toumi |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221310/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/al-jazeera-turning-into-private-media-organisation-1.837871 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="insidestory.org.au">{{cite news|last=Bridges|first=Scott|url=https://insidestory.org.au/how-al-jazeera-took-on-the-english-speaking-world|title=How Al Jazeera took on the (English-speaking) world|date=2012-10-19|access-date=2021-01-13|archive-date=2021-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124172453/https://insidestory.org.au/how-al-jazeera-took-on-the-english-speaking-world/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chairbio">{{Cite press release|title=Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani|access-date=2021-01-13|url=https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/management-profiles/sheikh-hamad-bin-thamer-al-thani|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145209/https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/management-profiles/sheikh-hamad-bin-thamer-al-thani|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DirGenbio">{{Cite press release|title=Dr. Mostefa Souag|url=https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/management-profiles/mostefa-souag|access-date=2021-01-13|archive-date=2021-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208090655/https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/management-profiles/mostefa-souag|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera_profile"/>
}}
'''Al Jazeera Media Network''' ('''AJMN'''; {{lang-ar|الجزيرة}} {{Transliteration|ar|Al-Jazīrah}} {{IPA-ar|æl (d)ʒæˈziːrɐ|}}, {{Literal translation|The Peninsula}}) is a Qatari state-owned media [[media conglomerate|conglomerate]] headquartered at Qatar Radio and Television Corporation Complex in [[Wadi Al Sail]], [[Ad-Dawhah (municipality)|Doha]].<ref name="gnprivchange"/><ref name=insidestory.org.au/>

Al Jazeera Media Network serves as the overarching entity overseeing [[Al Jazeera English]], [[Al Jazeera Arabic]], [[AJ+]] along with a host of other fact-based media endeavors that bear the same distinct brand. Originally conceived as a satellite TV channel delivering Arabic news and [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]], it has since evolved into a multifaceted media network encompassing various platforms such as online, specialized [[television channel]]s in numerous languages, and more.

While AJMN receives public funding from the Qatar government, it is considered a private company, not a government station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch: US Presses for Censorship of Jazeera TV |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/september11/aljazeera.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815043330/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/september11/aljazeera.htm |archive-date=15 Aug 2023 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> Despite allegations that the government of Qatar has editorial influence over its content,<ref name="https://www.axios.com">{{cite web
| url = https://www.axios.com/2021/03/03/doj-enforce-al-jazeera-foreign-agent-ruling
| title = DOJ pressed to enforce Al Jazeera foreign agent ruling
| access-date = 29 Oct 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230601171549/https://www.axios.com/2021/03/03/doj-enforce-al-jazeera-foreign-agent-ruling
| archive-date = 1 Jun 2023 |url-status = live
}}
</ref> AJMN maintains that its reporting is not influenced or directed by the Qatari government, and it does not reflect any official government viewpoints.<ref name="washingtonexaminer.com">{{cite web
| url = https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/al-jazeera-pushes-back-on-gop-effort-to-force-it-to-register-as-a-foreign-agent
| title = Al Jazeera pushes back on GOP effort to force it to register as a foreign agent
| date = 19 June 2019
| access-date = 29 Oct 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230829155606/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/al-jazeera-pushes-back-on-gop-effort-to-force-it-to-register-as-a-foreign-agent
| archive-date = 29 Aug 2023 |url-status = live
}}
</ref><ref name="https://www.aljazeera.com">{{cite web |title=Al Jazeera rebuts renewed push for 'foreign agent' registration |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/20/al-jazeera-rebuts-renewed-push-for-foreign-agent-registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526093918/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/20/al-jazeera-rebuts-renewed-push-for-foreign-agent-registration |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=29 Oct 2023}}
</ref> Furthermore, as of today, [[AJ+]] remains unregistered as a foreign agent and the [[United States Department of Justice]] has not taken any action to enforce its order against AJ+.

The network's news operation currently has 70 [[news bureau|bureaus]] around the world that are shared between the network's channels and operations, the second-largest number of bureaus of any media company in the world after the [[BBC]].<ref name="aljazeera_profile">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/aboutus/|title=About Us|work=Al Jazeera English|author=Al Jazeera Media Network|date=29 August 2019|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112224227/http://www.aljazeera.com/aboutus/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Qatar diplomatic crisis]], which began in June 2017, involved several Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt, cutting diplomatic ties with Qatar and imposing a blockade. One of the demands made by the blockading countries was the closure of Al Jazeera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-23 |title=Arab states issue ultimatum to Qatar: close Jazeera, curb ties with Iran |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar-demands-idUSKBN19E0BB |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623043201/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar-demands-idUSKBN19E0BB |url-status=live }}</ref> Other media networks have spoken out in support of the network.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Norway press groups protest Al Jazeera closure call |url=https://www.norwaynews.com/norway-press-groups-protest-al-jazeera-closure-call/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416204951/http://www.norwaynews.com/norway-press-groups-protest-al-jazeera-closure-call/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

===Launch===
The original Al Jazeera Satellite Channel (then called JSC or Jazeera Satellite Channel) was launched on 1 November 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/timeline|title=Our Story {{!}} Al Jazeera Media Network|work=Al Jazeera Media Network|access-date=2018-11-24|language=en|archive-date=2018-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124224652/https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/timeline|url-status=live}}</ref> This was following the closure of the first [[BBC Arabic Television|BBC Arabic]] language television station, then a joint venture with [[Orbit Communications Company]], owned by Saudi King [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]]'s cousin, [[Prince Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud|Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]]. The BBC channel had closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to thwart a documentary pertaining to [[executions under sharia law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allied-media.com/aljazeera/jazeera_history.html|title=AL JAZEERA TV: The History of the Controversial Middle East News Station Arabic News Satellite Channel History of the Controversial Station|publisher=Allied-media|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416064528/http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/jazeera_history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[List of emirs of Qatar|Emir of Qatar]], Sheikh [[Hamad bin Khalifa]], provided a loan of [[Qatari riyal|QAR]] 500 million ($137 million) to sustain Al Jazeera through its first five years, as [[Hugh Miles (journalist)|Hugh Miles]] detailed in his book ''Al Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That Is Challenging the West''.

Al Jazeera's first day on air was 1 November 1996. It offered 6-hours of programming per day which would increase to [[12-hour clock|12 hours]] by the end of 1997. It was broadcast to the immediate neighborhood as a terrestrial signal, and on cable, as well as through satellites (which was also free to users in the Arab world). 1 January 1999 was Al Jazeera's first day of [[24-hour clock|24-hour]] broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/11/2008410115625813175.html|title=A decade of growth|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=1 November 2006|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321050314/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/11/2008410115625813175.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Employment had more than tripled in one year to 500 employees, and the agency had bureaus at a dozen sites as far as EU and [[Russia]]. Its annual budget was estimated at $25 million at the time.

===Expansion===

===Al Jazeera English===
{{main article|Al Jazeera English}}
In 2001, Al Jazeera was the only international news network in Kabul, Afghanistan. Especially after 9/11, the demand for the English translation of Al Jazeera had increased. Therefore, Al Jazeera started to think about a service in the English language.

In late 2002, the director of marketing of Al Jazeera, Ali Mohamed Kama began to push a "repositioning" of Al Jazeera, "accompanied by the introduction of English subtitles and dubbing of broadcast into English."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seib|first=P|title=Al Jazeera English: Global News in a Changing World|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|year=2012|isbn=978-0-230-34020-6}}</ref>[[File:Al Jazeera English Newsdesk.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Al Jazeera English]] newsroom]]
In 2003, Al Jazeera hired its first English-language journalists, among whom was [[Afshin Rattansi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afshinrattansi.com/|title=Afshinrattansi.com|publisher=Afshinrattansi|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327150545/http://www.afshinrattansi.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> from the BBC's [[Today Programme]].

In March 2003, it launched an English-language website<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707133146/http://aljazeera.com/ |url-status=dead |title=Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera|archive-date=July 7, 2013|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> (see [[#Online|below]]). The name of the website was "Al Jazeera Net"; it was launched by younger journalists. The site published various stories covered by the network, but it was not depending on Arabic-language channels and websites. The website aimed to connect to the Western audience, cooperate with BBC, and be "a global citizen's home page."

However, twelve hours after the launch of the website, "Al Jazeera Net" was kept offline due to many [[Denial-of-service attack|denial of service]] attacks. Over twenty-four hours later, "Al Jazeera Net" came back online however, Freedom Cyber Force Militia hacked the website to redirect web browsers to a picture of the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] with a slogan saying that "Let Freedom Ring". "Al Jazeera Net" was then unable to be securely hosted because three of Al Jazeera's web providers, Horizons Media, Information Services, and Akamai Technologies canceled the contract. Also in March, Yahoo and AOL stopped advertising contracts with Al Jazeera. Therefore, the English-translated website was put off later in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seib|first=P|title=Al Jazeera English: Global News in a Changing World|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|year=2012|isbn=978-0-230-34020-6|pages=13}}</ref>

On 4 July 2005 Al Jazeera officially announced plans to launch a new English-language satellite service to be called [[Al Jazeera International]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/07/04/aljazeera.spread.ap/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050710010536/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/07/04/aljazeera.spread.ap/index.html|archive-date=10 July 2005|title=Al Jazeera turns its signal West|publisher=Web.archive|date=10 July 2005|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref> The new channel started at 12h [[GMT]] on 15 November 2006 under the name [[Al Jazeera English]] and has broadcast centers in [[Doha]] (next to the original Al Jazeera headquarters and broadcast center), London, [[Kuala Lumpur]] and Washington D.C. The channel is a 24-hour, 7-days-a-week news channel, with 12 hours broadcast from Doha, and four hours each from London, Kuala Lumpur, and Washington D.C. Among its staff were journalists hired from [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[Nightline]]'' and other top news outfits. Josh Rushing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Matthew Power|url=http://matthewpower.net/Matthew_Power/GQRushing.html|title=Josh Rushing: From USMC to Al Jazeera|publisher=Matthew Power: GQ|date=June 2006|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921042700/http://matthewpower.net/Matthew_Power/GQRushing.html|archive-date=2012-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> a former media handler for [[CENTCOM]] during the [[Iraq]] war, agreed to provide commentary; [[David Frost]] was also on board.<ref>{{cite news|author=Deborah Soloman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/magazine/12wwln_q4.html?_r=0|title=Bye-Bye, BBC|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 February 2006|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027064027/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/magazine/12wwln_q4.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4318284.stm|title=David Frost joins al-Jazeera TV|work=BBC News|date=7 October 2005|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127190732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4318284.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interesting technical feat, the broadcast of the new operation was handed off between bases in [[Doha]], London, Washington, D.C., and [[Kuala Lumpur]] on a daily cycle.

The new English language venture faced considerable regulatory and commercial hurdles in the North America market for its perceived sympathy with extremist causes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jamal Dajani |url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=f3d3ade3488a2bca1e957e754c4ebd08 |title=Al Jazeera English Falls Short of Expectations |publisher=New America Media |date=21 November 2006 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605161737/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=f3d3ade3488a2bca1e957e754c4ebd08 |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Tony Burman|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/about/burman/letters/2006/11/aljazeera_should_be_available.html|title=Al-Jazeera should be available in Canada|newspaper=CBC|date=17 November 2006|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430025039/http://www.cbc.ca/news/about/burman/letters/2006/11/aljazeera_should_be_available.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6105952.stm|title=Al-Jazeera English TV date set|newspaper=BBC News|date=1 November 2006|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127190717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6105952.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, others felt Al Jazeera's competitive advantage lay in programming in the [[Arabic language]]. There were hundreds of millions of potential viewers among the non-[[Arabic language]] speaking Muslims in Europe and Asia, however, and many others who might be interested in seeing news from the Middle East read by local voices. If the venture panned out, it would extend the influence of Al Jazeera, and tiny [[Qatar]], beyond even what had been achieved in the station's first decade. In an interesting twist of fate, the [[BBC World Service]] was preparing to launch its own [[Arabic language]] station in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC – Press Office – BBC Arabic: BBC World Service|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/03_march/03/arabic_worldservice.shtml|access-date=2021-03-03|website=bbc.co.uk|archive-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826112302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/03_march/03/arabic_worldservice.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-03-11|title=BBC launches Arabic television service|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bbc-arabic-idUSL1127664620080311|access-date=2021-03-03|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517014257/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bbc-arabic-idUSL1127664620080311|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN.com – BBC to launch Arabic TV channel – Oct 25, 2005|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/10/25/bbc.arabic/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=cnn.com|archive-date=2023-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019010038/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/10/25/bbc.arabic/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-09|title=BBC World Service gets OK for 24-hour Arabic news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/oct/09/radio.bbc|access-date=2021-03-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215232730/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/oct/09/radio.bbc|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Al Jazeera Balkans===
{{Main article|Al Jazeera Balkans}}
[[File:Wadah Khanfar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wadah Khanfar]], Former Director-General of Al Jazeera Media Network]]
In 2011 Al Jazeera Media Network created [[Al Jazeera Balkans]], a version of Al Jazeera in the [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]/[[Croatian language|Croatian]]/[[Serbian language|Serbian]] language(s) stationed in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina catering to and broadcasting around the [[Balkans]].

===Al Jazeera Turk===
[[File:Al Jazeera Turk logo.png|thumb|150px|Al Jazeera Turk logo]]
In February 2011, the [[Savings Deposit Insurance Fund of Turkey]] put [[Cine5]] up for sale<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2011 |title=Turkey's Deposit Insurance Fund to sell three media organs |publisher=World Bulletin |url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=68708 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231519/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=68708 |url-status=live }}</ref> after the channel was confiscated when the owner Erol Aksoy went in debt and became bankrupt.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 February 2011 |title=Al Jazeera to buy Turkey's Cine 5 TV station for $40.5 mlns |publisher=Today's Zaman |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=235392 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204185119/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=235392 |archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> Al Jazeera made a bid for the network<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2011 |title=Al-Jazeera bids for Turkish TV station |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=206786 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212002437/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=206786 |url-status=live }}</ref> and acquired it for $40.5 million after an unsuccessful $21 million bid.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 February 2011 |title=Al Jazeera acquires Turkey's Cine 5 |publisher=Hurriyet Daily News |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=al-jazeera-acquires-turkey8217s-cine-5-2011-02-10 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222628/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=al-jazeera-acquires-turkey8217s-cine-5-2011-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Al Jazeera then renamed the channel and worked on launching a Turkish language Al Jazeera operation.<ref>{{cite news |author=Neal Ungerleider |date=9 February 2011 |title=Al Jazeera, Stymied in U.S., Launching Turkish-Only Channel |publisher=Fast Company |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1725643/al-jazeera-stymied-us-launching-turkish-only-channel |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202120/http://www.fastcompany.com/1725643/al-jazeera-stymied-us-launching-turkish-only-channel |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2012, there were reports of the channel being delayed over its refusal to call the [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] as "terrorists" as most Turkish news outlets do, citing journalistic standards. The Foreign Ministry, who advocated the project, became at odds with the channel. Vural Ak, a major Turkish investor, withdrew from the partnership with Al Jazeera. Nuh Yilmaz, head of Al Jazeera's Turkish editorial team, also resigned.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cengiz Semercioglu |date=8 April 2012 |title=Diplomatic and Linguistic Roadblocks Keep Al Jazeera Turkish From Airing |publisher=Worldcrunch |url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/source-partner/culture-society/diplomatic-and-linguistic-roadblocks-keep-al-jazeera-turkish-from-airing/c3s5043/#.ULEGg4fJQbR |url-status=dead |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006155722/http://worldcrunch.com/source-partner/culture-society/diplomatic-and-linguistic-roadblocks-keep-al-jazeera-turkish-from-airing/c3s5043/#.ULEGg4fJQbR |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

In 2013 they announced the creation of Al Jazeera Türk, a version of Al Jazeera in the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] language(s), stationed in Istanbul, and catering to and broadcasting around Turkey. On January 22, 2014, Al Jazeera Türk's website was launched with news content. The move made Al Jazeera Türk the first 24-hour news operation to go digital before broadcast.<ref>Nick Vivarelli. (21 January 2014). [https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/al-jazeera-expands-global-footprint-with-turkish-digital-operation-1201065912/ Al Jazeera Expands Global Footprint With Turkish Digital Operation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235504/http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/al-jazeera-expands-global-footprint-with-turkish-digital-operation-1201065912/ |date=2016-08-08 }} Variety. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</ref> The channel was under construction with plans to launch towards the end of 2014. Construction and indoor works were underway at the upcoming channel's building in Topkapı, İstanbul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Jazeera launches new Turkish Channel: Al Jazeera Türk |url=https://pr.aljazeera.com/post/74047371010/al-jazeera-launches-new-turkish-channel-al |access-date=2020-09-26 |website=Al Jazeera PR |language=en |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182514/http://pr.aljazeera.com/post/74047371010/al-jazeera-launches-new-turkish-channel-al |url-status=live }}</ref> The website shut down in 2017 without the channel being launched.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sabah |first=daily |date=2017-05-03 |title=Al Jazeera Türk stops operating in Turkey |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2017/05/03/al-jazeera-turk-stops-operating-in-turkey |access-date=2020-09-26 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en |archive-date=2017-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503161147/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2017/05/03/al-jazeera-turk-stops-operating-in-turkey |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Jazeera Turk - Ortadoğu, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye ve çevresindeki bölgeden son dakika haberleri ve analizler |url=http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/ |access-date=2020-09-26 |website=Al Jazeera Turk - Ortadoğu, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye ve çevresindeki bölgeden son dakika haberleri ve analizler |language=tr |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027073208/http://dergi.aljazeera.com.tr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Aljazeera London 04.jpg|200px|thumb|Al Jazeera's London Studio]]

===Al Jazeera America===
{{Main article|Al Jazeera America}}
Al Jazeera America was an American version of Al Jazeera English. The channel launched on 20 August 2013 exclusively on cable and satellite systems in the [[United States]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

On 2 January 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network announced that it purchased [[Current TV]] from its founders [[Al Gore]], [[Joel Hyatt]], and [[Ronald Burkle]], in the United States and would be launching an American news channel. Originally 60% of the channel's programming would be produced in America while 40% would be from Al Jazeera English, which later changed to almost all the content being U.S. originated.

Though Current TV had large distribution throughout the United States on cable and satellite TV, it averaged only 28,000 viewers at any time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stelter|first=Brian|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/current-tv-finds-a-good-number-within-its-tiny-ratings/|title=Current TV Finds a Good Number Within Its Tiny Ratings|newspaper=New York Times|date=13 January 2012|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122221059/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/current-tv-finds-a-good-number-within-its-tiny-ratings/|url-status=live}}</ref> The acquisition of Current TV by Al Jazeera allowed [[Time Warner Cable]] to drop the network due to its low ratings, but released a statement saying that they would consider carrying the channel after they evaluated whether it made sense for their customers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ |title=Ali Velshi Joins Al Jazeera America |work=Al Jazeera |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104032347/http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ |archive-date=4 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/02/business/al-jazeera-current-tv/index.html?eref=edition|title=Al Jazeera buys Al Gore's Current TV|work=CNN|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219015607/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/02/business/al-jazeera-current-tv/index.html?eref=edition|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/01/2013132255769130.html|title=Al Jazeera buys US channel Current TV|newspaper=Al Jazeera|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103152842/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/01/2013132255769130.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20896484#TWEET494584|title=Al Jazeera targets US expansion after buying Current TV|work=BBC|date=3 January 2013|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307212506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20896484#TWEET494584|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/time-warner-cable-al-jazeera-america_n_2404879.html|title=Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera's U.S. Network|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=3 January 2013|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124082836/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/time-warner-cable-al-jazeera-america_n_2404879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The channel was later added to Time Warner and [[Bright House Networks]] lineups after a new carriage deal was agreed upon.

On January 13, 2016, Al Jazeera America CEO Al Anstey announced that the network would cease operations on April 12, 2016, citing the "economic landscape".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Al Jazeera America to Shut Down|url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/al-jazeera-america-shut-down-855477|website = The Hollywood Reporter|date = 13 January 2016|access-date = 2016-01-13|archive-date = 2019-02-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191853/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/al-jazeera-america-shut-down-855477|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Al Jazeera Sports===
{{Main article|Al Jazeera Sports}}

In 2004 Al Jazeera expanded into the world of sports with the establishment of [[Al Jazeera Sports]] (now known as [[beIN Sports]]) and the building of 8 Arabic language specialty sports channels.

On 1 January 2014, Al Jazeera Sports was renamed [[beIN Sports]] after it along with all of the organisation's non-[[News media|news]] and [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] assets were [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] and [[Privatization|privatised]] into [[beIN Media Group]]; the channels were legally spun off to have consistency with all the Network's sports properties{{Clarify|reason=What does this even mean? The network was an offshoot! It didn't even "pre-exist".|date=January 2021}}. According to [[Kate O'Brian]], President of Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera Sports revenue helped fund the network when it was in operation similar to how [[BBC Worldwide]] helps fund the BBC.

===JeemTV and Baraem===
{{Main article|JeemTV}} {{Main article|Baraem}}
On September 9, 2005, Al Jazeera established a children's division with the launch of [[JeemTV|Al Jazeera Children's Channel]] (since 2013 it was known as JeemTV). The channel targets an audience of 7 to 15-year-olds and broadcasts 24 hours a day.

On January 16, 2009, [[Baraem]] launched, the channel targets an audience of three to seven-year-olds and broadcasts 17 hours a day (6 am to 11 pm Doha time).

On April 1, 2016, both JeemTV and Baraem were acquired by [[beIN Media Group]] and were made part of [[beIN Channels Network]]. Since then, as a result, the channels were no longer free to view and made exclusive to beIN Channels Network.

===Other channels===
Al Jazeera Media Network also operates Al Jazeera Documentary Channel an Arabic language documentary channel, [[Al Jazeera Mubasher]], a live politics and public interest channel (similar to [[C-SPAN]], [[Houses of the Oireachtas Channel]] or [[BBC Parliament]]), which broadcasts conferences in real time without editing or commentary the first channel of its kind in the Middle East.

===Restructuring===
[[File:Aljazeera London 03.jpg|200px|thumb|Al Jazeera's former Knightsbridge London Control Room]]
Al Jazeera restructured its operations to form a network that contains all their different channels. [[Wadah Khanfar]], then the managing director of the Arabic Channel, was appointed as the Director-General of the Al Jazeera Network. He also acted as the managing director of the Arabic channel. Khanfar resigned on 20 September 2011, proclaiming that he had achieved his original goals and that eight years was enough time for any leader of an organization, in an interview aired on Aljazeera English.

On 26 November 2009, Al Jazeera English received approval from the CRTC, which enables Al Jazeera English to broadcast via satellite in Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2009/11/26/al-jazeera.html|title=Al-Jazeera English gets CRTC approval|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=26 November 2009|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-date=3 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203082655/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2009/11/26/al-jazeera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, in accordance with the renaming of the corporation, Al Jazeera Media Network was legally re-designated from a "public institution to a 'private institution of public utility'"; however, it was unknown how this would affect editorial management and funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://advanced-television.info/2011/07/15/al-jazeera-restructures-ahead-of-expansion/ |title=Al Jazeera "restructures" ahead of expansion |date=15 July 2011 |publisher=Advanced Television |author=Chris Forrester |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014722/http://advanced-television.info/2011/07/15/al-jazeera-restructures-ahead-of-expansion/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/qatar/al-jazeera-turning-into-private-media-organisation-1.837871|title=Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation|author=Habib Toumi|date=13 July 2011|work=Gulf News|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221310/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/al-jazeera-turning-into-private-media-organisation-1.837871|url-status=live}}</ref> The network is also funded through its television contracts and revenue from its sports division.

== Al Jazeera and the 2011 Arab Spring ==
Al Jazeera covered the [[Arab Spring|Arab spring]] more than any other news outlets and had a significant role in spreading the [[Arab Spring|Arab uprising]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The new Arab wars : uprisings and anarchy in the Middle East|last=Lynch, Marc, 1969-|isbn=9781610396097|location=New York|oclc=914195546|date = 2016-04-26}}</ref>
Al Jazeera was the leading media spreading the news about unrest in a small city in [[Tunisia]] throughout the Middle East in 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=AOURAGH|first1=MIRIYAM|last2=ALEXANDER|first2=ANNE|title=The Egyptian Experience: Sense and Nonsense of the Internet Revolution|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/1191/610|journal=International Journal of Communication|access-date=2019-05-21|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719230422/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/1191/610|url-status=live}}</ref>

People in the Middle East have heavily relied on Al Jazeera to obtain news about their regions and the world even more than YouTube and Google.<ref name=":1" /> [[Hillary Clinton]], who at the time of the [[Arab Spring]] was the [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] stated that "Al-Jazeera has been the leader in that [it is] literally changing people’s minds and attitudes. And like it or hate it, it is really effective."<ref name=":1" />

The news of unrest in the Arab states was broadcast by Al Jazeera in Arabic for the [[Arab world]] as well as in English for the audiences from the rest of the world.<ref name=":0" />

In [[Tunisia]], the [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali|Ben Ali]] regime banned Al Jazeera from operating in the country, but with the help of [[Facebook]] users inside [[Tunisia]], Al Jazeera was able to access reports from the events such as protests and government crackdowns that were taking place inside the country.<ref name=":0" /> The intensive media coverage of people's uprising against their leaders by Al Jazeera mobilized more people from other parts of the country to join the revolution.<ref name=":0" />

The population in other Arab countries such as [[Bahrain]], [[Egypt]], [[Yemen]], [[Libya]], [[Syria]] also mobilized against their governments influenced by the Tunisian's successful revolt which was extensively covered by Al Jazeera in local languages.<ref name=":0" /> The international opinion also came to support the Arab movements in the [[Middle East]] since [[Al Jazeera English]] covered and reported governmental human right abuses against political activists and even ordinary citizens in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":0" />

==Subsidiaries==

===Television===
Al Jazeera media network operates a number of [[specialty channel]]s besides its original flagship news channel.

Al Jazeera network's TV channels include and included:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyngsat-logo.com/tv/a_9.html|title=TV Logos: A - LYNGSAT LOGO|work=lyngsat-logo.com|access-date=2013-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604180250/http://www.lyngsat-logo.com/tv/a_9.html|archive-date=2013-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Channel
!Description
!Launched in
!Website
|-
|[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]
|the original international [[Arabic language|Arabic-language]] 24h [[news channel]]
|1 November 1996
|[http://www.aljazeera.net/channel aljazeera.net/channel]
|-
|[[Al Jazeera English]]
|a global [[English language|English-language]] 24h [[news channel]]
|2006
|[http://www.aljazeera.com/ aljazeera.com]
|-
|[[Al Jazeera Balkans]]
|a version of Al Jazeera in the [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]/[[Croatian language|Croatian]]/[[Serbian language|Serbian]] language(s) stationed in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina catering to and broadcasting around the [[Balkans]]
|2011
|[http://balkans.aljazeera.net/ balkans.aljazeera.net]
|-
|[[Al Jazeera Mubasher]] (a.k.a. Al Jazeera Live General)
|a live politics and public interest channel (similar to [[C-SPAN]], [[Houses of the Oireachtas Channel]] or [[BBC Parliament]]), which broadcasts conferences in real time without editing or commentary
|2005
|[http://mubasher.aljazeera.net/ mubasher.aljazeera.net]
|-
|[[Al Jazeera Documentary Channel]]
|an Arabic language documentary channel
|2007
|[http://doc.aljazeera.net/ doc.aljazeera.net]
|-
!Other Entities
!Description
!Year
!Website
|-
|[[AJ+]]
|an online news channel that promotes the different thinking of other cultures and understanding of news in a first-person perspective.
|2014
|[http://www.ajplus.net/ ajplus.net]
|-
|[[Al Jazeera Podcasts]]
|a podcast network
|2017
|[https://podcasts.aljazeera.com/ podcasts.aljazeera.com]
|-
|Rightly
|an online news channel aimed at center-right American conservatives.
|2021
|[https://www.youtube.com/rightlyaj/ rightly]
|-
|Al Jazeera Training Center
|an Arabic language, Graphics and Media Training Center
|2004
|[http://training.aljazeera.net/en/news/default.html/ training.aljazeera.net]
|-
|Al Jazeera Center for Studies
|a Think Tank that conducts research and in-depth analysis of current affairs at both regional and global levels
|2006
|[http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/ studies.aljazeera.net]
|-
!Discontinued Channels
!Description and Region
!Time Period
!Website
|-
|[[Al Jazeera America]]
|intended to compete with other news channels, including [[CNN]], [[HLN (TV channel)|HLN]], [[MSNBC]], [[Fox News Channel|FOX]], and [[RT America|RT]] in the United States
|August 20, 2013 – April 12, 2016
|N/A
|-
|Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr
|a version of Al Jazeera Mabasher for Egypt, Shutdown and merged into Al Jazeera Mabasher.
|2011–2013
|N/A
|-
|Al Jazeera Urdu
| an Urdu language version of Al Jazeera intended for Pakistan. Never began transmission.
|2006
|https://www.jazeeraurdu.com
|-
|[[Al Jazeera Türk]]
|a planned version of Al Jazeera in the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] language(s) stationed in Istanbul catering to and broadcasting around Turkey. Only online operations commenced.
|2014–2017 (Never completed)
|https://www.aljazeera.com.tr
|-
|Al Jazeera Kiswahili
|Kiswahili version of Al Jazeera to be based in East Africa.
|2011–2012 (Never completed)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-02-a-brief-look-al-jazeera-to-open-swahili-service/|title=A brief look: Al Jazeera to open Swahili service|date=2 August 2011|access-date=2021-07-23|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723142916/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-02-a-brief-look-al-jazeera-to-open-swahili-service/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizcommunity.africa/Article/410/66/62756.html|title=Al Jazeera to start Kiswahili channel in East Africa|website=www.bizcommunity.africa|access-date=2021-07-23|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723135904/https://www.bizcommunity.africa/Article/410/66/62756.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://variety.com/2011/tv/news/al-jazeera-plans-swahili-net-1118042482/|title = Al-Jazeera plans Swahili net|date = 10 September 2011|access-date = 23 July 2021|archive-date = 23 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210723135902/https://variety.com/2011/tv/news/al-jazeera-plans-swahili-net-1118042482/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairobiwire.com/2012/10/aljazeera-cancels-plans-to-launch.html|title=Aljazeera Cancels Plans to Launch Aljazeera Swahili|date=October 2012|access-date=2021-07-23|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723135903/https://nairobiwire.com/2012/10/aljazeera-cancels-plans-to-launch.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Disbanded Channels
! Description
! Time Period
! Website
|-
|[[JeemTV]]
|a [[children's interest channel]]. It used to be called Al Jaweera Children's Channel until it was renamed to JeemTV in 2013. Sold to [[beIN Channels Network]] on April 1, 2016.
|September 9, 2005 - April 1, 2016
|[http://www.jeemtv.net/ jeemtv.net]
|-
|[[Baraem]]
|a pre-school Arabic TV channel. Sold to [[beIN Channels Network]] on April 1, 2016.
|January 16, 2009 - April 1, 2016
|[http://www.baraem.tv/ Baraem.tv]
|}

== Other operations ==
[[File:Al Jazeera Office, Kuala Lumpur.jpg|thumb|Al Jazeera Office, Kuala Lumpur]]

===Mobile===
Al Jazeera Media Network also operates mobile apps for their various channels with Al Jazeera Mobile and Al Jazeera New Media

===Online===
The network operates [[Aljazeera.com]] which is the main website for the [[Al Jazeera English]], [[Al Jazeera Balkans]] and the former [[Al Jazeera America]] web sites. For its Arabic language properties, it has Aljazeera.net. and for its Turkish properties Aljazeera.tr.

On January 1, 2018, Al Jazeera launched a [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin-language]] news website becoming the first Middle Eastern news provider to target the Chinese audience. The staff of the project is in contact with their audience via Chinese social media like [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]], Meipai and WeChat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/al-jazeera-launches-mandarin-language-website-180101085619213.html|title=Al Jazeera launches Mandarin-language website|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-01-02|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101224858/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/al-jazeera-launches-mandarin-language-website-180101085619213.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====AJ+====
{{main article|AJ+}}
Al Jazeera Media Network also has a digital online-only news channel [[AJ+]]. The channel is an online and mobile-only news channel primarily found on various social media networks and [[YouTube]] and operated by Al Jazeera New Media out of [[San Francisco, California]]. The channel consists of mostly On Demand content. It soft-launched on 13 June 2014 with a new webpage, [[Facebook]] page and videos on [[YouTube]]. The full channel launched with an app in September 2014. There are also [[Arabic]] and [[Spanish language]] versions of the channel.

====Al Jazeera Podcasts====
[[File:Al Jazeera Podcasts.jpg|thumb|120px|Al Jazeera Podcasts logo]]
In 2017, the network launched a podcasting network called Jetty. Later renamed Al Jazeera Podcasts, the network is available via the network's website as well as [[SoundCloud]], Apple Podcasts, [[Stitcher]], [[TuneIn]], and [[iHeartRadio]]. The network is based out of San Francisco alongside AJ+ and is available in English.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/11/with-its-new-podcast-network-jetty-al-jazeera-will-use-facebook-watch-to-rope-in-new-listeners/|title=With its new podcast network Jetty, Al Jazeera will use Facebook Watch to rope in new listeners|work=Nieman Lab|access-date=2017-12-05|archive-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005757/http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/11/with-its-new-podcast-network-jetty-al-jazeera-will-use-facebook-watch-to-rope-in-new-listeners/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jetty debuted with the podcast ''Closer Than They Appear'', a hybrid interview/narrative show hosted by writer [[Carvell Wallace]]. Other podcasts that debuted in 2018 included ''The Game of Our Lives'' which uses soccer to explain global economics and cultures, a podcast on freedom dubbed (''Freedom Stories, featuring [[Melissa Harris-Perry]]''), sex (''The Virgie Show'') with [[Virgie Tovar]], and global music (''Movement'') with [[Meklit Hadero]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=With its new podcast network Jetty, Al Jazeera will use Facebook Watch to rope in new listeners |work=Nieman Lab |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/11/with-its-new-podcast-network-jetty-al-jazeera-will-use-facebook-watch-to-rope-in-new-listeners/ |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=2017-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005757/http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/11/with-its-new-podcast-network-jetty-al-jazeera-will-use-facebook-watch-to-rope-in-new-listeners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Rightly====
In 2021, the network launched Rightly, an online news channel aimed at center-right American conservatives. The channel much like AJ+ is only available online, primarily on YouTube. The launch of the channel spurred questions from Al Jazeera staff questioning if the channel took away from Al Jazeera's mission to be non-partisan and from various media critics wondering if conservative audiences would watch a channel from Al Jazeera, a long time target of American conservatives.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Al Jazeera Is Launching A Right-Leaning News Outlet Called Rightly|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/23/970664967/al-jazeera-is-launching-a-right-leaning-news-outlet-called-rightly|access-date=2021-03-01|website=NPR.org|date=23 February 2021|language=en|last1=Chappell|first1=Bill|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228140326/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/23/970664967/al-jazeera-is-launching-a-right-leaning-news-outlet-called-rightly|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Al Jazeera staff say rightwing platform will 'irreparably tarnish' brand|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/feb/25/al-jazeera-staff-say-rightwing-platform-will-irreparably-tarnish-brand|access-date=2021-03-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141451/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/feb/25/al-jazeera-staff-say-rightwing-platform-will-irreparably-tarnish-brand|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Education===
Al Jazeera Media Network owns and operates the Al Jazeera Center for Studies [http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/ Al Jazeera Center for Studies]. Established in 2006, the Al Jazeera Center for Studies conducts in-depth analysis of current affairs at both regional and global levels. Its research agenda focuses primarily on geopolitics and strategic developments in the Arab world and surrounding regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/about/aboutstudies/|title=Al jazeera Center for Studies - About Us|work=aljazeera.net|access-date=2013-07-07|archive-date=2013-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731014019/http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/about/aboutstudies/|url-status=live}}</ref> The center with an extensive network of distinguished researchers, and a wide range array of experts from across the globe, the center aims to promote dialogue and build bridges of mutual understanding and cooperation between cultures, civilizations, and religions.

The center also contains the Al Jazeera Media Training and Development Center.

==Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival==
The Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival is an annual film festival held at the Doha Sheraton in [[Doha, Qatar]]. The first festival was held on 18 April 2005. Every year the festival has a different theme.<ref>[http://festival.aljazeera.net/Services/System/?Rq=6%29O7AwwtJ-5HrW=Uot%29-7GCWH%29w71-E0a Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804094846/http://festival.aljazeera.net/Services/System/?Rq=6)O7AwwtJ-5HrW=Uot)-7GCWH)w71-E0a |date=2013-08-04 }} Al Jazeera.</ref>

The Al Jazeera Balkans Documentary Film Festival was started in 2018 as an annual international [[documentary film|documentary]] film festival based in [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name="klix.ba">{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/magazin/film-tv/al-jazeera-balkans-organizuje-prvi-documentary-film-festival-i-poziva-autore-i-producente/180213038|title=Al Jazeera Balkans organizuje prvi Documentary Film Festival i poziva autore i producente|publisher=klix.ba|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=2019-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223233719/https://www.klix.ba/magazin/film-tv/al-jazeera-balkans-organizuje-prvi-documentary-film-festival-i-poziva-autore-i-producente/180213038|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Television|Journalism}}
* [[Al Jazeera controversies and criticism]]
* [[Al Jazeera effect]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[https://network.aljazeera.net/about-us/timeline Official timeline]

{{Al Jazeera}}
{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room Seating Chart}}

[[Category:Al Jazeera]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Qatar]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of Qatar]]
[[Category:Arab mass media]]
[[Category:Multinational companies]]
[[Category:Television in Qatar]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Mass media in Doha]]
[[Category:Companies based in Doha]]
[[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]

Maximum pressure campaign

2022-09-08T14:17:35Z

Simsman333: Fixing a typo.

{{Short description|Intensified sanctions against Iran by the Trump Administration}}
'''Maximum pressure campaign''' refers to the intensified [[United States sanctions against Iran|sanctions]] against [[Iran]] by the [[Trump administration]] after the United States exited the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] (JCPOA) in 2018.<ref name="ICG">{{cite web |title=The Failure of U.S. "Maximum Pressure" against Iran |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iran/failure-us-maximum-pressure-against-iran |website=Crisis Group |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en |date=8 March 2021}}</ref> The campaign was aimed at pressuring Iran to renegotiate the JCPOA,<ref name="TF">{{cite journal |last1=Nuruzzaman |first1=Mohammed |title=President Trump’s ‘Maximum Pressure’ Campaign and Iran’s Endgame |journal=Strategic Analysis |date=1 November 2020 |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=570–582 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700161.2020.1841099?journalCode=rsan20|doi=10.1080/09700161.2020.1841099 |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> adding more restrictions on Iran's nuclear program and expanding the scope of the agreement to cover Iran's ballistic missiles as well as other regional activities.<ref name="ICG"/><ref name="guardian1">{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title=Why Trump’s 'maximum pressure' foreign policy yields minimum results |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/11/trump-foreign-policy-venezuela-north-korea-iran-results-2020 |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=11 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> This strategy was faced by Iran's counter pressure policy to thwart the U.S. maximum pressure campaign.<ref name="TF"/><ref name="wiley">{{cite journal |last1=Azizi |first1=Hamidreza |last2=Golmohammadi |first2=Vali |last3=Vazirian |first3=Amir Hossein |title=Trump’s "maximum pressure" and anti-containment in Iran’s regional policy |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |date=2020 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=150–166 |doi=10.1111/dome.12219 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12219 |access-date=31 October 2021 |language=en |issn=1949-3606}}</ref><ref name="conversation">{{cite news |last1=Mallett |first1=Ellis |title=Iran: US policy of 'maximum pressure' has failed – why the west needs to re-engage Tehran |url=https://theconversation.com/iran-us-policy-of-maximum-pressure-has-failed-why-the-west-needs-to-re-engage-tehran-153011 |access-date=1 November 2021 |work=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Human Rights Watch]], the current economic sanctions "are causing unnecessary suffering to Iranian citizens afflicted with a range of diseases and medical conditions," despite exemptions for the humanitarian goods. this reduce the ability to compete in the world but, destroyed the humanitarian capabilities in Iran.<ref name="hrw"/>

==Sanctions==
{{main|United States sanctions against Iran}}

In May 2018, then U.S. president Donald Trump withdrew from the [[JCPOA|nuclear deal with Iran]] and imposed several new non-nuclear sanctions against Iran, some of which were condemned by Iran as a violation of the deal.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = CNN | url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-iran-nuclear-deal/ | title = Trump, Iran nuclear deal| date = 8 May 2018 }}</ref> In November 2018, the U.S. officially reimposed all sanctions against Iran that had been lifted before the U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA.<ref>{{cite news |title=US targets arms program with strongest sanctions since scrapping Iran deal |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-03/trump-and-iran-sanctions/10462528 |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=ABC News |date=2 November 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

[[Elizabeth Rosenberg]], a former U.S. Treasury Department official told NPR that the program include sanctioning "some Iranian financial institutions not previously designated and that were previously used to facilitate food, medicine and medical imports." To this end, most large Iranian financial institutions are subject to the sanctions.<ref name="hrw"/>

==Outcomes==
According to a report from the [[International Monetary Fund]], Iran's Gross Official Reserves fell from an average of $70 billion in 2017 to $4 billion in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did the "Maximum Pressure" Campaign Against Iran Fail? |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/did-maximum-pressure-campaign-against-iran-fail |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Certain analysts believe the campaign has failed to change Iran's regional activities or counter Iran's proxy influence in the region, forcing Iran to renegotiate the nuclear deal and hindering its nuclear and missile programs.<ref name="wiley"/><ref name="guardian1"/><ref name="conversation"/> According to Senior officials in the administration of [[Ebrahim Raisi]], president of Iran, oil sales in the initial months of Raisi's presidency have jumped by 40 percent despite being under "stringent US sanctions".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |title=Iran says oil sales strong despite effect of Ukraine war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/11/iran-says-oil-sales-strong-despite-ukraine-war-changes |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

The campaign has been criticized by foreign policy outlets as being poorly conceived and counterproductive to other American foreign policy goals. David Wallsh, writing for the [[Atlantic Council]], posited that "an exclusively punitive policy unaccompanied by diplomatic off-ramps incentivizes Tehran to fight fire with fire by imposing costs on its perceived aggressors."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wallsh |first1=David |title=The ‘maximum pressure’ campaign undermines Trump’s national security strategy |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/the-maximum-pressure-campaign-undermines-trumps-national-security-strategy/ |website=Atlantic Council |access-date=24 October 2021 |date=12 February 2020}}</ref> Sina Toossi, a senior analyst for the [[National Iranian American Council]], further identified that the program may be largely ineffective in achieving diplomatic goals, with Iran's growing resilience to sanctions as well as the rise of hard-liners in the Iranian government who have little desire to engage diplomatically with the United States' demands.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Toossi |first1=Sina |title=Iran Is Becoming Immune to U.S. Pressure |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/02/iran-united-states-maximum-pressure/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=Foreign Policy}}</ref>

Other concerns have been raised regarding the negative effect of the program on the welfare of the Iranian populace. According to the [[Human Rights Watch]], the redoubled U.S. sanctions has effectively constrained Iran's "ability to finance [...] humanitarian imports", due to the broad U.S. sanctions against Iranian banks, accompanied by the "aggressive rhetoric from U.S. officials". The intensified sanctions have seriously threatened Iranians' [[right to health]] and access to essential medicines, causing documented shortages—ranging from a lack of vital drugs for patients with epilepsy to limited chemotherapy medications for treating Iranian cancer patients.<ref name="hrw">{{cite web |title="Maximum Pressure": US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/10/29/maximum-pressure/us-economic-sanctions-harm-iranians-right-health |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=en |date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The [[United Arab Emirates]] expressed its absolute support for the United States continuing the maximum pressure against Iran. Israeli politicians have also expressed support for the program.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ng |first1=Abigail |title=Middle East leaders praise Trump's 'maximum pressure' campaign on Iran as Biden takes office |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/22/us-iran-middle-east-praises-trumps-maximum-pressure-campaign-as-biden-takes-over.html |website=CNBC |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en |date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran]] said in July 2019 that he was "not only concerned that sanctions and banking restrictions will unduly affect food security and the availability and distribution of medicines, pharmaceutical equipment and supplies, but is also concerned at their potential negative impact on United Nations and other operations and programs in the country."<ref name="hrw"/>

Nov 2021,During the presidency of [[Ebrahim Raisi|Ebrahim Reisi]] and the beginning of a new round of nuclear talks Ali Bagheri Kani, Iran's chief nuclear negotiator, has said that in the seventh round of talks to revive the IAEA nuclear deal, the Islamic Republic of Iran called for the lifting of all sanctions against the US campaign of maximum pressure as a prelude to the resumption of talks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US must ‘accept reality’ and lift sanctions: Iran negotiator|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/22/us-must-accept-reality-lift-sanctions-says-irans-negotiator|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran]]
* [[Iranian frozen assets]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Donald Trump}}
{{Trump presidency}}
{{Iran–United States relations}}

[[Category:Sanctions against Iran]]
[[Category:Economy of Iran]]
[[Category:Politics of Iran]]
[[Category:Iran–United States relations]]
[[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]

Religion in France

2022-07-27T04:18:11Z

Simsman333: /* Charlie Hebdo shooting */ Fixing typos and adding a specific description to an important historical figure.

{{short description|none}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in France (September 2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/>
|label1 = [[Catholic Church in France|Catholicism]]
|value1 = 41
|color1 = Dodgerblue
|label2 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
|value2 = 40
|color2 = grey
|label3 = Other religions
|value3 = 5
|color3 = Red
|label4 = [[Protestantism in France|Protestantism]]
|value4 = 2
|color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy in France|Eastern Orthodoxy]]
|value5 = 2
|color5 = Orchid
|label6 = Other Christians
|value6 = 2
|color6 = LightBlue
|label7 = [[Islam in France|Islam]]
|value7 = 5
|color7 = Green
|label8 = [[Buddhism in France|Buddhism]]
|value8 = 1
|color8 = Gold
|label9 = [[Judaism in France|Judaism]]
|value9 = 1
|color9 = blue
|label10 = Undeclared
|value10 = 1
|color10 = black
}}
[[File: Tours Cathedral Saint-Gatian.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|[[Tours Cathedral|St. Gatianus' Roman Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Tours]].]]
'''Religion in France''' is diverse under [[secular]] principles. It can attribute its diversity to the country's adherence to [[freedom of religion]] and freedom of thought, as guaranteed by the 1789 [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]. The [[French Fifth Republic|Republic]] is based on the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' (or "freedom of conscience") established by the 1880s [[Jules Ferry laws]] and the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]]. [[Catholic Church in France|Catholic Christianity]], the religion of a plurality of the French people, is no longer the [[state religion]] that it was before the 1789 [[French Revolution]], as well as throughout several non-republican regimes of the 19th century (the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]], the [[July Monarchy]] and the [[Second French Empire]]).

The major religions practiced in [[France]] include [[Christianity]] (about 47% overall, with denominations including [[Catholic Church in France|Catholicism]], various branches of [[Protestantism in France|Protestantism]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy in France|Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Orthodoxy]]), [[Islam in France|Islam]], [[Judaism in France|Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Sikhism]] amongst others, making it a [[multiconfessional]] country. Sunday Mass attendance has fallen to 5% for Catholics, and the overall level of religious observance is considerably lower than in the past.<ref name=usatraif>{{cite news|last=Knox|first=Noelle|title=Religion takes a back seat in Western Europe|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-08-10-europe-religion-cover_x.htm|newspaper=USA Today|date=11 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=France – church attendance|date=10 June 2010|url=http://viaintegra.wordpress.com/2010/06/10/france-church-attendance-2/|publisher=Via Integra|access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> Although Catholicism makes up a plurality of the population, Islam will continue to grow, even with zero population growth due to [[Immigration to France|immigration]].<ref>Michael Lipka, "Europe's Muslim population will continue to grow -- but how much will depend on migration." Pew Research Center, Dec. 4, 2017.</ref> In some parts of France, however, Muslims and Catholics work together. Many children of Muslim parents are enrolled in Catholic schools (20% of the nation's schools are Catholic).<ref>Norimitsu Onishi, "How Does Islam Fit Into France? One City's Unsettling Debate," ''New York Times'', 9 July 2021, A8.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennhold|first=Katrin|date=2008-09-25|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|access-date=2022-01-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Even Centrist politicians like Emmanuel Macron, who in 2022 stressed guided integration of Muslims into society, seemed pleased with the openness of Catholics to welcome Muslims to Catholic schools.<ref>"Macron turns to religion to woo conservative Catholics", ''The Tablet'', 12 February 2022, p. 27.</ref>

==Demographics==
===Chronological statistics===
Note these are from different sources with likely different methodologies.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Religious group
! Population % '''1986'''<ref name="CSA1986">{{cite web|url=https://actualitechretienne.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/sondagecsalacroixcatholicismeetprotestantismefrance.pdf|trans-title=Catholicism and Protestantism in France – Sociological analysis and data from the CSA Institute for La Croix|title=Catholicisme et protestantisme en France – Analyses sociologiques et données de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix|date=2010|publisher=CSA|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906130837/https://actualitechretienne.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/sondagecsalacroixcatholicismeetprotestantismefrance.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>
!Population % '''1987<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=August 2010|title=Le catholicisme en France en 2010|url=http://www.ifop.com/media/pressdocument/238-1-document_file.pdf|journal=IFOP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211113450/http://www.ifop.com/media/pressdocument/238-1-document_file.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-11}}</ref>'''
! Population % '''1994'''<ref name="CSA1986"/>
! Population % '''2001<ref name=":0" />'''
! Population % '''2004'''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Sondage CSA: Les Francais et la religion|url=https://actualitechretienne.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/sondagecsalacroix-lesfrancaisetlareligion.pdf|journal=La Croix}}</ref>
! Population % '''2006'''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2006|title=Éléments d'analyse géographique de l'implantation des religions en France|url=http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/religions_geo.pdf|journal=IFOP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924072617/http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/religions_geo.pdf|archive-date=2016-09-24}}</ref>
! Population % '''2010'''<ref name=":0" />
! Population % '''2012'''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2013|title=Le catholicisme en France|url=http://www.csa.eu/multimedia/data/etudes/etudes/etu20130329-note-d-analyse-csa-decrypte-mars-2013.pdf|journal=CSA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204914/http://www.csa.eu/multimedia/data/etudes/etudes/etu20130329-note-d-analyse-csa-decrypte-mars-2013.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref>
! Population % '''2016'''<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#E0F0FF;| Christianity
| 82%
| 76%
| 69%
| 71%
| 66.2%
| 66.1%
| 67%
| 59%
| 51.1%
|-
|style="background:#E0F0FF;| –''Catholicism''
| ''81%''
|''75%''||''67%''
|''69%''
|''64.3%''
|''64.0%''
|''64%''
|''56%''||-
|-
|style="background:#E0F0FF;| –''Protestantism''
| ''1%''
|''1%''||''2%''
|''2%''
|''1.9%''
|''2.1%''
|''3%''
|''3%''||-
|-
|style="background:#E0F0FF;| –''Other and unaffiliated Christians''
| -
|-||-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-||-
|-
|style="background:#E0FFD0;"| Islam
| -
| -|| -
| -
|4.3%
|3.0%
| -
| -|| 5.1%
|-
|style="background:#E0E0FF;"| Judaism
| -
| -|| -
| -
|0.6%
|0.6%
| -
| -|| 0.8%
|-
|style="background:#F0E0FF;"| Other religions
| 2.5%
|3%|| 8%
|6%
|1.9%
|2.3%
|5%
|8%|| 2.5%
|-
|style="background:#DCDCDC;"| Not religious
| 15.5%
|21%|| 23%
|23%
|27.0%
|27.6%
|28%
|32%|| 39.6%
|}

=== Survey data ===

In 2015, the [[Eurobarometer]], a survey funded by the [[European Union]], found that Christianity was the religion of 54.3% of the respondents, with Catholicism being the main denomination with 47.8%, followed by other Christians with 4.1% (Protestants with 1.8% and the Eastern Orthodox with 0.6%). Muslims were found to comprise the 3.3%, Jews were the 0.4% and members of other religions were the 1.6%. Unaffiliated people were the 40.4%, 22.8% declared to be atheist and 17.6% declared to be agnostic.<ref name="EB2015countries">{{citation|title=DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&mode=table&V355slice=1&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&top=yes|work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]]|year=2015|series=437|location=[[European Union]]|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=15 October 2017|via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]]}}</ref>

In 2017, the [[Pew Research Center]] found in their ''Global Attitudes Survey'' that 54.2% of the French regarded themselves as Christians, with 47.4% belonging to the Catholic Church, 3.6% were Unaffiliated Christians, 2.2% were Protestants, 1.0% were Eastern Orthodox. The 37.8% unaffiliated people were divided into 24.8% Atheists, 8.2% nothing in particular and 4.8% Agnostics. Muslims were 5.0%, Jews comprised 0.4% and members of other religions were 1.4%. 1.1% was either undecided or didn't answer the question.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/dataset/spring-2017-survey-data/|title=Spring 2017 Survey Data |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref>

In May 2019, the [[Eurobarometer]] conducted a survey in France, it was published in September 2019 within Special Eurobarometer 493, showing the following outcome: Christian 47%, with Catholicism as the main denomination with 41%, followed by Orthodox Christian, Protestants and other Christians with 2% each one. Muslims were found to be 5%, Jewish 1%, Buddhist 1%. The 40% unaffiliated people comprised Atheist 21% and Non believers or agnostics 19%. People with other religions were 5%, and refused to answer 1%.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">[https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission, September 2019, pages 229-230] Retrieved 17 January 2020. The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim - Shia, Muslim - Sunni, Other Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, Non believer/Agnostic and Other. Also space was given for Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) and Don't Know. On the other hand, Sikh and Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Data from various surveys
! rowspan="2" |Source
(year)
! rowspan="2" |Christianity
! colspan="4" |Christian denominations
! rowspan="2" |No religion
! colspan="4" |Other religions
! rowspan="2" |''Unanswered''
|-
|Catholicism
|Protestants
|Orthodox
|Other denominations
|Islam
|Judaism
|Buddhism
|Other religions
|-
|[[Eurobarometer]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 2019|title=Special Eurobarometer 493, pages 229-230|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251|journal=European Union: European Commission}}</ref>
|47%
|''41%''
|''2%''
|''2%''
|''2%''
|40%
|5%
|1%
|1%
|5%
|1%
|-
|Observatoire de la laïcité (2018)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2019|title=État des lieux de la laïcité en France|url=http://www.institut-viavoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Etat-des-lieux-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9-en-France.-Etude-Viavoice-pour-lObservatoire-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9.pdf|journal=Observatoire de la Laïcité}}</ref>
|52%
|''48%''
|''3%''
|''1%''
|
|34%
|3%
|1%
|2%
|1%
|7%
|-
|[[Eurobarometer]] (2018)<ref name="EB2018">{{cite book|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V204&v=2&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V440&V204slice=1&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&tabcontenttype=row&V11slice=1&V204subset=1+-+10%2C11%2C12+-+13%2C14&mode=table&top=yess|title=Eurobarometer 90.4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism|publisher=European Commission|access-date=9 August 2019|via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]]}}</ref>
|54.9%
|''49.9%''
|''2.0%''
|''0.8%''
|''2.2%''
|37.9%
|4.9%
|0.7%
|0.7%
|0.9%
|
|-
|Ofre, Institut Randstad (2018) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.la-croix.com/France/Religion-entreprise-conflits-rares-legere-hausse-selon-enquete-2018-09-26-1300971626|title=Religion en entreprise: des conflits rares mais en légère hausse, selon une enquête|journal=La Croix|date=2018-09-26|access-date=2019-04-08|language=fr-FR|issn=0242-6056}}</ref>
|51.5%
|''49.5%''
|''2%''
|
|
|37.5%
|8.5%
|2%
|1%
|
|
|-
|[[Ipsos]] survey (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reforme.net/2017/10/26/sondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants/|title=Sondage "Les protestants en France en 2017" (1) : qui sont les protestants ?|date=2017-10-26|website=Reforme.net|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref>
|61.0%
|''57.5%''
|''3.1%''
| colspan="2" |''0.4%''
|35.0%
| colspan="4" |3.0%
|1.0%
|-
|[[Pew Research Center]] Western Europe survey (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/dataset/western-europe-survey-dataset/|title=Western Europe Survey Dataset |work=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref>
|63.6%
|''59.4%''
|''2.3%''
| colspan="2" |''1.9%''
|28.3%
| colspan="4" |7.5%
|0.2%
|-
|[[Pew Research Center]] Global Attitudes (2017)<ref name=":1" />
|54.2%
|''47.4%''
|''2.2%''
|''1.0%''
|''3.6%''
|37.8%
|5.0%
|0.4%
| colspan="2" |1.4%
|1.1%
|-
|[[IFOP]], Institut Montaigne (2016)<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP" />
|51.1%
| colspan="4" |''51.1%''
|39.6%
|5.6%
|0.8%
| colspan="2" |2.5%
|0.4%
|-
|[[Eurobarometer]] (2015)<ref name="EB2015countries" />
|54.3%
|''47.8%''
|''1.8%''
|''0.6%''
|''4.1%''
|40.4%
|3.3%
|0.4%
|0.7%
|0.9%
|
|}

====Religion among the youth====
{{Religion by Country}}
[[File:Saint Hugon abc13.jpg|thumb|Saint Hugon in [[Arvillard]], [[Savoie]], is a former [[charterhouse (monastery)|charterhouse]] ([[Carthusians|Carthusian]] monastery) turned into a monastery of the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan schools]] of [[Buddhism]] (Karma Ling).]]
According to the European Value Survey, between 2010 and 2012, 47% of French youth declared themselves as Christians, while according to IFOP study, based on a sample of 406, around 52% of 11 to 15 years declared themselves as Catholics, and according to CSA poll, around 65.4% of 18 to 24 year-old French declared themselves as Christians.<ref>[https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/France/Dieu-existe-majorite-jeunes-Francais-2018-03-23-1200925742 Dieu existe, pour la majorité des jeunes Français]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurel.info/spip.php?article958&lang=en Change in religious affiliations especially for youth]</ref> A 2010 [[Pew Research Center]] survey found that 60% of French (7 millions) between the ages of 15 to 29 identified themselves as Christians.<ref>[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/france/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 France]</ref>

In 2018, a study by the French polling agency ''OpinionWay'' funded by three Catholic institutions found, based on a sample of 1.000, that 41% of 18 to 30 years old French people declared themselves as Catholics, 3% as Protestants, 8% as Muslim, 1% were Buddhists, 1% were Jews and 3% were affiliated with other religions, 43% regarded themselves as unaffiliated. Regarding their belief of God, 52% believed that the existence of God to be certain or probable, whilst 28% believed it to be improbable and 19% regarded it as excluded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/France/Dieu-existe-majorite-jeunes-Francais-2018-03-23-1200925742|title=Dieu existe, pour la majorité des jeunes Français|last=La-Croix.com|date=2018-03-23|website=La Croix|language=fr|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>

In the same year, according to a study jointly conducted by [[London]]'s [[St Mary's University, Twickenham|St Mary's University]]'s Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the [[Institut Catholique de Paris]], and based on data from the [[European Social Survey]] 2014–2016, collected on a sample of 600, among 16 to 29 years-old Frenchmen 25% were Christians (23% Catholic and 2% Protestant), 10% were Muslims, 1% were of other religions, and 64% were not religious.<ref name="StMary">{{cite news|last=Bullivant|first=Stephen|title=Europe's Young Adults and Religion: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014-16) to inform the 2018 Synod of Bishops|url=https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf|publisher=St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society; Institut Catholique de Paris|year=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322212909/https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample and the other one asking "Which one?" to the sample who replied with "Yes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview|title=European Social Survey, Online Analysis|website=nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref> The disproportionately larger young Muslim population can be attributed to the group being younger and on average having more children, with Pew Research citing Europe-wide fertility figures of 1.6 children for non-Muslims and 2.6 for Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hackett|first=Conrad|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|History of France}}
France guarantees [[freedom of religion]] as a constitutional right and the government generally respects this right in practice. A tradition of anticlericalism led the state to break its ties to the Catholic Church in 1905 and adopt a strong commitment to maintaining a totally secular public sector.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baubérot|first=Jean|url=http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp|title=The Secular Principle|publisher=Embassy of France in the US|date=15 March 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222013645/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp|archive-date=22 February 2008}}</ref>

===Catholicism as a state religion===
Catholicism is the largest religion in France. During the pre-1789 ''[[Ancien Régime]]'', France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter, and the [[King of France]] always maintained close links to the Pope. However, the "[[Gallicanism]]" policy meant that the king selected bishops.

==== French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) ====
{{Main|French Wars of Religion}}
A strong Protestant population resided in France, primarily of [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] confession. It was persecuted by the state for most of the time, with temporary periods of relative toleration. These wars continued throughout the 16th century, with the 1572 [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] as its apex, until the 1598 [[Edict of Nantes]] issued by [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]].

For the first time, [[Huguenots]] were considered by the state as more than mere heretics. The Edict of Nantes thus opened a path for [[secularism]] and tolerance. In offering general [[freedom of conscience]] to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, for instance, amnesty and the reinstatement of their [[civil rights]], including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances directly to the king.<ref>Ruth Whelan, and Carol Baxter, eds. ''Toleration and religious identity: the Edict of Nantes and its implications in France, Britain and Ireland'' (Four Courts PressLtd, 2003).</ref>

==== Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789) ====
[[File:Protestant France.svg|thumb|300px|Protestantism in 16th-century France.
{{legend|#800080|Controlled by Huguenot nobility}}
{{legend|#AA87DE|Contested between Huguenots and Catholics}}
{{legend|#B3B3B3|Controlled by Catholic nobility}}
{{legend|MediumSlateBlue|Lutheran-majority area (part of the [[Holy Roman Empire|HRE]])}}]]
The 1598 Edict also granted the Protestants fifty places of safety (''places de sûreté''), which were military strongholds such as [[La Rochelle]] for which the king paid 180,000 écus a year, along with a further 150 emergency forts (''places de refuge''), to be maintained at the Huguenots' own expense. Such an innovative act of toleration stood virtually alone in a Europe (except for the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) where standard practice forced the subjects of a ruler to follow whatever religion that the ruler formally adopted – the application of the principle of ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]''.

Religious conflicts resumed in the end of the 17th century, when [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", initiated the persecution of Huguenots by introducing the ''[[dragonnade]]s'' in 1681. This wave of violence intimidated the Protestants into converting to Catholicism. He made the policy official with the 1685 [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes]]. As a result, a large number of Protestants – estimates range from 200,000 to 500,000 – left France during the following two decades, seeking [[refugee|asylum]] in England, the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]], Denmark, in the Protestant states of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Hesse]], [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], etc.), and European colonies in [[European colonization of the Americas|North America]] and South Africa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spielvogel|first=Jackson J.|author-link=Jackson J. Spielvogel|title=Western Civilization – Volume II: Since 1500|edition=5th|year=2003|page=410}}</ref>

The 1685 revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]] created a state of affairs in France similar to that of virtually every other European country of the period, where only the majority state religion was tolerated. The experiment of religious toleration in Europe was effectively ended for the time being. In practice, the revocation caused France to suffer a [[brain drain]], as it lost a large number of skilled craftsmen, including key designers such as [[Daniel Marot]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joutard |first1=Philippe |chapter=The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: End or Renewal of French Protestantism? |editor1-last=Prestwich |editor1-first=Menna |title=International Calvinism, 1541-1715 |year=1985 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-821933-0 }}</ref>

===French Revolution===
{{further|Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution}}
The French Revolution stripped the Catholic Church of most of its wealth, power and influence.<ref name=Betros2010>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|818499173}} |last1=Betros |first1=Gemma |title=The French Revolution and the Catholic Church |journal=History Review |issue=68 |date=December 2010 |pages=16–21 }}</ref> The early revolutionaries sought to secularize all of French society, an effort inspired in part by the writings and philosophy of [[Voltaire]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gliozzo |first1=Charles A. |title=The Philosophes and Religion: Intellectual Origins of the Dechristianization Movement in the French Revolution |journal=Church History |date=1971 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.2307/3163003 |jstor=3163003 }}</ref> In August 1789, the new [[National Assembly]] abolished [[tithes]], the mandatory 10% income tax which all Frenchmen (including non-Catholics) paid to the Catholic Church. In November 1789, they voted to expropriate the vast wealth of the Church in endowments, lands and buildings.<ref name=Popkin>Popkin, Jeremy D (2015). ''A Short History of the French Revolution''. Sixth ed. 2015</ref> In 1790, the Assembly abolished monastic religious orders. Statues and saints were rejected in a burst of iconoclasm, and most religious instruction ended.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Idzerda |first1=Stanley J. |title=Iconoclasm during the French Revolution |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1954 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |doi=10.2307/1842743 |jstor=1842743 }}</ref>

The [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]] of 1790, put the Catholic Church under state control. It required priests and bishops to be elected by their parishioners, which upset the traditional authority of the Church. The Republic legalized divorce and transferred birth, death, and marriage registrations to the state.<ref name=Popkin/> The Catholic clergy was persecuted by the [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Paris Commune]] of 1792 to 1795 and by some of the [[Représentant en mission|Représentants en mission]]. Most notably, [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] conducted large-scale drownings of priests and nuns in the river [[Loire]].<ref>R.R. Palmer,. ''Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution'' (1941) pp 220-22.</ref>

In 1793, the government established a secular [[French Republican Calendar|Republican Calendar]] to erase the memory of Sundays, saint days and religious holidays, and to increase the number of working days by instituting a 10-day week. Traditionally, every seventh day – Sunday – was a day of rest, together with numerous other days for celebration and relaxation. The government tried to end all that; the new calendar only allowed one day in 10 for relaxation. Workers and peasants felt cheated and overworked. The new system disrupted daily routines, reduced work-free days and ended well-loved celebrations. When the reformers were overthrown or executed, their radical new calendar was quickly abandoned.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perovic |first1=Sanja |title=The French Republican Calendar: Time, History and the Revolutionary Event: The French Republican Calendar |journal=Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies |date=March 2012 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-0208.2011.00408.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zerubavel |first1=Eviatar |title=The French Republican Calendar: A Case Study in the Sociology of Time |journal=American Sociological Review |date=1977 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=868–877 |doi=10.2307/2094573 |jstor=2094573 }}</ref>
[[File:Inscription Eglise Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg|thumb|Many Catholic churches were turned into [[Temple of Reason|Temples of Reason]] during the Revolution, as recalled by this inscription on a church in [[Ivry-la-Bataille]].]]
[[File:Le peuple français reconnaît l'être suprême.jpg|thumb|Standard of the [[deism|deistic]] [[Cult of the Supreme Being]], one of the proposed [[state religion]]s to replace Christianity in revolutionary France.]]
Religious minorities—Protestants and Jews—were granted full civil and political rights, which represented a shift towards a more secular government to some, and an attack on the Catholic Church to others.<ref name=Popkin /> New religions and philosophies were allowed to compete with Catholicism. The introduction of the prominent cults during the revolutionary period – the [[Cult of Reason]] and the [[Cult of the Supreme Being]] – responded to the belief that religion and politics should be seamlessly fused together. This is a shift from the original [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideals of the Revolution that advocated for a secular government with tolerance for various religious beliefs.<ref name=Stevenson>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1461390217}} |last1=Stevenson |first1=Shandi |year=2013 |title=Religions of Revolution: The Merging of Religious and Political in the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme being in France 1793–1794 }}</ref> While [[Maximilien Robespierre]] favored a religious foundation to the [[French First Republic|Republic]], he maintained a hard stance against Catholicism because of its association with corruption and the [[Counter-revolutionary|counterrevolution]].<ref name=Popkin />

The cults sought to erase the old ways of religion by closing churches, confiscating church bells, and implementing a new Republican Calendar that excluded any days for religious practice. Many churches were converted into [[Temple of Reason|Temples of Reason]]. The Cult of Reason was first to de-emphasize the existence of God, and instead focus on deism, featuring not the sacred, divine, nor eternal, but the natural, earthy, and temporal existence.<ref name=Stevenson /> To tie the church and the state together, the cults transformed traditional religious ideology into politics. The Cult of the Supreme Being used religion as political leverage. Robespierre accused political opponents of hiding behind God and using religion to justify their oppositional stance against the Revolution. It was a shift in ideology that allowed for the cult to use the new deistic beliefs for political momentum.<ref name=Stevenson />

Following the [[Thermidorian Reaction]] the persecutions of Catholic clergy ceased and the role of new cults practically ended.

===Napoleon and concordat with the Vatican===
{{Main|Concordat of 1801}}

The Catholic Church was badly hurt by the Revolution.<ref name=Betros2010/> By 1800 it was poor, dilapidated and disorganized, with a depleted and aging clergy. The younger generation had received little religious instruction, and was unfamiliar with traditional worship. However, in response to the external pressures of foreign wars, religious fervor was strong, especially among women.<ref>Robert Tombs, ''France: 1814-1914'' (1996) p 241</ref>

Napoleon took control by 1800 and realized that religious divisiveness had to be minimized to unite France. The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope [[Pius VII]], signed in July 1801 that remained in effect until 1905. It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had then largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized upon during the revolution and sold off. Catholic clergy returned from exile, or from hiding, and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes continued to employ the priests who had accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the Revolutionary regime. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances.<ref>Nigel Aston, ''Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804'' (Catholic University of America Press, 2000) pp 279-335.</ref>

===Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)===
With the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] the Catholic Church again became the [[state religion]] of France. Other religions were tolerated, but Catholicism was favored financially and politically. Its lands and financial endowments were not returned, but the government now paid salaries and maintenance costs for normal church activities. The bishops had regained control of Catholic affairs and of education. While the aristocracy before the Revolution did not place a high priority on religious doctrine or practice, the decades of exile created an alliance of throne and altar. The royalists who returned were much more devout, and much more aware of their need for a close alliance with the Church. They had discarded fashionable skepticism and now promoted the wave of Catholic religiosity that was sweeping Europe, with a new regard to the Virgin Mary, the Saints, and popular religious rituals such as saying the rosary. Devotionalism was far stronger in rural areas, and much less noticeable in Paris and the other cities. The population of 32 million included about 680,000 Protestants, and 60,000 Jews. They were tolerated. Anti-clericalism of the sort promoted by the Enlightenment and writers such as Voltaire had not disappeared, but it was in recession.<ref>Frederick B. Artz, ''France under the Bourbon Restoration, 1814-1830'' (1931) pp 99-171.</ref>

At the elite level, the intellectual climate changed dramatically from the intellectually oriented classicism to emotionally based [[romanticism]]. A book by [[François-René de Chateaubriand]] entitled ''[[The Genius of Christianity|Génie du christianisme]]'' ("The Genius of Christianity") (1802) had an enormous influence in reshaping French literature and intellectual life. It emphasized the power of religion in creating European high culture. Chateaubriand's book did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, if uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside.<ref>James McMillan, "Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815-1905." in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds., ''The Cambridge history of Christianity'' (2014) 8: 217-232</ref>

===Napoleon III (1848-1870)===
[[Napoleon III]] was also a strong supporter of Catholic interests, financing the church and supporting Catholic missionaries in the emerging French Empire. His primary goal was conciliation of all the religious and anti-religious interests in France, to avoid the furious hatreds and battles that took place during the revolution, and that would reappear after he lost power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Isser |first1=Natalie |title=Protestants and Proselytization During the Second French Empire |journal=Journal of Church and State |date=1988 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=51–70 |doi=10.1093/jcs/30.1.51 |jstor=23917715 }}</ref><ref>Roger L. Williams, ''Gaslight and Shadow the World of Napoleon III 1851 1870'' (1957), pp 70-96, 194-95.</ref>

In foreign policy, the French army prevented the anti-clerical Kingdom of Italy that emerged in 1860 and which annexed parts of the papal states from taking complete control of Rome. In Paris, the Emperor was supported the conservative Gallican bishops to minimize the people role inside France, against the liberal Catholic intellectuals who wanted to use the Church as an instrument of reform. Problem came with Pope [[Pius IX]] who reigned 1846 to 1878. He began as a liberal, but suddenly in the 1860s became the leading champion of reactionary politics in Europe, in opposition to all forms of modern liberalism. He demanded complete autonomy for the church and religious and educational affairs, and had the [[First Vatican Council]] (1869–70) decree [[papal infallibility]]. Napoleon III's foreign-policy was too committed to the support of Rome for him to break with the Pope, but that alliance seriously weakened him at home. When he declared war on Prussia in 1870, he brought his army home, and the kingdom of Italy swallowed up the papal domains and the Pope became the prisoner of the Vatican. Vatican statements attacking progress, industrialization, capitalism, socialism, and virtually every new idea not only angered the liberal and conservative Catholic elements in France, but energized the secular liberals (including many professionals) and anti-clerical socialist movement; they escalated their attacks on church control of schools.<ref>Theodore Zeldin, ''France, 1848-1945: volume II: Intellect, Taste and Anxiety'' (1977) pp 986-1015.</ref>

===Third Republic (1870–1940)===
{{further|French Third Republic}}
Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic (1870–1940), there were battles over the status of the [[Catholic Church in France]] among the republicans, the monarchists and the other authoritarians (such as the Napoleonists). The French Catholic clergy and bishops were closely associated with the monarchists, and its higher hierarchy was largely drawn from noble families. The republicans power base was the [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] middle class, who saw the Church's alliance with the monarchists as both a political threat to the republic and a threat to the modern spirit of progress. The republicans detested the Church for its political and class affiliations; for them, the Church represented the [[Ancien Régime]], a time in French history most republicans hoped was long behind them. The republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support. Numerous laws successively weakened the Catholic Church. In 1879, priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and boards of charity; in 1880, new measures were directed against the religious congregations; from 1880 to 1890 lay women replaced nuns in many hospitals; in 1882, the [[Jules Ferry laws|Ferry school laws]] were passed. [[1801 Concordat|Napoleon's Concordat of 1801]] continued to ensure state funding of the church, but in 1881, the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philippe |last=Rigoulot |title=Protestants and the French nation under the Third Republic: Between recognition and assimilation |journal=National Identities |year=2009 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1080/14608940802680961 |s2cid=145338843 }}</ref>

Republicans feared that religious orders in control of schools—especially the [[Jesuit]]s and [[Assumptionist]]s—indoctrinated anti-republicanism into children. Determined to root this out, republicans insisted the state needed control of the schools for France to achieve economic and militaristic progress. (Republicans felt one of the primary reasons for the German victory in 1870 was their superior education system.)

The early anti-Catholic laws were largely the work of republican [[Jules Ferry]] in 1882. Religious instruction was pushed out of all schools, and religious orders were forbidden to teach in them. Funds were appropriated from religious schools to build more state schools. Later in the century, other laws passed by Ferry's successors further weakened the Church's position in French society. Civil marriage became the only legal one, divorce was introduced, and chaplains were removed from the army.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Patrick J. |last=Harrigan |title=Church, State, and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws: A Reassessment |journal=Canadian Journal of History |year=2001 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=51–83 |doi= 10.3138/cjh.36.1.51|url=http://utpjournalsreview.com/index.php/CJOH/article/view/10994 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

When [[Leo XIII]] became pope in 1878, he tried to calm Church-State relations. In 1884, he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner toward the State ('Nobilissima Gallorum Gens'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_08021884_nobilissima-gallorum-gens.html |title=Leo XIII – Nobilissima Gallorum Gens |work=vatican.va }} (full text)</ref>).
In 1892, he issued an [[encyclical]] advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in republican politics ('Au milieu des sollicitudes'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_16021892_au-milieu-des-sollicitudes.html |title=Leo XIII – Au milieu des sollicitudes |work=vatican.va }} (full text)</ref>).
This attempt at improving the relationship failed. Deep-rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the [[Dreyfus Affair]] (1894–1906). Catholics were for the most part anti-Dreyfusard. The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal [[La Croix]]. This infuriated republican politicians, who were eager to take revenge. Often they worked in alliance with [[Masonic lodge]]s. The [[Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau|Waldeck-Rousseau Ministry]] (1899–1902) and the [[Émile Combes|Combes Ministry (1902–05)]] fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops. Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals in the years 1903 and 1904, and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs in 1904.

[[Emile Combes]], when elected Prime Minister in 1902, was determined to defeat Catholicism thoroughly. Shortly after taking office, he closed down all [[parochial school]]s in France. Then he had parliament reject authorisation of all religious orders. This meant that all fifty-four orders in France were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France, many for Spain.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Frank |last1=Tallett |first2=Nicholas |last2=Atkin |author-link2=Nicholas Atkin |title=Religion, society, and politics in France since 1789 |location=London |publisher=Hambledon Press |year=1991 |isbn=1-85285-057-4 |page=152 }}</ref>
The Combes government worked with Masonic lodges to create a secret surveillance of all army officers to make sure that devout Catholics would not be promoted. Exposed as the [[Affaire Des Fiches]], the scandal undermined support for the Combes government, and he resigned. It also undermined morale in the army, as officers realized that hostile spies examining their private lives were more important to their careers than their own professional accomplishments.<ref>{{cite book |first=Douglas |last=Porch |author-link=Douglas Porch |title=The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/marchtomarnefren00porc |url-access=limited |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-54592-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/marchtomarnefren00porc/page/n100 92]–104 }}, is the most thorough account in English.</ref>

==== 1905: Separation of Church and State ====
{{Main|1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State}}
Radicals (as they called themselves) achieved their main goals in 1905: they repealed Napoleon's [[1801 Concordat]]. Church and State were finally separated. All Church property was confiscated. Religious personnel were no longer paid by the State. Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches. However, in practice, masses and rituals continued to be performed.<ref>Maurice Larkin, ''Church and state after the Dreyfus affair: The separation issue in France'' (1974).</ref>

A [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|1905 law]] instituted the [[separation of Church and State]] and prohibited the government from recognising, salarying, or subsidising any religion. The 1926 [[Briand-Ceretti Agreement]] subsequently restored for a while a formal role for the state in the appointment of Catholic bishops, but evidence for its exercise is not easily obtained. Prior to 1905, the 1801–1808 [[Concordat of 1801|Concordat]] compelled the State to support the [[Catholic Church in France|Catholic Church]], the [[Lutheran Church]], the [[Calvinist Church]], and the [[Judaism|Jewish religion]], and to fund public religious education in those established religions.

For historical reasons, this situation is still current in [[Alsace-Moselle]], which was a German region in 1905 and only joined France again in 1918. Alsace-Moselle maintains a [[Local law in Alsace-Moselle|local law]] of pre-1918 statutes which include the [[Concordat in Alsace-Moselle|Concordat]]: the national government pays, as state civil servants, the clergy of the Catholic [[diocese of Metz]] and [[Archdiocese of Strasbourg|of Strasbourg]], of the Lutheran [[Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine]], of the [[Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine]], and of the three regional [[consistory (Judaism)|Israelite consistories]], and it provides for now non-compulsory religious education in those religions in public schools and universities. Also for historical reasons, Catholic priests in [[French Guiana]] are civil servants of the local government.

Religious buildings built prior to 1905 at taxpayers' expense are retained by the local or national government, and may be used at no expense by religious organisations. As a consequence, most Catholic churches, Protestant temples, and Jewish synagogues are owned and maintained by the government but are assigned by the government to their respective religious communities for "legal, exclusive, free, perpetual use."<ref>"Medieval Abbey church saved from TV auction, ''The Tablet'', 15, January, 2022, p.28. </ref> The government, since 1905, has been prohibited from funding any post-1905 religious edifice, and thus religions must build and support all new religious buildings at their own expense. Some local governments ''de facto'' subsidise prayer rooms as part of greater "cultural associations".

===Recent tensions===
{{main|2005 civil unrest in France|2009 French riots|Toulouse and Montauban shootings|Charlie Hebdo shooting|November 2015 Paris attacks}}
An ongoing topic of controversy is whether the separation of Church and State should be weakened so that the government would be able to subsidise Muslim prayer rooms and the training of [[imam]]s. Advocates of such measures, such as [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] at times, declare that they would encourage the Muslim population to better integrate into the fabric of French society. Opponents contend that the state should not fund religions. Furthermore, the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|state ban]] on wearing conspicuous religious symbols, such as the Islamic female [[headscarf]], in public schools has alienated some French Muslims, provoked minor street protests and drawn some international criticism.

In the late 1950s after the end of the Algerian war, hundreds of thousands of Muslims, including some who had supported France ([[Harkis]]), settled permanently to France. They went to the larger cities where they lived in subsidized public housing, and suffered very high unemployment rates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haddad |first1=Yvonne Yazbeck |last2=Balz |first2=Michael J. |title=The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back? |journal=International Migration |date=June 2006 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=23–34 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00362.x }}</ref> In October 2005, the predominantly Arab-immigrant suburbs of Paris, Lyon, Lille, and other French cities erupted in rioting by socially alienated young people, many of them second- or third-generation immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm|title=Special Report: Riots in France|date=9 November 2005|access-date=17 November 2007|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mucchielli |first1=Laurent |title=Autumn 2005: A Review of the Most Important Riot in the History of French Contemporary Society |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |date=May 2009 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=731–751 |doi=10.1080/13691830902826137 |s2cid=144434973 }}</ref>

American University professor C. Schneider says:

<blockquote>For the next three convulsive weeks, riots spread from suburb to suburb, affecting more than three hundred towns....Nine thousand vehicles were torched, hundreds of public and commercial buildings destroyed, four thousand rioters arrested, and 125 police officers wounded.<ref name=schneider>Cathy Lisa Schneider, "Police Power and Race Riots in Paris," ''Politics & Society'' (2008) 36#1 pp 133–159 on p. 136</ref></blockquote>

Traditional interpretations say the riots were spurred by radical Muslims or unemployed youth. Another view states that the riots reflected broader problem of racism and police violence in France.<ref name=schneider />

In March 2012, a Muslim radical named [[Toulouse and Montauban shootings|Mohammed Merah]] shot three French soldiers and four Jewish citizens, including children in [[Toulouse]] and [[Montauban]].

In January 2015, the satirical newspaper [[Charlie Hebdo]], that had ridiculed Muhammad, and a Jewish grocery store [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|came under attack]] from radicalized Muslims who had been born and raised in the Paris region. World leaders rallied to Paris to show their support for free speech. Analysts agree that the episode had a profound impact on France. ''[[The New York Times]]'' summarized the ongoing debate:

<blockquote>So as France grieves, it is also faced with profound questions about its future: How large is the radicalized part of the country's Muslim population, the largest in Europe? How deep is the rift between France's values of secularism, of individual, sexual and religious freedom, of freedom of the press and the freedom to shock, and a growing Muslim conservatism that rejects many of these values in the name of religion?<ref>{{cite news |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |title=Days of Sirens, Fear and Blood: 'France Is Turned Upside Down' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/10/world/days-of-sirens-fear-and-blood-france-is-turned-upside-down.html |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=10 January 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

{{wide image|File:Place de la République, 18h50, une foule silencieuse.jpg|715px|On 11 January 2015, over 1 million demonstrators, plus dozens of foreign leaders, gather at the Place de la Republique to pledge solidarity to liberal French values, after the Charlie Hebdo shooting}}

==Religions==
===Christianity===
{{Main|Christianity in France}}
[[File:PA00078776-Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims 5.jpg|thumb|The [[Reims Cathedral]], built on the site where [[Clovis I]] was baptised by [[Saint Remigius|Remigius]], functioned as the site for the [[coronation]] of the [[Kingdom of France|Kings of France]].]]
Christianity is the largest group of religions of France. According to a survey held by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] (Ifop) for the centre-right [[Institut Montaigne]] think-tank, 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian in 2016.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP"/> The following year, a survey by [[Ipsos]] focused on Protestants and based on 31,155 interviews found that 57.5% of the total population of France declared to be Catholic and 3.1% declared to be Protestant.<ref name=reforme2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.reforme.net/actualite/societe/sondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants/|title=Sondage "Les protestants en France en 2017" (1): qui sont les protestants?|trans-title=Survey "Protestants in France in 2017" (1): Who are the Protestants?|date=26 October 2017|website=Reforme.net|language=fr}}</ref>

In 2016, ''Ipsos Global Trends'', a multi-nation survey held by Ipsos and based on approximately 1,000 interviews, found that Christianity is the religion of 45% of the working-age, internet connected population of France; 42% stated they were Catholic, 2% stated that they were Protestants, and 1% declared to belong to any Orthodox church.<ref name="Ipsos2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsosglobaltrends.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Slide13-6.jpg|title=Religion, Ipsos Global Trends|date=2017|publisher=[[Ipsos]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905105138/https://www.ipsosglobaltrends.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Slide13-6.jpg|archive-date=5 September 2017}} [https://www.ipsosglobaltrends.com/about/ About Ipsos Global Trends survey]</ref>

In 2019, the [[Eurobarometer]], a survey funded by the [[European Union]], found that Christianity was the religion of 47% of the French, with Catholicism being the main denomination with 41%, followed by Orthodox Christian, Protestants and other Christians with 2% each one.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/>

France is home to the [[Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes]] and the [[Taizé Community]], an [[ecumenical]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[monasticism|monastic]] [[fraternity]] in [[Taizé, Saône-et-Loire|Taizé]], [[Saône-et-Loire]], [[Burgundy]], two important pilgrimage sites. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes appeals to a broader demographic, with 6 million people a year (before the pandemic) visiting Lourdes.<ref>Susan Spano, "Lourdes celebrates 150th anniversary of Bernadette's Visions," ''Los Angeles Times'', Travel section, Sept. 7, 2008.</ref> With a focus on youth, Taize Community, on the other hand, has become one of the world's most important sites of Christian [[pilgrimage]] with over 100,000 young people from around the world converging each year for prayer, [[Bible study (Christian)|Bible study]], sharing, and communal work.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Profound and unique experience in Taize for Yorkshire teenagers |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2017/07/profound-and-unique-experience-in-taize-for-yorkshire-teenagers.aspx |date=27 July 2017 |access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|date=July 2021}}

===Islam===
{{Main|Islam in France}}
[[File:Grande Mosquée @ Paris (23577206030).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Mosque of Paris]].]]
A 2016 survey held by Institut Montaigne and Ifop found that 5.6% of the French population had an Islamic background, while 5.3% declared they were Muslims by faith. According to the same survey 84.9% of surveyed people who had at least one Muslim parent said were Muslims, 3.4% were Christians, 10.0% were not religious and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP"/>

According to Pew Research, in 2050 France will be 12.7% Muslim in the zero migration scenario (no migration to or from Europe), 17.4% in the medium migration scenario (regular migration continues and refugee flows cease), or 18% in the high migration scenario (2014 to mid-2016 refugee inflow patterns continue as well as regular migration).<ref>{{cite web | title = Europe's Growing Muslim Population | year = 2017 | publisher = Pew Research Center}}</ref>

=== Judaism ===
{{Main|History of the Jews in France}}
[[File:Thann (Haut-Rhin) la synagogue 47.jpg|thumb|left|Synagogue of [[Thann, Haut-Rhin|Thann]], [[Haut-Rhin]].]]
In 2016, 0.8% of the total population of France, or about 535,000 people, were religious Jews.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP"/> In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe and the third-largest Jewish population in the world (after Israel and the United States).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/|title=Jews|work=Pew Research Center|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

Jewish presence in France is documented since the [[early Middle Ages]]. France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, but [[Persecution of Jews|persecution]] increased as the Middle Ages wore on, including multiple expulsions and returns. During the late 18th-century [[French Revolution]], France was the first country in Europe to [[Jewish emancipation|emancipate its Jewish population]]. [[Antisemitism]] nonetheless persisted despite legal equality, manifested for instance in the [[Dreyfus affair]] of the late 19th century.

During [[World War II]], the Vichy government collaborated with Nazi occupiers to deport numerous French Jews and foreign Jewish refugees to concentration camps.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429|title=France|encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]}}</ref> 75% of the local Jewish population in France nonetheless survived the [[Holocaust]],<ref name="bseditions.fr">{{cite web|website=BS Encyclopédie|url=http://www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr/article.php?pArticleId=158&pChapitreId=23982&pArticleLib=Le+Bilan+de+la+Shoah+en+France+%5BLe+r%E9gime+de+Vichy%5D|title=Le Bilan de la Shoah en France (Le régime de Vichy)|trans-title=The Report of the Holocaust in France (The Vichy regime)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Croes |first1=M. |title=The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=1 January 2006 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=474–499 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcl022 |s2cid=37573804 }}</ref> but a much higher percentage of the foreign Jewish refugees who had more recently arrived to France were deported and killed.

The majority of French Jews in the 21st century are [[Sephardi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] [[Maghrebi Jews|North African Jews]], many of whom (or their parents) [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|emigrated]] from former French colonies of [[French North Africa|North Africa]] after those countries became independent in the 1950s and 1960s. They migrated to France in the second half of the 20th century. French Jews span a wide range of religious affiliations, from the ultra-Orthodox [[Haredi]] communities to the large segment of Jews who are entirely secular and who commonly marry outside the Jewish community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioscope.com/notes/2002/111_juifs_france.htm|publisher=Religioscope|title=France : Un portrait de la population juive}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
{{Main|Buddhism in France}}
[[File:2004-11-SortieRetraite02 004.jpg|thumb|Monks praying at a stupa at Dhagpo Kagyu Ling in [[Saint-Léon-sur-Vézère]], [[Dordogne]].]]
As of the 2000s, Buddhism in France was estimated to have between 1 million (Ministry of the Interior) strict adherents and 5 million people influenced by Buddhist doctrines,<ref name=Gira>{{cite journal|last=Gira|first=Dennis|title=The "Inculturation" of Buddhism in France|journal=Études|volume=415|pages=641–652|date=2011–2012|url=http://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_ETU_4156_0641--the-inculturation-of-buddhism-in-france.htm|publisher=S.E.R.|issn=0014-1941}}</ref> very large numbers for a Western country. Many French Buddhists do not consider themselves "religious".<ref>{{cite video|title=What place for Buddhism in secular France?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofJVXY-Qxb8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ofJVXY-Qxb8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|type=Video|publisher=AFPTV|date=12 September 2016}}{{cbignore}} See the section with a speech by Marion Dapsance.</ref> According to scholar Dennis Gira, who was the director of the Institute of Science and Theology of Religions of Paris, Buddhism in France has a missionary nature and is undergoing a process of "[[inculturation]]" that may represent a new turning of the "[[Dharmachakra|Wheel of the Dharma]]", similar to those that it underwent in [[Chinese Buddhism|China]] and [[Japanese Buddhism|Japan]], from which a new incarnation of the doctrine — a "French Buddhism" — will possibly arise.<ref name=Gira/>

In 2012, the European headquarters of the [[Fo Guang Shan]] monastic order opened in France, near Paris. It was the largest Buddhist temple in Europe at that time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Anning|first=Caroline|title=Europe's largest Buddhist temple to open|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-18558165/europe-s-largest-buddhist-temple-set-to-open-in-france|website=BBC News|date=22 June 2012}}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===
{{Main|Hinduism in France}}
[[Hinduism]] is a minority religion followed in [[France]] by 0.25% of total population,<ref>{{Cite web|title=European Countries With The Highest Number Of Hindus: 2010 To 2050|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/european-countries-with-the-highest-number-of-hindus-2010-to-2050.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> mainly by [[Indians in France|Indians]] and [[Sri Lankans]], in whom [[Tamils in France|Tamils]] community forms a major group in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Tamil Population {{!}} Tamilo: Watch Tamil TV Serial Shows Online and Tamil Videos|url=https://tamilo.tv/tamil-population-education-29.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=tamilo.tv|language=en-gb}}</ref> Though being in very small number, the [[Hindu culture]] deeply influence the society of [[France]] by [[Yoga]], [[Meditation]] and in recent times organisations like [[Isckon|ISKCON]] had played a major role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallipattana|first=Suman V.|title=The Influence of Hinduism on Literature – Asian American and Asian Research Institute|url=https://aaari.info/03-10-24mallipattana/|access-date=2021-06-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhakti yoga, eco farm help in Luçay-le-Mâle, France|url=https://www.workaway.info/en/host/981887541472|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.workaway.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vedic Federation Strengthens ISKCON's Position in France|url=https://iskconnews.org/vedic-federation-strengthens-iskcons-position-in-france,7041/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ISKCON News|language=en}}</ref>

=== Paganism ===
[[File:Le Scouezec.jpg|thumb|[[Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec]], Grand Druid of Brittany and France from 1980 to 2008.]]
[[Paganism]], in the sense of [[Contemporary paganism]], in France included a broad variety of traditions and movements. As with neopaganism in other countries, these traditions sit somewhere on a gradient, with one side represented by [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|reconstructionist]] religious movements and on the other side by a variety of witchcraft and [[shamanism|shamanic]] traditions with a focus on personal [[Revelation#Individual revelation|revelation]]. Pagans and pagan movements often blend elements of both influences. The term "pagan" (Latin ''paganus''), used by Christians to define those who maintained polytheistic religions, originally meant "rural person, countryfolk, civilian", as a dweller of a ''pagus'' (rural district).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pagan|title=Pagan|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref>

The more identitary and reconstructionist Pagan movements are the majority and are represented by [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Druidry (modern)|Druidry]] and [[Germanic Heathenry]], while [[Wicca]] is an example of a non-identitary Pagan movement. [[Polytheism]], [[earth religion|nature worship]], [[animism]] and [[pantheism]] are common features in Pagan theology. Rituals take place in both public and in private domestic settings. Academic research has placed the Pagan movement along a spectrum, with [[eclecticism]] on one end and [[polytheistic reconstructionism]] on the other.<ref name="Britannica: Neo-Paganism">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Neo-Paganism|title=Neo-Paganism|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref>

All Pagan movements place great emphasis on the divinity of nature as a primary source of [[divine will]], and on humanity's membership of the natural world, bound in kinship to all life and the [[Planet Earth|Earth]] itself. The animistic aspects of Pagan theology assert that all things have a soul - not just humans or [[organic life]] - so this bond is held with mountains and rivers as well as trees and wild animals. As a result, Pagans believe the essence of their spirituality is both ancient and timeless, regardless of the age of specific religious movements. Places of natural beauty are therefore treated as sacred and ideal for ritual, like the [[nemeton]]s of the ancient Celts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/animism|title=Animism|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Britannica: Neo-Paganism"/>

Many Pagans hold that different lands (and/or [[cultures]]) have their own natural religion, with many legitimate interpretations of divinity, and therefore reject [[religious exclusivism]].

While the Pagan community has tremendous variety in [[politics|political views]] spanning the whole of the [[political spectrum]], [[environmentalism]] is often a common feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/paganism-stonehenge-environmentalism-witchcraft|title=Everyone's A Pagan Now|last=Moreton|first=Cole|date=June 22, 2009|website=The Guardian|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref>

=== Other religions ===
{{Further|Baháʼí Faith in France|Sikhism in France|Scientology in France}}
According to the French sociologist [[Régis Dericquebourg]], in 2003 the main small religious minorities were the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (130,000, though the [[European Court on Human Rights]] reckoned the number at 249,918 "regular and occasional" Jehovah's Witnesses),<ref name="ECHR">{{cite news|title=Fédération Chrétienne des Témoins de Jéhovah de France v. France|work=Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2001|volume=XI|publisher=European Court of Human Rights|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-23238}}</ref> [[Adventists]], [[Evangelism|Evangelicals]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in France|Mormons]] (31,000 members), [[Church of Scientology|Scientologists]] (4,000), and [[Soka Gakkai]] Buddhists. According to the 2005 [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] data there were close to 4,400 [[Baháʼí Faith in France|Baháʼís in France]].<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|title=Most Bahá'í Nations (2005)|year=2005|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> According to the 2007 edition of the ''[[Quid (encyclopedia)|Quid]]'', other notable religious minorities included the [[New Apostolic Church]] (20,000), the [[Universal White Brotherhood]] (20,000), [[Sukyo Mahikari]] (15,000–20,000), the [[New Acropolis]] (10,000), the [[Universal Alliance]] (1,000), and the [[Grail Movement]] (950).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.quid.fr/2007/Religions/Les_Sectes_En_France/1|title=Les sectes en France: Nombre d'adeptes ou sympathisants|trans-title=Sects in France: Number of followers or sympathisers|encyclopedia=Quid|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806045719/http://www.quid.fr/2007/Religions/Les_Sectes_En_France/1|archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref>

Many groups have around 1,000 members, including [[Antoinism]], [[Aumism]], [[Christian Science]], [[Invitation to Life]], [[Raelism]], and the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], while the [[Unification Church]] has around 400 members. In 1995, France created the first [[French parliamentary commission on cult activities]] which led to a report registering a number of religious groups considered as socially disruptive and/or dangerous. Some of these groups have been banned, including the [[Children of God (cult)|Children of God]].<ref>{{cite conference|last=Dericquebourg|first=Régis|url=http://www.cesnur.org/2003/vil2003_dericquebourg_fr.htm|title=De la MILS à la MIVILUDES: la politique envers les sectes en France après la chute du {{sic|gover|nement|nolink=y|expecting=gouvernement(French)}} socialiste|trans-title=From MILS to MIVILUDES: Policies towards sects in France after the fall of the socialist government|conference=CENSUR International Conference|date=9–12 April 2003|location=Vilnius (Lithuanie)|publisher=CESNUR|language=fr}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Bouddha - Chinese New Year, Paris, 2011 n2.jpg|Statue of a [[Chinese goddess]] [[Shui Wei Sheng Niang]] during a procession for the [[Lunar New Year]] in Paris.
File:Temple antoiniste Tours.jpg|Antoinist temple of [[Tours]], [[Indre-et-Loire]].
File:Mandarom IMG 0080.jpg|Mandarom, centre of [[Aumism]] near [[Castellane]], [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]].
</gallery>

==Controversies and incidents==
===Growth of Islam and conflict with ''laïcité''===
[[File:Wasselonne carré musulman cimetière catholique.png|thumb|Islamic grave at a French cemetery.]]
In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, and the vast majority of them consider themselves loyal to France.<ref name="euro-islam.info">{{cite web|last=Tajuddin|first=Razia|url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/|title=Islam in Paris|publisher=Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104112728/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/|archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cole|first=Juan|url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html|title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris|website=Informed Comment|date=1 July 2015}}</ref> Among Muslims in Paris, in the early 2010s, 77% disagreed when asked whether violence is an acceptable moral response for a noble cause or not; 73% said that they were loyal to France; and 18% believed homosexuality to be acceptable.<ref name="euro-islam.info"/>

In 2015 there were 2,500 mosques in France, up from 2,000 in 2011. In 2015, [[Dalil Boubakeur]], rector of the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]], said the number should be doubled to accommodate the large and growing population of French Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Porter|first=Tim|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/french-muslim-leader-dalil-boubaker-calls-empty-catholic-churches-be-turned-into-mosques-1506417|title=French Muslim leader Dalil Boubaker calls for empty Catholic churches to be turned into mosques|newspaper=International Business Times|date=16 June 2015}}</ref>

Financing to the construction of mosques was a problematic issue for a long time; French authorities were concerned that foreign capital could be used to acquire influence in France and so in the late 1980s it was decided to favour the formation of a "French Islam", though the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|1905 law on religions]] forbids the funding of religious groups by the state. According to Salah Bariki, advisor to the mayor of Marseille in 2001, at a Koranic school in Nièvre only three percent of the books were written in French and everything was financed from abroad. She supported the public participation in financing an Islamic cultural centre in Marseille to encourage Muslims to develop and use French learning materials, in order to thwart foreign indoctrination. Even secular Muslims and actors of civil society were to be represented by the centre.<ref name="UA">{{cite news|last=Maussen|first=M. J. M.|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/124687|title=Constructing mosques: The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands|publisher=UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository), University of Amsterdam|year=2009|pages=155, 186, 172}}</ref> Local authorities have financed the construction of mosques, sometimes without minarets and calling them Islamic "cultural centres" or municipal halls rented to "civil associations". In the case of the plans to build the Mosque of Marseille, due to protests and tribunal decision by the [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]], the [[National Republican Movement]], and the [[Mouvement pour la France]], the rent of an {{convert|8000|m²|0|abbr=on}} terrain for the mosque was increased from €300/year to €24,000/year and the renting period was reduced from 99 to 50 years.<ref name="UA"/>

===''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting===
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
{{Main|Charlie Hebdo shooting}}
France came to an uproar in January, 2015, when eight writers and cartoonists were shot dead by two terrorists who raided the French satirical magazine ''Charlie Hebdo.'' For years, it had been threatened by Muslim fundamentalists for publishing cartoons criticizing [[Muhammad|prophet Muhammad.]] While condemnation of this attack was unanimous in the West and amongst the internationally recognized governments of the Muslim World, some militants approved, stating that it was right to kill those who insult Muhammad. {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==See also==
{{Portal|France|European Union|Religion}}
* [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]]
* [[Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution]]
* [[Freedom of religion in France]]
* [[Irreligion in France]]
* [[Jules Ferry laws]]
* [[Laïcité]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Aston, Nigel. (2000) '' Religion and Revolution in France, 1780–1804''
* Bowen, John Richard. (2007) ''Why the French don't like headscarves: Islam, the state, and public space'' (Princeton UP)
* Curtis, Sarah A. (2000) ''Educating the Faithful: Religion, Schooling, and Society in Nineteenth-Century France'' (Northern Illinois UP)
* Edelstein, D. (2009). ''The Terror of Natural Right: Republicanism, the Cult of Nature, and the French Revolution.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Furet, F. (1981). ''Interpreting the French Revolution.'' Cambridge UP.
* Gibson, Ralph. (1989) ''A social history of French Catholicism, 1789-1914'' Routledge, 1989.
* Hunt, L. (1984). ''Politics, culture, and class in the French Revolution.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Israel, J. (2014). ''Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre.'' Princeton University Press.
* Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1969) ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: Volume I: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: Background and the Roman Catholic Phase'' [https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur012242mbp online] passim on Catholics in France.
* Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1959) ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: Vol II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches''; pp 224–34 on Protestants in France.
* Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1959) ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: Vol IV: The Twentieth Century in Europe: The Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Churches'' pp 128–53 on Catholics in France; pp 375–79 on Protestants.
* McMillan, James. (2014) "Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815-1905." in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds., ''The Cambridge history of Christianity'' (2014) 8: 217-232
* Misner, Paul. (1992) "Social catholicism in nineteenth-century Europe: A review of recent historiography." ''Catholic Historical Review'' 78.4 (1992): 581–600.
* Price, Roger, ''Religious Renewal in France, 1789-1870: The Roman Catholic Church between Catastrophe and Triumph'' (2018) [https://www.h-france.net/vol18reviews/vol18no172byrnes.pdf online review]
* Tallett, Frank, and Nicholas Atkin. ''Religion, society, and politics in France since 1789'' (1991)
* Willaime, Jean-Paul. (2004) "The cultural turn in the sociology of religion in France." ''Sociology of Religion'' 65.4 (2004): 373–389.
* Zeldin, Theodore. (1977) ''France, 1848-1945: Intellect, taste, and anxiety. Vol. 2.'' (Oxford UP) pp 983–1039.

{{France topics}}
{{Religion in France}}
{{Religion in Europe}}

[[Category:Religion in France| ]]

Majida El Roumi

2022-07-20T15:08:03Z

Simsman333: It is written in the Early Life section that she was born in Port Said, Egypt.

{{short description|Lebanese singer (born 1956)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=December 2013}}
{{Tone|date=July 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Majida El Roumi
| image = Majida El Roumi in a portrait from 1994.jpg
| caption = El Roumi in 1996
| birth_name = Majida Halim El Roumi {{lang|ar|ماجدة حليم الرومي}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|12|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Port Said]], Egypt
| origin = [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], Lebanon
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1970–present
| genre = [[Arabic music|Arabic]], [[Classical music|classical]], [[opera]]
| label = {{plainlist|
* [[Rotana Records]]
* [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Mena]]
}}
| website = {{URL|magidaelroumy.com}}
}}

'''Majida El Roumi Baradhy''' ({{lang-ar|ماجدة الرومي برادعي}}; born 13 December 1956) is a Lebanese [[soprano]] singer. She is also a [[UN]] [[Goodwill Ambassador]]. In 1974, she was a contestant in the talent show ''[[Studio El Fan]]'' on [[Télé Liban]] and performed songs by [[Asmahan]] and [[Layla Murad]] at the age of 16.

== Early life ==
Majida El Roumi Al Baradhy was born on 13 December 1956 and descends from the [[Melkite Christian]] "Al Baradhy" family from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], [[South Lebanon]]. Her father, [[Halim el-Roumi|Halim El Roumi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2015/04/magida-el-roumi/|title=Magida El Roumi – Prestige Magazine|date=21 April 2015|language=en-US|access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghadinews.net/ar/Newsdet.aspx?id=331&id2=22|title=كفرشيما بيرق النبوغ والعلم جادت على الفن بمبدعين|publisher=}}</ref> was born in [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] in 1919 and moved to [[Haifa]], Palestine at the age of two with his whole family to avoid the hardships of [[World War I]].<ref>{{YouTube|fOAULprTbCY}}</ref> When Halim moved to [[Egypt]] to follow his musical career; he met her mother, Marie Loutfy. They were subsequently married in [[Port Said]] and had three girls named Maha, Mona and Majida and a boy named Awad. The whole family moved from Egypt to [[Lebanon]] and settled in [[Kfarshima]], which is part of [[Greater Beirut]], when Majida was 6 years old. Kfarshima is also home to many Lebanese singers, musicians and poets like Philimon Wehbe, [[Melhem Barakat]] and [[Issam Rajji]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-report/90/Kfarshima-Birthplace-of-many-great-Lebanese-singers-musicians-and-composers|title=National News Agency – Kfarshima: Birthplace of many great Lebanese singers, musicians and composers|author=National News Agency|date=17 October 2012|work=National News Agency}}</ref> The El Roumi residence was a meeting place for many cultural figures as he worked with many singers. He is accredited with having discovered many well-known artists, mainly the Lebanese star [[Fairuz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yasour.org/archive/haleemelroumy.html|title=حليـم الرومـي|publisher=}}</ref>

Majida was featured in her school's stage in Saint Coeur, Al Hadath.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} At the age of 14, she accompanied her father in an interview on [[Télé Liban]] with Najib Hankash where she first performed songs for Umm Kulthum and Fairuz.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} At the age of 16, Raymond Safadi, Majida's cousin, noticed her musical capabilities and thought that she should pursue singing as a profession.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} She participated in the talent show [[Studio El Fan]] in 1974 after she sneaked out of the house with her brother and her cousins. For her first appearance on television, she performed for [[Layla Murad]] and [[Asmahan]] and won the gold medal for oriental singing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairouzehfriends.com/t4018-topic|title=أصدقاء أغاني ماجدة الرومي|work=www.fairouzehfriends.com}}</ref>

Her success prompted her father to change his mind and give her his blessings to pursue in singing as long as she continued her higher education. Later on, Majida graduated from the [[Lebanese University]] after receiving her BA in [[Arabic Literature]]. In 1975, Majida released her first single "Am Behlamak" (Im dreaming of you, Lebanon) with collaboration with the Lebanese poet [[Said Akl]] and musician [[Elias Rahbani]]. The song, released at the outbreak of the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in April 1975, was very popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jabalnamagazine.com/music_details.php?id=12 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209052153/http://www.jabalnamagazine.com/music_details.php?id=12 |archivedate=9 December 2013 }}</ref>

After releasing her first album ''Wadaa'' (Farewell) in 1976, Majida got the attention of [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] filmmaker [[Youssef Chahine]]. She starred alongside Hisham Saleem in her first and only movie ''Awdat Al Ibn Al Dal'' (The Return of the Prodigal Son) and performed three of the soundtrack's songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.misrinternationalfilms.com/ar/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%84-1|title=عودة الابن الضال|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/work/wk1009209/|title=عودة الابن الضال - ﻓﻴﻠﻢ - 1976 - طاقم العمل، فيديو، الأعلان، صور، النقد الفني، مواعيد العرض|work=elCinema.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married Antoine Dafone, and after years of marriage she separated from him following rumors about his relationship with a young singer. She has two daughters, Hala and Noor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/deception-and-love-affair-end-majida-al-roumi%E2%80%99s-marriage |title=Deception and a love affair end Majida Al Roumi's marriage |website=albawaba.com}}</ref>

== Musical career ==

=== 1980s–1990s ===

When she performed at [[Hunter College]] in May 1989 accompanied by a 19-piece orchestra, music reviewer Peter Watrous said: "she wandered between near-European pop and Middle Eastern pop".<ref>Peter, W. "Review/Pop; Songs of a Lebanese Star", New York Times, 2 May 1989. Retrieved on 14 October 2012.</ref>
=== 2001–2004 ===

In 2001, Majida El Roumi released a single titled "Nachid El Hobb" (The Hymn Of Love) with lyrics from ''Dam'a wa Ibtisama'' (A Tear and A Smile) written by the Lebanese artist and writer [[Gibran Khalil Gibran]]. El Roumi chose this text after the UN ceremony in 2001, when she was named Goodwill Ambassador, and declared it to be the theme message for her mission of peace around the world. In 2001, Majida's sister Maha had to be transported to the USA for better medical care, as she was suffering from cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yabdoo.com/board/showthread.php?t=54592 |title=ملاك الطرب العربي Majdah AlRomi |publisher=Yabdoo.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

=== 2011–present ===

Majida wrote the lyrics of "Bokra" (Tomorrow), a charity [[opérette]] that was released on 11 November 2011. The single's proceeds were donated to various charitable initiatives with arts and culture programs aiming to raise funds for education projects in the [[Arab World]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/music/quincy-jones-releases-charity-single-bokra-in-dubai-1.927867|title=Quincy Jones releases charity single Bokra in Dubai|author1=Kelly Crane |author2=Senior Reporter |work=GulfNews}}</ref> In an interview with Rima Maktabi in the CNN program – Inside the Middle East, Majida told the story of the new song which was produced by [[Quincy Jones]] and [[RedOne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatwoman.com/abudhabi/monthly_news_charity_song_6521.aspx|title=Abu Dhabi Entertainment – Charity Song|publisher=}}</ref>
In a surprising and unexpected decision, Majida announced that she has pulled herself out of the project. She said that the producer, Quincy Jones, did not meet her conditions and the team supervising and overlooking the project is not professional. Majida already put her voice on the operate, but when they asked her to record again in Qatar, she announced her withdrawal and waived her authorship rights when she backed out of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikeez.yasmina.com/en/people/majida-el-roumi-pulls-out-bokra-operate-13266|title=Majida El Roumi Pulls Out of the "Bokra" Operate|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elkhabar.com/ar/culture/267967.html |title=ماجدة الرومي تنسحب من أوبريت ''بكرا'' مع كوينسي جونز |publisher=Elkhabar.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

==== ''"Ghazal"'' ====

Majida released her new album "Ghazal" on 22 June 2012 having worked on it for 6 years with many composers and poets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bisara7a.com/ajax_readnews.php?parameters=id=11585 |title=بالصور والصوت- (غزل) ماجدة الرومي في الأسواق... واول معجب يحصل على الألبوم |publisher=Bisara7a.com |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

"Biladi Ana" (My Country) is a duet between Majida and [[Senegalese]] singer [[Youssou N'Dour]]. Arabic lyrics are taken from ''Cadmus'', [[Said Akl]]'s theater play and French lyrics are freely inspired from the same theater play by Lebanese novelist [[Alexandre Najjar]]. Musical composition is accomplished by Joseph Khalifeh and [[Jean-Marie Riachi]]. This song describes [[Lebanon]] ''"the peace"'', ''"the beauty"'', ''"the creativity"'' and encourages fraternity, unity between people worldwide and calls for loving each other by surpassing all human differences. Majida and Youssou N'Dour have already performed it during the VIe annual [[Jeux de la Francophonie]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purepeople.com/article/la-sublime-majida-el-roumi-et-l-excellent-youssou-n-dour-stars-de-l-ouverture-des-jeux-de-la-francophonie_a39034/1|title=La sublime Majida el Roumi et l'excellent Youssou N'Dour, stars de l'ouverture des Jeux de la Francophonie...|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/117/article_85044.asp|title=RFI – Ouverture des VIe Jeux de la Francophonie à Beyrouth|publisher=}}</ref> hosted in [[Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium]] in [[Beirut]] accompanied with more than 150 dancers.

==== ''"Nour Men Nour"'' ====
{{Main|Nour Men Nour}}
''Nour Men Nour'' (A Light From Light) is the fourteenth [[studio album]] by Majida released in December 2013 produced by V.Productions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elaph.com/Web/Entertainment/2013/11/852481.html|title=ماجدة الرومي تطلق نور من نور بالأسواق في 5 ديسمبر المقبل|date=29 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> The album explores 12 [[Christmas carols]] exploring a wide set of musical genres including [[classical music]] and [[Opera]] preserving the same musical track that Majida had sung over the years.

The Album peaked the top of the music charts in [[Virgin Megastores]] in Lebanon from the day of its release for several consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bisara7a.com/#!ajax_readnews.php?id=20645|title=موقع بصــراحــة الفنّي Bisara7a-Homepage - موقع بصــراحــة الفنّي|author=Bisara7a|work=موقع بصــراحــة الفنّي}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bitajarod.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%91%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8/|title=السيدة ماجدة الرومي شكرت محبّيها وألبومها الأوّل يتصدّر كافة الألبومات|author=Bitajarod|work=Bitajarod – Online Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elfann.com/news/show/1071366/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1#.U9DqKPmSxyV|title=النشرة الفنية - ماجدة الرومي "نور من نور" في الأيقونة العجائبية .. بالصور - Elfann|date=23 December 2013|work=Elfann News}}</ref>

Nour Men Nour was promoted majorly online and on Lebanese radio stations by two singles, Sahrit Eid and Min lli Tall, as well as a teaser on Majida's official Facebook page. Majida also filmed a Christmas special episode aired on [[Christmas Eve]] on [[MTV Lebanon]] which included a live recital from Collège du Sacré-Cœur [[catholic]] cathedral in Gemayzeh, [[Beirut Central District|Downtown Beirut]], and scenes from a visit she had to "Mission De Vie" charity center. As Majida stated, Christmas is an occasion to celebrate as a one big Arabic family, while she added that all sales income and profits went to charity to encourage the spirit of sharing in the [[Arab World]] during the unstable periods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hotarabicmusic.blogspot.com/2013/12/majida-el-roumi-shows-christian-spirit.html|title=Majida El Roumi Shows #Christian Spirit With New #Christmas Hymn Album ~ Hot Arabic Music|date=24 December 2013|publisher=}}</ref>

== Performances ==

Majida graced the [[Paris Olympia]] stage twice, the first time in 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/le-liban-larmes-au-poing_605233.html |title=Le Liban larmes au poing – L'EXPRESS |publisher=Lexpress.fr |date= 15 April 1993|accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> and the second time in 1998 sponsored by Lebanese First Lady at that time Mrs. Mona Herawi, [[Palais des Congrès de Paris]] in 1987,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdl.com.lb/1996/1915/roumi.htm |title=Concert De Magida El-Roumi Au Palais Des Congres |publisher=Rdl.com.lb |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> Palais des festivals et des congrès de Cannes, [[Salle Gaveau (Paris)|Salle Gaveau]], the opening of [[Damascus Opera House]] in 2004, [[Athens Concert Hall]] in Greece<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alanba.com.kw/ar/art-news/52505/08-06-2009 |title=جريدة الأنباء الكويتية | ماجدة الرومي تغني في اليونان |publisher=Alanba.com.kw |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> and the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London which knew a huge success and was the first sold out concert after [[The Beatles]]' concert in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn2/603331_349697931803879_1912485764_n.jpg |title=?? |publisher=Fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> Also, later in the 90s, Majida welcomed [[Shirley Bassey]] in the presidential palace in Lebanon for a private concert, she opened in one song before giving Shirley the stage whose orchestra members stood up, astonished by Majida's spectacular soprano performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4UmSfsNTaI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/D4UmSfsNTaI |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Tune East – Majida El Roumi |publisher=YouTube |date=6 September 2013 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Majida has also performed at [[Avery Fisher Hall]] in [[Lincoln Center]], [[Carnegie Hall]] and [[Hunter College]] in New York City as well as the [[Place des Arts]] in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada in November 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8800&article=198330#.UmqYLNJkOEQ |title=ماجدة الرومي في جولة غنائية من كندا إلى ساحل العاج |publisher=Aawsat.com |date=18 October 2003 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> attended by more than 3000 people with incredible standing ovations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elaph.com/Web1/Webform/SearchArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1072870307752441500&sectionarchive=Culture |title=ماجدة الرومي في 2003 |publisher=Elaph.com |date=31 December 2003 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> then headed to [[Côte d'Ivoire]] in 2003 for two concerts which proceeds were returned as benefits to civil war orphans. The concert was attended by the country's president and First Lady. In 2007, Majida toured the US and performed in [[Fox Theatre (Detroit, Michigan)]] and the tour included nights in [[Paris Hotel]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]].

Majida was also part of the annual [[Mawazine]] Festival in Morocco in June 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/entertainment/2010/05/20/feature-03 |title=Majida El Roumi to open Moroccan Mawazine Festival |publisher=Al-Shorfa |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> and Jounieh International Festivals on 25 June 2011.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Article.aspx?id=142220 |title=Majida al-Roumi ignites Jounieh with an evening of patriotic songs | Culture, Performance |journal=The Daily Star |date=27 June 2011 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> She also held a concert in [[Royal Opera House Muscat|Royal Opera House]] of Muscat in [[Shati Al-Qurm]] district in [[Oman]] in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omaninfo.com/news/royal-opera-house-big-boon-arab-artists-magida.asp |title=Magida El Roumi, the Lebanese diva who has been enchanting the Arab world since the 1970's, will make her Royal |publisher=Omaninfo.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

In December 2006, Majida performed "Light The Way", a duet with the international opera star, the [[tenor]] [[José Carreras]] at the [[2006 Asian Games opening ceremony]] in its 15th edition in Doha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/291291 |title=DAGOC Announces Stars for Doha 2006 Opening Ceremony | Arab News — Saudi Arabia News, Middle East News, Opinion, Economy and more |publisher=Arabnews.com |date=18 November 2006 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dunworth |first=James |url=http://qatarvisitor.blogspot.com/2006/11/doha-games-opening-ceremony.html |title=Doha Games Opening Ceremony | Qatar Visitor – Travel Guide to Doha & Qatar |publisher=Qatarvisitor.blogspot.com |date=29 November 2006 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> In 2009, she performed "Nous sommes les amis du monde", a duet with [[Senegal]] artist [[Youssou N'dour]], on the inauguration of the "Jeux Olympiques de la Francophonie" in Beirut, Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.francophonie.org/La-soprano-libanaise-Magida-El.html |title=La soprano libanaise Magida El-Roumi lors de la cérémonie d'ouverture des VIes (...) – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |publisher=Francophonie.org |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116083708/http://www.francophonie.org/La-soprano-libanaise-Magida-El.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Majida had a special TV appearance in Christmas time during a recital hosted in the Lebanese Presidential Palace. President Michel Sulaiman and First Lady Wafaa hosted many public figures, politicians and artists in this occasion. The recital was broadcast live on the [[Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naharnet.com/stories/ar/24088 |title=ماجدة الرومي تحيي حفل عيد الميلاد في القصر الجمهوري — Naharnet |publisher=Naharnet.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

Majida El Roumi's concerts included a tour in the Arab world in 2012–2013; she was part of the Batroun International Festival 2012 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lebtivity.com/event/majida-el-roumi-concert-batroun-international-festival-2012 |title=Majida El Roumi Concert – Batroun International Festival 2012 « Lebtivity |publisher=Lebtivity.com |date=25 August 2012 |accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref> and hosted a concert in the touristic neighborhood of [[Katara (cultural village)|Katara]], [[Qatar]] on its Amphitheatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuwaityiat.net/12681.html |title=حفل ماجدة الرومي في كتارا يُنقل على موقعها الإلكتروني |publisher=Kuwaityiat.net |date=19 January 2013 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> The summer of 2013 was very active with Majida's sold out concerts. After her concert is Megarama Centre in [[Casablanca]], Morocco, she was part of the 49th edition of [[Carthage]] Music Festival; she worked for the first time with the Tunisian Symphony Orchestra. It was a one of a kind concert for her in Carthage<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tekiano.com/kult/musik/8037-la-diva-libanaise-majda-roumi-a-enflamme-carthage-.html |title=La diva libanaise Majda Roumi a enflammé Carthage ! |publisher=Tekiano.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> and M. Mourad Saqli, president of the festival confirmed that Majida's night ranks first in terms of income among the whole performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mosaiquefm.net/ar/index/a/ActuDetail/Element/27939-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC-2013-%3A-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9 |title=مداخيل حفلات قرطاج 2013 : ماجدة الرومي في الصدارة |publisher=Mosaique Fm |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> She also visited [[Chokri Belaid]]'s shrine to pray for this person who gave for his country so much, and "Ben Saadoun" children hospital checking up how could their hard cases be treated and taken care of, after hosting a press conference explaining how exceptional this visit is.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapresse.tn/05072013/69532/le-destin-ne-peut-quobtemperer.html |title=La Presse de Tunisie – le-destin-ne-peut-quobtemperer | 69532 | 05072013 |publisher=Lapresse.tn |date=1 January 2000 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=tunivisions.net |url=http://www.tunivisions.net/video/1784/566/video.html |title=Vidéo |publisher=Tunivisions.net |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218094341/http://www.tunivisions.net/video/1784/566/video.html |archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Following her continuous success, concerts in Morocco were more demanded that she was part of the 9th edition of Twiza Festival in [[Tangier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quid.ma/culture/majda-roumi-chez-les-amazigh/ |title=Majda Roumi chez les Amazighs – Quid.ma I Actus & Analyses |publisher=Quid.ma |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211045929/http://www.quid.ma/culture/majda-roumi-chez-les-amazigh/ |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Timitar Music Testival in [[Agadir]] in its 10th year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnt.ma/culture-maroc/le-10e-timitar-se-tiendra-du-26-au-29-juin-a-agadir-76215.html |title=Le 10è Timitar se tiendra du 26 au 29 juin à Agadir |publisher=Lnt.ma |date=21 May 2013 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ladies-book.com/archives/49265 |title=Majida Al Roumi Sings At Timitar Festival |publisher=Ladies Book |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205051825/http://www.ladies-book.com/archives/49265 |archive-date=5 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnation.me/news/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84/ |title=Music Nation » بالصور – ماجدة الرومي تتألق في الليلة الثالثة من مهرجان تيميتار في المغرب |publisher=Musicnation.me |date=30 June 2013 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> Her visit to Tanger also included a visit to the children's orphan hospital in "Al Qortobi" center and give the kids some presents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alaan24.com/art/1856.html |title=خاص ـ صور حصرية لزيارة ماجدة الرومي لجمعية أطفال حضانة طنجة |publisher=Alaan24.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> Majida opened the Bahrain Summer Festival in August 2013, too; a full house concert with a wonderful performance with songs for love and peace on the Bahrain National Theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/3998/news/read/801663/1.html |title=ماجدة الرومي .. تعلن انطلاقة صيف البحرين | الوسط اون لاين – صحيفة الوسط البحرينية – مملكة البحرين |publisher=Alwasatnews.com |date=18 August 2013 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljarida.com/news/index/2012618407/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86--%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9- |title=ماجدة الرومي للفنانين من البحرين: ضعوا أوطانكم فوق آرائكم السياسية | Al Jarida | الجريدة | Newspaper | Kuwait |publisher=Al Jarida |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

The Batroun International Festivals in Lebanon won Majida over one more time for another performance for the end of August in 2013.
The country's political situation was unstable as her concert followed two consecutive explosions in Beirut suburbs. People attended the sold out concert leaving with moments filled with Majida's voice. It was also the only concert ever that Majida sang "Kalimat" twice with historical standing ovations between each and every song of the program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beiruting.com/Majida_el_Roumi_at_Batroun_Festival/4318 |title=Events – Majida el Roumi at Batroun Festival |publisher=Beiruting |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newspaper.annahar.com/article/61144-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-5-5-%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%82-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=ماجدة الرومي أحيت حفلة في البترون أمام 5 آلاف شخص: صوتي مجنّد للدفاع عن حق لبنان في الحرية والاستقلال – النهار |publisher=Newspaper.annahar.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
Majida's first concert in 2014 and after 40 years of her career debut was for the closing season of Dubai Classics in February, it was held in [[Dubai World Trade Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almazmix.com/news/Majida-El-Roumi-In-An-Unforgettable-Concert-Closing-Dubai-Classics |title=:: Majida El Roumi In An Unforgettable Concert Closing Dubai Classics :: |publisher=Almazmix.com |date= |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaicalendar.ae/en/event/events/dubai-classics-presents-magida-el-roumi.html |title=Dubai Classics presents Majida El Roumi – Dubai Calendar – Dubai Events Official Listing |publisher=Dubaicalendar.ae |date=8 February 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> The festival opening was with international artist [[Sarah Brightman]] performing her [[Dreamchaser World Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaicalendar.ae/en/event/events/dubai-classics-presents-sarah-brightman.html |title=Dubai Classics presents Sarah Brightman – Dubai Calendar – Dubai Events Official Listing |publisher=Dubaicalendar.ae |date=7 February 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> Majida broke her 8 years of absence and went back to [[Egypt]] for a concert in March on the stage of [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] in [[Alexandria]]. Although Majida's Alexandria concert tickets were criticised for being overpriced, the event sold-out and was (as expected) a raging success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albawaba.com/al-bawaba-buzz/majida-el-roumi-572420 |title=She just can't get enough: Majida El Roumi back for a second dose of Egypt in May |publisher=Al Bawaba |date= |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> She opened her concert by a mix of both the Egyptian and Lebanese national anthem then sang most of her oldies and hits . In her press conference a day before the concert, Majida affirmed that the aim of this visit was just to encourage the tourism in Egypt after the crises the country has been through. She also pointed out she has nothing but respect for the [[June 2013 Egyptian protests]] emphasizing that she has no political intentions whatsoever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosawa.com/content/%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9--/245918.html |title=حفل مهيب لماجدة الرومي في الإسكندرية |publisher=Radiosawa.com |date=21 March 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> At the end of the concert, the mayor of Alexandria, Mr. Tarek Mahdi gave majida the golden key of the city in the presence of the minister of tourism in Egypt Mr. Hicham Zaazouh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/News/11130/16/270347/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86.aspx |title=ماجدة الرومى تشدو بـ "أنا مصرية" فى حفل كبير بالإسكندرية – الأهرام اليومي |publisher=Ahram.org.eg |date=22 March 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> A day after her concert, Majida spent a touristic tour in the city and visitied [[Montaza Palace]] where she planted in its garden the first [[Cedrus libani|Lebanese Cedar]] since [[King Farouk]]'s era,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rotanamags.net/%D9%81%D9%86/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A9 |script-title=ar:بالصور ماجدة الرومي تزرع شجرة أرز في حديقة المنتزة | موقع مجلة روتانا |language=ar |publisher=Rotanamags.net |date= |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/articles/15011172-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%E2%80%9C%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B2%E2%80%9D_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_?src=%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7 |title=بالصور..ماجده الرومي تزرع شجرة "أرز" بحديقة قصر السلملك بحدائق المنتزة بالاسكندرية |publisher=Akhbarak.net |date=21 March 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> she also cried over [[Youssef Chahine]]'s tomb as a loyal memory for the maker of her first movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slaati.com/2014/03/23/p168439.html |title=بالصور : ماجدة الرومي تزور قبر المخرج الراحل يوسف شاهين بالإسكندرية | صحيفة صدى الإلكترونية |publisher=Slaati.com |date=23 March 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobtada.com/news_details.php?ID=166542&%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82..-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%87#.U2I4r_mSxyU |title=لأول مرة منذ أيام الملك فاروق.. ماجدة الرومي تغرس شجرة أرز لبنان بقصر المنتزه |publisher=Mobtada.com |date=22 March 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref>

In September 2021 Majida El Roumi fainted on stage while performing at Jordan's Jerash Festival, she returned minutes later to complete her set during the event's opening night.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2021/09/23/lebanese-singer-majida-el-roumi-faints-during-jerash-festival-performance/|title=Lebanese singer Majida El Roumi faints during Jerash Festival performance |website=thenationalnews.com |date=23 September 2021 }}</ref>

== Public positions ==

Majida El Roumi was appointed an ambassador for the [[United Nations]]' Food and Agriculture Organization ([[FAO]]) on World Food Day, 16 October 2001 in an official ceremony in Rome, Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2001/01-10-12.undh.html |title=United Nations Daily Highlights, 01-10-12 |publisher=Hri.org |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> She has participated in numerous round-table discussions on the role of FAO ambassadors in helping the Organization combat world hunger. As FAO ambassador, Majida inaugurated the First Annual Agricultural Week in Lebanon and dedicated the book prepared by [[FAO]] ''Sanabel El Kheir'' on 8 November 2005 during an official ceremony to celebrate World Food Day 60th Anniversary at the [[UNESCO]] Palace in Beirut.

In her acceptance speech, Majida said: "While pursuing our dreams and hopes, we tend to forget the importance of our bones, and we end up wearing them out – we realize only when it is too late that we didn't take care of them. This is why I am participating in this campaign, to shed light on this truth, because if we are aware we can avoid this terrible disease and thereby avoid misery, sadness and a poor quality of life."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iofbonehealth.org/new-lebanese-patron-magida-el-roumi-addresses-media-world-osteoporosis-day |title=New Lebanese Patron, Magida El Roumi, Addresses Media for World Osteoporosis Day | International Osteoporosis Foundation |publisher=Iofbonehealth.org |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

She was also chosen as an ambassador of the 'Alam Sagheer' (Small World) program, along with [[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]] actor and producer [[Billy Zane]], dedicated to education without borders. Majida said during a press conference that the event is evidence that humanity can unite for good and to make peoples lives better anywhere in the world. She also thanked the organizers and hoped peace will spread all over the Arab world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arabia.msn.com/news/entertainment/biography-entertainment/241504/majida-roumi-ambassador-emirati-progr/ |title=Majida El Roumi Ambassador of Emirati program "Alam Sagheer" |publisher=Arabia.msn.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211104/http://arabia.msn.com/news/entertainment/biography-entertainment/241504/majida-roumi-ambassador-emirati-progr/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The charity event was held under the patronage of Sheikh [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]], who described the festival as one that "celebrates human connections, international dialogue and strong support for the less fortunate of our fellow global citizens – values that are fundamental to our collective vision for the [[United Arab Emirates]]". The festival took place at [[Emirates Palace]] and expected to raise millions for underprivileged children across the globe. The Minister toured with Majida various booths of participating countries and they attended performances for each country including Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=citytimes&xfile=data%2Fcitytimes%2F2011%2Fmarch%2Fcitytimes_march208.xml |title=Small World, big hearts |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=28 March 2011 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

In December 2012, Majida El Roumi visited the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia]] (ESCWA) headquarters to follow up on the exacerbating problem of poverty in [[Beirut]]. El Roumi called for educating the youth since, "ignorance can only lead to poverty," as per her words. "Poverty is the cradle of wars, violence and corruption", she said, expressing hope that women would come to realize their true capacities and their equal worth to men. She also considered that art is a message that should be used for common good hoping that her message will prompt officials to tend to Lebanon's disadvantaged members of society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/63790/1212060525-LBCI-News |title=LBCI | REPORT: Singer Majida El Roumi helps the poor |publisher=Lbcgroup.tv |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

In celebration of [[Bulgari]]'s 130th anniversary,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.el-balad.com/1076468 |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912140349/http://www.el-balad.com/1076468 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majida El Roumi has been named the first Middle East Humanitarian [[Ambassador]] of the Bulgari – [[Save the Children]] Partnership in July 2014 and joins the likes of [[Naomi Watts]], [[Dita Von Teese]], [[Meg Ryan]], and [[Leighton Meester]] and so many others in the support of this worthy cause. The partnership between one of the industry's leading jewelry houses and the world's largest independent international [[organization]] running programs in developing and developed countries has generated over AED 98 million and benefited [[under-privileged]] children in 23 countries around the globe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.savoirflair.com/news/6907-majida-el-roumi-announced-as-middle-eastern-humanitarian-ambassador-by-bulgari |title=Archived copy |accessdate=12 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912140443/http://www.savoirflair.com/news/6907-majida-el-roumi-announced-as-middle-eastern-humanitarian-ambassador-by-bulgari |archivedate=12 September 2014 }}</ref> El Roumi is responsible for the overall direction, leadership, and coordination of [[Save the Children]] programs in [[Jordan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hautetime.ae/bulgari-announces-magida-el-roumi-first-humanitarian-ambassador-middle-east/48537/|title=Luxury Watch Trends 2016 – Baselworld SIHH Watch News}}</ref> as it was told in the press conference that took place at [[Al Bustan Hotel]], [[Lebanon]], in the presence of a crowd of Lebanese journalists and dignitaries. The renowned [[Spanish people|Spanish]] photographer Fabrizio Ferri has actively supported this initiative with his time and talent. Over the years, he has photographed over 200 celebrities wearing the ring and the pendant in support of Bvlgari's commitment to quality schooling for the world's neediest children<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assafir.com/Windows/PrintArticle.aspx?ChannelID=85&ArticleID=364601&ref=Toolbar|title=Press Conference at the Al Bustan Hotel, Beirut - نسخة للطباعة - جريدة السفير|publisher=}}</ref> including Majida, whose poster was officially launched during the press conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lebanesecelebritynews.wordpress.com/2014/08/04/majida-el-roumi-releases-save-children-in-bulgari-poster-during-press-conference/|title=Majida El-Roumi Releases "Save Children In Bulgari" Poster During Press Conference|work=Celebrity News|date=4 August 2014}}</ref> Majida clearly stated during the press conference "I will strive to bring joy to my surroundings and to the people who are in need of it. Everything that's happening is a crime in every meaning of the word. I feel that I have a mission and my appointment is for a cause that I truly believe in. I will travel the extra mile and do what I can regardless of the size of my mission."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veooz.com/news/9HOFxis.html|title=[News] Majida el Roumi Saves the Children as Bv ... - Veooz 360|work=Veooz|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912095916/http://www.veooz.com/news/9HOFxis.html|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also added, "There is no financial rewards for my participation in this humanitarian effort, as financial things do not bring happiness."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://levant.tv/majida-el-roumi-saves-the-children-as-bvlgaris-official-ambassador/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=12 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912142404/http://levant.tv/majida-el-roumi-saves-the-children-as-bvlgaris-official-ambassador/ |archivedate=12 September 2014 }}</ref>

== Voice characteristics ==
{{listen
| filename = Majida El Roumi - song sample.ogg
| title="Al Hobb Wal Wafaa"
| description = Sample From ''Al Hobb Wal Wafaa'' (2006) for Majida El Roumi with an oriental pitch in a hard melismas interval.
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}

{{blockquote|1=''"I'm proud to be Lebanese, since my citizenship corresponds to such a marvelous, clear, irresistible voice like that of Majida EL Roumi; who rarely has any resemble, her talent equals her modesty, and her beauty equals her spontaneousness."''|2=Pianist Walid Akl<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tomorrowbokra.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=210&lang=en |title=Majida El Roumi |publisher=Tomorrowbokra.org |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221145453/http://www.tomorrowbokra.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=210&lang=en |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

== Speeches ==

During many cultural, social and political events, Majida El Roumi always chooses to deliver messages or was asked to give a speech for the occasion. Some of her marked speeches are listed below:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.majidafans.com/mf/en/speechlist.asp |title=Majida El Roumi |publisher=Majidafans.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
*''Ghazal'''s First Copy: In a passionate speech addressed to Lebanese, El-Roumi entreated her compatriots to join her in her mission of peace, rejecting wars and divisions in a special release ceremony for her album Ghazal. Majida chose to donate proceeds from her new album to student scholarships at AUB in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aub.edu.lb/news/2012/Pages/magida-el-roumi.aspx |title=2012 – Magida El-Roumi donates proceeds from new album to student scholarships at |publisher=AUB |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Performance/2012/Jul-06/179488-roumi-sings-for-peace-and-prosperity.ashx#axzz2Btz7mLHs |title=Roumi sings for peace and prosperity | Culture, Performance |publisher=The Daily Star |date=6 July 2012 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
*Bikaffe (It Is Enough): A strong speech at the memory of the well-known Journalist [[Gebran Tueni]] after 2 years from his assassination. This speech is dedicated to all Lebanese people, leaders and especially politicians in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZ2ApCUUQiQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/HZ2ApCUUQiQ |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Lady Majida El Roumi's speech-Bikaffe-Enough-(Arabic with english subtitles) |publisher=YouTube |date=7 July 2008 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*Dialogue Between Generations: A speech Majida delivered in Jerash- Jordan about dialogue between generations in 2002.
*Maha: A poem written by Majida mourning her sister Maha, during a special mass in Kfarshima in 2002.
*Water: An article for Majida published in Lebanese newspapers on the International Water Day in 2002.
*World's Peace: Majida's speech on the [[International Day of Peace]] in [[Beirut]] in 2002.
*Telefood Day: An article for Majida published in Lebanese newspapers on the [[World Food Day]] in 2002.
*FAO Ambassadress: Majida's speech for her designation as the honorable ambassadress of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) in 2001.
*Nizar Qabbani: A short message by Majida mourning the Arab poet Nizar Qabbani in 1998.
*Red Cross: Majida's speech about Red Cross at a concert in Tripoli, Lebanon in 1996.
*Rapture: Majida's opinion on ecstasy while singing in 1995.
*Cedar's Medal: Majida's speech on the occasion of receiving Lebanese Medal of the Cedars from President Hraoui in 1994.
*The Lebanese Song: A lecture Majida gave on the Lebanese song and music in 1992.
*Halim El Roumi: Majida's speech on the occasion of commemorating her father, Halim El Roumi, in Kfarshima- Lebanon in 1991.

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release Year !! Album !! Label
|-
| 1977 || Wadaa (The Farewell) || Voix d'Orient ''(Sawt Al Sharq)''
|-
| 1982 || [[Live Recordings (Majida El Rouni album)|Live Recordings]] || Voix d'Orient ''(Sawt Al Sharq)''
|-
| 1983 || Majida El Roumi Wal Atfal (Majida And The Kids) || Relax-In by Ahmad and Mahmoud Moussa & CO
|-
| 1986 || Dawi Ya Amar (Moon So Bright) || Yousuf Haider CO. Kuwait
|-
| 1988 || Ya Saken Afkari (O Resident Of My Thoughts) || Relax-In by Ahmad and Mahmoud Moussa & CO
|-
| 1991 || Kalimat (Words) || Arabian Masters
|-
| 1994 || Ebhath Anni (Look For Me) || Music Master
|-
| 1996 || Rasael (Letters) || [[Rotana Records]]
|-
| 1998 || Ouhebouka Wa Baad (I Love You And More) || Farasan Productions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/3448658-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A |title=Majida al-Roumi Discography |website=Discogs.com |accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || Irhamni Ya Allah (Have Mercy On Me My God) || All Rights Reserved for Basilica of Our Lady of the Miraculous Icon – Ashrafiyeh
|-
| 2003 || Cithare Du Ciel (The Sky's Cithare) || All Rights Reserved for Basilica of Our Lady of the Miraculous Icon – Ashrafiyeh
|-
| 2006 || E'tazalet El Gharam (I Quit Love) || Good News 4 Music
|-
| 2012 || Ghazal (Flirtation) || V. Productions
|-
| 2013 || [[Nour Men Nour]] (The Light Of Light) || V. Productions
|}

=== Singles ===
Since the 1970s, Majida always released singles, with some of them were not included in her albums. She also performed many Christmas carols in several recitals, and dedicated patriotic singles for countries she visited. Most well-known singles are listed below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song Title !! Poet !! Composer !! Notes
|-
| Adam Wa Hanan || Jamal Bkhit || Farouk Al Sharnouby || The soundtrack for Egyptian movie "[[Al-Akhar]]" (1998).
|-
| Ahenou Ilayka || Al Nasser || Abdel Rab Idriss || Performed many times on stage including in Carthage International Festivals in 2003 and in [[Dubai]] in 2004
|-
| Ahla W Sahla || Majida El Roumi || Marwan Khoury || (to encourage tourism in [[Lebanon]]) Sang for the first time at the Batroun International Festival 2012.
|-
| Al Bahrain || Jamal Bkhit || Michel Jeha || Dedicated to [[Bahrain]].
|-
| Al Qassam || Ali Al Sharqawi || Ihsan EL Monzer || Last performed in 2005, during the concert in Martyrs' Square, Beirut.
|-
| Nashid Al Salam (AL Zanabeq Al Baydaa) || Mahmoud Darwish || Joseph Khalifeh || First performed in a concert in Beirut Downtown in 2008 also in a concert in Egypt in the same year.
|-
| Ala Anhad || Abou El Kassem El Chabbi || Halim El Roumi ||
|-
| Ana Habbaytak Ana || Eliya Abou Chedid || Nour El Mallah || Sang in 1986 at LBC TV program.
|-
| Assalama || Elie Choueiry || Elie Choueiry || Dedicated to [[Tunisia]], last performed in 2010 during Carthage International Festivals.
|-
| Bakeer Fallayt || Majida El Roumi || Joseph Khalifeh || Dedicated to Halim El Roumi, performed in 1988 during a concert in Casino Du Liban.
|-
| Bel Majdi Wal Karama || Prayer || Example || Prayer released in a special album for Majida's daughter, Hala, distributed during the wedding ceremony in 2006.
|-
| Byawm Ersik || Talal Haydar & Majida El Roumi || Salim Assaf || Special wedding song for Majida's daughter Hala during her wedding, released in a special album and distributed during the wedding ceremony in 2006.
|-
| Domina || Dr. Souad Al Sabbah || Elias Al Rahbani || Dedicated for [[Kuwait]].
|-
| El Madaen || Habib Younes || Elie Choueiry || Dedicated to [[Jordan]].
|-
| Emmi || Eliya Abou Chedid || Elie Choueiry || Performed in 1988 during a concert in [[Casino Du Liban ref></ref>]].
|-
| Ftahi Albik || Majida El Roumi || [[Richard Rodgers]] || With music from ''[[The Sound of Music]]'' musical in 1959, also a special wedding song for Majida's daughter Hala during her wedding, released in a special album and distributed during the wedding ceremony in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2007/12/22/115516.html |title=صور حفل زواج ابنة الفنانة ماجدة الرومي | دنيا الوطن |publisher=Alwatanvoice.com |date=22 December 2007 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Ghadabak Nar (Al Thawra) || Elie Choueiry || Elie Choueiry || Patriotic (Performed in 1988 during a concert in Casino Du Liban)
|-
| Hal Tasma'in || Majida El Roumi || Elie Choueiry.
|-
| Hasnaa Carthage || Farouk Joueidy || Halim El Roumi || Majida sang a new version after Halim El Roumi previously performed it.
|-
| Jayi Men Beirut || Abdel Rahman El Abnoudi || Jamal Salameh || Patriotic
|-
| Kiriyalaysoun || Prayer || [[Ziad Rahbani]] || Prayer (1976)
|-
| Kouwait Ya Bilad El Salam || || Joseph Khalifeh || Dedicated for [[Kuwait]].
|-
| Lebnan || Majida El Roumi || Jean Marie Riachi || Majida performed it only one time in Jounieh International Festival in 2011.
|-
| Lebnanikon Lebnanina || Elie Choueiry || Elie Choueiry || Patriotic dedicated to [[Lebanon]] performed many times in 2007 and 2008.
|-
| Lebsou El Kafafi || Talal Haidar || Nour El Mallah || Performed in Casino du Liban concert in 1988.
|-
| Ma Ajmal Al Oshaq || Al Nasser || Jamal Salameh || Performed many times on stage, including in the Olympia concert in 1998.
|-
| Ma Baddi Hadaya || Majida El Roumi || Joseph Khalifeh || A Christmas Carol released in 2005.
|-
| Murrou Bina Nashar || Habib Younes || Ihsan El Monzer || 1987
|-
| Mouftaraq El Toroq || Salah Jahin || Kamal Al Tawil || Majida worked for the first time with composeer Jamal Salameh in 1976 in the song's arrangement. The song was in Egyptian Arabic dialect and Majida sang it in the movie Awdat Al Ibn Aldal [[The Return of the Prodigal Son (1976 film)]].
|-
| Nashid Al Hobb || [[Gibran Khalil Gibran]] || Joseph Khalifeh || Released in 2001 (1st edition)
|-
| Tkhayaltak Jayi Men Biid || Eliya Abou Chedid || Ihsan El Monzer || 1988
|-
| Tofli Zghiri || Majida El Roumi || Abdo El Monzer || 1994
|-
| Touba Lel Sa'eena || Prayer || Ziad Rahbani || 1976 – Last performed in the meeting with the youth during Pope [[Benedict XVI]]'s visit to Lebanon in September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzsLUUdMxaw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/uzsLUUdMxaw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Majida El Roumi – Touba Lel Saeena – Pope Benedict XVI / ماجدة الرومي – طوبى للساعين |publisher=YouTube |date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| W'sina || Henry Zgheib || Jamal Salameh || 1996
|-
| Wajaba El Shokrou || [[Ibn Zurmruk]] || Halim El Roumi || A [[Muwashshah]] performed by Majida in the 80s.
|-
| Woulida El Massih || Prayer || Joseph Khalifeh || 1st edition released in 2005.
|-
| Ya Kouwait || Henri Zougheib || Elias Al Rahbani || Dedicated to [[Kuwait]].
|-
| Ya Qatar || Elie Choueiry || Elie Choueiry || Dedicated to [[Qatar]], the song was performed in Doha concert in 2006.
|-
| Ya Taleb Iddy || [[Said Akl]] || [[Zaki Nassif]] || Patriotic dedicated to the [[Lebanese Army]] released in the 80s and Majida last sang this song in Jounieh International Festivals in 2011.
|-
|Yarnou Bi Tarfen || Eben Jaber El Darir || Halim El Roumi || A [[Muwashshah]] performed by Majida in the 80s.
|}

=== Egyptian songs: remakes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song Title !! Poet !! Composer !! Notes
|-
| Ya Touyour || Youssef Badrous || [[Mohammed al-Qasabji]] || Originally sung by [[Asmahan]]
|-
| Layali El Onsi Fi Vienna || [[Ahmed Rami (poet)|Ahmed Rami]] || [[Farid al-Atrash]] || Originally sung by Asmahan
|-
| Ehna El Tnen || Hassan Al Sayyed || Riad AL Sunbati || Originally sung by [[Leila Mourad]]
|-
| La Mosh Ana Lli Abki || Houssein Al Sayyed || [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] || Sang by Mohammed Abdel Wahab
|-
| Ha Laweaak || || ||
|-
| Emta Ha Taaraf || Ma'moun Al Chinawi || Mohammed al-Qasabji || Originally sung by Asmahan
|-
| Ana Albi Dalili || Abou Saoud Al Abyari || Mohammed al-Qasabji || Originally sung by Leila Mourad and last performed by Majida during a concert in the American University of Beirut in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindsoupblog.com/2009/10/majida-el-roumi-concert-in-aub-july.html |title=Mind Soup: Majida El-Roumi Concert in AUB (July 2009) |publisher=Mindsoupblog.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
|}

== Videography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Release Year !! Song Title !! Notes
|-
| 1975 || Am Behlamak Ya Helm Ya Lebnan ||
|-
| 1975 || Kell Shi Am Yekhlas ||
|-
| 1977 || Am Yes'alouni Alayk El Nass ||
|-
| 1977 || Wadaa ||
|-
| 1978 || Khedni Habibi ||
|-
| 1988 || Ana Am Behlam ||
|-
| 1988 || Min Elna Ghayrak ||
|-
| 1989 || Al Madaen ||
|-
| 1990 || Domina ||
|-
| 1991 || Kalimat ||
|-
| 1991 || Kouwait Ya Bilad Al Salam ||
|-
| 1994 || Al Jarida || Directed by Sten Walegren.
|-
| 1994 || Kon Sadiqi || Directed by Sten Walegren.
|-
| 1994 || Lan Aoud ||
|-
| 1996 || Aynaka || Directed by Ralph Dfouni.
|-
| 1996 || Hobbouka (Vol.1) || Directed by Corine Chedrawi.
|-
| 1996 || Hobbouka (Vol.2) || Another Clip release for this song directed by Ralph Dfouni.
|-
| 1996 || Qana || Directed by Georges Ghayad.
|-
| 1998 || Sayedi El Rais || Directed by Ralph Dfouni.
|-
| 1999 || Adam Wa Hanan || Directed by Khaled Youssef, from Al-Akhar, movie by Youssef Chahine.
|-
| 2000 || Beirut, Set Al Doniya ||
|-
| 2001 || Nashid El Hobb ||
|-
| 2005 || Al Hobb Wal Wafaa || Directed by Said Al Marouk.
|-
| 2006 || E'tazalet El Gharam || Directed by Nadine Labaky.
|-
| 2006 || Habibi || Tribute to Ahmed Zaki taken from a concert in Egypt in 2006.
|-
| 2008 || La Ma Rah Ez'al A Shi || Directed by Toni Kahwaji, taken from Beit El Dine Festivals 2008.
|}

== Honors and titles ==
[[File:Magida El Roumi wearing the Officers badge in 2013.jpg|thumb|Majida during her honoring ceremony from France in Officer Grade in the French Embassy in [[Beirut]], January 2013.]]

*{{Flag|Tunisia}}: National Order of the work from the Presidency of the Republic of Tunisia in 1987.
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: The Golden Cedar, 1988.
*{{Flag|France}}: Shield from the French National Assembly for 1993.
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: National Shield of Honor of the Cedars, Knight's Order from the President of the Lebanese Republic, 1994.
*{{Flag|Algeria}}: "Algerian citizenship" Certificate from the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, 1997.
*{{Flag|France}}: The ''Médecins Sans Frontières'' Shield in 1999.
*{{Flag|Egypt}}: Order of Merit from the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate, 2000.
*A Certificate and a shield of Honor for FAO Ambassador, 2001.
*{{Flag|Jordan}}: Honoring Shield from her Majesty [[Queen Noor of Jordan]] in 2002.
*{{Flag|Ivory Coast}}: The National Shield of Honor, Order of Merit of Officer's Grade from the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, 2003.
*{{Flag|Syria}}: The Shield of Honour from the Syrian Ministry of Culture, 2004.
*{{Flag|Algeria}}: ''Le Bouclier de l'information et de la culture'' / Algerian Shield of Culture and Information and The Gold Medal for the fiftieth anniversary of the outbreak of the liberation revolution, from the President of Republic of Algeria in 2005.
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: Honorary member of the Students' Scholarship Association at the American University in Beirut, 2005.
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: Honorary President of the Lebanese Association for the prevention of osteoporosis and The Universal framework of the joints and bone disease – the Lebanese branch, 2007.
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from the Board of Trustees of the American University in Beirut, (2009).
*{{Flag|Belize}}: Patent of Lebanese honor and gratitude by the Universal Association of Lebanese Worldwide – Belize and the actual recognition of her efforts in the service of Lebanon, humanity and Universal peace (2009).
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: Honoring from the Catholic Church on the occasion of an encounter of Catholic priests in Lebanon (2010).
*{{Flag|Morocco}}: The National Shield of Honour.
*{{Flag|Tunisia}}: The National Order of Cultural Merit from the Republic of Tunisia, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khraiche |first=Dana |url=http://starscene.dailystar.com.lb/social-scene/2010/11/majida-el-roumi-awarded-tunisian-national-order-of-cultural-merit/ |title=Majida El Roumi awarded Tunisian National Order of Cultural Merit | Star Scene |publisher=Starscene.dailystar.com.lb |date=1 November 2010 |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113172011/http://starscene.dailystar.com.lb/social-scene/2010/11/majida-el-roumi-awarded-tunisian-national-order-of-cultural-merit/ |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{Flag|Lebanon}}: The National Shield of Honor of the Cedars – Order of Commodore from the President of the Republic, 25 June 2011.
*{{Flag|France}}: [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] – insigne d'Officier / Officer Grade, from the president of the Republic, 24 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lorientlejour.com/category/Liban/article/797863/La_France_rend_hommage_a_Majida_el-Roumi,_%3C%3C+incarnation_de_l'ideal_patriotique_libanais+%3E%3E.html |title=La France rend hommage à Majida el-Roumi, " incarnation de l'idéal patriotique libanais " – L'Orient-Le Jour |publisher=Lorientlejour.com |date=26 January 2013 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Egypt}}: The Golden Key of the city of [[Alexandria]] from the mayor Mr. Tarek Mahdi, 20 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/5805/34/Pack-of-cards.aspx |title=Pack-of-cards – Al-Ahram Weekly |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Spain}}: Order of Civil Merit, 2017

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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*{{YouTube|channel=UCNevrb_HdiyHAouOpZ37A0Q}}
*{{iTunes|us/artist/magida-el-roumi/id364929261}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roumi, Majida El}}
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Ethnic pornography

2022-07-18T00:11:46Z

Simsman333:

{{Short description|Genre of pornography that depicts a specific ethnic group of performers}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=January 2016}}{{Blacklisted-links|invisible=true}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Lesbisches_Spiel,_Anonyme_Lithographie,_um_1840.jpg|thumb|right|Lesbian games, anonymous Lithograph, 1840 18x23, 5 cm. (Two white women and a black woman having fun on a sofa)]]

'''Ethnic pornography''' is a genre of [[pornography]] featuring [[pornographic actor|performers]] of specific [[ethnic group]]s, or depictions of interracial sexual activity.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCFOEtZdtMoC&pg=PA208 |title=Pornography: Film and Culture |first=Peter |last=Lehman |page=208 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2006 |access-date=December 2, 2011|isbn=9780813538716 }}</ref> Though productions can feature any type of ethnic group (e.g., [[White people|Caucasian]], [[Asian people|Asian]], [[Middle Easterners|Middle Eastern]], [[Latino people|Latino]], [[Black People|Black]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]), the most common emphasis in Western countries is on relationships between white- and black-skinned individuals.

==Interracial pornography in the United States {{anchor|Interracial pornography}}==
Interracial pornography features performers of differing racial and ethnic backgrounds and often employs [[ethnic stereotype|ethnic and racial stereotypes]] in its depiction of performers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vocativ.com/227328/porns-race-problem/index.html |title=Porn's Race Problem |publisher=Vocativ.com |date=2015-09-01 |access-date=2021-08-15}}</ref> American [[stag film]]s dated to the 1930s depict acts between black and white performers: Di Lauro and Rabin point to ''The Handy Man'', ''The Hypnotist'', and ''A Stiff Game'', the last of which identifies its only male character as "Sambo".<ref>Di Lauro, Al and Gerald Rabin. ''Dirty Movies: An Illustrated History of the Stag Film 1915-1970'' Chelsea House Publishers, 1976. pp. 68, 71, 72, 130, 139, 152.</ref>

''[[Behind the Green Door]]'' (1972) was one of the first pornographic films to feature sex between a white actress ([[Marilyn Chambers]]) and a black actor ([[Johnnie Keyes]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Classic+porn+star+Marilyn+Chambers+dead/1492289/story.html |title=Interracial porn pioneer Marilyn Chambers dead at 56 |date=April 15, 2009 |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416040643/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Classic%2Bporn%2Bstar%2BMarilyn%2BChambers%2Bdead/1492289/story.html |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |access-date=June 19, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the past, some of [[Pornography in the United States|American pornography]]'s white actresses were allegedly warned to avoid [[African American]] males, both on-screen and in their personal lives. One rationale was the purportedly widespread belief that appearing in interracial pornography would ruin a white performer's career, although some observers have said that there is no evidence that this is true. ''[[AVN (magazine)|Adult Video News]]'' critic Sheldon Ranz wrote in 1997 that:

{{Blockquote|We keep hearing a lot about "[[The powers that be (phrase)|the powers that be]]" that tell white women that it's not in their "interest" to work with blacks. Is there any proof that [[Ginger Lynn|Ginger]]'s scene with Tony El-Lay in ''Undressed Rehearsal'' hurt her career? [[Nina Hartley]] still gets lots of bookings in Southern [[strip club]]s, especially [[Texas]], even though she is an avowed interracialist.<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=Stars Who Refuse Interracial Scenes |first=Sheldon |last=Ranz |date=April 5, 1997 |newsgroup=rec.arts.movies.erotica |url=https://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.movies.erotica/msg/62a4233ee98f905a |access-date=July 6, 2007}}</ref>}}

On the other hand, some commentators have pointed out that the lack of [[racial segregation|racial divide]] and "nonsense about 'attraction' and 'preference'" in the [[Pornography in Europe|European pornographic scene]] allowed many top European female performers to appear in American interracial pornographic films.{{citation needed|date=March 2021|reason=originally based on [https://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/the-new-porn-arpartheid/reply/670741/the%20new%20porn%20arpartheid/realtip a forum comment]; [[WP:RS]] needed}} [[Lexington Steele]] told [[The Root (magazine)|''The Root'']] in a 2013 interview that white female performers who appear in interracial pornography may conceal their careers due to social pressure from their intimates, arguing "It's just an element of American culture that still exists, and that is the feeling that a white female will be deflowered or soiled, if you will, by doing a scene with a black male".<ref name="root">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2013/04/pornindustry_racism_whats_behind_it/ |title=Is the Porn Industry Racist? |access-date=July 24, 2016 |date=April 3, 2013 |magazine=[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]] |first=Keli |last=Goff |author-link=Keli Goff }}</ref> According to a survey by Jon Millward, while 87% of porn actresses are willing to take a [[Facial (sex act)|facial]], only 53% will do interracial porn.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/james-deen-is-pissed-off-about-racism-in-the-porn-industry |title=James Deen Is Pissed Off About Racism in the Porn Industry |first=Rachel |last=Bell |date=September 3, 2015 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=July 24, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403010818/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/james-deen-is-pissed-off-about-racism-in-the-porn-industry |archive-date=April 3, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jonmillward.com/blog/studies/deep-inside-a-study-of-10000-porn-stars/ |title=Deep Inside: A Study of 10,000 Porn Stars |website=Jonmillward.com |date=February 14, 2013 |access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>

===Alleged role of agents===
Sophie Dee, prominent figure of the genre, said in a 2010 interview that she thought agents often pressure white female performers not to appear in interracial pornography. Dee said that they will be paid better for performing with black men and their careers will not be damaged in any way, pointing at positive examples of some [[Vivid Entertainment]] actresses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xcitement.com/interview/?page_id=907 |title=Xcitement Interviews: Sophie Dee |first=Cindi |last=Loftus |date=April 2010 |publisher=Xcitement Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630012304/http://www.xcitement.com/interview/?page_id=907 |archive-date=June 30, 2010 |access-date=June 19, 2016 }}</ref>

[[Aurora Snow]] noted in a 2013 article that the major factor preventing several white actresses from doing interracial scenes is "career anxiety" imposed by agents rather than their own racial bias. Tee Reel, male porn star and one of the few black agents in the U.S. industry, had a concurring opinion, saying, "In the business, some girls who say they don't do interracial, I've actually had sex with, off-camera."<ref name="beast">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/05/interracial-sex-still-taboo-for-many-porn-stars.html |title=Interracial Sex Still Taboo for Many Porn Stars |access-date=October 13, 2013 |date=March 5, 2013 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |first=Aurora |last=Snow |author-link=Aurora Snow}}</ref> Porn star Kristina Rose has alleged that some agents tell younger actresses that they will earn less from performing in interracial pornography to bar their involvement, although the opposite is true on a global level.<ref name="beast" />

==Scholarly criticism==
[[File:Jeskaya Sebastian Barrio.jpg|thumb|upright|Jeskaya (left) and Sebastian Barrio (right)]]
In Chapter 3 of her book ''Porn Studies'', [[Linda Williams (film scholar)|Linda Williams]], professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], examines the film ''Crossing the Color Line'' starring [[Sean Michaels (actor)|Sean Michaels]], a black actor, and [[Christi Lake]], a white actress.<ref name=Williams>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Linda |author-link=Linda Williams (film scholar) |chapter=Skin Flicks on the Racial Border: Pornography, Exploitation, and Interracial Lust |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Linda |title=Porn Studies |year=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, N.C. |isbn=978-0-8223-3300-5 }}</ref>{{rp|273}} In the interviews portion of the film, Michaels and Lake express how being "color-blind" is a progressive approach to interracial porn.<ref name=Williams />{{rp|273}} Williams identifies a contradiction between these interviews and the subsequent performance, in which both actors make several references to the differences in skin color between them.<ref name=Williams />{{rp|273–277}} For example, Lake refers to Michaels' genitalia as a "big black dick".<ref name=Williams />{{rp|274}} Williams argues that by pointing out racial differences, race is being made the main point of intrigue for the audience, which perpetuates the exotification of racial differences.<ref name=Williams />{{rp|275–276}} She argues that the eroticized sexual tension in interracial pornography dates back in American history to slavery.<ref name=Williams />{{rp|271}}

Mireille Miller-Young, professor of feminist studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], argues that while the porn industry hypersexualizes African-American pornographic actresses, they are often paid less, hired less, and given less attention during health checks than their white counterparts.<ref name=Miller-Young>{{cite journal |last=Miller-Young |first=Mireille |year=2010 |title=Putting Hypersexuality to Work: Black Women and Illicit Eroticism in Pornography |journal=Sexualities |url=https://law.wustl.edu/centeris/BlackSexualEconomiesProject/archive/papers/MMY_Hypersexuality_Sexualities13(2)2010.pdf |doi=10.1177/1363460709359229 |volume=13 |issue=2|pages=219–235 |s2cid=143676229 }}</ref> Some scholars also argue that white women are upheld as the most-prized commodity in the industry, while black women are often devalued for their sex work, regardless of their perceived erotic abilities.<ref name=Miller-Young />

==See also==
{{Portal|Erotica and pornography|Human sexuality}}
* [[Asian fetish]]
* [[Cuckold fetishism|Cuckold fetish]]
* [[Miscegenation]]
* [[Misogynoir]]
* [[Pornography by region]]
* [[Racial fetishism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Interracial sex}}
{{external links|date=December 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/2002/02/11/frontline_3/ |title=American Porn |last=Taylor |first=Charles |date=February 11, 2002 |work=Salon.com |access-date=July 16, 2008}}
* Mireille Miller-Young, {{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hardcore+desire%3A+Black+women+laboring+in+porn--is+it+just+another+job%3F-a014014598 |title=Hardcore Desire: Black Women Laboring in Porn – Is It Just Another Job? |last=Miller-Young |first=Mireille |website=www.TheFreeLibrary.com |publisher=The Free Library |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411232502/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hardcore+desire:+Black+women+laboring+in+porn--is+it+just+another+job%3F-a0140145988|archive-date=11 April 2013}} ''[[ColorLines Magazine|Colorlines Magazine: Race, Action, Culture]]'', Winter 2005.
* {{cite web |url=http://sugarbank.com/2006/03/16/the-new-porn-apartheid-luke-fords-rebuttal-rebutted |title=The New Porn Apartheid – Luke Ford's Rebuttal Rebutted |last=Sugar |first=Sam |date=March 16, 2006 |publisher=SugarBank |access-date=March 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129212319/http://sugarbank.com/2006/03/16/the-new-porn-apartheid-luke-fords-rebuttal-rebutted/ |archive-date=November 29, 2010}}
* {{cite web |url=http://xbiz.com/articles/14948/interracial |title=Ethnic Episodes |last=Cachapero |first=Joanne |date=May 15, 2006 |publisher=Xbiz |access-date=July 16, 2008}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.eyeonadult.com/features/article1422.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005610/http://www.eyeonadult.com/features/article1422.html |archive-date=May 15, 2007 |title=Why Interracial Porn is Stupid and So are You (For Watching It) |last=McGowan |first=Scott |date=April 11, 2007 |publisher=EyeOnAdult.com |access-date=July 16, 2008}}
* {{cite web |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=564 |title=On Asian American Sexual Politics |access-date=January 18, 2008 |first=Darrell Y. |last=Hamamoto |year=2006 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center|American Sexuality]] |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225012350/http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=564}}

{{Ethnicity}}
{{Pornography}}
{{Racism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Pornography}}
[[Category:Ethnic pornography| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes]]
[[Category:Multiracial affairs]]

Foundation doctor

2022-06-25T21:11:22Z

Simsman333: Fixing a typo.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Redirect2|FY1|FY2|the postcodes|FY postcode area}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2021}}
A '''foundation doctor''' is a grade of [[medical practitioner]] in the United Kingdom undertaking the [[Foundation Programme]], a two-year, general postgraduate medical training programme which forms the bridge between medical school and specialist/general practice training. Doctors in the first year of the programme are known as '''Foundation Year 1''' ('''FY1''') doctors, and those in the second year are known as '''Foundation Year 2''' ('''FY2''') doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Resourcing|first=B. D. I.|title=Career Progression and Grades for UK Doctors|url=https://bdiresourcing.com/news/career-progression-and-grades-for-uk-doctors/202|access-date=2021-03-25|website=BDI Resourcing|language=en}}</ref> Being a foundation doctor is compulsory for all newly qualified [[medical practitioner]]s in the UK starting from 2005 onwards. The grade of foundation doctor has replaced the traditional grades of [[pre-registration house officer]] and [[senior house officer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2011-03-11|title=Postgraduate Training in the UK|url=https://intensivecarenetwork.com/89-postgraduate-training-in-the-uk/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Intensive Care Network|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{NHS medical career grades}}

Foundation doctors have the opportunity to gain experience in a series of posts in a variety of specialties and healthcare settings. Learning objectives for each stage are specific and focused on demonstration of clinical competences. Emphasis was on the assessment and management of acutely ill patients, but changes in the curriculum have stressed that chronic conditions are also important. Training also encompasses the generic professional skills applicable to all areas of medicine – teamwork, time management, communication and IT skills.

== Foundation Year 1 ==
This year replaces what was known as [[pre-registration house officer]].<ref name=":0" /> In the first year of foundation training, FY1s rotate through three or four jobs in different hospital specialties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Maham|date=2012-01-19|title=Teaching hospital versus district general|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e339|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=344|pages=e339|doi=10.1136/bmj.e339|issn=0959-8138}}</ref> The [[General Medical Council]] specify that every FY1 must complete at least three months of general medicine. Until 2007, it was also required for all FY1s to complete at least three months of general surgery, and therefore most programmes still include this. The rest of the year may be made up of further time spent in general medicine or general surgery, or time spent in other specialties (but not in [[general practice]]).

== Foundation Year 2 ==
The first year of the posts in FY2 is in different specialties, such as [[general practice]], [[emergency medicine]], [[paediatrics]], [[psychiatry]], [[obstetrics]] or [[pathology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Everything You Need to Know About Junior Doctor Rotations {{!}} ID Medical Blog|url=https://www.id-medical.com/blog/junior-doctor-rotations/|access-date=2021-04-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> The training builds on what has been achieved during the previous year in FY1. FY2s will sometimes also refer to themselves as SHOs (for [[senior house officer]]s) and will be in the SHO rota.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HIERARCHY OF DOCTORS|url=https://www.geneticdisordersuk.org/talking-to-doctors/hierarchy-of-doctors/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Genetic Disorders UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> Although some departments have separate rotas for GPVTS trainees and FY2s and a separate rota for specialist trainees.

==See also==
{{portal box|Medicine|United Kingdom}}
*[[Foundation Programme]]
*[[Internship (medicine)]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Healthcare occupations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Medical education in the United Kingdom]]

User talk:Necrothesp

2022-06-21T10:34:43Z

Simsman333: /* Why did you revert my edit?! */ new section

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== archiving gone wrong? ==

I don't think you intended to use the odd double system of [[User talk:Necrothesp/Archive 12/Archive 7]]? [[User:Fram|Fram]] ([[User talk:Fram|talk]]) 09:29, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
:Thanks. No idea what happened there. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 10:15, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
::Actually, yes I do! Sorted anyway. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 10:16, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Bulgarian emigrants to England]]==
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A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Bulgarian emigrants to England]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

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== AfD is a weapon ? ==

I don't think this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/John_Raymond_Evelyn_Stansfeld_(2nd_nomination)] make sense. Why people are using AfD is a weapon?
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== Peerage titles and honorifics: MOS amendments ==

I have made a proposal to amend the MOS at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography#Peerage titles and honorifics amendments]]; you might be interested to contribute to the discussion. '''[[User talk:DBD|DBD]]''' 14:02, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

==Winter Palace Rooms==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Staircase_of_the_Winter_Palace&type=revision&diff=1023087776&oldid=931358928&diffmode=visual] Whatever were you thinking of? This page is part of an entire category of rooms and features of one of the world’s greatest (in every respect) buildings. To move a page without even a hint on the talk page is beyond unethical. It even has a template linking to them all, did you not even bother to look at it? [[User:Giano|Giano]] [[User talk:Giano|'''(talk)''']] 19:51, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
:Then they should all be moved, as it's completely unintuitive and poor English of the sort I've seen many times in articles on Eastern European subjects written (and named) by Eastern Europeans. Given there are no other Jordan Staircases, per our guidelines it does not need any sort of qualifier. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 07:06, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

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==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Azerbaijani emigrants to England]]==
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<div class="afd-notice">
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[:Timothy J. Edens]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timothy J. Edens (3rd nomination)]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.
</div> [[User:Eastmain|Eastmain]] ([[User talk:Eastmain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eastmain|contribs]]) 11:58, 13 September 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Belizean emigrants to England]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Belizean emigrants to England]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Belizean emigrants to England|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 16:23, 13 September 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Yemeni emigrants to England]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Yemeni emigrants to England]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Yemeni emigrants to England|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 16:58, 19 September 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Azerbaijani emigrants to England]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Azerbaijani emigrants to England]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Azerbaijani emigrants to England|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 17:10, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
:If there is a dispute about this category, you need to discuss it with Rathfelder who is removing pages from this category. At least that is why my installed script shows. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 17:13, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

== Allahbad name change ==

You have supported a name change for Allahabad, yet you provided contradictory claims on the name change from Allahabad to Prayagaraj. You stated "As with most Indian name changes like this, the common name even in India remains the old name". Can you provide further incidence where your claim occured? To refute your baseless claim, ill provide examples that you conveniently left out. precedence exist in the name change from "Bombay" to Mumbai, and Calicut to ""Kolkata". Could you link examples of your claim? [[User:Vajra Raja|Vajra Raja]] ([[User talk:Vajra Raja|talk]]) 04:03, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
:No, I have not supported a name change. I have supported retaining the current name. Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai are the only instances of such a name change being widely accepted in the wider world. See [[Talk:Bangalore]], for instance. Eleven attempts to change the name have failed! -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 09:10, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Seven}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:52, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – October 2021 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (September 2021).

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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Blablubbs|Blablubbs]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1041814128#Requesting a voluntary desysop for Alvestrand|Alvestrand]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1041700744#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#September 2021|Black Falcon]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1041700744#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#September 2021|Deathphoenix]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1041700744#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#September 2021|Dppowell]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1041700744#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#September 2021|Mark Arsten]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1047024840#JGHowes|JGHowes]] ([[Wikipedia:Deceased_Wikipedians/2021#James_G._Howes_(JGHowes)|deceased]])

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[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1042925403#changes to functionary team|Callanecc]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1044290313#Changes to functionary team 2|Mkdw]]

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:Permalink/1047104570#Inactive interface administrators 2021-09-28|Galobtter]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
:* Following [[Special:Diff/1042239556#Should_we_use_ECP_on_templates?|an RfC]], extended confirmed protection may be used preemptively on certain [[WP:HRT|high-risk templates]].
:*Following [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_169#Discord_logs|a discussion at the Village Pump]], there is consensus to treat discord logs the same as IRC logs. This means that discord logs will be oversighted if posted onwiki.

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
:*[[mw:Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] has superseded [[Special:Permalink/1042678970#Reply-link officially superseded by DiscussionTools|Enterprisey's reply-link]] script. Editors may switch using the "Discussion tools" checkbox under {{myprefs|Beta features}}.

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
:*A [[Special:Permalink/1045390397#Extended_confirmed_restriction_omnibus_motion|motion]] has standardised the 500/30 (extended confirmed) restrictions placed by the Arbitration Committee. The standardised restriction is now listed in [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Procedures#Extended_confirmed_restriction|the Arbitration Committee's procedures]].
:*Following the closure of the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Iranian politics|Iranian politics]] case, standard discretionary sanctions [[WP:ARBIRPDS|are authorized]] for all edits about, and all pages related to, post-1978 Iranian politics, broadly construed.
:*The Arbitration Committee [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Iranian politics#RfC_moderation|encourages uninvolved administrators]] to use the discretionary sanctions procedure in topic areas where it is authorised to facilitate consensus in RfCs. This includes, but is not limited to, enforcing sectioned comments, word/diff limits and moratoriums on a particular topic from being brought in an RfC for up to a year.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
:* Editors [[Special:Permalink/1043716941#Proposal to expand trial of Growth team features|have approved]] expanding the trial of Growth Features from 2% of new accounts to 25%, and the share of newcomers getting mentorship from 2% to 5%. Experienced editors are invited to [[Wikipedia:Growth Team features/Mentor list|add themselves to the mentor list]].
:*The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/CheckUser and Oversight/2021 CUOS appointments|community consultation phase]] of the 2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments process is open for editors to provide comments and ask questions to candidates.

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{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
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{{center|1=Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:04, 1 October 2021 (UTC)}}

==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Czech emigrants to Egypt]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Czech emigrants to Egypt]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Czech emigrants to Egypt|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 18:47, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Egyptian people of Czech descent]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Egyptian people of Czech descent]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Egyptian people of Czech descent|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 16:15, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

== Roma Downey ==

Hi Necrothesp, nice to meet you. I'm looking for some help with an edit request at [[Talk:Roma Downey]] and see that you've edited her page in the past and are generally active in this field. Was hoping you might be willing to take a look. Thanks for your time! [[User:Franklyspeaking2008|Franklyspeaking2008]] ([[User talk:Franklyspeaking2008|talk]]) 16:30, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

== Infoboxes ==

For short articles like [[Botallack Manor]], I don't see the value in adding infoboxes. Infoboxes make the image smaller by default, and end up taking up 2 or 3 times as much page space as the text itself (on desktop viewing). As [[MOS:INFOBOXUSE]] says that infoboxes are not mandatory, I don't see the benefit to putting one on this article. The article itself already says it's Grade II* listed, the link to the listing is already in the article, and the co-ordinates could just be added. So I see no value to an infobox in this case, as it seems to me to be a net negative to articles like this. [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 13:44, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
:See my edit summary. Given there is already a photo on the page, I don't think the infobox is a problem. Can we compromise by removing the map? -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 13:47, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
::I don't see the value, when everything in that infobox is already in the article. All it does is add clutter. And my understanding of [[MOS:INFOBOXUSE]] is that as there's no consensus to use/not use infoboxes in articles, the creator should "pick" whether to use it or not, same as with which English variant to use. Is that not correct? [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 13:53, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
:::You are aware that you [[WP:OWNER|don't own the article]]? Your decision as creator is neither here nor there. Infoboxes have been added by other editors to many articles I've created (as I don't tend to add infoboxes to articles I create either); I've never objected to them. Incidentally, one valuable feature of infoboxes on historic buildings is that people can instantly see that they're notable, as there are a number of editors who like deleting articles about historic buildings. If it's immediately apparent that it's listed then hopefully they'll move on and find another target. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 14:00, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
::::I know [[WP:OWN]]. But if there's no consensus on whether infoboxes should/shouldn't be used, surely there needs to be some sensible way to decide when to use them or not to stop people edit warring them in or out of articles? I don't see a guideline for when they should/shouldn't be used, and obviously their use is subjective (since you think it's useful on this article, whereas I don't). So I'd assumed it was like ENGVAR that the creator could just choose i.e. if they add one, don't edit war to remove it, and vice versa. I'm not going to edit war to take it back out again, but I think it's silly if people are able to just add/remove infoboxes according to what they feel about them. [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 14:29, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – November 2021 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (October 2021).

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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1048749949#Resysop request (clpo13)|Clpo13]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1047569146#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#October 2021|Brian0918]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1047569146#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#October 2021|JDoorjam]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1047569146#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#October 2021|Karanacs]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1047569146#MrDarcy|MrDarcy]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1047569146#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#October 2021|Mindspillage]]

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:Permalink/1052405040#Inactive interface administrators 2021-10-28|Evad37]]

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[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]
[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|Dreamy Jazz]] • [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|Ferret]] • [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|GeneralNotability]] • [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|Girth Summit]] • [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|RoySmith]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversight changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|Dreamy Jazz]] • [[Special:Permalink/1049846412#2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|LuK3]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
:* [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2021 review/Proposals|Phase 2]] of the 2021 [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2021 review|RfA review]] has commenced which will discuss potential solutions to address the 8 issues [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2021_review#Issues identified|found in Phase 1]]. Proposed solutions that achieve consensus will be implemented and you may propose solutions till 07 November 2021.

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
:*[[:meta:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue of tools which can be used on Wikimedia wikis. It is at [https://toolhub.wikimedia.org/ https://toolhub.wikimedia.org/].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
:*{{noping|GeneralNotability}}, {{noping|Mz7}} and {{noping|Cyberpower678}} have been appointed to the [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021/Electoral Commission|Electoral Commission]] for the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021|2021 Arbitration Committee Elections]]. {{noping|Ivanvector}} and {{noping|John M Wolfson}} are reserve commissioners.
:*Eligible editors are invited to self-nominate themselves to stand [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021|in the 2021 Arbitration Committee elections]] from 07 November 2021 until 16 November 2021.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
:*The [[WP:CUOS2021|2021 CheckUser and Oversight appointments process]] has concluded with the appointment of five new CheckUsers and two new Oversighters.

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{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:44, 1 November 2021 (UTC)}}


== Please reconsider ==

Please read my arguments in [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Sonderkommandos_of_Einsatzgruppen]] and reconsider your conclusion. [[User:Slav70|Slav70]] ([[User talk:Slav70|talk]]) 05:44, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

== Baronets articles ==

Hello. I saw your comment in the recent AfD discussion on a baronetcy singleton article.

I got involved in this area last year, when convenient heraldry software became available. I was struck by the extent which the baronets articles consist of bare lists of baronets, poorly referenced and with a minimum of the supporting information that could be hoped for (descents, spouses and general family history; seats, mottoes and so on). Major sources, such as the [https://www.baronetage.org/official-roll/ Official Roll of the Baronetage], and ''Who Was Who'' which turns out to be on my library card, are not well used.

The impact on my work with images was that putting several escutcheons on a page in sections has the feeling of cramming things in; while a gallery display would break the link to the creation. Generally, I'd say that bringing coverage up to anything like what you'd find in ''Debrett'' or similar sources is discouraged by the one creation/one section format.

There is a further issue with categorising by creation and extinction dates, using the "establishments" and "disestablishments" categories. It can't be done on the aggregated pages without confusion.

So, I recognise that work here from early on used the aggregated format. At least one of the major contributors, Tryde, left quite some time ago. There can be a fair amount of "ribbon development" in this area, with snippets of family information added, not that well organised and usually rather vaguely referenced.

I'm a firm believer in working over existing content. Both for the expansion and the better control and display of what we host on baronetcies, I believe the disaggregated format is the way to go. I'm concerned to add value as I edit, rather than seeing splits as an end in themselves. [[User:Charles Matthews|Charles Matthews]] ([[User talk:Charles Matthews|talk]]) 09:41, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
==[[:Category:Welsh people of Ghanaian descent]] has been nominated for merging==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>'''[[:Category:Welsh people of Ghanaian descent]]''' has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorization]] guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at '''[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2021 November 12#Category:Welsh people of Ghanaian descent|the category's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|categories for discussion]] page. Thank you. [[User:Rathfelder|Rathfelder]] ([[User talk:Rathfelder|talk]]) 22:06, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
==[[:Category:Welsh people of Guinean descent]] has been nominated for merging==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>'''[[:Category:Welsh people of Guinean descent]]''' has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorization]] guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at '''[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2021 November 12#Category:Welsh people of Guinean descent|the category's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|categories for discussion]] page. Thank you. [[User:Rathfelder|Rathfelder]] ([[User talk:Rathfelder|talk]]) 22:06, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

== Colin Sutton date of death wrong ==

Colin did not pass away in 2004. He was alive for the trail and had a blog until 2017. I see no recent date of death listed anywhere I have looked [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C5D:5900:1517:94FE:DCD5:F946:5840|2600:6C5D:5900:1517:94FE:DCD5:F946:5840]] ([[User talk:2600:6C5D:5900:1517:94FE:DCD5:F946:5840|talk]]) 02:33, 14 November 2021 (UTC)
:Good grief, do you ever give up? I assume you're referring to the Colin Sutton who investigated Levi Bellfield etc. Yes, he is still alive. He held the rank of Detective Chief Inspector. The [[Colin Sutton]] who was an ''Assistant Commissioner'' in the Met died in 2004. It says so in ''Who Was Who''! He was born in 1938 and hadn't been a chief inspector since he was promoted to superintendent (in Warwickshire Constabulary) in 1972! I have pointed this out to you multiple times. Why can you not accept that there were two prominent officers with the same name in the Met?! All you need to do is read the article about AC Colin Sutton, which you appear to be signally incapable of doing, to determine the differences between them. But, in case you're still confused (as I unfortunately suspect you will be), '''THIS IS NOT THE SAME PERSON'''!!! -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 09:09, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:English people of Omani descent]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:English people of Omani descent]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:English people of Omani descent|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 19:54, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

== Plains Indian Warfare ==

Hi -

I see what you mean. As an administrator, do you have the option to walk the changes back so that the page history is preserved? [[User:Vizjim|Vizjim]] ([[User talk:Vizjim|talk]]) 07:43, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

== ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message ==

<table class="messagebox " style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background: ivory; padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; padding-left:1px; padding-right:0.5em;">[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|40px]]</td><td>Hello! Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2021|2021 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on {{#time:l, j F Y|{{Arbitration Committee candidate/data|2021|end}}-1 day}}. All '''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021#Election timeline|eligible users]]''' are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2021 election, please review [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021/Candidates|the candidates]] and submit your choices on the '''[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/{{Arbitration Committee candidate/data|2021|poll}}|voting page]]'''. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{tlx|NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:03, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
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</table>

== "Orthodox Archdiocese of Classis" listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]]
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect [[:Orthodox Archdiocese of Classis]]. The discussion will occur at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 23#Orthodox Archdiocese of Classis]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion.  [[User:Veverve|Veverve]] ([[User talk:Veverve|talk]]) 19:02, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

== Good Morning Britain ==

Just letting you know that the [[Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)]] talk page is still located at [[Talk:Good Morning Britain (TV Programme)]] and needs moving to align stuff back up. -- '''[[User:AxG|AxG ]]/'''[[User talk:AxG| ✉ ]] 18:21, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
:Thanks. Sorted. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 09:15, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – December 2021 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (November 2021).

[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1052942640#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#November 2021|A Train]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1052942640#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#November 2021|Berean Hunter]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1056156505#Level 1 desysop of Epbr123|Epbr123]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1052942640#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#November 2021|GermanJoe]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1056716258#Voluntarily_resigning_my_administrative_permissions|Sanchom]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1057799750#Resigning admin permissions|Mysid]]

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
:* Unregistered editors using the mobile website are now able to receive notices to indicate they have talk page messages. The notice looks similar to what is already present on desktop, and will be displayed on when viewing any page except mainspace and when editing any page. ({{phab|T284642}})
:* The limit on the number of emails a user can send per day has been made global instead of per-wiki to help prevent abuse. ({{phab|T293866}})

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
:* Voting in the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021|2021 Arbitration Committee Elections]] is open until 23:59, 06 December 2021 (UTC).
:* The already authorized standard [[WP:AC/DS|discretionary sanctions]] for all pages relating to the [[Horn of Africa]] (defined as including Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and adjoining areas if involved in related disputes), broadly construed, [[Special:Permalink/1057777898#Arbitration_motion_regarding_Horn_of_Africa|have been made permanent]].

----
{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:25, 3 December 2021 (UTC)}}


== Administrators will no longer be [[WP:AUTOP|autopatrolled]] ==

A [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2021_review/Proposals#Passed:_7D_Remove_autopatrolled_from_default_toolkit|recently closed]] Request for Comment (RFC) reached consensus to remove [[WP:Autopatrolled|Autopatrolled]] from the administrator user group. You may, similarly as with [[WP:EFM|Edit Filter Manager]], choose to [[Special:UserRights/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|self-assign]] this permission to yourself. This will be implemented the week of December 13th, but if you wish to self-assign you may do so now. To find out when the change has gone live or if you have any questions please visit the [[Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Administrators_will_no_longer_be_autopatrolled|Administrator's Noticeboard]]. 20:06, 7 December 2021 (UTC)


== "Keep per WP:GEOLAND. Appears to be a genuine, recognised and separate settlement." ==

I saw this appear in a few recent AFD !votes of yours. I don't have anything against that, but I'm unsure about it for stuff like [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lponga]]. The sources in the article are all irrelevant to the article subject (part of why the page creator was indeffed for continued fake referencing) no sources have been added to the discussion during the AFD. It seems a bit bold to reach to the assumption that GEOLAND is met when we haven't been able to even clear the [[WP:V]] bar, because none of the sources brought forward so far are suitable for proving that it actually exists. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] ''[[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]]'' 14:22, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
:The map proves it exists! -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 14:23, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

== ''[[Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History‎]]'' ==

Hi, you dePRODded this article because no reason was given. Actually, it looks like {{u|Piotrus}} made a coding error so that his rather detailed PROD reason was only visible if you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Colonialism_and_Colonial_History&action=edit&oldid=1059083617 look at the code]. Cheers! --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 16:01, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
:Thanks. I still think it needs to go to AfD. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 16:07, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

:*No problem, just wanted to make sure you saw that Piotrus did give a well-argued reason and that this was not some fly-by PROD. --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:05, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Stephen Jolly (disambiguation)]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.|width=20%|align=right}}
A tag has been placed on [[:Stephen Jolly (disambiguation)]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#G14|section G14 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because it is a disambiguation page which either
:::*disambiguates only one extant Wikipedia page and whose title ends in "(disambiguation)" (i.e., there is a [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Is there a primary topic?|primary topic]]);
:::* disambiguates zero extant Wikipedia pages, regardless of its title; or
:::*is an [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphaned]] redirect with a title ending in "(disambiguation)" that does not target a disambiguation page or page that has a disambiguation-like function.
Under the [[WP:CSD#Articles|criteria for speedy deletion]], such pages may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:MOSDAB|see the disambiguation page guidelines for more information]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Stephen Jolly (disambiguation)|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=Stephen+Jolly+%28disambiguation%29|deleting administrator}}.   [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 15:29, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

== Olympic contestant notability ==

Hi there, you recently dePRODded an article on the grounds that all Olympic contestants are notable. That's an old guideline! The current one is that only ''medal winners'' are notable: [[WP:NOLYMPICS]]. I think this was changed relatively recently, in the last year or so. -- [[User:Asilvering|asilvering]] ([[User talk:Asilvering|talk]]) 17:16, 22 December 2021 (UTC)
:Looking back, it was apparently in August. I wasn't aware of it and I'm sure many other editors aren't either. It really is a massive change to sporting notability guidelines and will open the floodgates to mass deletions. But thanks for letting me know. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 09:15, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

== Your input ==

Hi, you removed the tag to delete the [[Vincent Palmer]] article so feel free to participate in the delete discussion [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vincent Palmer]]. Thanks.--[[User:FriendlyFerret9854|FriendlyFerret9854]] ([[User talk:FriendlyFerret9854|talk]]) 09:33, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
:You need to start an AfD properly. Please see [[WP:AfD]]. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 09:44, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
==[[:Category:Scottish people of Hungarian descent]] has been nominated for merging==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>'''[[:Category:Scottish people of Hungarian descent]]''' has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorization]] guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at '''[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2021 December 26#Category:Scottish people of Hungarian descent|the category's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|categories for discussion]] page. Thank you. [[User:Rathfelder|Rathfelder]] ([[User talk:Rathfelder|talk]]) 09:39, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

== Deprods ==

This may come as a shock to you, but some articles are bad or unverifiable enough that they legitimately deserve to be removed. It's good practice to actually try to understand the problem – which only requires you to bother reading the prod rationale and thinking on it for 10 seconds – before doing something. The creator of the 3 articles you deprodded in sequence has an extremely poor track record, and has left lying around dozens articles that at best are 100% trivial or just outright fail [[WP:V]] (examples [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Athenais of Media Atropatene|here]], [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darius II of Media Atropatene|here]]). It takes considerable effort to go through his contributions, see if his sources are available online, check them, and see if there is any merit to the claims he makes, and I'm the only editor in Wikipedia that is willing and capable to do so. So think twice before playing the armchair judge and handing out timewaster deprods with disingenuous reasoning (e.g. "seems to be sourced, contrary to claims in prod", even though I made it clear that I did consult the sources). [[User:Avilich|Avilich]] ([[User talk:Avilich|talk]]) 20:56, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
:Sadly it increasingly appears that some editors do not know the difference between when to use a prod and when to use an AfD. To enlighten them, a prod should only be used for blatant unencyclopaedic rubbish. An AfD should be used for anything else. Simply ''thinking'' an article is non-notable is not a good reason to prod instead of AfD. I would also remind editors that any editor can deprod an article for any reason or none. Something else that seems to be unclear to some. So I would suggest you get off your high horse and drop the arrogant attitude. Thank you. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 00:29, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
::Much of it was indeed unverifiable unencyclopedic rubbish, I explained so in the prod rationale, making it very evident that I did more than just 'think' this is the case. Actually, PROD says it's for 'uncontroversial deletions', but this implies that potential deprodders won't disingenuously oppose the prod just for the sake of it, and thus defeating its very purpose altogether. Nobody asked you or needs you to be the ultimate judge of the legitimacy of prods. If you or anybody else have actual content-based claims that delegitimize the prod rationale, then by all means share them, and deprod accordingly ([[WP:BUREAU|technical details alone do not give you a moral license to act obstructively]]). Otherwise, don't do so, and Wikipedia will carry on existing just fine without your righteous crusade against deletionists, or whatever else you thought you were accomplishing. [[User:Avilich|Avilich]] ([[User talk:Avilich|talk]]) 00:55, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
:::As I said, a prod can be removed by any editor for any reason or none, as you should be aware. In actual fact, I remove very few prods, as most of them are correctly added. I did not consider that yours were, as the topics were ''not'' unencyclopaedic. Please do not assume that you have the monopoly on determining what should or should not be on Wikipedia. If you don't like a deprod then you are free to take the article to AfD for wider discussion. And kindly do ''not'' tell me what I can and cannot deprod. Thank you. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 01:04, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

== Merchandise giveaway nomination ==

{| class="barnstar" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: ivory;"
| [[File:3WMFShopTees.png|100px|alt=A t-shirt!]]
| style="vertical-align:top;" | <div style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; color: {{{textcolor|black}}}">A token of thanks</div>
----
<div style="color:black; text-align:center;">Hi {{safesubst:<noinclude/>BASEPAGENAME}}! I've '''[[:meta:Merchandise_giveaways/Nominations/English Wikipedia active administrators|nominated you]]''' (along with all other active admins) to receive a solstice season gift from the WMF. Talk page stalkers are invited to comment at the nomination. Enjoy! Cheers, {{u|[[User:Sdkb|'''Sdkb''']]}} [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] ~~<noinclude/>~<noinclude/>~~</div>
| [[File:O.snow2.png|100px|right|alt=A snowflake!]]
|} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 23:50, 31 December 2021 (UTC)


== Administrators' newsletter – January 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (December 2021).

{{Col-begin}}
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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1058022475#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#December 2021|Amalthea]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061851075#Ihcoyc sysop flag|Ihcoyc]] (deceased) • [[Special:PermaLink/1058022475#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#December 2021|Kateshortforbob]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1062680920#Desysop request (Kirill Lokshin)|Kirill Lokshin]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061184769#Resign as administrator|Rifleman 82]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1058022475#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#December 2021|Ryan Norton]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1058022475#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2021#December 2021|Wrp103]]

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:Permalink/1058763805#Interface admin right reinstatement request (Mr. Stradivarius)|Mr. Stradivarius]]

{{Col-2}}

[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Cabayi]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Donald Albury]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Enterprisey]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Izno]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Wugapodes]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Opabinia regalis]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|Casliber]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|David Fuchs]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|Newyorkbrad]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|SoWhy]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Cabayi]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Donald Albury]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Enterprisey]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Izno]] • [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Wugapodes]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:Permalink/1061250235#2022 Arbitration Committee|Opabinia regalis]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|Casliber]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|David Fuchs]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|Newyorkbrad]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1061250235#2022_Arbitration_Committee|SoWhy]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''

* Following consensus at the [[WP:RFA2021/P|2021 RfA review]], the autopatrolled user right [[Special:PermaLink/1059122424#Passed: 7D Remove autopatrolled from default toolkit|has been removed]] from the administrators user group; admins can grant themselves the autopatrolled permission if they wish to remain autopatrolled.

*Additionally, consensus for [[Special:Permalink/1059594671#Passed: 6C Administrative action review|proposal 6C of the 2021 RfA review]] has led to the creation of an [[Wikipedia:Administrative action review|administrative action review process]]. The purpose of this process will be to review individual administrator actions and individual actions taken by users holding [[WP:PERM|advanced permissions]].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''

* Following the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2021#Results|2021 Arbitration Committee elections]], the following editors have been appointed to the Arbitration Committee: {{Noping|Beeblebrox}}, {{Noping|Cabayi}}, {{Noping|Donald Albury}}, {{Noping|Enterprisey}}, {{Noping|Izno}}, {{Noping|Opabinia regalis}}, {{Noping|Worm That Turned}}, {{Noping|Wugapodes}}.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''

*The [[Wikipedia:Functionaries#Mailing_list|functionaries email list]] (''{{NonSpamEmail|functionaries-en|lists.wikimedia.org}}'') will no longer accept incoming emails apart from those sent by list members and WMF staff. Private concerns, apart from those requiring oversight, should be directly sent to [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee#Contacting_the_Committee|the Arbitration Committee]].

----
{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:24, 3 January 2022 (UTC)}}


== How we will see unregistered users ==

<section begin=content/>
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you.
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/>

18:12, 4 January 2022 (UTC)


== Voting Twice on Qonce ==

Hello Necrothesp,

I noticed you voted twice on the [[King William's Town]] move discussion page. Could you please strikethrough your second oppose? Thought you'd want to know because it didn't seem intentional. [[User:Desertambition|Desertambition]] ([[User talk:Desertambition|talk]]) 19:00, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

==Notability policies==

I read your commentary on notability on your user page and loved it. Thanks. And thanks for your work. [[User:CT55555|CT55555]] ([[User talk:CT55555|talk]]) 14:15, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

== Samuel Knaggs ==

What's the reason for the revert please. Of the numerous reverts you've made against my changes, none have an edit summary. Seems like bullying to me. [[User:Dawnseeker2000|''Dawnseeker2000'']] 13:27, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
:I've already asked you not to change the wording on your talkpage. You responded with "Kick rocks cop", refused to discuss and continued regardless. There's no need for these changes and the form already used is the standard. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 13:30, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
::You asked me to not change the links because "it reduces the readability of the articles". Sorry, I do not believe you. Please discontinue reverting my changes or we can have a more visible conversation with the community. [[User:Dawnseeker2000|''Dawnseeker2000'']] 13:34, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
:::I said no policy, guideline or consensus mandated your changes. Please point me to the one that does. What good reason do you have for changing the linking in these articles? Frankly if all you can do is post an insult and carry on regardless I don't think you have much of a case. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 13:36, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:Cypriot emigrants to Scotland]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:Cypriot emigrants to Scotland]] indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:Cypriot emigrants to Scotland|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself.   [[User:UnitedStatesian|UnitedStatesian]] ([[User talk:UnitedStatesian|talk]]) 01:12, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – February 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (January 2022).

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1068615110#Desysop request - AustralianRupert|AustralianRupert]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1063149836#Desysop request (Cimon Avaro)|Cimon Avaro]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1064599796#Desysop request (Euryalus)|Euryalus]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1063813741#Desysop request (Jehochman)|Jehochman]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1063063069#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#January 2022|Nunh-huh]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1065125153#Resysop request (28bytes)|28bytes]]

[[File:Wikipedia bureaucrat.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Bureaucrat changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1065125153#Resysop request (28bytes)|28bytes]]

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[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:Permalink/1067157708#Re-intadmin request (Evad37)|Evad37]] • [[Special:Permalink/1063140320#Interface admin request (Galobtter)|Galobtter]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1063407958#Inactive interface administrators 2021-12-28|Ragesoss]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
:*The [[:meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct enforcement guidelines]] have been published for consideration. Voting to ratify this guideline is planned to take place 7 March to 21 March. Comments can be made on [[:meta:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|the talk page]].

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
:*The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code> in around 3 weeks. This will not affect the name shown to users and is simply a change in the technical name of the user group. The change is being made for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections.
:*[[:mw:Talk pages project/Replying|The Reply Tool]] feature, which is a part of Discussion Tools, will be opt-out for everyone logged in or logged out starting 7 February 2022. Editors wishing to comment on this can do so in the relevant [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)#Offering_the_Reply_Tool_as_an_opt-out_feature|Village Pump discussion]].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
:*[[WP:A/R/M#Discretionary sanctions topic area changes|Community input is requested]] on several motions aimed at addressing [[WP:DS|discretionary sanctions]] that are no longer needed or overly broad.
:*The Arbitration Committee has [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Noticeboard#General comment regarding appeals to the Arbitration Committee|published a generalised comment]] regarding successful appeals of sanctions that it can review (such as checkuser blocks).
:*[[Special:Permalink/1064847441#Motion:_Resolution_of_this_case_request_(1)|A motion]] related to the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Antisemitism_in_Poland|Antisemitism in Poland]] case was passed following a [[Special:Permalink/1064847441#Warsaw concentration camp|declined case request]].

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
:*Voting in the [[:meta:Stewards/Elections 2022|2022 Steward elections]] will begin on 07 February 2022, 14:00 (UTC) and end on 26 February 2022, 13:59 (UTC). The [[:meta:Stewards/Confirm/2022|confirmation process]] of current stewards is being held in parallel. You can automatically [https://meta.toolforge.org/accounteligibility/61 check your eligibility] to vote.
:*Voting in the [[:meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2022|2022 Community Wishlist Survey]] is open until 11 February 2022.

----
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* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
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== ANI notice ==

<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:ANI-notice|subst:ANI-notice]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> [[User:Starship SN20|Starship SN20]] ([[User talk:Starship SN20|talk]]) 13:25, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

:See [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]] section 47 [[User:Starship SN20|Starship SN20]] ([[User talk:Starship SN20|talk]]) 13:26, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – March 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (February 2022).

{{Col-begin}}
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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Modussiccandi|Modussiccandi]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1069275362#Desysop request - BOZ|BOZ]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1070570046#Brookie|Brookie]] (deceased) • [[Special:PermaLink/1069174576#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#February 2022|Jackmcbarn]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1069174576#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#February 2022|Jamesday]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1074180597#Arbitration motion regarding Jonathunder|Jonathunder]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1069174576#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#February 2022|Master of Puppets]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1069174576#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#February 2022|Saravask]]

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[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1069487685#Changes to functionary team|Callanecc]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1069487685#Changes to functionary team|Callanecc]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
:*[[Wikipedia_talk:Revision_deletion#Proposal_to_remove_"attribution"_clauses_from_RD1|A RfC is open]] to change the wording of [[Wikipedia:Revision deletion|revision deletion criterion 1]] to remove the sentence relating to non-infringing contributions.
:*[[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)#Proposal_to_ban_draftifying_articles_more_than_90_days_old_without_consensus|A RfC is open]] to discuss prohibiting draftification of articles over 90 days old.

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
:*The deployment of the reply tool as an opt-out feature, as announced in last month's newsletter, has been delayed to 7 March. Feedback and comments are being welcomed at [[Wikipedia talk:Talk pages project]]. ({{phab|T296645}})
:*[[Special:Nuke]] will now allow the selection of standard deletion reasons to be used when mass-deleting pages. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|Community Wishlist Survey request]] from 2022. ({{phab|T25020}})
:*The ability to undelete the talk page when undeleting a page using [[Special:Undelete]] or the API will be added soon. This change [[:m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/(Un)delete_associated_talk_page|was requested in the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. ({{phab|T295389}})

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
:*[[Special:Permalink/1070147969#Discretionary_sanctions_topic_area_changes|Several unused discretionary sanctions and article probation remedies]] have been rescinded. This follows the community feedback from the [[WP:DS2021|2021 Discretionary Sanctions review]].

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
:* The 2022 appointees for the [[:m:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] are [[m:User:Érico|Érico]], [[m:User:Faendalimas|Faendalimas]], [[m:User:Galahad|Galahad]], [[m:User:Infinite0694|Infinite0694]], [[m:User:Mykola7|Mykola7]], [[m:User:Olugold|Olugold]], [[m:User:Udehb|Udehb]] and [[m:User:Zabe|Zabe]] as regular members and [[m:User:Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]] and [[m:User:JJMC89|JJMC89]] as advisory members.
:* Following the [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2022|2022 Steward Elections]], the following editors have been appointed as stewards: [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2022/Statements/AntiCompositeNumber|AntiCompositeNumber]], [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2022/Statements/BRPever|BRPever]], [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2022/Statements/Hasley|Hasley]], [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2022/Statements/TheresNoTime|TheresNoTime]], and [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2022/Statements/Vermont|Vermont]].
:*The 2022 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published alongside [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|the ranking of prioritized proposals]].
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{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
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== [[Rose Terrace (Perth, Scotland)]] ==

Would you say the above article is notable? I haven't yet started my short quest to find similar articles to [[Kinnoull Terrace]], but I created the Rose Terrace article because i) it has a prominent location beside the [[North Inch]] and b) due to it consisting solely of notable buildings. I created the Kinnoull Terrace article for the same reasons (its elevated viewpoint across the Tay being one of them). [[User:Seasider53|Seasider53]] ([[User talk:Seasider53|talk]]) 17:23, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

== Who's Who (UK) RfC ==

Hi, I've started a new topic on the [[Talk:Who's Who (UK)#Reliability and accuracy|Who's Who (UK) talk page]] which I think might prove to be useful regarding the recent RfC [[User:Piecesofuk|Piecesofuk]] ([[User talk:Piecesofuk|talk]]) 10:19, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Olympics]] ==

Hello. I've begun a deletion sorting page for articles about the Olympics which are nominated at AfD. Hope you find it useful. [[User:No Great Shaker|No Great Shaker]] ([[User talk:No Great Shaker|talk]]) 13:28, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

== I don't get it... ==

Hi, it has been a while, but you reverted me [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Love&diff=prev&oldid=1055355450 here]. I do not understand why, could you please explain? [[User:Ken Tukkie|Ken Tukkie]] ([[User talk:Ken Tukkie|talk]]) 06:11, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
:Because there wasn't an article about him at the time and the addition appeared to be a substitute for an article, which is not what disambiguation pages are for. Now an article ''has'' been written about him he has been readded to the page. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 07:36, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
::ah, ok thanks for explaining. So no red links on disambibuation pages. Got it! [[User:Ken Tukkie|Ken Tukkie]] ([[User talk:Ken Tukkie|talk]]) 08:50, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
:::Not unless it's absolutely certain that the person is worthy of an article. And even then not a substitute for an article (with full dates etc as this entry had). -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 08:55, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – April 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (March 2022).

{{Col-begin}}
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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Firefly|Firefly]] • [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Sdrqaz|Sdrqaz]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1076228437#Request Re-Sysop (Ad Orientem)|Ad Orientem]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1077600505#Arbitration motion regarding Geschichte|Geschichte]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1074584328#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#March 2022|Ryan Postlethwaite]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1074584328#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#March 2022|Sabine's Sunbird]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1074584328#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#March 2022|Wassupwestcoast]]

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[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1079871142#Inactive interface administrators 2022-03-28|Evad37]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
*[[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Request for comment on administrator activity requirements|An RfC is open]] proposing a change to the minimum [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural_removal_for_inactive_administrators|activity requirements for administrators]].

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* Access to [[Special:RevisionDelete]] has been expanded to include users who have the <code>deletelogentry</code> and <code>deletedhistory</code> rights. This means that those in the [[Special:ListUsers/researcher|Researcher]] user group and [[Special:ListUsers/checkuser|Checkusers]] who are not administrators can now access [[Special:RevisionDelete]]. The users able to view the special page after this change are the 3 users in the Researcher group, as there are currently no checkusers who are not already administrators. ({{phab|T301928}})
* When viewing deleted revisions or diffs on [[Special:Undelete]] a back link to the undelete page for the associated page is now present. ({{phab|T284114}})

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
*{{section link|Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Procedures#Opening_of_proceedings}} has been updated to reflect current practice following a [[Special:Permalink/1079905119#Opening_of_proceedings_amendment|motion]].
*A arbitration case regarding [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Skepticism and coordinated editing|Skepticism and coordinated editing]] has been closed.
*A arbitration case regarding [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/WikiProject Tropical Cyclones|WikiProject Tropical Cyclones]] has been opened.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
*Voting for the [[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines]] has closed, and the [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results|results]] were that 56.98% of voters supported the guidelines. The results of this vote mean the [https://wikimediafoundation.org/role/board/ Wikimedia Foundation Board] will now review the guidelines.
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{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
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== New administrator activity requirement ==

{{ivmbox|The administrator policy has been updated with new [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural_removal_for_inactive_administrators|activity requirements]] following a successful [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Request for comment on administrator activity requirements|Request for Comment]].

Beginning January 1, 2023, administrators who meet one or both of the following criteria may be desysopped for inactivity if they have:
#Made neither edits nor administrative actions for at least a 12-month period OR
#Made fewer than 100 edits over a 60-month period

Administrators at risk for being desysopped under these criteria will continue to be notified ahead of time. Thank you for your continued work.
}}
22:53, 15 April 2022 (UTC)


== Order in lists ==

Hi, is there a regulation about the order (alpha or chronological) in lists of names? [[User:Denisarona|Denisarona]] ([[User talk:Denisarona|talk]]) 08:44, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
:No regulation. But general practice has been to order chronologically. It's more user-friendly as it doesn't assume the reader knows what name or disambiguator we have used for an individual. A reader is far more likely to know approximately when someone was alive. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 10:34, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – May 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (April 2022).

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Colin M|Colin M]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1080392692#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#April 2022|David.Monniaux]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1080392692#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#April 2022|Fribbler]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1080392692#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#April 2022|Grue]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1082971166#Desysop request (Kpjas)|Kpjas]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1080392692#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#April 2022|West.andrew.g]]

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[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1083958466#Changes to the functionary team|Ks0stm]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermaLink/1083958466#Changes to the functionary team|Ks0stm]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
* Following an [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Request for comment on administrator activity requirements|RfC]], a change has been made to the [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural removal for inactive administrators|administrators inactivity policy]]. Under the new policy, if an administrator has not made at least 100 edits over a period of 5 years they may be desysopped for inactivity.
* Following a [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard/Archive 47#Request for comment on Bureaucrat activity requirements|discussion]] on the [[WP:BN|bureaucrat's noticeboard]], a change has been made to the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats#Inactive bureaucrat accounts|bureaucrats inactivity policy]].

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* The ability to undelete the associated talk page when undeleting a page has been added. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* A public status system for WMF wikis has been created. It is located at https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ and is hosted separately to WMF wikis so in the case of an outage it will remain viewable.

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/St_Christopher#Single-purpose_accounts_restrained|Remedy 2]] of the ''St Christopher'' case has been rescinded following a [[Special:Permalink/1084812241#St Christopher|motion]]. The remedy previously authorised administrators to place a ban on single-purpose accounts who were disruptively editing on the article [[St Christopher Iba Mar Diop College of Medicine]] or related pages from those pages.

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{{Center|{{Flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 23:34, 9 May 2022 (UTC)}}


== Better name for Page Korean-style fortresses in Japan ==
Hello, on 20 October 2021, you said "Ancient mountain castle" was too generic for the page [[Korean-style_fortresses_in_Japan]]. The reason I proposed that was because its the Japanese page name. To make it more specific to Japan it could be named "Mountain fortresses in Japan" or "Mountain castles in Japan" or "Ancient Mountain fortresses in Japan". What do you think? -[[User:Artanisen|Artanisen]] ([[User talk:Artanisen|talk]]) 18:04, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

== Userfication Request ==

Hi there! I doubt you remember me but I gave you a Barnstar years ago for a page that you opted to userfy and maintain rather than see it disappear. A page that I was particularly fond of was deleted a few months ago and I wanted to know if you would be able to userfy it for me so that I can maintain it in my userspace. It's [[Living Presidents of the United States]]. I actually started one for Supreme Court Justices which is unlikely to go live now but it's a bit of a passion project for me, and I think it should exist in some form. Hope all is well! [[User:HarlandQPitt|Harland]][[User talk:HarlandQPitt|Q]][[Special:Contributions/HarlandQPitt|Pitt]] 02:51, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

== Al Aqsa ==

I don't want to fill up the RM thread, but your comment is simply wrong. Are you open to reconsidering if I can illustrate this to you? [[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 12:57, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
:No, my comment is not simply wrong. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 12:59, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
::I can explain what I mean, but I want to ensure that you would welcome that. [[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 13:06, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
:::I know what you mean, but I don't agree with you. The term commonly refers to the mosque, especially when it has "mosque" attached to it. We don't need "mosque" appearing twice in the title. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 13:08, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
::::When I put Al Aqsa Mosque into google, it has the following automated suggested questions:
:::::*Why is Masjid Al-Aqsa so important?

:::::*Who owns Al Aqsa Mosque?

:::::*Why did Israel enter Al-Aqsa?
:::::*What happened in Al-Aqsa?
:::::*What does the Quran say about Al-Aqsa?
:::::*What does Aqsa mean?
:::::*What are the 3 holiest places in Islam?
:::::*Is Masjid Al Aqsa Dome of the Rock?
::::This is likely a reasonable cross-section of what average readers of our article are trying to figure out.
::::All of these questions are actually (intentionally or not) referring to the compound ([[Temple Mount]]), not the building at the southern end.
::::[[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 13:14, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
:::::Yes, but only one of those actually says [[Al Aqsa Mosque]]! And we do not title our articles according to what Google says! -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 13:16, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
::::::Al Aqsa is an abbreviation, and Masjid Al-Aqsa a translation. They both mean "Al Aqsa Mosque".
::::::The questions show clearly that the terminology is ambiguous.
::::::It shows beyond doubt that when readers search for Al Aqsa Mosque, they will frequently be thinking of the Quranic significance (=> Temple Mount) or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict dispute (=> Temple Mount).
::::::Our policy says ''"A topic is primary for a term with respect to usage if it is highly likely — much more likely than any other single topic... — to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term."''
::::::[[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 13:36, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
:::::::{{tq|Al Aqsa is an abbreviation, and Masjid Al-Aqsa a translation. They both mean "Al Aqsa Mosque".}} That's completely irrelevant to the fact that in ''English-language'' sources Al Aqsa Mosque usually refers to the mosque not the area. I'm not going to change my mind on this. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
::::::::{{tq|...the fact that in English-language sources Al Aqsa Mosque usually refers to the mosque not the area}}
::::::::Are you certain? Google scholar usage would disagree.
::::::::[[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 13:43, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::As the famous English economist [[John Maynard Keynes]] once said: "When I find new information I change my mind; What do you do?".
:::::::::If you would like me to stop commenting here, I will do so.
:::::::::[[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 14:39, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::I only change my mind if I am convinced by it! I am not. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 15:08, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::Quite right. I am confident that you will be convinced if you have the available time. I am hoping for another editor’s engagement with '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAl-Aqsa_Mosque&type=revision&diff=1090810371&oldid=1090808547 this comment]''', which you may not have seen. I think this evidence will convince you also if you are able to verify my claims. [[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 15:54, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::::Any chance I could convince you to come and have another look at the discussion? We now have even more sources, and I am pushing for a clearer focus on the actual policy. [[User:Onceinawhile|Onceinawhile]] ([[User talk:Onceinawhile|talk]]) 17:08, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

== MBEs ==

Hi Necrothesp. I imagine you must have a good source for all of today's new MBEs, CBEs and OBEs. I was just wondering why you haven't also added that source, at the same time, for each of those BLP additions. Thanks. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 22:35, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
:It's just easier to do it one stage at a time. Don't worry, the sources will be added. These are all from the official government list. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 22:37, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

::I come with the same point: there are unsourced additions to blp articles hitting many editors'watchlists, with nothing to indicate that a source is forthcoming. Another time, if it's really too difficult to add a standard ref to your source in each edit, please use an edit summary which includes "will add source shortly" or similar. Perhaps process them a batch at a time, doing a run of "add postnominals" then a run of "add sources"? Thanks. [[User:PamD|'''''Pam''''']][[User talk:PamD|'''''D''''']] 04:46, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – June 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (May 2022).

{{Col-begin}}
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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Tamzin|Tamzin]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1085519452#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#May 2022|Barek]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1085519452#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#May 2022|Darkwind]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1085519452#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#May 2022|Geometry guy]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1087323198#Desysop User:ProcseeBot|ProcseeBot]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1085519452#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#May 2022|RoyBoy]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1088587925#Voluntary desysop request ( Sean Whitton)|Sean Whitton]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1087778488#Setting down tools for a while (Valereee)|Valereee]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1085519452#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#May 2022|Visorstuff]] • [[Special:PermaLink/1085519452#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#May 2022|WAvegetarian]]
:[[File:Pictogram voting rename.png|20px|alt=renamed|Renamed]] {{noping|Sn0wflake}} → {{noping|VersedFenrir}}

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[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:Permalink/1088868344#Changes to the functionaries team|Ivanvector]]

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[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
* Several areas of improvement collated from [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|community member votes]] have been identified in the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines]]. The areas of improvement have been sent back for review and you are [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|invited to provide input]] on these areas.

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access [[Special:Block]] directly from user pages. ({{phab|T307341}})
* The [[:m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] has been [[:m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|deployed]] to all wikis as a Beta Feature. Any autoconfirmed user may enable the feature using the "IP info" checkbox under {{myprefs|Beta features}}. Autoconfirmed users will be able to access basic information about an IP address that includes the country and connection method. Those with advanced privileges (admin, bureaucrat, checkuser) will have access to extra information that includes the Internet Service Provider and more specific location.

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Rachel Marsden#Articles which relate to Rachel Marsden|Remedy 2]] of the ''Rachel Marsden'' case has been rescinded following a [[Special:Permalink/1087968989#Rachel Marsden|motion]]. The remedy previously authorised administrators to delete or reduce to a stub, together with their talk pages, articles related to [[Rachel Marsden]] when they violate [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|Wikipedia's biographies of living persons policy]].
* An arbitration case regarding [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/WikiProject Tropical Cyclones|WikiProject Tropical Cyclones]] has been closed.

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== [[Florida Bible Christian School]] and [[Faith Baptist School (Fort Pierce, Florida)]] ==

Since you've deprodded [[Florida Bible Christian School]] and [[Faith Baptist School (Fort Pierce, Florida)]], are you willing to improve it or to come up with a redirect target? I would rather not waste everyone's time at AfD. I've already done BEFORE; I would never prod it if I thought there was significant coverage. I personally would suggest preserving the existing work by redirecting to [[Miami-Dade_County,_Florida#Education]] and [[Fort Pierce, Florida#Education]]. What do you think? [[User:Jacona|Jacona]] ([[User talk:Jacona|talk]]) 14:10, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

And perhaps redirect [[Winter Haven Christian School]] and [[Oasis Christian Academy]] to [[Winter Haven,_Florida#Education]]? (I have not yet done [[WP:BEFORE]] on these, but they look like about the same likelihood. [[User:Jacona|Jacona]] ([[User talk:Jacona|talk]]) 14:34, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
:I never support redirection of school articles to their locations. It is virtually unheard of for there to be no sources for secondary schools in English-speaking countries. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 14:50, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
::I used to believe the same (for secondary schools, not elementary/middle schools), but since [[WP:NSCHOOL]] was gutted and now merely defers to [[WP:GNG]], just the existence of sources is not enough, [[WP:SIGCOV]] is required. The consensus established in gutting NSCHOOL is that we are going to remove low-notability school articles, and these are the kind that are most likely to go. Rather than deletion, [[WP:ATD/R]] would [[WP:PRESERVE]] the content and its history (not that there is much in these to begin with.) The handwriting is on the wall. I'll give it a little while. Thanks. [[User:Jacona|Jacona]] ([[User talk:Jacona|talk]]) 15:22, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Consensus at AfD has generally remained that secondary schools in English-speaking countries are notable, despite regular attempts at deletion. Very few ''have'' actually been deleted and AfD remains one of the major venues at which notability consensus on Wikipedia is determined. The situation for schools in other countries is obviously different, which sadly does rather lead to [[WP:SYSTEMIC]]. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 15:34, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
::::Some have been deleted. I think these likely would be. I would prefer a redirect....You are right about the bias. I don't want to put myself as the judge, nor the expert in finding sources in other languages/countries. Unfortunately, there are a lot of editors who falsely believe they do. [[User:Jacona|Jacona]] ([[User talk:Jacona|talk]]) 15:39, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

== Weight at AfD ==

Hi [[User:Necrothesp]]! I appreciate your participation at AfD, especially since we seem to be on the same side of discussions we both participate in. Do you think it would be possible to give more detailed explanations about why you choose your !votes? You often comment "Enough sourcing to meet WP:GNG as with any American secondary school", but not all the editors reading the discussion agree that any American secondary school is [[WP:N]], and AfD is not decided by just votes. I'm concerned that closing administrators will not give equal weight to your votes, and as time goes on may even mentally automatically discount them, just as they generally do with editors who cut-and-paste a generic delete rationale on discussion after discussion. Your outcomes (which are pretty good) will probably be even better if you give a more detailed rationale, including things like a source or two you find convincing. Anyway, I appreciate your participation and wish you the best! Thanks! [[User:Jacona|Jacona]] ([[User talk:Jacona|talk]]) 12:17, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
:Thanks. Per [[WP:NEXIST]] sources only have to exist. They do not have to be in the article. They do not have to be online. My point is that it is virtually impossible that an American (or British or Canadian or Australian etc) secondary school will not have enough sources ''available'' to pass GNG. As far as I can see, only a committed deletionist who is not here to expand Wikipedia could disagree with this and we're never going to convince them. Over the years I have seen AfD becoming more and more of a battleground between them and the rest of us, and I sometimes despair for the future of Wikipedia as increasing numbers of them seem to appear. I do not understand their outlook and I'm afraid I never will. And I speak as someone who has deleted much rubbish over my years here, not as someone who (as I have been accused) wants to keep everything indiscriminately. -- [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] ([[User talk:Necrothesp#top|talk]]) 12:58, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

::I mostly agree with this…I think it’s more likely you will convince others with an explanation like this, explaining why most of these schools will be notable. I appreciate your help![[User:Jacona|Jacona]] ([[User talk:Jacona|talk]]) 13:28, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

== Andreas Renner ==

Thanks for your input on the AfD. It’s been closed as no consensus. The article has been improved but probably still needs some context for people not familiar with how police are organized in Germany. Could you add it (or could you nudge someone else to do it)? I think a sentence or two on that would greatly improve the impact of the article. — [[User:rsjaffe|rsjaffe]] [[User talk:rsjaffe|🗣️]] 20:59, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

== Why did you revert my edit?! ==

Why did you revert my edit on [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] article? The term 'conquest' is obviously biased and is intended to hide the colonialist nature of the invasion. Why would an edit like that be reverted?! --[[User:Simsman333|Simsman333]] ([[User talk:Simsman333|talk]]) 10:34, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

User talk:Simsman333

2022-06-21T10:19:18Z

Simsman333: /* Your edits */

==Your edits==
Hi,

Some of your recent edits such as this one [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mada_Masr&diff=prev&oldid=925491658] on the [[Mada Masr]] article or this one [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Egyptian_parliamentary_election&diff=prev&oldid=935688763] on the [[2020 Egyptian parliamentary election]], were done by removing sourced info. Please don't remove sourced info.

Thanks, [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 18:20, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

*[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Boud|Boud]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Simsman333|your recent contributions]] to [[:2019 Egyptian protests]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. {{diff|2019 Egyptian protests|936892779|927314297|This is your edit}} that removed sourced content and gave an edit summary, "{{tquote|He actually didn't talk about any protests, he was answering a different question.}}" that disagrees with the source, which states "{{tquote|In the meeting with Trump, al-Sisi blamed the protests on “political Islam,”}}". [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 21:52, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

My edit was actually constructive and factual ,unlike the politically-motivated intended disinformation that existed on this article ,which you and other 'users' tolerated. Now, I hope that my edit gets approved and this 'reverting' gets reverted in the near term. --[[User:Simsman333|Simsman333]] ([[User talk:Simsman333#top|talk]]) 10:17, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

User talk:Simsman333

2022-06-21T10:17:18Z

Simsman333: /* Your edits */

==Your edits==
Hi,

Some of your recent edits such as this one [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mada_Masr&diff=prev&oldid=925491658] on the [[Mada Masr]] article or this one [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Egyptian_parliamentary_election&diff=prev&oldid=935688763] on the [[2020 Egyptian parliamentary election]], were done by removing sourced info. Please don't remove sourced info.

Thanks, [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 18:20, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

*[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Boud|Boud]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Simsman333|your recent contributions]] to [[:2019 Egyptian protests]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. {{diff|2019 Egyptian protests|936892779|927314297|This is your edit}} that removed sourced content and gave an edit summary, "{{tquote|He actually didn't talk about any protests, he was answering a different question.}}" that disagrees with the source, which states "{{tquote|In the meeting with Trump, al-Sisi blamed the protests on “political Islam,”}}". [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 21:52, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

My edit was actually constructive and factual ,unlike the intended disinformation that existed on this article ,which you and other 'users' tolerated. Now, I hope that my edits are approved and this 'reverting' gets reverted in the near term. --[[User:Simsman333|Simsman333]] ([[User talk:Simsman333#top|talk]]) 10:17, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

CONCACAF

2022-03-10T12:43:05Z

Simsman333:

{{Short description|One of FIFA's six continental governing bodies for association football}}
{{For|the CONCACAF Gold Cup|CONCACAF Gold Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= September 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
| logo = Concacaf logo.svg
| logo_size = 230px
| map = CONCACAF member associations map.svg
| abbreviation = CONCACAF
| motto =
| predecessor = {{plainlist|
* [[North American Football Confederation|NAFC]]
* [[Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol|CCCF]]
}}
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|1961|09|18|df=y}}
| founding_location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]
| type = Sports organization
| headquarters = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| location =
| coords = {{coord|25.773|-80.138|display=inline, title}}
| region = [[North America]] (the [[Caribbean]], [[Central America]], and [[Northern America]]) [[South America]] ([[The Guianas]])
| membership = [[List of men's national association football teams#CONCACAF (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)|41 member associations]]
| language = {{plainlist|
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
}}
| leader_title = [[List of presidents of CONCACAF|President]]
| leader_name = [[Victor Montagliani]]
| leader_title2 = Vice Presidents
| leader_name2 = [[Rodolfo Villalobos]] [[Sunil Gulati]] [[Randolph Harris]] [[Yon de Luisa]]
| leader_title3 = General Secretary
| leader_name3 = [[Philippe Moggio]]
| parent_organization = [[FIFA]]
| subsidiaries = {{plainlist|
* [[North American Football Union|NAFU]]
* [[Central American Football Union|UNCAF]]
* [[Caribbean Football Union|CFU]]
}}
| website = {{url|https://www.concacaf.com/|concacaf.com}}
}}
{{FIFA confederations}}
The '''Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football''',<ref>"The organization shall be called 'The Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football' or 'Concacaf' and shall be composed of national associations belonging to [[Northern America]], [[Central America]] (including [[Mexico]]) and the [[Caribbean]]." [http://www.concacaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CONCACAF-Statutes-Draft-2015-FINAL.pdf STATUTES OF THE CONFEDERATION OF NORTH, CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL. Edition 2015. Article 1, Section 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102251/http://www.concacaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CONCACAF-Statutes-Draft-2015-FINAL.pdf |date=5 September 2015 }}. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</ref>{{Efn|{{lang-es|Confederación de Fútbol de Norte, Centroamérica y el Caribe}}, {{IPA-es|koɱfeðeɾaˈsjon de ˈfuðβol de ˈnoɾte ˌsentɾoaˈmeɾika j el kaˈɾiβe|pron}}; {{lang-fr|Confédération de football d'Amérique du Nord, d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes}}, {{IPA-fr|kɔ̃fedeʁasjɔ̃ də futbɔl dameʁik dy nɔʁ dameʁik sɑ̃tʁal e dɛ kaʁa.ib|pron}}. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] uses the English name.}} abbreviated as '''CONCACAF''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|k|ə|k|æ|f}} {{Respell|KON|kə-kaf}}; typeset for branding purposes since 2018 as '''Concacaf'''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/03/07/concacaf-nations-league-format-rules-tiers-usa-mexico |first=Brian |last=Straus |title=New-Look Concacaf Unveils Format, Rules for Nations League Competition |publisher=[[Sports Illustrated|SI.com]] |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> is one of [[FIFA]]'s six continental governing bodies for [[association football]]. Its 41 member associations represent countries and territories mainly in [[North America]], including the [[Caribbean]] and [[Central America]], and due to [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] reasons, three nations from [[the Guianas]] [[Subregion#South America|subregion]] of [[South America]]—[[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[French Guiana]] (an [[overseas department and region|overseas region]] of [[French Fifth Republic|France]]).<ref>[http://www.concacaf.com/page/NationalAssociations/0,,12813,00.html Concacaf Main | CONCACAF Home | About Us | National Associations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004133131/http://www.concacaf.com/page/NationalAssociations/0,,12813,00.html |date=4 October 2012 }}. Concacaf.com. Retrieved on 14 October 2011.</ref> The CONCACAF's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs, and to conduct the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] and [[FIFA Women's World Cup|Women's World Cup]] qualifying tournaments.

The CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]], with the merger of the [[North American Football Confederation|NAFC]] and the [[Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol|CCCF]], which made it one of the then five, now six, continental confederations affiliated with FIFA. [[Canadian Soccer Association|Canada]], [[Federación Costarricense de Fútbol|Costa Rica]], [[Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba|Cuba]], [[Federación Salvadoreña de Fútbol|El Salvador]], [[Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[Fédération Haïtienne de Football|Haiti]], [[Federación Nacional Autónoma de Fútbol de Honduras|Honduras]], [[Mexican Federation of Association Football|Mexico]], [[Curaçao Football Federation|Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao)]], [[Nicaraguan Football Federation|Nicaragua]], [[Panamanian Football Federation|Panama]], [[Surinaamse Voetbal Bond|Suriname]] and the [[United States Soccer Federation|United States]] were founding members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1CghAAAAIBAJ&pg=1063%2C13514197 |title=Ramón Coll, electo Presidente de la Confederación de Futbol de América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe |date=23 September 1961 }}</ref>

The CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation. Mexico dominated CONCACAF men's competition early on and has won the most [[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Gold Cups]] since the beginning of the tournament in its current format. The [[Mexico national football team]] is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup]]. Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup. In recent years Costa Rica and Panama have become powers in the region; in 2014, Costa Rica became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States, Cuba, and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals, while Panama became the eleventh country from the confederation to participate in the World Cup in 2018. The [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]] has been very successful in the women's game, being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women's football—the [[FIFA Women's World Cup|World Cup]] (4), the [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]] (4), and the [[Algarve Cup]] (10). [[Canada women's national soccer team|Canada]] is the only other member to win at least two of the major competitions, winning the [[2016 Algarve Cup|Algarve Cup]] in 2016 and the [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]] in 2021.

{{toclimit|3}}

==Governance==
The CONCACAF is led by a General Secretary, Executive Committee, Congress, and several standing committees. The Executive Committee is composed of eight members — one president, three vice-presidents, three members, and one female member.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concacaf.com/concacaf/executive-committee |title=Executive Committee |work=CONCACAF|access-date=14 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120154627/http://www.concacaf.com/concacaf/executive-committee|archive-date=20 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each of the three geographic zones in CONCACAF is represented by one vice-president and one member. The Executive Committee carries out the various statutes, regulations, and resolutions.

==Leadership==
{{See also|List of presidents of CONCACAF}}

[[File:CONCACAF logo (2014–18).svg|thumb|150px|right|Logo used until 2018]]

The first leader of CONCACAF was Costa Rican [[Ramón Coll Jaumet]]; he had overseen the merger between the [[North American Football Confederation]] (NAFC) and the [[Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol]] (CCCF). In 1969, he was succeeded in the role by Mexican [[Joaquín Soria Terrazas]], who served as president for 21 years.

His successor [[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]] was the CONCACAF president from 1990 to 2011, also for 21 years. Warner was suspended as president on 30 May 2011 due to his [[61st FIFA Congress#Ethics committee|temporary suspension from football-related activity by FIFA]] following corruption allegations.<ref name="hammam-warner">{{Cite news |date=29 May 2011 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/football/05/29/football.fifa.hammam.warner/index.html |title=Bin Hammam and Warner suspended after FIFA investigation |publisher=CNN}}</ref> [[Chuck Blazer]] was the General Secretary during the same period.<ref>[http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/7067775/whistleblower-chuck-blazer-resigning-no-2-concacaf-post Chuck Blazer resigns CONCACAF post] – ESPN / AP, 6 October 2011</ref>

On 20 June 2011, [[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]] resigned from the presidency of CONCACAF, and removed himself from all participation in football, in the wake of the corruption investigation resulting from 10 May 2011 meeting of the [[Caribbean Football Union]].<ref name="fifa.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110623193609/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/news/newsid=1455834/index.html FIFA announces Jack Warner resignation 20 June 2011]. Fifa.com (20 June 2011). Retrieved on 14 October 2011.</ref> The vice-president of CONCACAF, [[Alfredo Hawit]], acted as president until May 2012.<ref name="concacaf-suspends">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/sports/soccer/concacaf-suspends-its-acting-president-lisle-austin.html |title=Concacaf Suspends Its Acting President on Eve of Gold Cup |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In May 2012, Cayman Islands banker [[Jeffrey Webb (football executive)|Jeffrey Webb]] was installed as President of CONCACAF. On 27 May 2015, Webb was arrested in Zurich, Switzerland on corruption charges in the U.S.

[[Victor Montagliani]], leader of the [[Canadian Soccer Association]], was elected as president of CONCACAF in May 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/victor-montagliani-concacaf-1.3579006 |title=Canadian wins CONCACAF presidency |access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>

===Current leaders===
{|class="wikitable"
!Name<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/concacaf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173824/https://www.fifa.com/associations/concacaf/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2019 |title=FIFA Associations and Confederations – CONCACAF – FIFA.com |last=FIFA.com |website=FIFA.com |access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.concacaf.com/en/concacaf/concacaf-council |title=CONCACAF Council |website=www.concacaf.com |language=en|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
!Nation
!Position
|-
|[[Victor Montagliani]]
|{{flagu|Canada}}
|President
|-
|[[Rodolfo Villalobos]]
|{{flagu|Costa Rica}}
|Vice president
|-
|[[Sunil Gulati]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|Vice president
|-
|[[Randolph Harris]]
|{{flagu|Barbados}}
|Vice president
|-
|[[Yon de Luisa]]
|{{flagu|Mexico}}
|Vice president
|-
|[[Philippe Moggio]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|General secretary
|-

|-
|[[Sonia Bien-Aime]]
|{{flagu|Cayman Islands}}
|Member
|-
|[[Jorge Salomon]]
|{{flagu|Honduras}}
|Member
|}

==Corporate structure==
{{Location map+ |CONCACAF |width=300|float=right |caption=Locations of CONCACAF offices |places=
{{Location map~ |CONCACAF |lat=25.066 |long=-77.333 |label=Nassau, Bahamas |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |CONCACAF |lat=13.050 |long=-59.500 |label=Bridgetown, Barbados |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |CONCACAF |lat=25.773 |long=-80.138 |label=Miami, United States |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |CONCACAF |lat=14.598 |long=-90.513 |label=Guatemala City, Guatemala |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |CONCACAF |lat=18 |long=-76.783 |label=Kingston, Jamaica |position=left}}
}}
CONCACAF is a non-profit company registered in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], [[Bahamas]].

The headquarters of the CONCACAF are located in [[Miami]], [[United States]]. Previously it had been the Admiral Financial Center, [[George Town, Cayman Islands]]—the home city of former CONCACAF president [[Jeffrey Webb (football executive)|Jeffrey Webb]] and prior to that, they were based in [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] under the presidency of [[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]]. The administration office of CONCACAF was previously located in [[Trump Tower]], New York when [[Chuck Blazer]] was the General Secretary.

In February 2017, a satellite office was opened in Kingston, Jamaica.<ref>{{cite web |title=CONCACAF opens new office in Caribbean to support growth |url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/concacaf-opens-new-office-in-caribbean-to-support-growth |website=www.concacaf.com |access-date=8 March 2018 |language=en |date=28 February 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, a second satellite office was opened in Guatemala City, which is shared with [[UNCAF]],<ref>{{cite web |title=New CONCACAF Office Opens in Guatemala |url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/new-concacaf-office-opens-in-guatemala |website=www.concacaf.com |access-date=8 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and most recently another satellite office for the FIFA Caribbean Development Office<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lindsay |first1=Morissa |date=29 May 2018 |title=FIFA's 'home' |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2018/05/29/fifas-home/ |work=Barbados Today |access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Writer |date=30 May 2018 |title=FIFA Regional Office open for business |url=https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/sports/sporting-boost |work=The Barbados Advocate Co. |access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref> was opened in Bridgetown, Barbados' suburb of Welches.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=Ezra |date=10 May 2018 |title=Major milestone |url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/156260/major-milestone |work=Barbados Daily Nation Newspaper |access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agard |first1=Rachelle |date=30 May 2018 |title=FIFA in B'dos |url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/162261/fifa-b-dos |work=Barbados Daily Nation Newspaper |access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Members==
CONCACAF has 41 member associations:<ref name="concacaf.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.concacaf.com/concacaf |title=CONCACAF }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
! [[FIFA country code|{{tooltip|Code|FIFA country code}}]] !! Association !! class="unsortable"|National teams !! Founded !! FIFA affiliation !! CONCACAF affiliation !! [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] member
|-
!colspan="7"|[[North American Football Union|North American Zone (NAFU)]] (3)
|-
|CAN ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|CAN}}
|([[Canada men's national soccer team|M]], [[Canada women's national soccer team|W]])
|1912
|1913
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|MEX ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|MEX}}
|([[Mexico national football team|M]], [[Mexico women's national football team|W]])
|1922
|1929
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|USA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|USA}}
|([[United States men's national soccer team|M]], [[United States women's national soccer team|W]])
|1913
|1914
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
!colspan="7"|[[Central American Football Union|Central American Zone (UNCAF)]] (7)
|-
|BLZ ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|BLZ}}
|([[Belize national football team|M]], [[Belize women's national football team|W]])
|1980
|1986
|1986
|{{yes}}
|-
|CRC ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|CRC}}
|([[Costa Rica national football team|M]], [[Costa Rica women's national football team|W]])
|1921
|1927
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|SLV ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|SLV}}
|([[El Salvador national football team|M]], [[El Salvador women's national football team|W]])
|1935
|1938
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|GUA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|GUA}}
|([[Guatemala national football team|M]], [[Guatemala women's national football team|W]])
|1919
|1946
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|HON ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|HON}}
|([[Honduras national football team|M]], [[Honduras women's national football team|W]])
|1935
|1946
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|NCA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|NCA}}
|([[Nicaragua national football team|M]], [[Nicaragua women's national football team|W]])
|1931
|1950
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|PAN ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|PAN}}
|([[Panama national football team|M]], [[Panama women's national football team|W]])
|1937
|1938
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
!colspan="7"|[[Caribbean Football Union|Caribbean Zone (CFU)]] (31)
|-
|AIA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|AIA}}
|([[Anguilla national football team|M]], [[Anguilla women's national football team|W]])
|1990
|1996
|1996
|{{no}}
|-
|ATG ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|ATG}}
|([[Antigua and Barbuda national football team|M]], [[Antigua and Barbuda women's national football team|W]])
|1928
|1972
|between 1961 and 1973
|{{yes}}
|-
|ARU ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|ARU}}
|([[Aruba national football team|M]], [[Aruba women's national football team|W]])
|1932
|1988
|1986
|{{yes}}
|-
|BAH ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|BAH}}
|([[Bahamas national football team|M]], [[Bahamas women's national football team|W]])
|1967
|1968
|between 1961 and 1973
|{{yes}}
|-
|BRB ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|BRB}}
|([[Barbados national football team|M]], [[Barbados women's national football team|W]])
|1910
|1968
|1967
|{{yes}}
|-
|BER ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|BER}}
| ([[Bermuda national football team|M]], [[Bermuda women's national football team|W]])
|1928
|1962
|1967
|{{yes}}

|-
|BOE ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|BOE}}<ref group="m" name="not-FIFA">Full CONCACAF member, but not a FIFA member.</ref>
| ([[Bonaire national football team|M]], [[Bonaire women's national football team|W]])
|1960
|{{n/a}}
|2014
|{{no}}

|-
|VGB ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|VGB}}
|([[British Virgin Islands national football team|M]], [[British Virgin Islands women's national football team|W]])
|1974
|1996
|1996
|{{yes}}
|-
|CAY ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|CAY}}
|([[Cayman Islands national football team|M]], [[Cayman Islands women's national football team|W]])
|1966
|1992
|1990
|{{yes}}
|-
|CUB ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|CUB}}
|([[Cuba national football team|M]], [[Cuba women's national football team|W]])
|1924
|1929
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|CUW ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|CUW}}
|([[Curaçao national football team|M]], [[Curaçao women's national football team|W]])
|1921
|1932
|1961
|{{no}}
|-
|DMA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|DMA}}
|([[Dominica national football team|M]], [[Dominica women's national football team|W]])
|1970
|1994
|1994
|{{yes}}
|-
|DOM ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|DOM}}
|([[Dominican Republic national football team|M]], [[Dominican Republic women's national football team|W]])
|1953
|1958
|1964
|{{yes}}
|-
|GUF ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|GUF}}<ref group="m" name="not-FIFA"/>
| ([[French Guiana national football team|M]], [[French Guiana women's national football team|W]])
|1962
|{{n/a}}
|2013
|{{no}}
|-
|GRN ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|GRN}}
|([[Grenada national football team|M]], [[Grenada women's national football team|W]])
|1924
|1978
|1978
|{{yes}}
|-
|GLP ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|GLP}}<ref group="m" name="not-FIFA"/>
| ([[Guadeloupe national football team|M]], [[Guadeloupe women's national football team|W]])
|1958
|{{n/a}}
|2013
|{{no}}
|-
|GUY ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|GUY}}
| ([[Guyana national football team|M]], [[Guyana women's national football team|W]])
|1902
|1970
|between 1969 and 1971
|{{yes}}
|-
|HAI ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|HAI}}
|([[Haiti national football team|M]], [[Haiti women's national football team|W]])
|1904
|1934
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|JAM ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|JAM}}
|([[Jamaica national football team|M]], [[Jamaica women's national football team|W]])
|1910
|1962
|1963
|{{yes}}
|-
|MTQ ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|MTQ}}<ref group="m" name="not-FIFA"/>
| ([[Martinique national football team|M]], [[Martinique women's national football team|W]])
|1953
|{{n/a}}
|2013
|{{no}}
|-
|MSR ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|MSR}}
|([[Montserrat national football team|M]], [[Montserrat women's national football team|W]])
|1994
|1996
|1996
|{{no}}
|-
|PUR ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|PUR}}
|([[Puerto Rico national football team|M]], [[Puerto Rico women's national football team|W]])
|1940
|1960
|1964
|{{yes}}
|-
|SKN ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|SKN}}
|([[Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team|M]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis women's national football team|W]])
|1932
|1992
|1992
|{{yes}}
|-
|LCA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|LCA}}
|([[Saint Lucia national football team|M]], [[Saint Lucia women's national football team|W]])
|1979
|1988
|1986
|{{yes}}
|-
|SMN ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|SMN}}<ref group="m" name="not-FIFA"/>
|([[Saint Martin national football team|M]], [[Saint Martin women's national football team|W]])
|1999
|{{n/a}}
|2013
|{{no}}
|-
|VIN ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|VIN}}
|([[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national football team|M]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines women's national football team|W]])
|1979
|1988
|1986
|{{yes}}
|-
|SMA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|SMA}}<ref group="m" name="not-FIFA"/>
| ([[Sint Maarten national football team|M]], W)
|1986
|{{n/a}}
|2013
|{{no}}
|-
|SUR ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|SUR}}
| ([[Suriname national football team|M]], [[Suriname women's national football team|W]])
|1920
|1929
|1961
|{{yes}}
|-
|TRI ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|TRI}}
|([[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|M]], [[Trinidad and Tobago women's national football team|W]])
|1908
|1964
|1964
|{{yes}}
|-
|TCA ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|TCA}}
|([[Turks and Caicos Islands national football team|M]], [[Turks and Caicos Islands women's national football team|W]])
|1996
|1998
|1996
|{{no}}
|-
|VIR ||style="text-align:left;"|{{fba|VIR}}
|([[United States Virgin Islands national soccer team|M]], [[United States Virgin Islands women's national soccer team|W]])
|1992
|1998
|1987
|{{yes}}
|}
M = Men's National Team. W = Women's National Team 
N/A: not applicable, not available or no answer.
{{reflist|group=m}}

Bonaire were promoted from an association member to a full member at the XXIX Ordinary CONCACAF Congress in [[São Paulo]] on 10 June 2014.

Teams not affiliated to the IOC are not eligible to participate in the [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics football tournament]], as a result, they do not participate in the CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament or the CONCACAF Women's Pre-Olympic Tournament.

===Non-members===
Some territories in the North, Central American and Caribbean region have national teams with no affiliation. All play infrequently and/or are in the early stages of being founded.
* Although one of the three [[Caribbean Netherlands#Administration|special municipalities]] of the [[Netherlands]] in the region is a member of CONCACAF ({{fb|Bonaire}}), the other two are not.
**{{fb|Saba}}
**{{fb|Sint Eustatius}}
* Although one of the three [[Overseas collectivity|overseas collectivities]] of [[France]] in the region is a member of CONCACAF ({{fb|Saint Martin|local}}), the other two are not.
**{{fb|Saint Barthélemy|local}}
**{{fb|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|local}}
***The Football Association of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] is expected to build a suitable venue with the goal of becoming a member of CONCACAF in September 2021.<ref>[http://www.conifa.org/en/2019/10/29/saint-pierre-and-miquelon-to-build-a-ground-with-an-artificial-pitch-and-join-concacaf/ Saint Pierre and Miquelon to build a ground with an artificial pitch and join CONCACAF] ConIFA. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</ref><ref name="Stéphane Šuflaj">{{cite web |last1=Bontron |first1=Nicolas |title=Stéphane Šuflaj a toujours l'envie de transmettre |url=http://m.lamarseillaise.fr/sports/football/80718-stephane-suflaj-a-toujours-l-envie-de-transmettre |publisher=lamarseillaise.fr |access-date=15 March 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>
* There is a national team within North America that is not a member of CONCACAF. It is under the autonomous territories of the [[Kingdom of Denmark]].
**{{fb|Greenland}} could join [[UEFA]] due to political links or CONCACAF due to geographical proximity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-greenland/danish-fa-supports-greenlands-bid-to-join-uefa-fifa-idUKKCN0SN1WY20151029 |title=Danish FA supports Greenland's bid to join UEFA, FIFA |last=Homewood |first=Brian |work=U.K.|access-date=3 August 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Membership relation==

Elections at the CONCACAF Congress are mandated with a one-member, one-vote rule. The North American Football Union is the smallest association union in the region with only three members, but its nations have strong commercial and marketing support from sponsors and they are the most populous nations in the region.

The Caribbean Football Union has the ability to outvote NAFU and UNCAF with less than half of its membership. Consequently, there is a fractious relationship between members of CFU, UNCAF and NAFU.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} This provoked former Acting-President [[Alfredo Hawit]] to lobby for the CONCACAF Presidency to be rotated between the three unions in CONCACAF in 2011.

Trinidad's [[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]] presided over CONCACAF for 21 years, and there was little that non-Caribbean nations could do to elect an alternative. Under Warner, the CFU members voted together as a unit with Warner acting as a [[whip (politics)|party whip]]. It happened with such regularity that sports political commentators referred to the CFU votes as the "Caribbean bloc" vote.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Warner rejected the idea in 1993 of merging several smaller nations' national teams into a Pan-Caribbean team. His reasoning was that the nations were more powerful politically when separate than when together. He commented that "being small is never a liability in this sport".<ref>{{cite news |title=Warner Rejects Idea Of Caribbean Team |url=http://www.ttfootballhistory.com/node/288 |newspaper=Jamaica Gleaner |date=4 August 1993}}</ref>

==Competitions==
{{See also|List of association football competitions|FIFA International Match Calendar}}

===CONCACAF continental competitions===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
'''National teams:'''
*[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]] (1991-present)
**[[AFC-CONCACAF Cup]] (starting 2023)
*[[CONCACAF Nations League]]
*[[CONCACAF Under-20 Championship|CONCACAF U-20 Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF U-17 Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Under-15 Championship|CONCACAF U-15 Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF W Championship|CONCACAF Women's Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Girls' U-15 Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Futsal Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship]]
{{col-break}}
'''Clubs:'''
*[[CONCACAF Champions League]]
*[[CONCACAF League]]
*[[CONCACAF Under-13 Champions League]]
*[[CONCACAF Caribbean Club Championship]]
*[[CONCACAF Caribbean Club Shield]]
*[[CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship|CONCACAF Futsal Cup]]
*CONCACAF Women's Champions League
'''Defunct'''
*[[CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup]]
*[[CONCACAF Giants Cup]]
*[[CFU Championship]] (1978–1985)
*[[North American SuperLiga|SuperLiga]] – North America regional championship
{{col-break}}
'''Intercontinental:'''

'''Defunct'''
*[[Copa Interclubes UNCAF]] – Central America regional championship
*[[Interamerican Cup]] – intercontinental with CONMEBOL region
{{col-break}}

====Defunct competitions====
{{colbegin}}
*[[NAFC Championship]] (1947, 1949)
*[[CCCF Championship]] (1941–1961)
*[[CONCACAF Championship]] (1963–1989)
*[[North American Nations Cup]] (1990, 1991)
*[[CONCACAF Champions' Cup]]
*[[North American SuperLiga|SuperLiga]] – North America regional championship
*[[CONCACAF Cup]]

{{col-end}}

{{main|List of CONCACAF competitions}}

The Gold Cup and the Champions League are the two most visible CONCACAF tournaments.<ref name="concacaf.com"/>

===CONCACAF Gold Cup===
{{Main|CONCACAF Gold Cup}}
The CONCACAF Gold Cup, held since 1991, is the main association football competition of the men's national football teams governed by CONCACAF. The Gold Cup is CONCACAF's flagship competition, and generates a significant part of CONCACAF's revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigapplesoccer.com/international/article.php?article_id=32905 |title=2016 COPA? Webb: CONCACAF 'exploring the possibility of hosting Copa America' |work=bigapplesoccer.com|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104134407/http://www.bigapplesoccer.com/international/article.php?article_id=32905|archive-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Gold Cup determines the regional champion of [[North American Football Union|North America]], [[Central American Football Union|Central America]], and the [[Caribbean Football Union|Caribbean]], and is held every two years. Starting with the [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2019 edition]], 16 teams compete for the Gold Cup (up from 12).

===CONCACAF Nations League===
{{Main|CONCACAF Nations League}}

All men's national teams of member associations take part in the CONCACAF Nations League, a competition created in 2017. National teams are placed into tiers and play matches against teams in the same tier. At the end of each season, teams can be promoted to the tier above or relegated to the tier below depending upon their results.

===CONCACAF Champions League===
{{Main|CONCACAF Champions League}}
The [[CONCACAF Champions League]], originally known as the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, is an annual continental club association football competition organized by CONCACAF since 1962 for the top football clubs in the region. It is the most prestigious international club competition in North American football. The winner of the Champions League qualifies for the [[FIFA Club World Cup]]. The knockout tournament spans February through April.<ref>{{cite web |title=CONCACAF CHAMPIONS LEAGUE REGULATIONS 2013/2014, Rule 3.7 |url=http://www.concacaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CCL1314-Regulations060313pdf.pdf |website=concacaf.com|access-date=14 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108043304/http://www.concacaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CCL1314-Regulations060313pdf.pdf|archive-date=8 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 2018, 16 teams compete in each Champions League; at least 9 from North America, at least 1 from the Caribbean and the remaining 6 from varying CONCACAF countries. The North American teams from [[Major League Soccer]] and [[Liga MX]] qualify through their national leagues or other national tournaments, while the Caribbean team qualifies through the [[Caribbean Club Championship]]; the remaining six teams qualify through the [[CONCACAF League]].

The title has been won by 28 clubs, 13 of which have won the title more than once. [[Liga MX|Mexican]] clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, with 36 titles. The second most successful league has been Costa Rica's [[Costa Rican Primera División|Primera División]] with six titles in total. The most successful club is [[Club América]] from Mexico, with seven titles; fellow Mexico side [[Cruz Azul]] is just behind with six.

===CONCACAF League===
{{Main|CONCACAF League}}

Eighteen clubs from Central America, three from the Caribbean, and one from Canada compete in the 2017-established CONCACAF League. The top six teams of the competition are awarded a place in the following year's CONCACAF Champions League.

===Current title holders===
{{See also|2022 in association football|2022 in sports|FIFA International Match Calendar}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Competition
| width="1%" rowspan=1 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
! Year
! Champions
! Title
! Runners-up
| width="1%" rowspan=1 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
! Next edition
|-
! colspan=10|National teams (men's)
|-
| [[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Gold Cup]]
| width="1%" rowspan=8 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
| [[2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2021]]
| {{fb|USA}}
| 7th
| {{fb|MEX}}
| width="1%" rowspan=8 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
| [[2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2023]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Nations League|Nations League]]
| [[2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League|2019–20]]
| {{fb|USA}}
| 1st
| {{fb|MEX}}
| [[2022–23 CONCACAF Nations League|2022–23]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]
| [[2020 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship|2020]]
| {{fbu|23|MEX}}
| 8th
| {{fbu|23|HON}}
| [[2023 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship|2023]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Under-20 Championship|U-20 Championship]]
| [[2018 CONCACAF U-20 Championship|2018]]
| {{fbu|20|USA}}
| 2nd
| {{fbu|20|MEX}}
| [[2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship|2022]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Under-17 Championship|U-17 Championship]]
| [[2019 CONCACAF U-17 Championship|2019]]
| {{fbu|17|MEX}}
| 7th
| {{fbu|17|USA}}
| [[2023 CONCACAF U-17 Championship|2023]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Boys' Under-15 Championship|U-15 Championship]]
| [[2019 CONCACAF Boys' Under-15 Championship|2019]]
| {{fbu|15|MEX}}
| 1st
| {{fbu|15|USA}}
| [[CONCACAF Boys' Under-15 Championship|2021]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Futsal Championship|Futsal Championship]]
| [[2021 CONCACAF Futsal Championship|2021]]
| {{futsal|CRC}}
| 4th
| {{futsal|USA}}
| [[2024 CONCACAF Futsal Championship|2024]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship|Beach Soccer Championship]]
| [[2021 CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship|2021]]
| {{beachsoccer|SLV}}
| 2nd
| {{Beachsoccer|USA}}
| [[2023 CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship|2023]]
|-
! colspan=10|National teams (women's)
|-
| [[CONCACAF W Championship|W Championship]]
| width="1%" rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
| [[2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship|2018]]
| {{fbw|USA}}
| 8th
| {{fbw|CAN}}
| width="1%" rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
| [[2022 CONCACAF W Championship|2022]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF W Gold Cup|W Gold Cup]]
|
|
|
|
| [[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup|2024]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]
| [[2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship|2020]]
| {{fbw|USA}}
| 5th
| {{fbw|CAN}}
| [[2024 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship|2024]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship|U-20 Women's Championship]]
| [[2020 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship|2020]]
| {{fbwu|20|USA}}
| 6th
| {{fbwu|20|MEX}}
| [[2022 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship|2022]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship|U-17 Women's Championship]]
| [[2018 CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship|2018]]
| {{fbwu|17|USA}}
| 4th
| {{fbwu|17|MEX}}
| [[2022 CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship|2022]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Girls' Under-15 Championship|U-15 Girls' Championship]]
| [[2018 CONCACAF Girls' U-15 Championship|2018]]
| {{fbwu|15|USA}}
| 2nd
| {{fbwu|15|MEX}}
| [[2020 CONCACAF Girls' U-15 Championship|2020]]
|-
! colspan=10|Club teams (men's)
|-
| [[CONCACAF Champions League|Champions League]]
| width="1%" rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
| [[2021 CONCACAF Champions League|2021]]
| {{fbaicon|MEX}} [[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]]
| 5th
| {{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
| width="1%" rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffffff;"|
| [[2022 CONCACAF Champions League|2022]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF League]]
| [[2021 CONCACAF League|2021]]
| {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Comunicaciones F.C.|Comunicaciones]]
| 1st
| {{fbaicon|HON}} [[F.C. Motagua|Motagua]]
| [[2022 CONCACAF League|2022]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Under-13 Champions League|U-13 Champions League]]
| [[2019 CONCACAF Champions League U13|2019]]
| {{fbaicon|USA}} [[Philadelphia Union]]
| 1st
| {{fbaicon|SLV}} [[ADFA Santa Ana]]
| [[2020 CONCACAF Champions League U13|2020]]
|-
| [[CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship|Futsal Club Championship]]
| [[2017 CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship|2017]]
| {{flagicon|CRC}} [[Grupo Line Futsal]]
| 1st
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Elite Futsal]]
| ''TBC''
|}

===Titles by nation===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Nation
!colspan=5|Men
!colspan=5|Women
!colspan=1|Futsal
!colspan=1|Beach
!rowspan=2|Total
|-
![[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Gold]]
![[CONCACAF Nations League|League]]
![[CONCACAF Under-20 Championship|U20]]
![[CONCACAF Under-17 Championship|U17]]
![[CONCACAF Under-15 Championship|U15]]
![[CONCACAF Women's Championship|Gold]]
![[CONCACAF Women's Nations League|League]]
![[CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship|U20]]
![[CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship|U17]]
![[CONCACAF Girls' Under-15 Championship|U15]]
![[CONCACAF Futsal Championship|Men's]]
![[CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship|Men's]]
|-align=center
|align=left|{{Flagu|Mexico}} || 11 || – || 13 || 8 || 1 || – || – || 1 || – || 1 || – || 4 ||'''39'''
|-align=center
|align=left|{{Flagu|United States}} || 7 || 1 || 2 || 3 || – || 8 || – || 6 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 2 ||'''36'''
|-align=center
|align=left|{{Flagu|Canada}} || 2 || – || 2 || – || – || 2 || – || 2 || 1 || 1 || – || – ||'''10'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|Costa Rica}} || 3 || – || 2 || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || 4 || – ||'''10'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|Honduras}} || 1 || – || 2 || – || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – ||'''4'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|El Salvador}} || – || – || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 2 ||'''3'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|Guatemala}} || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 1 || – ||'''2'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|Cuba}} || – || – || – || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – ||'''1'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|Haiti}} || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – ||'''1'''
|- align="center"
|align=left|{{Flagu|Panama}} || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 1 ||'''1'''
|- align="center"
|}
{{notelist-ua}}

===CONMEBOL tournaments===
The following CONMEBOL tournaments have had CONCACAF competitors:

====National teams====
*[[Copa América]]

====Clubs====
*[[Copa Libertadores]] – (1998–2017)
*[[Copa Sudamericana]] – (2005–2008)
*[[Copa Merconorte]] – (2000–2001) (defunct)

==FIFA World Rankings==
===Overview===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Sports rankings table|FIFA World Rankings|1|211|select=CONCACAF|style=
|caption=FIFA Men's Rankings (as of INSERT_UPDATE_DATE)
|footer1= *Local rankings based on FIFA ranking points
|selection_header = CONCACAF*
|rank_header=FIFA
|change_header=+/-
|team_header=National Team
|points_header=Points
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Sports rankings table|FIFA Women's World Rankings|1|211|select=CONCACAF|style=
|caption=FIFA Women's Rankings (as of INSERT_UPDATE_DATE)
|footer1= *Local rankings based on FIFA ranking points
|selection_header = CONCACAF*
|rank_header=FIFA
|change_header=+/-
|team_header=National Team
|points_header=Points
}}
{{col-end}}

===Historical leaders===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Men's
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:160 height:1500
PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:10 top:10
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/2000 till:31/03/2022
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2000
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy

Colors =
id:CRC value:red
id:MEX value:green
id:USA value:darkblue

PlotData=
bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S

from:01/01/2000 till:24/06/2003 shift:(20,-3) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:24/06/2003 till:30/07/2003 shift:(20,-5) text:"United States" color:USA
from:30/07/2003 till:16/12/2005 shift:(20,-4) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:16/12/2005 till:17/05/2006 shift:(20,-5) text:"United States" color:USA
from:17/05/2006 till:12/06/2006 shift:(20,-5) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:12/06/2006 till:16/08/2006 shift:(20,-5) text:"United States" color:USA
from:16/08/2006 till:16/05/2007 shift:(20,-6) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:16/05/2007 till:18/07/2007 shift:(20,-3) text:"United States" color:USA
from:18/07/2007 till:06/08/2008 shift:(20,-5) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:06/08/2008 till:03/09/2008 shift:(20,-6) text:"United States" color:USA
from:03/09/2008 till:08/10/2008 shift:(20,-5) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:08/10/2008 till:03/02/2010 shift:(20,-5) text:"United States" color:USA
from:03/02/2010 till:31/03/2010 shift:(20,-4) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:31/03/2010 till:18/05/2011 shift:(20,-4) text:"United States" color:USA
from:18/05/2011 till:04/07/2013 shift:(20,-4) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:04/07/2013 till:14/08/2014 shift:(20,-6) text:"United States" color:USA
from:14/08/2014 till:09/07/2015 shift:(20,-4) text:"Costa Rica" color:CRC
from:09/07/2015 till:06/08/2015 shift:(20,-6) text:"United States" color:USA
from:06/08/2015 till:24/11/2016 shift:(20,-4) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:24/11/2016 till:09/02/2017 shift:(20,-6) text:"Costa Rica" color:CRC
from:09/02/2017 till:19/11/2021 shift:(20,-6) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
from:19/11/2021 till:10/02/2022 shift:(20,-6) text:"United States" color:USA
from:10/02/2022 till:end shift:(20,-6) text:"Mexico" color:MEX
</timeline>
{{col-break}}
;Women's
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:160 height:600
PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:10 top:10
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/2003 till:10/12/2021
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2003
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy

Colors =
id:USA value:darkblue

PlotData=
bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S

from:01/01/2003 till:end shift:(20,-3) text:"United States" color:USA
</timeline>
{{col-end}}

==Other rankings==
===Men's CONCACAF Ranking Index===
The Ranking Index is calculated by CONCACAF.<ref name="ranking">{{cite news |url=https://www.concacaf.com/nations-league/news/concacaf-launches-new-ranking-index/ |title=CONCACAF Launches New Ranking Index |website=CONCACAFNationsLeague.com |publisher=The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football |date=2 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Rank
!width=250|Team
!{{Tooltip|Pts|Points in CONCACAF Ranking Index}}
!+/-
|-
!1
|align=left|{{fb|MEX}}
|align=right|2,014
|{{steady}}
|-
!2
|align=left|{{fb|USA}}
|align=right|1,928
|{{steady}}
|-
!3
|align=left|{{fb|CAN}}
|align=right|1,886
|{{steady}}
|-
!4
|align=left|{{fb|CRC}}
|align=right|1,707
|{{steady}}
|-
!5
|align=left|{{fb|PAN}}
|align=right|1,615
|{{steady}}
|-
!6
|align=left|{{fb|JAM}}
|align=right|1,471
|{{steady}}
|-
!7
|align=left|{{fb|HAI}}
|align=right|1,451
|{{steady}}
|-
!8
|align=left|{{fb|SLV}}
|align=right|1,411
|{{steady}}
|-
!9
|align=left|{{fb|GUA}}
|align=right|1,390
|{{steady}}
|-
!10
|align=left|{{fb|HON}}
|align=right|1,367
|{{steady}}
|-
!11
|align=left|{{fb|CUW}}
|align=right|1,249
|{{steady}}
|-
!12
|align=left|{{fb|MTQ}}
|align=right|1,240
|{{increase}} 1
|-
!13
|align=left|{{fb|TRI}}
|align=right|1,238
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
!14
|align=left|{{fb|SUR}}
|align=right|1,105
|{{steady}}
|-
!15
|align=left|{{fb|CUB}}
|align=right|1,089
|{{steady}}
|-
!16
|align=left|{{fb|GLP}}
|align=right|1,033
|{{steady}}
|-
!17
|align=left|{{fb|GUF}}
|align=right|1,030
|{{steady}}
|-
!18
|align=left|{{fb|NCA}}
|align=right|986
|{{steady}}
|-
!19
|align=left|{{fb|BER}}
|align=right|973
|{{steady}}
|-
!20
|align=left|{{fb|ATG}}
|align=right|953
|{{steady}}
|-
!21
|align=left|{{fb|SKN}}
|align=right|930
|{{steady}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Rank
!width=250|Team
!{{Tooltip|Pts|Points in CONCACAF Ranking Index}}
!+/-
|-
!22
|align=left|{{fb|GUY}}
|align=right|901
|{{steady}}
|-
!23
|align=left|{{fb|DOM}}
|align=right|872
|{{steady}}
|-
!24
|align=left|{{fb|VIN}}
|align=right|865
|{{steady}}
|-
!25
|align=left|{{fb|GRN}}
|align=right|855
|{{steady}}
|-
!26
|align=left|{{fb|BLZ}}
|align=right|809
|{{steady}}
|-
!27
|align=left|{{fb|MSR}}
|align=right|767
|{{steady}}
|-
!28
|align=left|{{fb|PUR}}
|align=right|725
|{{steady}}
|-
!29
|align=left|{{fb|BOE}}
|align=right|718
|{{steady}}
|-
!30
|align=left|{{fb|LCA}}
|align=right|709
|{{steady}}
|-
!31
|align=left|{{fb|BRB}}
|align=right|690
|{{steady}}
|-
!32
|align=left|{{fb|DMA}}
|align=right|625
|{{steady}}
|-
!33
|align=left|{{fb|BAH}}
|align=right|557
|{{steady}}
|-
!34
|align=left|{{fb|ARU}}
|align=right|528
|{{steady}}
|-
!35
|align=left|{{fb|CAY}}
|align=right|512
|{{steady}}
|-
!36
|align=left|{{fb|TCA}}
|align=right|448
|{{steady}}
|-
!37
|align=left|{{fb|SMN}}
|align=right|362
|{{steady}}
|-
!38
|align=left|{{fb|SMA}}
|align=right|296
|{{steady}}
|-
!39
|align=left|{{fb|VIR}}
|align=right|246
|{{steady}}
|-
!40
|align=left|{{fb|AIA}}
|align=right|218
|{{steady}}
|-
!41
|align=left|{{fb|VGB}}
|align=right|152
|{{steady}}
|}
|}
[https://www.concacaf.com/en/rankings/men-s-national-team/ Last updated 1 March 2022]

===Women's CONCACAF Ranking Index===

The Ranking Index is calculated by CONCACAF.

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Rank
!width=270|Team
!{{Tooltip|Pts|Points in CONCACAF Ranking Index (as of 1 December 2020)}}
!+/-
|-
!1
|align=left|{{fbw|USA}}
|align=right|8,344
|{{steady}}
|-
!2
|align=left|{{fbw|CAN}}
|align=right|5,114
|{{steady}}
|-
!3
|align=left|{{fbw|JAM}}
|align=right|3,349
|{{steady}}
|-
!4
|align=left|{{fbw|MEX}}
|align=right|3,166
|{{steady}}
|-
!5
|align=left|{{fbw|TRI}}
|align=right|2,809
|{{steady}}
|-
!6
|align=left|{{fbw|CRC}}
|align=right|2,699
|{{steady}}
|-
!7
|align=left|{{fbw|HAI}}
|align=right|1,874
|{{steady}}
|-
!8
|align=left|{{fbw|PAN}}
|align=right|1,421
|{{steady}}
|-
!9
|align=left|{{fbw|CUB}}
|align=right|1,305
|{{steady}}
|-
!10
|align=left|{{fbw|ATG}}
|align=right|1,071
|{{steady}}
|-
!11
|align=left|{{fbw|SKN}}
|align=right|1,060
|{{steady}}
|-
!12
|align=left|{{fbw|PUR}}
|align=right|1,050
|{{steady}}
|-
!13
|align=left|{{fbw|BER}}
|align=right|1,040
|{{steady}}
|-
!14
|align=left|{{fbw|DOM}}
|align=right|881
|{{steady}}
|-
!15
|align=left|{{fbw|GUY}}
|align=right|771
|{{steady}}
|-
!16
|align=left|{{fbw|GUA}}
|align=right|769
|{{steady}}
|-
!17
|align=left|{{fbw|LCA}}
|align=right|707
|{{steady}}
|-
!18
|align=left|{{fbw|MTQ}}
|align=right|667
|{{steady}}
|-
!19
|align=left|{{fbw|VIR}}
|align=right|512
|{{steady}}
|-
!20
|align=left|{{fbw|SUR}}
|align=right|449
|{{steady}}
|-
!21
|align=left|{{fbw|VIN}}
|align=right|444
|{{steady}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Rank
!width=270|Team
!{{Tooltip|Pts|Points in CONCACAF Ranking Index (as of 1 December 2020)}}
!+/-
|-
!22
|align=left|{{fbw|SLV}}
|align=right|412
|{{steady}}
|-
!23
|align=left|{{fbw|BRB}}
|align=right|396
|{{steady}}
|-
!24
|align=left|{{fbw|DMA}}
|align=right|351
|{{steady}}
|-
!25
|align=left|{{fbw|NCA}}
|align=right|329
|{{steady}}
|-
!26
|align=left|{{fbw|ARU}}
|align=right|302
|{{steady}}
|-
!27
|align=left|{{fbw|HON}}
|align=right|249
|{{steady}}
|-
!28
|align=left|{{fbw|CAY}}
|align=right|184
|{{steady}}
|-
!29
|align=left|{{fbw|GRN}}
|align=right|167
|{{steady}}
|-
!30
|align=left|{{fbw|TCA}}
|align=right|130
|{{steady}}
|-
!31
|align=left|{{fbw|AIA}}
|align=right|103
|{{steady}}
|-
!32
|align=left|{{fbw|BLZ}}
|align=right|74
|{{steady}}
|-
!33
|align=left|{{fbw|CUW}}
|align=right|63
|{{steady}}
|-
!34
|align=left|{{fbw|GLP}}
|align=right|55
|{{steady}}
|-
!35
|align=left|{{fbw|BAH}}
|align=right|14
|{{steady}}
|-
!36
|align=left|{{fbw|BOE}}
|align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
!37
|align=left|{{fbw|BVI}}
|align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
!38
|align=left|{{fbw|GUF}}
|align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
!39
|align=left|{{fbw|MSR}}
|align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
!40
|align=left|{{fbw|SMA}}
|align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
!41
|align=left|{{fbw|SMN}}
|align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|}
|}
[https://www.concacaf.com/en/rankings/women-s-national-team/ As of 13 June 2021]

===Beach soccer national teams===
[[BSWW Beach Soccer Rankings|Rankings]] are calculated by [[Beach Soccer Worldwide]] (BSWW). Top ten, [http://beachsoccer.com/ranking/overall/concacaf last updated 13 March 2018]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!{{tooltip|CCF|CONCACAF}}
![[BSWW]]
!Country
!Points
|-
|1
|13
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|MEX}}
|981
|-
|2
|18
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|SLV}}
|740
|-
|3
|22
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|PAN}}
|637
|-
|4
|29
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|USA}}
|484
|-
|5
|35
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|BAH}}
|365
|-
|6
|43
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|CRC}}
|287
|-
|7
|53
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|GLP|local}}
|194
|-
|8
|56
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|TRI}}
|186
|-
|9
|70
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|JAM}}
|110
|-
|10
|73
|align=left|{{beachsoccer|ATG}}
|81
|}

==Corruption==
{{See also|Caribbean Football Union corruption scandal|2015 FIFA corruption case}}
At the CONCACAF Congress in May 2012 in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], legal counsel John P. Collins informed the members of CONCACAF of several financial irregularities. Collins revealed that Jack Warner, the former CONCACAF President, had registered the $22 million 'Dr. João Havelange Centre of Excellence' development in [[Port-of-Spain]] under the name of two companies that Warner owned.<ref name="concacaf-finances">{{cite web |title=CONCACAF finances laid bare |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/pasportsfeeds/concacaf-finances-laid-bare-7782338.html |publisher=thisislondon.co.uk |access-date=24 May 2012 |date=23 May 2012}}</ref>
In addition, Warner had secured a [[mortgage]] against the asset in 2007 which the CONCACAF members were also unaware of; the mortgage was co-signed by [[Lisle Austin]], a former vice-president of CONCACAF.<ref name="concacaf-finances"/> The loan defaulted.

Collins also revealed that CONCACAF, despite most of its income coming from the United States, had not paid any tax to the [[Internal Revenue Service]] since at least 2007 and had never filed a return in the United States.<ref name="bloomberg-finances">{{cite web |last=Panja |first=Tariq |title=Concacaf Soccer Body Tells Members About Financial Mismanagement |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-23/concacaf-soccer-body-tells-members-about-financial-mismanagement.html |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=24 May 2012 |date=23 May 2012}}</ref> Although CONCACAF is a registered non-profit organization in the Bahamas and headquartered in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, they have an administration office in New York, and BDO and CONCACAF invited the IRS to investigate potential liabilities. It is thought that CONCACAF may have to pay up to $2 million plus penalties.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Chuck Blazer stated that a full financial audit into CONCACAF by New-York based consultancy BDO was delayed due to the actions of Jack Warner and his personal accountant, and the accounts could not be "signed off" as a consequence.<ref name="bloomberg-finances"/>

In addition, Blazer is to sue CONCACAF for unpaid commission of sponsorship and marketing deals which he had made in 2010 during his time as General Secretary.<ref name="concacaf-finances"/> Blazer received a 10% commission on any deal that he made on behalf of CONCACAF.<ref name="guardian-2012-05-23">{{cite web |title=Fifa Exco member Chuck Blazer accused of financial irregularities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/may/23/chuck-blazer-concacaf-accusations-fifa?newsfeed=true |publisher=Guardian |access-date=24 May 2012 |date=22 May 2012}}</ref>

The Bermuda FA asked members of CONCACAF to lobby FIFA to remove Blazer from his position on the [[FIFA Executive Committee]]. Blazer suggested that it was less to do with financial irregularities and more for his role in the removal of Jack Warner in the [[Caribbean Football Union corruption scandal]]: "I spent 21 years building the confederation and its competitions and its revenues and I'm the one responsible for its good levels of income . . . I think this is a reflection of those who were angry at me having caused the action against Warner. This is also a reaction by people who have their own agenda."<ref name="guardian-2012-05-23"/>

[[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]] presided over CONCACAF for 21 years. Warner was one of the most controversial figures in world football. Warner was suspended as president on 30 May 2011 due to his [[61st FIFA Congress#Ethics committee|temporary suspension from football-related activity by FIFA]] following corruption allegations.<ref name="hammam-warner"/> A power struggle developed at CONCACAF following the allegations against Warner. The allegations against Warner were reported to the [[FIFA Ethics Committee]] by [[Chuck Blazer]], the secretary general of CONCACAF. The acting president of CONCACAF, [[Lisle Austin]], sent Blazer a letter saying he was "terminated as general secretary with immediate effect".<ref name="blazer-survives">{{Cite news |date=1 June 2011 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13608081.stm |title=Chuck Blazer 'survives sacking attempt', says Concacaf |publisher=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> Austin described Blazer's actions as "inexcusable and a gross misconduct of duty and judgement" and said the American was no longer fit to hold the post.<ref name="bans-austin">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2011 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13653437.stm |title=Concacaf bans president Austin after Blazer 'sacking' |publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref> The executive committee of CONCACAF later issued a statement saying that Austin did not have the authority to fire Blazer, and the decision was unauthorized.<ref name="blazer-survives"/> On 20 June 2011, [[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]] resigned from the presidency of CONCACAF, all posts with FIFA, and removed himself from all participation in football, in the wake of the corruption investigation resulting from 10 May 2011 meeting of the [[Caribbean Football Union]].<ref name="fifa.com"/> The vice-president of CONCACAF, [[Alfredo Hawit]], acted as president until May 2012.<ref name="concacaf-suspends"/>

===Indicted CONCACAF individuals===
Several CONCACAF officials have been indicted.<ref name="DOJ-PR">{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nine-fifa-officials-and-five-corporate-executives-indicted-racketeering-conspiracy-and |title=Nine FIFA Officials and Five Corporate Executives Indicted for Racketeering Conspiracy and Corruption |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref><ref name="Hotel arrests">{{cite news |title=Fifa corruption: arrests made following hotel raid |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11631966/fifa-executives-arrested-live.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150529042032/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11631966/fifa-executives-arrested-live.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Nationality
! FIFA position
! CONCACAF position
! Regional or national position
! Status
! Ref.
|-
| {{Sortname|Chuck|Blazer}}
| {{flagu|United States}}
|
| Former General Secretary
|
| {{nowrap|Guilty plea}}
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="DOJ-PR"/><ref name="Hotel arrests"/>
|-

| {{Sortname|Alfredo|Hawit}}
| {{flagu|Honduras}}
| Vice-President
| President
|
| Arrested
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name=BBCDec15>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34991874 |title=Fifa arrests: Two Fifa vice-presidents detained at Zurich hotel |date=3 December 2015 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Eduardo|Li}}
| {{flagu|Costa Rica}}
| member-elect of executive committee
| member of executive committee
| President of the [[Costa Rican Football Federation]]
| Arrested
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="DOJ-PR"/><ref name="Hotel arrests"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Costas|Takkas}}
| {{flagu|Cayman Islands}}
|
| Attaché to the President
| Former General Secretary of the [[Cayman Islands Football Association]]
| Arrested
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="DOJ-PR"/><ref name="Hotel arrests"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Daryan|Warner|nolink=1}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}} }} {{flagu|Grenada}}
|
|
| Son of Jack Warner
| Guilty plea
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="DOJ-PR"/><ref name="Hotel arrests"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Daryll|Warner|nolink=1}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}} }} {{flagu|United States}}
| former development officer
|
| Son of Jack Warner
| Guilty plea
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="DOJ-PR"/><ref name="Hotel arrests"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jack|Warner|Jack Warner (football executive)}}
| {{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| Former Vice President
| former President
| former [[Government of Trinidad and Tobago|Minister of National Security]]
| Bailed
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="Warner-arrest">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/28/former-fifa-kingpin-jack-warner-spends-night-in-jail-after-corruption-arrest |title=Jack Warner : former Fifa kingpin spends night in jail after corruption arrest |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |author=Rupert Neate, Owen Gibson and agencies}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jeffrey|Webb|Jeffrey Webb (football executive)}}
| {{flagu|Cayman Islands}}
| Vice President
| President
| President of the [[Cayman Islands Football Association]]
| Bailed
| style="text-align: center" |<ref name="DOJ-PR"/><ref name="Hotel arrests"/>
|}

==Hall of fame==
{{Colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ARU}} Hubert Tromp
*{{flagicon|BER}} Gerard Bean
*{{flagicon|BER}} Matthew Hogan
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[João Havelange]]
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Jim Fleming (soccer executive)|Jim Fleming]]
*{{flagicon|CAN}} Rudy Gittens
*{{flagicon|CRC}} Hiram Sosa López
*{{flagicon|CRC}} Isaac Sasso
*{{flagicon|CRC}} Julio Moya
*{{flagicon|CRC}} Ramón Coll Jaumet
*{{flagicon|CUW}} Andres Avelino Constansia<ref group="hof" name="auto">Inducted in 2015</ref>
*{{flagicon|DMA}} [[Patrick John]]
*{{flagicon|GBR}} Mavis Derflinger
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Clive Toye]]
*{{flagicon|GUA}} Guillermo Cañedo
*{{flagicon|GUA}} Oscar Thamar
*{{flagicon|GUA}} Carlos Carrera
*{{flagicon|Guadeloupe}} Jacques Rugard
*{{flagicon|HON}} Federico Fortín
*{{flagicon|HON}} Rafael L. Callejas Romero<ref group="hof" name="auto"/>
*{{flagicon|JAM}} Anthony James
*{{flagicon|JAM}} George Abrahams
*{{flagicon|JAM}} Ricardo Gardener
*{{flagicon|JAM}} Lincoln "Happy" Sutherland<ref group="hof" name="auto1">Inducted in 2013</ref>
*{{flagicon|MEX}} Aaron Padilla Gutiérrez<ref group="hof" name="auto"/>
*{{flagicon|MEX}} Arturo Yamasaki
*{{flagicon|MEX}} Javier Arriaga
*{{flagicon|MEX}} Jesús Martínez<ref group="hof" name="auto1"/>
*{{flagicon|MEX}} Joaquín Soria Terrazas
*{{flagicon|MTQ}} Joseph Ursulet<ref group="hof" name="auto1"/>
*{{flagicon|NIC}} Júlio Rocha
*{{flagicon|Netherlands Antilles}} Mordy Maduro
*{{flagicon|PAN}} Ariel Alvarado<ref group="hof" name="auto1"/>
*{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Sepp Blatter]]
*{{flagicon|SUR}} [[Andre Kamperveen|André Kamperveen]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Gene Edwards (soccer executive)|Gene Edwards]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kurt Lamm]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Werner Fricker]]
*{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Ricardo Gardener]]
{{Colend}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concacaf.com/page/HallOfFame/0,,12813,00.html |title=CONCACAF hall of fame |publisher=CONCACAF.com|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715234558/http://www.concacaf.com/page/HallOfFame/0,,12813,00.html|archive-date=15 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{reflist|group="hof"|2}}

===Team of the Century===
The CONCACAF Team of the Century was announced as part of the festivities associated with the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France.<ref>[http://www.socceramerica.com/article/18669/balboa-ramos-named-to-concacaf-team-of-the-centu.html "Balboa, Ramos named to CONCACAF "Team of the Century""], Soccer America, 14 May 1998.</ref>

# GK — [[Antonio Carbajal]] (Mexico)
# DF — [[Marcelo Balboa]] (USA)
# DF — [[Gilberto Yearwood]] (Honduras)
# DF — [[Bruce Wilson (soccer)|Bruce Wilson]] (Canada)
# DF — [[Gustavo Peña]] (Mexico)
# MF — [[Ramón Ramírez (footballer)|Ramón Ramírez]] (Mexico)
# MF — [[Mágico González]] (El Salvador)
# MF — [[Tab Ramos]] (USA)
# FW — [[Julio César Dely Valdés]] (Panama)
# FW — [[Hugo Sánchez]] (Mexico)
# FW — [[Hernán Medford]] (Costa Rica)

==President's award==

;2013
*{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Carlos Ruiz (Guatemalan footballer)|Carlos Ruiz]] for speaking out against match-fixing in Guatemala<ref>{{cite web |title=CONCACAF to honor D.C. United forward Carlos Ruiz with first-ever President's Award |url=http://www.dcunited.com/news/2013/04/concacaf-to-honor-dc-united-forward-carlos-ruiz-with-first-ever-president%E2%80%99s-award |publisher=DCUnited.com |access-date=16 April 2015 |date=17 April 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Ian Gaynair]] for reporting an offer of a bribe

;2015

*{{fbw|USA}} for winning the 2012 Summer Olympics [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Women's football tournament]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CONCACAF Announces 2015 Hall of Fame Inductees and President's Award Recipients |url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/concacaf-announces-2015-hall-of-fame-inductees-and-presidents-award-recipients |publisher=CONCACAF |access-date=16 April 2015 |date=15 April 2015}}</ref>
*{{fbu|23|MEX}} for winning the 2012 Summer Olympics [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Men's football tournament]]

==Major tournament records==
;Legend
*'''{{bg|gold| 1st }}''' – Champions
*'''{{bg|silver| 2nd }}''' – Runners-up
*'''{{bg|#CC9966| 3rd }}''' – Third place<ref name="1930 World Cup">There was no third place match in 1930; The United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. FIFA recognizes the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610045703/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=usa/countryInfo.html United States] as the third-placed team and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611131717/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=srb/countryInfo.html Yugoslavia] as the fourth-placed team using the overall records of the teams in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185201/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1/index.html 1930 FIFA World Cup].</ref>
*'''{{bg|#9ACDFF| 4th }}''' – Fourth place
*'''QF''' – Quarter-finals
*'''R16''' – Round of 16 (since 1986: knockout round of 16)
*'''GS''' – Group stage (in the 1950, 1974, 1978, and 1982 tournaments, which had two group stages, this refers to the first group stage)
*'''1S''' – First knockout stage (1934–1938 single-elimination tournament)
*{{border|width=1px|color=gray| '''•''' }} — Did not qualify
*{{border|width=1px|color=gray|   }} — Did not enter / withdrew / banned
*{{border|width=3px|color=red|   }} — Hosts

For each tournament, the flag of the host country and the number of teams in each finals tournament (in brackets) are shown.

=== FIFA World Cup ===
{{main|National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup}}
{{See also|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)|North, Central American and Caribbean nations at the FIFA World Cup}}
Only eleven CONCACAF members have ever reached the [[FIFA World Cup]] since its inception in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], six of them accomplishing the feat only once. No team from the region has ever reached the [[List of FIFA World Cup finals|final]] at the World Cup, but the United States reached the semifinals in the [[1930 FIFA World Cup|inaugural edition]], for which they were awarded third place. CONCACAF members have reached the quarterfinals five times: Cuba in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1938]], Mexico as hosts in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], the United States in [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], and most recently, Costa Rica in [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]. Jamaica is the smallest country to ever win a World Cup match, by virtue of their 2–1 victory over Japan in [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]].

The following table shows the CONCACAF representatives at each edition of the World Cup, sorted by number of appearances:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
!colspan=26|[[FIFA World Cup]] record
|-
! Team
![[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]] {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} (13)
![[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]] {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} (16)
![[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] {{Flagicon|French Third Republic}} (15)
![[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]] {{Flagicon|Fourth Brazilian Republic}} (13)
![[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]] {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} (16)
![[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]] {{Flagicon|Sweden}} (16)
![[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]] {{Flagicon|Chile}} (16)
![[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]] {{Flagicon|England}} (16)
![[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] {{Flagicon|Mexico}} (16)
![[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]] {{Flagicon|West Germany}} (16)
![[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]] {{Flagicon|Argentina}} (16)
![[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] {{Flagicon|Spain}} (24)
![[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] {{Flagicon|Mexico}} (24)
![[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] {{Flagicon|Italy}} (24)
![[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]] {{Flagicon|United States}} (24)
![[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] {{Flagicon|France}} (32)
![[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] {{Flagicon|Japan}} {{Flagicon|South Korea}} (32)
![[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} (32)
![[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]] {{Flagicon|South Africa}} (32)
![[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] {{Flagicon|Brazil}} (32)
![[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] {{Flagicon|Russia}} (32)
![[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]] {{Flagicon|Qatar}} (32)
![[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] {{Flagicon|Canada}} {{Flagicon|Mexico}} {{Flagicon|United States}} (48)
!Years || ''inclusive WC Qual.''
|-
|align=left| {{fb|MEX}} || '''GS''' || • || || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || style="border:3px solid red"|'''QF''' || • || '''GS''' || • || style="border:3px solid red"|'''QF''' || || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || ||style="border:3px solid red"| ''Q''
! 16 !! 19
|-
|align=left| {{fb|USA}} || style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd''' || '''R16''' || || '''GS''' || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || '''GS''' || style="border:3px solid red"|'''R16''' || '''GS''' || '''QF''' || '''GS''' || '''R16''' || '''R16''' || • || ||style="border:3px solid red"| ''Q''
! 10 !! 20
|-
|align=left| {{fb|CRC}} || || || || || || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || '''R16''' || • || • || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || • || '''QF''' || '''GS''' || ||
! 5 !! 16
|-
|align=left| {{fb|HON}} || || || || || || || • || • || • || • || || '''GS''' || • || • || • || • || • || • || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || • || • ||
! 3 !! 15
|-
|align=left| {{fb|SLV}} || || || || || || || || || '''GS''' || • || • || '''GS''' || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || ||
! 2 !! 13
|-
|align=left| {{fb|CUB}} || || • || '''QF''' || • || || || || • || || || • || • || || • || || • || • || • || • || • || • || • ||
! 1 !! 14
|-
|align=left| {{fb|HAI}} || || • || || || • || || || || • || '''GS''' || • || • || • || || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • ||
! 1 !! 15
|-
|align=left| {{fb|CAN}} || || || || || || • || || || • || • || • || • || '''GS''' || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || ||style="border:3px solid red"| ''Q''
! 1 !! 14
|-
|align=left| {{fb|JAM}} || || || || || || || || • || • || || • || • || || • || • || '''GS''' || • || • || • || • || • || • ||
! 1 !! 12
|-
|align=left| {{fb|TRI}} || || || || || || || || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || '''GS''' || • || • || • || • ||
! 1 !! 15
|-
|align=left| {{fb|PAN}} || || || || || || || || || || || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || • || '''GS''' || ||
! 1 !! 11
|-
! Total (11 teams) !! 2 !! 1 !! 1 !! 2 !! 1 !! 1 !! 1 !! 1 !! 2 !! 1 !! 1 !! 2 !! 2 !! 2 !! 2 !! 3 !! 3 !! 4 !! 3 !! 4 !! 3 !! 3 or 4 !! TBD !! 42 !! –
|}

==== FIFA World Cup hosting ====
CONCACAF nations have hosted the FIFA World Cup three times.

The [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] took place in Mexico, the first World Cup tournament to be staged in North America, and the first held outside Europe and South America.
Mexico was chosen as the host nation in 1964 by FIFA's congress ahead of the only other submitted bid from Argentina.<ref name="Hosting">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/fs-201_13a_fwc-bidding.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722021820/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/fs-201%5f13a%5ffwc-bidding.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |title=Host Announcement Decision |date=2 December 2010}}</ref> The tournament was won by [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]. The victorious team led by [[Carlos Alberto Torres|Carlos Alberto]], and featuring players such as [[Pelé]], [[Gérson]], [[Jairzinho]], [[Roberto Rivelino|Rivelino]], and [[Tostão]], is often cited as the greatest-ever World Cup team.<ref name="BBC review">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/jonathanstevenson/2010/05/the_story_of_the_1970_world_cu.html |publisher=BBC |title=The Story of the 1970 World Cup |date=12 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Brazil poll">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-world-best-idUSL0988846220070709 |publisher=Reuters |title=Brazil's 1970 winning team voted best of all time |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121245/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/07/09/us-soccer-world-best-idUSL0988846220070709 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/the-boys-from-brazil-on-the-trail-of-footballs-dream-team-806939.html |work=[[The Independent]] |title=The Boys from Brazil: On the trail of football's dream team |date=10 April 2010}}</ref> They achieved a perfect record of wins in all six games in the finals.<ref name="Perfect record">{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/67/world-cup/2010/07/07/2013961/world-cup-2010-netherlands-perfect-winning-streak-can-match |publisher=Goal.com |title=Netherlands' perfect winning streak can match historic feat of Brazil 1970 |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309024534/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/67/world-cup/2010/07/07/2013961/world-cup-2010-netherlands-perfect-winning-streak-can-match |archive-date=9 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the issues of altitude and high temperature, the finals produced attacking football which created an average goals per game record not since bettered by any subsequent World Cup Finals.<ref name="Castrol">{{cite web |url=http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1970 |publisher=[[Castrol Performance Index]] |title=Castrol index tournament legends |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617010759/http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1970 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brasil 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/torcedor/historia-das-copas/1970 |publisher=Brasil 2014: World Cup Portal |title=Perfect farewell to Pelé's last appearance in a World Cup |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114193817/http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/torcedor/historia-das-copas/1970 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Technical Report">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/67/wc_70_tr_313.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106062034/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/67/wc%5f70%5ftr%5f313.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |title=World Championship – Jules Rimet 1970 Cup Technical study}}</ref> The 1970 Finals attracted a new record television audience for the FIFA World Cup<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunmore |first=Tom |title=Historical Dictionary of Soccer |page=13 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2011}}</ref> and, for the first time, in colour.<ref name="FIFA overview">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=32/overview.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |title=1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913232659/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D32/overview.html |archive-date=13 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/about/media-centre/news/40-years-since-first-world-cup-in-colour-NEWS27/ |publisher=TVlicensing.co.uk |title=40 years since first World Cup in colour}}</ref>

In 1986, Mexico became the first country to host the FIFA World Cup twice when it stepped in to stage the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]] after the original host selection, Colombia, suffered financial problems.<ref name="Hosting"/>
[[Colombia]] was originally chosen as [[FIFA World Cup hosts#1986 FIFA World Cup|hosts]] by [[FIFA]] in June 1974. However, the Colombian authorities eventually declared in November 1982 that they could not afford to host the World Cup because of economic concerns. [[Mexico]] was selected on 20 May 1983 as the replacement hosts, beating the bids of Canada and the United States, and thereby became the first nation to host two World Cups. This second World Cup in Mexico came 16 years after the first one in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]].

The United States won the right to host the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], defeating bids from Brazil and Morocco.<ref name="FIFA Voting"/> The vote was held in Zurich on 4 July 1988, and only took one round with the United States bid receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members.<ref name="FIFA Voting">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/fs-201_13a_fwc-bidding.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722021820/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/fs-201%5f13a%5ffwc-bidding.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |title=FIFA World Cup host announcement decision |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |page=2 |access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> FIFA hoped that by staging the world's most prestigious football tournament there, it would lead to a growth of interest in the sport; one condition FIFA imposed was the creation of a professional football league, [[Major League Soccer]], starting in 1996. The U.S. staged a hugely successful tournament, with average attendance of nearly 69,000 breaking a record that surpassed the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] average attendance of 51,000 thanks to the large seating capacities the American stadiums provided for the spectators in comparison to the smaller venues of Europe and Latin America. To this day, the total attendance for the final tournament of nearly 3.6 million remains the highest in World Cup history, despite the expansion of the competition to 32 teams at the 1998 World Cup.<ref name="FIFA Records">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/30/fs-301_01a_fwc-stats.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215131121/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/30/fs-301_01a_fwc-stats.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2010 |title=FIFA World Cup competition records |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |page=2 |access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 94">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070619075253/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/ "Previous World Cups"], FIFA.com. Retrieved 21 November 2013</ref>

Canada, Mexico, and the United States have won the bidding to host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], competing against a [[Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid|Moroccan bid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-0708-concacaf-world-cup-20130708,0,7446934.story#axzz2w5cPWu69 |title=CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup |author=Los Angeles Times |date=7 July 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

=== FIFA Women's World Cup ===
{{main|National team appearances in the FIFA Women's World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=12|[[FIFA Women's World Cup]] record
|-
! Team !! [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]] {{Flag icon|China}} (12) !! [[1995 FIFA Women's World Cup|1995]] {{Flag icon|Sweden}} (12) !! [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup|1999]] {{Flag icon|USA}} (16) !! [[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup|2003]] {{Flag icon|USA}} (16) !! [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup|2007]] {{Flag icon|China}} (16) !! [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011]] {{Flag icon|GER}} (16) !! [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|2015]] {{Flag icon|CAN}} (24) !! [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]] {{Flag icon|FRA}} (24) !! [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023]] {{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}} (32) !! Years
! inclusive WC Qual.
|-
|align=left| {{fbw|USA}} || style="background:gold;"| '''1st''' || style="background:#c96;"| '''3rd''' || style="border:3px solid red; background:gold;"| '''1st''' || style="border:3px solid red; background:#cfaa88;"| '''3rd''' || style="background:#cfaa88;"| '''3rd''' || style="background:silver;"| '''2nd''' || style="background:gold;"| '''1st''' || style="background:gold;"| '''1st''' || ''' '''
! 8
! 8
|-
|align=left| {{fbw|Canada}} || • || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || style="background:#9acdff;"| '''4th''' || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || style="border:3px solid red;"| '''QF''' || '''R16''' || ''' '''
! 7
! 8
|-
|align=left| {{fbw|Mexico}} || • || • || '''GS''' || • || • || '''GS''' || '''GS''' || • ||''' '''
! 3
! 8
|-
|align=left| {{fbw|JAM}} || • || • || × || • || • || × || • || '''GS''' ||''' '''
! 1
! 8
|-
|align=left| {{fbw|CRC}} || • || • || • || • || • || • || '''GS''' || • ||''' '''
! 1
! 8
|-
! Total (5 teams) !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 2 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 3 !! 4 !! 20 !! –
|}

=== Olympic Games For Men ===
{{See also|Football at the Summer Olympics#Participating nations}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"
!colspan=30|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] ([[Football at the Summer Olympics#Men's tournament|Men's tournament]]) record
|-
! Team|| [[Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] {{flagicon|France}} (3) || colspan="2"| [[Football at the 1904 Summer Olympics|1904]] {{flagicon|United States}} (3) || [[Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics|1908]] {{flagicon|Great Britain}} (6) || [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912]] {{flagicon|Sweden}} (11) || [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920]] {{flagicon|Belgium}} (14) || [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] {{flagicon|France}} (22) || [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]] {{flagicon|Netherlands}} (17) || [[Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} (16) || [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} (18) || [[Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]] {{flagicon|Finland}} (25) || [[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]] {{flagicon|Australia}} (11) || [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]] {{flagicon|Italy}} (16) || [[Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]] {{flagicon|Japan|1947}} (14) || [[Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]] {{flagicon|Mexico}} (16) || [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]] {{flagicon|FRG}} (16) || [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]] {{flagicon|Canada}} (13) || [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]] {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1955}} (16) || [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]] {{flagicon|United States}} (16) || [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] {{flagicon|South Korea|1997}} (16) || [[Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]] {{flagicon|Spain}} (16) || [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] {{flagicon|United States}} (16) || [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] {{flagicon|Australia}} (16) || [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]] {{flagicon|Greece}} (16) || [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] {{flagicon|China}} (16) || [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]] {{flagicon|GBR}} (16) || [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016]] {{flagicon|Brazil}} (16) || [[Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2021]] {{flagicon|Japan}} (16) || Years
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|CAN}}|| – || colspan="2" bgcolor=gold| 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || style="border:3px solid red;" | 13 || – || 6 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
! 3
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|CRC}} || – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 16 || 13 || – || – || – || – || 8 || – || – || – || –
! 3
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|CUB}}|| – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 11 || 7 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
! 2
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|ESA}} || – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 15 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
! 1
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|GUA}}|| – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 8 || – || 10 || – || – || 16 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
! 3
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|HON}} || – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 10 || – || 16 || 7 || 4 || GS (14th)
! 5
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|MEX}} || – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || =9 || – || =11 || – || – || – || 11 || style="border:3px solid red;" | 4 || 7 || 9 || – || – || – || 10 || 7 || – || =10 || – ||bgcolor=gold| 1 || 9 || style="background:#cfaa88;"|'''3rd'''
! 12
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|AHO}} || – || colspan="2"| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || =14 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || colspan=3 | Split into 2 n.
! 1
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|USA}} || – || style="border:3px solid red; background:silver; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"|2<ref name=1904USA>The United States had two teams at the 1904 Games, taking the silver and bronze medals.</ref>|| style="background:#c96; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;"|3|| – || – || – || 12 || =9 || =9 || =11 || =17 || =5 || – || – || – || 14 || – || – || style="border:3px solid red;" | 9 || 12 || 9 || style="border:3px solid red;" | 10 || 4 || – || 9 || – || – || –
! 14
|-
! align=left| Total (9 teams) || '''0''' || colspan="2"| '''2''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''4''' || '''2''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || 44
|}

=== Olympic Games For Women ===
{{See also|Football at the Summer Olympics#Participating nations 2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=9|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] ([[Football at the Summer Olympics#Women's tournament|Women's tournament]]) record
|-
! Team || [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] {{flagicon|United States}} (8) || [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] {{flagicon|Australia}} (8) || [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]] {{flagicon|Greece}} (10) || [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] {{flagicon|China}} (12) || [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]] {{flagicon|GBR}} (12) || [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2016]] {{flagicon|Brazil}} (12) || [[Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2021]] {{flagicon|Japan}} (12) || Years
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|CAN}} || – || – || – || 8 || style="background:#c96;"| 3 || style="background:#c96;"| 3 || bgcolor=gold|1
! 4
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|MEX}} || – || – || 8 || – || – || – || –
! 1
|-
|align=left| {{flagIOC|USA}} || style="border:3px solid red; background:gold;" | '''1''' || style="background:silver;"| 2 ||bgcolor=gold| 1 ||bgcolor=gold| 1 ||bgcolor=gold| 1 || 5 || style="background:#c96;"|3
! 7
|-
! align=left| '''Total (3 teams)''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''12'''
|}

=== CONCACAF Gold Cup ===
{{main|CONCACAF Gold Cup records and statistics}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!colspan=18|[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]] record
|-
! width=220|Team
! [[1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1991]] {{flagicon|United States}} (8)
! [[1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1993]] {{flagicon|Mexico}} {{flagicon|United States}} (8)
! [[1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1996]] {{flagicon|United States}} (9)
! [[1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1998]] {{flagicon|United States}} (10)
! [[2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2000]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2002]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2003]] {{flagicon|Mexico}} {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2005]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2007]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2009]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2011]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2013]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2015]] {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2017]] {{flagicon|United States}} (12)
! [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2019]] {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} {{flagicon|Jamaica}} {{flagicon|United States}} (16)
! [[2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2021]] {{flagicon|United States}} (16)
! Years
|-
! colspan=18|'''[[North American Football Union]] Members'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Canada|size=20px}}
| GS
| GS
| GS
|
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| GS
| GS
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| QF
| GS
| GS
| style="border: 3px solid red"|GS
| QF
| QF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
! 15
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Mexico|size=20px}}
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| QF
| QF
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| QF
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| style="background:Gold;"|'''1st'''
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
! 16
|-
|align=left|{{fb|United States|size=20px}}
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=#c96|'''3rd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red"|QF
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=#c96|'''3rd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=#9acdff|'''4th'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
! 16
|-
! colspan=18|'''[[Caribbean Football Union]] Members'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|BER|local}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Cuba|size=20px}}
|
|
|
| GS
|
| GS
| QF
| GS
| GS
|
| GS
| QF
| QF
|
| GS
|
! 9
|-
|align=left|{{fb|CUW|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
| QF
|
! 2
|-
|align=left|{{fb|GYF|local}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Grenada|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
| GS
|
|
|
|
| GS
! 3
|-
|align=left|{{fb|GPE|local}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| QF
| GS
|
|
|
|
| GS
! 4
|-
|align=left|{{fb|GUY|local}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Haiti|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
| GS
| QF
|
|
| GS
| QF
|
| GS
| QF
|
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| GS
! 8
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Jamaica|size=20px}}
| GS
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
|
| style="background:#9acdff;"|'''4th'''
| GS
|
| QF
| QF
|
| GS
| QF
|
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=#9acdff|SF
| QF
! 12
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Martinique|size=20px}}
|
| GS
|
|
|
| QF
| GS
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
| GS
| GS
| GS
! 7
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|size=20px}}
|
|
| GS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Suriname|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Trinidad and Tobago|size=20px}}
| GS
|
| GS
| GS
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| GS
|
| GS
| GS
|
|
| QF
| QF
|
| GS
| GS
! 11
|-
! colspan=18|'''[[Central American Football Union]] Members'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Belize|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
|
|
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Costa Rica|size=20px}}
| style="background:#9acdff;"|'''4th'''
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
|
| GS
| QF
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| QF
| QF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| QF
| QF
| QF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| style="border: 3px solid red|QF
| QF
! 15
|-
|align=left|{{fb|El Salvador|size=20px}}
|
|
| GS
| GS
|
| QF
| QF
|
| GS
| GS
| QF
| QF
| GS
| QF
| GS
| QF
! 12
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Guatemala|size=20px}}
| GS
|
| style="background:#9acdff;"|'''4th'''
| GS
| GS
| GS
| GS
| GS
| QF
|
| QF
|
| GS
|
|
| GS
! 11
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Honduras|size=20px}}
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| GS
| GS
| GS
| QF
|
| GS
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| QF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| GS
| QF
| GS
| QF
! 15
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Nicaragua|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
|
|
| GS
| GS
|
! 3
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Panama|size=20px}}
|
| GS
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| QF
| QF
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| QF
| QF
| GS
! 10
|-
! colspan=18|'''Guest Nations'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Brazil|size=20px}}
|
|
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
|
|
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 3
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Colombia|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
| style="background:Silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
| QF
| style="background:#9acdff;"| SF
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 3
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Ecuador|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
| GS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Peru|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|South Africa|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| QF
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|South Korea|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
| GS
| style="background:#9acdff;"|'''4th'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 2
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Qatar|size=20px}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#9acdff;"|SF
! 1
|}

=== Copa América ===
{{See also|Copa América#Invitees}}
Mexico has finished runners up twice and 3rd place three times at the [[Copa América]] making El Tri the most successful non-[[CONMEBOL]] nation. The US national team have reached the semifinal stage in the South American tournament twice, followed by Honduras who have reached it once. Costa Rica has reached the quarter finals twice.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! width=210|Team
! {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[1993 Copa América|1993]]
! {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1995 Copa América|1995]]
! {{flagicon|Bolivia|football}} [[1997 Copa América|1997]]
! {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[1999 Copa América|1999]]
! {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[2001 Copa América|2001]]
! {{flagicon|Peru|football}} [[2004 Copa América|2004]]
! {{flagicon|Venezuela|football}} [[2007 Copa América|2007]]
! {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[2011 Copa América|2011]]
! {{flagicon|Chile}} [[2015 Copa América|2015]]
! {{flagicon|USA}} [[Copa América Centenario|2016]]
! {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2019 Copa América|2019]]
! {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2021 Copa América|2021]]
! Editions
|-
|align=left|{{fb|CRC|size=23px}}
| –
| –
| GS
| –
| QF
| QF
| –
| GS
| –
| GS
| –
| –
|5
|-
|align=left|{{fb|HTI|size=23px}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| GS
| –
| –
|1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|HON|size=23px}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
| bgcolor=cc9966|'''3rd'''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
|1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|JAM|size=23px}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| GS
| GS
| –
| –
|2
|-
|align=left|{{fb|MEX|size=23px}}
| bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| QF
| bgcolor=cc9966|'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=cc9966|'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=Silver|'''2nd'''
| QF
| bgcolor=cc9966|'''3rd'''
| GS
| GS
| QF
| –
| –
|10
|-
|-
|align=left| {{fb|PAN|size=23px}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| GS
| –
| –
|1
|-
|align=left|{{fb|USA|size=23px}}
| GS
| bgcolor=#9acdff|'''4th'''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| GS
| –
| –
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=#9acdff|'''4th'''
| –
| –
|4
|}

=== CONCACAF W Championship ===
{{See also|CONCACAF W Championship#Participating nations}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!colspan=13|[[CONCACAF W Championship]] record
|-
! width=150|Team
! [[1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship|1991]] {{flagicon|HAI}} (8)
! [[1993 CONCACAF Women's Championship|1993]] {{flagicon|USA}} (4)
! [[1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship|1994]] {{flagicon|CAN}} (5)
! [[1998 CONCACAF Women's Championship|1998]] {{flagicon|CAN}} (8)
! [[2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup|2000]] {{flagicon|USA}} (8)
! [[2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup|2002]] {{flagicon|CAN}} {{flagicon|USA}} (8)
! [[2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup|2006]] {{flagicon|USA}} (6)
! [[2010 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup|2010]] {{flagicon|MEX}} (8)
! [[2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship|2014]] {{flagicon|USA}} (8)
! [[2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship|2018]] {{flagicon|USA}} (8)
! [[2022 CONCACAF W Championship|2022]] {{flagicon|MEX}} (8)
! Years
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|CAN|size=20px}}
| bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || 4th || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || — || bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' ||
! '''9'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|CRC|size=20px}}
| GS || — || — || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || GS || 4th || — || 4th || bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || GS ||
! '''7'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|CUB|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || — || — || —|| —|| — || — || GS ||
! '''1'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|GUA|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || 4th || GS || — || — || GS || GS || — ||
! '''4'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|GUY|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || GS || — || — ||
! '''1'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|HAI|size=20px}}
| style="border: 3px solid red"| 4th || — || — || GS || — || GS || — || GS || GS || — ||
! '''5'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|JAM|size=20px}}
| GS || — || 5th || — || — || GS || 4th || — || GS || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' ||
! '''6'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|MTQ|size=20px}}
| GS || — || — || GS || — || — || — || — || GS || — ||
! '''3'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|MEX|size=20px}}
| GS || — || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || GS || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || GS ||
! '''9'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|PAN|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || — || — || GS || GS || — || — || 4th ||
! '''3'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|PUR|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || GS || — || — || — || — || — || — ||
! '''1'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|TRI|size=20px}}
| bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || 4th || 4th || GS || GS || GS || GS || GS || 4th || GS ||
! '''10'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|USA|size=20px}}
| bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || — || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=Gold| '''1st''' ||
! '''9'''
|-
! colspan=13|Non-CONCACAF Invitees
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|BRA|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || — || bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || — || — || — || — || — ||
! '''1'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|CHN|size=20px}}
| — || — || — || — || bgcolor=#cc9966| '''3rd''' || — || — || — || — || — ||
! '''1'''
|-
| align=left|{{fbw|NZL|size=20px}}
| — || bgcolor=Silver| '''2nd''' || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — ||
! '''1'''
|-
|}

=== FIFA U-20 World Cup ===
{{main|National team appearances in the FIFA U-20 World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|- style="background:#cccccc;" align=center
!colspan=25|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]] record
|-
! width=200|Team
![[1977 FIFA World Youth Championship|1977]] {{Flagicon|Tunisia|1959}} (16)
![[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979]] {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} (16)
![[1981 FIFA World Youth Championship|1981]] {{Flagicon|Australia}} (16)
![[1983 FIFA World Youth Championship|1983]] {{Flagicon|Mexico}} (16)
![[1985 FIFA World Youth Championship|1985]] {{Flagicon|USSR}} (16)
![[1987 FIFA World Youth Championship|1987]] {{Flagicon|Chile}} (16)
![[1989 FIFA World Youth Championship|1989]] {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} (16)
![[1991 FIFA World Youth Championship|1991]] {{Flagicon|Portugal}} (16)
![[1993 FIFA World Youth Championship|1993]] {{Flagicon|Australia}} (16)
![[1995 FIFA World Youth Championship|1995]] {{Flagicon|Qatar}} (16)
![[1997 FIFA World Youth Championship|1997]] {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} (24)
![[1999 FIFA World Youth Championship|1999]] {{Flagicon|Nigeria}} (24)
![[2001 FIFA World Youth Championship|2001]] {{Flagicon|Argentina}} (24)
![[2003 FIFA World Youth Championship|2003]] {{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} (24)
![[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]] {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} (24)
![[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2007]] {{Flagicon|Canada}} (24)
![[2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2009]] {{Flagicon|Egypt}} (24)
![[2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2011]] {{Flagicon|Colombia}} (24)
![[2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2013]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} (24)
![[2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2015]] {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} (24)
![[2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2017]] {{Flagicon|South Korea}} (24)
![[2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2019]] {{Flagicon|Poland}} (24)
![[2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2023]] {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} (24)
!Years
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|CAN}}
| •||R1||•||•||R1||R1||•||•||•||•||R2||•||R1||QF||R1||style="border: 3px solid red"|R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||
! 8
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|CRC}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||R1||R1||R2||R2||•||•||R1||bgcolor=#9acdff|4th||R2||•||•||R2||•||
! 9
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|CUB}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||
! 1
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|SLV}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||
! 1
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|GUA}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R2||•||•||•||•||
! 1
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|HON}}
| R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||R1||•||•||R1||•||R1||•||•||R1||R1||R1||
! 8
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|JAM}}
| |•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||
! 1
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|MEX}}
|bgcolor=silver|2nd|| R1 ||R1||style="border: 3px solid red"|R1||QF||•||×||QF||QF||•||R2||QF||•||R1||•||QF||•||bgcolor=#cc9966|3rd||R2||R1||QF||R1||
! 16
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|PAN}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||R1||R1||•||R1||•||R1||•||R2||
! 6
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|TRI}}
| || ||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||•||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|20|USA}}
| •||•||R1||R1||•||R1||bgcolor=#9acdff|4th||•||QF||•||R2||R2||R2||QF||R2||QF||R1||•||R1||QF||QF||QF||
! 16
|-
! align=left| '''Total (11 teams)''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4'''
! 73
|}

=== FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup ===
{{See also|FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Comprehensive team results in each World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cccccc;" align=center
!colspan=12|[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] record
|-
!Team
![[2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2002]] {{flagicon|CAN}} (12)
![[2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship|2004]] {{flagicon|THA}} (12)
![[2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship|2006]] {{flagicon|RUS}} (16)
![[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2008]] {{flagicon|CHI}} (16)
![[2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2010]] {{flagicon|GER}} (16)
![[2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2012]] {{flagicon|JPN}} (16)
![[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2014]] {{flagicon|CAN}} (16)
![[2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2016]] {{flagicon|PNG}} (16)
![[2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2018]] {{flagicon|FRA}} (16)
![[2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2022]] {{flagicon|CRC}} (16)
!Years
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|20|CAN}}
| style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=silver|2nd||QF||GS||GS||•||GS||style="border: 3px solid red"|QF||GS||•||
! 7
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|20|CRC}}
| •||•||•||•||GS||•||GS||•||•||style="border: 3px solid red"| ''Q''
! 3
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|20|HAI}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||GS||
! 1
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|20|MEX}}
| GS||•||GS||GS||QF||QF||GS||QF||GS||
! 8
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|20|USA}}
| bgcolor=gold|1st||bgcolor=#cc9966|3rd||bgcolor=#9acdff|4th||bgcolor=gold|1st||QF||bgcolor=gold|1st||QF||bgcolor=#9acdff|4th||GS||
! 9
|- align=center
! align=left| '''Total (6 teams)''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''4''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''4'''
! 31
|}

=== FIFA U-17 World Cup ===
{{main|National team appearances in the FIFA U-17 World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#cccccc;" align=center
!colspan=21|[[FIFA U-17 World Cup]] record
|-
!Team
![[1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship|1985]] {{Flagicon|China}} (16)
![[1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship|1987]] {{Flagicon|Canada}} (16)
![[1989 FIFA U-16 World Championship|1989]] {{Flagicon|Scotland}} (16)
![[1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1991]] {{Flagicon|Italy}} (16)
![[1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1993]] {{Flagicon|Japan|1947}} (16)
![[1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1995]] {{Flagicon|Ecuador}} (16)
![[1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1997]] {{Flagicon|Egypt}} (16)
![[1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1999]] {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} (16)
![[2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship|2001]] {{Flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} (16)
![[2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship|2003]] {{Flagicon|Finland}} (16)
![[2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship|2005]] {{Flagicon|Peru|football}} (16)
![[2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2007]] {{Flagicon|South Korea|1997}} (24)
![[2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2009]] {{Flagicon|Nigeria}} (24)
![[2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2011]] {{Flagicon|Mexico}} (24)
![[2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2013]] {{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} (24)
![[2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2015]] {{Flagicon|Chile}} (24)
![[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2017]] {{Flagicon|India}} (24)
![[2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2019]] {{Flagicon|Brazil}} (24)
![[2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup|2023]] {{Flagicon|Peru|football}} (24)
! Years
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|CAN}}
| •||style="border: 3px solid red"|R1||R1||•||R1||R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||R1||•||•||R1||
! 7
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|CRC}}
| R1||•||•||•||•||R1||R1||•||QF||QF||QF||R2||R1||•||•||QF||R1||•||
! 10
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|CUB}}
| •||•||R1||R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|HAI}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||•||R1||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|HON}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||R1||•||QF||R1||R2||•||
! 5
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|JAM}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|MEX}}
| R1||R1||•||R1||R1||•||R1||QF||•||QF||bgcolor=gold| 1st||•||R2||style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor=gold| 1st||bgcolor=silver| 2nd||bgcolor=#9acdff| 4th||R2||bgcolor=silver|2nd||
! 14
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|PAN}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||R2||R1||•||•||•||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|TRI}}
| •||•||•||•||•||•||•||•||style="border: 3px solid red"|R1||•||•||R1||•||•||•||•||•||•||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbu|17|USA}}
| R1||R1||R1||QF||QF||R1||R1||bgcolor=#9acdff| 4th||R1||QF||QF||R2||R2||R2||•||R1||QF||R1||
! 17
|-
! align=left| '''Total (10 teams)''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''4'''
! 66
|}

*Note 1: Original hosts Peru were stripped of the right to host the 2019 event in February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2019|title=Update on the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019|url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/news/update-on-the-fifa-u-17-world-cup-2019|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref>

=== FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup ===
{{See also|FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup#Comprehensive team results in each World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cccccc;" align=center
!colspan=21|[[FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] record
|-
!Team
![[2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2008]] {{flagicon|NZL}} (16)
![[2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2010]] {{flagicon|TRI}} (16)
![[2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2012]] {{flagicon|AZE}} (16)
![[2014 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2014]] {{flagicon|CRC}} (16)
![[2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2016]] {{flagicon|JOR}} (16)
![[2018 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2018]] {{flagicon|URU}} (16)
![[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2022]] {{flagicon|IND}} (16)
!Years
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|17|CAN}}
| QF||R1||QF||QF||GS||bgcolor=#9acdff|4th||
! 6
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|17|CRC}}
| R1||•||•||style="border: 3px solid red"|GS||•||•||
! 2
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|17|MEX}}
| •||R1||R1||QF||QF||bgcolor=silver|2nd||
! 5
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|17|TRI}}
| •||style="border: 3px solid red"|R1||•||•||•||•||
! 1
|- align=center
| align=left| {{fbwu|17|USA}}
| bgcolor=silver|2nd||•||R1||•||GS||GS||
! 4
|- align=center
! align=left| '''Total (5 teams)''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3'''
! 21
|}

=== FIFA Futsal World Cup ===
{{main|National team appearances in the FIFA Futsal World Cup}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=11|[[FIFA Futsal World Cup]] record
|-
! Team
! [[1989 FIFA Futsal World Championship|1989]] {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} (16) !! [[1992 FIFA Futsal World Championship|1992]] {{Flagicon|Hong Kong|1959}} (16) !! [[1996 FIFA Futsal World Championship|1996]] {{Flagicon|Spain}} (16) !! [[2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship|2000]] {{Flagicon|Guatemala}} (16) !! [[2004 FIFA Futsal World Championship|2004]] {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} (16) !! [[2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2008]] {{Flagicon|Brazil}} (20) !! [[2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2012]] {{Flagicon|Thailand}} (24) !! [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2016]] {{Flagicon|Colombia}} (24) !! [[2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2021]] {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} (24) !! Years
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|CAN}} || R1 || || || || || || || ||
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|CRC}} || || R1 || || R1 || || || R1 || R2 || R1
! 5
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|CUB}} || || || R1 || R1 || R1 || R1 || || R1 ||
! 5
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|GUA}} || || || ||style="border:3px solid red"| R1 || || R1 || R1 || R1 || R1
! 5
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|MEX}} || || || || || || || R1 || ||
! 1
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|PAN}} || || || || || || || R2 || R1 || R1
! 3
|-
|align=left|{{futsal|USA}} || style="background:#c96;"| 3rd || style="background:silver;"| 2nd || R1 || || R2 || R1 || || || R1
! 6
|-
! Total (7 teams) || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 4 || 4
! 26
|}

=== FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ===
{{main|National team appearances in the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
!colspan=23|[[FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup]] record
|-
! Team
! [[1995 Beach Soccer World Championship|1995]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (8)
! [[1996 Beach Soccer World Championship|1996]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (8)
! [[1997 Beach Soccer World Championship|1997]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (8)
! [[1998 Beach Soccer World Championship|1998]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (10)
! [[1999 Beach Soccer World Championship|1999]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (12)
! [[2000 Beach Soccer World Championship|2000]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (12)
! [[2001 Beach Soccer World Championship|2001]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (12)
! [[2002 Beach Soccer World Championship|2002]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (8)
! [[2003 Beach Soccer World Championship|2003]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (8)
! [[2004 Beach Soccer World Championship|2004]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (12)
! [[2005 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2005]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (12)
! [[2006 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2006]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (16)
! [[2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2007]] {{flagicon|BRA}} (16)
! [[2008 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2008]] {{flagicon|FRA}} (16)
! [[2009 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2009]] {{flagicon|UAE}} (16)
! [[2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2011]] {{flagicon|ITA}} (16)
! [[2013 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2013]] {{flagicon|TAH}} (16)
! [[2015 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2015]] {{flagicon|POR}} (16)
! [[2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2017]] {{flagicon|BAH}} (16)
! [[2019 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2019]] {{flagicon|PAR}} (16)
! [[2021 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup|2021]] {{flagicon|RUS}} (16)
! Years
|-
|{{beachsoccer|BAH}}
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
|style="border:3px solid red" | R1 11th
| •
| •
! 1
|-
|{{beachsoccer|CAN}}
|•
| R1 7th
|•
|•
|QF 7th
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
|QF 7th
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
! 3
|-
|{{beachsoccer|CRC}}
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
|R1 15th
| •
| •
|R1 16th
| •
| •
| •
! 2
|-
|{{beachsoccer|SLV}}
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| R1 14th
|R1 14th
| style="background:#9acdff;"|4th
|QF 6th
| •
| •
| •
| R1
! 4
|-
|{{beachsoccer|MEX}}
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| style="background:silver;"| 2nd
| R1 11th
| •
| QF 8th
| •
| R1 15th
| R1 13th
| R1 15th
| •
! 6
|-
|{{beachsoccer|PAN}}
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
| R1 14th
| •
| •
! 1
|-
|{{beachsoccer|USA}}
| style="background:silver;"| 2nd
| style="background:#9acdff;"|4th
| style="background:#c96;"|3rd
| R1 7th
|QF 6th
|QF 7th
|QF 5th
|•
|R1 8th
|R1 10th
|R1 10th
| R1 13th
| R1 13th
| •
| •
| •
| R1 10th
| •
| •
| R1 14th
| R1
! 14
|-
! align=centre|Total (7 teams)||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''2'''||'''32'''
|}

=== Former tournaments ===
==== FIFA Confederations Cup ====
{{Main article|FIFA Confederations Cup records and statistics}}
{{See also|National team appearances in the FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!colspan=12|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]] record
|-
! Team
! [[1992 King Fahd Cup|1992]] {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} (4)
! [[1995 King Fahd Cup|1995]] {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} (6)
! [[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997]] {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} (8)
! [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]] {{flagicon|Mexico}} (8)
! [[2001 FIFA Confederations Cup|2001]] {{flagicon|South Korea}} {{flagicon|Japan}} (8)
! [[2003 FIFA Confederations Cup|2003]] {{flagicon|France}} (8)
! [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]] {{flagicon|Germany}} (8)
! [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]] {{flagicon|South Africa}} (8)
! [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] {{flagicon|Brazil}} (8)
! [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|2017]] {{flagicon|Russia}} (8)
! Years
|-
| align=left| {{fb|Canada}}
| •
| •
| •
| ×
| GS
| •
| •
| •
| •
| •
! 1
|-
| align=left| {{fb|Mexico}}
| •
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| GS
| style="border:3px solid red; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| GS
| •
| style="background:#9acdff;"|'''4th'''
| •
| GS
| style="background:#9acdff;"|'''4th'''
! 7
|-
| align=left| {{fb|United States}}
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| •
| •
| style="background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| •
| GS
| •
| style="background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| •
| •
! 4
|-
!Total (3 teams)|| 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 12
|}

==See also==
===CONCACAF===
* [[CONCACAF Awards]]—In November 2013, CONCACAF announced that they would create annual awards for the best players, coaches, and referees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural CONCACAF Awards to Be Presented in December |url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/inaugural-concacaf-awards-to-be-presented-in-december |publisher=CONCACAF.com |access-date=28 November 2013 |date=26 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[List of CONCACAF competitions]]—current schedule for finals
* [[List of presidents of CONCACAF]]

===Related links===
* [[FIFA|International Federation of Association Football]] (FIFA)
* [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC)
* [[Oceania Football Confederation]] (OFC)
* [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF)
* [[CONMEBOL|Confederation of South American Football]] (CONMEBOL)
* [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA)
* [[Timeline of association football]]
* [[List of association football sub-confederations]]
* [[Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol]]
* [[North American Football Confederation]]
* [[Soccer in Canada]]
* [[Soccer in the United States]]
* [[Football in Mexico]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|en|es}}
* {{curlie|Sports/Soccer/CONCACAF|CONCACAF}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409000400/http://www.concacaf.com/graphics/stats-regs/pdf/statutes_e.pdf CONCACAF Statutes]
* [http://soccerlens.com/concacaf-confederation-of-north-central-american-and-caribbean-association-football/31200/ Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football], Soccerlens.com.

{{Navboxes
| title = CONCACAF
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| list =
{{CONCACAF presidents}}
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{{CONCACAF beach soccer teams}}
{{CONCACAF Leagues}}
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{{CONCACAF competitions}}
}}

{{FIFA navbox}}

{{Navboxes
| title = International football
| list =
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{{Portal bar|Association football|North America}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:CONCACAF| ]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1961]]
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[[Category:FIFA confederations]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in North America]]

RT DE

2022-02-16T20:16:02Z

Simsman333: Fixing typos

{{Short description|RT in Germany}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = RT DE
| logo = Russia-today-logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| network = [[RT (TV network)|RT]]
| owner = [[RT (TV network)]]
| country = [[Germany]]
| language = [[German language|German]]
| area = Worldwide
| headquarters = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| sister_channels = [[RT (TV network)|RT International]] [[RT America]] [[RT France]] [[Rusiya Al-Yaum]] [[RT Documentary]] [[RT Actualidad]] [[RT UK]]
| website = {{URL|deutsch.rt.com}}
}}
'''RT DE''' (formerly '''RT Deutsch''')<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Baumgärtner|first1=Maik|last2=Höfner|first2=Roman|last3=Müller|first3=Ann-Katrin|date=2021-03-03|title=RT Germany: Berlin Fears Growing Influence of Russian Propaganda Platform|language=en|work=Der Spiegel|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/rt-germany-berlin-fears-growing-influence-of-russian-propaganda-platform-a-b62cb977-fc1a-4d66-8c7c-9859d8d00315|access-date=2021-12-21|issn=2195-1349}}</ref> is a television channel based in [[Moscow]] and [[Berlin]]. It is part of the [[RT (TV network)|RT]] network, a Russian [[State media|state-controlled]] [[International broadcasting|international]] television network, funded by the Russian government. The website was launched in late 2014.

==History==
In 2013, RT started a subsidiary called [[Ruptly]], a TV news agency which is based in Berlin. It has 25 offices around the world (including in Washington, Damascus, London, Madrid, Gaza and Cairo).

On 6 November 2014, RT launched a German-language network. The first German-language broadcast of RT Deutsch was a political magazine ''Der fehlende Part'' (The missing part), presented by [[Jasmin Kosubek]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In August 2021 Luxembourg denied a broadcast license for RT Deutsch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-14|title=Luxembourg blocks broadcast license for RT's German channel|url=https://www.dw.com/en/luxembourg-blocks-broadcast-license-for-rts-german-channel/a-58864018|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-15|title=Luxembourg Denies License for Russia's RT German Channel|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/08/15/luxembourg-denies-license-for-russias-rt-german-channel-a74794|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[The Moscow Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

[[YouTube]] removed the station's two channels from its platform on 28 September 2021 for breaking its policies on [[COVID-19 misinformation]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Westendarp|first=Louis|date=29 September 2021|title=Russia threatens to block YouTube after it deleted RT's German channels|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/youtube-deletes-rt-germany-covid-19-misinformation/|access-date=29 September 2021|quote=Russian authorities threatened to block YouTube on Wednesday, a day after RT's German-language channels were deleted with Google's video platform saying the Russian state-backed broadcaster had breached its COVID-19 information policy.}}</ref> RT's editor-in-chief [[Margarita Simonyan]] urged the Russian authorities to ban German media organisations in Russia and impose sanctions against YouTube. The [[Russian government]] promised to adopt "retaliatory measures".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simonyan|first=Margarita|date=2021-09-28|title=Margarita Simonyan calls for Russia to ban German media after YouTube blocks 'RT Deutsch'|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2021/09/28/margarita-simonyan-calls-for-russia-to-ban-german-media-after-youtube-blocks-rt-deutsch|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[Meduza]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Will Russia ban YouTube?|url=https://thebell.io/en/will-russia-ban-youtube/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=thebell.io|language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[Politico]]'', RT's "German-language outlets have built an audience that leans to the political far right and is receptive to vaccine skepticism."<ref name="Politico20220202">{{cite news|last=Westendarp|first=Louis|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/russian-broadcaster-rt-ordered-stop-germany-program/|title=Germany bans Russian broadcaster RT's German-language channel|work=Politico|date=2 February 2022|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>

When a YouTube channel is removed, its owners are not allowed to create, own or use any other YouTube channels. In December 2021 RT tried to evade this restriction and created a new channel. The channel was removed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-16|title=YouTube Again Blocks German-Language RT channel|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/12/16/rt-launches-247-german-channel-amid-tensions-a75837|access-date=2021-12-18|website=[[The Moscow Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-16|title=Russia's RT Says German YouTube Channel Blocked Right After Launch|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/rt-german-youtube-deleted/31612364.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== RT DE licence incident ===
The parent organization TV Novosti tried unsuccessfully to apply for a television license in Luxembourg in June 2021. However, Serbia issued a permit in December. On December 16, RT DE went on the air via [[Eutelsat]] satellite and various transmission channels on the Internet. The broadcaster relies on a media directive from the Council of Europe that would entitle it to broadcast in Germany. The German supervisory authorities are not responsible because the program is produced in Moscow and broadcast from there.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=tagesschau.de|title=Rundfunkkommission verbietet Fernsehsender RT DE|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/rt-de-rundfunklizenz-101.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=tagesschau.de|language=de}}</ref>

One day later, on 17 December 2021, the German media regulator Medienanstalt Berlin-Brandenburg (MABB) launched proceedings against RT DE for broadcasting without a license.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-17|title=German media regulators say RT lacks broadcast license|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-media-regulators-say-rt-lacks-broadcast-license/a-60177250|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-18|title=German Regulator Says Russian State Media Broadcasting Without A License|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/german-rt-russia-television-/31615017.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=en}}</ref> On 22 December 2021, the European [[Communications satellite|satellite]] operator [[Eutelsat]] removed RT DE from its platformon [[Eutelsat 9B]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Murray|first1=Miranda|last2=Marrow|first2=Alexander|date=2021-12-22|title=Germany takes Russia's RT Deutsch off air within days of launch|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/germany-takes-russias-rt-deutsch-off-air-within-days-launch-2021-12-22/|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Телеканал RT сообщил, что RT DE сняли с вещания в Европе|trans-title=RT TV reported that RT DE was removed from broadcasting in Europe|url=https://theins.ru/news/247356|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[The Insider (website)|The Insider]]|language=ru}}</ref>

At the beginning of February 2022, RT Deutsch announced its intention to appeal against the decision, though according to [[Reuters]], it formally had only until the end of 2021 to respond. MARB and the country's Commission for Licensing and Supervision (ZAK) said the station needed a license meeting the terms of Germany's State Media Treaty, because they sees itself as responsible because RT DE Productions GmbH is based in [[Adlershof|Berlin-Adlershof]] and not in Moscow.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-russia-television/russian-rts-german-language-tv-to-appeal-against-ban-idINL8N2UD503|title=Russian RT's German-language TV to appeal against ban|work=Reuters|date=2 February 2022|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> In a statement, ZAK said: "The organization and distribution of the TV program via live stream on the internet, via the mobile and smart TV app 'RT News' and via satellite must be discontinued."<ref name="Politico20220202" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.die-medienanstalten.de/service/pressemitteilungen/meldung/senden-ohne-rundfunklizenz-zak-untersagt-veranstaltung-und-verbreitung-des-fernsehprogramms-rt-de-in-deutschland|title=Senden ohne Rundfunklizenz – ZAK untersagt Veranstaltung und Verbreitung des Fernsehprogramms 'RT DE' in Deutschland|work=Die-medienanstalten|language=de|date=2 February 2022|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>

In response, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Foreign Ministry]] withdrew the accreditation of the German foreign broadcaster [[Deutsche Welle]] and initiated proceedings to classify Deutsche Welle as a "[[Russian foreign agent law|foreign agent]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deutsche Welle : Bundesregierung fordert von Russland Rücknahme des Sendeverbots|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2F2022-02%2Fdeutsche-welle-russland-sendeverbot-bundesregierung-kritik-pressefreiheit|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.zeit.de}}</ref> [[Scholz cabinet|German government]] called for the ban to be revoked, Secretary of State for Culture and Media [[Claudia Roth]] ([[Alliance 90/The Greens|Alliance90/The Greens]]) called the ban an "aggressive act".<ref>{{Cite web|last=tagesschau.de|title=Scharfe Kritik an Deutsche-Welle-Sendeverbot|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/deutsche-welle-reaktionen-101.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=tagesschau.de|language=de}}</ref> Deutsche Welle was protesting against the withdrawal of accreditations and the announced ban on broadcasting. “The measures taken by the Russian authorities are completely incomprehensible and a complete overreaction. We are being played with here in a way that the media only has to experience in autocracies," said DW Director General [[Peter Limbourg]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-03|title=Russland schließt Büro der Deutschen Welle in Moskau|language=de-DE|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/reaktion-auf-verbot-fuer-rt-russland-schliesst-buero-der-deutschen-welle-in-moskau/28036006.html|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=1865-2263}}</ref>

==Reception==
In ''[[Handelsblatt]]'', Andreas Macho concluded after an investigation of the program of the German branch of RT in November 2014: "The bottom line [is that] RT Germany spreads more untruths, reductions and distortions than this - promise as the moderators constantly -. would enlighten".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/it-medien/russia-today-der-propaganda-sender-des-kremls-in-deutschland/11016084.html| language=de |title=Der Propaganda-Sender des Kremls in Deutschland |newspaper=Handelsblatt |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]'' summed up the selection of the interlocutors of the first weeks of RT Deutsch with "either flaming anti-American and European opponents of the left and right margins" together.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taz.de/Kolumne-Besser/!5027919/| language=de |title=Es gibt anscheinend Informationen |work=Die Tageszeitung |date=24 November 2014 |access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taz.de/!5026022/| language=de |title=Propaganda-TV "Russia Today Deutsch": Putin mit Hitler verteidigen |work=Die Tageszeitung |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> In February 2016 a former employee called RT Deutsch "skilful propaganda" and claimed that they are concentrating on an audience of [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]] and persons on the far-right of the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.de/2016/02/26/lea-frings-rt-deutsch_n_9305896.html| language=de |title=Ex-Redakteurin packt aus: Das ist die Propaganda von RT Deutsch |work=The Huffington Post |date=26 February 2014|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> In February 2021, through obtained emails, a ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' investigation provided insights on how the station planned a platform for fringe groups to undermine democracy in Germany.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/rt-germany-berlin-fears-growing-influence-of-russian-propaganda-platform-a-b62cb977-fc1a-4d66-8c7c-9859d8d00315|title=Germany Fears Influence of Russian Propaganda Channel |work=Der Spiegel |date=3 March 2021|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

==Programmes==
* ''Der fehlende Part'' presented by Jasmin Kosubek<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deutsch.rt.com/programme/der-fehlende-part/| language=de |title=Der Fehlende Part – RT Deutsch |publisher=RT Deutsch |date= |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''451°''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deutsch.rt.com/programme/451-programme/| language=de |title=451° – RT Deutsch |publisher=RT Deutsch |date= |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''Einmal in Russland''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deutsch.rt.com/programme/einmal-in-russland/| language=de |title=Einmal in Russland – RT Deutsch |publisher=RT Deutsch |date= |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Propaganda in the Russian Federation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://deutsch.rt.com/ RTdeutsch.com]
*[https://twitter.com/RT_Deutsch/ RT Deutsch Page] on [[Twitter]]

{{Russia Today}}
{{RT programs}}

{{Portal bar|Companies|Germany|Television}}

[[Category:RT (TV network)]]
[[Category:Television networks in Russia]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2014]]
[[Category:Television stations in Germany]]
[[Category:German-language television stations]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in Germany]]
[[Category:Russian propaganda organizations]]

Kalabsh

2022-02-05T22:43:11Z

Simsman333: Grammar and spelling errors.

{{Infobox television season
| season_number =
| bgcolour = 
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| starring = [[Amir Karara]]
| country = Egypt
| num_episodes = Season 1 (30 Episodes) Season 2 (30 Episodes) Season 3 (30 Episodes)
| network =
| released = 
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| episode_list =
}}

'''Kalabsh''' ''(Handcuff)'' is a 2017 Egyptian drama and suspense TV-Series directed by Peter Mimy and starring Amir Karara in the role of Sleim El-Ansary, a most confident and honest policeman. The series is based on a story written by Yousef Hasan Yousef, then dramatized and scripted by Baher Dewidar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/police-officers-celebrate-kalabsh-series-amir-karara/|title=Police officers celebrate ‘Kalabsh’ series with Amir Karara|last=[[Egypt Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/159/269122/Arts--Culture/Entertainment/Everything-you-need-to-know-about-Ramadan--TV.aspx|title=Everything you need to know about Ramadan 2017 TV|last=[[Al-Ahram|Ahram Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2017/06/03/feature/culture/madas-ramadan-tv-tips-2017-what-to-watch-and-what-to-drop/|title=Mada’s Ramadan TV tips 2017: What to watch and what to drop|work=Mada Masr|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

A [[Kalabsh 2|sequel]] was released in 2018, and it is assumed that a third season will be broadcast during Ramadan 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}. A third season was released in 2019

== Production ==
Director Mohamed Bakeer was supposed to direct the show, but that didn't happen due to disagreements with producer Muhammed Abdel Hamid, which led to assigning young director Peter Mimy to direct Klabash 1, 2 and working on the third season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/2197962|title=بيتر ميمى: "كلبش" مسلسل اجتماعى تشويقى.. و"سليم الأنصارى" دفع "كرارة" لإنقاص وزنه 12 كيلوجراماً|date=2017-06-12|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref> Mimy is known with his style mimicking Hollywood crime flicks and working with western artists<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alkhaleej.ae/supplements/page/53081998-e833-43c9-b367-cf4f4e1e5dc6|title="سبوبة" سينما مصرية على الطريقة الأمريكية|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elzmannews.com/71490|title=بيتر ميمي ينحت برومو مسلسل "كلبش" من فيلم "لوجان" {{!}} فن {{!}} جريدة الزمان|date=2018-07-21|work=جريدة الزمان|access-date=2018-07-21|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thearabweekly.com/egyptian-resistance-occupation-portrayed-contemporary-cinema|title=Egyptian resistance to occupation portrayed in contemporary cinema {{!}} Marwa al-Asar|work=AW|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Mimy, Karara and others stated that the production team got big help from Egyptian police ministry on the two seasons of the series,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/5/17/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9/3796523|title=أمير كرارة: الداخلية اعترضت على موت "سليم الأنصارى" فى الحلقة الأخيرة من "كلبش 2".."عمرو دياب" أول من طالبنى بتقديم الجزء الثانى.."لما دقت طعم النجاح عرفت يعنى إيه كرم ربنا"..ورقم واحد ليس فى حساباتى - اليوم السابع|date=2018-05-17|work=اليوم السابع|access-date=2018-07-21|language=ar-Ar}}</ref> also more logistic and influencing cooperation, to deliver a good message of the honest police man who fights for the right, and also other re-accruing problems that affects Egypt at this particular period, such as Islamic militias, however, the director stated that there was no interference by them in the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1291929|title=أمير كرارة: "الداخلية" دعمت "كلبش 2".. ولم تتدخل فى أحداثه (حوار) {{!}} المصري اليوم|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar-AR|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Amir Karara: Sleim El-Ansary
* Mohamed Lotfy: Ibrahim El-Sunni
* Reem Mostafa: Farida
* Eslam Hafez: Tamer Lutfi Abu El-Majd
* Diab: Zanati El-Sayyed Zeynhom
* Ahmed Seyam: Lutfi Abu El-Majd
* Mohsen Mansour: Mahmoud Abd El-Moneim (Houda Saitara)
* Tarek El Nahry: Nashaat Fahmy
* Mahmoud El Bezawy: Salah El-Tokhi
* Mahmoud Hegazy: Ziad
* Mohamed Marzaban: Hammad
*[[Sarah Elshamy|Sara Elshamy]]: Salma El-Ansari
* Mohamed Ezz: Attia Azzam
*Omar El Shenawy:Hossam

== See also ==
* [[Kalabsh 2]]

== Resources ==
<references />

[[Category:Egyptian television series]]
[[Category:Arabic television series]]
[[Category:Egyptian drama television series]]

Kalabsh

2022-02-05T22:33:19Z

Simsman333: A false and biased claim not backed by any citation.

{{Infobox television season
| season_number =
| bgcolour = 
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| starring = [[Amir Karara]]
| country = Egypt
| num_episodes = Season 1 (30 Episodes) Season 2 (30 Episodes) Season 3 (30 Episodes)
| network =
| released = 
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| episode_list =
}}

'''Kalabsh''' ''(Handcuff)'' is a 2017 Egyptian drama and suspense TV-Series directed by Peter Mimy and starring Amir Karara in the role of Sleim El-Ansary, a most confident and honest policeman. The series is based on a story written by Yousef Hasan Yousef, then dramatized and scripted by Baher Dewidar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/police-officers-celebrate-kalabsh-series-amir-karara/|title=Police officers celebrate ‘Kalabsh’ series with Amir Karara|last=[[Egypt Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/159/269122/Arts--Culture/Entertainment/Everything-you-need-to-know-about-Ramadan--TV.aspx|title=Everything you need to know about Ramadan 2017 TV|last=[[Al-Ahram|Ahram Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2017/06/03/feature/culture/madas-ramadan-tv-tips-2017-what-to-watch-and-what-to-drop/|title=Mada’s Ramadan TV tips 2017: What to watch and what to drop|work=Mada Masr|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

A [[Kalabsh 2|sequel]] was released in 2018, and it is assumed that a third season will be broadcast during Ramadan 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}. A third season was released in 2019

== Production ==
Director Mohamed Bakeer was supposed to direct the show, but that didn't happen due to disagreements with producer Muhammed Abdel Hamid, which led to assigning young director Peter Mimy to direct Klabash 1, 2 and working on the third season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/2197962|title=بيتر ميمى: "كلبش" مسلسل اجتماعى تشويقى.. و"سليم الأنصارى" دفع "كرارة" لإنقاص وزنه 12 كيلوجراماً|date=2017-06-12|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref> Mimy is known with his style mimicking Hollywood crime flicks and working with western artists<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alkhaleej.ae/supplements/page/53081998-e833-43c9-b367-cf4f4e1e5dc6|title="سبوبة" سينما مصرية على الطريقة الأمريكية|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elzmannews.com/71490|title=بيتر ميمي ينحت برومو مسلسل "كلبش" من فيلم "لوجان" {{!}} فن {{!}} جريدة الزمان|date=2018-07-21|work=جريدة الزمان|access-date=2018-07-21|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thearabweekly.com/egyptian-resistance-occupation-portrayed-contemporary-cinema|title=Egyptian resistance to occupation portrayed in contemporary cinema {{!}} Marwa al-Asar|work=AW|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Mimy, Karara and others stated that the production team got big help from Egyptian police ministry on the two seasons of the series,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/5/17/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9/3796523|title=أمير كرارة: الداخلية اعترضت على موت "سليم الأنصارى" فى الحلقة الأخيرة من "كلبش 2".."عمرو دياب" أول من طالبنى بتقديم الجزء الثانى.."لما دقت طعم النجاح عرفت يعنى إيه كرم ربنا"..ورقم واحد ليس فى حساباتى - اليوم السابع|date=2018-05-17|work=اليوم السابع|access-date=2018-07-21|language=ar-Ar}}</ref> also more logistic and influencing cooperation, to deliver a good message of the honest police man who fights for the right, and also other re-accruing problems that affects Egypt at this particular period, such as Islamic militias, however, the director stated that there were no interfere by them on the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1291929|title=أمير كرارة: "الداخلية" دعمت "كلبش 2".. ولم تتدخل فى أحداثه (حوار) {{!}} المصري اليوم|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar-AR|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Amir Karara: Sleim El-Ansary
* Mohamed Lotfy: Ibrahim El-Sunni
* Reem Mostafa: Farida
* Eslam Hafez: Tamer Lutfi Abu El-Majd
* Diab: Zanati El-Sayyed Zeynhom
* Ahmed Seyam: Lutfi Abu El-Majd
* Mohsen Mansour: Mahmoud Abd El-Moneim (Houda Saitara)
* Tarek El Nahry: Nashaat Fahmy
* Mahmoud El Bezawy: Salah El-Tokhi
* Mahmoud Hegazy: Ziad
* Mohamed Marzaban: Hammad
*[[Sarah Elshamy|Sara Elshamy]]: Salma El-Ansari
* Mohamed Ezz: Attia Azzam
*Omar El Shenawy:Hossam

== See also ==
* [[Kalabsh 2]]

== Resources ==
<references />

[[Category:Egyptian television series]]
[[Category:Arabic television series]]
[[Category:Egyptian drama television series]]

Nation's Future Party

2021-07-13T01:33:11Z

Simsman333: I removed that portion of the article because it is based on an article on Mada Masr website ,which is a far-leftist propaganda outlet and hence, it has no credibility.

{{short description|Political party in Egypt}}
{{Infobox political party
| country = Egypt
| name = Future of the Nation Party
| native_name = حزب مستقبل وطن
| logo = Future of the Nation.png
| colorcode = {{Nation's Future Party/meta/color}}
| chairman = [[Ashraf Rashad]]
| leader2_title = Secretary-General
| leader2_name = Hossam El-Khouly
| foundation = {{start date and age|2014|11|df=y}}
| founder = Mohamed Badran Ahmed Shaaban<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />
| headquarters = Heliopolis, [[Egypt]]<ref name=tac9sep>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/the-president-s-men|title=The President's Men |publisher=The Atlantic Council|date=9 September 2015|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
| ideology = [[Egyptian nationalism]] [[Populism]] [[Secularism]] [[Militarism]]
| position = [[Big tent]]
| national = [[For the Love of Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/2/21/%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-4-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%8810-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8/2076940|title="فى حب مصر": اعتماد 4 منسقين لقوائم القطاعات الأربعة و10 أحزاب مشاركة|publisher=Youm7|date=21 February 2015|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#283279|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]
| seats1_title = [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|316|596|{{Nation's Future Party/meta/color}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|149|300|{{Nation's Future Party/meta/color}}}}
| website = {{URL|https://mostqbal-watan.org}}
}}

The '''Nation's Future Party''' ({{Lang-ar|حزب مستقبل وطن}}), also known as the '''Future of the Nation Party''' or '''Mostaqbal Watan''', is an Egyptian political party. It has grown to become one of Egypt's largest political parties. {{As of|2016|03}}, the party chairman was Ashraf Rashad.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />

==History==

Nation's Future Party was set up in mid-2014 by the [[Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)|Egyptian Military Intelligence]]. Former member of [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]'s presidential campaign Abdel Azim stated, {{cquote|quote=An aide to the president in the presidency told me literally, 'The Nation's Future Party was originally the Nation's Future Front, established by Military Intelligence as a youth entity to support the president. It's ours'.|author=Abdel Azim|source=<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />}} A student responsible for Nation's Future Party campaigning in his governorate was interviewed by ''[[Mada Masr]]''. He stated that a Military Intelligence officer in civilian clothes frequently delivered cash payments of typically {{currency|20000|EGP}} to the campaign office, and later on cheques, including one from the [[National Bank of Egypt]] for {{currency|150000|EGP}}. For each street march, {{currency|15000|EGP}} to {{currency|20000|EGP}} would be delivered, and young men organised by government agencies would be paid {{currency|100|EGP}} each to participate in the marches. Instead of being run by volunteers, the campaign office was staffed by civil servants. Campaigning for signatures for Sisi's presidential candidacy by Nation's Future Party included payments of {{currency|50|EGP}} to each person signing. Party leader [[Mohamed Badran]] took his instructions, according to the interviewee, from Major [[Ahmed Shaaban (Egyptian intelligence)|Ahmed Shaaban]] of Military Intelligence.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />

The party attracted Egyptian youths who wanted to bring change to the political atmosphere from traditional policies of seniority according to age. In recent{{when|date=January 2019}} months, however, many established parliamentarians, many of whom were members of the now-dissolved [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]], joined the party.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

The Nation's Future Party is officially the second-largest political party in the [[Parliament of Egypt|Egyptian parliament]], having won 53 seats in the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015|2015 Egyptian parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-election-outcome-idUSKCN0SF2OS20151021|title=Egypt loyalists take the lead in parliament elections|last=Editorial|first=Reuters|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> It is, however, deemed to be the largest party in parliament due to the unofficial resignation of more than 50 members of parliament from their respective parties in favour of joining the Nation's Future Party.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

==2015 parliamentary election ==
The Future of the Nation Party ran in the [[2015 Egyptian parliamentary election|2015 parliamentary elections]] as part of the "[[For the Love of Egypt]]" electoral alliance, which won all 120 party seats in the parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2015/12/27/feature/politics/the-impossible-parliamentary-alliance/|title=The impossible parliamentary alliance|work=Mada Masr|access-date=2018-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> It was subsequently allocated 53 seats in parliament, making it the second-largest party after the [[Free Egyptians Party]] that won 65 seats, and ahead of the [[New Wafd Party]], Egypt's oldest political party.

==2018 presidential election==
In 2018, after all political parties, except for the [[El-Ghad Party|Ghad Party]] led by [[Moussa Mostafa Moussa]], failed to field candidates for the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2018|presidential election]] in March that year, calls to merge Egypt's 104 political parties into four or five strong parties increased. In response, efforts to strengthen the presence of powerful parties in the Egyptian political scene, primarily led by the [[Free Egyptians Party]], the Future of the Nation Party, and the [[New Wafd Party]]—as well as the Support Egypt Coalition, which holds 400 out of 597 seats in the Egyptian parliament—began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/48455/Why-parliament-s-majority-Support-Egypt-coalition-aims-to-merge|title=Why parliament's majority 'Support Egypt' coalition aims to merge its parties - Egypt Today|website=www.egypttoday.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref>

In April 2018, the Support Egypt Coalition announced it would seek to merge all of its constituent parties into one new party, which would then hold a parliamentary majority.{{cn|date=January 2019}} This, however, presented two main obstacles:

* Article 6 of the 2014 House of Representatives Law allows stripping membership of any member of parliament who changes the political affiliation by which they were elected, provided there is a 2/3 majority parliamentary vote in support of this.
* Many political parties within the coalition rejected the idea of dissolving their own parties in favour of this new party, in particular, the Future of the Nation Party, which is the largest party in the coalition.

==Growth==

In April 2018, the "[[For the Love of Egypt]]" alliance, which was the largest and most organized civilian campaign set up to support [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|President el-Sisi]] in his campaign for a second term in office,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.el-balad.com/2370322|title="All With You For The Sake of Egypt' campaign holds a conference in Ismailia to support Sisi|work=Sada El Balad|access-date=2018-06-21|language=ar-AR}}</ref> announced plans to become a political party. This did not happen; in May 2018, the Future of the Nation Party and the "For the Love of Egypt" alliance made a surprise announcement in a joint press conference that the alliance would merge into the party and that the party's official name would be changed at the Annual Party Conference in October 2018 to the '''Future of Egypt Party'''.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Following the announcement, around 50 MPs resigned from their parties and joined the Future of the Nation Party; most of these came from the Free Egyptians and Wafd parties but there were many independents and other party members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.masrawy.com/news/news_egypt/details/2018/5/25/1354069/-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-50-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8|title="مستقبل وطن": 50 نائبًا من "المصريين الأحرار" انضموا للحزب|work=مصراوي.كوم|access-date=2018-06-21|language=ar-AR}}</ref> It was estimated that 75 parliamentarians joined the party but until the House of Representatives Law is changed to allow the switching of parties, none of the MPs have officially notified the Speaker of the House that they have changed parties for fear of being stripped of their parliamentary memberships.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Thus the Future of the Nation Party is currently unofficially Egypt's largest party in parliament.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

==Policies==

===The Egyptian Armed Forces===
The party has always supported the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], believing Egyptians need to unite behind the Army and the [[Egyptian National Police|Police Force]] in their fight against terrorism in defence of the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/3048157|title=رئيس "مستقبل وطن": نقف خلف القيادة السياسية صفا واحد|date=2018-02-09|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> It is firmly opposed to the deployment of Egyptian troops in Syria, asserting that the Egyptian Armed Forces should only protect Egypt and that it is not in Egypt's interest to get involved in the armed conflict in Syria.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

===Economic reforms===
The Future of the Nation Party has always supported the President in regards to economic reforms. They supported the subsidy cuts on fuel, electricity and water, and are strong supporters of the New Investment Law and the liberalization of the [[Egyptian pound|Egyptian Pound]].{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Party leaders have often stated their support for the IMF-backed economic reform program, believing it is the only way to help Egypt recover from the effects of the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|2011 Revolution]] and to create a modern, powerful Egyptian state despite the resulting hardships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/2/1/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/3627530|title=رئيس مستقبل وطن: مصر تتوخى الرضا الشعبى فى إجراءاتها الاقتصادية وهذا صعب - اليوم السابع|date=2018-02-01|work=اليوم السابع|access-date=2018-06-21|language=ar-Ar}}</ref>

===Foreign affairs===
The party's foreign affairs position tends to revolve around the concept that Egypt plays a pivotal role in the region and is a powerful state in an otherwise uncertain part of the world. As such, the party strongly supports diplomacy with as many nations as possible, especially in the fight against terrorism.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

The party has often shown support for other Arab states, particularly those within the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]]. Considering Egypt's military strength and the warm relations enjoyed with [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], the party has supported calls to protect the [[Gulf states (Middle East)|Gulf states]] from foreign interference, particularly from Iran. It also believes in the importance of the state's efforts to conclude the conflicts in Syria and Libya, and to reach a peaceful solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]{{cn|date=January 2019}}.

Reaching out to African states has also been a priority. The party has regularly lobbied the government to improve relations with the African continent, which were arguably non-existent for the latter part of [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak|the Mubarak era]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alsafhanews.com/view.php?id=6561|title=حزب مستقبل وطن: على الحكومة توجيه اهتمامها إلى إفريقيا - الصفحة نيوز|last=EraCore.NET|website=alsafhanews.com|language=ar|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> The party regularly sends diplomatic delegations to foreign countries in preparation for state visits by the [[President of Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1973094|title=وفد "مستقبل وطن" يشارك الجالية المصرية بأمريكا استقبال السيسي|date=2017-04-03|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election">{{cite news | last1= Bahgat | first1= Hossam | title= Anatomy of an election | date= 2016-03-14 | newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2016/03/14/feature/politics/anatomy-of-an-election/ |access-date= 2019-10-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165849/https://madamasr.com/en/2016/03/14/feature/politics/anatomy-of-an-election/ |archive-date= 2019-09-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}
{{Egyptian political parties}}
[[Category:2014 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian nationalist parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Political parties in Egypt]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Populist parties]]
[[Category:Ruling party]]
{{Egypt-party-stub}}

Nation's Future Party

2021-07-13T01:20:07Z

Simsman333: This portion of the article is nothing but a politically-biased propaganda pushed by Middle East Eye website ,which is noting but a Qatari-funded propaganda outlet knowing for spreading false news regarding Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain because of the political and diplomatic rift between these countries and Qatar. Hence, it has no credibility.

{{short description|Political party in Egypt}}
{{Infobox political party
| country = Egypt
| name = Future of the Nation Party
| native_name = حزب مستقبل وطن
| logo = Future of the Nation.png
| colorcode = {{Nation's Future Party/meta/color}}
| chairman = [[Ashraf Rashad]]
| leader2_title = Secretary-General
| leader2_name = Hossam El-Khouly
| foundation = {{start date and age|2014|11|df=y}}
| founder = Mohamed Badran Ahmed Shaaban<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />
| headquarters = Heliopolis, [[Egypt]]<ref name=tac9sep>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/the-president-s-men|title=The President's Men |publisher=The Atlantic Council|date=9 September 2015|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
| ideology = [[Egyptian nationalism]] [[Populism]] [[Secularism]] [[Militarism]]
| position = [[Big tent]]
| national = [[For the Love of Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/2/21/%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-4-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%8810-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8/2076940|title="فى حب مصر": اعتماد 4 منسقين لقوائم القطاعات الأربعة و10 أحزاب مشاركة|publisher=Youm7|date=21 February 2015|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#283279|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]
| seats1_title = [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|316|596|{{Nation's Future Party/meta/color}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|149|300|{{Nation's Future Party/meta/color}}}}
| website = {{URL|https://mostqbal-watan.org}}
}}

The '''Nation's Future Party''' ({{Lang-ar|حزب مستقبل وطن}}), also known as the '''Future of the Nation Party''' or '''Mostaqbal Watan''', is an Egyptian political party. It was founded in 2014 by members of the [[Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)|Egyptian Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Administration]]<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" /> and has grown to become one of Egypt's largest political parties. {{As of|2016|03}}, the party chairman was Ashraf Rashad.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />

==History==

Nation's Future Party was set up in mid-2014 by the [[Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)|Egyptian Military Intelligence]]. Former member of [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]'s presidential campaign Abdel Azim stated, {{cquote|quote=An aide to the president in the presidency told me literally, 'The Nation's Future Party was originally the Nation's Future Front, established by Military Intelligence as a youth entity to support the president. It's ours'.|author=Abdel Azim|source=<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />}} A student responsible for Nation's Future Party campaigning in his governorate was interviewed by ''[[Mada Masr]]''. He stated that a Military Intelligence officer in civilian clothes frequently delivered cash payments of typically {{currency|20000|EGP}} to the campaign office, and later on cheques, including one from the [[National Bank of Egypt]] for {{currency|150000|EGP}}. For each street march, {{currency|15000|EGP}} to {{currency|20000|EGP}} would be delivered, and young men organised by government agencies would be paid {{currency|100|EGP}} each to participate in the marches. Instead of being run by volunteers, the campaign office was staffed by civil servants. Campaigning for signatures for Sisi's presidential candidacy by Nation's Future Party included payments of {{currency|50|EGP}} to each person signing. Party leader [[Mohamed Badran]] took his instructions, according to the interviewee, from Major [[Ahmed Shaaban (Egyptian intelligence)|Ahmed Shaaban]] of Military Intelligence.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />

The party attracted Egyptian youths who wanted to bring change to the political atmosphere from traditional policies of seniority according to age. In recent{{when|date=January 2019}} months, however, many established parliamentarians, many of whom were members of the now-dissolved [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]], joined the party.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

The Nation's Future Party is officially the second-largest political party in the [[Parliament of Egypt|Egyptian parliament]], having won 53 seats in the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015|2015 Egyptian parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-election-outcome-idUSKCN0SF2OS20151021|title=Egypt loyalists take the lead in parliament elections|last=Editorial|first=Reuters|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> It is, however, deemed to be the largest party in parliament due to the unofficial resignation of more than 50 members of parliament from their respective parties in favour of joining the Nation's Future Party.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

==2015 parliamentary election ==
The Future of the Nation Party ran in the [[2015 Egyptian parliamentary election|2015 parliamentary elections]] as part of the "[[For the Love of Egypt]]" electoral alliance, which won all 120 party seats in the parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2015/12/27/feature/politics/the-impossible-parliamentary-alliance/|title=The impossible parliamentary alliance|work=Mada Masr|access-date=2018-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> It was subsequently allocated 53 seats in parliament, making it the second-largest party after the [[Free Egyptians Party]] that won 65 seats, and ahead of the [[New Wafd Party]], Egypt's oldest political party.

==2018 presidential election==
In 2018, after all political parties, except for the [[El-Ghad Party|Ghad Party]] led by [[Moussa Mostafa Moussa]], failed to field candidates for the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2018|presidential election]] in March that year, calls to merge Egypt's 104 political parties into four or five strong parties increased. In response, efforts to strengthen the presence of powerful parties in the Egyptian political scene, primarily led by the [[Free Egyptians Party]], the Future of the Nation Party, and the [[New Wafd Party]]—as well as the Support Egypt Coalition, which holds 400 out of 597 seats in the Egyptian parliament—began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/48455/Why-parliament-s-majority-Support-Egypt-coalition-aims-to-merge|title=Why parliament's majority 'Support Egypt' coalition aims to merge its parties - Egypt Today|website=www.egypttoday.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref>

In April 2018, the Support Egypt Coalition announced it would seek to merge all of its constituent parties into one new party, which would then hold a parliamentary majority.{{cn|date=January 2019}} This, however, presented two main obstacles:

* Article 6 of the 2014 House of Representatives Law allows stripping membership of any member of parliament who changes the political affiliation by which they were elected, provided there is a 2/3 majority parliamentary vote in support of this.
* Many political parties within the coalition rejected the idea of dissolving their own parties in favour of this new party, in particular, the Future of the Nation Party, which is the largest party in the coalition.

==Growth==

In April 2018, the "[[For the Love of Egypt]]" alliance, which was the largest and most organized civilian campaign set up to support [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|President el-Sisi]] in his campaign for a second term in office,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.el-balad.com/2370322|title="All With You For The Sake of Egypt' campaign holds a conference in Ismailia to support Sisi|work=Sada El Balad|access-date=2018-06-21|language=ar-AR}}</ref> announced plans to become a political party. This did not happen; in May 2018, the Future of the Nation Party and the "For the Love of Egypt" alliance made a surprise announcement in a joint press conference that the alliance would merge into the party and that the party's official name would be changed at the Annual Party Conference in October 2018 to the '''Future of Egypt Party'''.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Following the announcement, around 50 MPs resigned from their parties and joined the Future of the Nation Party; most of these came from the Free Egyptians and Wafd parties but there were many independents and other party members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.masrawy.com/news/news_egypt/details/2018/5/25/1354069/-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-50-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8|title="مستقبل وطن": 50 نائبًا من "المصريين الأحرار" انضموا للحزب|work=مصراوي.كوم|access-date=2018-06-21|language=ar-AR}}</ref> It was estimated that 75 parliamentarians joined the party but until the House of Representatives Law is changed to allow the switching of parties, none of the MPs have officially notified the Speaker of the House that they have changed parties for fear of being stripped of their parliamentary memberships.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Thus the Future of the Nation Party is currently unofficially Egypt's largest party in parliament.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

==Policies==

===The Egyptian Armed Forces===
The party has always supported the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], believing Egyptians need to unite behind the Army and the [[Egyptian National Police|Police Force]] in their fight against terrorism in defence of the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/3048157|title=رئيس "مستقبل وطن": نقف خلف القيادة السياسية صفا واحد|date=2018-02-09|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> It is firmly opposed to the deployment of Egyptian troops in Syria, asserting that the Egyptian Armed Forces should only protect Egypt and that it is not in Egypt's interest to get involved in the armed conflict in Syria.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

===Economic reforms===
The Future of the Nation Party has always supported the President in regards to economic reforms. They supported the subsidy cuts on fuel, electricity and water, and are strong supporters of the New Investment Law and the liberalization of the [[Egyptian pound|Egyptian Pound]].{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Party leaders have often stated their support for the IMF-backed economic reform program, believing it is the only way to help Egypt recover from the effects of the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|2011 Revolution]] and to create a modern, powerful Egyptian state despite the resulting hardships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/2/1/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/3627530|title=رئيس مستقبل وطن: مصر تتوخى الرضا الشعبى فى إجراءاتها الاقتصادية وهذا صعب - اليوم السابع|date=2018-02-01|work=اليوم السابع|access-date=2018-06-21|language=ar-Ar}}</ref>

===Foreign affairs===
The party's foreign affairs position tends to revolve around the concept that Egypt plays a pivotal role in the region and is a powerful state in an otherwise uncertain part of the world. As such, the party strongly supports diplomacy with as many nations as possible, especially in the fight against terrorism.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

The party has often shown support for other Arab states, particularly those within the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]]. Considering Egypt's military strength and the warm relations enjoyed with [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], the party has supported calls to protect the [[Gulf states (Middle East)|Gulf states]] from foreign interference, particularly from Iran. It also believes in the importance of the state's efforts to conclude the conflicts in Syria and Libya, and to reach a peaceful solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]{{cn|date=January 2019}}.

Reaching out to African states has also been a priority. The party has regularly lobbied the government to improve relations with the African continent, which were arguably non-existent for the latter part of [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak|the Mubarak era]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alsafhanews.com/view.php?id=6561|title=حزب مستقبل وطن: على الحكومة توجيه اهتمامها إلى إفريقيا - الصفحة نيوز|last=EraCore.NET|website=alsafhanews.com|language=ar|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> The party regularly sends diplomatic delegations to foreign countries in preparation for state visits by the [[President of Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1973094|title=وفد "مستقبل وطن" يشارك الجالية المصرية بأمريكا استقبال السيسي|date=2017-04-03|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election">{{cite news | last1= Bahgat | first1= Hossam | title= Anatomy of an election | date= 2016-03-14 | newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2016/03/14/feature/politics/anatomy-of-an-election/ |access-date= 2019-10-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165849/https://madamasr.com/en/2016/03/14/feature/politics/anatomy-of-an-election/ |archive-date= 2019-09-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}
{{Egyptian political parties}}
[[Category:2014 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian nationalist parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Political parties in Egypt]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Populist parties]]
[[Category:Ruling party]]
{{Egypt-party-stub}}

Mahmoud el-Sisi

2021-04-26T03:32:36Z

Simsman333: How would a building contractor (who has no crediblity at all according to both Sisi's supporters and opponents) know who is the real head of an intelligence agency? Again, this is an article published by Middle East Eye, which is a biased, pro-Islamist media outlet owned by the Qatari regime and so it has zero credibility.

{{short description|Egyptian brigadier general}}
'''Mahmoud el-Sisi''' ({{lang-ar|محمود السيسي}}; born 1982)<ref name="AfReport">{{cite news | title= Egypt: Mahmoud al-Sisi, cut from the same cloth as his father | date= 2020-12-16 | newspaper= [[The Africa Report]] | url= https://www.theafricareport.com/55206/egypt-mahmoud-al-sisi-cut-from-the-same-cloth-as-his-father/ |accessdate=2021-01-03}}</ref> is the deputy head of the Egyptian [[General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)|General Intelligence Directorate]] and the son of Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]].<ref name="AJ">{{cite news | title= Egypt activist Wael Ghonim's brother ordered to remain in custody | date= 2019-09-22 | newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-activist-wael-ghonim-brother-ordered-remain-custody-190922115155447.html |accessdate=2021-01-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191019225425/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-activist-wael-ghonim-brother-ordered-remain-custody-190922115155447.html |archive-date= 2021-01-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Biography==
Mahmoud is the oldest son of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and his wife [[Entissar Amer]], who were [[Cousin marriage in the Middle East|cousins]]. He was a major in the Military Intelligence, then in June 2018 he rose to the rank of [[brigadier general]], and was appointed deputy head of General Intelligence, after he was head of the agency's technical office, under the leadership of Major General Abbas Kamel.<ref name="AfReport" /><ref name="AJ" />

''L'Espresso'' linked Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]'s son Mahmoud el-Sisi to the [[murder of Giulio Regeni]], stating that "It is hard to think that el-Sisi's son was not aware of Regeni's movements before he disappeared."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/07/07/sisi-son-may-have-had-role-in-regeni-case-espresso_1e352bac-a8b9-4f5d-9e9b-7ff8b326cad5.html|title=Sisi son 'may have had role in Regeni case' - Espresso|website=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]|date= 7 July 2016|accessdate= 3 January 2021}}</ref>

On 20 November 2019, two GIS officials interviewed by ''[[Mada Masr]]'' stated that Mahmoud was to be shifted from GIS to the [[Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)|Military Intelligence agency]] and assigned to a [[Embassy of Egypt in Moscow|diplomatic position in Moscow]] in 2020.<ref name="MadaMasr_MahmoudSisi_sidelined" /> The reason cited for the move and attributed to people close to president el-Sisi was a "negative impact on [president el-Sisi's] image" resulting from Mahmoud's alleged ineffectiveness in his responsibilities and visible role in high-level decision-making. The reason attributed to senior [[United Arab Emirates]] government officials is that they saw Mahmoud's role as "damaging to the president". Regional and international media attention to Mahmoud's role was cited as significantly harming president el-Sisi's image and threatening the "stability of the administration". The proposed move was "welcomed" by Russian authorities.<ref name="MadaMasr_MahmoudSisi_sidelined">{{cite news | title= President's eldest son, Mahmoud al-Sisi, sidelined from powerful intelligence position to diplomatic mission in Russia |trans-title =  | date= 20 November 2019 |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/20/feature/politics/presidents-eldest-son-mahmoud-al-sisi-sidelined-from-powerful-intelligence-position-to-diplomatic-mission-in-russia/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191128230726/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/20/feature/politics/presidents-eldest-son-mahmoud-al-sisi-sidelined-from-powerful-intelligence-position-to-diplomatic-mission-in-russia/ |archive-date= 28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to ''Mada Masr''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s report, ''Mada Masr'' journalist [[Shady Zalat]] was detained by Egyptian security services for a day and a half; 18 ''Mada Masr'' staff, freelancers and foreign journalists were detained incommunicado inside the journal's office for several hours on 24 November; three were briefly detained; and laptops and telephones were confiscated.<ref name="MadaMasr_MahmoudSisi_article">{{cite news | last1= Attalah | first1= Lina | title= A few things you might like to know about us |trans-title =  | date= 28 November 2019 |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/28/opinion/politics/a-few-things-you-might-like-to-know-about-us/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191128232612/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/28/opinion/politics/a-few-things-you-might-like-to-know-about-us/ |archive-date= 28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MadaMasr_201911_raid_details">{{cite news | title= Plainclothes security raid Mada Masr office for several hours, detain 3 including Chief Editor Lina Attalah |trans-title =  | date= 24 November 2019 |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/24/news/politics/plainclothes-security-raid-mada-masr-office-for-several-hours-detain-3-including-chief-editor-lina-attalah/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191128233124/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/24/news/politics/plainclothes-security-raid-mada-masr-office-for-several-hours-detain-3-including-chief-editor-lina-attalah/ |archive-date= 28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chief Editor [[Lina Attalah]] described the preparation of the report as having had "every single detail [confirmed] by at least two separate sources — and when it came to some details, as many as four".<ref name="MadaMasr_MahmoudSisi_article" />

==Personal life==
He is married to Noha Al-Tohami, the daughter of Farid Al-Tohamy, the former head of the General Intelligence and [[Administrative Control Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/460699 |title= ما لا تعرفه عن أسرة الرئيس السيسي بعد الظهور الأول |website=[[ Al-Masry Al-Youm]]|date= 8 June 2014|accessdate= 3 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sisi, Mahmoud}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Egyptian military officers]]

2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum

2021-04-26T03:13:21Z

Simsman333: The cited article is written in a media outlet owned by the Qatari regime. Given the fact that there is a diplomatic crisis between Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain on one hand and Turkey and Qatar on the other hand, and the fact that there is a media war going on between the two sides, this article cannot be cited as a credible source/reference.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Expand Arabic|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox referendum
|name = 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum
|title =
|yes = 23416741
|no = 2945680
|invalid = 831172
|total = 27193593
|electorate = 61344503
|notes =
}}
{{Politics of Egypt}}

A '''constitutional referendum''' was held in [[Egypt]] from 20–22 April 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/egypt-vote-extending-sisi-term-april-20-22-190417135026559.html|title=Egypt to vote on extending Sisi's term on April 20-22|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> with overseas voting taking place between 19 and 21 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tucson.com/news/world/egypt-schedules--day-referendum-on-constitutional-changes/article_92b0f1e4-dbac-5326-b0ca-d454771b1e49.html|title=Egypt schedules 3-day referendum on constitutional changes |work=[[Associated Press]]|date=17 April 2019|access-date=19 April 2019|author=Samy Magdy}}</ref> The proposed changes allow President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] to remain in power until 2030; under the previous version of the constitution, he would have been barred from contesting the next elections, which were due in 2022.<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-47947035|title=Egypt constitutional changes could mean Sisi rule until 2030|work=[[BBC]]|date=16 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The changes were approved by 88.83% of voters who voted, with a 44% turnout.<ref name=ao>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330543/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATED-Egypts-constitutional-amendments-passed-by.aspx|title=UPDATED: Egypt's constitutional amendments passed by 88.83% in referendum - National Elections Authority|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=23 April 2019|access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref>

==Preparation==
Plans to amend the constitution were prepared by the [[General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)|General Intelligence Directorate]] (Mukhabarat) around December 2018, with nearly daily meetings headed by el-Sisi's son [[Mahmoud el-Sisi]], Deputy Director of the Mukhabarat.<ref name="AJE_Hazem_Ghonim" /> Some meetings were also attended by Abbas Kamel, the Director of the Mukhabarat. The initial plans were to extend the presidential term to six years while retaining a maximum of two terms and to weaken the powers of Parliament.<ref name="MadaMasr_GIS_does_constitution" />

Security services planned "wide-reaching arrest campaigns of civilian public figures from across the political spectrum" as a method of "not [tolerating] dissent on any scale regarding the amendments".<ref name="MadaMasr_GIS_does_constitution" />

==Proposed amendments==
Article 140 is amended to lengthen the presidential term from four to six years and article 241 changes to lengthen el-Sisi's current term and allow him to stand for an additional term in office. Other changes restore the president's ability to appoint Vice-Presidents (which had been abolished in 2012) and strengthen the powers of the president over the judiciary,<ref name=BBC/> with modifications to articles 185, 189 and 193 making the president head of the Higher Council for Judicial Authorities, which would appoint the public prosecutor and judicial leaders, as well as giving the president the power to directly appoint the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court.<ref name=AA>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx|title=Frequently Asked Questions about parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 constitution|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=15 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019|author=Gamal Essam El-Din}}</ref>

Two amendments further embed the role of the military in government, with a proposed change to article 200 to state that the military should "preserve the constitution and democracy, maintain the basic pillars of the state and its civilian nature, and uphold the gains of the people, and the rights and freedoms of individuals". A revision of article 234 would make the army's role in selecting the Defence Minister a permanent requirement.<ref name=BBC/>

Further amendments make the parliament a bicameral body, with the Shura Council abolished in 2014 restored as the [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]], which would consist of 120 elected members and 60 appointed by the president. Changes to article 102 reduce the number of members of the lower house from 596 to 450, with at least 112 seats reserved for women.<ref name=AA/>

On 16 April 2019, [[Parliament of Egypt|Parliament]] approved changes to the constitution;<ref name=BBC/> 22 [[Member of parliament|MP]]s voted against the changes, with another MP abstaining.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/04/17/news/u/national-referendum-on-constitutional-amendments-scheduled-to-begin-just-3-days-after-parliamentary-approval/|title=National referendum on constitutional amendments to begin 3 days after parliamentary approval|work=[[Mada Masr]]|date=17 April 2019|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> The changes were required to be put to a referendum within 30 days.<ref name=BBC/>

==Campaign==
The proposals were supported by [[Free Egyptians Party]] MP [[Mohamed Abu Hamed]], who claimed el-Sisi needed more time in office to continue reforms.<ref name=BBC/>

Multiple political parties, including the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]], the [[Egyptian Social Democratic Party]], the [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]], the [[Reform and Development Misruna Party|Reform and Development Party]], the [[Freedom Egypt Party]], the [[Socialist Party of Egypt]], the [[National Conciliation Party (Egypt)|National Conciliation Party]], the [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative Party]], and the [[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]] (as well as MPs from the [[25-30 Alliance]]), came together on 5 February 2019 to form the Union to Defend the Constitution, which launched a three-pronged campaign to defeat the amendments (gathering signatures, creating a "media platform" and opposing the amendments through the courts).<ref name=mm>{{cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/02/07/feature/politics/union-to-defend-the-constitution-brings-opposition-forces-together-to-reject-constitutional-amendments/|title=‘Union to Defend the Constitution’ brings opposition forces together to reject constitutional amendments|work=[[Mada Masr]]|date=7 February 2019|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]] member [[Khaled Dawoud]] claimed the proposals were a power-grab,<ref name=BBC/> while the [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]] has come out in opposition to the amendments.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/egypt-opposition-urges-voters-reject-constitutional-amendments-190418160131914.html|title=Egypt opposition urges voters to reject constitutional amendments|agency=Al Jazeera|date=18 April 2019|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Other parties and organizations also opposing the amendments included the [[Arab Democratic Nasserist Party]] and the [[Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)|Revolutionary Socialists]].<ref name=mm/>

The [[International Commission of Jurists]] called for the changes to be rejected, noting that the change to article 140 on presidential term lengths violates the [[entrenched clause]] of article 226, forbidding changes to texts pertaining to presidential re-election, except with more guarantees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icj.org/egypt-constitutional-amendments-to-extend-the-presidents-term-and-powers-over-the-judiciary-must-be-rejected/|title=Egypt: constitutional amendments to extend the President’s term and powers over the judiciary must be rejected|website=International Commission of Jurists|language=en-US|access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>

A campaign named "Bātil" ("''null and void''") was launched the week of 7 April to oppose the proposed amendments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/04/16/news/u/egypt-blocks-over-34000-websites-in-attempt-to-shut-down-constitutional-amendments-opposition-campaign/|title=Egypt blocks over 34,000 websites in attempt to ‘shut down’ constitutional amendments opposition campaign|work=[[Mada Masr]]|date=16 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> However, the campaign website was blocked on 9 April 2019 after gathering over 60,000 signatures against the changes; according to ''[[NetBlocks]]'', the government subsequently blocked over 34,000 other domains in order to restrict access to the campaign site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/egypt-filters-34000-domains-in-bid-to-block-opposition-campaign-platform-7eA1blBp|title=Egypt filters 34,000 domains in bid to block opposition campaign platform|work=[[NetBlocks]]|date=15 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

Opponents to the amendments faced government oppression according to ''[[Al-Monitor]]'', which reported on a secretive grassroots group that hung banners and used graffiti to oppose the proposals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/04/freedom-for-egypt-movement-defying-constitutional-amendments.html|title=Grass-roots group seeks to defeat Egyptian amendments|date=21 April 2019|publisher=Al-Monitor|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

In his reading of the proposed amendments, political analyst and columnist Maged Mandour concludes that the changes to the constitution "will re-draw the Egyptian political system and remove the last pretence of separation of powers or the subordination of the military to the elected government. Egypt is set to become a military dictatorship in name as well as deed."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/egyptʹs-political-future-generalissimo-sisi?nopaging=1|last=Mandour|first=Maged|title=Generalissimo Sisi|date=26 February 2019|publisher=Qantara.de|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

==Conduct==
A judge in charge of a polling station in [[Cairo]] laid out various issues regarding electoral conduct, including combining unregistered and registered voters ballots, members of the pro-government [[Nation's Future Party]] at polling stations (and as poll workers), [[bribery]] with food and no oversight during the counting of ballots.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/05/01/feature/politics/judge-overseeing-polling-station-recounts-troubling-incidents-in-constitutional-referendum/|title=Judge overseeing polling station recounts troubling incidents in constitutional referendum|work=[[Mada Masr]]|date=1 May 2019|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Referendum
| title =
| yes = 23,416,741
| yespct = 88.83
| no = 2,945,680
| nopct = 11.17
| valid = 26,362,421
| validpct = 96.94
| invalid = 831,172
| invalidpct = 3.06
| total = 27,193,593
| electorate = 61,344,503
| turnoutpct = 44.33
| source = [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330543/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATED-Egypts-constitutional-amendments-passed-by.aspx Ahram Online]
}}

==Reactions==
Minutes after the results were announced, Sisi commented in a tweet, thanking the Egyptian people for voting ''"Yes"'': "Wonderful scene done by Egyptians who took part in the referendum, will be written down in our nation's historical record."

[[Amnesty International]] and the [[International Commission of Jurists]] had previously urged the Egyptian government to withdraw the amendments, for they "would undermine judicial independence and expand military trials for civilians. If adopted, the amendments would weaken the rule of law, further erode fair trial guarantees and enshrine impunity for members of the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde12/0147/2019/en|title=Egypt: Parliament should reject proposed constitutional amendements|date=8 April 2019|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>

While National Election Authority chairman Lashin Ibrahim talked about "forces of darkness and evil" which boycotted the referendum in order "to destroy the democratic atmosphere in which it took place,"<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48035512|title=Egyptian president could rule until 2030 as constitutional changes backed|date=24 April 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> prominent Egyptian writer [[Alaa Al-Aswany]], in an opinion piece on [[Deutsche Welle]] Arabic, provided reasons for why the referendum was "void, unconstitutional and undemocratic, describing el-Sisi as a "military dictator ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|ديكتاتور عسكري}}) exercising unprecedented repression upon people."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ar/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1/a-48435204|title=كيف نتعامل كع نتائج الاستفتاء؟ (How Shall We Deal the Referendum's Results?|date=23 April 2019|publisher=Deutsche Welle Arabic|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>

The BBC stated that the Egyptian authorities did not give the corporation accreditation to report on the vote.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="MadaMasr_GIS_does_constitution">{{cite news | last1= Hakim | first1= Ashraf | last2= Soliman | first2= Asmahan | title= Egypt's new political order in the making | date= 2018-12-04 | newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2018/12/04/feature/politics/egypts-new-political-order-in-the-making/ |access-date=2019-10-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191019233648/https://madamasr.com/en/2018/12/04/feature/politics/egypts-new-political-order-in-the-making/ |archive-date= 2019-10-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_Hazem_Ghonim">{{cite news | title= Egypt activist Wael Ghonim's brother ordered to remain in custody | date= 2019-09-22 | newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-activist-wael-ghonim-brother-ordered-remain-custody-190922115155447.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191019225425/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-activist-wael-ghonim-brother-ordered-remain-custody-190922115155447.html |archive-date= 2019-10-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

{{Egyptian elections}}

[[Category:2019 referendums|Egypt]]
[[Category:2019 in Egypt]]
[[Category:Referendums in Egypt]]
[[Category:April 2019 events in Africa]]

Timeline of the Libyan civil war (2014–2020)

2020-07-17T14:16:37Z

Simsman333:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
This is a detailed timeline of the [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|Libyan Civil War]] since 2014.

==2014==

===16–17 May 2014: Operation Dignity offensive in Benghazi===

====Fighting====
:''See: [[Battle of Benghazi (2014)]]''

Hostilities first broke out early in the morning of Friday 16 May 2014 when General [[Khalifa Haftar]]'s forces assaulted the bases of certain Benghazi Islamist militia groups, including the one blamed for the [[2012 Benghazi attack|2012 assassination of US ambassador Christopher Stevens]]. Helicopters, jets and ground forces took part in the assault, killing at least 70, and injuring at least 250. Haftar also vowed not to stop until the extremist groups are purged.<ref name="CNN election announcement">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/20/world/africa/libya-violence/ |author1=Jomana Karadsheh |author2=Ben Brumfield |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Libya announces elections: Will it help calm the violence? |date=20 May 2014 |agency=[[CNN]] |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archivedate=24 May 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524005343/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/20/world/africa/libya-violence/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Jomana Karadsheh |author2=Ashley Fantz |lastauthoramp=yes |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/18/world/africa/libya-violence/ |title=Turmoil in Libya: Fighting sweeps across Tripoli following violence in Benghazi |date=19 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2014 |agency=CNN |archivedate=24 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524005350/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/18/world/africa/libya-violence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly before the assault, Haftar reportedly asked a close friend, "Am I committing suicide?"<ref name="Haftar's doubts">{{cite web|url=http://libyastories.com/2014/05/30/libya-karama-some-notes-on-kahlifa-hafters-operation-dignity/|title=Karama – Some Notes On Khalifa Hafter's Operation Dignity|last=Oakes|first=John|date=30 May 2014|publisher=Libya Stories|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>

The operation, codenamed "Operation Dignity" by Haftar, began when [[Libyan National Army]] forces attacked units of the [[February 17th Martyrs Brigade]], the [[Libya Shield 1|Libya Shield No. 1 Brigade]], and [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]]. Fighting was largely confined to the south western Benghazi districts of Hawari and Sidi Ferej. In particular the fighting focused on the area between the southwestern gate checkpoint and the cement factory; an area controlled by Ansar al-Sharia. As part of the fighting helicopters were seen over Hawari. Fighting was also reported in the port area between marines and the Libya Shield No. 1 Brigade.<ref name="16 May">{{cite news|url-status=live |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/16/hafter-launches-benghazi-attack-on-islamists/#axzz31uF72T00 |title=Hafter launches Benghazi attack on Islamists |date=16 May 2014 |work=Libya Herald |author1=Aimen Majeed |author2=Moutaz Ahmed |lastauthoramp=yes |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526021630/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/16/hafter-launches-benghazi-attack-on-islamists/ |archivedate=26 May 2014 }}</ref>

Haftar's forces seemingly moved on Benghazi from the east, with some units originating from [[Marj]]. Included within these forces were various tribal units. Elements of the Libyan military in Benghazi then seemingly joined them. There were also unconfirmed reports of forces loyal to Ibrahim Jadhran's Cyrenaica federalist forces fighting alongside units loyal to Haftar.<ref name="16 May"/>

Although the Libyan Air Force and marines have close links with the [[Al-Saiqa (Libya)|Saiqa Special Forces Brigade]], neither the Brigade, nor the Benghazi Joint Security Room (BJSR), were seemingly involved. The BJSR former spokesperson, Colonel Mohammad Hejazi, spoke of Libyan military forces fighting "terrorist formations" in the Benghazi districts of Sidi Ferej and Hawari. Hejazi also claimed that Libyan "army forces" were now in control of a camp at Rafallah Al-Sahati. The ''[[Libya Herald]]'' also claimed that an eyewitness had claimed to have seen tanks belonging to the Saiqa Brigade stationed on the road in front of its camp at Buatni. The Brigade called for Benghazi residents to avoid districts witnessing the clashes.<ref name="16 May"/>

As a result of the fighting the streets of Benghazi were largely empty and roads into Benghazi were effectively closed.<ref name="16 May"/> The fighting also resulted in the closure of [[Benina International Airport]], near Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/159548-libya-benghazi-militias-clashes/ |title=43 killed in Libya clashes, authorities close Benghazi airport |agency=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=15 July 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520225901/http://rt.com/news/159548-libya-benghazi-militias-clashes/ |archivedate=20 May 2014 }}</ref>

The following day, fighters from Rafallah al-Sahati and the 17 February Brigade also returned to their bases, from which they had been driven off the previous day.<ref name=nbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/fighting-benghazi-leaves-dozens-dead-amid-libyan-violence-n107946 |title=Fighting in Benghazi Leaves Dozens Dead Amid Libyan Violence |date=17 May 2014 |work=[[NBC News]] |archivedate=19 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519155727/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/fighting-benghazi-leaves-dozens-dead-amid-libyan-violence-n107946 |accessdate=23 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Haftar's subsequent press release====
On 17 May, Haftar held a press conference in which he proclaimed that the current [[General National Congress]] was no longer representing the Libyan people and was illegitimate. He claimed to have uncovered evidence that the GNC had opened Libya's borders to avowed terrorists and had invited numerous international Islamist fighters to come to Libya, offering them Libyan passports. He explained that his primary aim was to "purge" Islamist militants from Libya, specifically the "terrorist" Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="Haftar's press release">{{cite news |url=http://www.aawsat.net/2014/05/article55332486 |title=Khalifa Haftar: My forces will reach Tripoli soon |last=Mahmoud |first=Khalid |date=22 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |accessdate=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712012422/http://www.aawsat.net/2014/05/article55332486 |archivedate=12 July 2014 }}</ref>

====Government reaction====
At a government press conference held as a response to the Benghazi assault, acting Prime Minister Abdullah Al-Thinni condemned the move by Haftar as illegal and claimed that the move undermined attempts to confront terrorism. Thinni had called Ansar al-Sharia a terrorist organisation earlier in May 2014.<ref name="16 May"/>

Thinni claimed that only 1 Libyan Air Force plane had taken part in the clashes, alongside 120 army vehicles, although eyewitnesses reported to CNN as having seen multiple aircraft involved in the assault.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/16/world/africa/libya-violence/ |title=Renegade Libyan forces attack Benghazi militants as Tripoli protests |date=16 May 2014 |author1=Jomana Karadsheh |author2=Jason Hanna |lastauthoramp=yes |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archivedate=19 May 2014 |agency=CNN |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519061020/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/16/world/africa/libya-violence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major General Abdulsalam Jad Allah Al-Salheen Al-Obaidi, the Chief of Staff of the Libyan National Army, also condemned the attack by Haftar, and called forces loyal to him "intruders into Benghazi". Instead Obaidi urged "revolutionaries" in Benghazi to resist them.<ref name="16 May"/>

The next day, Libya's army responded to Haftar's airstrikes by proclaiming a no-fly zone over Benghazi banning all flights over the city in a direct challenge to Haftar in order to prevent the paramilitary force from using air power against Islamist militias in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/18-May-2014/libya-army-declares-no-fly-zone-over-benghazi |title=Libya army declares no-fly zone over Benghazi |date=18 May 2014 |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524022659/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/18-May-2014/libya-army-declares-no-fly-zone-over-benghazi |archivedate=24 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News Online |url-status=live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27459182 |title=Libya sets Benghazi no-fly zone after clashes |date=18 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519035417/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27459182 |archivedate=19 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url-status=live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/18/gunmen-storm-libyan-parliament |author=Chris Stephen |title=Gunmen storm Libyan parliament amid anti-government uprising |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 May 2014 |accessdate=26 May 2014 |archivedate=24 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524230802/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/18/gunmen-storm-libyan-parliament }}</ref>

====Casualties====
By the end of the first day, the LNA had seemingly suffered 4 dead and 24 wounded. LNA dead and wounded were taken to a hospital in Marj. The number of dead and wounded from the Islamist groups was made difficult due to Ansar al-Sharia's policy of not releasing casualty reports. The 17th February Brigade similarly released no figures.<ref name="16 May"/> Overall, the resulting battle claimed between 70 and 75 lives.<ref name="CNN election announcement"/>

===18 May: Operation Dignity offensive in Tripoli===
General Haftar's militia allies backed by truck-mounted anti-aircraft guns, mortars and rocket fire attacked parliament, sending lawmakers fleeing for their lives as gunmen ransacked the legislature, declaring the body suspended. A commander in the military police in Libya read a statement announcing the body's suspension on behalf of a group led by Haftar.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/05/18/libyan_lawmakers_run_for_lives_as_gunmen_ransack_legislature.html |title=Libyan lawmakers run for lives as gunmen ransack legislature |date=18 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |agency=Associated Press |author1=Exam Mohamed |author2=Sarah El Deeb |lastauthoramp=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522104923/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/05/18/libyan_lawmakers_run_for_lives_as_gunmen_ransack_legislature.html |archivedate=22 May 2014 }}</ref>

The clashes began on the evening of Sunday 18 May, beginning first at the GNC building, before then spreading to Hay Al-Akwakh, particularly in the area of the steel bridge on the Airport road. Missiles were also reported to have fallen close to the TV station on Ennasr Street. Heavy firing was also heard in the Corniche area on the way to Mitiga airbase. The clashes however died down by the late evening.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/18/fighting-spreads-in-tripoli-as-brigades-move-against-gnc-attackers/#axzz325GqXom4 |title=Fighting spreads in Tripoli as brigades move against GNC attackers; five dead |author=Ashraf Abdul-Wahab |date=18 May 2014 |newspaper=Libya Herald |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archivedate=26 May 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526024155/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/18/fighting-spreads-in-tripoli-as-brigades-move-against-gnc-attackers/ }}</ref>

Later on Sunday evening a group of 5 officers, who identified themselves as the Leaders of the Libyan Army, announced the suspension of the General National Congress. The officers, under the lead of the Zintani former head of Military Intelligence, Colonel Muktar Fernana, instead announced that the Constitutional Committee would carry out the work of the GNC. Under the plan al-Thinni's government was to remain in office, and would oversee the formation of military and security forces. The statement, therefore, blocked [[Ahmed Maiteeq]] from assuming the position of Prime Minister. Colonel Fernana also proclaimed that the Libyan people "would never accept to be controlled by a group or organization which initiates terror and chaos".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/19/the-leaders-of-the-libyan-national-army-suspend-the-gnc/#axzz325GqXom4 |author=Ashraf Abdul Wahab |title="Leaders" of Libyan Army "suspend" GNC |date=18 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2014 |newspaper=Libya Herald |archivedate=26 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526022851/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/19/the-leaders-of-the-libyan-national-army-suspend-the-gnc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Colonel Fernana claimed that General Haftar had assigned a 60-member assembly to take over from the GNC, with the current government acting only on an emergency basis.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Esam Mohamed |author2=Sarah el Deeb |lastauthoramp=yes |url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2014-05-18-ML-Libya/id-9e4cb50c5f1b4f5f8a97c3789225ed9e |title=Renegade Libyan general says parliament suspended |date=18 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2014 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archivedate=19 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519150719/http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2014-05-18-ML-Libya/id-9e4cb50c5f1b4f5f8a97c3789225ed9e |url-status=live }}</ref>

===19–20 May 2014: Military commanders endorse Operation Dignity movement===
On 19 May, Colonel Wanis Abu Khamada, the commander of Libya's Special Forces, announced that his forces would be joining Haftar's operation against Islamist militant groups in Benghazi. Khamadas Special Forces had previously come under attack from Islamist militants in Benghazi, with dozens of members of the unit being killed. In his declaration Khamada announced that his unit would join Haftar's Libyan National Army "with all our men and weapons".<ref name="AJ Khamada">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/05/libya-special-forces-join-renegade-general-201452055015140299.html |title=Libya special forces to join renegade general |date=20 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2014 |agency=[[Al Jazeera]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526024442/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/05/libya-special-forces-join-renegade-general-201452055015140299.html |archivedate=26 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khamada argued that the operation was "the work of the people".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/20/benghazis-saiqa-special-forces-join-hafters-dignity-operation/#axzz32OMRrupB |author=Moutaz Ahmed |title=Benghazi's Saiqa Special Forces join Hafter's 'Dignity Operation' |date=19 May 2014 |work=Libya Herald |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522224606/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/20/benghazis-saiqa-special-forces-join-hafters-dignity-operation/ |archivedate=22 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> By Monday the death toll for Friday's clashes had reached 79.<ref name="AJ Khamada"/> However, the Tripoli-based [[Al-Qaeda]]-inspired Lions of Monotheism group announced that it would fight forces loyal to General Haftar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/armed-group-attacks-libyan-parliament-201451935057455872.html |title=Armed group attacks Libyan parliament |date=19 May 2014 |agency=Al Jazeera |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526040240/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/armed-group-attacks-libyan-parliament-201451935057455872.html |archivedate=26 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Forty members of parliament,<ref name="40 MP's endorse Haftar">{{cite web|url-status=live |url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/haber/137267/40-libyan-mps-pledge-support-to-renegade-general-haftar |title=40 Libyan MPs pledge support to renegade general Haftar |date=25 May 2014 |work=Worldbulletin News |accessdate=31 May 2014 |location=[[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] |archivedate= 1 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601020753/http://www.worldbulletin.net/haber/137267/40-libyan-mps-pledge-support-to-renegade-general-haftar }}</ref> and the heads of the navy,<ref name="Naval chief endorses">{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Rogue-general-gets-more-top-allies-20140521|title=Rogue general gets more top allies|date=21 May 2014|publisher=News 24|accessdate=31 May 2014|location=Cape Town, South Africa}}</ref> the air-force, and much of the army have endorsed Haftar. On the evening of 21 May the [[National Forces Alliance]] issued a statement of support of Haftar, proclaiming that Libyans have found themselves "drowning in swamp of terrorism, darkness, killing and destruction". The following day the official Libyan news agency claimed that the Interior Ministry had announced its support for Haftar's operation, in direct contrast to the governments denunciation of the operation as a coup.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=23 May 2014 |date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/top-libyan-commander-joins-rebel-forces-2014521923299411.html |title=Top Libyan commander joins rebel forces |agency=[[Al Jazeera]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526041940/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/top-libyan-commander-joins-rebel-forces-2014521923299411.html |archivedate=26 May 2014 }}</ref>

The Libyan Revolutionaries Operations Room issued a call for serving military personnel to desert, claiming that they did not need the support of Haftar. The group called on its forces to temporarily withdraw from the Army, and to disclose to their commanders the names of anyone involved in attempting to kill either officials or members of the security forces. It would seek the prosecution of named individuals through the Attorney General's office. In their announcement LROR claimed that they would lead the fight against criminals in Libya, and would carry on without Haftar or his operation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/21/libyan-revolutionaries-operations-room-call-on-army-members-to-desert/#axzz32OMRrupB |title=Libyan Revolutionaries Operations Room call on army members to desert |date=21 May 2014 |newspaper=Libya Herald |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archivedate=22 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522230118/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/21/libyan-revolutionaries-operations-room-call-on-army-members-to-desert/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a televised statement late Wednesday Haftar appeared in a military uniform surrounded by military officers and accused the current Islamist-led parliament of turning Libya to a state "sponsoring terrorism" and a "hideout to terrorists" who infiltrated the joints of the state, wasted its resources and controlled its decision making. He asserted that the military wants the continuation of political life and stressed that the new council is a civilian one in an apparent attempt to defuse fears of militarizing the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/b0479fed757d4447819a05ab74e2d783|title=Libya general calls for council to take power|date=21 May 2014|agency=AP}}</ref>

Tripoli residents reported several loud explosions earlier that day near the al-Yarmouk air defense barracks. This came after the air defense top commander Juma al-Abani released a video message saying he was joining Haftar's campaign against Islamists. Heavy fighting involving anti-aircraft machine guns mounted on trucks also broke out overnight near an army camp in [[Tajoura]], an eastern suburb. The city was quiet by dawn. The health ministry reported that at least two people from Mali died in the fighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/22/us-libya-violence-idUSBREA4K0QP20140522 |title=Libyan renegade general challenges government as clashes rock Tripoli |date=21 May 2014 |accessdate=22 May 2014 |agency=Reuters |archivedate=25 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525085155/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/22/us-libya-violence-idUSBREA4K0QP20140522 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ansar al-Sharia issued a statement denouncing Haftar's operation as a "war against the religious Muslim youth". The group instead claimed that they had been the subject of a hate campaign by those against Islam and Sharia, and that their opponents were the real terrorists. The group instead claimed that they wished to safeguard Muslim blood and had not hindered the building of Libya's security organisations. The group claimed that the campaign against them was being conducted by "evil television channels" and were led by "ex-regime sympathisers and secularists supported by their masters in the west". The group also asked tribes to prevent their sons from joining Haftars forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/21/ansar-al-sharia-says-hafter-is-waging-war-against-islam/#axzz32OMRrupB |title=Ansar Al-Sharia says Hafter is waging war against Islam |date=21 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2014 |work=Libya Herald |archivedate=22 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522040432/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/21/ansar-al-sharia-says-hafter-is-waging-war-against-islam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===22–31 May 2014: Weekly pro-Haftar demonstrations, political and military developments===
On both 23 May and 30 May after Friday prayers, tens of thousands of demonstrators rallied in various cities including Tripoli and Benghazi in support of General Haftar and his campaign against Islamist militias and also in support of Haftar's calls to suspend parliament. In Benghazi, thousands of pro-Haftar demonstrators gathered outside Tibesti Hotel and in the city's Tahreer Square, as well as others in the city of Bayda further east. "No to militias, Libya will not become another Afghanistan" and "Yes to the army, yes to the police", their banners read. Meanwhile, crowds in Tripoli's Martyr's Square chanted against the parliament and in support of a national army and police force to replace the militias that run rampant in the country. They sang the national anthem as they waved the flag and carried banners that read "Yes to Dignity". They called for an official response to the militias. "Libya is in trouble, we want police, we want army", they chanted. While some Libyans don't back Haftar and don't want military rule, they support what he is doing.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Jomana Karadsheh |author2=Mohammed Tawfeeq |lastauthoramp=yes |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/23/world/africa/libya-protests/ |title=Crowds rally in Libya to support retired general's campaign |date=23 May 2014 |agency=CNN |accessdate=24 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526031543/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/23/world/africa/libya-protests/ |archivedate=26 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Thousands-rally-in-support-of-rogue-Libyan-general/articleshow/35535573.cms |title=Thousands rally in support of rogue Libyan general |date=24 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |accessdate=24 May 2014 |archivedate=24 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524231656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Thousands-rally-in-support-of-rogue-Libyan-general/articleshow/35535573.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="WPost 6">{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/thousands-across-libya-march-in-support-of-renegade-general-khalifa-hifter/2014/05/23/cc90da98-e2b7-11e3-8dcc-d6b7fede081a_story.html|title=Thousands across Libya march in support of reforms|date=23 May 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|author=Sharif Abdel Kouddous|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The protest, dubbed the "Friday of Dignity", took its name from the offensive launched by Haftar, one week ago in the eastern city of Benghazi. The demonstrations were some of the largest the country had seen since the uprising three years ago, and were the first since then to be held simultaneously in cities across Libya, which put more pressure on the embattled Islamist-led parliament to offer concessions. The interim government issued a statement in support of Friday's protests and reasserted its proposal this week to suspend parliament. "The participation of tens of thousands [in the protests] requires all to answer to the demands of the people who represent legitimacy that can't be ignored", the statement said.<ref name="WPost 6"/>

In opposition to Haftar, Islamist militias from Misrata, known collectively as the Libyan Central Shield, have deployed in the capital amid a standoff with forces loyal to Haftar.<ref name="WPost 5">{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/in-libya-fears-of-all-out-war-as-islamist-militias-allied-with-parliament-deploy-in-capital/2014/05/22/d96165ce-e1e7-11e3-810f-764fe508b82d_story.html|title=In Libya, fears of all-out war as Islamist militias allied with parliament deploy in capital|date=23 May 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref> They are under the command of the country's chief of staff who answers to the GNC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/islamist-led-militias-deploy-in-libya-s-capital-529056 |title=Islamist-Led Militias Deploy in Libya's Capital |date=22 May 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |accessdate=23 May 2014 |archivedate=23 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225845/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/islamist-led-militias-deploy-in-libya-s-capital-529056 |url-status=live }}</ref> This followed calls by the head of the (now boycotted) GNC and the army chief on the Islamist militias to defend the interests of the GNC.<ref name="WPost 5"/><ref>{{cite news|accessdate=23 May 2014|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/05/18/renegade-libyan-general-says-parliament-suspended/9260289/|title=Libya orders Islamist militias to oppose rogue general|date=19 May 2014|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Islamist GNC boycotted">{{cite news|accessdate=31 May 2014 |url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/africa/59346-fears-libya-reserves-rival-claims |title=Fears for Libya reserves as rival cabinets lay claim |date=31 May 2014 |agency=Agence France-Presse |url-status=live |archivedate=2 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602134129/http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/africa/59346-fears-libya-reserves-rival-claims }}</ref>

Meanwhile, within the Libyan government itself, an intense power struggle had emerged between Maiteeq and Thinni for leadership of the Libyan government, including conflicting orders and statements.<ref name="Thinni refuses hand-over">{{cite news|last=Elumami |first=Ahmed |title=Libya standoff emerges as premier refuses to yield to successor |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/28/us-libya-crisis-idUSKBN0E827T20140528 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=31 May 2014 |author2=Patrick Markey |date=28 May 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531181728/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/28/us-libya-crisis-idUSKBN0E827T20140528 |archivedate=31 May 2014 }}</ref> On 28 May, Operation Dignity forces carried out airstrikes on the [[February 17th Martyrs Brigade]], one of the biggest and best-trained Islamist militias in eastern Libya. The Islamists allegedly responded with anti-aircraft fire.<ref name="2nd Operation Dignity aerial attack">{{cite news|title=Haftar forces bomb jihadist camp in Benghazi |url=http://middle-east-online.com/English/?id=66242 |work=Middle East Online |accessdate=31 May 2014 |date=28 May 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531170632/http://middle-east-online.com/English/?id=66242 |archivedate=31 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mohamed |first=Essam |title=Airstrikes target militia camp in eastern Libyan |url=https://news.yahoo.com/airstrikes-target-militia-camp-eastern-libyan-152159846.html |date=28 May 2014 |agency=Associated Press |work=Yahoo! News |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531170632/https://news.yahoo.com/airstrikes-target-militia-camp-eastern-libyan-152159846.html |archivedate=31 May 2014 }}</ref>

===June 2014===
On 2 June, fighting re-erupts in Benghazi when Ansar al-Sharia militants attacked Haftar's forces, the latter responding with combat helicopter strikes in the west of the city. At least 22 people were killed and 70 wounded, with both sides accusing one another of indiscriminate firing on residential areas. It started the previous day, when aircraft pounded one of the militants' compounds in region. The education ministry closed schools and postponed exams until the violence is quelled and hospitals called for blood donations. Residents in south Benghazi set up checkpoints to avoid being taken by cross-fire in case rival fighters decided to take shelter in their homes. There was also fighting in the eastern town of Al-Marj where dozens were wounded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27660030 |title=Libya fighting: 18 killed in Benghazi |date=2 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |work=BBC News Online |archivedate= 5 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605061317/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27660030 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AP June 3">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/islamist-militia-help-new-libyan-pm-seize-office |title=Islamist militia helps new Libyan PM take office |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |author=Mohamed, Esam |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808093414/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/islamist-militia-help-new-libyan-pm-seize-office |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/more-fighting-grips-libyas-benghazi/a-17677091 |title=More fighting grips Libya's Benghazi |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |archivedate=26 June 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626173106/http://www.dw.de/more-fighting-grips-libyas-benghazi/a-17677091 }}</ref>

The next day, Libya's new prime minister [[Ahmed Maiteeq]] took office following his previous election by Libya's Islamist-dominated parliament in a contested vote. This was during a power struggle between him and outgoing PM [[Abdullah al-Thani]]. Maiteeq was surrounded by an Islamist militia, the Libyan Central Shield, who escorted him to the cabinet building to assume his new post and hold his first cabinet meeting after Al-Thani ordered his forces guarding the building to stand down in order to avoid bloodshed. Al-Thani called on the [[General National Congress]] to wait until the country's Supreme Constitutional Court decides whether the Maiteeq's election is legal or not, while Islamist lawmakers who back the new prime minister blamed Al-Thani for Benghazi's violence and accused him of failing to restore security and of preventing the transition of power in favor of Maiteeq.<ref name="AP June 3"/>

On 4 June, four people were killed and several others were wounded, among them was air division chief General Saghr al-Jerushi, in an assassination attempt on General Haftar in his home in the town of Abyar east of Benghazi. Haftar himself survived the attack which took place when a vehicle exploded in a farmhouse where the general held his meetings. His spokesman accused Islamist militias of being behind the attempt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27696485 |title=Gen Khalifa Haftar: Libya bomb targets home near Benghazi |work=BBC News Online |date=4 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605174539/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27696485 |archivedate= 5 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-renegade-general-libya-assassination-attempt-20140604-story.html |title=Renegade general in Libya survives assassination attempt, aide says |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=4 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |author=Hassan, Amro |archivedate= 5 June 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605214155/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-renegade-general-libya-assassination-attempt-20140604-story.html }}</ref> The same day, Michael Greub, a 42-year-old [[Switzerland|Swiss]] national who was head of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] sub-delegation in Misrata, was killed in the city of [[Sirte]] when his vehicle was ambushed by masked gunmen right after he left a meeting with two other colleagues. The attackers opened fire on the car, killing him, while his driver and escort managed to escape unharmed. [[Yves Daccord]], the ICRC's director-general condemned the attack and said that the organization was "devastated and outraged".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/04/world/africa/libya-violence/ |title=Red Cross official fatally shot in Libya |agency=CNN |date=4 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |author1=Botelho, Greg |author2=Ellis, Ralph |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194232/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/04/world/africa/libya-violence/ |archivedate= 9 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Supreme Constitutional Court of Libya said on 5 June that Ahmed Maiteeq's election was illegal. "The election of Ahmed Maitiq took place without a majority of votes and his appointment was unconstitutional," the court stated. ''[[Al Arabiya]]'' reported that Abdullah al-Thani and his interim government left the capital for [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]] after being threatened by militia groups that support Maiteeq.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/election-of-libyan-prime-minister-violated-constitution-court-says/1930033.html |title=Libya's Supreme Court Declares PM's Election Illegal |work=Voice of America |date=5 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |author=Yeranian, Edward |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716163415/http://www.voanews.com/content/election-of-libyan-prime-minister-violated-constitution-court-says/1930033.html |archivedate=16 July 2014 }}</ref> The following day, Libya's intelligence chief Salem al-Hassi submitted his resignation, expressing disapproval over the parliament's insistence on appointing Maiteeq in contested circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/06/05/libyas_intel_chief_resigns_over_power_struggle/ |title=Libya's intel chief resigns over power struggle |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |agency=Associated Press |date=6 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |author=Mohamed, Esam |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809193850/http://www.salon.com/2014/06/05/libyas_intel_chief_resigns_over_power_struggle/ |url-status=live |archivedate= 9 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Tarek Mitri]], head of the [[United Nations Support Mission in Libya]], announced an initiative for dialogue bringing together the country's political forces, expressing concern over the violence in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2014 |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47977#.U9kKqbHiA0U |title=Libya: UN announces political initiative as concern deepens over violence in the east |publisher=United Nations News Center |accessdate=30 July 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716163415/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47977 |archivedate=16 July 2014 }}</ref> On the same day, Haftar's forces launched air raids on Islamist bases in Benghazi's Sidi Faraj and al-Qawarsheh and destroyed an ammunition warehouse in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_06_06/Libyan-military-aircraft-attack-Islamists-in-Benghazi-6005/ |title=Libyan military aircraft attack Islamists in Benghazi |work=The Voice of Russia |date=6 June 2014 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010635/http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_06_06/Libyan-military-aircraft-attack-Islamists-in-Benghazi-6005/ |archivedate= 7 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 June, the Supreme Constitutional Court gave its final ruling on Maiteeq's contested vote, declaring that it was unconstitutional and invalid without citing a legal basis for the decision. The GNC accepted the ruling via a statement by the parliament's second deputy speaker. Maiteeq stepped down shortly after, saying that he would be "the first" to comply with the judiciary's ruling. "Abdullah al-Thani is the caretaker prime minister until congress learns the court's reasons for deciding Maiteeq's election was unconstitutional," he said.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/09/uk-libya-politics-idUKKBN0EK0W320140609 |title=Libyan court says PM's election invalid, raising hopes of end to stalemate |agency=Reuters |date=9 June 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |author1=Elumani, Ahmed |author2=Laessing, Ulf |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050144/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/09/uk-libya-politics-idUKKBN0EK0W320140609 }}</ref> The next day, Haftar announced that he had agreed to a ceasefire deal brokered by the Crisis Committee appointed by the government which also includes dialogue with other warring parties. The deal was attempted to allow Libyans to vote during GNC elections that were to be held on 25 June after parliament agreed to dissolve itself following a ruling by the country's elections commission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/10/us-libya-elections-truce-idUSKBN0EL1XJ20140610 |title=Libyan renegade general agrees to ceasefire during June 25 election |agency=Reuters |date=10 June 2014 |accessdate=2 August 2014 |author1=Bosalum, Feras |author2=Laessing, Ulf |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808155310/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/10/us-libya-elections-truce-idUSKBN0EL1XJ20140610 }}</ref><ref name="MEE June 11">{{cite news|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ansar-al-sharia-deny-ceasefire-dictator-haftar-libya-2035964673 |title=Ansar al-Sharia deny ceasefire with 'dictator Haftar' in Libya |newspaper=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=11 June 2014 |accessdate=2 August 2014 |archivedate= 9 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194500/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ansar-al-sharia-deny-ceasefire-dictator-haftar-libya-2035964673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agi.it/flash-news/articles/201406111025-cro-ren1012-benghazi_ceasefire_accepted_by_libya_s_general_haftar |title=Benghazi ceasefire accepted by Libya's General Haftar |publisher=[[Agenzia Giornalistica Italia]] |date=11 June 2014 |accessdate=2 August 2014 |archivedate=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194720/http://www.agi.it/flash-news/articles/201406111025-cro-ren1012-benghazi_ceasefire_accepted_by_libya_s_general_haftar }}</ref> Meanwhile, Ansar al-Sharia denied reports that it would hold talks with Haftar. "We have not reached agreement with the Crisis Committee, and we did not even agree to negotiate with this dictator [Haftar]," the group said in a statement. This came after the body of one of Ansar al-Sharia's leaders, Al-Mahdi Saad Abu al-Abyad, was found south of Derna. However, the militia group added that it would welcome any talks with tribal leaders instead.<ref name="MEE June 11"/> On 11 June, a suicide car bomber targeted a checkpoint manned by fighters loyal to General Haftar in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2 August 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/12/benghazi-suicide-bomb-libya-khalifa-haftar |title=Benghazi suicide bomb targets rogue Libyan general's fighters |newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |date=12 June 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717223137/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/12/benghazi-suicide-bomb-libya-khalifa-haftar |archivedate=17 July 2014 }}</ref> The lorry exploded upon arriving at the post, killing the perpetrator and injuring five soldiers, one losing his leg.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 June 2014 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/10894085/Five-Libyan-police-injured-in-suicide-bombing.html |title=Five Libyan police injured in suicide bombing |newspaper=The Telegraph |agency=Agence France-Press |accessdate=2 August 2014 |author=Wilson, Steve |url-status=live |archivedate=19 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719193129/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/10894085/Five-Libyan-police-injured-in-suicide-bombing.html |location=London }}</ref>

On 15 June, Haftar's forces launched a new assault on a number of jihadist camps in western Benghazi. The offensive consisted of tanks and rocket launchers and explosions were heard throughout the city. The general's spokesman said that the forces managed to capture several senior Islamists, among them were five militant leaders. An electricity plant near the city's airport was hit by rockets, causing power outages. The number of casualties was unclear but hospital sources indicated that 12 people were killed during the clashes, among them five soldiers and three civilians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/15/us-libya-violence-idUSKBN0EQ0F120140615 |title=Renegade general launches offensive in east Libya, up to 12 killed |agency=Reuters |date=15 June 2014 |accessdate=6 August 2014 |author1=Al-Warfalli, Ayman |author2=Laessing, Ulf |url-status=live |archivedate=14 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125054/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/15/us-libya-violence-idUSKBN0EQ0F120140615 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27862365 |title=Libya crisis: More deadly clashes in Benghazi |work=BBC News Online |date=15 June 2014 |accessdate=6 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060802/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27862365 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>

On 17 June, American special forces and FBI personnel captured [[Ahmed Abu Khattala]], whom they suspect to have a connection with the [[2012 Benghazi attack|2012 attack in Benghazi]] that killed US ambassador [[J. Christopher Stevens|Christopher Stevens]] and three other American nationals. President [[Barack Obama]] said that Abu Khattalah will face "the full weight of the American justice system".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/17/us-captures-libyan-suspect-benghazi-attack |title=US captures Libyan suspect accused in Benghazi embassy attack |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 June 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |author=Ackerman, Spencer |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703004908/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/17/us-captures-libyan-suspect-benghazi-attack |archivedate= 3 July 2014 }}</ref>

On 22 June, General Haftar gave a 48-hour ultimatum for Turkish and Qatari nationals to leave eastern Libya, accusing both countries of supporting terrorism in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/22/uk-libya-security-idUKKBN0EX0EW2014062 |title=Renegade general urges Turks, Qataris to leave east Libya |agency=Reuters |date=22 June 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |author=Laessing, Ulf |df= }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 26 June, shortly after the elections, [[Salwa Bughaighis]], a human rights lawyer in Benghazi, who was a critic of both Muammar Gaddafi and several of the Islamist militias which overthrew him, was assassinated in her home.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan human rights activist Salwa Bughaighis killed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28031537|accessdate=4 July 2014|agency=BBC|date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

Libya Body Count claimed June saw 43 people killed in fighting.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|publisher=Libya Body Count|url= http://www.libyabodycount.org/table|title=Violent Deaths in 2014 & 2015|accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref>

{{anchor|Operation Dawn}}

===July 2014: Operation Dawn and fall of Benghazi to Anti-Haftar forces===

:''See: [[Battle of Tripoli Airport]]''
Islamist extremists are reported to have killed some 270 lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, and policemen—activists in civil society—in the course of taking over Benghazi in the summer of 2014.<ref name=Anderson-benghazi>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Jon Lee|title=Letter from Libya. The Unravelling|journal=The New Yorker|date=23 February 2015|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/23/unravelling|accessdate=18 February 2015|quote=Last summer [2014], Islamist extremists moved to seize Benghazi; in a merciless campaign aimed at the remains of civil society, assassins killed some two hundred and seventy lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, and policemen}}</ref>

On 13 July, a coalition of military entities and militias, including the [[Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room]] (LROR) and some brigades from the Misrata Union of Revolutionaries, such as Hatten, Mercer, and Haraka,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/24/in-libya-will-misrata-be-the-kingmaker/|title=In Libya, will Misrata be the kingmaker?|work=The Washington Post|date=24 February 2015|accessdate=24 February 2015|first=Brian|last=McQuinn}}</ref> launched an offensive codenamed "Operation Dawn" on [[Tripoli International Airport]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/28/whats-behind-libyas-spiraling-violence/|title=What's behind Libya's spiraling violence?|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 July 2014|accessdate=7 August 2014|author=[[Frederic Wehrey|Wehrey]], Frederic}}</ref> thus beginning the [[Battle of Tripoli Airport]]. They were later joined by other militias from Misrata, Tripoli, and Zawiya, as well as by Islamist militias, the Knights of Janzour, Amazigh units, and some militias associated with cities of the Jebel Nafusa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Gartenstein-Ross-Barr-Dignity-and-Dawn-Libyas-Escalating-Civil-War-February2015.pdf|title=Dignity and Dawn: Libya's Escalating Civil War|work=International Center for Counter-Terrorism|date=February 2015|author1=Daveed Gartenstein-Ross |author2=Nathaniel Barr |lastauthoramp=yes |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> The following day, the [[United Nations Support Mission in Libya]] evacuated its staff after 13 people were killed in clashes in Tripoli and Benghazi. The fighting, between government forces and rival militia groups, also forced Tripoli's airport to close. A militia, including members of the LROR, tried to seize control of the airport from the Qaaqaa & Sawaiq Brigades<ref>{{cite news|last=Abdul-Wahab|first=Ashraf|date=30 July 2014|title=Misrata force accuses Zintanis of attacking Tripoli fuel depot|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/30/misrata-force-accuses-zintanis-of-attacking-tripoli-fuel-depot/#axzz395RDIHsn|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Tripoli|accessdate=}}</ref> of the [[Zintan Brigade|Zintani militia]], which had controlled it since Gaddafi was toppled. Both the attacking and defending militias are believed to be on the official payroll.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/14/us-libya-violence-idUSKBN0FJ0ZT20140714 |title=U.N. pulls staff out of Libya as clashes kill 13, close airports |agency=Reuters |date=14 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |author1=Al-Warfalli, Ayman |author2=Bosalum, Feras |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182227/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/14/us-libya-violence-idUSKBN0FJ0ZT20140714 |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="BBC July 15">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28304004 |title=New rocket attack on Tripoli airport |work=BBC News Online |date=15 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001754/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28304004 |archivedate=15 July 2014 }}</ref> In addition [[Misrata Airport]] was closed, due to its dependence on Tripoli International Airport for its operations. Government spokesman, Ahmed Lamine, stated that approximately 90% of the planes stationed at Tripoli International Airport were destroyed or made inoperable in the attack, and that the government may make an appeal for international forces to assist in reestablishing security.<ref name="BBC July 15"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/172780-tripoli-airport-attack-libya/ |title=90% of aircraft destroyed at Tripoli airport, Libya may seek international assistance |agency=RT |date=15 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718223440/http://rt.com/news/172780-tripoli-airport-attack-libya/ |archivedate=18 July 2014 }}</ref> A week of prolonged fighting between rival militias in Tripoli airport resulted in at least 47 deaths: the battle involved use of artillery and [[BM-21 Grad|Grad]] rockets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/reu-libya-oil-output-slips-fresh-fighting-in-tripoli/1962860.html |title=Libya Oil Output Slips, Fresh Fighting in Tripoli |agency=Voice of America |work=Reuters |date=22 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |archivedate=23 July 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723010601/http://www.voanews.com/content/reu-libya-oil-output-slips-fresh-fighting-in-tripoli/1962860.html }}</ref>

On 26 July, the United States evacuated its embassy in Tripoli, moving all State Department employees to Tunisia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/happening-libya/story?id=24727437|title=What Is Happening in Libya|publisher=ABC News|date=26 July 2014|accessdate=1 August 2014|author=Mohney, Gillian}}</ref>

On 27 July, (the last day of the [[fasting]] month of [[Ramadan]] in Libya) an oil depot near Tripoli International Airport was hit by rocket fire, igniting a large blaze. The oil depot had a capacity of 6 million liters, and nearby liquid gas storage facilities were at risk of being ignited by the blaze. Libyan TV stations urged residents to evacuate the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/38-killed-libyan-forces-battle-militias-east-24730786 |title=Oil Depot Catches Fire Amid Clashes in Tripoli |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |date=28 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |author=Youssef, Maamoun |archivedate=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729202117/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/38-killed-libyan-forces-battle-militias-east-24730786 }}</ref> By 28 July ([[Eid al-Fitr]] day in Libya), firefighters had withdrawn from the site due to fighting in the area, though the fire was not yet under control.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=1 August 2014 |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/140728/blaze-at-fuel-tanks-near-tripoli-s-airport-out-control-noc-spok |title=Blaze at fuel tanks near Tripoli's airport out of control: NOC spokesman |work=GlobalPost |agency=Reuters |date=28 July 2014 |author1=El Yaakoubi, Aziz |author2=Williams, Alison |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729202117/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/140728/blaze-at-fuel-tanks-near-tripoli-s-airport-out-control-noc-spok |archivedate=29 July 2014 }}</ref>

On 29 July, Islamist groups including [[Ansar al-Sharia (Benghazi)|Ansar al-Sharia]] seized a military base in Benghazi that served as the headquarters of the [[Al-Saiqa (Libya)|Saiqa Special Forces Brigade]]; a unit that supports General [[Khalifa Haftar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=30 July 2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/07/30/islamists-seize-key-benghazi-army-base |title=Islamists seize key Benghazi army base |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |work=Australian Associated Press |accessdate=1 August 2014 |archivedate=30 July 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730041551/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/07/30/islamists-seize-key-benghazi-army-base }}</ref> Saiqa Special Forces officer Fadel Al-Hassi claimed that Saiqa abandoned the base, which included both Camp 36 in the Bu Attni district as well as the special forces school, after coming under heavy shelling. The battle for the base involved the use of rockets and warplanes, and resulted in the deaths of at least 30 people. During the fighting a pro-Haftar MiG crashed into waste ground in Kuwaifiya, although the pilot, however, managed to eject. Operation Dignity Spokesperson Mohamed Hejazi claimed that the aircraft had suffered a technical malfunction, and insisted it had not been shot down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL6N0Q44HG20140729?sp=true |title=Libyan militants overrun Benghazi special forces base as chaos deepens |publisher=Reuters Africa |date=29 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |author=Al-Warfalli, Ayman |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045426/https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL6N0Q44HG20140729?sp=true }}</ref> Following the fall of the base, video footage emerged of Mohamed al-Zahawi, the head of Ansar al-Sharia, as well as Wissam Ben Hamid, the leader of Libya Shield 1, standing outside the base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/newsbriefs/general/2014/07/30/newsbrief-01 |title=Benghazi army base falls to Ansar al-Sharia |work=Magharebia |date=30 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054042/http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/newsbriefs/general/2014/07/30/newsbrief-01 }}</ref> Saiqa initially denied the loss of the base, although Saiqa Commander Wani Bukhamada acknowledged the loss by the afternoon of the 29th.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=1 August 2014 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/29/saiqa-forced-to-abandon-benghazi-headquarters-to-ansar/ |title=Saiqa forced to abandon Benghazi headquarters to Ansar |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=29 July 2014 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033655/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/29/saiqa-forced-to-abandon-benghazi-headquarters-to-ansar/ }}</ref> A senior Saiqa official later claimed to the Libya Herald that Saiqa losses in Benghazi between 21 and 30 July totaled some 63 dead and 200 wounded. Whilst the official was unsure of the number of Islamist dead, he claimed that it was in the dozens. The fighting, having involved indiscriminate shelling and bombing in and around the predominantly residential area of Buatni, also resulted in dozens of civilians being killed in crossfire.<ref>{{cite news|last=Amzein|first=Aimen|date=11 August 2014|title=Sixty-three Saiqa members killed and 200 wounded in July fighting|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/11/sixty-three-saiqa-members-killed-and-200-wounded-in-july-fighting/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Benghazi|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

[[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]], a politician elected in the [[2014 Libyan House of Representatives election|July elections]], and who was widely tipped to become the next President of the House of Representatives, was [[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur#Kidnapping|kidnapped from his Tripoli home]] in the late afternoon of 29 July by an armed group in an ambulance.<ref name="Kidnapped">{{cite news|last=Abdul-Wahab |first=Ashraf |date=29 July 2014 |title=Abushagur reported kidnapped |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/29/abushagur-reported-kidnapped/#axzz395RDIHsn |newspaper=Libya Herald |location=Tripoli |accessdate=1 August 2014 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042704/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/29/abushagur-reported-kidnapped/ }}</ref> He was released several hours later, at 3:00 am on 30 July, without any ransom having been paid.<ref name="Released">{{cite news|last=Fornaji |first=Hadi |date=30 July 2014 |title=Abushagur freed |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/30/abushagur-freed/#axzz395RDIHsn |newspaper=Libya Herald |location=Tripoli |accessdate=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042709/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/30/abushagur-freed/ |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> Abushagur later held a conference on 1 August in Tripoli, where he claimed to have been kidnapped by The Zintani Barq Al-Nasr militia, although he stressed he did not believe the group to have been acting on behalf of their city.<ref name="Statement">{{cite news|last=Zaptia |first=Sami |date=1 August 2014 |title=Zintani militias kidnapped me – Abushagur |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/02/zintani-militias-kidnapped-me-abushagur/#axzz395RDIHsn |newspaper=Libya Herald |location=Tripoli |accessdate=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042805/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/02/zintani-militias-kidnapped-me-abushagur/ |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>

On 30 July [[Mohamed Sowan]], the leader of the [[Justice and Construction Party]]; the Libyan wing of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], voiced support for the ongoing offensive in Tripoli by Islamist militias against Zintani Militias at Tripoli International Airport. Sawan claimed the offensive was a legitimate response to the anti-Islamist Operation Dignity being led by General Haftar.<ref>{{cite news|author=Michael, Maggie |date=30 July 2014 |title=Islamist leader backs fight to take Libya airport |url=https://news.yahoo.com/islamist-leader-backs-fight-libya-airport-141832654.html |agency=Associated Press |work=Yahoo! News |accessdate=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044248/http://news.yahoo.com/islamist-leader-backs-fight-libya-airport-141832654.html |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>

The same day the leader of Ansar al-Sharia declared that Benghazi is an "Islamic Emirate". Protesters opposed to the militia group marched to the al-Jalaa hospital that the militants were guarding and temporarily seized it. The protesters also rallied to the special forces base that Ansar al-Sharia captured, but were dispersed when militants fired upon them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/world/middleeast/libya-benghazi-march-protests-militias.html?_r=0 |title=Libya: Benghazi March Protests Militias |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |author=Fahim, Kareem |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044248/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/world/middleeast/libya-benghazi-march-protests-militias.html?_r=0 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 31 July, Islamist forces affiliated with the newly formed [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries]], which includes Ansar al-Sharia, was reported to have captured most of Benghazi. Forces loyal to General Haftar appeared to have had the territory under its control in the region reduced to [[Benina International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/benghazi-falls-al-qaeda-linked-rebels-2014731161541245353.html |title=Benghazi 'falls to al-Qaeda-linked rebels' |agency=Al Jazeera |date=31 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044248/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/benghazi-falls-al-qaeda-linked-rebels-2014731161541245353.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Speaking to al-Arabiya News, Haftar denied that Benghazi was under the control of militias, and instead claimed that his National Libyan Army was in control of the city, claiming instead that his LNA forces had only withdrawn from certain positions, and had done so for tactical reasons.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 July 2014 |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/31/Libya-s-Ansar-al-Sharia-declares-Islamic-state-in-Benghazi.html |title=Benghazi declared 'Islamic emirate' by militants |agency=Al Arabiya |accessdate=1 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051954/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/31/Libya-s-Ansar-al-Sharia-declares-Islamic-state-in-Benghazi.html |url-status=live |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>

Aircraft under the command of Brigadier-General Saqr Geroushi, the commander of Operation Dignity Air Force units, later launched nighttime air strikes on what they claimed to be an Ansar al-Sharia base in [[Ajdabiya]], which had recently been taken by Ansar al-Sharia. Geroushi claimed the target; the compound of a Chinese construction company, had been being used by Ansar al-Sharia as an arms depot and a support base for its operations in Benghazi. In response to questions over reported deaths resulting from exploding arms in the depot, Geroushi claimed he did not know if anyone had been killed or injured in the raid. Geroushi claimed however that the assault would continue until Ansar al-Sharia was forced out of the town. Geroushi also claimed that Ansar al-Sharia had been taking their wounded from the fighting in Benghazi to the hospital in Ajdabiya, which he claimed had been taken over by Islamists. He also claimed the more severely wounded were being transported to Misrata, and then on to Turkey for treatment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Noora|date=1 August 2014|title=Ansar Al-Sharia in Ajdabiya bombed: reports|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/01/ansar-al-sharia-in-ajdabiya-bombed/#axzz395RDIHsn|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=[[Benghazi]]|accessdate=}}</ref>

===August 2014===
On 1 August, the Libyan Health Ministry announced that the recent fighting in the greater Tripoli and Benghazi areas had, up to Wednesday 30 July, resulted in a total of 214 deaths and 981 injuries recorded at hospitals. Libya Body Count, an independent NGO, claimed that July alone had seen over 400 deaths, with 253 recorded in Benghazi, and 130 in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|last= Zaptia|first=Sami|date=1 August 2014|title=214 deaths and 981 injuries in recent clashes up to 30 July – Min of Health|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/01/214-deaths-and-981-injuries-in-recent-clashes-up-to-30-july-min-of-health/#ixzz399gS1xyr|newspaper=Libya Herald|location= Benghazi|accessdate=}}</ref>

On 2 August, twenty-two people were killed and more than 70 wounded when a battle broke out in Tripoli International Airport, during which the government claimed that heavily armed groups attacked civilians, displacing hundreds of families.<ref>{{cite news|work=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-22-killed-tripoli-airport-clashes-055519420.html |title=Libya: 22 killed in Tripoli airport clashes |agency=Associated Press |date=2 August 2014 |accessdate=6 August 2014 |url-status=live |archivedate= 9 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200648/http://news.yahoo.com/libya-22-killed-tripoli-airport-clashes-055519420.html }}</ref> Over the next couple of days, several missiles landed randomly on the city's airport road and in nearby districts such as Abu Sleem, Seraj and Krimea among others. Rocket attacks in Hadba killed several people, including a 59-year-old Indian worker. In Tripoli's western suburb of Janzour, the local Fursan Janzour militia as well as the National Mobile Forces camp, which is part of the Misrata-led Operation Dawn and allied to the militia, came under attack and were overrun by Zintan's [[Barq al-Nasr Brigade]], backed by [[Warshefana]] forces. The number of fatalities during the fighting is unknown. Libya's Red Crescent estimated that 2,500 families were forced to flee during the violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/04/missile-attacks-continue-in-tripoli-as-janzour-base-is-reported-destroyed/#axzz39dcDm2Q5 |title=Missile attacks continue in Tripoli as Janzour base is reported destroyed |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |author=Abdul-Wahab, Ashraf |url-status=live |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808203623/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/04/missile-attacks-continue-in-tripoli-as-janzour-base-is-reported-destroyed/ }}</ref>

On 5 August, Warshefana forces captured Camp 27, an important military barracks, in an overnight joint operation with the Zintanis from [[Libya Shield 1]], an Islamist militia.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/05/warshefana-take-camp-27-from-libya-shield/#axzz39dcDm2Q5 |title=Warshefana take Camp 27 from Libya Shield |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=5 August 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |author=Abdul-Wahab, Ashraf |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808101117/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/05/warshefana-take-camp-27-from-libya-shield/ |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> On 6 August 2014, the Benghazi Revolutionary Shura Council announced that they had seized three additional army bases in Benghazi, seizing a large number of heavy weapons and armored vehicles in the process.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765657923/Libyas-extremists-tighten-grip-over-Benghazi.html |title=Libya's extremists tighten grip over Benghazi |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=6 August 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |archivedate= 9 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200506/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765657923/Libyas-extremists-tighten-grip-over-Benghazi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 August 2014, Camp 27 was reported to have been retaken by forces affiliated with the Operation Libya Dawn coalition.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Libya Herald |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/07/camp-27-reported-retaken-by-pro-misrata-forces/ |title=Camp 27 reported retaken by pro-Misrata forces |date=7 August 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808154558/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/07/camp-27-reported-retaken-by-pro-misrata-forces/ |url-status=live |archivedate= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>

On 10 August, Major General Abdulsalam Al-Obaidi, the Chief of Staff of the Libyan National Army, gave evidence in a three-hour session before the newly elected House of Representatives in Tobruk.<ref name="Obaidi evidence LH">{{cite news|last=Zaptia|first=Sami|date=11 August 2014|title=Chief of Staff admits he has no control of "army" – army on verge of collapse|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/11/chief-of-staff-admits-he-has-no-control-of-army-army-on-verge-of-callopse/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Tripoli|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref> During the session Obaidi claimed he had "no control" over the various government funded rebel groups.<ref name="Obaidi evidence MEE">{{cite news|date=11 August 2014|title=Head of Libya's army: 'no control' over government-funded rebels|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/head-libyas-army-no-control-over-government-funded-rebels-221789896|newspaper=Middle East Eye|location=|publisher=Middleasteye.net|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref> Speaking about the Libya Shield Force, Obaidi claimed he had no way to find out how many soldiers were fighting under the Force, and also claimed to have no way to either reform the group or change its leadership.<ref name="Obaidi evidence MEE"/> Mohammed el-Jarh, a Libyan analyst based in Tripoli, claimed that members of the House of Representatives were determined to hold Obaidi accountable after his comments.<ref name="Obaidi evidence MEE"/> Benghazi representative Salih al-Shawihidi denied that there were plans to replace Obaidi with [[Saad al-Qatrani]].<ref name="Obaidi evidence MEE"/> The following day a letter that had been sent by Obaidi to numerous militias on 6 August was leaked on the internet. In the letter Obaidi instructed all groups, including the Libya Shield Forces which are officially under his command, and which he had assigned to Tripoli, to stop fighting. The letter reflected the House of Representatives decision No. 3, which had been issued on the same day, and which ordered all sides to commit to an immediate cease fire.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2014|title=Chief of Staff's ceasefire orders ignored|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/12/chief-of-staffs-ceasefire-orders-ignored/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Tripoli|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

====Operation Dignity tries to close Benghazi Port====
On 11 August Brigadier General Saqr Adam Geroushi, Command of Operation Dignity's Air Force Units, stated that Operation Dignity units would attack any ships attempting to enter Benghazi port, despite any orders from Benghazi Municipal Council or the Libyan government.<ref name="Benghazi Ships">{{cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Noora|date=11 August 2014|title=Operation Dignity reaffirms that it will attack ships trying to enter Benghazi port|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/11/operation-dignity-reaffirms-that-it-will-attack-ships-trying-to-enter-benghazi-port/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref> Geroushi claimed that the port was being used by Islamist fighters to reinforce and resupply their positions in Benghazi, and that reinforcements were being shipped to Benghazi form the ports of Mirsata, Ras Lanuf and Derna.<ref name="Benghazi Ships"/> Operation Dignity Air Units reportedly proceeded to bomb the port of Derna on 11 August.<ref name="Benghazi Ships"/>

Operation Dignity forces had previously ordered the port to close, although the Benghazi council had announced on 9 August that the port would remain open.<ref name="Benghazi Ships"/> The same day Operation Dignity spokesperson Mohamed Hejazi claimed all shipping to or from the ports of Misrata or Derna would also be fired upon.<ref name="Benghazi Ships"/> Instead all shipping was ordered to redirect to the Operation Dignity stronghold of Tobruk.<ref name="Benghazi Ships"/>

====Assassination in Tripoli====
On 12 August, masked gunmen shot dead Colonel Muhammad Swaysi, head of Tripoli's police department, when his car was ambushed by two other vehicles after he left a meeting with local authorities in the Tajoura suburb. Two of his colleagues were kidnapped when they attempted to leave the car.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28760795|title=Libya crisis: Head of Tripoli police 'assassinated'|publisher=BBC|date=12 August 2014|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref> Suways was a supporter of Haftar's Operation Dignity, and had come out against the Misrata-led Operation Libya Dawn. Earlier in the week Suways, who was in charge of security in Tripoli, had ordered Tripoli's police officers to return to work, as Tripoli's police officers had not been in active service since the Civil War. A group calling itself the Official Operations Room, said to be linked with the LROR, claimed on its Facebook page that Misratan militias, with the help of others from Suq al-Huma, had arrested four individuals who it accused of planning to take over a camp in Tajoura. The group described the four as Gaddafi supporters, and claimed two, including Suways, had been killed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mustafa|first=Ajnadin|date=12 August 2014|title=Tripoli security director assassinated|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/12/tripoli-security-director-assassinated/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Tripoli|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

====House votes to disband militias & calls for UN support====
On 13 August the House of Representatives passed a law disbanding all officially recognized and funded militias formed after the 2011 February revolution, including Joint Operations Rooms<ref name="LH Disband Militia"/> in an effort to strip the various groups of the legitimacy they claim to have been bestowed on them by the GNC & various government ministries.<ref name="Reuters Disband Militia"/>

Out of the 104 Representatives present 102 voted in favour of the motion.<ref name="LH Disband Militia">{{cite news|last=Zaptia|first=Sami|date=13 August 2014|title=HoR disbands officially recognized and funded militias|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/13/hor-disbands-officially-recognized-and-funded-militias/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref> A deadline of 31 December 2014 was given for implementing the law.<ref name="LH Disband Militia"/> The House had tried to pass the law the previous day although had failed to agree on the laws wording.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zaptia|first=Sami|date=13 August 2014|title=HoR unable to agree wording for militia disbanding law|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/13/hor-unable-to-agree-wording-for-militia-disbanding-law/#axzz39zssHULF|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=|publisher=Libyaherald.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref> In spite of the law it was unclear how it would be enforced.<ref name="Reuters Disband Militia"/>

A Libyan lawmaker speaking to Reuters claimed the law to cover "all armed brigades, including all the Shields and Qaqaa and Sawaiq."<ref name="Reuters Disband Militia"/> Ali Saedy, Representative for Wadi Shatti, in live comments on Libyan TV, claimed that the law had been passed by a large majority of the House. He claimed that some of those opposed to the law felt that the time was not right to dissolve all Libyan militias, whilst others were opposed due to having different opinions or ideologies.<ref name="LH Disband Militia"/> Ali Tekbali, a Representative for Tripoli, claimed that the reason only 104 of the House's 200 members took part was because many Representatives were unable to attend the vote in Tobruk due to being busy with various business.<ref name="LH Disband Militia"/>

The same day the House also called for the United Nations & the Security Council to intervene in Libya in order to protect civilians & government institutions.<ref name="Reuters Disband Militia">{{cite news|last=Elumami|first=Ahmed|last2=Al-Warfalli |first2=Ayman|date=13 August 2014|title=UPDATE 2-Libya's parliament calls for UN aid to quell militia fighting|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL6N0QJ3X520140813?sp=true|newspaper=Reuters|location=Benghazi|publisher=Af.reuters.com|accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref> Representative Saedy claimed that the House had been forced into calling for international support after the House' calls for a ceasefire were ignored.<ref name="LH Disband Militia"/>

====Clashes in Benghazi and airstrikes in Tripoli====
On 17 August, the [[Al-Saiqa (Libya)|Al-Saiqa]] [[special forces]] abandoned their last stronghold in the city, Benina Airport. They were pushed out through Gwarsha into Benghazi's Buatni district where Operation Dignity forces had asked the residents to leave the area for their safety. The head of Al-Saiqa said that the unit took over the airport road which was held by Ansar al-Sharia, adding that the Islamist group had been firing shells into Buatni's surroundings and that heavy clashes took place in Ard Bayera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/17/benghazi-clashes-as-saiqa-attacks-from-benina/#axzz3AmtZgkML|title=Benghazi clashes as Saiqa attacks from Benina|publisher=Libya Herald|date=17 August 2014|accessdate=19 August 2014|author=Ibrahim, Noora}}</ref>

Later that day, unidentified warplanes bombarded a number of positions in Tripoli, including the Islamist-held Wadi Rabie camp and an ammunition store owned by Misrata's Hattin Brigate in the town of [[Qasr bin Ghashir]] near the city's international airport. Five people were killed and more than 30 were wounded during the overnight operation. The government confirmed the incident and the Libyan armed forces' chief of staff, General [[Abdulsalam Al-Obaidi]], said that the attack involved two unidentified aircraft powered by laser-guided smart bombs and missiles fired from a 7 to 8 kilometers altitude.<ref name="Misrata air raids Aug. 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/18/65203/#axzz3Av8D3zbW|title=Misrata positions bombed, attackers unknown|publisher=Libya Herald|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=20 August 2014|author1=Fornaji, Hadi |author2=Mustafa, Ajnadin |author3=Ibrahim, Noora }}</ref> He also said that the government's air force was not equipped with such weaponry and did not have the required technology nor the capacity to carry out the raids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/18/tripoli-bombings-not-carried-out-by-libyan-aircraft-general-chief-of-staff/#axzz3AmtZgkML|title=Tripoli bombings not carried out by Libyan aircraft: General Chief of Staff|publisher=Libya Herald|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=20 August 2014|author=Mustafa, Ajnadin}}</ref> Furthermore, none of the country's militias are known to have warplanes. The [[Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room]] (LROR) allied to the Misratan brigades blamed General [[Khalifa Haftar]]'s forces. Operation Dignity forces initially denied any involvement, adding that they only provided the coordinates.<ref name="Misrata air raids Aug. 18"/> However, Haftar's air chief, General [[Saqr Geroushi]], later confirmed his forces' involvement in a statement to ''[[Reuters]]''. "We, the Operation Dignity, officially confirm to have conducted air strikes on some militias' locations belonging to Misrata militias," he said.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/18/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GI03Z20140818|title=Renegade Libyan general claims air strikes on Tripoli|work=Reuters|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=20 August 2014|author1=Al-Shibani, Heba |author2=Al-Warfalli, Ayman }}</ref> Geroushi also added that a munitions base at Sdada, south of Misrata, had also been bombed.<ref name="Misrata air raids Aug. 18"/>

====Towns reject House of Representatives====
The same weekend delegations from the cities of Misrata, Khoms, Zliten and Emsalata travelled to Sebha to in an attempt to try and persuade the local council and civil society organisations to order the area's nine representatives in the new House of Representatives to withdraw.<ref name="Amazigh Boycott"/> Several days later the Sebha Municipal Council building was stormed by armed men who prevented council officials from reading a joint statement on Operation Dawn. One official claimed those responsible were members of the Awlad Sulaiman tribe, which is opposed to Operation Dawn.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adel|first=Jamal|date=20 August 2014|title=Libya Dawn opponents attack Sebha Municipal Council|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/20/libya-dawn-opponents-attack-sebha-muncipal-council/#axzz3At6fozMX|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Kufra}}</ref>

On 19 August, the Amazigh towns of [[Nalut]] and [[Kabaw]] in the [[Nafusa Mountains]] announced a boycott of the House of Representatives, which they claimed was unconstitutional.<ref name="Amazigh Boycott"/> The Nalut Municipal Council, along with Nalut's revolutionary brigades and civil society organisations called on Salem Ignan, the towns representative, to withdraw from the parliament, which they claimed had an obvious bias towards Haftar's Operation Dignity, as seen in the fact that it was based in Tobruk. The Kabaw town leadership claimed that they would not recognise any decisions made by the new parliament, and also that the town's representative, Ali Al-Asawi, did not, and had never, represented the town. Both towns, in particular, rejected the House's call for foreign intervention in Libya in response to the upsurge in violence. Despite the timing of the announcements, the boycotts were seen as having more to do with the long-standing Amazigh boycott of the parliament over the issue of Amazigh representation, and less to do with the opposition to the parliament from Misrata and Islamist groups. It was immediately unclear whether the representatives from the towns would boycott the parliament.<ref name="Amazigh Boycott">{{cite news|date=19 August 2014|title=Jabal Nefusa towns declare boycott of the House of Representatives|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/19/jabal-nefusa-towns-boycott-the-house-of-representatives-over-tobruk-meetings/#axzz3At6fozMX|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Tripoli|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref>

The following day leaders in [[Tarhuna]] released a statement announcing their opposition to the House of Representatives and their support for Operation Dawn. The town released a joint statement from the towns revolutionaries, Local Council, Military Council, Elders, Shura Council and a number of civil society organisations, in which they announced that the towns four representatives in the parliament did not represent the town, and represented only themselves. The town leaders also rejected all decisions made by the parliament, especially its recent call for foreign intervention in Libya. The statement denounced the call as a "flagrant violation of the sovereignty of Libya and a betrayal of the will of the Libyan people," and claimed that the airstrikes conducted several days prior against Operation Dawn were the result of the decision. The groups also declared that they had set up a Revolutionary Shura Council of Tarhuna, which they claimed would assume full responsibility for correcting the path of the nation and implementing the principles of and goals of the Libyan Revolution.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 August 2014|title=Tarhouna rejects House of Representatives, declares support for Operation Dawn|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/21/tarhouna-rejects-house-of-representatives-declares-support-for-operation-dawn/#axzz3At6fozMX|newspaper=Libya Herald|location=Tripoli|accessdate=22 August 2014 }}</ref>

====Splits emerge in Benghazi====
Splits between Islamist groups in Benghazi also began to emerge in mid-August. On 16 August, a Muslim Brotherhood group made up of more moderate Islamists announced a new group to deal with problems in the city, called the Shura Council of Benghazi. In response, the [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries]], a [[jihadist]] group, denounced the new group and claimed that they would not recognize it. The [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries]] also claimed that the new rival group was attempting to grab power and capitalize on the gains made by the jihadists.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 August 2014|title=Ansar Al-Sharia and the Muslim Brotherhood in Benghazi split over local council|url=http://www.veooz.com/news/7HQduJ_.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140822022729/http://www.veooz.com/news/7HQduJ_.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2014|newspaper=Libya Herald|publisher=Veooz }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2014|title=Splits emerge between Libyan Islamists and jihadists|url=https://news.yahoo.com/splits-emerge-between-libyan-islamists-jihadists-183000425.html|newspaper=AFP|location=|publisher=Yahoo News|accessdate= }}</ref>

====Fall of Tripoli Airport====
On 23 August, after more than a month of fighting, [[Tripoli International Airport]] finally fell to fighters from [[Libya Shield Force|Libyan Central Shield]], a coalition of Islamist and Misrata forces.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 August 2014|title=Tripoli airport 'seized by Islamist militia'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/tripoli-airport-2014823183122249347.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=guardian-20140824>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/24/libya-capital-under-islamist-control-tripoli-airport-seized-operation-dawn|title=Libyan capital under Islamist control after Tripoli airport seized|author1=Chris Stephen |author2=Anne Penketh |lastauthoramp=yes |newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 August 2014|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> The following day, Operation Dawn forces announced that they have consolidated the whole city and adjacent towns after driving out rival Zintan militias 90 kilometers south of the capital.<ref name="WPost Aug. 24">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-denies-intervening-in-libya/2014/08/24/88b364ee-2b7d-11e4-be9e-60cc44c01e7f_story.html|title=Libya's Islamist militias claim control of capital|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|date=24 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6S6QPzb6U|archivedate=25 August 2014}}</ref> Libya's newly elected parliament condemned the offensive and called the militants now in control of Tripoli "terrorist organizations". Operation Dawn spokesman later called for the re-assembly of the previous Islamist-dominated GNC and said that the taking over of the airport was necessary to "save the country's sovereignty".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28916417|title=Libya crisis: Tensions rise as Tripoli airport seized|publisher=BBC|date=24 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that at least 90% of the airport's facilities, and 20 airplanes, were destroyed in the fighting.<ref name=lat-20140824>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-islamist-militias-libya-airport-20140824-story.html|title=Islamist militias seize main Libya airport as conflict deepens|author1=Muhamed Juma |author2=Amro Hassan |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=24 August 2014|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

===September 2014===
Islamist armed groups extended their control over central [[Tripoli]]. The [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] parliament set up operations on a Greek car ferry in [[Tobruk]]. A rival General National Congress parliament continued to operate in Tripoli.<ref name="WPost Aug. 24"/><ref name=guardian-20140909>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry |author=Chris Stephen |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>

On 15 September, targets in the predominantly Amazigh city of Gharyian were subjected to airstrikes. Khalifa Haftar claimed to have ordered these attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/15/uk-libya-security-idUKKBN0HA0UX20140915|title=Former Libyan general claims new air strike in western Libya|work=Reuters|date=15 September 2014 |accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref>

On 21 September 2014, a rival oil minister, Mashallah al-Zawie, gave a speech at the oil ministry in Tripoli.<ref name=reuters-20140921>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/21/uk-libya-security-idUKKBN0HG0LY20140921 |title=Fighting close to Libyan oilfield and refinery as rival 'oil minister' appears |author1=Ayman Al-Warfalli |author2=Feras Bosalum |lastauthoramp=yes |work=Reuters |date=21 September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/mashallah-al-zawie-the-new-libyan-minister-of-oil-of-the-news-photo/455900770 |title=The new Libyan minister of oil Mashallah al-Zawie |newspaper=Getty Images |date=21 September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>

===October 2014, start of Derna campaign (2014–16)===
Military confrontation between factions in western Libya, particularly since the beginning of October, had increasingly been waged between groups supportive of the Zintani brigades and opponents of those forces. The spread of combat zones beyond Tripoli as well as the intensification of fighting in the Nafusa Mountains had accelerated this trend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20141012-clashes-ban-ki-moon-zintan-fajr-libya-tripoli/|title=Deadly clashes follow UN call for peace in Libya|work=France 24|date=12 October 2014|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/10/13/whos_running_this_joint_anyway_libyan_politics_militia |title=Who's Running This Joint, Anyway? |work=Foreign Policy |date=13 October 2014 |accessdate=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014013705/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/10/13/whos_running_this_joint_anyway_libyan_politics_militia |archivedate=14 October 2014 }}</ref>

A Libya Dawn source reported that clashes had erupted along the al-Kassarat road and in the Wadi al-Hai region.<ref name=libyaobserver9oct>{{cite news |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=597582240346860|title=Libya Observer|date=9 October 2014 |accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=libyaobserver10oct>{{cite news |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=598340323604385|title=Libya Observer|date=10 October 2014 |accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> The fighting was primarily between a coalition of Misratan and Gharyianian militiamen and other Libyan Dawn forces on one side and an alliance of the Zintani-oriented Qa'qa' militia and forces aligned with Warshafana and the Noble Tribes on the other. Libyan Dawn forces claim to have captured the Wadi al-Hai region as a result of these battles.<ref name="libyaobserver10oct"/>

Heavy fighting commenced in the city of [[Kikla]] and the surrounding vicinity on 11 October when Zintani brigades initiated an offensive to gain control over various towns and routes in the Nafusa Mountains.<ref name=abcoct12>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/militia-fighting-libyas-west-kills-23-26138373|work=ABC News|title=Militia Fighting in Libya's West Kills 23|date=12 October 2014 |accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> Many residents wounded in the fighting are being treated at medical facilities in Gharyan.<ref name="abcoct12"/> The escalating strife in the Nafusa Mountains had raised fears of the prospect for broader tribal and ethnic warfare.<ref name="abcoct12"/>

On 15 October, units associated with Khalifa Haftar and Operation Dignity staged ground and air attacks against the Ansar al-Sharia and the 17 February Martyrs Brigade organizations in [[Benghazi]].<ref name=abcoct15>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/clashes-libyas-benghazi-kill-26208479|work=ABC News|title=Egypt Warplanes Hit Libya Militias, Officials Say|date=15 October 2014 |accessdate=15 October 2014}}</ref> Haftar claimed that this was the concluding stage of Operation Dignity and that he would retire from his position upon the termination of the operation.<ref name="abcoct15"/> There were conflicting reports about possible Egyptian involvement or assistance in the offensive.<ref name="abcoct15"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29637424|work=BBC|title=Libya turmoil: Benghazi hit by air strikes and clashes|date=15 October 2014 |accessdate=15 October 2014}}</ref>

Also, on 15 October, the Libya Herald quoted a Zintani commander as stating the clashes were ongoing between Zintani militias and the Saraya Gharian force in the vicinity of Gwalish.<ref name=libyaheraldoct15>{{cite news |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/10/15/fighting-continues-near-gharian/#axzz3GF9nzvuM|work=Libya Herald|title=Fighting continues near Gharian|date=15 October 2014 |accessdate=15 October 2014}}</ref> The Libya Herald also reported that officials in Gharyan have requested military assistance from the cities of Jadu and Nalut in fighting the Zintani brigades.<ref name="libyaheraldoct15"/>

The GNA had announced its own set of oil policies, drawing criticism and denunciation from Prime Minister Thinni of the Tobruk-based government.<ref name=reutersoct18>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/18/uk-libya-oil-idUKKCN0I622920141018|work=Reuters|title=Two rival Libyan governments claim to control oil policy|date=18 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=wsjoct18>{{cite news |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/rival-governments-dispute-control-of-libyan-oil-1413660615|work=WSJ|title=Rival Governments Dispute Control of Libyan Oil|date=18 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014|first=Benoît|last=Faucon}}</ref> The rival oil minister, Mashallah al-Zawie, had urged the resumption of stalled investments.<ref name="reutersoct18"/><ref name="wsjoct18"/>

Clashes between Tuareg and Tebu tribal militias have repeatedly flared in [[Ubari]] at various times during October.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.haberler.com/fresh-tribal-clashes-kill-7-in-s-libya-563110/|work=Haberler|title=Fresh Tribal Clashes Kill 7 In S. Libya|date=21 October 2014 |accessdate=21 October 2014}}</ref>

On 5 October 2014, radical militants in control of the Libyan city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] joined ISIL, thus making Derna the first city outside Syrian and Iraq to be occupied by ISIL.<ref name="Derna">{{cite web|url= http://www.cp24.com/world/libyan-city-declares-itself-part-of-islamic-state-caliphate-1.2093900 | title = Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State caliphate|work= CP24|accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref> This marked the start of [[Derna campaign (2014–2016)|Derna campaign]].

===November 2014===
On 1 November, Zintan militia captured the town of [[Kikla]], killing 18 and wounding 84 Islamist fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/commander-18-islamist-fighters-killed-libya-26619372|work=ABC News|title=18 Islamist Fighters Killed in Libya|date=1 November 2014|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref>

On 5 November, a Tuareg militia reportedly seized control of the [[El Sharara oil field]] in Fezzan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/11/05/libya-oil-sharara-idUKL6N0SV5QM20141105|work=Reuters|title=UPDATE 2-Libya's El Sharara oilfield shut after armed group seizure -sources|date=5 November 2014 |accessdate=5 November 2014}}</ref>

On 11 November, Sudanese foreign minister [[Ali Karti]] claimed that the rival Libyan governments had both accepted a peace initiative proposed by Sudan as a framework for resolving the division and conflict permeating the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article53023|work=Sudan Tribune|title=Sudan says warring Libyan factions accepted Bashir's peace initiative|date=11 November 2014|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>

On 12 November, car bombs were detonated in Tobruk and al-Bayda. The Tobruk attack reportedly wounded at least 21 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30018894|work=BBC|title=Libya bombings: Tobruk and al-Bayda attacked|date=12 November 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> On 13 November, bombs targeted the embassies of Egypt and the UAE in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/13/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0IX0CO20141113|work=Reuters|title=Bombs explode near Egyptian and UAE embassies in Libyan capital|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>

On 24 November, warplanes affiliated with Operation Dignity forces attacked the Mitiga airport in Tripoli. The attack led to a temporary shut down of the airport, though it reportedly failed to damage the airport facilities, as munitions instead struck and damaged nearby houses.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/world/africa/bombs-hit-sole-civilian-airport-in-libyan-capital.html|work=New York Times|title=Bombs Hit Sole Civilian Airport in Libyan Capital|date=24 November 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> On 25 November, a second air raid against Mitiga was conducted, although this attack also failed to incapacitate the facility's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/tripolis-maitiga-airport-hit-by-libyan-air-force-jet-1476465|work=International Business Times|title=Tripoli's Maitiga Airport Hit by Libyan Air Force Jet|date=25 November 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the attack on Mitiga, a court in Tripoli issued an arrest warrant for Khalifa Haftar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/court-issues-warrant-libyas-haftar-103435942.html |work=Yahoo News |title=Court issues warrant for Libya's Haftar |date=26 November 2014 |accessdate=6 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213130430/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/court-issues-warrant-libyas-haftar-103435942.html |archivedate=13 December 2014 }}</ref>

===December 2014===

On 2 December, local sources in the city of [[Zuwara]] reported that aircraft associated with Operation Dignity struck a food supply storage area, a fishing port, and a chemical factory, damaging these facilities, as well as killing eight and wounding twenty-four.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/02/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0JG1F920141202|work=Reuters|title=Jets carry out air strikes west of Libyan capital|date=2 December 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libya-official-airstrikes-hit-food-warehouse-27299944|work=ABC News|title=Libyan Army Airstrikes Hit Targets in West, Kill 8|date=2 December 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref>

A demonstration was held in Tripoli's Algeria Square calling for the implementation of a constitutional monarchy as a means of resolving some of the country's difficulties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/12/13/minimalist-monarchist-manifestation-in-tripoli/|work=Libya Herald|title=Minimalist monarchist manifestation in Tripoli|date=13 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626312257473858|title=Libya Observer|date=13 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

After amassing strength in Sirte, Misratan forces launched on 13 December an offensive called "Operation Sunrise" against the Petroleum Facilities Guard, led by Ibrahim Jathran, and other pro-Tobruk forces for control of Ras Lanuf and the Sidra oil terminal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/militias-battle-central-libya-oil-terminal-27575640|work=ABC News|title=Militias Battle in Central Libya Near Oil Terminal|date=13 December 2014|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Several days of clashes over the oil facilities have ensued, including the deployment of airstrikes in the struggle.<ref name="malaymaildec16">{{cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/world/article/armed-militia-strike-libyan-oil-terminal|work=The Malay Mail Online|title=Armed militia strike Libyan oil terminal|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Most of the air assaults have been conducted by forces allied with the Tobruk-based government, however, Libya Dawn forces allegedly carried out an airstrike on 16 December in the al-Hilal region. This attack reportedly caused no casualties or infrastructure damage.<ref name="malaymaildec16"/>

On 16 December, a car bomb detonated in Tripoli near the city's security headquarters, reportedly causing no casualties but inflicting damage on nearby buildings and cars.<ref name="malaymaildec16"/>

On 18 December, the National Oil Corporation reiterated its commitment to political neutrality and independence from partisan affiliation with either of the two rival governments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/18/libya-security-oil-idUSL6N0U24AX20141218|work=Reuters|title=Tripoli-based Libyan state oil firm says will remain independent|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=18 December 2014|first=Ulf|last=Laessing}}</ref>

On 25 December, Libya Dawn militia launched an assault on a power plant inside Sirte killing at least 19 soldiers. On the same day a rocket struck an oil export terminal in the city of Sidra engulfing it in flames.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30602258|work=BBC|title=Libya militia clashes leave at least 19 soldiers dead|date=25 December 2014|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref>

On 27 December, a car bomb was detonated in Tripoli near the General Directorate for the Protection of Diplomatic Missions, though no casualties were reported. ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=260785|title=Islamic State claims responsibility for car bombing in Libya's Tripoli|work=Shanghai Daily|date=28 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref>

On 28 December, the Libyan air force struck [[Misrata Airport]] as a reprisal for attacks by Libya Dawn on oil terminals. A port facility, an air force academy, and a steel plant were also targeted. Local security officials claimed that the airport sustained no damage and remained operational.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/28/libya-security-idUSL6N0UC0A320141228?irpc=932|title=Libya's official government conducts air strikes on Misrata|work=Reuters|date=28 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref>

On 30 December, the Libyan air force shot down a Libya Dawn helicopter around Al-Sidra oil terminal. Aircraft and at least one helicopter from the militia had attacked government forces deployed in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20141230-libya-pro-government-forces-shoot-down-militia-chopper/?aef_campaign_date=2014-12-30&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_linkname=editorial&ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter |title=Libya pro-government forces shoot down militia chopper |date=2014-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203244/http://www.france24.com/en/20141230-libya-pro-government-forces-shoot-down-militia-chopper/?aef_campaign_date=2014-12-30&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_linkname=editorial&ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter |archivedate=30 December 2014 }}</ref>

==2015==

===January 2015===
On 5 January, the Libyan air force bombed a Greek-owned tanker, chartered by Libya's [[National Oil Corporation]], off the coast of Darna that was believed to be acting 'suspiciously', killing two crew members and wounding two. The bombing caused [[Turkish Airlines]], the last foreign airline still flying to Libya, to suspend flights.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/05/greek-owned-tanker-bombed-libyan-port-araevo|title = Greek-owned tanker bombed in Libyan port|date = 5 January 2015 |accessdate =22 January 2015 |newspaper = The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=lat-20150105>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-libya-chaos-greek-tanker-bombed-20150105-story.html |title=Libya bombs Greek tanker, killing two and halting last air service |author=Carol J. Williams |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>

On 9 January, assailants attacked the al-Nabaa News TV Channel's headquarters in Tripoli with rocket-propelled grenades, inflicting damage on the facility.<ref name="yahoonewsreport">{{Cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/photos/tripoli-jan-9-2015-xinhua-photo-taken-jan-photo-170826767.html |title=TRIPOLI, Jan. 9, 2015 (Xinhua) – Photo taken on Jan. 9, 2015 shows the rocket attack site of al-Nabaa News TV Channel's headquarters in Tripoli, Libya. |work=Yahoo News |date=9 January 2015 |accessdate=27 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128060043/http://news.yahoo.com/photos/tripoli-jan-9-2015-xinhua-photo-taken-jan-photo-170826767.html |archivedate=28 January 2015 }}</ref> No casualties were reported.<ref name="yahoonewsreport"/>

On 16 January, the Operation Dignity and Libya Dawn factions declared a ceasefire and agreed to form a unity government and further political talks.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/16/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0KP0VL20150116|title=Libya parties agree to more talks; two factions call ceasefire| work = Reuters |accessdate=29 January 2015|date=16 January 2015}}</ref>

On 27 January, gunmen [[2015 Corinthia Hotel attack|attacked]] the [[Corinthia Hotel Tripoli|Corinthia Hotel]], a location frequently used by Libyan officials and foreign diplomats, in Tripoli.<ref name="cnnreport">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/27/middleeast/libya-corinthia-hotel-attack/|title=Gunmen attack Corinthia Hotel in Libya; at least 10 die|work=CNN|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="bbcreport">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31001094|title=Libya hotel attack: Five foreigners among nine killed|work=BBC|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> After detonating a car bomb in the parking lot, the assailants stormed the building and opened fire, killing at least ten individuals besides the attackers.<ref name="cnnreport"/><ref name="bbcreport"/> Libyan security forces have since reclaimed control over the hotel building. ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name="cnnreport"/><ref name="bbcreport"/>

===February 2015, Fall of Nofaliya===
On 4 February, gunmen believed to be linked to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] stormed and seized control of the Al-Mabrook oilfield south of the city of [[Sirte]]. A [[France|French]] diplomatic source in Paris said four local employees were believed to have been killed in the raid.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/04/us-libya-security-mabrook-idUSKBN0L80LF20150204|title = Gunmen storm Libyan oilfield, four workers believed killed|date = 4 February 2015 |accessdate =4 February 2015 |work = Reuters|last = Laessing|first = Ulf}}</ref>

On 9 February, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] [[Fall of Nofaliya (2015)|took over]] the town of [[Nofaliya]] in [[Sirte District]], after a convoy of 40 heavily armed vehicles arrived from Sirte and ordered Nofaliya's residents to "repent" and pledge allegiance to [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]. The fighters appointed Ali Al-Qarqaa as emir of the town.<ref name=tom2015-02-10>{{cite news|title=IS said to have taken another Libyan town|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150210/world/is-said-to-have-taken-another-libyan-town.555481|accessdate=13 February 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State's takeover of Nawfaliya highlights increasing risks to oil fields and personnel in Libya's Sirte Basin |url=http://www.janes.com/article/48839/islamic-state-s-takeover-of-nawfaliya-highlights-increasing-risks-to-oil-fields-and-personnel-in-libya-s-sirte-basin |accessdate=13 February 2015 |work=janes.com |date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214640/http://www.janes.com/article/48839/islamic-state-s-takeover-of-nawfaliya-highlights-increasing-risks-to-oil-fields-and-personnel-in-libya-s-sirte-basin |archivedate=13 February 2015 }}</ref>

On 13 February, gunmen affiliated with the ISIL seized government buildings and radio and television stations in [[Sirte]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/lyobserver/photos/a.515960841842334.1073741828.515956728509412/656726334432450/?type=1&theater|work=The Libya Observer|title=Untitled Facebook posting|date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan oil pipeline sabotaged, gunmen storm Sirte offices|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/14/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0LI0KP20150214|accessdate=14 February 2015|work=Reuters|date=14 February 2015}}</ref> These force reportedly issued an ultimatum demanding other military entities evacuate the city by the dawn of Sunday (15 February).<ref>{{cite news|title=IS gives Sirte militias until dawn Sunday to quit|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/13/is-gives-sirte-militias-until-dawn-sunday-to-quit/#axzz3RlGYrCxz|accessdate=14 February 2015|work=Libya Herald|date=14 February 2015}}</ref> In response, the unrecognized rump GNC of the Tripoli-based government announced a decision to form a joint force to reclaim facilities in Sirte from ISIL militants. However this joint force never did attempt to recapture the city from ISIL, this comes as a result of Misrata militias withdrawing from [[Sirte]] when ISIL attacked their posts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya Observer|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=657249171046833|accessdate=14 February 2015|date=14 February 2015}}</ref>

On 15 February, ISIL in Libya released a video depicting the [[2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya|beheading of 21 Coptic Christians from Egypt]]. Within hours, the [[Egyptian Air Force]] [[2015 Egyptian military intervention in Libya|responded with airstrikes]] against ISIL training locations and weapons stockpiles in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] in retaliation for the killings, killing around 50 militants and 7 civilians.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31483631|agency=BBC News|title=Egypt 'bombs IS in Libya' after beheadings video|date=16 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news|title=Civilians killed as Egypt launches air strikes in Libya|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/02/egypt-bombs-isil-targets-libya-mass-beheadings-150216063339037.html|work=Al Jazeera|date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Warplanes acting under orders from the Tobruk-based government also struck targets in Derna, reportedly in coordination with Egypt, whereas the Tripoli-based government condemned the airstrikes, calling them "terrorism" and "a violation of sovereignty in Libya".<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4627076,00.html|agency=Ynetnews|title=Libyan air force loyal to official government bombed targets in eastern city of Derna|date=16 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> On 19 February, Qatar recalled its ambassador from Cairo in protest against Egypt's unilateral military action, saying it could harm innocent civilians and advantage one side in Libya's conflict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt, Qatar trade barbs in dispute over Libya strikes|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN0LN07520150219|work=Reuters|date=19 February 2015}}</ref>

On 20 February, ISIL operatives detonated three bombs in [[Al Qubbah]], targeting a petrol station, a police station, and the home of parliamentary speaker Agila Salah.<ref name="BBC report">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31549280|agency=BBC|title=Libya violence: Islamic State attack 'kills 40' in al-Qubbah|date=20 February 2015|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> These attacks reportedly killed at least 40 people.<ref name="BBC report"/> The U.S. State Department,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/us-state-dept-condemns-violent-attack-libya|agency=Egypt Independent|title=US State Dept condemns violent attack in Libya |date=20 February 2015|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> the Misrata Municipality,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=660108367427580|agency=Libya Observer|title=Libya Observer|date=20 February 2015|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> and Libya Dawn<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=660100010761749|agency=Libya Observer|title=Libya Observer|date=20 February 2015|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> condemned the attacks.

On 21 February, delegates representing the municipal councils of the cities of Misrata and Zintan met in the town of al-Asabaa and agreed to a prisoner exchange.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/21/misrata-and-zintan-agree-prisoner-exchange/#axzz3SUpPtVyn|agency=Libya Herald|title=Misrata and Zintan agree prisoner exchange|date=21 February 2015|accessdate=22 February 2015}}</ref> Also on 21 February, the Misrata Municipal Council created two committees for dialogue, one tasked with the western regions, and the other with the east.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/62462/|agency=Al Wasat|title="بلدي مصراتة" يُشكّل لجنتين للحوار مع المنطقتين الغربية والشرقية|date=21 February 2015|accessdate=22 February 2015}}</ref>

On 22 February, two bombs exploded at the gate of the Iranian ambassador's residence in Tripoli.<ref name="Reuters report">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/22/us-libya-security-iran-idUSKBN0LQ0DX20150222|agency=Reuters|title=Two bombs explode at residence of Iran ambassador in Libya|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=22 February 2015}}</ref> No casualties were reported.<ref name="Reuters report"/>

On 23 February, the Battar brigade, one of the Islamic State's primary military hosts in Libya, issued a statement "damning" the composition of both governments and a multitude of military bodies in the country as "infidels."<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/23/is-brigade-damns-hor-and-congress-alike-warns-misrata-not-to-interfere-in-its-operations/#axzz3SZmGGl7p|title=IS brigade damns HoR and Congress alike, warns Misrata not to interfere in its operations.|work=Libya Herald|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref> On the same day, the internationally recognized Tobruk's House of Representatives voted to suspend its participation in UN-brokered talks with the Tripoli government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya parliament 'suspends' participation in talks|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-parliament-suspends-participation-talks-154046860.html|work=AFP|date=23 February 2015|location=London}}</ref> In response, [[UNSMIL]] renewed its call for dialogue.<ref>{{cite news|title=UNSMIL in Urgent Consultations with the Parties to Ensure Convening of Dialogue Soon|url=http://unsmil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=3543&ctl=Details&mid=6187&ItemID=2004054&language=en-US|work=United Nations Support Mission in Libya|date=25 February 2015}}</ref>

Divisions and recriminations among jihadists have reportedly surfaced and have been intensifying in January and February 2015. There were conflicting reports about whether Ansar al-Sharia leader Mohamed Al-Zahawi perished fighting against Operation Dignity forces or if he was executed by members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.<ref name="Libya Herald">{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/16/misratans-report-they-have-recaptured-abu-grein-from-is/|work=Libya Herald|title=Misratans report they have recaptured Abu Grain from IS |access-date=16 May 2016|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> The Shura Council of Derna had condemned the Al-Qubbah bombings conducted by the Islamic State, triggering tension between the two groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://themaghrebinote.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/translation-of-the-statement-by-shura-council-of-derna-on-the-al-qubbah-bombings-done-by-isis/|title=Translation of the statement by Shura Council of #Derna on the Al-Qubbah bombings done by ISIS|work=TheMagrebiNote|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref>

Following the execution of Egyptian Christians by ISIL militants and the subsequent Egyptian intervention into Libya, the Egyptian government had allegedly opened channels of communication with Misratan and Libya Dawn leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/sisi-opens-communication-channels-fajr-libya%E2%80%9D-leaders-0|title=Sisi Opens Communication Channels With "Fajr Libya" Leaders|work=Al Akhbar|date=24 February 2015|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

===March 2015, Battle of Sirte (2015) begins ===
On 2 March, the Tobruk-based government named former anti-government General Haftar as its army chief.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Libya names anti-Islamist General Haftar as army chief|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31698755|work=BBC News|date=2 March 2015}}</ref>

On 14 March, pro-Dawn forces associated with Misrata and Operation Sunrise clashed with ISIL militants in Sirte, which marked the start of [[Battle of Sirte (2015)|Battle of Sirte]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya Observer|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=669494713155612|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libya Islamist militia attacks Daesh in Sirte|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/478517--libya-islamist-militia-attacks-daesh-in-sirte|work=Anadolu Agency|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State fighters and force allied with Tripoli clash in central Libya|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314|work=Reuters|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> Fighting between Libya Dawn forces and ISIL militants was also reported in the Daheera area west of the city of Sirte, and at the Harawa vicinity east of Sirte.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fighting between GNC-Libyan Dawn's Sunrise and IS forces – deaths and injuries reported|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/15/fighting-between-gnc-libyan-dawns-sunrise-and-is-forces-deaths-and-injuries-reported/#axzz3UD6DEns1|work=Libya Herald|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>

On 15 March, ISIL militants conducted a bomb attack against a police checkpoint in Tripoli, wounding five, and executed a car bomb attack in Misrata near a military camp associated with the 166 battalion, killing one person. The 166 Battalion had been a primary brigade in directing and managing Libya Dawn's confrontations with ISIL forces.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State claims Tripoli attack, car bomb in Misrata|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/16/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0MB0YD20150316|work=Reuters|date=15 March 2015|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

On 18 March, ISIL commander Ahmed Rouissi was killed in the course of combat taking place near Sirte between Libya Dawn forces and ISIL militants. Tunisian officials suspected that he was the mastermind in the murders of two Tunisian opposition leaders in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senior ISIS commander killed in Libya|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/africa/2015/03/18/Senior-ISIS-commander-from-Tunisia-killed-in-Libya.html|work=Al Arabiya|date=18 March 2015|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

On 19 March, military forces associated with the Tripoli-based government reportedly recaptured Nofaliya from ISIL control.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State vows to make Sirte a 'hell like Fallujah' in anti-Misrata propaganda video|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/19/islamic-state-vows-to-make-sirte-a-hell-like-fallujah-in-anti-misrata-propaganda-video/#axzz3UqjzPoh9|work=Libya Herald|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libya Observer|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=671734916264925|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nofaliya retaken by GNC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/libya/2015/03/19/pro-tripoli-forces-retake-nawfaliya-from-isis-al-jazeera_9932286d-19fa-4f2b-9e4d-4656997d609a.html|title=Pro-Tripoli forces retake Nawfaliya from ISIS, Al Jazeera – Libya – ANSAMed.it|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref>

On 20 and 21 March, Zintani and Warshanfana forces clashed with Libya Dawn units in the Aziziya region.<ref name="Aziziya Clashes">{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/21/lna-targets-tripoli-and-zuwara-but-pulls-back-troops-in-aziziya-area/#axzz3V7Q4Daou|title=LNA targets Tripoli and Zuwara but pulls back troops in Aziziya area|work=Libya Herald|date=21 March 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libya rivals still a long way from deal: envoy|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-rivals-still-long-way-deal-envoy-131254851.html|work=Yahoo News|date=21 March 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}</ref> Also, on 20 March, the internationally recognized Tobruk-based government stated that they had launched a military operation to "liberate" Tripoli from the GNC Islamist forces (Libya Dawn). As a result, the Tripoli-based GNC government threatened to walk out on the peace talks in the Moroccan resort of Skhirat.<ref name="Tobruk government launches offensive to retake Tripoli">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/24/Libyan-pro-government-warplanes-launch-strikes-near-Tripoli-.html|title=Libyan warplanes target militias near Tripoli|website=english.alarabiya.net|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref>

On 25 March, the Tobruk-based government launched an offensive on the city of Derna, to expel ISIL and other militant groups from the city.<ref name="Derna offensive begins">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/libya-bayda-tobruk-divided.html#|title=Libyan cities increasingly isolated – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=6 April 2015|date=2015-03-08}}</ref>

On 26 March, the Operation Sunrise forces loyal to the Tripoli-based government and the Petroleum Facilities Guards, led by Ibrahim Jathran and aligned with the Tobruk-based government, reached a deal pertaining to the Sidra Basin area. Both sides agreed to maintain the cease-fire and to intensify focus on fighting ISIL. As a result of the agreement, Sunrise forces withdrew from Bin Jawad and some other former areas that functioned as fronts in its battle with the Petroleum Facilities Guards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/26/operation-sunrise-pulls-back-from-ben-jawad-after-joint-offensive-with-pfg-against-is-agreed-report/|title=Operation Sunrise pulls back from Ben Jawad after joint offensive with PFG against IS agreed: report |work=Libya Herald|date=26 March 2015|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0MN27L20150327|title=Libya forces said to leave bases near oil ports; hopes they may reopen|work=Reuters|date=27 March 2015|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=674973349274415|title=Libya Observer|date=27 March 2015|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref>

On 30 March, [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]]'s general Sharia jurist Abu Abdullah Al-Libi pledged allegiance to ISIL.<ref name="Libyan militant group joins ISIL">{{cite web|url=http://www.thetower.org/1826-major-libyan-jihadist-group-declares-allegiance-to-isis/|title=Major Libyan Jihadist Group Declares Allegiance to ISIS – The Tower|work=The Tower|accessdate=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jihadists Report Shariah Jurist in Ansar al-Shariah in Libya Pledging to IS|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/jihadists-report-shariah-jurist-in-ansar-al-shariah-in-libya-pledging-to-is.html|work=SITE|date=28 March 2015}}</ref>

On 31 March, Libyan General Khalifa Haftar promised to retake the city of [[Benghazi]] from militant groups within a month.<ref name="Libyan General vows to retake Benghazi within a month">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/17/Libya-general-promises-to-take-Benghazi-within-a-month-.html|title=Libya general promises to take Benghazi within a month|website=english.alarabiya.net|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref>

Also, on 31 March, the new GNC of the Tripoli-based government sacked its Prime Minister, Omar al-Hassi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/126582/World/Region/Head-of-rival-govt-in-Libya-capital-sacked-MP.aspx|title=Head of rival govt in Libya capital sacked: MP|work=Ahram Online|date=31 March 2015|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref> The Tripoli-based government cited dissatisfaction with Omar al-Hassi's performance as the reason for his dismissal, and stated that its first deputy speaker, Khalifa al-Ghowel, will run a caretaker cabinet until a new government is formed within one month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/head-libyas-tripoli-parliament-sacked-1732732306|title=Head of Libya's Tripoli parliament sacked |work=Middle East Eye|date=31 March 2015|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref>

===April 2015===
On 13 April 2015, the [[South Korea]]n embassy in Tripoli was attacked by two gunmen, who killed two embassy guards and injured a third person. Hours later, a bomb damaged the gate and a residential building near the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] embassy, although no injuries or deaths were reported. ISIL claimed responsibility for those incidents.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/13/us-libya-bomb-idUSKBN0N401L20150413 |title=Islamic State militants claim attacks on embassies in Libya |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 April 2015 |accessdate=14 April 2015 }}</ref>

In mid-April, fighting broke out in Tripoli itself on Saturday, 18 April, between Libya Dawn and supporters of Haftar. A pro-Haftar insurgency had been involved in fighting in the eastern suburbs of Tajoura and Fashloum [[101 Battalion (Libya)|101 Battalion]]. The unit's leader, Abdullah Sassi, was captured and possibly killed by Libya Dawn forces.

On 24 April, aircraft associated with the Tripoli-based government struck ISIL targets in Sirte.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/libya-isis-crisis-libyan-militias-fight-islamic-state-airstrikes-official-says-1895583|title=Libya ISIS Crisis: Libyan Militias Fight Islamic State With Airstrikes, Official Says|work=International Business Times|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=26 April 2015 }}</ref>

On 25 April, as a result of clashes with the Tribes' Army, an element of the [[Libyan National Army]] in western Libya, and attendant missile strikes, the Gharyan municipality declared a state of emergency, a mobilization of forces, and a closure of colleges.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.facebook.com/lyobserver/posts/687430534695363|title=Libya Observer|date=25 April 2015 |accessdate=26 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/04/25/colleges-in-gharyan-closed-again-following-missile-attack/#axzz3YR05aCHU|title=Colleges in Gharyan closed again following missile attack|work=Libya Herald|date=25 April 2015 |accessdate=26 April 2015 }}</ref>

===May 2015===
On 11 May, a Turkish cargo ship was shelled by the [[Libyan Air Force]] after heading to the port of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]. It is known that Derna had been under extremist militants since 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/11/us-libya-security-turkey-idUSKBN0NW0K720150511| title=Libyan military shells Turkish cargo ship, crew member killed| work=Reuters| date=11 May 2015 |accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref>

On 29 May, eight people were killed and eight others were wounded following a rocket strike by Islamist militants in the city of Benghazi. On the same day, Islamic State fighters captured the Qurdabiya air base south of Sirte after Tripoli aligned troops withdrew from the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/29/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0OE2I720150529| title=Rocket attack in Libya's Benghazi leaves 8 dead, 8 wounded-official| work=Reuters| date=29 May 2015 |accessdate=30 May 2015}}</ref>

===June 2015===
On 1 June, a suicide bomber blew himself up outside a checkpoint in the city of [[Dafniya]], killing 5 Libya Dawn militia and injuring 7 others. ISIL issued a statement claiming the attack and declaring war to the coalition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-suicide-attack-claimed-kills-five-militia-110059727.html| title=IS claims Libya suicide attack, declares war on key militia|work=AFP| date=1 June 2015 |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>

On 3 June, Islamic State fighters beheaded a [[Libyan National Army]] volunteer at the famous Atiq Mosque in Derna. The Islamic state also posted photos of young boys being shown the severed head and bloody body of the victim immediately after the killing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/03/another-libyan-beheaded-by-is-in-derna/#axzz3bzFnZZEK| title=Another Libyan beheaded by IS in Derna| work=Libya Herald| date= 3 June 2015| accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>

On 10 June, the Al Qaeda affiliate Shura Council of Derna declared war on ISIL after members of the later allegedly assassinated SCD commander Nasr Akr, nine ISIL militants and two SCD fighters were killed in clashes that followed the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/al-qaida-militants-clash-libya-leader-killed-090144601.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610184053/http://news.yahoo.com/al-qaida-militants-clash-libya-leader-killed-090144601.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015| title=Al-Qaida militants in Libya attack IS after leader killed|work=AFP| date=10 June 2015 |accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref>

On 12 June, Medfaiyah Wal-Sewarigh ("Artillery and Missiles") Brigade, which is part of the Libya Dawn militias, took 10 diplomatic staff from the Tunisian consulate in [[Tripoli]] as hostages. This comes as Tunisian authorities arrest a senior member of Libya Dawn named Walid Al-Ghleib on charges of terrorist offences including supplying Tunisian terrorists with weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/12/mllitiamen-attack-tunisian-consulate-in-tripoli-kidnap-10-staff-members/#axzz3cnd2kDDR| title=Mllitiamen attack Tunisian consulate in Tripoli, kidnap 10 staff members| work=Libya Herald| date=12 June 2015| accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref>

On 13 June, the towns of Rigdaleen, [[Jumayl]], [[Zaltan]] and Al-Agrabiya agreed with the [[Libyan National Army]] to enter these towns peacefully and without any bloodshed. The Libyan National Army took over these towns and secured their facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/14/peace-breaking-out-in-western-libya/|title=Peace "breaking out" in western Libya}}</ref> This outcome was a consequence of a peace deal being brokered among cities in western Libya.

On 14 June, the United States announced it had conducted an airstrike on a group associated with [[al-Qaeda]]. It was reported that [[Mokhtar Belmokhtar]] was the target and that he was killed in the airstrike. The internationally recognized government was consulted in advance, and it confirmed the death of Belmokhtar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ABC/status/610190303161655296|title=ABC News on Twitter|work=Twitter|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN0OU0ZJ20150614|title=Libya says Algerian militant Belmokhtar killed in U.S. strike|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2015|work=Reuters|date=14 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/14/us-libya-airstrike-kills-seven-terror-suspects-including-algerian-aqim-leader-mokhtar-belmokhtar/|title=US Libya airstrike kills seven terror suspects including Algerian AQIM leader Mokhtar Belmokhtar}}</ref>

Throughout June, municipal authorities in western Libyan cities have reached a series of agreements to foster peace and de-escalation. These agreements have encompassed and included cities backing opposing sides of the civil war, such as Misrata, Zintan, Kikla, Gharyan, Zuwara, Zawia, Zliten, Rigadaleen, Jumayl, Zaltan, Sabratha, and others, as well as forces engaged in local animosities and tribal conflicts. The terms of the peace and reconciliation accords between cities include the cessation of warfare, prisoner exchanges, the unblocking of roads and critical routes, and the withdrawal of rival armed units back to the administrative borders of their associated cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/14/peace-breaking-out-in-western-libya/#axzz3dFSkBwe8|title=Peace "breaking out" in western Libya|work=Libya Herald|date=14 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=707018202736596|title=Libya Observer|date=14 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=706915029413580|title=Libya Observer|date=14 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/lyobserver/photos/pcb.706346792803737/706346716137078/?type=1&theater|title=Libya Observer|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=705826639522419|title=Libya Observer|date=11 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=705143719590711|title=Libya Observer|date=9 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref>

===July 2015===

On 1 July, the head of the [[General National Congress (2014)|General National Congress]], [[Nouri Abusahmain]], accompanied by Salah Badi, a [[Libya Dawn]] militia leader, held a protest outside of the GNC headquarters protesting against the dialogue process. This came as the [[UNSMIL]] significantly reduced the role of the State Council, ninety of which are from the General National Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/01/gnc-not-to-return-to-skhirat-for-thursday-meeting-as-abu-sahmain-leads-anti-dialogue-protest/#axzz3eeMqJIKW| title=GNC not to return to Skhirat for Thursday meeting as Abu Sahmain leads anti-Dialogue protest|work=Libya Herald| date=1 July 2015|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref>

On 12 July, Al-Wushka, a little town 35 kilometers east of Abu Grain, was taken over by the Libyan branch of [[ISIL]], without any resistance from the militant forces that control western Libya. It is known that the Islamic State had been gaining ground west of their stronghold [[Sirte, Libya|Sirte]] after militia fighters from [[Misrata]] were pushed away from the city. That same day in Morocco, the Libyan factions signed the draft peace deal, but without the participation of the team from the General National Congress who boycotted the meetings because of objections to parts of the text.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/12/daesh-seizes-village-without-a-fight-destroys-sirte-homes/#axzz3fnPHgTBl|title=Daesh seizes village without a fight, destroys Sirte homes|work=Libya Herald|date=12 July 2015|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/12/skhirat-draft-initialled-gnc-left-aside/#axzz3fnPHgTBl|title=Skhirat Draft initialled; GNC left aside|work=Libya Herald|date=12 July 2015|accessdate=14 July 2015}}</ref>

===August 2015===

On 1 August, five people were killed in clashes between the [[Libyan Armed Forces]] and various Islamist groups. Fighting had been taking place in Ajdabiya, near the oil port of Brega, which included an attack by the [[Libyan Air Force]].<ref>[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Five-killed-in-clashes-near-oil-port-in-Libya-medics-20150802 Five killed in clashes near oil port in Libya – medics]. ''[[Reuters]]''. Published 2 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</ref>

On 13, 38 August residents from the town of [[Sirte]] were killed by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]], after residents revolted against them in reaction to the killing of an Islamic Salafist Imam who refused to hand over his mosque to the militant extremist group. Among the dead were two children, four elderly and the rest were fighters from the local tribe of Furjan. ISIL threatened to use gas against the civilians unless attacks against it stopped.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/08/13/is-kills-38-in-sirte-threatens-to-use-gas-hor-members-call-on-international-community-for-help/|title=IS kills 38 in Sirte, threatens to use gas; HOR members callon International community for help|work=Libya Herald|date=13 August 2015|accessdate= 14 August 2015}}</ref>

On 14 August, multiple airstrikes were conducted on [[Sirte]] after the massacre committed by [[ISIL]]. The air assault lasted for half an hour targeting multiple areas in Sirte including the town's internal security complex, the Ouagadougou Conference centre, part of the university campus and the Mahari hotel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/08/14/half-hour-air-assault-on-sirte-hits-multiple-targets-report/|title= Half-Hour air assault on Sirte multiple targets:report|work=Libya Herald|date=14 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

===September 2015===

On 10 September, [[Ibrahim Jadhran]], The leader of the Petroleum Faculties Guard, Accused the LNA of trying to assassinate him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/militiaman-jodran-deplores-haftars-attempt-assassinate-him|title=Militiaman Jodran deplores Haftar's attempt to assassinate him | The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly}}</ref>

On 28 September, Ansar al-Sharia released a message in which the organization denied having pledged allegiance to ISIL or its caliph. Ansar al-Sharia also denied having links with the Tripoli government, which it termed "an apostate government."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/09/28/ansar-al-sharia-denies-links-to-either-is-or-libya-dawn/|title=Ansar Al-Sharia denies links to either IS or Libya Dawn |work=Libya Herald|date=28 September 2015|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref>

===October 2015===

On 1 October, ISIL militants attacked the port of Es Sidr with a gun assault and an attempted car bombing against the defending Petroleum Facilities Guard. Petroleum Facilities Guard reportedly suffered one death and two wounded while ISIL incurred the death of four militants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/01/libya-security-idUSL5N1214KY20151001|title=Islamic State militants attack forces guarding Libya oil port – official|work=Reuters|date=1 October 2015|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref>

On 8 October, the UN envoy heading the internationally backed dialogue process, Bernardino Leon, held a press conference in Morocco in which he announced the names of several potential members of the proposed Government of National Accord. Fayez al-Sarraj, a member of the House of Representatives, was announced as the candidate for the office of prime minister.<ref name="UN proposes Libya unity government">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34483137|title=UN proposes Libya unity government|work=BBC|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> Three deputy prime ministers were announced, including Ahmed Maetig, Musa Kuni, and Fathi Majbari. Omar Aswad and Mohamed Ammar were declared as two other potential members of a six-person presidential council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/10/08/breaking-news-unsmils-leon-sets-out-new-government/|title=BREAKING NEWS: UNSMIL's Leon sets out new government |work=Libya Herald|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref>

Shortly after the press conference, the Misrata Municipal Council expressed support for the proposed Government of National Accord.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/10/12/misrata-local-council-approves-libyan-unity-govt_9bc53038-77f6-4ef2-a9ad-436b86cfc374.html|title=Misrata local council approves Libyan unity gov't|work=Ansa Med|date=12 October 2015|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref> Furthermore, an overwhelming preponderance of Misrata's militias have declared support for the plan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/10/15/misrata-militias-promise-protection-for-new-government/|title=Misrata militias promise protection for new government|work=Libya Herald|date=14 October 2015|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref>

On 23 October, extremist militants, possibly associated with the Islamic State, fired mortar rounds at protesters in Benghazi's Kish Square, killing nine and wounding at least 35.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34622897|title=Benghazi attack: Six die as mortars hit Libya protest|work=BBC|date=23 October 2015|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/at-least-nine-killed-as-mortar-bombs-fall-on-protesters-in-benghazi|title=At least nine killed as mortar bombs fall on protesters in Benghazi|work=Guardian|date=23 October 2015|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

On 30 October, Martin Kobler, a German diplomat, was appointed to replace Bernardino Leon as U.N. Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.com/en/top-german-diplomat-martin-kobler-appointed-new-special-envoy-to-libya/a-18818307|title=Top German diplomat Martin Kobler appointed new special envoy to Libya|work=Deustche Welle|date=31 October 2015|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref>

===November 2015===

Following the appointment of Martin Kobler and the announcement of the impending departure of Bernardino Leon from the U.N., Leon was appointed as director-general of the UAE's diplomatic academy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/04/un-libya-envoy-accepts-1000-a-day-job-from-backer-of-one-side-in-civil-war|title=UN Libya envoy accepts £1,000-a-day job from backer of one side in civil war|work=The Guardian|date=4 November 2015|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref> This job announcement, along with its attendant £35,000 a month salary, led to accusations, particularly by supporters of Libya Dawn and the Tripoli-based government, that Leon's tenure as U.N. envoy had been tainted by bias and partiality. These accusations were reinforced by allegedly leaked emails which purported to reveal collusion between Leon and the UAE to divide the forces backing the Tripoli government, as well as violations of the U.N. arms embargo by the UAE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/13/world/middleeast/leaked-emirati-emails-could-threaten-peace-talks-in-libya.html?_r=0|title=Leaked Emirati Emails Could Threaten Peace Talks in Libya|work=The New York Times|date=12 November 2015|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref> Additionally, the Tripoli-based government arrested a UAE national on suspicion of espionage on 11 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/989854/uae-national-arrested-in-libya-on-suspicion-of-spying/|title=UAE national arrested in Libya on suspicion of spying|work=The Express Tribune|date=12 November 2015|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref>

===December 2015, signing of the Libyan Political Agreement===

Efforts to establish peace between the rival governments were made on 16 and 17 December, when the leaders of both governments met in Malta and delegates signed an agreement in Morocco. On 17 December 2015 members of the House of Representatives and the new General National Congress signed the revised political agreement, generally known as the "Libyan Political Agreement" or the "Skhirat Agreement".<ref name="Kingsley-2">{{Cite news|first=Patrick |last=Kingsley |date=17 December 2015 |title=Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217161008/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments |archivedate=17 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zaptia">{{Cite news|first=Sami |last=Zaptia |title=Ageela Salah now supports UN-brokered Skhirat agreement: Kobler |date=1 January 2016 |newspaper=Libya Herald |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/01/ageela-salah-now-supports-un-brokered-skhirat-agreement-kobler/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224053305/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/01/ageela-salah-now-supports-un-brokered-skhirat-agreement-kobler/ |archivedate=24 February 2016 | url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidency Council]] and a seventeen-member interim [[Government of National Accord]] were formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years.<ref name="Kingsley-2" /> The House of Representatives was supposed to continue to exist as a legislature and an advisory body, to be known as the [[High Council of State (Libya)|High Council of State]], was supposed be formed with members nominated by the [[New General National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Libyan deal on course, but who is on board? |date=25 December 2015|newspaper=Al Arabiya|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2015/12/25/Libyan-deal-on-course-but-who-is-on-board-.html}}</ref> On 31 December 2015, Chairman of the House of Representatives, [[Aguila Saleh Issa]] declared his support for the Libyan Political Agreement.<ref name="Zaptia" />

Despite this, fighting still continued, with clashes in [[Ajdabiya]] killing 14 people.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 14 killed, 25 wounded in Libya clashes|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20151219/world/at-least-14-killed-25-wounded-in-libya-clashes.596230|accessdate=22 December 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

==2016==

===January 2016, Fall of Bin Jawad ===

The [[Fall of Bin Jawad (2016)]] refers to the [[ISIL]] takeover of the Libyan city of [[Bin Jawad]] on 4 January 2016 during its oil crescent region campaign. On Monday morning, the terrorist group imposed full control over the city of Bin Jawad in the [[Sirte District]], after a series of intense firefights with rebel forces that were loyal to the Libyan provisional government in [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-expands-its-control-over-the-libyan-coast-bin-jawad-captured/|title=ISIS expands control over Libyan coast: Bin Jawad captured|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=4 January 2016|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2016}}</ref>

On 7 January, a truck bomb attack targeted a police training center in the coastal city of [[Zliten]], killing at least 47 and wounding scores of people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya truck bomb targets police recruits in Zliten|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35249860|accessdate=7 January 2016|work=BBC|date=7 January 2016}}</ref> The incident was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Libyan history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Widespread shock and horror at Zliten carnage|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/07/widespread-shock-and-horror-at-zliten-carnage/|accessdate=7 January 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=7 January 2016}}</ref> Difficulties in treating the huge number of wounded at facilities in Zliten resulted in many patients being transferred to hospitals in Tripoli, Misrata, and Khoms.<ref>{{cite news|title=Massive suicide bomb in Zliten; over 50 dead|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/07/massive-suicide-bomb-in-zliten-over-50-dead/|accessdate=7 January 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=7 January 2016}}</ref> Another car bomb attack occurred on the same day at the entrance to the oil port of Ras Lanuf, killing multiple people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Truck bomb kills nearly 50 at Libyan police academy|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0UL0XE20160107|accessdate=7 January 2016|work=Reuters|date=7 January 2016}}</ref> The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the massacres at Zliten and Ras Lanuf.<ref>{{cite news|title=IS admits Zliten slaughter|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/07/is-admits-zliten-slaughter/|accessdate=7 January 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=7 January 2016}}</ref>

On 10 January, ISIL attacked the port of [[Zueitina]] by sea with 3 boats. The Port was defended by the Guards of Petrol Installations (GPI) – an armed group linked to the Tobruk Government. Due to the GPI having been warned of the attack, the attack failed, And the GPI seriously damaged one boat, While forcing the others to retreat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/292999/politique/libye-gardes-installations-petrolieres-disent-dejoue-tentative-dincursion-de-letat-islamique|title=Libye: les gardes des installations pétrolières disent avoir déjoué une incursion de l'État islamique - JeuneAfrique.com|date=12 January 2016|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2016}}</ref>

===February 2016===

The U.N.-backed presidential council announced a list of names for ministers of the Government of National Accord on 14 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/libyas-new-unity-government-faces-the-mother-of-all-rebuilding-jobs-55175|title=Libya's new unity government faces the mother of all rebuilding jobs|last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|website=The Conversation|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref> The presidential council presented the list of names to the House of Representatives for approval.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hopes for peace in Libya as make-up of new unity government announced|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/hopes-for-peace-in-libya-as-make-up-of-new-unity-government-announced|accessdate=17 February 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=14 February 2016}}</ref>

A US air raid on a suspected ISIL camp on 19 February near the city of Sabratha killed 49 people, including two [[Serbia]]n embassy members, who had been taken hostage by the militants on 8 November 2015 from a convoy of cars heading towards the [[Libya–Tunisia border|Tunisian border]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-serbia-security-libya-idUSKCN0VT0CQ|accessdate=2016-02-22|date=2016-02-20|title=Two abducted Serbs killed in U.S. Libya raids on Islamic State}}</ref> An [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] operative named Noureddine Chouchane who is behind the [[2015 Sousse attacks|Sousse attacks]] that left 30 British citizens dead was believed to have been killed in the airstrike.

On 20 February, the [[Libyan National Army]] led by Brigadier General [[Khalifa Haftar]] launched a citywide assault to capture the city of [[Benghazi]] in an operation called "Blood of the Martyrs", with some assistance from French special forces.<ref name=guardian-20160224>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/24/isis-behead-11-police-officers-in-fighting-in-libya |title=French special forces assisting anti-Isis efforts in Libya, say sources |author1=Chris Stephen |author2=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 February 2016 |accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref> The Army managed to capture Marisa port which was a key lifeline for terrorists in the city to get supplies from the city of [[Misrata]]. The army also managed to take control of Bouatni district south of Benghazi.<ref name=reuters-benghazi>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-idUSKCN0VU0UM|title=Army claims advances in Libyan cities of Benghazi and Ajdabiya|date=21 February 2016|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/02/21/army-claims-big-benghazi-successes-including-capture-of-is-supply-port/|title=Army claims big Benghazi successes including capture of IS supply port}}</ref>

On the 21st of the same month, in [[Benghazi]] the [[Libyan National Army]] also managed to take over the rest of Bouatni, while overrunning Hawari and Leithi districts both of which were strongholds of [[ISIS|ISIL]] & [[Ansar al-Sharia]].<ref name=reuters-benghazi/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/02/22/army-still-making-gains-in-benghazi/|title=Army still making gains in Benghazi}}</ref>

On 23 February, ISIL militants clashed with forces associated with the Sabratha military council inside of Sabratha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/armed-men-clash-near-libyan-capital-four-dead-194818902.html|accessdate=2016-02-23|date=2016-02-23|title=IS, armed men clash near Libyan capital, four dead: local official}}</ref> These clashes were followed on the same day by an ISIL offensive that allegedly temporarily seized various buildings after penetrating the city. However, local forces conducted a counterattack against the ISIL militants, reportedly driving them out of the city's centre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/02/23/sudden-is-assault-on-sabratha-wreaks-havoc/|accessdate=2016-02-23|date=2016-02-23|work=Libya Herald|title=Sudden IS assault on Sabratha wreaks havoc}}</ref> However, fighting continued in Zawagha district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/02/25/prominent-sabratha-is-member-killed-in-continuing-fighting/|title=Prominent Sabratha IS member killed in continuing fighting}}</ref>

===March 2016===

On 6 March, Libyan aircraft based in Misrata conducted airstrikes against Islamic States targets in Sirte.<ref name="marchairstrikes">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0W80TX|work=Reuters|title=Libyan forces target Islamic State in Sirte with air strikes|accessdate=2016-03-12|date=2016-03-06}}</ref> Jamal Zubia, a foreign media spokesman for the Tripoli-based government, claimed that as many as 18 people were killed in the strikes, including senior Islamic State members.<ref name="marchairstrikes"/> A resident in Sirte stated that the air strikes had targeted districts in and around the city, resulting in at least one civilian being killed.<ref name="marchairstrikes"/>

On 10 March, following the airstrikes against targets in Sirte, ISIL militants attacked Misratan forces stationed at the Abu Grain checkpoint, killing three security personnel.<ref name="abugrain">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/03/10/Militants-attack-checkpoint-near-Libya-s-Misrata-air-strikes-hit-Sirte.html|work=Reuters|title=Militants attack checkpoint near Libya's Misrata, air strikes hit Sirte|accessdate=2016-03-12|date=2016-03-10}}</ref> Also on 10 March, Zintani forces clashed with suspected ISIL militants who had briefly taken control of a major road about 320 km west of Sirte and 200 km south of the capital, Tripoli. One member of the Zintani Brigades was injured before the militants retreated.<ref name="abugrain"/>

On 12 March, the Presidential Council of the U.N.-backed Government of National Accord issued a statement urging all Libyan institutions to begin a transfer of authority to the unity government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35796482|work=BBC|title=Libya conflict: Tunis-based unity government claims power|accessdate=2016-03-12|date=2016-03-12}}</ref> It also called upon the international community to cease all dealings with alternative governments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-politics-idUSKCN0WE0YN|work=Reuters|title=Libya's Presidential Council calls for transfer of power to unity government|accessdate=2016-03-12|date=2016-03-12}}</ref> In the statement, the Presidential Council asserted that a document signed by a majority of the HOR's members expressing support for the new government, in addition to the endorsement by other political figures, conferred legitimacy on the Government of National Accord.

On 15 March, Haithem Tajouri, the commander of the Tripoli Revolutionaries' Brigade, seized control of the Hall of the People facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/15/tajouri-takes-over-qaddafis-hall-of-the-people-in-tripoli-in-case-of-serraj-visit-report/|work=Libya Herald|title=Tajouri takes over Qaddafi's Hall of the People in Tripoli in case of Serraj visit: report |accessdate=2016-03-17|date=2016-03-15}}</ref> Subsequently, on 16 March, Tajouri expressed support for a return of monarchy in Libya and had the Qaddafi-era Hall of the People plastered with pro-monarchy posters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/16/haithem-tajouri-wants-return-of-monarchy-2/|work=Libya Herald|title=Haithem Tajouri wants return of monarchy|accessdate=2016-03-17|date=2016-03-16}}</ref>

On 16 March the European Union agreed to implement sanctions, travel bans, and asset freezes, on Nouri Abusahmain, the president of the Tripoli-based new GNC, Khalifa al-Ghwell, the new GNC's prime minister, and Aguila Saleh, the president of the Tobruk-based House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/europe-agrees-sanctions-libyan-leaders-blocking-unity-government-172552076.html|work=Yahoo! News|title=Europe agrees sanctions on Libyan leaders blocking unity government|accessdate=2016-03-17|date=2016-03-16}}</ref> The European Union cited these three political leaders as being "spoilers" obstructing implementation of the U.N-backed plan of resolution to the Libya conflict and the associated Government of National Accord.

During an interview on 17 March, Fayez al-Sarraj, the Prime Minister of the U.N/internationally supported Government of National Accord, declared that his government would move into Tripoli "within in a few days."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libyas-u-n-backed-government-move-tripoli-within-213732931.html|work=Yahoo! News|title=Libya's U.N.-backed government to move to Tripoli within days: PM|accessdate=2016-03-17|date=2016-03-17}}</ref> Seraj also stated, in the same interview, that his government's security plan included agreements with police, military forces, and some armed groups in Tripoli that would enable the Government of National Accord to ensconce itself in the capital.

On 24 March, the Tripoli-based new GNC declared a state of emergency in response to reports that four members of the Government of National Accord had entered Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libyas-tripoli-government-declares-state-emergency-37914559 |work=ABC News |title=Libya's Tripoli Government Declares a State of Emergency |accessdate=2016-03-24 |date=2016-03-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331192410/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libyas-tripoli-government-declares-state-emergency-37914559 |archivedate=31 March 2016 }}</ref>

On 30 March, various members of the Presidential Council, including Prime Minister Fayez Serraj, arrived at a naval base in a Tripoli after travelling from Tunisia on a boat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20160330/world/members-of-libyas-un-backed-presidential-council-arrive-in-tripoli.607309|work=Times of Malta|title=Members of Libya's UN-backed Presidential Council arrive in Tripoli|accessdate=2016-03-30|date=2016-03-30}}</ref>

On 31 March, the Libya Herald reported that top officials from the new GNC, under heavy pressure and warnings from former supporters, had dispersed back to their home cities.<ref name="tripoliadmin">{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/31/rebel-tripoli-administration-vanishes-ghwell-flees-to-misrata/|work=Libya Herald|title=Rebel Tripoli administration vanishes. Ghwell flees to Misrata|accessdate=2016-03-31|date=2016-03-31}}</ref> GNC Prime Minister Khalifa Ghwell, Sheik Sadeq al-Ghariani, GNC President Abu Sahmain, GNC Media Department head Jamal Zubia, and military commander Salah Badi were reported as having left Tripoli.<ref name="tripoliadmin"/>

Also on 31 March, the Presidency Council's Temporary Security Committee reportedly took control of the prime ministry facilities on the Sikka Road.<ref name="tripoliadmin"/> Additionally, ten coastal cities in western Libya announced support for the Government of National Accord through the Sabratha municipality's official Facebook page.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/10-key-libya-cities-lend-support-un-backed-231509323.html|work=Yahoo! News|title=10 key Libya cities lend support to UN-backed unity govt|accessdate=2016-03-31|date=2016-03-31}}</ref>

At the end of March, the mayors of Sabratha, Zultan, Rigdaleen, Al-Jmail, Zuwarah, Ajilat, Sorman, Zawia, as well as those of West and South Zawia, issued a joint statement endorsing the Government of National Accord.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/02/backing-for-the-presidency-council-continues-to-grow-in-west-and-south-uncertainty-in-east/|work=Libya Herald|title=Backing for the Presidency Council continues to grow in west and south; uncertainty in east |accessdate=2016-04-02|date=2016-04-02}}</ref>

===April 2016===

On 2 April, the National Oil Corporation stated that it would work with the Presidential Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0WZ0AJ|work=Reuters|title=Libyan oil firm NOC says it will work with new unity govt|accessdate=2016-04-05|date=2016-04-02}}</ref>

On 3 April, the municipality of Bani Walid announced support for the Presidential Council and the Government of National Accord.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/bani-waleed-municipality-announces-support-for-gna-presidential-council/|work=Libyan Express|title=Bani Waleed Municipality announces support for GNA Presidential Council|accessdate=2016-04-03|date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

Political and military authorities in al-Hawamid declared support for the Presidential Council and the Government of National Accord on 3 April.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lana-news.ly/eng/news/view/97775/Al_Hawamid_Shura_and_military_councils_declare_their_support_to_NAG/|work=Libya News Agency|title=Al-Hawamid Shura and military councils declare their support to NAG.|accessdate=2016-04-03|date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

On 4 April, Tunisia declared plans to reopen its embassy in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/tunisia-reopening-tripoli-embassy-unity-government-arrives-190632327.html|work=Yahoo! News|title=Tunisia reopening Tripoli embassy after unity government arrives|accessdate=2016-04-05|date=2016-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/05/tunisia-to-reopen-its-tripoli-embassy-and-consulate/|work=Libya Herald|title=Tunisia to reopen its Tripoli embassy and consulate |accessdate=2016-04-05|date=2016-04-05}}</ref>

On 5 April, the National Salvation Government associated with the General National Congress announced that it was resigning, "ceasing operations," and ceding power to the Presidential Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libyas-tripoli-government-cease-operations-38171891|work=ABC News|title=Libya's Tripoli Government Says Will 'Cease Operations'|accessdate=2016-04-05|date=2016-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nz.news.yahoo.com/world/a/31277753/tripoli-authorities-cede-power-to-libyan-unity-government-statement/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415152054/https://nz.news.yahoo.com/world/a/31277753/tripoli-authorities-cede-power-to-libyan-unity-government-statement/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-04-15|work=Yahoo! New Zealand|title=Tripoli authorities cede power to Libyan unity government: statement|accessdate=2016-04-05|date=2016-04-05}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the GNC, former members of that body declared the establishment of the State Council, as envisaged by the LPA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/05/gnc-members-announce-its-dissolution-and-creation-of-the-state-council/|work=Libya Herald|title=GNC members announce its "dissolution" and creation of the State Council|accessdate=2016-04-05|date=2016-04-05}}</ref>

On 6 April, the State Council selected Abdurrahman Sewehli as its president and Saleh al-Makhzoum as its First Deputy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/state-supreme-council-elects-al-sweihli-as-president/|work=Libyan Express|title=State Supreme Council elects Al-Sweihli as President|accessdate=2016-04-06|date=2016-04-06}}</ref><ref name="al-Makhzoum/army">{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/al-makhzoum-pc-will-announce-leadership-of-libyan-army-soon/|work=Libyan Express|title=Al-Makhzoum: PC will announce leadership of Libyan army soon|accessdate=2016-04-06|date=2016-04-06}}</ref> On the same day, Saleh al-Makhzoum stated that the Presidential Council, utilizing its powers as Commander-in-chief, would soon announce the leadership of the Libyan army, in cooperation with House of Representatives and the State Council. Furthermore, he suggested that a resolution for the controversy pertaining to article 8 of the LPA would be achieved.<ref name="al-Makhzoum/army"/>

On 17 April, the [[Libyan National Army]] managed to crush extreme militants in and around the [[University of Benghazi]], where militants had taken it a ground for them to launch rockets at the city and train their followers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/17/army-takes-benghazi-uni-campus-but-not-huwari-cement-plant/|work=Libya Herald|title=Army takes Benghazi University campus but not Al-Hawari cement factory}}</ref>

On 18 April, the Libyan Army managed to capture the [[Al-Hawari]] cement factory and the adjoining two cemeteries. They later overrun the entire district of [[Al-Hawari]] south west of the city, this however came at a cost of five soldiers' lives and a senior commander named later as Abdul Hamid Boker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/18/army-finally-takes-benghazis-hawari-cement-factory/|work=Libya Herald|title=Army finally takes Benghazi's Hawari cement factory}}</ref>

Also on 18 April, a meeting of the House of Representatives was set to convene to vote on the issue of acceptance or rejection of the Government of National Accord, but the planned session was derailed by Aquila Saleh, the Speaker of the House Representatives, and a minority bloc within the parliament which opposes the GNA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/tobrouk-based-hor-fails-to-meet-despite-full-quorum/|work=Libyan Express|title=Tobruk-based HoR's meeting for GNA endorsement bungles, again|accessdate=2016-04-21|date=2016-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/18/opponents-of-gna-again-prevent-hor-vote-on-serraj-government-as-kobler-talks-to-ageela-fresh-session-planned-tomorrow-by-saber-ayyub-tripoli-18-april-2016-amid-chaotic-scenes-the-house-of-repres/|work=Libyan Herald|title=Opponents of GNA again prevent HoR vote on Serraj government as Kobler talks to Ageela: fresh session planned tomorrow |accessdate=2016-04-21|date=2016-04-18}}</ref> Several previous and subsequent attempts to hold a vote on the GNA have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/tobrouk-based-hor-fails-to-meet-despite-full-quorum/|work=Libyan Express|title=Tobrouk-based HoR fails to meet despite full quorum|accessdate=2016-04-21|date=2016-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/hor-members-assaulted-kicked-out-of-meeting/|work=Libyan Express|title=HoR members assaulted, kicked out of meeting|accessdate=2016-04-21|date=2016-04-14}}</ref>

On 19 April, the [[Libyan National Army]] together with Al-Saiqa special forces were able to seize control of the entire area of [[Al-Quwarsha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaschannel.com/2016/04/19/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%BA%D8%B1/|work=Libya Channel|title=قوات الجيش تسيطر على منطقة القوارشة في مدينة بنغازي}}</ref>

On 20 April, the [[Libyan National Army]]'s [[Omar Mukhtar]] Operation Room which covers [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and the areas surrounding the region, were able to take control of the south eastern suburb of Fataieh and an area called District 400 following a new ground and air offensive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/20/lna-claims-victory-as-is-abandons-derna/|work=Libya Herald|title= LNA claims victory as IS abandons Derna}}</ref>

The Presidential Council, on 20 April, congratulated the LNA and the Derna Mujaheddin Shura Council for their successes against ISIL in Benghazi and Derna.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/20/91618/|work=Libyan Herald|title=Presidency Council congratulates Hafter-led army in Benghazi|accessdate=2016-04-21|date=2016-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/21/presidency-council-pledges-support-for-derna-following-is-retreat/|work=Libyan Herald|title=Presidency Council pledges support for Derna following IS retreat|accessdate=2016-04-21|date=2016-04-21}}</ref>

On 23 April, the Petroleum Facilities Guard clashed with ISIL militants near the Brega oil terminal, resulting in the death of one PFG member and several wounded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0XK0D4|work=Reuters|title=Militants, guards clash near Libya's Brega port, oil commander wounded|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2016-04-23}}</ref> Ibrahim Jathran, the leader of the Petroleum Facilities Guard, was injured in the fighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/23/ibrahim-jadhran-injured-in-fighting-with-is-near-brega//|work=Libyan Herald|title=Ibrahim Jadhran injured in fighting with IS near Brega|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2016-04-23}}</ref>

On 28 April, Prime Minister Faiez Serraj issued a prerecorded television address during which he stated that he had tasked his government's Defense Minister, Mahdi Barghathi, with assembling a joint command and a joint operations room for the recapture of Sirte from ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/serraj-preparations-for-sirte-liberation-battle-underway/|work=Libyan Express|title=Serraj: Preparations for Sirte liberation battle underway|accessdate=2016-04-29|date=2016-04-29}}</ref> Serraj declared that the forces for the operation would be drawn up of military units from across the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/29/nation-wide-libyan-force-under-unified-command-without-foreign-interference-to-liberate-sirte-from-is-serraj/|work=Libya Herald|title=Nation-wide Libyan force, under unified command, without foreign interference to liberate Sirte from IS: Serraj|accessdate=2016-04-29|date=2016-04-29}}</ref>

===May 2016, start of Battle of Sirte (2016) ===
On 3 May, the town of [[Zella, Libya|Zella]] saw clashes between militants of the Ziyad Belaam's Omar Mukhtar Brigade on one side, reportedly backed by air strikes, and the Libyan National Army on the other. A Misratan official alleged that the LNA forces battling Belaam's brigade were fighters from the [[Justice and Equality Movement]], a Sudanese rebel group, however no specific evidence was found of such accusations. Belaam's forces retreated about 30 kilometres away from the town.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/03/clashes-in-zillah-supposedly-between-pro-and-anti-lna-forces/|work=Libya Herald|title=Clashes in Zilah-supposedly between pro- and anti-LNA forces}}</ref>

On 5 May, ISIL militants staged a preemptive offensive against GNA-allied forces in Abu Grein and other areas in central Libya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Militants stage attacks between Libyan stronghold of Sirte and coastal Misrata|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0XW1SN|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Reuters|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The attacks involved use of vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), as well as the capture of a number of towns and villages. The initial ISIL assault was followed in the subsequent days by the organization's use of additional VBIED attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heavy claches continue in Zallah and Abu Grein between Misurata brigades and ISIS|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/heavy-claches-continue-in-zallah-and-abu-grein-between-misurata-brigades-and-isis/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Libyan Express|date=6 May 2016}}</ref>

On 6 May, shells fired by militants, possibly associated with ISIL, in Kish Square killed and wounded a number of individuals participating in a pro-LNA demonstration in Kish Square of Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Benghazi demonstrators killed as militants shell pro-LNA rally|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/06/benghazi-demonstrators-killed-as-militants-shell-pro-lna-rally/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=6 May 2016}}</ref> The Presidential Council and Mansour Al-Hassadi of the State Council condemned the assault as a terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=4 killed in Benghazi demonstration Friday, Al-Hassadi denounces|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/4-killed-in-benghazi-demonstration-friday-al-hassadi-denounces/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Libyan Express|date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

On 7 May, GNA-affiliated units reportedly recaptured a bridge checkpoint in Sadada from ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|title=كتائب مصراتة» تستعيد بوابة السدادة وتتقدم نحو أبوقرين|url=http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/104885/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Al-Wasat|date=7 May 2016}}</ref> Also on 7 May, Muhammad Al-Ghersy, the spokesman of the recently established Joint Operations Room of the Central Region, declared in a presser that the Joint Operations Room had begun preparing for expanded military actions against the ISIL presence in and around Sirte.<ref>{{cite news|title=Attack on Sirte "imminent" says Presidency Council's new Operations Room|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/07/attack-in-sirte-imminent-says-presidency-councils-new-operations-room/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news|title=Attack on Sirte "imminent" says Presidency Council's new Operations Room|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/07/attack-in-sirte-imminent-says-presidency-councils-new-operations-room/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=7 May 2016}} {{cite news|title=Central Region Joint Operations Room announces all-out war on ISIS in Sirte|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/central-region-joint-operations-room-announces-all-out-war-isis-in-sirte/|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Libyan Express|date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

On 9 May, the Presidential Council announced the formation of the Presidential Guard.<ref name="Presidential Guard">{{cite news|title=Presidential Guard established|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/09/presidential-guard-established/|accessdate=9 May 2016|work=Libya Herald|date=9 May 2016}}</ref> The Presidential Guard was intended to function as an elite military force tasked with protecting sovereign institutions such as the Central Bank of Libya.<ref name="Presidential Guard"/> Additionally, it was reported to have a remit to ensure the security of airports, ports, and electricity lines.<ref name="Presidential Guard"/> Membership in the organization was supposed to be drawn from army soldiers, the police, and militiamen.<ref name="Presidential Guard"/>

==== The offensive on Sirte starts ====

The offensive on Sirte launched on 12 May 2016,<ref name="freed">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/libyan-forces-retake-port-isil-bastion-sirte-160611131347272.html|title=Freed Gaddafi loyalists found dead in Libya's Tripoli|publisher=|accessdate=24 June 2016}}</ref> under the name "Al-Bunyan Al-Marsoos," variously translated as "Impenetrable Wall" or "Solid Foundation."<ref name="GNAvsISIS"/> Fighting took place east of Assdada, around 80 km (50 miles) south of [[Misrata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0Y31KS|title=Islamic State kills four Libyan security personnel near Misrata: medics|date=12 May 2016}}</ref> On 16 May, GNA military forces recaptured [[Abu Qurayn|Abu Grein]] from ISIL militants.<ref name="Libya Herald"/> The next day, the GNA took control over the al-Wishkah district, 25 km from Abu Grein.<ref name="Libyan Express">{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/misurata-forces-put-grip-on-al-wishkah-district-25-km-from-abu-grein/|work=Libyan Express|title=Misurata forces put grip on Al-Wishkah district, 25 km from Abu Grein|access-date=17 May 2016|date=17 May 2016}}</ref> and eventually reached nearly 50 kilometers from Sirte.<ref name="GNAvsISIS">{{cite web|url=https://www.libyangazette.net/2016/05/17/libyan-troops-clash-with-isis-militants-leaving-6-dead-and-17-injured/|work=Libyan Gazette|title=Libyan Troops Clash With ISIS Militants Leaving 6 Dead and 17 Injured|access-date=17 May 2016|date=17 May 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601164546/https://www.libyangazette.net/2016/05/17/libyan-troops-clash-with-isis-militants-leaving-6-dead-and-17-injured/|archivedate=1 June 2016}}</ref>

In mid-May, the LNA and Operation Dignity leadership declared the initiation of "Operation Volcano" to purge Derna of the Derna Mujaheddin Shura Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libyangazette.net/2016/05/16/general-khalifa-haftar-launches-operation-volcano-in-derna/|work=The Libyan Gazette|title=General Khalifa Haftar Launches Operation Volcano in Derna|access-date=16 May 2016|date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/dignity-operating-forces-warn-derna-neighbourhoods-of-upcoming-shelling/|work=Libyan Express|title=Dignity Operation forces warn Derna neighbourhoods of upcoming shelling|access-date=16 May 2016|date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, clashes between the LNA and the DMSC broke out. In response, the Derna Mujaheddin Shura Council announced a general "mobilization" to confront the LNA forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/mobilization-is-declared-in-derna-to-foil-dignity-operations-attacks-on-the-city/|work=Libyan Express|title=Mobilization is declared in Derna to foil Dignity Operation's attacks on the city|access-date=16 May 2016|date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

On 16 May, military forces associated with the Government of National Accord's central region Joint Operations Room claimed to have recaptured Abu Grein from ISIL militants.<ref name="Libya Herald"/> This report followed days of intermittent clashes and air strikes.

On 17 May, the military forces of the Government of National Accord declared their control over the al-Wishkah district, 25 km from Abu Grein.<ref name="Libyan Express"/> The GNA's Joint Operations Room stated that their casualties had been six soldiers killed and seventeen injured in ongoing clashes with ISIL forces, eventually reaching nearly 50 kilometres from Sirte.<ref name="GNAvsISIS"/>

The GNA's central region Joint Operations Room had named the anti-ISIL offensive "Al-Bunyan Al-Marsoos," variously translated as "Impenetrable Wall" or "Solid Foundation."<ref name="GNAvsISIS"/>

On 22 May, Bashir Abu Thafirah, the Commander of the Ajdabia border sector, announced that a military operations room under the command of the Government of Nation Accord would be formed in two days. He declared that the operations room would cover the area from Ajdabia to Sirte and consist of the Petroleum Facilities Guard, as well as Ajdabia military units and other forces under the command of the Ajdabia border sector military leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/ajdabia-forming-operations-room-from-ajdabia-to-sirte-to-fight-isis-under-command-of-gna/|work=Libyan Express|title=Ajdabia: Forming operations room from Ajdabia to Sirte to fight ISIS under command of GNA|access-date=31 May 2016|date=22 May 2016}}</ref>

On 25 May the [[Central Bank of Libya]]'s parallel eastern branch based in [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]] and representing the House of Representatives and Al-Thani government announced the printing of new banknotes to be put into circulation by June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/economy/parallel-central-bank-libya-prints-new-banknotes-russia|title=Parallel Central Bank of Libya prints new banknotes in Russia {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref> According to the Central Bank's claimed governor Ali Al-Hibri, these 50[[Libyan dinar|LYD]] and 20[[Libyan dinar|LYD]] that amount to 4 billion LYD were printed in Russia. The following day the Presidential Council announced that these printed banknotes were to be considered invalid and shortly after the United States' embassy in Libya, based in [[Tunis]], announced through social media postings that they would consider these banknotes counterfeit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/economy/us-regards-banknotes-printed-parallel-cbl-counterfeit|title=US regards the banknotes printed for parallel CBL as counterfeit {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>

In late May next stage of the [[Battle of Sirte (2016)]] began, pro-GNA military forces seized many locations near the city of Sirte from ISIL. Operation Al-Bunyan Al-Marsoos forces reported the capture of the Sirte power station and also its advance on the town of Jarif to the south of Sirte.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/29/misratans-say-they-have-taken-sirte-power-station/|title=Misratans say they have taken Sirte power station |website=libyaherald.com|access-date=2016-05-31|date=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/misurata-forces-advance-to-southern-sirte/|title=Misurata forces advance to southern Sirte|website=libyaherald.com|access-date=2016-05-31|date=2016-05-31}}</ref>

Also in late May, the eastern front of Sirte saw action. The Petroleum Facilities Guard reported the capture of Bin Jawad and Noufiliyah from ISIL.<ref name="OffensiveSeized">{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/16/misratans-report-they-have-recaptured-abu-grein-from-is/|work=Libya Herald|title=Misratans report they have recaptured Abu Grain from IS |access-date=16 May 2016|date=16 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/libyan-forces-retake-port-isil-bastion-sirte-160611131347272.html|title=Freed Gaddafi loyalists found dead in Libya's Tripoli|publisher=|accessdate=24 June 2016}} {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YL1V0|title=Libyan security forces pushing Islamic State back from vicinity of oil terminals|website=www.reuters.com|access-date=2016-05-31|date=2016-05-31}} {{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/al-bunyan-al-marsoos-captures-harawa-district-says-will-free-sirte-two-days|title=Al-Bunyan Al-Marsoos captures Harawa district, says will free Sirte in two days|publisher=The Libya Observer|access-date=2016-12-07|date=2016-06-09}} {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13V15R|title=Libyan forces clear last Islamic State hold-out in Sirte|work=Reuters|accessdate=6 December 2016}} {{cite news|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2016/12/06/libyan-forces-seize-last-daesh-positions-in-sirte|title=Libyan forces seize last Daesh positions in Sirte|newspaper=Daily Sabah|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>

===June 2016===
In June, [[Sirte offensive (2016)|clashes continued]] in Sirte between the military forces of the [[Government of National Accord]] and ISIL. Fighting on 21 June left 36 dead and 100 wounded, with sectors of the 700 district being cleared of snipers and with the broadcasting and electrical company headquarters being captured by government forces. According to reports, Colonel [[Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi]], the government's minister of defense, is personally overseeing the operation to take Sirte, and British and French special forces are fighting alongside the Libyan loyalist army units to retake the city.<ref>Norbrook, Nicholas. [http://www.theafricareport.com/North-Africa/libyan-army-gains-ground-against-is-in-sirte.html Libyan army gains ground against IS in Sirte]. ''The African Report''. Published 22 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.</ref>

===July 2016===
On 15 July 2016, the "Defense for Benghazi Brigades", an anti-Haftar militia, sponsored by [[Sadiq Al-Ghariani]], captured the village of [[El Magrun]], south of Benghazi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/10/2277/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86.html|title="Defense for Benghazi Brigades" has declared its control on El Magrun|last= |first= |date=2016-07-15 |access-date=2016-07-18|language=Arabic |trans-title= }}</ref> But the army recaptured it on 19 July,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elnashra.com/news/show/1011138/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86|title=The Libyan Army declared that he retook El Magrun|last= |first= |date=2016-07-19 |access-date=2016-07-20|language=Arabic |trans-title= }}</ref> and on 20 July, captured El Jlaidiya (53 north of [[Ajdabiya]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/112219/|title=Battalion 302 has taken El Jlaidiya|last= |first= |date=2016-07-20|access-date=2016-07-20|language=Arabic |trans-title= }}</ref> Three [[Special Operations Command (France)|French special forces]] soldiers were killed on 20 July when their helicopter was shot down near Benghazi, just hours after the country officially confirmed its presence on the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36843186|title=Libya attack: French soldiers die in helicopter crash|date=20 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2016|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

===August 2016===
On 1 August, the United States air forces led air strikes (co-ordinated with the unity government in Tripoli) against ISIL positions in [[Sirte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36941934|title=US launches air strikes on IS in Libya|date=1 August 2016|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2016|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

On 4 August, a suicide bombing targeted the Libyan army at al-Guwarsha (a southern gate of Benghazi) resulted in 23 killed, 54 wounded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2016/8/3/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-23-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%88-54-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81/2828642|title=23 Killed, 54 wounded at al-Guwarsha |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |website=[[Youm7]] |publisher= |date=2016-08-04|access-date=2016-08-06 |language=Arabic|quote=}}</ref>

The House of Representatives on 22 August rejected the GNA's government with most members of the parliament voting against the government in a [[motion of no confidence]].<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/libya-backed-government-confidence-vote-160822150247789.html|title=Libya's UN-backed government gets 'no confidence' vote|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]|date=22 August 2016|accessdate=23 August 2016}} {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-un-idUSKCN10X1DY|title=Libya's eastern parliament votes against U.N.-backed government in Tripoli|author=Qyman al-Warfalli|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=22 August 2016|accessdate=23 August 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/house-of-representatives-rejects-gnas-cabinet/|title=House of Representatives rejects GNA's cabinet|work=Libyan Express|date=22 August 2016|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-un-idUSKCN10X1DY|title=Libya's eastern parliament votes against U.N.-backed government in Tripoli|author=Qyman al-Warfalli|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=22 August 2016|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/house-of-representatives-rejects-gnas-cabinet/|title=House of Representatives rejects GNA's cabinet|work=Libyan Express|date=22 August 2016|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>

In August 2016, The [[Siege of Derna]] began.

===October 2016===
{{further|2016 Libyan coup d'état attempt}}
On 14 October 2016, forces loyal to [[General National Congress (2014)|GNC]] [[2016 Libyan coup d'état attempt|took over]] the building of the [[High Council of State (Libya)|High Council of State]] and announced the restoration of Ghawi cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/gnc-retakes-parliament-compound-high-council-state-condemns|title=GNC retakes parliament compound, High Council of State condemns – The Libya Observer|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trtworld.com/mea/rival-group-seizes-libyas-un-backed-government-offices-207539|title=Rival group seizes Libya's UN-backed government offices|publisher=}}</ref> Then, clashes occurred between Sarraj loyalists and Ghawi loyalists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/245898/World/Region/Clashes-erupt-in-Libyan-capital-Tripoli.aspx|title=Clashes erupt in Libyan capital Tripoli – Region – World – Ahram Online|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-concerned-about-use-of-force-in-libyas-capital/2016/10/16/a26658c4-9386-11e6-9cae-2a3574e296a6_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016175054/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-concerned-about-use-of-force-in-libyas-capital/2016/10/16/a26658c4-9386-11e6-9cae-2a3574e296a6_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2016|title=Sorry, we can't seem to find the page you're looking for.|date=16 October 2016|via=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Later, forces loyal to Ghawil sent reinforcements to protect the parliament building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/shells-fell-idps-camp-while-anticipation-builds-tripoli|title=Shells fell on IDPs camp while anticipation builds in Tripoli – The Libya Observer|publisher=}}</ref>

Ghwail forces also seized the Government Palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/libya-rival-governments-vie-control/3554992.html|title=Rival Governments Vie for Control of Libya|first=Edward|last=Yeranian|publisher=}}</ref>

On 16 October, the Presidential Guard pledged allegiance to GNA.<ref name="libyanexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/al-ghweil-says-his-govt-controls-the-entire-capital-tripolis-attorney-general-orders-arrest-of-presidential-guard-defectors/|title=Al-Ghweil says his govt. controls the entire capital, Tripoli's Attorney General orders arrest of Presidential Guard defectors – Libyan Express – Breaking News and Latest Updates from Libya|date=17 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref> On 17 October, Ghwail said on TV that GNC fully control of the capital.<ref name="libyanexpress.com"/> Clashes between Ghawil forces and policemen occurred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aawsat.com/2016/10/article55360390/drums-war-beat-libyan-capital|title=Drums of War Beat in Libyan Capital – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English|first=Asharq|last=Al-awsat|date=18 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

===November 2016===
On 5 November 2016, GNS seized [[Al Khums]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/life/salvation-government-opens-khums-power-station-pc-denied-access|title=Salvation Government opens Khums Power Station, PC denied access – The Libya Observer|publisher=}}</ref>

===December 2016, Battle of Sirte (2016) ends ===
On 1 December, [[Omar al-Hassi]] announced the formation of the High Council of Revolution, who is a parallel executive body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/former-sg-prime-minster-forms-high-council-revolution|title=Former SG Prime Minister forms High Council of Revolution – The Libya Observer|publisher=}}</ref>

On 2 December, clashes occurred between two of the city's largest and most heavily armed militias and an alliance of hard-line Islamists allied with militias loyal to rival political authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38189609|title=Libya: Rival militias in deadly clashes in Tripoli|date=2 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> On 3 December, an agreement for a ceasefire had been found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-clashes-halted-after-clashing-armed-groups-reached-ceasefire|title=Tripoli clashes halted after clashing armed groups reached ceasefire – The Libya Observer|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Sirte]] was declared to be [[Battle of Sirte (2016)|cleared of ISIL loyalists]] on 6 December after over 6 months of fighting, depriving the group of their remaining urban stronghold in Libya.

==2017==
=== January 2017 ===
Field Marshal Haftar met with [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian military]] officials aboard the [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier ''Admiral Kuznetsov'']], which was on its way to Syria. There they reportedly discussed the possibility of supplying weapons to the Libyan National Army.<ref>Barmin, Yuri. [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/02/russia-commitment-settlement-libya-fayyad.html How serious is Russia's commitment to Libya settlement?]. ''[[Al Monitor]]''. Published 23 February 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</ref><ref>Balzan, Jurgen. [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/world/74246/europe_courts_libyan_strongman_as_russia_closes_in#.WLiyl5Ix_cE Europe courts Libyan strongman as Russia closes in]. Malta Today. Published 9 February 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017</ref>

On 18 January, Two [[USAF]] [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2]] bombers dropped around 100 bombs on two ISIL camps 28 miles south of Sirte in Libya, killing 90 terrorists. A U.S. defense official said that "This was the largest remaining ISIL presence in Libya" and that "They have been largely marginalized but I am hesitant to say they've been completely eliminated in Libya."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/did-obama-defeat-isis-libya-n709001|title=Did Obama Defeat ISIS in Libya?|publisher=NBC news|date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/bombers-strike-isis-camps-libya/story?id=44882627|title=B-2 Bombers Strike ISIS Camps in Libya|publisher=ABC news|date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

=== February 2017 ===
Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj stated in late February that he hopes Russia will serve as a mediator between the GNA and the government in Tobruk.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-russia-idUSKBN15Y0PD Libya's Seraj sees Russia as possible intermediary with eastern commander]. [[Reuters]]. Published 19 February 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</ref>

=== March 2017, Gulf of Sidra Offensive and Counteroffensive ===
{{Main|Gulf of Sidra Offensive (2017)}}
On 2 March, GNA vice premier [[Ahmed Maiteeq]] and foreign minister [[Mohamed Taha Siala]] met with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] in [[Moscow]]. There they discussed solving the Libyan crisis, including the possibility of dialogue between the GNA and the House of Representatives.<ref>Pearson, John. [http://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/russia-asserts-growing-ambitions-in-middle-east-with-libya-talks Russia asserts growing ambitions in Middle East with Libya talks]. ''The National''. Published 2 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</ref><ref name="sg.news.yahoo.com">[https://sg.news.yahoo.com/russia-urges-national-dialogue-libya-pm-meeting-180126274.html Russia urges 'national dialogue' at Libya PM meeting]. Yahoo News. Published 2 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://tass.com/politics/933723 Russia interested in restoring full-fledged relations with Libya — Lavrov]. [[Russian News Agency TASS|TASS]]. Published 2 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</ref><ref name="sg.news.yahoo.com" />

On 3 March, the Islamist-dominated Benghazi Defense Brigades launched an offensive, capturing a strip of territory between the oil ports of Nofaliya and Ras Lanuf from the Libyan National Army,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/struggle-over-oil-crescent-could-make-or-break-libya-1038298981|title=How Haftar lost the oil ports – as Libya moves closer to uncontrolled break-up|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> and then handing this territory over to the Government of National Accord.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/battle-for-libyas-key-oil-ports-takes-dramatic-turn|title=Battle for Libya's key oil ports takes dramatic turn – The National|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> Since 7 March, LNA forces in Brega started preparing for a counterattack,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/07/libya-civil-war-oil-terminals-benghazi-defence-brigade-sidra-ras-lanuf|title=Libya falls back into civil war as rival sides fight to control oil terminals|first=Patrick Wintour Diplomatic|last=editor|date=7 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref> and the Tobruk government had backed out of the UN-brokered deal with the Tripoli government, calling for [[Next Libyan parliamentary election|fresh elections]] to be held.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/3/9/libya-escalation-feared-as-pro-haftar-parliament-calls-for-elections|title=Libya: Escalation feared as pro-Haftar parliament calls for elections|first=The New Arab &|last=agencies|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref>

On 9 March, after obtaining endorsement from tribal elders in [[Benghazi]], the LNA launched a counteroffensive in the Oil Crescent, with armoured brigades being sent to the area. The following day, it was reported that airstrikes had targeted Sidra and Ras Lanuf, and that heavy fighting had broken out in [[Uqayla]], a small town located on the frontline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/libyas-eastern-forces-on-the-march-to-retake-oil-ports|title=Libya's eastern forces on the march to retake oil ports|publisher=The National}}</ref>

On the night of 11 March, airstrikes conducted by the Dignity Operation warplanes killed two of the Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) personnel, sources from the PFG reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/two-killed-dignity-operation-air-attacks-oil-terminals-pfg-request-no-fly-zone|title=Two killed in Dignity Operation air attacks on oil terminals, PFG to request no-fly zone|publisher=The Libya Observer}}</ref>

On 14 March, LNA recaptured all positions lost to Benghazi Defence and Misratan Brigades in a counter-offensive after several days of air bombardment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/east-libyan-forces-say-they-have-retaken-oil-ports-20170314-00909|title=UPDATE 2-East Libyan forces say they have retaken oil ports|publisher=Nasdaq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/khalifa-haftar-forces-capture-key-libya-oil-terminals-170314155659506.html|title=Khalifa Haftar forces capture key Libya oil terminals|publisher=All Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="Haftar wins">{{cite web|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/104976/Opinion/Columnist/Haftar-wins-back-oil-crescent-in-east-Libya-as-tribes-set-to-support-the-general|title=Haftar wins back oil crescent |date=14 March 2017 |author1=Richard J. C. Galustian |quote=LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar receiving Elders of Magharaba tribe that give him the tribe's support in the war against Al Qeada attacking the Oil Crescent) Source: LNA Media Office March 12, 2017|publisher=Times of Oman |accessdate=16 March 2017}}</ref> According to local sources, 21 LNA soldiers were killed during the fighting. Meanwhile, LNA spokesman, Ahmed Al-Mismari claimed that remnants of the BDB had fled to Misrata and Jufra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/14/lna-lose-21-dead-in-retaking-oil-terminals/|title=LNA lose 21 dead in retaking oil terminals|publisher=Libya Herald}}</ref>

=== April 2017 ===
On 11–12 April, at least six soldiers from the LNA and pro-GNA forces have been killed in a skirmish.<ref>Mahmoud, Khalid (12 April 2017). [http://english.aawsat.com/khalid-mahmoud/news-middle-east/fierce-clashes-pit-lna-gna-forces-eyeing-sabha-airbase-libya Fierce Clashes Pit LNA, GNA Forces Eyeing Sabha Airbase, Libya]. Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</ref> In late April a meeting took place between representatives of the GNA and the Tobruk government in [[Rome]], presided by the Italian foreign minister, and they have agreed to prevent fighting between themselves.<ref>Mulvany, Peter (24 April 2017). [http://me-confidential.com/15700-libya-gna-and-hor-reach-agreement-to-stop-the-bleeding.html Libya: GNA and HoR reach agreement to "stop the bleeding"]. Middle East Confidential. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</ref>

=== May 2017 ===
On 2 May, Marshal Haftar met with Prime Minister Sarraj in [[Abu Dhabi]], where they had a two-hour meeting, which was described as having made progress.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-emirates-idUSKBN17Y1I2 Rival Libyan kingpins break the ice in Abu Dhabi]. Reuters. Published 2 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</ref> During a press conference in [[Algiers]], foreign minister [[Mohamed Taha Siala]] stated that the GNA will recognize Marshal Haftar as the supreme commander of the Libyan army if he recognizes the GNA instead of the House of Representatives. This statement caused criticism in Tripoli.<ref name="digital">Hanly, Ken (9 May 2017). [http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/politics/op-ed-libyan-unity-government-foreign-minister-s-claim-creates-trouble/article/492256 Op-Ed: Libyan unity government foreign minister's claim creates trouble]. Digital Journal. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.libyanexpress.com/gna-foreign-minister-names-haftar-army-chief-receives-wave-of-criticism/ GNA Foreign Minister names Haftar army chief, receives wave of criticism]. Libyan Express. Published 9 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</ref>

=== July 2017, end of the Battle of Benghazi ===

The Libyan National Army defeated the remaining Islamist forces, ending the nearly three year long [[Battle of Benghazi (2014-2017)|Battle of Benghazi]].<ref name="Benghazi">{{cite news|date=1 August 2014|work= The IB Times | title =Ansar Al-Sharia Claims Control Of Benghazi, Declares Islamic Emirate In Libya|url= http://www.ibtimes.com/ansar-al-sharia-claims-control-benghazi-declares-islamic-emirate-libya-1645328}} {{Citation | newspaper = The Star | date = 31 October 2014 | url = http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2014/10/31/Libyan-army-says-recaptures-four-barracks-in-Benghazi/ | title = Libyan army says recaptures four barracks in Benghazi}}</ref>

On 30 July, according to analysts, ISIL was reported to be taking advantage of the instability in Libya to regroup there after a steady loss of its territory in Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/30/isis-squeezed-out-iraq-and-syria-now-regrouping-in-libya-analysts-say.html|title=ISIS, squeezed out of Iraq and Syria, now 'regrouping' in Libya, analysts say|first=Hollie|last=McKay|date=30 July 2017|publisher=|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref>

=== September 2017 ===
On 22 September, the US military conducted 6 airstrikes with unmanned aircraft on an ISIL camp 150 miles southeast of Sirte, killing 17 ISIL militants and destroying three vehicles. It was also reported in an AFRICOM statement that the strikes took place "In coordination with Libya's Government of National Accord and aligned forces" and that "The camp was used by ISIL to move fighters in and out of the country; stockpile weapons and equipment; and to plot and conduct attacks". The strikes marked the first time airstrikes had been carried out by the United States under the Donald Trump administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/24/politics/us-strikes-libya-trump/index.html|title=US strikes Libya for first time under Trump|publisher=CNN|date=24 September 2017}}</ref>

=== October 2017 ===
On 29 October, US special operations forces captured Mustafa al-Imam, for his alleged role in the 2012 Benghazi attacks, an official said that once captured he was moved to a US Navy ship offshore and will be transferred to the US for federal prosecution; Libyan authorities were informed of the mission in advance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/30/politics/us-forces-benghazi-suspect-capture/index.html|title=US forces capture second Benghazi suspect in Libya|publisher=CNN|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

=== November 2017 ===
''Fox News'' reported that on 17 November, a drone strike in the desert of central Libya Friday killed several ISIL militants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/11/17/us-launches-libya-drone-strike-as-africa-operations-appear-to-ramp-up.html|title=US launches Libya drone strike as Africa operations appear to ramp up|publisher=Fox News|date=17 November 2017}}</ref>

=== December 2017 ===

On 17 December, general [[Khalifa Haftar]] declared the "so-called" Shkirat agreement void.,<ref name=alj2112>{{Cite web|title=Q&A: What's happening in Libya?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/qa-happening-libya-171220114305008.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=20 December 2017}}</ref> And threatened to claim presidency if there would be no elections<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/warlord-khalifa-haftar-threatens-claim-presidency-if-elections-fail|title=Warlord Khalifa Haftar threatens to claim presidency if elections fail | The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly}}</ref>

== 2018 ==

=== January 2018 ===

On 15 January, [[Tripoli International Airport]] was forced to close due to being attacked by militants<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2018-01-15-clashes-force-closure-of-tripoli-airport-in-libya/|title=Clashes force closure of Tripoli airport in Libya|website=www.timeslive.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN1F624P|title=Airport in Libya's capital shut for third day after clashes|date=17 January 2018|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

=== February 2018 ===

On 26 February, The UN imposed sanctions on Libya, Intent on blocking oil smuggling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-libya-sanctions-idUSKCN1GA1ZP|title=New U.S. sanctions aim to block Libyan oil smuggling: statement|date=26 February 2018|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

=== March 2018 ===

On 24 March, The United States conducted its first Airstrike against Al-qaeda in Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/28/politics/us-airstrike-al-qaeda-libya/index.html|title=US conducts first airstrike against al Qaeda in Libya|first=Ryan|last=Browne|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/25/us-says-airstrike-in-libya-kills-2-militants/|title=US says airstrike in Libya kills 2 militants|date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

=== April 2018 ===

On 11 April, while Operation Dignity forces started preparing for the assault on besieged [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] it was reported in many [[newspapers]] worldwide that General Khalifa Haftar suffered a severe brain stroke and had reportedly been taken to a hospital in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Haftar and Egypt prepare to attack Derna, The New Arab reveals|url=https://alnabaa.tv/en/news/view/17793|publisher=Alnabaa|date=13 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan military chief Khalifa Haftar severely ill after stroke – reports |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/11/libyan-military-boss-khalifa-haftar-severely-ill-after-stroke-reports|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2018}}</ref> On 26 April after nearly three weeks of absence Khalifa Haftar finally returned to Benghazi after his medical trip to Paris.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strongman Haftar back in Libya after long absence: AFP|url=https://news.yahoo.com/strongman-haftar-back-libya-long-absence-afp-191909381.htmll|publisher=AFP|date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

=== May 2018, Start of the Battle of Derna (2018) ===
[[File:Battle of Derna (2018).svg|right|thumb|[[Battle of Derna (2018)]]]]
''See: [[Battle of Derna (2018)]]''

On 2 May, two ISIL fighters attacked the High National Election Commission headquarters in Tripoli before bombing themselves after being surrounded by police resulting in at least 12 deaths.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Latest: Islamic State group claims twin Libya bombings|url=https://apnews.com/79d9e88ec641406f8dc648c607673149/The-Latest:-Islamic-State-group-claims-twin-Libya-bombings|publisher=Associated Press|date=2 May 2018}}</ref>

On 7 May, [[Khalifa Haftar]] announced the start of the [[Battle of Derna (2018)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/49526/Libya-s-Haftar-announces-launch-of-operation-to-liberate-Derna|title=Libya's Haftar announces launch of operation to liberate Derna|website=EgyptToday}}</ref>

On 18 May, [[Fayez al-Sarraj]] ordered the commanders of the military of Tripoli the western and central regions to prepare their forces within ten days to form a unit tasked with protecting and securing the South in response to the LNA's offensive on Derna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1272226/sarraj-deepens-rift-haftar-announcing-military-operation-southern-libya|title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion|first=Asharq|last=Al-awsat|website=aawsat.com}}</ref>

On 29 May, Hoping to end the conflict, Various Libyan rival leaders such as Fayez al-Sarraj, Khalifa Haftar, [[Aguila Saleh Issa]], and [[Khalid al-Mishri]] agreed to hold the [[Next Libyan general election|next election]] in December 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44289516|title=Libya rivals agree 'historic' election plan|publisher=BBC|date=29 May 2018|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

=== June 2018, End of the Battle of Derna (2018), Ibrahim Jadhran captures oil terminals ===

On 13 June, While the [[Battle of Derna (2018)|Battle of Derna]] was going on, Remnants of the [[Benghazi Defense Brigades]] led by [[Ibrahim Jadhran]], former member of the [[Petroleum Facilities Guard]], launched the [[Gulf of Sidra Offensive (2018)]], took over the oil terminals at [[Ras Lanuf]] and [[Sidra, Libya|Al-Sidra]] from the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/libya-militia-attacks-oil-facility-in-east-military-official/article/524657|title=Libya militia 'attacks oil sites' under strongman's control|date=14 June 2018|website=www.digitaljournal.com}}</ref> killing 14 LNA members while losing 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1303256/us-italy-condemn-attack-libya%E2%80%99s-oil-region|title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion|first=Asharq|last=Al-awsat|website=aawsat.com}}</ref> The Libyan National Army retaliated with Airstrikes on 16 June,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/libyan-national-army-launches-air-strikes-against-rival-militia-that-targeted-oil-facilities-in-eastern-part-of-country-4520151.html|title=Libyan National Army launches air strikes against rival militia that targeted oil facilities in eastern part of country|website=Firstpost}}</ref> – LNA spokesman Ahmed al-Mismari accused [[Qatar]] of having aided the rebels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1306231/lna-spokesman-asharq-al-awsat-qatar-responsible-libya%E2%80%99s-crises|title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion|first=Asharq|last=Al-awsat|website=aawsat.com}}</ref> By 21 June, The Benghazi Defense Brigades had been defeated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/21/c_137271479.htm|title=Libyan army takes over 2 large oil ports occupied by terrorists – Xinhua | English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2018/06/21/Libya-s-NOC-hopes-military-operations-help-reopen-ports-quickly.html|title=East Libya forces in full control at Ras Lanuf oil port|website=english.alarabiya.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fijitimes.com/east-libyan-forces-advance-to-retake-oil-ports/|title=East Libyan forces advance to retake oil ports}}</ref>
On 28 June, After 7 weeks and 3 days of fighting, The [[Battle of Derna (2018)]] ended.

=== July 2018 ===

In July, after the end of the [[Battle of Derna (2018)]], clashes between the [[Libyan National Army]] and the [[Derna Protection Force]] continued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/eastern-government-appoints-new-non-elected-mayor-derna|title=Eastern government appoints new non-elected mayor for Derna | The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly}}</ref>

=== August 2018, Start of the Battle of Tripoli (2018) ===
''See: [[Battle of Tripoli (2018)]]''

On 7 August, the spokesperson for the LNA, Ahmed Al-Mismari, requested a Russian intervention in Libya, similar to the one in Syria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/east-libya-%E2%80%9Carmy%E2%80%9D-wants-syria-russian-intervention-libya-%E2%80%9C-eliminate-foreign-players%E2%80%9D|title=East Libya "army" wants Syria-like Russian intervention in Libya "to eliminate foreign players" | The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly}}</ref>

On 27 August, the [[Battle of Tripoli (2018)|Battle of Tripoli]] erupted in the capital between various militias.

===September 2018, end of the Battle of Tripoli (2018)===
On 11 September, ISIL carried out an [[2018 National Oil Corporation attack|attack]] in Tripoli against the National Oil Corporation.

On 20 September, the Battle of Tripoli continued, breaking a ceasefire declared the month before.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/unsmil-holds-meeting-ceasefire-committee-diplomats-violence-rocks-tripoli%C2%A0|title=UNSMIL holds meeting for ceasefire committee, diplomats as violence rocks Tripoli | The Libya Observer}}</ref>

On 25 September, a ceasefire was signed, ending the Battle of Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/southern-tripoli-war-over|title=Southern Tripoli war is over | The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly}}</ref>

=== November 2018, Palermo Conference ===
{{Main|Palermo Conference}}
In November, major Libyan political figures attended the [[Palermo Conference]] in an attempt to resolve the Libyan conflict.

=== December 2018, Battles of Saddada Castle and Traghen ===
{{Main|Battle of Saddada Castle|Battle of Traghen}}
In December 2018, the LNA made a series of advances into [[Misrata District]]. They engaged the Sirte Protection Force in the [[Battle of Saddada Castle]], and engaged a Chadian armed group in the [[Battle of Traghen]].

== 2019 ==

=== January 2019, Southern Libya Offensive ===
{{Main|2019 Southern Libya offensive}}
On 16 January, The LNA began an offensive to the south in a bid to secure oil fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/national-security-security/east-libya-forces-to-secure-oil-sites/|title=East Libya forces to secure oil sites|last=Reuters|date=2019-01-16|website=defenceWeb|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

In January, Sabha was captured by the LNA after the Battle of Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN1PM0ZD|title=Eastern Libya government delegation visits key southern city of Sabha|date=2019-01-28|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-01-28|language=en}}</ref>

=== April 2019, Western Libya Offensive ===
{{Main|2019–20 Western Libya campaign}}
On 3 April, the LNA launched a surprise offensive in western Libya, moving in the direction of Tripoli.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN1RF1LQ|title=Eastern Libya forces move west, skirmish south of Tripoli|date=2019-04-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-04-04|language=en}}</ref> It encountered only light resistance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/libyan-strongman-khalifa-haftar-orders-forces-advance-west-190403155045917.html|title='Brief skirmish' near Libya's Tripoli as Haftar's LNA heads west|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> and was able to take control of the city of [[Gharyan]] to the south of the capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1113734734251732993|title=قوات الجيش الوطني الليبي تصل إلى مدينة غريان جنوب العاصمة طرابلس|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=2019-04-04|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> The mayor of the town stated that the LNA was moving into positions to the south of Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1113734940263440387|title=عمدة بلدية غريان: قوات الجيش الليبي تتقدم إلى مواقع في جنوب طرابلس #العربية_عاجل https://www.alarabiya.net|last=عاجل|first=العربية|date=2019-04-04|website=@AlArabiya_Brk|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> A spokesman for the LNA made a statement that Field Marshal [[Khalifa Haftar]] issued orders to form an operations room that will be tasked with 'liberating the western region from terrorists'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1113472888714268672|title=عاجل {{!}} المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي: المشير حفتر يشكل غرفة عمليات لتحرير المنطقة الغربية من الإرهابيين. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=2019-04-03|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pro-haftar-troops-prepare-offensive-western-libya|title=Pro-Haftar troops prepare for offensive in western Libya|website=Middle East Eye|language=en|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> The LNA also released photos allegedly showing their peaceful takeover of the town of [[Mizda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/thelibyatimes/status/1113673179476656128|title=Photos said to show locals in Mizdah welcoming LNA forces as they entered the city without clashes. #Libyapic.twitter.com/calgedcsdO|last=Times|first=The Libya|date=2019-04-03|website=@thelibyatimes|language=en|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> A local resident of [[Ras Lanouf]] stated that he had seen LNA tanks and military convoys also heading towards GNA-controlled [[Sirte]].<ref name=":0" /> The LNA had very recently been redeploying forces that previously fought in the country's south to locations near Sirte.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hoping-peace-preparing-war-libya-brink-tripoli-showdown|title=Hoping for peace, preparing for war: Libya on brink of Tripoli showdown|website=Middle East Eye|language=en|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> The Tripoli-based Government of National Accord reacted to the offensive by issuing orders for an immediate general mobilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/aawsat_News/status/1113511197641445377|title=عاجل من #ليبيا{{!}} حكومة الوفاق تعلن النفير العام لكل قواتها العسكرية http://aawsat.com pic.twitter.com/QKW2DbX31f|last=الأوسط|first=صحيفة الشرق|date=2019-04-03|website=@aawsat_News|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>

On 5 April, the LNA marched toward [[Tripoli]] from several directions, reaching the city's outskirts after receiving orders to capture the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/pro-haftar-militia-forces-reach-outskirts-tripoli-doc-1fd5e05|title=Pro-Haftar militia forces reach outskirts of Tripoli|website=AFP.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47819952|title=Libya general tells forces to take capital|date=2019-04-05|access-date=2019-04-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> The LNA reported asserting control over the town of [[Azizia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/04/05/khalifa-haftar-libyas-strongest-warlord-makes-a-push-for-tripoli|title=Khalifa Haftar, Libya's strongest warlord, makes a push for Tripoli|date=2019-04-05|work=The Economist|access-date=2019-04-05|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.alwasat.ly/news/libya/240912|title=LNA Spox: Army forces reached Aziziya.. have begun to implement the second part of the plan|last=News|first=Alwasat|website=Alwasat News|language=en|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> It then proceeded to advance on the capital, confirming its intent to capture it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/skynewsarabia/status/1114125529227993088|title=الجيش الليبي يقترب من #طرابلس ويؤكد تمسكه بتحرير المدينة #شاهد_سكايpic.twitter.com/xoXHuODwD2|last=عربية|first=سكاي نيوز|date=2019-04-05|website=@skynewsarabia|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> The LNA also briefly captured a key checkpoint, known as Gate 27, on the road between Tripoli and [[Tunisia]], but withdrew overnight.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-idUKKCN1RH0SK|title=U.N. chief to meet eastern Libya commander as fighters close in on...|date=2019-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-04-05|language=en}}</ref> The head of the GNA Presidential Council, Faiz Al-Sarraj, ordered the air units loyal to the GNA to use force against the LNA, in order to "counter threats to civilians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AJABreaking/status/1113806194412589056|title=عاجل {{!}} رئيس المجلس الرئاسي الليبي فائز السراج يأمر القوات الجوية باستعمال القوة للتصدي لكل ما يهدد المدنيين|last=عاجل|first=الجزيرة-|date=2019-04-04|website=@AJABreaking|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> The GNA interior ministry also ordered all of its forces to be placed on maximum alert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/libya-troops-on-maximum-alert-as-rival-army-closes-in/|title=Libya troops on maximum alert as rival army closes in|date=2019-04-05|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> The [[United Nations Security Council]] had scheduled an emergency meeting on the same day to discuss the recent developments in Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/970164.html|title=UN Security Council to hold emergency meeting on Libya|website=armenpress.am|language=en|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> Later in the day the LNA reported capturing the town of Suq Al-Khamis, located 20 km south of Tripoli, after clashes with pro-GNA militias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1114164387659558914|title=عالم {{!}} مصدر عسكري ليبي: المليشيات المسلحة تنسحب من #سوق_الخميس والجيش يواصل تقدمه نحو #طرابلس. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=2019-04-05|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1114158822174728192|title=عاجل {{!}} مراسلنا: الجيش الليبي يخوض اشتباكات عنيفة مع المليشيات المسلحة في منطقة #سوق_الخميس جنوبي #طرابلس. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=2019-04-05|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> Meanwhile, the leader of the LNA, Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar, met with UN Secretary General [[António Guterres]] in the former's office in [[Tobruk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1478066/middle-east|title=UN chief meets eastern Libya commander Haftar as fighters close in on Tripoli|date=2019-04-05|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>

;6 April
On 6 April, the LNA air force declared western Libya a no-fly zone<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tass.com/world/1052444|title=Libyan National Army declares no-fly zone in the west of the country|website=TASS|language=en|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.addresslibya.com/archives/59948|title=عاجل{{!}} عمليات القوات الجوية تعلن المنطقة الغربية منطقة عمليات عسكرية يمنع الطيران فيها|date=6 April 2019|website=صحيفة العنوان الليبية|language=ar|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> and began to engage GNA targets,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1114459394266357760|title=عاجل {{!}} مصدر عسكري: سلاح الجو في #الجيش_الليبي يبدأ في تنفيذ مهامه ضمن عملية #تحرير_طرابلس. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=6 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> after GNA jets targeted LNA positions in Mizdah and Suq al-Khamis.<ref name="express">{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/libyas-western-air-force-strikes-haftars-forces-positioned-in-mizda-sooq-al-khamis/|title=Libya's western Air Force strikes Haftar's forces positioned in Mizda, Sooq al-Khamis|website=Libyan Express|language=en-GB|access-date=6 April 2019|date=6 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA reported recapturing Gate 27,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1114260652254797825|title=عاجل {{!}} قوات الجيش الليبي تتمكن من استعادة السيطرة على بوابة الـ 27 في العاصمة #طرابلس|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=5 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> as well as asserting control over Salah al-Din<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1114449456232050688|title=عاجل {{!}} اللواء التاسع #ترهونة التابع لـ #الجيش_الليبي يعلن تقدمه باتجاه حي صلاح الدين جنوب #طرابلس. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=6 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> and Ain Zara neighbourhood in southern Tripoli,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1114460186532614155|title=مصادرنا: الجيش الوطني الليبي يدخل أحياء {عين زارة} جنوبي العاصمة طرابلس|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=6 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> after pro-GNA militias surrendered to the LNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1114500448118104066|title=مصادر العربية: استسلام عناصر لقوات الوفاق في منطقة عين دارة في طرابلس #العربية_عاجل|last=عاجل|first=العربية|date=6 April 2019|website=@AlArabiya_Brk|language=ar|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> By nightfall forces loyal to the GNA launched a counterattack on the airport in southern Tripoli,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/libyan-warplanes-target-forces-of-renegade-commander-on-tripoli-outskirts/2019/04/06/067cd318-5867-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html|title=Libyan warlord battles for control of Tripoli airport as militia forces push closer to city|work=[[Washington Post]]|author=Fahmi Hussein|date=6 April 2019|accessdate=6 April 2019}}</ref> which was repelled by the advancing LNA, according to Haftar.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=LiBya_73|number=1114671539356688384|title=مطار طرابلس تم تأمينه بالكامل هو و محيطه من قبل كتائب الجيش الليبي والجيش متقدم الى مابعد المطار فكوكم من صفحات الاخوان و قنواتهم .. لو تبو تستمعوا لهم معناها مليشياتهم على ابواب القيادة في الرجمة|work=[[Twitter]]|date=6 April 2019|accessdate=6 April 2019}}</ref>

;7 April
A US military contingent and a contingent of Indian [[Central Reserve Police Force]] peacekeepers were evacuated from Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47844513|title=Fighting near Libyan capital leaves 21 dead|date=8 April 2019|via=www.bbc.com|work=BBC News}}</ref>

Colonel Mohamed Gnounou, the GNA military spokesman, announced that they started a counteroffensive to reclaim the territories in Tripoli taken by the LNA, dubbed ''"Operation Volcano of Anger"''. The UN mission in Libya asked for a two-hour ceasefire in south Tripoli to evacuate civilians.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/libya-gna-forces-announce-counteroffensive-defend-tripoli-190407121535177.html Libya's GNA forces announce 'counteroffensive' to defend Tripoli]. Al Jazeera. Published 7 April 2019.</ref><ref name="observ">[https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-army-launches-volcano-rage-military-operation-defeat-haftars-coup-forces Libyan Army launches "Volcano of Rage" military operation to defeat Haftar's coup forces]. [[The Libya Observer]]. Published 7 April 2019.</ref>

In an official declaration, the Ministry of Health of the GNA declared their casualties at 21 dead and 27 wounded.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=AlkhaleejOnline|number=1114885205863673856|title=#Libya Local sources: the Ministry of Health of the Government of the Accord declares the death toll to 21 and the wounded to 27.|date=7 April 2019|work=Twitter}}</ref>

The LNA conducted an airstrike against a GNA position in southern Tripoli, the [[Bab al-Azizia]] military compound,<ref>Yeranian, Edward (7 April 2019). [https://www.voanews.com/a/un-calls-for-urgent-libya-truce-to-evacuate-civilians-wounded/4865342.html UN Appeals for Humanitarian Truce in Libya]. ''[[Voice of America]]''.</ref> the first LNA airstrike to target a part of the city.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190407-libya-haftar-forces-air-strike-tripoli-gaddafi-usa|title=Haftar's forces claim air strike on Tripoli suburb as Libya crisis escalates|date=7 April 2019|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/4/7/haftar-forces-launch-first-airstrike-on-libyas-capital|title=Haftar forces launch airstrike on Tripoli as Libyan, as government announces counter-offensive|last=agencies|first=The New Arab &|website=alaraby|language=en|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/regional/437329/haftar-forces-conduct-air-strike-on-tripoli-as-un/en|title=Haftar forces conduct air strike on Tripoli as UN calls for truce|website=LBCI Lebanon|language=en|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> It is thought that Haftar had a superior air force, supplied by the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>Patrick Wintour and Chris Steven (7 April 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/07/libya-us-forces-evacuated-haftar-seeks-military-control US forces evacuated from Libya as Haftar seeks military control]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> although the [[Libyan Air Force]] is nominally loyal to the GNA.<ref name="bbc1" />

By the end of the day, an LNA spokesman, Major General al-Mesmari, reported that the LNA reached the Fernaj neighbourhood of Tripoli and are advancing through the eastern neighbourhoods of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1114928427545448449|title=عاجل {{!}} المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي: قواتنا المسلحة على مشارف منطقة الفرناج في #طرابلس. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=7 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1114968103299973123|title=اللواء المسماري للعربية: قواتنا تتقدم نحو الأحياء الرئيسية شرق طرابلس #العربية_عاج|last=عاجل|first=العربية|date=7 April 2019|website=@AlArabiya_Brk|language=ar|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>

;8 April
The [[Government of National Accord|GNA]] airforce launched an air strike on the early hours of Monday on [[Al-Watiya Air Base|al-Watiyah]], the only airbase captured by [[Libyan National Army|LNA]] since the launch of the operation, located 130 kilometres (80 miles) southeast of Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/un-backed-libya-govt-jets-strike-haftar-s-airbase/1444950|title=UN-backed Libya gov't jets strike Haftar's airbase|website=aa.com.tr}}</ref>

As part of the Operation Volcano of Anger launched by GNA, Mistrata militias mobilized on the frontlines of [[Tripoli]] to prevent the LNA from capturing it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1669711/misrata-militias-mobilize-save-libya%E2%80%99s-sarraj|title=Misrata Militias Mobilize to Save Libya's Sarraj|website=Asharq AL-awsat}}</ref>

The LNA withdrew from [[Tripoli International Airport]] after clashes with the GNA.<ref>Abdulluh, Walid (8 April 2019). [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/libyan-govt-forces-retake-tripoli-airport-from-haftar/1445449 Libyan govt forces retake Tripoli Airport from Haftar]. [[Anadolu Agency]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AJABreaking/status/1115184199508594690|title=عاجل {{!}} مراسل #الجزيرة: انسحاب قوات حفتر من مطار #طرابلس جنوب العاصمة الليبية مخلفة وراءها آليات عسكرية وأسلحة|last=عاجل|first=الجزيرة-|date=8 April 2019|website=@AJABreaking|language=ar|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Fighting over the airport continued after the withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlHadath/status/1115180171152318466|title=#ليبيا — مراسل الحدث: مناوشات عسكرية في محيط مطار طرابلس|last=الحدث|date=8 April 2019|website=@AlHadath|language=ar|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

The LNA reported capturing Yarmouk Military Camp in southern Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201904081073909944-haftar-libya-camp/|title=Haftar's Libyan National Army Gains Control of Yarmuk Military Camp – Source|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com|language=en|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA used [[BM-21 Grad]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|MRLs]] against GNA positions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2019/04/08/haftar-launches-missiles-on-tripoli-us-withdraws_ea80eb6d-313d-4b42-b5de-2726c7cb48c1.html|title=Haftar launches missiles on Tripoli, US withdraws – General news|date=8 April 2019|website=ANSAMed|language=en|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> in retaliation for GNA airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/un-backed-libya-govt-jets-strike-haftar-s-airbase/1444950|title=UN-backed Libya gov't jets strike Haftar's airbase|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> GNA-held [[Mitiga International Airport]] was repeatedly hit by LNA airstrikes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1115238185045512193|title=طائرات الجيش الوطني الليبي تشن 3 غارات على مطار معيتيقة وسط طرابلس|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=8 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> reportedly originating from what appeared to be [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/aldin_ww/status/1115247686737956865|title=Aircraft in question seems to be MiG-21.|last=Aldin|date=8 April 2019|website=@aldin_ww|language=en|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> jets based off al-Watiya airbase in western Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlkhaleejOnline/status/1115248161449234432|title=عاجل {{!}} مصدر عسكري للجزيرة: الطائرتان اللتان قصفتا مطاري معيتيقة و #طرابلس انطلقتا من قاعدة الوطية غربي #ليبيا|last=أونلاين|first=الخليج|date=8 April 2019|website=@AlkhaleejOnline|language=ar|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> The airport was closed after the raid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1115248357084102660|title=إغلاق مطار معيتيقة في طرابلس بعد غارة للجيش الوطني الليبي|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=8 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> At the time it closed, Mitiga was the only functioning airport in Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/tripoli-functional-airport-hit-air-raid-clashes-rage-190408133455465.html|title=Tripoli's only functional airport hit by air raid as clashes rage|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref>

Atef Braqeek, the commander of the Tripoli Protection Forces, declared that the group was in full control of al-Hira and Aziziyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1115169655507890179|title=#عاجل | القيادي في #قوة_حماية_طرابلس عاطف برقيق يؤكد للأحرار استمرار سيطرة قوات الوفاق على #الهيرة و #العزيزية بشكل كامل. #الحرب_على_طرابلس|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|last=الأحرار|date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

According to [[Media of Libya|Libya al-Ahrar TV]] as cited by ''[[The Libya Observer]]'', a team of French "military experts" arrived in [[Gharyan]] and created a "control room to monitor the attack on Tripoli".<ref name="LibObs_Frenchteam_Gharyan">{{cite news|last1=Assad|first1=Abdulkader|title=UNSMIL says still working in Tripoli as France denies supporting Haftar's war |date=8 April 2019|publisher=[[The Libya Observer]]|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/unsmil-says-still-working-tripoli-france-denies-supporting-haftars-war|accessdate=9 April 2019|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/77VDV1NRg|archivedate=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LibObs_militaryteam_Gharyan">{{cite web|title=French President telephones Sarraj after alleged link of his country in Tripoli war|publisher=[[The Libya Observer]]|date=9 April 2019|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/french-president-telephones-sarraj-after-alleged-link-his-country-tripoli-war|accessdate=9 April 2019|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/77VGPcQGg|archivedate=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

;9 April
The LNA targeted positions of the GNA near Tripoli International Airport with airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1115491165581840385|title=طائرة حربية تابعة للجيش الوطني الليبي تشن غارة على موقع لميليشيات طرابلس في مطار العاصمة|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=8 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the LNA air force bombed a GNA site in Warshavana, western Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1115520881999192064|title=طائرة تابعة للجيش الوطني الليبي تقصف موقعا للميليشيات في ورشفانة غربي العاصمة طرابلس|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=9 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> Fighting resumed near [[Tripoli International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1115573129710010368|title=عاجل {{!}} مراسلنا: #الجيش_الليبي يخوض اشتباكات عنيفة مع الميليشيات المسلحة في محيط مطار #طرابلس الدولي. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=9 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> Several more LNA airstrikes continued hitting the airport during the afternoon clashes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1115575218993496069|title=طائرة تابعة للجيش الوطني الليبي تشن غارات على مواقع الميليشيات في مطار طرابلس الدولي|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=9 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> It was reported that the airport closed on 8 April, after it was bombed by the GNA, and also that the Misrata Airport, located 200 km (125 miles) to the east down the coast,{{fact|date=July 2020}} was the nearest airport for Tripoli residents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.antiwar.com/2019/04/08/libyan-unity-govt-bombs-then-recaptures-tripoli-airport/|title=Libyan Unity Govt Bombs, Then Recaptures Tripoli Airport|first=Jason|last=Ditz|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> A GNA spokesperson claimed that the GNA air force carried out several raids against LNA supply lines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlkhaleejOnline/status/1115631316463173633|title=ورد الآن {{!}} المتحدث باسم قوات حكومة الوفاق الوطني الليبية: سلاحنا الجوي نفذ غارات عديدة كشفت خطوط إمداد العدو|last=أونلاين|first=الخليج|date=9 April 2019|website=@AlkhaleejOnline|language=ar|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> LNA and GNA forces engaged in a battle for control over the road to Tripoli Int'l Airport and Qasir bin Gashir detention center, which at that time housed over 600 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/mannocchia/status/1115618415123812353|title=Clashes in Qasr Bin Gashir, airport road. Recording from Qasir bin Gashir detention center, A. sent me few minutes ago. There are 600 people inside – man, women and children – who need to be evacuated.|last=mannocchi|first=francesca|date=9 April 2019|website=@mannocchia|language=en|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> By the end of the day, the LNA military information division stated that they have taken back control of [[Tripoli International Airport]], as well as captured the neighbourhoods of al-Tueish, al-Sawani and most of Ain Zara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.alwasat.ly/news/libya/241529|title=LNA Military Information Division: Army in control of Tripoli airport, al-Tueish, al-Sawani and most of Ain Zara|last=News|first=Alwasat|website=Alwasat News|language=en|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

;10 April
The GNA reported bombing LNA targets within the LNA-held town of [[Gharyan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyobserver/status/1115907987728752642|title=#Libya Air Force conducts airstrikes on military targets for eastern invaders of warlord Khalifa Haftar in the mountain city of Gharyan|last=Observer|first=The Libya|date=10 April 2019|website=@Lyobserver|language=en|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA announced that they have captured the 4th Brigade Headquarters in the town of Azizya after fierce fighting with the GNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalaan/status/1115927898223992833|title=#ليبيا_الآن{{!}} الجيش الوطني يسيطر على معسكر اللواء الرابع أعلنت شعبة الإعلام الحربي التابعة للقيادة العامة للجيش الوطني، أن القوات المسلحة سيطرت على معسكر اللواء الرابع بمنطقة العزيزية، بعد معارك شرسة واشتباكات عنيفة دارت في المناطق المحيطة بالمعسكر.pic.twitter.com/zTgWTrE2Of|last=الآن|first=ليبيا|date=10 April 2019|website=@libyaalaan|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> The [[Unhcr|UNHCR]] attempted to evacuate detained refugees from the Qasir bin Gashir detention center, after it became stuck in crossfire between the two sides.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/UNHCR_Arabic/status/1115902302949388290|title=وسط المواجهات الجارية في #ليبيا، المفوضية تنقل لاجئين محتجزين إلى مناطق آمنة.|last=اللاجئين|first=مفوضية|date=10 April 2019|website=@UNHCR_Arabic|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> Reports suggest most detainees were transferred to Sekah Road detention center, but around 120 people were left behind and were still in the Qasir bin Gashir detention center by the morning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/amelgasir/status/1115933018332463104|title=Update on the Ain Zara detention center. The women were transferred to Sekah Road detention center. Approx 120 migrants were left behind. They are still in the center, as seen in this photo, which is taken this morning. #Libya #Tripoli @ICRC_lby @UNHCRLibya @IntlCrimCourtpic.twitter.com/eQrlhBQ85O|last=El-Gasir|first=Ahmed|date=10 April 2019|website=@amelgasir|language=en|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> During the afternoon, the LNA air force conducted an airstrike against GNA targets near Tripoli airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1115977526961221632|title=غارة جوية للجيش الليبي على تجمع للميليشيات بمحيط مطار طرابلس|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=10 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> By sunset, LNA spokesperson, Brigadier General Ahmed al-Mismari, stated that the LNA have secured al-Yarmouk camp and are advancing toward the Dabali military camp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1116035224339664897|title=المسماري: بعد السيطرة على اليرموك المعركة الآن تدور حول معسكر الدبالي|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=10 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> He also reported that the LNA have arrested pro-GNA "African mercenaries" at Tripoli International Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1116033392599097344|title=عاجل {{!}} المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي: مطار #طرابلس الدولي تحت سيطرتنا وقبضنا على مرتزقة أفارقة. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=10 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, al-Mismari stated that the LNA has shot down a GNA [[Aero L-39 Albatros]] that attempted to relocate from [[Misrata]] to [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LibyasChannel/status/1116037375044530176|title=#عاجل {{!}} شعبة الإعلام الحربي: القوات المسلحة تسقط طائرة حربية انطلقت من قاعدة مصراتة الجوية باتجاه طرابلس #قناة_ليبياpic.twitter.com/QjT8BOOgRZ|last=ليبيا|first=قناة|date=10 April 2019|website=@LibyasChannel|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/218Tv/status/1116041339089620995|title=#عاجل اللواء #أحمد_المسماري: الطائرة التي أسقطناها اليوم نوع L39 خرجت من كلية #مصراتة الجوية #218TV|last=218TV|date=10 April 2019|website=@218Tv|language=ar|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

;11 April

The Chief of the GNA Tripoli Military Zone, Major General Abdul-Basit Marwan, stated that the LNA were shelling GNA positions in southern Tripoli with [[BM-21 Grad]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|MRLs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyobserver/status/1116275327037210624|title=Chief of Tripoli Military Zone Major General Abdul-Basit Marwan says warlord Khalifa Haftar's armed groups are shelling southern #Tripoli areas with BM-21 Grad rockets in an attempt to drive #Libya Army forces backpic.twitter.com/YS1tCStxX7|last=Observer|first=The Libya|date=11 April 2019|website=@Lyobserver|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> The GNA claimed several airstrikes on LNA targets in Suq al-Khamis and Tarhuna city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyobserver/status/1116257802790547461|title=Breaking News: #Libya Air Force conducts airstrikes on targets for warlord Khalifa Haftar's armed groups in Souq Khamies town in south #Tripoli and in Tarhuna citypic.twitter.com/DyrZ30wZKe|last=Observer|first=The Libya|date=11 April 2019|website=@Lyobserver|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA retaliated by launching an airstrike on GNA targets in the contested Ayn Zara region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyobserver/status/1116288941391478787|title=Air force of eastern armed groups conducts an airstrike on Ein Zara region in southern #Tripoli in a bid to push #Libya Army forces backpic.twitter.com/bArS6ILZRo|last=Observer|first=The Libya|date=11 April 2019|website=@Lyobserver|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> A GNA spokesman reported that the GNA have recaptured Wadie Alrabie, Bridge 27, Bridge of Souq Al-Ahad and [[Tripoli International Airport]]. Brigadier General Al-Mismari, LNA spokesperson, reported that the "things on the ground are in favour of the [Libyan National] [[Libyan National Army|army]]," adding that they have seized 14 GNA armoured vehicles and tanks, positioning themselves a mere 2 km from Tripoli's city centre after a GNA retreat. He stated that Tripoli Int'l Airport is "still a fire zone," but did not comment on who controlled it at that time. He also promised to "surprise everyone" with a plan to seize all of [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190411-national-accord-government-regains-control-of-four-sites-in-tripoli-haftar-promises-surprise/|title=National Accord Government regains control of four sites in Tripoli; Haftar promises 'surprise'|date=11 April 2019|website=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> By nightfall, the GNA claimed that it negotiated the surrender of soldiers belonging to the LNA 8th brigade in Ayn Zara, after they were left without fuel or ammunition for more than a day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/EanLibya/status/1116367480258211842|title=#عاجل {{!}} الكتيبة الثامنة التابعة لقوات حفتر تسلم نفسها بعتادها سلميًا لقوات الجيش الليبي التابع لـ"حكومة الوفاق" في محور #عين_زارة - #وادي_الربيع بعد التفاوض إثر انقطاع الإمدادات والوقود عنها منذ الأمس. #عين_ليبياpic.twitter.com/AnCHLOW4fK|last=ليبيا|first=عين|date=11 April 2019|website=@EanLibya|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA shelled the contested town of Al Swatani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1116447209418104832|title=#شاهد {{!}} قتلى في قصف لقوات حفتر على منازل بمنطقة السواني #الحرب_على_طرابلسpic.twitter.com/4DyuD5WhTx|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=11 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> An LNA spokesman stated that the [[Libyan National Army]] had issued an arrest warrant for [[Fayez al-Sarraj]], head of the GNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MaryFitzger/status/1116444433476661259|title=Spokesman for Haftar's LNA forces announces "arrest warrant" has been issued for head of UN-backed internationally recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) in Tripoli plus GNA-aligned military officers. Haftar's camp ups the ante...#Libya|last=Fitzgerald|first=Mary|date=11 April 2019|website=@MaryFitzger|language=en|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>

;12 April
The LNA conducted an airstrike against the GNA in Abdel Samad Camp, south of [[Zuwarah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1116625049501327361|title=#عاجل {{!}} طيران #حفتر يقصف معسكر عبدالصمد جنوب #زوارة وإصابة شخص بجروح طفيفة #الحرب_على_طرابلس|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=12 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Heavy gunfire and explosions were reported from downtown [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/fighting-echoes-tripoli-thousands-continue-flee-190412101131619.html|title=Fighting echoes through Tripoli as thousands continue to flee|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA stated that they have received major military reinforcements, that they have killed dozens of GNA fighters in the previous day's offensive, and that the LNA 9th brigade is advancing in the Al-Khalla region. It also reported that several young GNA fighters defected to the LNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1675781/clashes-reach-tripoli-suburbs-islamists-rally-support|title=Clashes Reach Tripoli Suburbs as Islamists Rally for Support|website=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA air force conducted air raids against GNA targets in Wadi Al Rabie, south of [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/aawsat_News/status/1116683178025148416|title=عاجل من #ليبيا {{!}} طيران الجيش الوطني ينفذ غارات جوية في محور وادي الربيع جنوب #طرابلس|last=الأوسط|first=صحيفة الشرق|date=12 April 2019|website=@aawsat_News|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> In the late afternoon, the LNA conducted airstrikes against a GNA military camp,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1116702748215513088|title=مصادرنا: سلاح الجو التابع للجيش الوطني الليبي يقصف معسكرا تابعا للميليشيات في منطقة تاجوراء شمال شرقي طرابلس|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=12 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> as well as an arms cache in the North-East Tripoli neighbourhood of Tajura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1116704253282799616|title=عاجل {{!}} طيران الجيش الليبي يدمر مخزن لأسلحة ميليشيات #طرابلس في تاجوراء شمال شرقي العاصمة. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=12 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Explosions were reported at GNA-held [[Mitiga International Airport]]. Conflicting reports emerged as to whether they were from an LNA airstrike<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlkhaleejOnline/status/1116702765496061952|title=ورد الآن {{!}} الأناضول: طيران تابع لقوات #حفتر يقصف مجدداً #مطار_معيتيقة الدولي في #طرابلس|last=أونلاين|first=الخليج|date=12 April 2019|website=@AlkhaleejOnline|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> on the airport or as a result of GNA anti-aircraft guns firing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/lpc_ly/status/1116704078569066501|title=عاجل{{!}} إعلام مطار معيتيقة لبانوراما: المطار لم يتعرض للقصف وطلقات المضادات الأرضية كانت احترازية بعد رصد طائرة حربية في الأجواءpic.twitter.com/0ZomXepYQg|last=بانوراما|first=ليبيا|date=12 April 2019|website=@lpc_ly|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA claimed that residential houses and civilian buildings in LNA-held suburbs of Tripoli were subjected to bombardment by the GNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1116704470988095489|title=عاجل {{!}} مصدر عسكري ليبي: مليشيات مصراتة تقصف منازل المدنيين في ضواحي #طرابلس. #ليبيا|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=12 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> LNA spokesman, Brigadier General Al-Mismari, accused former President of [[Sudan]], [[Omar al-Bashir]], of sending two planes loaded with 28 fighters, as well as a large amount of weapons and ammunition, from [[Khartoum]] to GNA-held [[Mitiga International Airport]] on 28 March.<ref name="bashir">{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article229188869.html|title=Libya's Hifter spokesman says Sudan supplied arms to rivals|last=Press|first=The Associated|website=miamiherald|language=en|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Fathi Bashagha, Interior Minister of the Presidential Council, stated on 12 April that the UAE sent military equipment to the LNA at [[Benina International Airport]] in Benghazi.<ref name="UAE_military_Benghazi_12Apr">{{cite news|last1=Assad|first1=Abdulkader|title=Interior Minister: UAE sending military support for Haftar's war on Tripoli|date=13 April 2019|publisher=[[The Libya Observer]]|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/interior-minister-uae-sending-military-support-haftars-war-tripoli|accessdate=14 April 2019|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/77c8hNMhz|archivedate=13 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Unhcr|UNHCR]] called for the release and evacuation of detained refugees held in wartorn areas. The UNHCR confirmed that 728 people were still trapped in the contested Qasir Bin Gashir detention center, stating that it attempted to evacuate them to the Zintan detention center the previous day. The detainees refused to go, insisting that they be evacuated out of [[Libya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/4/5cb0b5954/unhcr-issues-urgent-appeal-release-evacuation-detained-refugees-caught.html|title=UNHCR issues urgent appeal for release and evacuation of detained refugees caught in Libyan crossfire|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|website=UNHCR|language=en|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

;13 April
Speaker of the [[Tobruk]]-based [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]], [[Aguila Saleh Issa]], called for a partial lifting of the international arms embargo imposed on [[Libya]], to allow countries to legally arm the [[Libyan National Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlHadath/status/1117003478138871809|title=#ليبيا — رئيس البرلمان يدعو إلى رفع الحظر الدولي عن تسليح الجيش الوطني|last=الحدث|date=13 April 2019|website=@AlHadath|language=ar|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> He stated that the Tobruk-based government intends to hold [[2019 Libyan general election|elections]] after capturing [[Tripoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1117002659905536000|title=رئيس مجلس النواب الليبي عقيلة صالح: سنذهب لصناديق الاقتراع بعد تحرير طرابلس #العربية_عاجل|last=عاجل|first=العربية|date=13 April 2019|website=@AlArabiya_Brk|language=ar|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA conducted several airstrikes on GNA targets in the southern party of the city, amid intense street battles between the two sides.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/libya-hafter-forces-strike-military-camp-in-tripoli/1451300|title=Libya: Hafter forces strike military camp in Tripoli|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2019/04/13/593302/Libya-Khalifa-Haftar-air-raids-Tripoli|website=www.presstv.com|access-date=13 April 2019|title=PressTV-Haftar uses jets to bomb Tripoli as troops bogged down}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] delivered medical kits to local hospitals, but cautioned that Tripoli only had enough medical supplies for two weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1677086/heavy-airstrikes-edge-libyan-capital|title=Heavy Airstrikes on Edge of Libyan Capital|website=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> GNA forces once again took control of Al-Yarmouk camp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1117024768111333376|title=#شاهد {{!}} هدوء يسود محيط معسكر #اليرموك مع استمرار سيطرة قوات #حكومة_الوفاق عليه. #الحرب_على_طرابلسpic.twitter.com/l45XoTewVT|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=13 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref>

;14 April
The LNA issued a statement, reporting that internationally designated terrorist groups were fighting alongside the GNA in Tripoli. The GNA [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidential Council]] denied the claims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyobserver/status/1117326219744358400|title=Presidential Council denies the presence of terrorist groups fighting alongside #Libya Army in its current war in south #Tripoli, in response to claims made by the spokesperson of warlord Khalifa Haftar.pic.twitter.com/PZhNVKCD64|last=Observer|first=The Libya|date=14 April 2019|website=@Lyobserver|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> A GNA plane targeted an LNA military post in Southern Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SkyNewsArabia_B/status/1117325044936531968|title=طائرة تابعة لميليشيات طرابلس تستهدف موقعا للجيش الوطني الليبي في عين زارة جنوب شرقي العاصمة|last=عربية-الآن|first=سكاي نيوز|date=14 April 2019|website=@SkyNewsArabia_B|language=ar|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> President of [[Egypt]], [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], met with LNA Field Marshal [[Khalifa Haftar]] in [[Cairo]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/14/libya-crisis-egypt-sisi-backs-haftar-assault-on-tripoli|title=Libya crisis: Egypt's Sisi backs Haftar assault on Tripoli|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=14 April 2019|website=theguardian.com|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-libya-idUSKCN1RQ09N|title=Egypt's Sisi meets Libyan commander Haftar in Cairo: presidency...|date=14 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=14 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> An intensification of LNA air force activity was reported, with LNA [[Mi-35]] helicopters and [[Su-22]] bombers targeting numerous GNA positions in Azizya, Wadi Al Rabie, the 4th Brigade HQ, Al Sawani, Ayn Zara and Tajura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1117376383024541696|title=#LNAAF intensified its activity yesterday, where the Mi-35 combat helicopters and the Su22 bombers carried out sorties to support the army forces in #Aziziyah, "headquarters of the 4th Brigade", in #Wadi_AlRabee, #AlSawani, #Tajoura and #Ain_Zara.|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=14 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA reportedly made advances toward the center of [[Tripoli]], as well as Salah Al-Din.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1117375396863971333|title=#LNA now In progress on two axes, the first north towards the center of the capital and the island of Farnaj and the military college and the area of Salah al-Din, and this front is the most active if we add the front of Tripoli airport.|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=14 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA recaptured Yarmouk camp, as well as several other military camps in the area and is positioning itself toward capturing the Green Plateau of Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1117375138264170497|title=As for #Souq_AlAhad front Sunday (B):#LNA was able to regain control of #Yarmouk camp, and other camps in the area of Khallet al-Furjan, including the artillery camp, the next goal is to reach the Green Plateau and enter directly into the heart of the capital|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=14 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA was reported to have taken control of Spring Valley Bridge in the south of the capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1117374649120231425|title=#LNA have made important progress on this road and have taken control of the Spring Valley Bridge. also there is a movements from southwestern axis of #Qora_Booli (E)|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=14 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA sent military reinforcements to [[Ra's Lanuf]] and Es Sider oil ports, in anticipation of a counter-attack by the GNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190414-libya-eastern-parliament-forces-tripoli-haftar-gaddafi-european-union|title=Eastern Libya parliament says forces will push on in Tripoli offensive|date=14 April 2019|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> A LNA warplane crashed in southern Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-airplane-idUSKCN1RQ0GS|title=Eastern Libyan warplane crashes in southern Tripoli: military sources|date=14 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=14 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> The GNA claimed to have shot it down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201904141074122127-libya-haftar-plane-down/|title=Fighter Jet of Haftar's Forces Reportedly Downed Near Tripoli|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> A video was later released allegedly showing missiles being fired at the plane, with one hitting the aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Oded121351/status/1117460688723529729|title=#Libya- a better video (H/T @ibrafid) of the LNA aircraft shot down over #Tripoli, confirming: 1) 2 missiles were launched 2) Aircraft was a MiG-21pic.twitter.com/QAIfRU3Fx8|last=Berkowitz|first=Oded|date=14 April 2019|website=@Oded121351|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> Images released from local residents purported to show both the pilot and co-pilot successfully ejecting from the aircraft and deploying their parachutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Oded121351/status/1117436540102299648|title=#Libya- photo via @DavidBiutitaman showing pilot and co-pilot after ejecting from downed LNA aircraft over #Tripoli.pic.twitter.com/VqlnAu5AE8|last=Berkowitz|first=Oded|date=14 April 2019|website=@Oded121351|language=en|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> LNA Brigadier General Al-Mismari confirmed that the aircraft was shot down by a missile, fired by GNA forces from a suburb of Tripoli. He added that the pilot was alive and in good health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1117484759893016578|title=عاجل {{!}} المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي: سقوط طائرة تتبع قواتنا بصاروخ في ضواحي #طرابلس والطيار بصحة جيدة.|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=14 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> He also accused a GNA militia commander of planning to bring over 350 [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] to the capital to fight the LNA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlainBRK/status/1117485744426299392|title=عاجل {{!}} المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي: قائد مليشيا في #طرابلس يخطط لنقل أكثر من 350 مرتزق إلى العاصمة.|last=عاجل|first=العين الإخبارية-|date=14 April 2019|website=@AlainBRK|language=ar|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> Detainees at the contested Qasir bin Gashir detention center told [[Al Jazeera]] that they have been abandoned by their GNA guards since the previous day and were left to fend for themselves in the crossfire. They stated that there were still 728 detained refugees residing in the camp. They accused the GNA of subjecting them to "years of much [[torture]] and suffering", reiterating their desire to leave the country entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/fire-libya-detained-refugees-trapped-conflict-190414150247858.html|title='We are in a fire': Libya's detained refugees trapped by conflict|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref>

;15 April
Heavy clashes were reported between LNA and GNA forces in Tripoli's Ayn Zara suburb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyobserver/status/1117798300047106056|title=Heavy clashes in Ain Zara district, south of #Tripoli, between #Libya Army units and armed groups of warlord Khalifa Haftarpic.twitter.com/OFJJKRmxj7|last=Observer|first=The Libya|date=15 April 2019|website=@Lyobserver|language=en|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA military information division stated that "large reinforcements" had arrived in LNA-controlled [[Gharyan]] and were preparing to join the assault on the capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.addresslibya.com/en/archives/44630|title=LNA new reinforcements arrive in Gharian to participate in Tripoli liberation|date=15 April 2019|website=The Libyan Address Journal|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> A GNA official claimed that more than 3 million books were destroyed as a result of shelling on a building belonging to the Libyan ministry of education. Both sides accused each other of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-idUKKCN1RR1NH|title=U.N. Libya envoy says Haftar made coup attempt with advance on Tripoli|date=15 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> A new spokesperson for the GNA [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidential Council]] (the previous spokesman, who was born in Eastern Libya, was replaced without explanation) accused foreign governments and "statelets" of plotting to cause instability in Libya. He claimed that GNA forces were "constantly advancing on all axes", managing to "defeat the aggressor force" and that they were able to "inflict on the [LNA] aggressor militias huge casualty." He also accused the LNA of various war crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2019/04/15/some-foreign-states-unified-by-aim-of-libyan-instability-serraj-spokesperson/|title=Some foreign states unified by aim of Libyan instability: Serraj spokesperson|date=15 April 2019|website=Libya Herald|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> GNA head, [[Fayez al-Sarraj]], vowed to have all LNA leaders and commanders involved in the offensive prosecuted.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1681131/libya%E2%80%99s-sarraj-vows-prosecute-haftar-lna-accuses-militias-targeting-civilians|title=Libya's Sarraj Vows to Prosecute Haftar as LNA Accuses Militias of Targeting Civilians|website=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

;16 April
A video broadcast by [[Sky News]] showed GNA forces retreating, after being targeted by the LNA with heavy weapons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LiBya_73/status/1117890109045641217|title=فيديو تم بثه الآن من طرف التلفزيون الإيطالي يوضح أحد محاور القتال في هذا المساء ، والصحفية تقول ان القوات المهاجمة تملك سلاح ثقيل ولها قوة نارية عالية أجبرت قوات السراج على التراجع .. ونحن يتم نقلنا في سيارة مصفحة لترك خط القتال.. #طوفان_الكرامةpic.twitter.com/dzXbwyEkoE|last=الخوارج|first=غصة|date=15 April 2019|website=@LiBya_73|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA accused pro-GNA militias from [[Tripoli]] and [[Misrata]] of intentionally targeting civilian buildings with [[BM-21 Grad]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|MRLs]], in order to turn public opinion against the LNA. The LNA also released a video allegedly showing a residential house being destroyed by a GNA barrel bomb airstrike from a warplane originating from GNA-held [[Misrata Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/home/article/1680476/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3|title=الجيش الليبي يتهم الميليشيات بقصف مدنيين في طرابلس|website=الشرق الأوسط|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> GNA forces reportedly retook control of the Al-Zahra bridge in southern Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/EanLibya/status/1118098367555436544|title=#عاجل {{!}} الكتيبة 166 بالجيش الليبي التابع لـ"حكومة الوفاق" تسيطر على كوبري الزهراء. #عين_ليبياpic.twitter.com/fnnGY0M5Qr|last=ليبيا|first=عين|date=16 April 2019|website=@EanLibya|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Reports emerged of heavy clashes between GNA and LNA forces near Azizya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1118156312582475776|title=مصادر العربية: اشتباكات عنيفة بالأسلحة الثقيلة في محيط العزيزية جنوب طرابلس #العربية_عاجل|last=عاجل|first=العربية|date=16 April 2019|website=@AlArabiya_Brk|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Several hours prior, a GNA commander had claimed that the GNA had full control over the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1118132520854478848|title=#عاجل {{!}} آمر القوة الوطنية المتحركة #أبوزيد_بوشواشي للأحرار: قوات الوفاق تسيطر على مناطق #السواني و #الزهراء و #العزيزية بشكل كامل. #الحرب_على_طرابلس|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=16 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> After sunset, Tripoli was subjected to a massive bombardment of artillery shells and missiles for several hours, targeting most areas of the city in what is reported to be the most violent bombardment the city had seen in the current civil war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlkhaleejOnline/status/1118266652423069699|title=عاجل #ليبيا {{!}} مصدر طبي لـ #الخليج_أونلاين: سقوط صواريخ جراد خلف المجمع الصحي "أبوسليم" في #طرابلس يسفر عن وقوع قتلى|last=أونلاين|first=الخليج|date=16 April 2019|website=@AlkhaleejOnline|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/EanLibya/status/1118264306167107584|title=عاجل.. قصف عشوائي على أحياء سكنية في العاصمة طرابلس من قبل قوات حفتر. #ليبياpic.twitter.com/408WFBmcef|last=ليبيا|first=عين|date=16 April 2019|website=@EanLibya|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/lpc_ly/status/1118262950341615617|title=عاجل {{!}} مصدر لبانوراما: سقوط قذائف على الأحياء السكنية بشارع حي ناصر وشارع الشيباني ببلدية أبوسليم. #طرابلس #ليبياpic.twitter.com/VZsanIWShU|last=بانوراما|first=ليبيا|date=16 April 2019|website=@lpc_ly|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AJABreaking/status/1118260703163559937|title=عاجل {{!}} مراسل #الجزيرة : صواريخ غراد تستهدف أماكن متفرقة في أحياء سكنية في العاصمة الليبية #طرابلس|last=عاجل|first=الجزيرة-|date=16 April 2019|website=@AJABreaking|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Pro-GNA media reported that at least 4 civilians had died by midnight, with over 20 more being wounded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1118274323364634625|title=#عاجل {{!}} مصادر طبية للأحرار: سقوط 4 مدنيين وإصابة أكثر من 20 مواطنا جراء القذائف العشوائية التي تطلقها قوات #حفتر على العاصمة #الحرب_على_طرابلس|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=16 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> The GNA blamed the LNA for the attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1118278976445849600|title=#عاجل {{!}} الناطق باسم حكومة الوفاق مهند يونس للأحرار: سنتخذ كافة الإجراءات للرد على هذه الجريمة النكراء #الحرب_على_طرابلس|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=16 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA stated that they had launched no missiles that day and that the bombardment was caused by pro-GNA militias,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/218news/status/1118271411137777664|title=#عاجل شعبة الإعلام الحربي : #غنيوة و #بادي يوجهان فوهات المدافع باتجاه المدنيين في أحياء مختلفة ب #طرابلس #ليبيا #libya #tripoli #218NEWSpic.twitter.com/4PJHtyyh1f|last=News|first=218|date=16 April 2019|website=@218news|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/boshgma/status/1118272067147898880|title=#طرابلس{{!}}#ليبيا{{!}} شعبة الاعلام الحربي النابعة للقيادة العامة للقوات المسلحة تعلن في إيجاز صحفي لها الاني : - القوات المسلحة لم تستخدم الصواريخ في معارك اليوم - القصف العشوائي الذي تشهده عدد من احياء العاصمة ينفذه اغنيوه الككلي و لواء المرسى الذي يقوده المجرم صلاح باديpic.twitter.com/vnHzpq7v51|last=بوشقمة|first=محمد|date=16 April 2019|website=@boshgma|language=ar|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="ThomsonReuters_shelling190416">{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-idUKKCN1RS1C2|title=Late night shelling in Tripoli as Europe, Gulf divided over...|date=16 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=16 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> whom they earlier accused of undertaking a campaign to turn public opinion against the LNA through the use of indiscriminate bombardment.<ref name=":6" /> The UN envoy to Libya called the event a "terrible night for Tripoli".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1118459407409586176|title=المبعوث الأممي لليبيا عبر تويتر: ليلة مرعبة شهدتها طرابلس جراء القصف #العربية_عاجل https://www.alarabiya.net|last=عاجل|first=العربية|date=17 April 2019|website=@AlArabiya_Brk|language=ar|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> A UN spokesperson noted that the attack displaced over 4,500 people – the largest single day displacement since the beginning of the war. The spokesperson strongly condemned the attack, stating it may constitute a [[war crime]], but did not assign blame to either party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190417-un-condemns-latest-clashes-in-libyas-tripoli/|title=UN condemns latest clashes in Libya's Tripoli|date=17 April 2019|website=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

;17 April
Two GNA soldiers were killed by an LNA airstrike on Tripoli's Ayn Zara suburb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1118448163382276096|title=#عاجل {{!}} مراسل الأحرار : قتيلان من قوات الوفاق جراء غارة جوية نفذها طيران #حفتر على منطقة #الكحيلي بـ #عين_زارة #الحرب_على_طرابلس|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=17 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The GNA air force bombed a medical post in Qasir bin Gashir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1118597841973338118|title=Aftermath of #GNA air force raids on #AlAfiya medical post in #Qasr_Bin_Ghashir Southern #Tripolipic.twitter.com/Sfxdgc8kp3|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=17 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AnisAbdalgawad/status/1118598046865088512|title=#طرابلس تعرض مصحة العافية . والمنازل المحيطة بها جنوب قصر بن غشير لعدة قدائف عشوائية ادت الي اصابة سيارات الاسعاف والمولدات ومحيط المصحةpic.twitter.com/Jf8wZ4SNAl|last=Abdalgawad|first=Anis|date=17 April 2019|website=@AnisAbdalgawad|language=ar|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA was reported to have taken up positions {{Convert|50|km|m}} to the east of [[Sirte]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1118611713023250433|title=#LNA units 50 km Eastern #Sirtepic.twitter.com/CIZZN6EtoC|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=17 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The GNA conducted an airstrike on Wadi Al Rabea, a suburb south of Tripoli. No casualties or damage is reported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1118611317865222144|title=Aftermath of #GNA air force raids on #Wadi_AlRabea Southern #Tripolipic.twitter.com/OeTPcsgcv9|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=17 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA's 201st battalion received reinforcements in the south of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mansourtalk/status/1118610155615207425|title=Reinforcements of #LNA 201st Battalion in #Tripoli #Libyapic.twitter.com/q934WZiQHJ|last=Mansour|first=Mohamed|date=17 April 2019|website=@Mansourtalk|language=en|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

;18 April
Heavy clashes occurred between GNA and LNA forces, after GNA units attempted to advance towards the Saadiya area. The LNA air force conducted multiple airstrikes on GNA targets in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.218tv.net/%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88-%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d9%81-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84/|title="مُقاتلات الجيش" تستهدف مواقع بمنطقة الساعدية|date=18 April 2019|website=قناة 218|language=ar|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> LNA jets also conducted several air raids against GNA targets in Libya's Wadi al Rabie suburb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/libyaalahrartv/status/1118646078117695489|title=#عاجل {{!}} مراسل الأحرار: غارة جوية على تمركزات قوات الوفاق في #وادي_الربيع وتحليق مستمر للطيران في سماء العاصمة #العدوان_على_طرابلس|last=الأحرار|first=Libya Alahrar TV-قناة ليبيا|date=17 April 2019|website=@libyaalahrartv|language=ar|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

;20 April

LNA drone aircraft, allegedly supplied by UAE, have struck the GNA military camp in Sabaa district, south of Tripoli city center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/air-strikes-hit-tripoli-as-haftar-steps-up-assault-on-libyan-capital|title=Tripoli hit by airstrikes as Haftar steps up assault on Libyan capital|date=21 April 2019|website=theguardian.com|language=en|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

;24 April
The LNA advanced towards central Tripoli amid day-long clashes and retreat of GNA militias.<ref>{{Cite
web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/LiBya_73/status/1121178518476529664}}</ref>

In mid-April, Henrietta Fore, Executive Director of [[UNICEF]], and Virginia Gamba, the United Nations Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict, issued a joint statement to show their worries about children caught in the middle of fighting in Libya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/04/1036971|title=As fighting in Libya escalates, so does number of children ‘at imminent risk of injury or death’|date=18 April 2019|website=UN News|accessdate=18 May 2019}}</ref>

=== May ===
In May, the Emirati military, led by its Deputy Supreme Commander and Abu Dhabi's Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], claimed that 'extremist militias' had been in control of the Libyan capital, which Khalifa Hafter had been warring to take control of from the forces loyal to the nation's internationally recognized government. Since the offensive began in Libya almost 376 people have lost their lives.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-emirates/haftars-ally-uae-says-extremist-militias-control-libyan-capital-idUSKCN1S80AO|title=Haftar's ally UAE says 'extremist militias' control Libyan capital|accessdate=2 May 2019|website=Reuters}}</ref>
=== September ===
;21 September
The [[Government of National Accord]] (GNA) announced that a residential area in [[Tripoli]] became a target to drones from the UAE. The attack in al-Hadaba area caused severe injuries to several members of a family.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://1buv.com/uae-drones-hit-residential-area-injure-family-middle-east-monitor/|title=UAE drones hit residential area, injure family|accessdate=22 September 2019|website=1BUV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922140128/https://1buv.com/uae-drones-hit-residential-area-injure-family-middle-east-monitor/|archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== October ===
;1 October

Khalifa Haftar's forces, backed by the UAE, launched artillery shells on Mitiga Airport in Tripoli, according to sources from Burkan Al-Ghadab Operation, or Operation Volcano of Anger of the Libyan Army under the GNA command.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/haftars-forces-lauch-attack-on-closed-mitiga-airport-in-libyas-capital/|title=Haftar's forces lauch attack on closed Mitiga Airport in Libya's capital|date=2019-10-01|website=Libyan Express|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
;6 October
Airstrikes on Misrata Airport by the foreign warplanes, backed by the LNA, injured one member of staff and damaged two airplanes, said media office of Volcano of Rage Operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/foreign-drones-haftars-forces-strike-misrata-airport-causing-casualties-damage|title=Foreign drones of Haftar's forces strike Misrata Airport causing casualties, damage {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> Air-raids by Khalifa Haftar's warplanes targeted the Equestrian School in Janzour, west of Tripoli. The attack wounded at least three children and one old man, along with killing a couple of horses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libya-children-injured-horses-killed-haftar-forces-airstrikes-equestrian-school|title=Libya: Children injured, horses killed in Haftar forces' airstrikes on Equestrian School {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>
;7 October
The [[Government of National Accord|Government of National Accord (GNA)]] claimed that UAE's drones carried out attacks in [[Gharyan]] on south of capital Tripoli. Forces loyal to Haftar had also launched an offensive on the city in August 2019 to take control from the GNA.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://truenewssource.com/2019/10/10/is-uae-making-libya-an-emerging-yemen/|title=Is UAE Making Libya an Emerging Yemen in MENA Region?|accessdate=10 October 2019|website=True News Source}}</ref>
;15 October
Both UNICEF and European Union expressed "sadness and shock" at the killing of children and their mother during the airstrike by Haftar's forces on Al-Furnaj area in Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/unicef-expresses-shock-and-sadness-following-death-three-children-haftars-airstrike|title=UNICEF expresses "shock and sadness" following death of three children in Haftar's airstrike {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neweurope.eu/article/eu-condemns-deadly-airstrike-in-libyas-capital/|title=EU condemns deadly airstrike in Libya's capital|last=EP{{!}}NE|date=2019-10-16|website=New Europe|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>
;19 October
Mohammed Gununu, spokesperson for the Libyan Army under the command of GNA, claimed that a Wing Loong drone, supplied by the UAE to Haftar's forces, was shot down in Misurata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/libyas-gna-forces-shoot-down-uae-purchased-wing-loong-over-misurata/|title=Libya's GNA forces shoot down #UAE-purchased Wing Loong over Misurata|date=2019-10-19|website=Libyan Express|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>
===November===
;14 November
[[Khalifa Haftar]] visited the UAE to meet [[Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi’s]] top officials, including [[Aguila Saleh Issa]] and [[Aref Ali Nayed]]. The meeting aimed at reaching a common ground between Haftar, Aguila Saleh and Aref Ali Nayed to replace the current Interim Government of [[Abdullah al-Thani]] in eastern Libya with a new government.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/haftar-arrives-in-the-uae-to-meet-with-new-abu-dhabi-man-in-libya-aref-al-nayed/|title= Haftar arrives in the UAE to meet with new Abu Dhabi man in Libya, Aref Al-Nayed |accessdate=14 November 2019|website=Libyan Express}}</ref>
;18 November

The GNA alleged that the UAE carried out an airstrike that killed seven people in Tripoli. An Emirati [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] targeted a biscuits factory in [[Wadi Rabie]] area, and killed two Libyan and five foreign workers. Besides, 15 other workers were wounded.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://thefrontierpost.com/uae-drone-attack-killed-7-in-tripoli-libya-govt/|title=UAE drone attack killed 7 in Tripoli: Libya gov’t|accessdate=18 November 2019|website=The Frontier Post}}</ref> On 29 April 2020, after completing its investigation into the drone attack on the biscuit factory, the [[HRW]] stated that the [[United Arab Emirates]]’ strike killed eight civilians and injured 27. The group informed that all casualties were inflicted upon civilians, of which seven were Libyans, while 28 were foreign nationals.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/libya-uae-strike-kills-8-civilians|title=Libya: UAE Strike Kills 8 Civilians|accessdate=29 April 2020|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

==2020==
===January===
;2 January

The [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] passed a one year mandate in order to deploy troops to Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/01/turkey-parliament-approve-troop-deployment-libya.html|title=Turkish parliament approves troop deployment to Libya|first=Diego|last=Cupolo|date=2 January 2020|website=Al-Monitor}}</ref>

;5 January

Turkey started to deploy troops to [[Libya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/05/turkish-troops-deploy-to-libya-to-prop-up-embattled-government |title=Turkish troops deploy to Libya to prop up embattled government |author=Patrick Wintour |date=5 January 2020 |website=theguardian.com}}</ref>

;6 January

LNA forces captured the port city of Sirte from GNA forces, according to the LNA. A GNA commander acknowledged the loss.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/forces-loyal-to-east-libyan-commander-advance-on-sirte-idUSKBN1Z51L2 Forces loyal to east Libyan commander advance on Sirte]</ref><ref>[https://thedefensepost.com/2020/01/07/libya-haftar-lna-captures-sirte-turkey-troops/ Libya: Haftar’s LNA captures Sirte as UN envoy expresses anger at foreign meddling]</ref> Sirte’s control was seized following clashes with Sirte Protection and Security Force units, which withdrew after being forsaken by Madkhali force-Brigade 604, formed after ISIL was ousted from the city in 2016. LNA forces had launched attacks on Sirte using the UAE drones, which killed several members of the SPSR units.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/sirte-falls-haftars-forces-thanks-madkhali-brigade-inside|title=Sirte falls to Haftar's forces, thanks to a Madkhali brigade from the inside {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

;16 January

Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] officially announced that Turkey had begun to send troops to Libya in support of the GNA. Turkey’s increasing support came days before a summit in [[Berlin]], which was organized to address the Libyan conflict.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.sierraleonetimes.com/news/263731850/turkey-says-starting-libya-troop-deployment|title=Turkey says starting Libya troop deployment|accessdate=17 January 2020|website=Sierra Leone Times}}</ref>

;17 January

UNHCR claimed that migrants, held in Libyan detention camps, were being recruited to fight on both sides of the civil war. According to the testimonies, some migrant were given an option to stay in the camp indefinitely, or take part in the fighting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/22172/migrants-recruited-in-libya-to-fight-civil-war|title=Migrants recruited in Libya to fight civil war|date=2020-01-17|website=InfoMigrants|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>

===February===
;24 February

The [[United Arab Emirates]] is suspected to have provided arms to support the [[Khalifa Haftar]]-led [[Libyan National Army]]; from mid-January 2020 to early March 2020, the UAE is believed to have shipped more than 100 deliveries, totaling about 5,000 metric tons, to Haftar's forces, via aircraft flights some from military bases in the UAE and others from the UAE's [[Assab International Airport|airbase in Assab]], [[Eritrea]].<ref name=BurkeWintour>{{cite web|author=Jason Burke & Patrick Wintour|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/suspected-military-supplies-libya-un-cargo|newspaper=Guardian|date=11 March 2020|title=Suspected military supplies pour into Libya as UN flounders}}</ref> The contents of the shipments were not known, but are believed to include arms and ammunition, including possible heavier artillery, as well as other [[materiel]], such as communications equipment and other gear.<ref name=BurkeWintour/> The UN arms embargo on Libya was viewed as ineffective: Moncef Kartas, the retired UN weapons inspector for Libya, said there had been "no respect for the UN arms embargo, absolutely none," which was echoed by UN deputy special envoy for Libya Stephanie Williams.<ref name=BurkeWintour/>

===March===
;11 March

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that the UAE "is thought to have sent" to the LNA over 100 deliveries of suspected military supplies by air, totaling 5,000 metric tons of cargo, since mid-January.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Wintour |first2=Patrick |title=Suspected military supplies pour into Libya as UN flounders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/suspected-military-supplies-libya-un-cargo |accessdate=8 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

;24 March

On 24 March 2020, Libya [[COVID-19 pandemic in Libya|confirmed its first case]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19).

;25 March

Fighting escalated following increased bombardment of Tripoli. Residents said it was the worst bombardment in weeks. The UN had specifically condemned the 24 March shelling that hit a prison in GNA territory, as well as the previous week's LNA shelling that had killed four young women.<ref name="reuters 2020 coronavirus">{{cite news |title=Libya battles escalate as coronavirus arrives in country |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/libya-security/libya-battles-escalate-as-coronavirus-arrives-in-country-idINKBN21C1HC?il=0 |accessdate=27 March 2020 |work=Reuters |date=26 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== April ===
;10 April

According to a report by [[the New Arab]] newspaper, the [[United Arab Emirates]] purchased an advanced [[Israel]]i-made missile system for [[Khalifa Haftar]] to counter the [[Turkey|Turkish]] drones supplied to the [[Government of National Accord|GNA]].<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/4/10/uae-supplying-libyas-haftar-with-israeli-air-defences|title=UAE supplying Haftar with Israeli air defence system to counter Turkish drones in Libya|accessdate=10 April 2020|website=The New Arab}}</ref>

;13 April

GNA forces seized control of the LNA-held towns of [[Sorman]] and [[Sabratha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/libyas-gna-seizes-control-of-haftar-held-sabratha-sorman/news|title=Libya’s GNA seizes control of Haftar-held Sabratha, Sorman|last=SABAH|first=DAILY|date=2020-04-13|website=Daily Sabah|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref>

;20 April

The [[Financial Times]] revealed that two [[United Arab Emirates]] based companies shipped approximately 11,000 tonnes of jet fuel to eastern [[Libya]]. The shipment, which was worth nearly $5 million, was a major violation of the international [[arms embargo]] and was being investigated by the [[UN]] panel of experts.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c3405be4-a9f1-4902-8356-73f5ece37825|title=UAE groups implicated in suspected violation of Libyan arms embargo |accessdate=20 April 2020|website=Financial Times}}</ref>

;29 April

Ahmed Mismari, the spokesman for Libya's eastern-based forces announced that they will cease fire for Ramadan, after suffering setbacks during weeks of intense fighting against the internationally recognized government. Mismari said in a television broadcast that the ceasefire came at the request of the international community and "friendly countries".<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/eastern-libyan-forces-pause-operations-after-military-setbacks-idUSKBN22B3CZ|title=Eastern Libyan forces pause operations after military setbacks |accessdate=29 April 2020|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

;30 April

The GNA responded to Haftar’s unilateral declaration of a ceasefire by rejecting it and saying it will keep fighting.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-security/libyas-gna-says-it-will-keep-fighting-after-lna-calls-truce-idUSL8N2CI95R|title=Libya's GNA says it will keep fighting after LNA calls truce |accessdate=30 April 2020|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

According to the first quarter report for 2020 calculating civilian casualties in [[Libya]] by [[United Nations Support Mission in Libya]] (UNSMIL), around 131 people have been victims of death and severe injury between 1 January to 31 March 2020. The reported casualties of 64 deaths and 67 injuries all took place as a result of the ground assault carried out by the [[Libyan National Army|LNA]] with the military backing of the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://unsmil.unmissions.org/civilian-casualties-report-1-january-31-march-2020-1|title=Civilian Casualties Report 1 January- 31 March 2020|accessdate=30 April 2020|website=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite_web| url=https://unsmil.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/first_quarter_civilian_casualty_report_2020_1.pdf|title=CIVILIAN CASUALTIESREPORT 1 JANUARY-31 MARCH 2020|accessdate=30 April 2020|website=United Nations}}</ref>

=== May ===
;2 May
The Government of National Accord carried out an air strike on al-Watiya airbase. As per the claims, the attack killed two members of [[militias]] and injured five.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/libyan-army-hits-armories-of-warlord-haftar/1827051|title=Libyan Army hits armories of warlord Haftar|accessdate= 3 May 2020|website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref>
The municipal government of Sabha announced its support for the Government of National Accord.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/activists-and-officials-sabha-announce-support-gna>|title=Activists and officials from Sabha announce support to GNA|accessdate= 5 May 2020|website=Libya Observer}}</ref>

;4–5 May
Politicians, governors, and activists loyal to the Tripoli government rebelled in the cities of [[Ghat, Libya|Ghat]], Ubari, and [[Murzuk]] against Haftar forces.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://libya.liveuamap.com/pics/2020/05/04/21994171_0.jpg|title=Official document from the Ghat municipal court||accessdate= 5 May 2020|website=liveuamap}}</ref><ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/libyada-ubari-kenti-devrimciler-konseyinden-hukumete-destek-481626.html|title=Support for the government from the revolutionary council of the city of Ubari in Libya|accessdate= 5 May 2020|website=trthaber}}</ref>

;7 May
Areas around the embassies of [[Turkey]] and [[Italy]] in [[Tripoli]] were reportedly targeted in a shelling. The attack was claimed by the GNA as led by [[Khalifa Haftar]]’s forces. Following which, the Turkish forces, backing GNA, warned that it "will deem Haftar’s forces legitimate targets" if attacks on its interests and diplomatic missions in the region persisted. However, a spokesperson for LNA denied the forces being responsible for the attack.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-turkey/turkey-threatens-to-target-haftars-forces-in-libya-if-attacks-persist-idUSKBN22M0J0|title=Turkey threatens to target Haftar's forces in Libya if attacks persist|accessdate=10 May 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref>

;18 May
The GNA recaptured al-Watiya airbase from Haftar's forces, securing much of Libya's western coastline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/libya-gna-recaptures-strategic-al-watiya-airbase-200518080809238.html |title=Libya's GNA recaptures strategic al-Watiya airbase |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=18 May 2020 |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref>

;20 May
The GNA forces claimed the destruction of 7 Russian-made Pantsir-type air defense systems supplied to the LNA by the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] in the last 48 hours.<ref name="libyaobserver1">{{cite web|title=Libyan Air Force destroys seven Russian-made Pantsir-S1 systems in 48 hours|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-air-force-destroys-seven-russian-made-pantsir-s1-systems-48-hours|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>

=== June ===
'''4 June'''

GNA forces retake full control of Tripoli which had been under siege by the LNA for more than a year. A LNA source stated that forces would be withdrawn from the area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya's GNA says it regained full control of the capital, Tripoli|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/libya-gna-regains-full-control-capital-tripoli-200604081939993.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya conflict: GNA regains full control of Tripoli from Gen Haftar|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-52920373|website=BBC News.com|access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref>

'''6 June'''

GNA forces [[Central Libya offensive (2020)|launched an offensive]] to capture [[Sirte]] from the LNA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan army liberates Wadi Wishka, moves to Sirte |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/libyan-army-liberates-wadi-wishka-moves-to-sirte/1867558 |accessdate=6 June 2020 |work=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

'''7 June'''

LNA forces proposed a ceasefire backed by [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Haftar proposed Libya ceasefire, says Egypt's el-Sisi |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/egypt-el-sisi-haftar-backs-libya-ceasefire-200606133939141.html?utm_source=website&utm_medium=article_page&utm_campaign=read_more_links |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> However, the GNA rejected the ceasefire as they entered Sirte. Despite this, the attack was pushed back by the LNA, which led to the GNA suffering heavy casualties.

'''21-22 June'''

Egypt warns the GNA of military intervention if they take Sirte. The GNA rejects it and calls it a "declaration of war." The United States proposed a ceasefire as Egypt builds an army.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. calls for Libya truce after Egypt threatens to send in army|url=https://ahvalnews.com/libya/us-calls-libya-truce-after-egypt-threatens-send-army|access-date=2020-06-22|website=Ahval|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=El Sisi: Egypt prepared for military intervention in Libya|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/el-sisi-egypt-prepared-for-military-intervention-in-libya-1.1036439|access-date=2020-06-22|website=The National|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=AGENCIES|first=DAILY SABAH WITH|date=2020-06-21|title=Egypt's threat of military intervention 'a declaration of war,' Libyan government says|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/egypts-threat-of-military-intervention-a-declaration-of-war-libyan-government-says/news|access-date=2020-06-22|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref>

'''27 June'''

The GNA calls for the United States and the European Union to impose sanctions on individuals and "[[mercenaries]]" such as the [[Wagner Group]], after its [[National Oil Corporation]] stated that [[Russia]]n mercenaries and other foreign actors had forced their way into the [[Sharara oilfield]]. <ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/libya-calls-eu-sanctions-russian-mercenaries-backers-200627112137004.html Libya calls for US, EU sanctions on Russian mercenaries, backers]. 27 June 2020. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</ref>

=== July ===

'''5 July'''

Airstrikes were carried out by the LNA on the GNA-controlled Al-Watiya airbase by an "unknown aircraft."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2020-07-05|title=Jets hit Libya's al-Watiya airbase where Turkey may build base, sources say|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN24608H|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=Jets bomb Libya's GNA-controlled Watiya airbase where Turkey may build base: Sources|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2020/07/05/Jets-bomb-Libya-s-GNA-controlled-Watiya-airbase-where-Turkey-may-build-base-Sources.html|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Sources: Jets Hit Libya's al-Watiya Airbase Where Turkey May Build Base {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/sources-jets-hit-libyas-al-watiya-airbase-where-turkey-may-build-base|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Turkey sent thousands of Syrian mercenaries to support the GNA, with whom it has signed a maritime deal that would give the country rights over huge amounts of the eastern Mediterranean. This deal was rejected by Turkey’s neighbors.<ref name=":7" /> Turkish involvement in Libya angered France and Greece and French Defense Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian warned of new sanctions on Ankara.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

The GNA and LNA mobilized forces at the new frontlines between the cities of Misrata and Sirte. Egypt warned that any Turkish-backed effort to take Sirte could lead its army to directly intervene.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

'''14 July'''

The Libyan National Army has accused Turkey of using drones to bomb irrigation pipes in Sirte ,compromising large ares of the farmlands there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الجيش الوطني الليبي: طائرات مسيرة تركية تقصف أنابيب ري في سرت - بوابة الشروق|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=14072020&id=ecc40d5b-1114-4064-8977-74409b09faa6|access-date=2020-07-17|website=www.shorouknews.com|language=ar-eg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=الجيش الليبي: مسيرات تركية قصفت أنابيب للري في سرت|url=https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_publicaffairs/details/2020/7/14/1831781/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AA|access-date=2020-07-17|website=مصراوي.كوم}}</ref>

'''15 July'''

The United States accused the [[Wagner Group]] of laying landmines in and around Tripoli since mid-June and imposed sanctions over its alleged cooperation with Sudan's ousted dictator [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>[https://africatimes.com/2020/07/15/u-s-says-russian-wagner-group-is-sabotaging-libyan-peace-process/ U.S. says Russian Wagner Group is sabotaging Libyan peace process]. 15 July 2020. ''Africa Times''. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</ref>

''Al Jazeera'' reported that shop owners in Libya were refusing to accept cash which the GNC said the money is counterfeit. The source of the cash was from the more than a billion dollars-worth of new banknotes that were seized in two shipping containers a couple of months prior in [[Malta]], en routing from the printing works in Moscow to Haftar’s forces in eastern Libya.<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200715-billions-in-fake-libya-currency-printed-in-russia-to-support-haftar/ Billions in fake Libya currency 'printed in Russia' to support Haftar]. 15 July 2020. ''Middle East Monitor''. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</ref>

== Peace efforts ==
During the first half of 2015, the United Nations facilitated a series of different negotiating tracks seeking to bring together the rival governments of Libya and warring militias tearing Libya apart.<ref name=aa09062015/> The U.N. representative to Libya reconvened delegations from Libya's rival governments on 8 June 2015 to present the latest draft proposal for a unity government for the war-torn country.<ref name=aa09062015/> After a warning one week earlier that the country had been running out of money and had risked ceasing to be a functional state, Bernardino Leon urged the Libyans to approve the fourth version of the draft proposal in a ceremony in Morocco.<ref name=aa09062015>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/06/09/Libyan-rivals-mull-peace-proposal-for-unity.html|title=Libya's parliament rejects U.N. peace proposal|website=english.alarabiya.net|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref> On 8 October 2015, Bernardino Leon held a press conference in which the names of several potential members of a unified government were announced.<ref name="UN proposes Libya unity government"/>

A meeting between the rival governments was held at [[Auberge de Castille]] in [[Valletta]], [[Malta]] on 16 December 2015. The meeting was delayed for a few days after the representatives from the Tobruk government initially failed to show up.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grech|first1=Herman|title=Top level Libya rivals meeting in Malta cancelled at last minute|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20151212/local/top-level-libya-rivals-meeting-in-malta-cancelled-at-last-minute.595448|accessdate=12 December 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=12 December 2015}}</ref> The leader of the Tripoli government, [[Nouri Abusahmain]], announced that they "will not accept foreign intervention against the will of the Libyan people," while the leader of the Tobruk government [[Aguila Saleh Issa]] called on the international community to "allow [them] time to form an effective unity government." Representatives from both governments also met officials from the [[United Nations]], [[Italy]], the [[United States]] and [[Russia]] in a conference in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Heads of rival Libyan parliaments meet in Malta, seek more time for unity government|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20151215/local/fresh-attempt-for-rival-libyan-governments-to-meet-in-malta.595842|accessdate=16 December 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=15 December 2015}}</ref>

On 17 December 2015, delegates from both rival governments signed a peace deal backed by the UN in [[Skhirat]], [[Morocco]], although there was opposition to this within both factions.<ref name="peacedeal">{{cite news|title=Rival Libyan factions sign UN-backed peace deal|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/libya-rival-parliaments-sign-backed-deal-151217131709056.html|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=Al Jazeera|date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Times of Malta">{{cite news|title=Libya's rival factions sign UN peace deal, despite resistance|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20151217/world/libyan-factions-meet-to-sign-un-peace-deal.596042|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=17 December 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of National Accord]] was formed as a result of this agreement, and its first meeting took place in [[Tunis]] on 2 January 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zaptia|first1=Sami|title=Serraj holds GNA meeting in Tunis|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/02/serraj-holds-first-gna-meeting-in-tunis/|work=[[Libya Herald]]|date=2 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127134658/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/01/02/serraj-holds-first-gna-meeting-in-tunis/#axzz42j6KNXfU|archivedate=27 January 2016}}</ref>

On 17 December 2017, general [[Khalifa Haftar]] declared the "so-called" Shkirat agreement void.<ref name=alj2112/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Libyan Civil War}}
{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}
{{Portalbar|Libya|War|Current events}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Libyan Civil War (2014-present)}}
[[Category:Libyan Civil War (2014–present)]]
[[Category:Lists of armed conflicts in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Libya-related lists]]

El Sharq

2020-04-13T05:14:48Z

Simsman333:

{{Infobox television channel|name=El Sharq TV قناة الشرق|logofile=|logosize=|logocaption=|logoalt=|logo2=|launch=2014|closed date=|picture format=|share=|share as of=|share source=|network=|owner=[[Ayman Nour]]|parent=|slogan=|motto=|country=[[Egypt]]|language=[[Arabic]]|broadcast area=|affiliates=|headquarters=[[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]|former names=|replaced names=|replaced by names=|sister names=|timeshift names=|web={{URL|http://elsharq.tv/}}}}

'''El Sharq TV''' (Arabic:قناة الشرق) is an Egyptian opposition TV channel owned by [[Ayman Nour]]. It's based in Istanbul. It's known for its staunch support of [[Muslim Brotherhood|the Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamic terrorism|terrorist]] organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-10-02/after-khashogghi-istanbuls-exiled-journalists-say-you-can-t-feel-safe-anywhere|title=After Khashoggi, exiled journalists say ‘you can’t feel safe, anywhere you go’|website=Public Radio International|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/03/29/egypt-s-political-exiles-going-anywhere-but-home-pub-78728|title=Egypt’s Political Exiles: Going Anywhere but Home|last=Hamzawy|first=Michele Dunne, Amr|last2=Hamzawy|first2=Michele Dunne, Amr|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181016-istanbul-thrives-arab-media-hub-despite-khashoggi-anxiety|title=Istanbul thrives as Arab media hub despite Khashoggi anxiety|date=2018-10-16|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|www.elsharq.tv}}
* [https://youtube.com/channel/UCxx-W7y5qIoFKHp7W-Efhcw Youtube Channel]

[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television in Egypt]]
[[Category:Television stations in Egypt]]

{{tv-station-stub}}

Khairat el-Shater

2020-03-22T17:34:20Z

Simsman333: Correcting misinformation and political bias.

{{use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|birth_name = Mohammed Khairat Saad el-Shater
|native_name = محمد خيرت الشاطر
|honorific-suffix =
|image = Khairat Alshater.jpg
|imagesize =
|alt =
|caption = Khairat el-Shater in 2004
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|05|04|df=y}}
|birth_place = Kafr Al-Teraa Al-Qadimah, [[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]], [[Egypt]]
|birthname =
|citizenship =
|nationality =
|party = [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]
|otherparty = [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]]
|spouse =
|partner = 
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater = [[Alexandria University]] [[Mansoura University]]
|occupation =
|profession = [[Engineer]]
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
|religion = [[Islam]]
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website = [https://swap.stanford.edu/20120228090422/http%3A//www.khairatshater.com/index/ www.khairatshater.com]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Mohammed Khairat Saad el-Shater'''<ref>[http://www.ihrc.org.uk/file/PF070515KhairatAlShaterFinal.pdf Prisoners of Faith Campaign Pack: Muslim Brotherhood - Khairat Al-Shater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704041845/http://www.ihrc.org.uk/file/PF070515KhairatAlShaterFinal.pdf |date=4 July 2013 }}, Islamic Human Rights Commission, May 2007, retrieved on 2 April 2012</ref> ({{lang-ar|محمد خيرت سعد الشاطر}}, {{IPA-arz|mæˈħæmmæd ˈxæjɾæt ˈsæʕd eʃˈʃɑːtˤeɾ|IPA}}; born 4 May 1950) is an [[Egypt]]ian engineer, businessman and [[Islamism|Islamist]] political activist. A leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]], as the Deputy Supreme Guide,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75815/Egypt/Politics-/Muslim-Brotherhoods-secondman-ElShater-arrested-Se.aspx|title=Muslim Brotherhood's second-man El-Shater arrested: Security official|last=Gamaledine|first=El-Sayed|date=6 July 2013|work=Ahram Online|accessdate=7 January 2014}}</ref> el-Shater was the initial candidate of the movement's [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] during the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election]] before being disqualified by the election commission. Previously, he was the deputy chairman of the Brotherhood.

==Life and career==
Born in Kafr Al-Teraa Al-Qadimah, [[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]], el-Shater joined the youth wing of the ruling [[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)|Arab Socialist Union]] party at age 16, during the presidency of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. He studied engineering at the [[Alexandria University]]. There he participated in the February 1968 student protests against the government. After serving in the military for two years, el-Shater studied for a master's degree and worked as a lecturer at the [[Mansoura University]]. After the then president [[Anwar Sadat]]'s assassination in 1981, el-Shater was exiled as an Islamist dissident, and left for [[England]]. After returning in the mid-1980s, he became an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1995, he became head of the Brotherhood's [[Greater Cairo]] branch.<ref name="Howeidy">{{Citation|first=Amira|last=Howeidy|title=Meet the Brotherhood’s enforcer: Khairat El-Shater |newspaper=Ahram Online|date=29 March 2012|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/37993/Egypt/Politics-/Meet-the-Brotherhood%E2%80%99s-enforcer-Khairat-ElShater.aspx}}</ref>

El-Shater led a successful furniture and textile business with branches in Cairo's luxurious shopping malls, which earned him a fortune of several millions.<ref name="Howeidy"/><ref name="Abulmagd">{{Citation|first=Zeinab|last=Abul-Magd |title=The Brotherhood's businessmen|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=13 February 2012 |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/654581|accessdate=15 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Asher">{{Citation|first=Avi |last=Asher-Schapiro|title=The GOP Brotherhood of Egypt|newspaper=Salon|date=26 January 2012 |url=http://www.salon.com/2012/01/26/the_gop_brotherhood_of_egypt/|accessdate=15 February 2012}}</ref> He is considered a main financier<ref name="Abulmagd"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Rached Ghannouchi, Khairat El Shater|work=The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers|publisher=Foreign Policy|date=December 2011 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,3#thinker4|accessdate=15 February 2012}}</ref> and chief strategist of the Brotherhood.<ref name="WP">{{Citation|title=Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood fields deputy leader as presidential candidate|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=31 March 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-fields-deputy-leader-as-presidential-candidate/2012/03/31/gIQATAHanS_story.html}}</ref> Under the Mubarak regime, he was imprisoned from 2007 until his release by the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] in March 2011.<ref>{{Citation|title=Egypt: IHRC welcomes release of Khairat Al-Shater|newspaper=Bikya Masr|date=2 March 2011|url=http://bikyamasr.com/29231/egypt-ihrc-welcomes-release-of-khairat-al-shater/|accessdate=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502011247/http://bikyamasr.com/29231/egypt-ihrc-welcomes-release-of-khairat-al-shater/|archive-date=2 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the victory of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] (parliamentary wing of the Muslim Brotherhood) in the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–12|2011/12 parliamentary election]], el-Shater was tipped as a likely candidate for [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] of a coalition government.<ref>{{Citation|title=Muslim Brotherhood picks members of proposed coalition govt|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=13 February 2012|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/654376|accessdate=15 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Zvi|last=Bar'el|title=The Muslim Brotherhood prepares for Egypt's new government|newspaper=Haaretz|date=14 February 2012|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/the-muslim-brotherhood-prepares-for-egypt-s-new-government-1.412881|accessdate=16 February 2012}}</ref> The Middle East researcher Avi Asher-Schapiro considers el-Shater to be a strong advocate of privatization and free market.<ref name="Abulmagd"/><ref name="Asher"/>

Even though he is the nominal number two in the Brotherhood's hierarchy, some consider him its actual leader. In the eyes of many analysts and activists, he is one of the main reasons behind the anti-revolutionary style of politics the MB followed since the fall of Mubarak. He is also claimed to be responsible for the expulsion of the dissident Brotherhood member [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]] and his supporters.<ref name="Howeidy"/>

==Presidential candidacy==
On 31 March 2012 the Freedom and Justice Party named him their candidate for the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|presidential election in May]].<ref name="WP"/><ref>{{Citation|first=David D.|last=Kirkpatrick|title=More Confident Brotherhood Names Candidate in Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 March 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/middleeast/brotherhood-chooses-a-candidate-in-egypt.html}}</ref> El-Shater formally resigned from the Brotherhood in order to run for president and to avoid violating the Brotherhood's pledge not to field a candidate. The announcement of Shater's presidential candidacy was a historical first for the 83-year-old group, which originally pledged that none of their members would run for president to calm secular and western governments' fears of a complete Islamist takeover by the group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/744031|title=Update: Muslim Brotherhood endorses Khairat al-Shater as presidential candidate|publisher=Egypt Independent|accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref> Earlier in 2012, Khairat El-Shater had denied any intentions for entering the presidential race on [[Al Jazeera]], after Ahmed Mansour, host of the show ''Without Limits'' (''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|bilā ḥudūd}}'' {{lang|ar|بلا حدود}}), had subtly questioned the sequence of events which later took place on 31 March 2012. The Egyptian [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] barred El-Shater from the presidential race on 14 April 2012, stating that he was only released from prison in March 2011, in violation of election rules stating that a candidate has to be released from prison for 6 years before he can become a candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhvouWONOiY|title=لقاء خيرت الشاطر في برنامج بلا حدود|publisher=YouTube|date=8 February 2012|accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref>

==Arrest==
El-Shater was arrested on 5 July 2013, following the [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|30 June Revolution]] which unseated the Brotherhood-led government and President [[Mohamed Morsi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood's second-man El-Shater arrested: Security official|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75815/Egypt/Politics-/Muslim-Brotherhoods-secondman-ElShater-arrested-Se.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|accessdate=5 July 2013|date=5 July 2013}}</ref> On 14 July 2013 Egypt's prosecutor general [[Hisham Barakat]] ordered his assets to be frozen.<ref name="egypindep">{{Cite news|title=Asset freeze for Islamist leaders goes into action|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/asset-freeze-islamist-leaders-goes-action|work=Egypt Independent|date=15 July 2013|accessdate=15 July 2013}}</ref> On 29 October 2013, a three-judge panel at Cairo Criminal Court stepped down from the proceedings, citing "uneasiness" over the trial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/29/judges-in-egyptianbrotherhoodtrialquit.html|title=Judges in Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood trial quit|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> On 11 December 2013, a second panel of judges withdrew from the trial.<ref>http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/88855/Egypt/Politics-/Second-judging-panel-withdraws-from-Brotherhood-tr.aspx</ref> On 28 February 2015, he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/139398/news/breaking-mohamed-badie-khairat-el-shater-sentenced-to-life|title=Update: Mohamed Badie, Khairat el-Shater sentenced to life|date=2015-02-28|work=Cairo Post|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 May 2015, another court issued a preliminary death sentence against him in a separate case. Both verdicts can be appealed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/130369/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-court-issues-preliminary-death-sentence-to-M.aspx|title=Egypt court issues preliminary death sentence to Morsi in 'jailbreak case' - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online|website=english.ahram.org.eg|language=en|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

{{Egyptian presidential elections 2012|state=autocollapse}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shater, Khairat-El}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University alumni]]
[[Category:Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:Egyptian engineers]]
[[Category:Egyptian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Mansoura University alumni]]
[[Category:Mansoura University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Dakahlia Governorate]]

2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election

2020-03-22T17:19:02Z

Simsman333: Better image as it shows Halaib and Shalatein (Halaib triangle) within the Egyptian borders (which the previous image doesn't). People in Halaib and Shalatein participated in the election.

{{for|the upper house election|Egyptian Shura Council election, 2012}}
{{Infobox election
|election_name = Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012
|country = Egypt
|type = parliamentary
|ongoing = no
|previous_election = 2010 Egyptian parliamentary election
|previous_year = 2010
|next_election = 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election
|next_year = 2015
|seats_for_election = 498 of 508 seats to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt]] (10 seats appointed).
|majority_seats = 255
|election_date = 28 November 2011 – 11 January 2012
|image1 = [[File:Mohamed Morsi-05-2013.jpg|150x150px]]
|leader1 = [[Mohamed Morsi]]
|alliance1 = Democratic Alliance for Egypt
|party1 = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
|leaders_seat1 =
|seats1 = '''235 (incl. 22 allies)'''
|popular_vote1 = '''10,138,134'''
|percentage1 = '''37.5 %'''
|image2 =
|leader2 = [[Emad Abdel Ghaffour]]
|party2 = Al-Nour Party
|alliance2 = Islamist Bloc
|leaders_seat2 =
|seats2 = 123 (incl. 16 allies)
|popular_vote2 =7,534,266
|percentage2 = 27.8 %
|image4 = [[File:El-Sayyid el-Badawi.jpg|150x150px]]
|leader4 = [[El-Sayyid el-Badawi]]
|party4 = New Wafd Party
|seats4 = 38
|popular_vote4 = 2,480,391
|percentage4 = 9.2%
|image5 = [[File:AhmedHSaid.jpg|150x150px]]
|leader5 = [[Ahmed Hassan Said]]
|party5 = Egyptian Bloc
|seats5 = 35
|popular_vote5 = 2,402,238
|percentage5 = 8.9%
| map_image = 2012 Egyptian People's Assembly election results.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Composition of the People's Assembly of Egypt
|title = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Egypt|Speaker]]
|before_election = ''vacant''
|after_election = [[Saad El-Katatny]]
|before_party =
|after_party = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
}}
{{Politics of Egypt}}

A '''parliamentary election''' to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt]] was held from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1629149.php/Egypt-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-September |title=Egypt to hold parliamentary elections in September |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=28 March 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908051921/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1629149.php/Egypt-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-September |archivedate=8 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> following the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|revolution]] that ousted President [[Hosni Mubarak]], after which the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) dissolved the [[parliament of Egypt]]. However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally, the elections had been scheduled to be held in September 2011, but was postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-13/egypt-postpones-elections-purges-police-following-protests.html Egypt Postpones Elections, Purges Police Following Protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115716/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-13/egypt-postpones-elections-purges-police-following-protests.html |date=26 August 2014 }} Bloomberg, 13 July 2011</ref>

The elections was proclaimed the first honest national elections of any sort held in Egypt since the overthrow of the [[monarchy]] in 1952. However, there were complaints of irregularities and fraud.<ref>{{cite web|title=Don't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt|url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10548/egypt-electoral-fraud|work=Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum|author=[[Daniel Pipes]] and [[Cynthia Farahat]]|date=Jan 24, 2012|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828192938/http://www.danielpipes.org/10548/egypt-electoral-fraud|archive-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The main focus of the new elected parliament was to be the selection of the members of the [[Constituent Assembly of Egypt]].

==Background==
{{further|Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}
In late 2010, a [[2010 Egyptian parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] was held, though it was followed by controversy and repression as well as accusations of [[fraud]].<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/7425408.html ]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>

Following similar events in [[2010–2011 Tunisian revolution|Tunisia]] during the [[Arab Spring]], Egyptian activists called for protesters to turn up in cities around Egypt on specific days. Though violence was reported at some points, protests were largely peaceful with the [[Egyptian Armed Forces|army]] staying quiet until 10 February 2011, when calls for [[Hosni Mubarak]] to resign were at their peak. The following day, Vice President [[Omar Suleiman]] announced Mubarak's resignation from the presidency while turning power over to the military. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by Field Marshal [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]], would lead the country for a transitional period until a civilian government took over.

A [[2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] was then approved on 19 March that would ease the process of electing a president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Referendum Website|url=http://referendum.eg/|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215034307/http://referendum.eg/|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==New electoral law==
The election was conducted under a [[parallel voting]] system.<ref name="ahwatalk.com">{{cite web |url=http://ahwatalk.com/2011/06/24/the-implications-of-egypt%E2%80%99s-proposed-electoral-system-long/ |title=The Implications of Egypt’s Proposed Electoral System (Long) « Ahwa Talk |publisher=Ahwatalk.com |access-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120111507/http://ahwatalk.com/2011/06/24/the-implications-of-egypt%E2%80%99s-proposed-electoral-system-long/ |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Two-thirds of seats were elected by [[party-list]] [[proportional representation]]. The remaining one-third were elected under a form of [[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]] in two-seat constituencies.<ref name="ahwatalk.com"/>

===Choosing the system===

Prior to the elections there were concerns that a change to the electoral system would be required, as the pre-existing system would have favoured the [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=42817 |title=Egypt’s Draft Constitutional Amendments Answer Some Questions and Raise Others – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |publisher=Carnegieendowment.org |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325004736/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=42817 |archive-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the party of Mubarak loyalists. The National Democratic Party was dissolved in April, however.

The proposed draft law for the electoral system to be used was revealed on 30 May 2011; controversially, it retained [[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]] for two-thirds of the seats, with only one third of the seats elected by [[proportional representation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/13291/Egypt/Politics-/Draft-law-draw-introducing-mixed-electoral-system-.aspx |title=Draft law introducing mixed electoral system triggers intense debate – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=30 May 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206053934/http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/13291/Egypt/Politics-/Draft-law-draw-introducing-mixed-electoral-system-.aspx |archive-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (However, later it was changed as to two-thirds, 332 of MPs to be elected proportionally from lists).

On 7 July 2011, the caretaker government approved the new electoral law. It outlined a new 50–50 division between proportional seats and constituency seats; the minimum age limit for candidates is also to be reduced from 30 to 25.<ref>{{cite web |author=F_474 |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7432343.html |title=Egypt's caretaker government passes draft law on parliamentary vote – People's Daily Online |work=People's Daily |date=7 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709235419/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7432343.html |archive-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 21 July 2011, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] announced:<ref>{{cite web|author=F_161 |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/7447621.html |title=Egypt to hold parliamentary elections in three rounds – People's Daily Online |work=People's Daily |date=21 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>
* that the election (for both the People's Assembly and the Shura Council) would be held in three rounds in October, with 15-day intervals in-between;
* that half the seats would be reserved for laborers and farmers;
* that the women's quota introduced under Mubarak would be abolished.

In late September 2011, again new division was announced, in which only one third of the seats would be elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78N09Q20110924?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel= | agency=Reuters | title=Egypt changes election system in favour of party lists | date=24 September 2011 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010125235/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78N09Q20110924?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel= | archive-date=10 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, constituency MPs could only be independents and not members of political parties; this restriction led to threats of boycotting the election by a wide swath of the political parties which intended to contest the election. The parties stated that their demands for a change in the electoral law would have to be met by 2 October, else they would boycott the election.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15101798 | work=BBC News | title=Egypt parties threaten boycott over election law | date=29 September 2011 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025033305/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15101798 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011928234830274426.html |title=Egypt political parties threaten poll boycott – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101230956/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011928234830274426.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After a meeting with political party leaders on 1 October 2011, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] agreed to allow party members to run for the directly elected seats, set a clearer timetable for the transition to civilian rule and possibly abolish military trials for civilians.<ref>{{cite web |author=AFP 1 October 2011 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/10/01/egypt-military-rulers-agree-to-amend-election-law.html |title=Egypt military rulers ‘agree to amend election law’ | World |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=1 October 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226180015/http://www.dawn.com/2011/10/01/egypt-military-rulers-agree-to-amend-election-law.html |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Oct-02/150251-egypt-parties-to-review-army-vote-concessions.ashx#axzz1ZYYSPfn1 |title=News :: Middle East :: Egypt parties to review army vote concessions |work=The Daily Star |date=2 October 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226131641/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Oct-02/150251-egypt-parties-to-review-army-vote-concessions.ashx#axzz1ZYYSPfn1 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 11 November 2011, an administrative court in Mansoura ruled that former NDP members were not allowed to stand in the election as independent candidates. It was not immediately known whether this ruling would eventually apply to the whole country.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203537304577032302540211524?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Matt | last=Bradley | title=Court in Egypt Bars Ousted Officials From Polls | date=12 November 2011 | access-date=3 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010131849/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203537304577032302540211524?mod=googlenews_wsj | archive-date=10 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 14 November 2011, the [[Higher Administrative Court]] in Cairo overruled the decision and allowed the former NDP members to stand.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15727106 | work=BBC News | title=Egypt lifts election ban on Mubarak-era party members | date=14 November 2011 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025063039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15727106 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Voting process===
The election to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt|People's Assembly]] took place on the following dates:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/22697/Egypt/Politics-/SCAF-finally-reveals-parliamentary-elections-dates.aspx |title=SCAF finally reveals parliamentary elections dates and roadmap – Elections 2011 – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227120919/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/22697/Egypt/Politics-/SCAF-finally-reveals-parliamentary-elections-dates.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* first stage: 28–29 November,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/27635.aspx |title=Breaking: Egypt voting extended to two days instead of one – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227121000/http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/27635.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> run-off on 5–6 December;
* second stage: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December;
* third stage: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January.

There are a total 508 seats in the Lower house: 498 seats are elected, and 10 seats appointed, in this case, by the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|Military Council]],<ref name="Reuters-elections">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-egypt-election-system-idUSTRE7AR0VE20111128 | agency=Reuters | title=Q+A: How does Egypt's parliamentary election system work? | date=28 November 2011 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130233719/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-egypt-election-system-idUSTRE7AR0VE20111128 | archive-date=30 November 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and usually by the President.

Under the [[parallel voting]] system used, out of 498 total seats, two-thirds, meaning 332, were elected by means of [[party list]] [[proportional representation]]. For these seats the public voted for parties or coalition-lists and the result was determined by the [[largest remainder method]] with a 0.5 percent threshold, in 46 districts.<ref name=officialElectionLaw>{{cite web|title=Consensus After Conflict: Electoral System Choice in Revolutionary Egypt|url=https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2296222.pdf|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019004556/http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2296222.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The remaining 166 seats were elected by [[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]] in two-seat constituencies, with the possibility of a [[Two-round system|run off]].<ref name="ahwatalk.com"/> In the election voters each cast two votes, which could not be for the same individual. These seats were open to candidates running as individuals, who might not be affiliated to political parties, numbering two per each of the 83 districts. Out of these, the new parliament must have at least half "laborers" or "farmers", while the "professionals" should constitute at most half of the parliament. If the winner of one of the two seats that are allocated to a certain district, is a "professional", the second seat in the district shall be handed to a "laborer" or a "farmer". Run-offs are assigned to the individual candidates who did not receive over 50% of the votes in the first round.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/> For a detailed explanation, see.<ref name=HowAreSeatWinnersDetermined>{{cite web |url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3361/how-are-seat-winners-determined-in-the-egyptian-el |title=How are seat winners determined in the Egyptian elections? – Jadaliyya |publisher=Jadaliyya.com |accessdate=5 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204174432/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3361/how-are-seat-winners-determined-in-the-egyptian-el |archive-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Additional requirements for parties include listing at least one woman and adopting a specific visual symbol, as an alternative detection to help the illiterate voters.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/> The same voting procedures shall apply to the upper house's election, too.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/>

The [[2012 Egyptian Shura Council election|election for the upper house]], the Shura Council ("the Consultative Council") are to follow on 29 January 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093442368 |title=Egypt- Committee submits election dates to military for approval |publisher=Menafn.com |date=18 September 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320041843/http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093442368 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and will take place in 3 stages as well between 29 January and 22 February.<ref>{{cite web |author=Source: reuters // Reuters |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-egypts-parliamentary-election-timetable |title=FACTBOX-Egypt's parliamentary election timetable – AlertNet |publisher=Trust.org |date=20 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226195003/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-egypts-parliamentary-election-timetable |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (process was sped due to ongoing protests).<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/north/Egypt-Begins-Final-Round-of-Lower-House-Vote-136585713.html Egypt Begins Final Round of Lower House Vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104134757/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/north/Egypt-Begins-Final-Round-of-Lower-House-Vote-136585713.html |date=4 January 2012 }}, Voice of America, 3 January 2012</ref> Out of a total 270 seats in the Upper House: 180 seats are up for grabs and 90 seats shall be appointed after the presidential election, by the president-elect.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/> Following these elections, the parliament shall select a committee that will draft a new constitution for Egypt. The new constitution shall than be submitted to a referendum. Only then will [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|presidential election]] be held, "no later than 30 June 2012" according to [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi|Hussein Tantawi]]'s statement.
[[File:2011-2012 Egyptian Parliamentary Election Phases.png|alt=|thumb|2011–2012 election stages: 
{{legend2|#fff6d5|First: 28–29 November, run-off on 5–6 December}} {{legend2|#b7c8b7|Second: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December}} {{legend2|#ff8080|Third: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January}}]]
[[File:2011-2012 Egyptian Parliamentary Elections Governorates Distribution.png|alt=|thumb|Number of seats in the People's Assembly per governorate]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Governorate
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | PR 
(parties / coalition-lists)
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | FPTP 
(Individuals)
! rowspan="2" | Total Seats
|-
! # of Districts
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | # of Seats
! # of Districts
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | # of Seats
|-
| '''[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| 54
|-
| '''[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 24
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
|-
| '''[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
|-
| '''[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Giza Governorate|Giza]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el-Sheikh]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Minya Governorate|Minya]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Qena Governorate|Qena]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Suez Governorate|Suez]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
! Total
! 46
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;"| 332
! 83
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;"| 166
! 498
|}

==Parties==
The [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] announced on 15 February it would form the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] to run in the election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4028941,00.html |title=Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood plans political party – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216060755/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4028941,00.html |archive-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Together with 27 other parties representing diverse political families, the Freedom and Justice Party formed the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]]. After several defections and entries, the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]-dominated coalition settled on 11 parties.<ref name=DemocraticAlliance>{{cite web|title=Democratic Alliance for Egypt|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3160/democratic-alliance-for-egypt|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208100828/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3160/democratic-alliance-for-egypt|archive-date=8 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]] fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]] joint candidates ran under the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]] label.

As a reaction to this centre-right alliance, the different liberal democratic and centrist parties intensified cooperation. Five parties drafted a joint statement criticising the current electoral law and proposing a new one.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/14212/Egypt/Politics-/Democratic-Egyptian-political-parties-to-issue-a-j.aspx |title=Democratic Egyptian political parties to issue a joint statement on new electoral law |newspaper=[[Al-Ahram]] Online |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227124439/http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/14212/Egypt/Politics-/Democratic-Egyptian-political-parties-to-issue-a-j.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 16 August 15 political and social movements, some of which defected from the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]], announced the [[Egyptian Bloc]] electoral alliance. It consisted of liberal, secularist, and centre-left political parties, as well as social organizations and labour unions, and also the traditional Islamic Sufi Liberation Party. Its main objective was to prevent an imminent electoral victory of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]], and the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]. After suffering many defections, the remaining [[Egyptian Bloc]] parties were: the [[Free Egyptians Party]], the [[Egyptian Social Democratic Party]] and the [[National Progressive Unionist Party]] (Tagammu).<ref name=EgyptianBloc>{{cite web|title=Egyptian Bloc|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3161/egyptian-bloc|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208100805/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3161/egyptian-bloc|archive-date=8 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] and other parties defected from the [[Egyptian Bloc]] after it allowed Mubarak figures in its ranks; the Socialist Popular Alliance Party formed [[The Revolution Continues Alliance]].<ref name=SocialistPopularAlliance>{{cite web|title=Socialist Popular Alliance Party|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3159/socialist-popular-alliance-party|publisher=jadaliyya.com|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150757/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3159/socialist-popular-alliance-party|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The liberal [[New Wafd Party]] announced on 13 June 2011 that it would contest the election in an alliance with the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-forms-coalition-with-liberal-party/2011/06/13/AGQI7OTH_story.html |title=Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood forms coalition |work=The Washington Post |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |first=Leila |last=Fadel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820071358/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-forms-coalition-with-liberal-party/2011/06/13/AGQI7OTH_story.html |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]] later decided to abandon its alliance with the Islamists over discrepancies concerning the prospective constitution, and considered joining the new [[Egyptian Bloc]] liberal coalition instead.<ref name="Arabiya">{{Citation |first=Yasmine |last=Saleh |title=Egypt liberals launch ‘The Egyptian Bloc’ to counter Islamists in Nov vote |newspaper=Al Arabiya News |date=16 August 2011 |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/16/162562.html |accessdate=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227113023/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/16/162562.html |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The New Wafd ended up running its own independent lists.

The [[Salafi]] [[Al-Nour Party]] withdrew from the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]] coalition due to disagreements with the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] over its share in the coalition’s joint candidate lists.<ref name=AlNourParty>{{cite web|title=Al-Nour Party|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150750/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 12 August, three Islamic [[Salafi]] parties ([[Al-Nour Party|Nour]], and two unregistered groups that later became the [[Authenticity Party]] and the Building and Development Party) announced that they would run a united candidate list.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/485598 |first=Hany |last=ElWaziry |title=Salafi political parties to run united in parliamentary elections |newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm |date=12 August 2011 |accessdate=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092711/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/485598 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Their common list is officially called the "Alliance for Egypt", and is unofficially referred to as the "[[Islamist Bloc]]".<ref name=IslamistBloc>{{cite web|title=Islamist Bloc (Alliance for Egypt)|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3172/islamist-bloc-%28alliance-for-egypt%29|publisher=Jadaliyya.com|accessdate=7 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207100127/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3172/islamist-bloc-(alliance-for-egypt)|archive-date=7 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Al-Nour Party]] fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Alliance for Egypt joint candidates are running under the [[Al-Nour Party]] label.

The [[Al-Wasat Party]], a moderate Islamic offshoot of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]], was officially approved as a party on 19 February, fifteen years after its foundation. After withdrawing from the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]], it formed an electoral coalition with the [[Renaissance Party (Egypt)|Renaissance Party]] and the [[Pioneer Party]], both of which were founded by former members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref name=AlWasatParty>{{cite web|title=Al-Wasat Party|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3152/al-wasat-party|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150810/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3152/al-wasat-party|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Al-Wasat Party]] fielded the overwhelming majority of the coalition candidates, all of which ran under the [[Al-Wasat Party]] label.

Some analysts voiced concerns that former members of the ruling NDP might gain a lot of influence in the newly elected parliament. Among the parties identified to have had a strong base in former NDP members were:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/21542/Egypt/Return-of-the-NDP-Mubarakregime-diehards-retrench-.aspx |title=Return of the NDP: Mubarak-regime diehards retrench ahead of Egypt's elections – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=18 September 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227124547/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/21542/Egypt/Return-of-the-NDP-Mubarakregime-diehards-retrench-.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/22/national-democratic-party National Democratic Party] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124085503/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/22/national-democratic-party |date=24 November 2011 }}, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 24 November 2011.</ref>
* the [[Egyptian Citizen Party]], led by former NDP secretary-general [[Mohamed Ragab]] (other former NDP members include [[Hamdi El-Sayed]], [[Abdel Ahad Gamal El Din]] and [[Nabil Louka Bibawi]]);
* [[Egypt Revival Party]] (''Misr El-Nahda'')/[[Union Party (Egypt)]] (''Al-Etihad''), led by former NDP secretary-general [[Hossam Badrawi]]; the party was officially registered under the second name on 20 September 2011;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/21886/Egypt/Politics-/First-political-party-run-by-exregime-figure-recei.aspx |title=First political party run by ex-regime figure receives official approval – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=20 September 2011 |accessdate=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423143134/http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/21886/Egypt/Politics-/First-political-party-run-by-exregime-figure-recei.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* the [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom Party]] (''Horreya''), led by [[Mamdouh Ali Hassan]], son of Mohamed Mahmoud (a large number of former NDP MPs joined this party);
* the [[National Party of Egypt|Nationalist Egypt Party]], led by [[Anwar Sadat]]'s nephew, the late [[Talaat Sadat]]; last chairman of the NDP

==Monitors==
The [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] [[Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|announced]] that it would bar foreign monitors because of what it claimed was the preservation of Egyptian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011720222415556480.html |title=Egypt not to allow foreign poll monitors – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=21 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144615/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011720222415556480.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
However, it would welcome foreign "Observers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-28/egypt-election-2011-facts-and-figures-for-parliamentary-vote.html |title=Egypt allow foreign poll monitors – Middle East |work=Business Week |date=28 November 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128210426/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-28/egypt-election-2011-facts-and-figures-for-parliamentary-vote.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Groups such as NDI, The Carter Center, the International Republican Institute and South African, Turkish, Polish and Danish groups have taken part. Alongside 300 foreign civil society representatives there are 25,000 accredited monitors and a lot more concerned citizens who have pledged to alert the organizers regarding any abuses they encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=247317|title=Egypt poll monitors – Middle East|work=Jeruslaem Post|date=28 November 2011|accessdate=28 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128223555/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=247317|archive-date=28 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Additionally, many Egyptians have turned to citizen monitoring through social media such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, uploading cited violations or turnouts.

==Opinion polls==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Conducted/ Published
! rowspan=2 | Polling Organisation/ Client
! rowspan=2 | Sample size
! [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! [[Free Egyptians Party|FEP]]
! [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]]
! [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! [[Egyptian Social Democratic Party|ESDP]]
! [[Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution|Youth]]
! Ex-[[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]]
! rowspan=2 | other
! rowspan=2 | undecided
|-
| style="background:{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:orange; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:red; width:80px;"|
| style="background:gray; width:80px;"|
|-
|9–20 March 2011 ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]<ref>{{cite web |author=عادل الدرجلى وهانى الوزيرى |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=294799&IssueID=2117 |title=استطلاع رأى أمريكى: ٢٣% يؤيدون "الوفد" فى الانتخابات البرلمانية مقابل ١٢% لـ"الإخوان" و١٠% لـ"الوطنى" |publisher=Almasry-alyoum.com |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827102703/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=294799&IssueID=2117 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Charney Research |url=http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/egypt-poll-results-april2011.pdf |title=EGYPT NATIONAL SURVEY |publisher=International Peace Institute Poll |date=20 March 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002923/http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/egypt-poll-results-april2011.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|| 615 || 12% || 23% || – || – || – || – || – || – || 10% || 20% || 27%
|-
|June 2011 ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/ipi-egyptpoll-june2011.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232459/http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/ipi-egyptpoll-june2011.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|| 800 || 12% || 12% || 3% || 1% || 1% || 2% || – || – || 6% || 14% || 49%
|-
|June 2011 || Gallup<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Jun-06/Poll-finds-majority-of-Egyptians-oppose-Islamic-theocracy.ashx |title=Poll finds majority of Egyptians oppose Islamic theocracy|work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> || ? || 15% || 9% || ? || ? || ? || 5% || ? || ? || 10% || ? || >60%
|-
|7 July 2011 || Al Jazeera<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/aug/1/shut-up-egypt-is-muslim/ |title=EDITORIAL: Shut up, Egypt is Muslim |work=The Washington Times |date=1 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828132157/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/aug/1/shut-up-egypt-is-muslim/ |archive-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || ? || 46% || ? || 27% || ? || 5% || 6% || ? || ? || ? || ? || ?
|-
|26 July 2011 || Newsweek/ Daily Beast<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/26/egypt-political-poll-muslim-brotherhood-influence-troubles-for-west.html |title=Egypt Political Poll: Muslim Brotherhood Influence, Troubles For West |website=The Daily Beast |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909001734/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/26/egypt-political-poll-muslim-brotherhood-influence-troubles-for-west.html |archive-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || 1,008 || 17% || 11% || – || 7% || 5% || 1% || ? || – || 7% || 14% || ?
|-
|August 2011 || APSSC/ DEDI<ref>{{cite web |author=DIPDPhoto: UN Alliance of Civilizations |url=http://dipd.dk/2011/08/egypt-survey-favourable-to-amr-moussa/ |title=Survey favourable to Amr Moussa | DIPD |publisher=Dipd.dk |date=23 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001051246/http://dipd.dk/2011/08/egypt-survey-favourable-to-amr-moussa/ |archive-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://dipd.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Egypt-Survey-1-August-2011.pdf |title=National Voter Survey in Egypt |publisher=Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies (ACPSS) |date=22 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160955/http://dipd.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Egypt-Survey-1-August-2011.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || 2,400 || 31.5% || 14.8% || 6.0% || 7.5% || 2.6% || 1.6% || 5.2% || 17.2% || 0.4% || 13.2% || 57.1%
|-
|October 2011 || APSSC/ DEDI<ref name=DEDI2>{{cite web|last=Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI) |title=2nd National Voter Survey in Egypt |url=http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/Voter-poll-survey.pdf |publisher=dedi.org.eg |accessdate=13 October 2011 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || 2,400 || 39.0% || 20.0% || 6.8% || 6.0% || 4.7% || 1.0% || 0.6% || 2.0% || 2.8% || 17.0% || 38%
|-
|November 2011 || APSSC/ DEDI<ref name=DEDI3>{{cite web|last=Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI)|title=3rd National Voter Survey in Egypt|url=http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf|publisher=dedi.org.eg|accessdate=12 November 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801064745/http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf|archivedate=1 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || 2,400 || 35.7% || 26.2% || 8.9% || 3.9% || 5.2% || 2.1% || 2.0% || 0.4% || 5.2% || 10.9% || 51%
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|
|}

==Voter turnout==
About 50 million people were eligible to vote out of a population in excess of 85 million – with candidates from 50 registered political parties.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> The overall voter turnout was 54%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125122733/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|archive-date=25 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===First phase===
In the first phase of election, the voter turnout was 59%.<ref>{{cite web|title=AlJazeera Blog Post|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-dec-7-2011-2150|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209093356/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-dec-7-2011-2150|archive-date=9 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;First phase, 28–29 November
Large crowds turned out at the polling stations for the first stage of the polls. Such a turnout prompted the election committee to extend the hours of polling by two hours to end at 21:00.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15914277 |title=Egypt voter Turnouts – Middle East |publisher=BBC |date=28 November 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15914277 |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
A majority of the protesters in Tahrir square who had been at the sit-in{{Clarify|date=December 2011}} after deadly clashes a week earlier, left their sit-in to join the polls before returning to Tahrir Square, although some boycotted the election.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

Even before the government gave the official figures, the FJP's observers estimated a turnout of about 30 to 32 percent, for the first day, in the 9 governorates that voted in the first phase, while in Cairo, turnout was reported at about 27 percent. An "exceptionally high turnout" was also reported in the [[Asyut Governorate|governorate of Asyut]], especially among women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Millions vote in landmark Egypt elections |author=[[Al-Jazeera English]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112951358487462.html |date=27 November 2011 |accessdate=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129201643/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112951358487462.html |archive-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On the second day of the first round, independent monitors placed the turnout at over 50 percent, while a spokesman for the military said that it could exceed 70 percent, maybe even reaching 80 percent. Abroad, turnout was around 60–70 percent according to the Egyptian foreign minister,<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian elections mark break with the past |work=[[Al-Jazeera English]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112919319900697.html |date=30 November 2011 |accessdate=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130050146/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112919319900697.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and when reading the official results the head of the election committee stated that the overall turnout was 62%, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html |title=חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – ...שיעור ההצבעה במצרים: "הגבוה |publisher=Nrg.co.il |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104095453/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

;First phase run-offs, 5–6 December
The turnout was relatively low according to ''Al Jazeera'', one of the reasons was that the Egyptians were not given a day off as they were given on 28–29 November.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnTsG0d2KNA |title=Egyptians return to polls for run-off vote |publisher=YouTube |date=5 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221140950/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnTsG0d2KNA |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Second phase===
;Second phase, 14–15 December
Early reports on the voting turnout indicated a high turnout of long waiting lines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/200.html?hp=1&cat=669&loc=48 |title=חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – מצרים: החל השלב השני של הבחירות |publisher=Nrg.co.il |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729083206/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/200.html?hp=1&cat=669&loc=48 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> a repeat of the first PR phase voting day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 |title=Egypt holds second round of parliamentary election |publisher=BBC |date=14 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec11/egypt_12-14.html |title=In Egypt, Signs of Heavy Turnout as Second round of Voting Begins |publisher=PBS |date=14 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227010509/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec11/egypt_12-14.html |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The turnout for the first round was 65%.<ref name=officialresults2 />

;Second phase run-offs, 21–22 December
Turnout for the run-offs of the second phase was 43%.<ref name=officialresults2 />

===Third phase===
Voter turnout was 62%.<ref>{{cite news|last=السنوسى|first=محاسن|title="العليا للانتخابات": نسبة التصويت في المرحلة الثالثة 62%|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/589931|accessdate=26 January 2012|publisher=almasryalyoum.com|date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110225508/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/589931|archive-date=10 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Results==
Many individual candidates did not receive the required 50% vote during the first phase, and therefore faced a [[Two-round system|run-off]] on 5 December. Even before the official results for each party or coalition-list were released, it was thought, by various{{Which|date=December 2011}} international channels as well as leaks from people involved in the count, that the Freedom and Justice Party, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, was expected to receive around 40% of the vote and al-Nour would get between 15–30 percent. The Election Commission announced the participation of 62% of eligible voters, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh".<ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205024100/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html |date=5 December 2011 }}.</ref>

In the second phase of the election, many{{who|date=December 2011}} analysts predicted a similar result as that of the previous phase due to the more conservative, poor, and rural nature of the second phase electoral districts.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fam |first=Mariam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-14/egypt-s-islamists-fight-for-seats-during-second-round-of-vote.html |title=Egypt’s Islamist Parties Fight for Seats During Second round of Elections |publisher=Bloomberg |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226133215/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-14/egypt-s-islamists-fight-for-seats-during-second-round-of-vote.html |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> State television reported the initial result, with the FJP in the lead and al-Nour following in second place.<ref>{{cite web |author=AFP Cairo |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/world/africa/bloody-clashes-overshadow-egypt-election-409 |title=Bloody clashes overshadow Egypt election |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226230905/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/world/africa/bloody-clashes-overshadow-egypt-election-409 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=853659 |title=נענע10 – מצרים ממשיכה להקצין: 45% לאחים המוסלמים ו-30% לסלפים בסיבוב השני – חדשות |publisher=News.nana10.co.il |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605021510/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=853659 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Toward the third phase it was clear that it would be a continuation of the Islamist trend that emerged from the two previous phases.

After the third phase, on 21 January 2012, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] appointed the remaining 10 MPs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt: 10 MPs Appointed in Parliament|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201201230291.html|accessdate=5 February 2012|date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124161256/http://allafrica.com/stories/201201230291.html|archive-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Combined results===

Note that various media sources report slightly different numbers. This is due to the fact that many "independents" and appointed MPs are party members, or joined established parties. In addition, some smaller parties fielded candidates on the official lists of larger allied parties.

{|
|-
|{{Pie chart
|caption = Percentage of votes received by party
|other = no
|label1 = [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt|Democratic Alliance]]
|value1 = 37.5
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Islamist Bloc]]
|value2 = 27.8
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value3 = 9.2
|color3 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value4 = 8.9
|color4 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP Offshoots]]
|value5 = 6.4
|color5 = #999999
|label6 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value6 = 3.7
|color6 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label7 = [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|The Revolution Continues]]
|value7 = 2.8
|color7 ={{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}
|label8 = [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|value8 = 2.2
|color8 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label9 = [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice Party]]
|value9 = 0.7
|color9 = #FF9900
}}
|{{Pie chart
|caption = Total number of parliamentary seats <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/The-First/News/126247.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115174853/http://www.ahram.org.eg/The-First/News/126247.aspx |archivedate=15 January 2013 |title=النتائج النهائية لانتخابات مجلس الشعب القوائم: 127 مقعدا للحرية والعدالة و96 للنور و36 للوفد و33 للكتلة ..وفي الفردي108 للحرية والعدالة و27 للنور و2 للوفد و مقعد للكتلة |publisher=Ahram.org.eg }}</ref>
|other = no
|label1 = [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt|Democratic Alliance]]
|value1 = 44.9
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Islamist Bloc]]
|value2 = 25.0
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value3 = 7.5
|color3 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value4 = 6.7
|color4 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value5 = 2.0
|color5 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label6 = [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|value6 = 1.8
|color6 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label7 = [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|The Revolution Continues]]
|value7 = 1.6
|color7 ={{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}
|label8 = [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP Offshoots]]
|value8 = 3.5
|color8 = #999999
|label9 = Military Appointees
|value9 = 1.9
|color9 = #000000
|label10 = Independents
|value10 = 4.7
|color10 = #FFFFFF
|label11 = [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice Party]]
|value11 = 0.4
|color11 = #FF9900
}}
|}

{{Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011}}

===First phase===

{{Pie chart
|caption = First phase assigned seats
|other = yes
|label1 = [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
|value1 = 49
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]]
|value2 = 20
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value3 = 10
|color3 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value4 = 7
|color4 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|value5 = 4
|color5 = {{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}
|label6 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value6 = 3
|color6 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label7 = [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|value7 = 1
|color7 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
}}
*On 4 and 6 December, the result from the first phase of the proportional representation was released.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults>{{cite web|title=Egyptian elections preliminary results|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3331/egyptian-elections_preliminary-results_updated-|publisher=jadaliyya.com|access-date=7 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207173753/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3331/egyptian-elections_preliminary-results_updated-|archive-date=7 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=houssam nassif |url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3369/nationwide-vote-for-party-coalition-lists-(stage-1 |title=Nationwide Vote for Party-Coalition Lists (Stage 1) |publisher=Jadaliyya.com |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226152023/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3369/nationwide-vote-for-party-coalition-lists-(stage-1 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Although [[Proportional Representation|PR]] seats are assigned per district, party lists must pass a national threshold of 0.5% to be eligible to get seats on the district level.<ref name=HowAreSeatWinnersDetermined /> The Egyptian authorities did release seat allocation for the constituency ([[plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]]) seats.<ref name=officialFPTPresults>{{cite web|title=نتائج دوائر المرحلة الأولى فردى|url=http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results/2011-12-04-02-30-40|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206183243/http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results/2011-12-04-02-30-40|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The number of PR seats shown in this table are unofficial calculations from [[Jadaliyya]] using the [[largest remainder method]].<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> Unofficial results are italicised:

{{electiontable|Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|sortable=yes}}
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
!class="unsortable"|
! style="text-align:center;"| Party
! style="text-align:center;"| Ideology
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Votes
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Vote %
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Seats3
! style="text-align:center;"| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]] Seats4
! style="text-align:center;"| Total Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Seat
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" width=1|
| align=left |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice]]1
|align="left"| [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 3,565,092
| 36.6
| ''40''
| 33
| 73
| 49%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]] 2
|align="left" | [[Salafi]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 2,371,713
| 24.4
| ''26''
| 4
| 30
| 20%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy|Liberal democrats]]
| 1,299,819
| 13.4
| ''13''
| 2
| 15
| 10%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|align="left" | [[National liberalism|National liberals]]
| 690,077
| 7.1
| ''10''
| 1
| 11
| 7%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|align="left" | Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic<ref name="Wasat_Mod">{{Cite journal |last=el-Karanshawi |first=Shaimaa |date=19 February 2011 |title=Egypt court approves moderate Islamic party |journal=[[Almasry Alyoum]] |accessdate=20 February 2011 |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/323634 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092809/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/323634 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| 415,590
| 4.3
| ''4''
| 0
| 4
| 3%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|align="left" | [[Centre-left|Leftists]]
| 335,947
| 3.5
| ''4''
| 2
| 6
| 4%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="{{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" style="width:1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|align="left" | Liberals
| 185,138
| 1.9
| ''2''
| 0
| 2
| 1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Yellow; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National Party of Egypt]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 153,429
| 1.6
| ''1''
| 1
| 2
| 1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Orange; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 136,784
| 1.4
| ''1''
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Black; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]]
|align="left" | [[Centrism|Centrists]]
| 76,769
| 0.8
| ''0''
| 1
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative]]
|align="left" | [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]
| 76,743
| 0.8
| ''0''
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Citizen Party|Egyptian Citizen]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 67,602
| 0.7
| ''1''
| 1
| 2
| 1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Democratic Peace Party]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal Democracy]]
| 51,704
| 0.5
| ''0''
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:gray; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Other/Independents
| style="text-align:left;"| ----
| 308,106
| 3.2
| ''0''
| 3
| 3
| 2%
|- class="sortbottom" | style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | align="right"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults />
| style="text-align:left;"|
| '''9,734,513'''
|'''100'''
|'''102'''
|'''48'''
|'''150'''
|'''100'''
|}
Notes: 1Freedom and Justice list includes candidates from the parties of the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]]. 2Al-Nour's list includes candidates from the parties of the Alliance for Egypt ("[[Islamist Bloc]]"). 3Preliminary results, includes all but Cairo's party-list district No. 1 (10 seats), annulled by the Higher Elections Commission, and scheduled to re-vote on 10–11 January. 4Includes all but two races in Cairo’s district No. 1, two races in Alexandria's district No. 3, two races in Assiut district No. 2 and two races in Assiut's district No. 3 (a total of 8 seats), scheduled for a re-vote on 10–11 January.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> 

===Second phase===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Second phase assigned seats
|other = yes
|label1 = [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
|value1 = 48
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]]
|value2 = 28
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value3 = 8
|color3 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value4 = 6
|color4 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value5 = 2
|color5 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label6 = Reform and Development
|value6 = 2
|color6 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
}}

In the second phase, various secular parties, including the [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]], [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Adl]], [[Egyptian Bloc]], and [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]], attempted to coordinate their efforts with regard to some constituency ([[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]]) seats.<ref>{{cite news|last=Afify|first=Heba|title=Secular parties attempt to increase their electoral chances|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/546176|accessdate=14 December 2011|newspaper=almasryalyoum|date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092909/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/546176|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 24 December 2011, official results were announced:<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /><ref name=officialresults2>
{{cite web
|title="بوابة الأهرام" تنشر النتائج الكاملة للمرحلة الثانية لانتخابات الفردي»
|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/13/54/152478/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.aspx
|access-date=24 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107203219/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/13/54/152478/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.aspx
|archive-date=7 January 2012
|url-status=live
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4CFDFciLgpptj7DhYy--z4gvH6g?docId=CNG.1c87b5e9be895eb4be7fffda21026457.141 |title=AFP: Egypt Islamists sweep second round of election |publisher=Google |accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/566406 |title=Freedom and Justice Party leads in second round of elections | Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today's News from Egypt |newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm |date=22 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104093006/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/566406 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Osama|first=Basem|title=Freedom and Justice Party sweeps second round run-off elections|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/33/30062/Elections-/Freedom-and-Justice-Party-sweeps-second-round-runo.aspx|newspaper=ahramonline|date=24 December 2011|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226140020/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/33/30062/Elections-/Freedom-and-Justice-Party-sweeps-second-round-runo.aspx|archive-date=26 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{electiontable|Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|sortable=yes}}
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
!class="unsortable"|
! style="text-align:center;"| Party
! style="text-align:center;"| Ideology
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Votes
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Vote %
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Seats1
! style="text-align:center;"| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]] Seats2
! style="text-align:center;"| Total Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Seat
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" width=1|
| align=left |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice]]
|align="left"| [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 4,058,498
|36.3
| 35
| 36
| 71
| 48%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]]
|align="left" | [[Salafi]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 3,216,430
| 28.8
| 28
| 13
| 41
| 28%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|align="left" | [[National liberalism|National liberals]]
| 1,077,244
| 9.6
| 11
| 0
| 11
| 8%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy|Liberal democrats]]
| 785,084
| 7.0
| 8
| 0
| 8
| 6%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|align="left" | Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic<ref name="Wasat_Mod"/>
| 368,375
| 3.3
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 2%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="{{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|align="left" | Liberals
| 231,713
| 2.1
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 2%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Yellow; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National Party of Egypt]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 169,662
| 1.5
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|align="left" | [[Centre-left|Leftists]]
| 161,594
| 1.4
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Citizen Party|Egyptian Citizen]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 151,314
| 1.4
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative]]
|align="left" | [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]
| 139,100
| 1.2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Democratic Peace Party|Democratic peace]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy]]
| 121,694
| 1.1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Orange; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 97,165
| 0.9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Black; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]]
|align="left" | [[Centrism|Centrists]]
| 46,681
| 0.4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:gray; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Other/Independents
| style="text-align:left;"| ----
|
|
| 2
| 5
| 7
| 5%
|- class="sortbottom" | style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | align="right"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults />
| style="text-align:left;"|
|'''11,173,818'''
|
| '''92'''
| '''56'''
| '''148'''
|
|}

Notes: 1 Does not include the postponed or invalidated results of Aswan, Beheira (district 2), Sohag (district 2), and Menoufia (district 1). 2 Does not include the invalidated results of Shaqiya's districts 5 and 2.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> 

===Third phase===

{{electiontable|Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|sortable=yes}}
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
!class="unsortable"|
! style="text-align:center;"| Party
! style="text-align:center;"| Ideology
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Votes
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Vote %
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]] Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Total Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Seat
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" width=1|
| align=left |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]
|align="left"| [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
|
|
|37
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Nour Party]]
|align="left" | [[Salafi]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
|
|
|29
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[New Wafd Party]]
|align="left" | [[National liberalism|National liberals]]
|
|
|13
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy|Liberal democrats]]
|
|
|6
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="{{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|align="left" | Liberals
|
|
|4
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|align="left" | [[Centre-left|Leftists]]
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Orange; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Yellow; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National Party of Egypt]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|2
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Wasat Party]]
|align="left" | Moderate Islamist/Liberal Democratic<ref name="Wasat_Mod"/>
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nasserist Party|Nasserist]]
|align="left" | Left-wing nationalism
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Union Party (Egypt)|Union]] (Hizb al-Ittihad)
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Black; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice Party]] (Adl)
|align="left" | [[Centrism|Centrists]]
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative Party]]
|align="left" | [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Citizen Party|Egyptian Citizen]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Democratic Peace Party|Democratic peace]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy]]
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:gray; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Other
| style="text-align:left;"| ----
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- class="sortbottom" | style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | align="right"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''
| style="text-align:left;"|
|
|
|'''100'''
|
|
|
|}
Source:<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> 

===PR per governorate and district===
The [[Proportional Representation|PR]] votes were released by the official election committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Elections Website|url=http://www.elections2011.eg/|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923170943/http://www.elections2011.eg/|archive-date=23 September 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seats were computed by [[Jadaliyya]].<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> The official results were then released by the supreme committee of elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Elections Website|url=http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results/|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104155334/http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:auto; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="18" style="width:1000px;"| Proportional Representation
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Alexandria Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 34.41%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 16.02%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.85%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 4.11%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.40%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.27%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.32%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 6.15%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 32.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 10.04%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.55%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.73%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Aswan Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 32.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 25.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 9.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Asyut Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.77%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 20.31%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 20.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.73%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.33%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 32.57%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 18.19%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 25.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.57%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 1.58%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|8
|-

! colspan="18" | [[Beheira Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 4.38%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 40.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 5
| 2.17%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.78%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.21%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|12
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 34.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 36.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 1.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-

! colspan="18" | [[Beni Suef Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.47%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 35.00%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 3.28%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 11.42%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.08%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 43.17%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 9.93%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 32.02%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.54%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Cairo Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 24.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 14.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 2.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 26.22%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 11.31%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4.18%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.76%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.22%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd
| 39.94%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 18.33%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 14.52%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.45%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 14.67%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.93%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 4th
| 40.48%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 13.14%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 19.35%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 3.62%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.32%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.39%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Dakahlia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 33.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 1.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 25.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 15.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 9.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 38.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 29.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 8.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 11.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd
| 32.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 26.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 11.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 6.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Damietta Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 31.14%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 3.38%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 38.58%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 0.73%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.53%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 13.59%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Faiyum Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 44.89%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 2.26%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 29.06%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 5.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.58%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.95%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.95
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 45.05%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 5.61%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 40.03%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 1.59%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Gharbia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 28.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 7.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 3.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 13.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 37.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 4.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 28.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 17.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Giza Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 41.09%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 10.52%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.10%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.80%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.75%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 37.83%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 10.05%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 28.12%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.77%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.60%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 6.04%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Ismailia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 38.19%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 6.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 27.63%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.40%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.11%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 29.83%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 38.92%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 12.16%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.67%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.04%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 31.12%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.30%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 22.40%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.92%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 15.36%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 6.56%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10.49%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Luxor Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 36.90%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 12.99%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 15.78%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 11.06%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.14%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Matruh Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 16.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 79.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Minya Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 46.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 5.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 22.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 12.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 19.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 28.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Monufia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 34.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 6.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 22.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 11.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 39.18%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 15.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.64%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 25.41%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 2.52%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.81%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.85%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[New Valley Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 26.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 39.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 0.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[North Sinai Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 26.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 9.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Port Said Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 32.66%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 9.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 20.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.85%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 13.89%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 12.88%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Qalyubia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 3.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 25.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 14.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 38.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 7.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 1.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Qena Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 32.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 21.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 2.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 26.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 19.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 17.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | TBD
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Red Sea Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 17.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.19%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 9.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.51%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 14.23%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Sharqia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 37.99%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 6.68%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 26.55%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10.53%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.23%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.54%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 3.81%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 20.80%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 0.90%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 13.95%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 3.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.75%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Sohag Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 28.42%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 15.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 29.33%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 1.23%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.78%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | TBD
| 2.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 12
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 23.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 10.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 25.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 0.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[South Sinai Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 9.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 18.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 19.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Suez Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 26.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8.37%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 45.55%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.63%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.13%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|}
Note: Vote percentage reported for "Others" and "Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties" is for those parties that won seats



===Violence===

A day after polls closed during the second phase of election to the lower house, clashes broke out again in front of the parliament and cabinet building in Cairo between security forces and several hundred demonstrators. The demonstrators were protesting against the appointment of a new prime minister by the military council, and against the arrest and beating of one of the protesters there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/947.html?hp=1&cat=666&loc=50 |title=חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – ...מצרים: מורדים התעמתו עם כוחות |publisher=Nrg.co.il |accessdate=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729075541/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/947.html?hp=1&cat=666&loc=50 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Reactions===

The commander of the military police was quoted as saying that the ruling military council was not taking sides during the second phase of the election to the lower house and "stands at an equal distance" from all the political groups contesting the elections: "The army has no interest to be served by siding with liberals or the Brotherhood or leftists or others."<ref>{{cite news|title=SCAF impartial in Egypt's vote, chief says|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/|agency=United Press International|date=14 December 2011|access-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215012438/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/ |title=SCAF impartial in Egypt's vote, chief says |agency=United Press International |accessdate=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040120/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/ |archive-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Following reports that the FJP was likely leading in the first round of the election, with al-Nour in second place, the FJP denied it would seek an alliance with Al-Nour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/iweb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32774:fjp-no-alliance-with-salafist-al-noor-party&catid=10388:paragraphs&Itemid=858|title=FJP: No Alliance With Salafist Al Noor Party|accessdate=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206005514/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/iweb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32774:fjp-no-alliance-with-salafist-al-noor-party&catid=10388:paragraphs&Itemid=858|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Dissolution, reinstatement decree==
On 14 June 2012, the [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt]] ruled that the election was unconstitutional, and one third of the winners were illegitimate.<ref name="BBC unconst">{{cite news|title=Egypt supreme court calls for parliament to be dissolved|date=14 June 2012|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18439530|accessdate=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614163003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18439530|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47811614#.T9o_KVJy9RU|author=Hamza Hendawi|title=Egypt court orders parliament dissolved|agency=Associated Press|publisher=MSNBC|date=14 June 2013|accessdate=14 June 2013}}{{dead link|date=November 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The ruling was due, in part, to the fact that some seats were contested on a proportional list system, while others were contested on the [[first-past-the-post system]].<ref name="BBC unconst" /> As a result, the court concluded, the election law had allowed political parties to compete for seats intended for independent candidates. "The makeup of the entire chamber is illegal and, consequently, it does not legally stand", explained the court.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The ruling upheld a lower court decision, which had found the election law unconstitutional.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] held the majority of the seats ruled unconstitutional.<ref name="BBC unconst" />

In a separate ruling issued at the same time, the court threw out the Political Exclusion Law, which banned former members of President [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s regime from running for office.<ref name="BBC unconst" /> The court concluded the law was not based on "objective grounds", and violated "the principle of equality".<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The court judges had all been appointed by Mubarak.<ref name="CBS unconst">{{cite news|title=Egypt court rules entire parliament illegally elected, orders body to dissolve after unconstitutional vote|date=14 June 2012|work=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57453035/egypt-court-rules-entire-parliament-illegally-elected-orders-body-to-dissolve-after-unconstitutional-vote/|accessdate=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615062220/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57453035/egypt-court-rules-entire-parliament-illegally-elected-orders-body-to-dissolve-after-unconstitutional-vote/|archive-date=15 June 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ruling raised fears (in some) of the military trying to increase its power. The Muslim Brotherhood's popularity had decreased since the election, so new elections could result in a decrease of their seats in parliament.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The dissolution of parliament creates the possibility of the panel to be tasked with writing a new constitution being appointed by the military.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> A politician from the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] predicted the ruling would send the country into a "dark tunnel".<ref name="BBC unconst" /> Other observers called the move a coup attempt and "a complete disregard for the free will of voters".<ref name="BBC unconst" /> In contrast, [[Ahmed Shafiq]], who served as Prime Minister under Mubarak, called the ruling a "historic ... verdict that meant there was no way for anyone to do particular laws for particular people".<ref name="BBC unconst" />

Angry protesters gathered outside the court building after the decision. Police in riot gear guarded the building.<ref name="BBC unconst" />

Re-institution of the parliament has since been demanded by the protesters, the Muslim Brotherhood and others. [[Mohammed Mursi]], sworn as Egypt's new president on 30 June, has initially refrained from speaking publicly on that (crucial to the extent of his own real power) issue. In his inauguration speech on 30 June, however, he gave an indication of his future efforts, calling the parliamentary election "free and fair".<ref name="Mohamed Morsi: Egypt parliament election free and fair">{{cite news|publisher=PressTV|title=Mohamed Morsi: Egypt parliament election free and fair|date=30 June 2012|url=http://presstv.com/detail/2012/06/30/248723/egypt-parliament-election-free-and-fair/|accessdate=2012-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701071720/http://presstv.com/detail/2012/06/30/248723/egypt-parliament-election-free-and-fair/|archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Within days of Morsi's inauguration, according to his spokesman, the President is actively searching for ways of restoring the parliament and obtaining a release of non-criminal political detainees.<ref name="New Egypt president takes on military over parliament">{{cite news|title=New Egypt president takes on military over parliament|date=2 July 2012|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/02/world/africa/egypt-politics/|accessdate=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702141601/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/02/world/africa/egypt-politics/|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A presidential decree was released on 8 July 2012, reinstating parliament until a new one is elected and mandating that it would write the new constitution instead of the Constitutional Assembly. The decree challenges the powers claimed by the SCAF military council.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Leyne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18761403 |title=BBC News – Egyptian President Mursi reverses parliament dissolution |publisher=BBC |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712190029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18761403 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Supreme Constitutional Court called that decree into question on 9 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/egypt-tension-after-order-to-reconvene-parliament.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |title=Egyptian Court Affirms Ruling to Disband Parliament |location=Egypt |work=The New York Times |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201145812/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/egypt-tension-after-order-to-reconvene-parliament.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Leyne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18765947 |title=BBC News – Egypt court challenges Mursi's reopening of parliament |publisher=BBC |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712020529/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18765947 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Results of the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–12]]
*[[2012 Egyptian presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |first=May |last=Elsayyad |first2=Shima’a |last2=Hanafy |title=Voting Islamist or Voting Secular? An Empirical Analysis of Voting Outcomes in Egypt’s ‘Arab Spring’ |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=160 |issue=1–2 |pages=109–130 |year=2014 |doi=10.1007/s11127-014-0173-3 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Mazen |last=Hassan |title=Elections of the People's Assembly, Egypt 2011/12 |journal=[[Electoral Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=370–374 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2012.12.005 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.elections2011.eg/ The official website of Supreme Committee for Elections]
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
* [https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-egypt-election-system-idUSTRE7AR0VE20111128 Q+A: How does Egypt's parliamentary election system work?], [[Reuters]], 28 November 2011.
* Wael Eskandar, [http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3361/how-are-seat-winners-determined-in-the-egyptian-el How Are Seat Winners Determined in the Egyptian Elections ?], adaliyya.com, 1 December 2011.

{{Egyptian elections}}
{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011-12}}
[[Category:Elections in Egypt]]
[[Category:2011 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:2012 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian revolution of 2011|Parliamentary election]]
[[Category:2011 in Egypt|Parliamentary election, 2011]]
[[Category:House of Representatives (Egypt)|2011-2012 election]]
[[Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:Annulled elections]]
[[Category:November 2011 events in Africa]]
[[Category:January 2012 events in Africa]]

2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election

2020-03-22T16:42:07Z

{{for|the upper house election|Egyptian Shura Council election, 2012}}
{{Infobox election
|election_name = Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012
|country = Egypt
|type = parliamentary
|ongoing = no
|previous_election = 2010 Egyptian parliamentary election
|previous_year = 2010
|next_election = 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election
|next_year = 2015
|seats_for_election = 498 of 508 seats to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt]] (10 seats appointed).
|majority_seats = 255
|election_date = 28 November 2011 – 11 January 2012
|image1 = [[File:Mohamed Morsi-05-2013.jpg|150x150px]]
|leader1 = [[Mohamed Morsi]]
|alliance1 = Democratic Alliance for Egypt
|party1 = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
|leaders_seat1 =
|seats1 = '''235 (incl. 22 allies)'''
|popular_vote1 = '''10,138,134'''
|percentage1 = '''37.5 %'''
|image2 =
|leader2 = [[Emad Abdel Ghaffour]]
|party2 = Al-Nour Party
|alliance2 = Islamist Bloc
|leaders_seat2 =
|seats2 = 123 (incl. 16 allies)
|popular_vote2 =7,534,266
|percentage2 = 27.8 %
|image4 = [[File:El-Sayyid el-Badawi.jpg|150x150px]]
|leader4 = [[El-Sayyid el-Badawi]]
|party4 = New Wafd Party
|seats4 = 38
|popular_vote4 = 2,480,391
|percentage4 = 9.2%
|image5 = [[File:AhmedHSaid.jpg|150x150px]]
|leader5 = [[Ahmed Hassan Said]]
|party5 = Egyptian Bloc
|seats5 = 35
|popular_vote5 = 2,402,238
|percentage5 = 8.9%
| map_image = 2012 Egyptian People's Assembly election results.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Composition of the People's Assembly of Egypt
|title = [[Speaker of the People's Assembly of Egypt|Speaker]]
|before_election = ''vacant''
|after_election = [[Saad El-Katatny]]
|before_party =
|after_party = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
}}
{{Politics of Egypt}}

A '''parliamentary election''' to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt]] was held from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1629149.php/Egypt-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-September |title=Egypt to hold parliamentary elections in September |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=28 March 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908051921/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1629149.php/Egypt-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-September |archivedate=8 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> following the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|revolution]] that ousted President [[Hosni Mubarak]], after which the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) dissolved the [[parliament of Egypt]]. However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally, the elections had been scheduled to be held in September 2011, but was postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-13/egypt-postpones-elections-purges-police-following-protests.html Egypt Postpones Elections, Purges Police Following Protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115716/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-13/egypt-postpones-elections-purges-police-following-protests.html |date=26 August 2014 }} Bloomberg, 13 July 2011</ref>

The elections was proclaimed the first honest national elections of any sort held in Egypt since the overthrow of the [[monarchy]] in 1952. However, there were complaints of irregularities and fraud.<ref>{{cite web|title=Don't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt|url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10548/egypt-electoral-fraud|work=Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum|author=[[Daniel Pipes]] and [[Cynthia Farahat]]|date=Jan 24, 2012|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828192938/http://www.danielpipes.org/10548/egypt-electoral-fraud|archive-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The main focus of the new elected parliament was to be the selection of the members of the [[Constituent Assembly of Egypt]].

==Background==
{{further|Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}
In late 2010, a [[2010 Egyptian parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] was held, though it was followed by controversy and repression as well as accusations of [[fraud]].<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/7425408.html ]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>

Following similar events in [[2010–2011 Tunisian revolution|Tunisia]] during the [[Arab Spring]], Egyptian activists called for protesters to turn up in cities around Egypt on specific days. Though violence was reported at some points, protests were largely peaceful with the [[Egyptian Armed Forces|army]] staying quiet until 10 February 2011, when calls for [[Hosni Mubarak]] to resign were at their peak. The following day, Vice President [[Omar Suleiman]] announced Mubarak's resignation from the presidency while turning power over to the military. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by Field Marshal [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]], would lead the country for a transitional period until a civilian government took over.

A [[2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] was then approved on 19 March that would ease the process of electing a president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Referendum Website|url=http://referendum.eg/|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215034307/http://referendum.eg/|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==New electoral law==
The election was conducted under a [[parallel voting]] system.<ref name="ahwatalk.com">{{cite web |url=http://ahwatalk.com/2011/06/24/the-implications-of-egypt%E2%80%99s-proposed-electoral-system-long/ |title=The Implications of Egypt’s Proposed Electoral System (Long) « Ahwa Talk |publisher=Ahwatalk.com |access-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120111507/http://ahwatalk.com/2011/06/24/the-implications-of-egypt%E2%80%99s-proposed-electoral-system-long/ |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Two-thirds of seats were elected by [[party-list]] [[proportional representation]]. The remaining one-third were elected under a form of [[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]] in two-seat constituencies.<ref name="ahwatalk.com"/>

===Choosing the system===

Prior to the elections there were concerns that a change to the electoral system would be required, as the pre-existing system would have favoured the [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=42817 |title=Egypt’s Draft Constitutional Amendments Answer Some Questions and Raise Others – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |publisher=Carnegieendowment.org |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325004736/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=42817 |archive-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the party of Mubarak loyalists. The National Democratic Party was dissolved in April, however.

The proposed draft law for the electoral system to be used was revealed on 30 May 2011; controversially, it retained [[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]] for two-thirds of the seats, with only one third of the seats elected by [[proportional representation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/13291/Egypt/Politics-/Draft-law-draw-introducing-mixed-electoral-system-.aspx |title=Draft law introducing mixed electoral system triggers intense debate – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=30 May 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206053934/http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/13291/Egypt/Politics-/Draft-law-draw-introducing-mixed-electoral-system-.aspx |archive-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (However, later it was changed as to two-thirds, 332 of MPs to be elected proportionally from lists).

On 7 July 2011, the caretaker government approved the new electoral law. It outlined a new 50–50 division between proportional seats and constituency seats; the minimum age limit for candidates is also to be reduced from 30 to 25.<ref>{{cite web |author=F_474 |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7432343.html |title=Egypt's caretaker government passes draft law on parliamentary vote – People's Daily Online |work=People's Daily |date=7 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709235419/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7432343.html |archive-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 21 July 2011, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] announced:<ref>{{cite web|author=F_161 |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/7447621.html |title=Egypt to hold parliamentary elections in three rounds – People's Daily Online |work=People's Daily |date=21 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>
* that the election (for both the People's Assembly and the Shura Council) would be held in three rounds in October, with 15-day intervals in-between;
* that half the seats would be reserved for laborers and farmers;
* that the women's quota introduced under Mubarak would be abolished.

In late September 2011, again new division was announced, in which only one third of the seats would be elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78N09Q20110924?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel= | agency=Reuters | title=Egypt changes election system in favour of party lists | date=24 September 2011 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010125235/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78N09Q20110924?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel= | archive-date=10 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, constituency MPs could only be independents and not members of political parties; this restriction led to threats of boycotting the election by a wide swath of the political parties which intended to contest the election. The parties stated that their demands for a change in the electoral law would have to be met by 2 October, else they would boycott the election.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15101798 | work=BBC News | title=Egypt parties threaten boycott over election law | date=29 September 2011 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025033305/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15101798 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011928234830274426.html |title=Egypt political parties threaten poll boycott – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101230956/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011928234830274426.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After a meeting with political party leaders on 1 October 2011, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] agreed to allow party members to run for the directly elected seats, set a clearer timetable for the transition to civilian rule and possibly abolish military trials for civilians.<ref>{{cite web |author=AFP 1 October 2011 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/10/01/egypt-military-rulers-agree-to-amend-election-law.html |title=Egypt military rulers ‘agree to amend election law’ | World |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=1 October 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226180015/http://www.dawn.com/2011/10/01/egypt-military-rulers-agree-to-amend-election-law.html |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Oct-02/150251-egypt-parties-to-review-army-vote-concessions.ashx#axzz1ZYYSPfn1 |title=News :: Middle East :: Egypt parties to review army vote concessions |work=The Daily Star |date=2 October 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226131641/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Oct-02/150251-egypt-parties-to-review-army-vote-concessions.ashx#axzz1ZYYSPfn1 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 11 November 2011, an administrative court in Mansoura ruled that former NDP members were not allowed to stand in the election as independent candidates. It was not immediately known whether this ruling would eventually apply to the whole country.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203537304577032302540211524?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Matt | last=Bradley | title=Court in Egypt Bars Ousted Officials From Polls | date=12 November 2011 | access-date=3 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010131849/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203537304577032302540211524?mod=googlenews_wsj | archive-date=10 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 14 November 2011, the [[Higher Administrative Court]] in Cairo overruled the decision and allowed the former NDP members to stand.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15727106 | work=BBC News | title=Egypt lifts election ban on Mubarak-era party members | date=14 November 2011 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025063039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15727106 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Voting process===
The election to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt|People's Assembly]] took place on the following dates:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/22697/Egypt/Politics-/SCAF-finally-reveals-parliamentary-elections-dates.aspx |title=SCAF finally reveals parliamentary elections dates and roadmap – Elections 2011 – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227120919/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/22697/Egypt/Politics-/SCAF-finally-reveals-parliamentary-elections-dates.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* first stage: 28–29 November,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/27635.aspx |title=Breaking: Egypt voting extended to two days instead of one – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227121000/http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/27635.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> run-off on 5–6 December;
* second stage: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December;
* third stage: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January.

There are a total 508 seats in the Lower house: 498 seats are elected, and 10 seats appointed, in this case, by the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|Military Council]],<ref name="Reuters-elections">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-egypt-election-system-idUSTRE7AR0VE20111128 | agency=Reuters | title=Q+A: How does Egypt's parliamentary election system work? | date=28 November 2011 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130233719/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-egypt-election-system-idUSTRE7AR0VE20111128 | archive-date=30 November 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and usually by the President.

Under the [[parallel voting]] system used, out of 498 total seats, two-thirds, meaning 332, were elected by means of [[party list]] [[proportional representation]]. For these seats the public voted for parties or coalition-lists and the result was determined by the [[largest remainder method]] with a 0.5 percent threshold, in 46 districts.<ref name=officialElectionLaw>{{cite web|title=Consensus After Conflict: Electoral System Choice in Revolutionary Egypt|url=https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2296222.pdf|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019004556/http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2296222.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The remaining 166 seats were elected by [[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]] in two-seat constituencies, with the possibility of a [[Two-round system|run off]].<ref name="ahwatalk.com"/> In the election voters each cast two votes, which could not be for the same individual. These seats were open to candidates running as individuals, who might not be affiliated to political parties, numbering two per each of the 83 districts. Out of these, the new parliament must have at least half "laborers" or "farmers", while the "professionals" should constitute at most half of the parliament. If the winner of one of the two seats that are allocated to a certain district, is a "professional", the second seat in the district shall be handed to a "laborer" or a "farmer". Run-offs are assigned to the individual candidates who did not receive over 50% of the votes in the first round.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/> For a detailed explanation, see.<ref name=HowAreSeatWinnersDetermined>{{cite web |url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3361/how-are-seat-winners-determined-in-the-egyptian-el |title=How are seat winners determined in the Egyptian elections? – Jadaliyya |publisher=Jadaliyya.com |accessdate=5 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204174432/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3361/how-are-seat-winners-determined-in-the-egyptian-el |archive-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Additional requirements for parties include listing at least one woman and adopting a specific visual symbol, as an alternative detection to help the illiterate voters.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/> The same voting procedures shall apply to the upper house's election, too.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/>

The [[2012 Egyptian Shura Council election|election for the upper house]], the Shura Council ("the Consultative Council") are to follow on 29 January 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093442368 |title=Egypt- Committee submits election dates to military for approval |publisher=Menafn.com |date=18 September 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320041843/http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093442368 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and will take place in 3 stages as well between 29 January and 22 February.<ref>{{cite web |author=Source: reuters // Reuters |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-egypts-parliamentary-election-timetable |title=FACTBOX-Egypt's parliamentary election timetable – AlertNet |publisher=Trust.org |date=20 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226195003/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-egypts-parliamentary-election-timetable |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (process was sped due to ongoing protests).<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/north/Egypt-Begins-Final-Round-of-Lower-House-Vote-136585713.html Egypt Begins Final Round of Lower House Vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104134757/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/north/Egypt-Begins-Final-Round-of-Lower-House-Vote-136585713.html |date=4 January 2012 }}, Voice of America, 3 January 2012</ref> Out of a total 270 seats in the Upper House: 180 seats are up for grabs and 90 seats shall be appointed after the presidential election, by the president-elect.<ref name="Reuters-elections"/> Following these elections, the parliament shall select a committee that will draft a new constitution for Egypt. The new constitution shall than be submitted to a referendum. Only then will [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|presidential election]] be held, "no later than 30 June 2012" according to [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi|Hussein Tantawi]]'s statement.
[[File:2011-2012 Egyptian election phases.svg|thumb|2011–2012 election stages: 
{{legend2|#fff6d5|First: 28–29 November, run-off on 5–6 December}} {{legend2|#b7c8b7|Second: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December}} {{legend2|#ff8080|Third: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January}}]]
[[File:2011-2012 Egyptian Parliamentary Elections Governorates Distribution.png|alt=|thumb|Number of seats in the People's Assembly per governorate]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Governorate
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | PR 
(parties / coalition-lists)
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | FPTP 
(Individuals)
! rowspan="2" | Total Seats
|-
! # of Districts
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | # of Seats
! # of Districts
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | # of Seats
|-
| '''[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| 54
|-
| '''[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 24
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
|-
| '''[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
|-
| '''[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Giza Governorate|Giza]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el-Sheikh]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Minya Governorate|Minya]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
|-
| '''[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Qena Governorate|Qena]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
|-
| '''[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
| '''[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
| '''[[Suez Governorate|Suez]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center; border-right:3px solid darkgrey;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
! Total
! 46
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;"| 332
! 83
! style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;"| 166
! 498
|}

==Parties==
The [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] announced on 15 February it would form the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] to run in the election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4028941,00.html |title=Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood plans political party – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216060755/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4028941,00.html |archive-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Together with 27 other parties representing diverse political families, the Freedom and Justice Party formed the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]]. After several defections and entries, the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]-dominated coalition settled on 11 parties.<ref name=DemocraticAlliance>{{cite web|title=Democratic Alliance for Egypt|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3160/democratic-alliance-for-egypt|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208100828/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3160/democratic-alliance-for-egypt|archive-date=8 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]] fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]] joint candidates ran under the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]] label.

As a reaction to this centre-right alliance, the different liberal democratic and centrist parties intensified cooperation. Five parties drafted a joint statement criticising the current electoral law and proposing a new one.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/14212/Egypt/Politics-/Democratic-Egyptian-political-parties-to-issue-a-j.aspx |title=Democratic Egyptian political parties to issue a joint statement on new electoral law |newspaper=[[Al-Ahram]] Online |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227124439/http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/14212/Egypt/Politics-/Democratic-Egyptian-political-parties-to-issue-a-j.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 16 August 15 political and social movements, some of which defected from the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]], announced the [[Egyptian Bloc]] electoral alliance. It consisted of liberal, secularist, and centre-left political parties, as well as social organizations and labour unions, and also the traditional Islamic Sufi Liberation Party. Its main objective was to prevent an imminent electoral victory of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]], and the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]. After suffering many defections, the remaining [[Egyptian Bloc]] parties were: the [[Free Egyptians Party]], the [[Egyptian Social Democratic Party]] and the [[National Progressive Unionist Party]] (Tagammu).<ref name=EgyptianBloc>{{cite web|title=Egyptian Bloc|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3161/egyptian-bloc|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208100805/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3161/egyptian-bloc|archive-date=8 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] and other parties defected from the [[Egyptian Bloc]] after it allowed Mubarak figures in its ranks; the Socialist Popular Alliance Party formed [[The Revolution Continues Alliance]].<ref name=SocialistPopularAlliance>{{cite web|title=Socialist Popular Alliance Party|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3159/socialist-popular-alliance-party|publisher=jadaliyya.com|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150757/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3159/socialist-popular-alliance-party|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The liberal [[New Wafd Party]] announced on 13 June 2011 that it would contest the election in an alliance with the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-forms-coalition-with-liberal-party/2011/06/13/AGQI7OTH_story.html |title=Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood forms coalition |work=The Washington Post |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |first=Leila |last=Fadel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820071358/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-forms-coalition-with-liberal-party/2011/06/13/AGQI7OTH_story.html |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]] later decided to abandon its alliance with the Islamists over discrepancies concerning the prospective constitution, and considered joining the new [[Egyptian Bloc]] liberal coalition instead.<ref name="Arabiya">{{Citation |first=Yasmine |last=Saleh |title=Egypt liberals launch ‘The Egyptian Bloc’ to counter Islamists in Nov vote |newspaper=Al Arabiya News |date=16 August 2011 |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/16/162562.html |accessdate=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227113023/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/16/162562.html |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The New Wafd ended up running its own independent lists.

The [[Salafi]] [[Al-Nour Party]] withdrew from the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]] coalition due to disagreements with the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] over its share in the coalition’s joint candidate lists.<ref name=AlNourParty>{{cite web|title=Al-Nour Party|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150750/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 12 August, three Islamic [[Salafi]] parties ([[Al-Nour Party|Nour]], and two unregistered groups that later became the [[Authenticity Party]] and the Building and Development Party) announced that they would run a united candidate list.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/485598 |first=Hany |last=ElWaziry |title=Salafi political parties to run united in parliamentary elections |newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm |date=12 August 2011 |accessdate=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092711/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/485598 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Their common list is officially called the "Alliance for Egypt", and is unofficially referred to as the "[[Islamist Bloc]]".<ref name=IslamistBloc>{{cite web|title=Islamist Bloc (Alliance for Egypt)|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3172/islamist-bloc-%28alliance-for-egypt%29|publisher=Jadaliyya.com|accessdate=7 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207100127/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3172/islamist-bloc-(alliance-for-egypt)|archive-date=7 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Al-Nour Party]] fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Alliance for Egypt joint candidates are running under the [[Al-Nour Party]] label.

The [[Al-Wasat Party]], a moderate Islamic offshoot of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]], was officially approved as a party on 19 February, fifteen years after its foundation. After withdrawing from the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]], it formed an electoral coalition with the [[Renaissance Party (Egypt)|Renaissance Party]] and the [[Pioneer Party]], both of which were founded by former members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref name=AlWasatParty>{{cite web|title=Al-Wasat Party|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3152/al-wasat-party|publisher=jadaliyya.com|accessdate=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150810/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3152/al-wasat-party|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Al-Wasat Party]] fielded the overwhelming majority of the coalition candidates, all of which ran under the [[Al-Wasat Party]] label.

Some analysts voiced concerns that former members of the ruling NDP might gain a lot of influence in the newly elected parliament. Among the parties identified to have had a strong base in former NDP members were:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/21542/Egypt/Return-of-the-NDP-Mubarakregime-diehards-retrench-.aspx |title=Return of the NDP: Mubarak-regime diehards retrench ahead of Egypt's elections – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=18 September 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227124547/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/21542/Egypt/Return-of-the-NDP-Mubarakregime-diehards-retrench-.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/22/national-democratic-party National Democratic Party] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124085503/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/22/national-democratic-party |date=24 November 2011 }}, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 24 November 2011.</ref>
* the [[Egyptian Citizen Party]], led by former NDP secretary-general [[Mohamed Ragab]] (other former NDP members include [[Hamdi El-Sayed]], [[Abdel Ahad Gamal El Din]] and [[Nabil Louka Bibawi]]);
* [[Egypt Revival Party]] (''Misr El-Nahda'')/[[Union Party (Egypt)]] (''Al-Etihad''), led by former NDP secretary-general [[Hossam Badrawi]]; the party was officially registered under the second name on 20 September 2011;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/21886/Egypt/Politics-/First-political-party-run-by-exregime-figure-recei.aspx |title=First political party run by ex-regime figure receives official approval – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=20 September 2011 |accessdate=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423143134/http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/1/64/21886/Egypt/Politics-/First-political-party-run-by-exregime-figure-recei.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* the [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom Party]] (''Horreya''), led by [[Mamdouh Ali Hassan]], son of Mohamed Mahmoud (a large number of former NDP MPs joined this party);
* the [[National Party of Egypt|Nationalist Egypt Party]], led by [[Anwar Sadat]]'s nephew, the late [[Talaat Sadat]]; last chairman of the NDP

==Monitors==
The [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] [[Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|announced]] that it would bar foreign monitors because of what it claimed was the preservation of Egyptian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011720222415556480.html |title=Egypt not to allow foreign poll monitors – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=21 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144615/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011720222415556480.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
However, it would welcome foreign "Observers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-28/egypt-election-2011-facts-and-figures-for-parliamentary-vote.html |title=Egypt allow foreign poll monitors – Middle East |work=Business Week |date=28 November 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128210426/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-28/egypt-election-2011-facts-and-figures-for-parliamentary-vote.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Groups such as NDI, The Carter Center, the International Republican Institute and South African, Turkish, Polish and Danish groups have taken part. Alongside 300 foreign civil society representatives there are 25,000 accredited monitors and a lot more concerned citizens who have pledged to alert the organizers regarding any abuses they encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=247317|title=Egypt poll monitors – Middle East|work=Jeruslaem Post|date=28 November 2011|accessdate=28 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128223555/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=247317|archive-date=28 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Additionally, many Egyptians have turned to citizen monitoring through social media such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, uploading cited violations or turnouts.

==Opinion polls==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Conducted/ Published
! rowspan=2 | Polling Organisation/ Client
! rowspan=2 | Sample size
! [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! [[Free Egyptians Party|FEP]]
! [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]]
! [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! [[Egyptian Social Democratic Party|ESDP]]
! [[Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution|Youth]]
! Ex-[[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]]
! rowspan=2 | other
! rowspan=2 | undecided
|-
| style="background:{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:orange; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}; width:80px;"|
| style="background:red; width:80px;"|
| style="background:gray; width:80px;"|
|-
|9–20 March 2011 ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]<ref>{{cite web |author=عادل الدرجلى وهانى الوزيرى |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=294799&IssueID=2117 |title=استطلاع رأى أمريكى: ٢٣% يؤيدون "الوفد" فى الانتخابات البرلمانية مقابل ١٢% لـ"الإخوان" و١٠% لـ"الوطنى" |publisher=Almasry-alyoum.com |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827102703/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=294799&IssueID=2117 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Charney Research |url=http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/egypt-poll-results-april2011.pdf |title=EGYPT NATIONAL SURVEY |publisher=International Peace Institute Poll |date=20 March 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002923/http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/egypt-poll-results-april2011.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|| 615 || 12% || 23% || – || – || – || – || – || – || 10% || 20% || 27%
|-
|June 2011 ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/ipi-egyptpoll-june2011.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232459/http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/ipi-egyptpoll-june2011.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|| 800 || 12% || 12% || 3% || 1% || 1% || 2% || – || – || 6% || 14% || 49%
|-
|June 2011 || Gallup<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Jun-06/Poll-finds-majority-of-Egyptians-oppose-Islamic-theocracy.ashx |title=Poll finds majority of Egyptians oppose Islamic theocracy|work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> || ? || 15% || 9% || ? || ? || ? || 5% || ? || ? || 10% || ? || >60%
|-
|7 July 2011 || Al Jazeera<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/aug/1/shut-up-egypt-is-muslim/ |title=EDITORIAL: Shut up, Egypt is Muslim |work=The Washington Times |date=1 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828132157/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/aug/1/shut-up-egypt-is-muslim/ |archive-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || ? || 46% || ? || 27% || ? || 5% || 6% || ? || ? || ? || ? || ?
|-
|26 July 2011 || Newsweek/ Daily Beast<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/26/egypt-political-poll-muslim-brotherhood-influence-troubles-for-west.html |title=Egypt Political Poll: Muslim Brotherhood Influence, Troubles For West |website=The Daily Beast |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909001734/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/26/egypt-political-poll-muslim-brotherhood-influence-troubles-for-west.html |archive-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || 1,008 || 17% || 11% || – || 7% || 5% || 1% || ? || – || 7% || 14% || ?
|-
|August 2011 || APSSC/ DEDI<ref>{{cite web |author=DIPDPhoto: UN Alliance of Civilizations |url=http://dipd.dk/2011/08/egypt-survey-favourable-to-amr-moussa/ |title=Survey favourable to Amr Moussa | DIPD |publisher=Dipd.dk |date=23 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001051246/http://dipd.dk/2011/08/egypt-survey-favourable-to-amr-moussa/ |archive-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://dipd.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Egypt-Survey-1-August-2011.pdf |title=National Voter Survey in Egypt |publisher=Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies (ACPSS) |date=22 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160955/http://dipd.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Egypt-Survey-1-August-2011.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || 2,400 || 31.5% || 14.8% || 6.0% || 7.5% || 2.6% || 1.6% || 5.2% || 17.2% || 0.4% || 13.2% || 57.1%
|-
|October 2011 || APSSC/ DEDI<ref name=DEDI2>{{cite web|last=Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI) |title=2nd National Voter Survey in Egypt |url=http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/Voter-poll-survey.pdf |publisher=dedi.org.eg |accessdate=13 October 2011 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || 2,400 || 39.0% || 20.0% || 6.8% || 6.0% || 4.7% || 1.0% || 0.6% || 2.0% || 2.8% || 17.0% || 38%
|-
|November 2011 || APSSC/ DEDI<ref name=DEDI3>{{cite web|last=Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI)|title=3rd National Voter Survey in Egypt|url=http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf|publisher=dedi.org.eg|accessdate=12 November 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801064745/http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf|archivedate=1 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || 2,400 || 35.7% || 26.2% || 8.9% || 3.9% || 5.2% || 2.1% || 2.0% || 0.4% || 5.2% || 10.9% || 51%
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|
|}

==Voter turnout==
About 50 million people were eligible to vote out of a population in excess of 85 million – with candidates from 50 registered political parties.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> The overall voter turnout was 54%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125122733/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|archive-date=25 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===First phase===
In the first phase of election, the voter turnout was 59%.<ref>{{cite web|title=AlJazeera Blog Post|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-dec-7-2011-2150|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209093356/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/egypt-dec-7-2011-2150|archive-date=9 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;First phase, 28–29 November
Large crowds turned out at the polling stations for the first stage of the polls. Such a turnout prompted the election committee to extend the hours of polling by two hours to end at 21:00.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15914277 |title=Egypt voter Turnouts – Middle East |publisher=BBC |date=28 November 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15914277 |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
A majority of the protesters in Tahrir square who had been at the sit-in{{Clarify|date=December 2011}} after deadly clashes a week earlier, left their sit-in to join the polls before returning to Tahrir Square, although some boycotted the election.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

Even before the government gave the official figures, the FJP's observers estimated a turnout of about 30 to 32 percent, for the first day, in the 9 governorates that voted in the first phase, while in Cairo, turnout was reported at about 27 percent. An "exceptionally high turnout" was also reported in the [[Asyut Governorate|governorate of Asyut]], especially among women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Millions vote in landmark Egypt elections |author=[[Al-Jazeera English]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112951358487462.html |date=27 November 2011 |accessdate=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129201643/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112951358487462.html |archive-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On the second day of the first round, independent monitors placed the turnout at over 50 percent, while a spokesman for the military said that it could exceed 70 percent, maybe even reaching 80 percent. Abroad, turnout was around 60–70 percent according to the Egyptian foreign minister,<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian elections mark break with the past |work=[[Al-Jazeera English]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112919319900697.html |date=30 November 2011 |accessdate=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130050146/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112919319900697.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and when reading the official results the head of the election committee stated that the overall turnout was 62%, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html |title=חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – ...שיעור ההצבעה במצרים: "הגבוה |publisher=Nrg.co.il |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104095453/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

;First phase run-offs, 5–6 December
The turnout was relatively low according to ''Al Jazeera'', one of the reasons was that the Egyptians were not given a day off as they were given on 28–29 November.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnTsG0d2KNA |title=Egyptians return to polls for run-off vote |publisher=YouTube |date=5 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221140950/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnTsG0d2KNA |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Second phase===
;Second phase, 14–15 December
Early reports on the voting turnout indicated a high turnout of long waiting lines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/200.html?hp=1&cat=669&loc=48 |title=חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – מצרים: החל השלב השני של הבחירות |publisher=Nrg.co.il |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729083206/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/200.html?hp=1&cat=669&loc=48 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> a repeat of the first PR phase voting day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 |title=Egypt holds second round of parliamentary election |publisher=BBC |date=14 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec11/egypt_12-14.html |title=In Egypt, Signs of Heavy Turnout as Second round of Voting Begins |publisher=PBS |date=14 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227010509/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec11/egypt_12-14.html |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The turnout for the first round was 65%.<ref name=officialresults2 />

;Second phase run-offs, 21–22 December
Turnout for the run-offs of the second phase was 43%.<ref name=officialresults2 />

===Third phase===
Voter turnout was 62%.<ref>{{cite news|last=السنوسى|first=محاسن|title="العليا للانتخابات": نسبة التصويت في المرحلة الثالثة 62%|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/589931|accessdate=26 January 2012|publisher=almasryalyoum.com|date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110225508/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/589931|archive-date=10 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Results==
Many individual candidates did not receive the required 50% vote during the first phase, and therefore faced a [[Two-round system|run-off]] on 5 December. Even before the official results for each party or coalition-list were released, it was thought, by various{{Which|date=December 2011}} international channels as well as leaks from people involved in the count, that the Freedom and Justice Party, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, was expected to receive around 40% of the vote and al-Nour would get between 15–30 percent. The Election Commission announced the participation of 62% of eligible voters, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh".<ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205024100/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/312/417.html |date=5 December 2011 }}.</ref>

In the second phase of the election, many{{who|date=December 2011}} analysts predicted a similar result as that of the previous phase due to the more conservative, poor, and rural nature of the second phase electoral districts.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fam |first=Mariam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-14/egypt-s-islamists-fight-for-seats-during-second-round-of-vote.html |title=Egypt’s Islamist Parties Fight for Seats During Second round of Elections |publisher=Bloomberg |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226133215/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-14/egypt-s-islamists-fight-for-seats-during-second-round-of-vote.html |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> State television reported the initial result, with the FJP in the lead and al-Nour following in second place.<ref>{{cite web |author=AFP Cairo |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/world/africa/bloody-clashes-overshadow-egypt-election-409 |title=Bloody clashes overshadow Egypt election |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226230905/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/world/africa/bloody-clashes-overshadow-egypt-election-409 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=853659 |title=נענע10 – מצרים ממשיכה להקצין: 45% לאחים המוסלמים ו-30% לסלפים בסיבוב השני – חדשות |publisher=News.nana10.co.il |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605021510/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=853659 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Toward the third phase it was clear that it would be a continuation of the Islamist trend that emerged from the two previous phases.

After the third phase, on 21 January 2012, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] appointed the remaining 10 MPs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt: 10 MPs Appointed in Parliament|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201201230291.html|accessdate=5 February 2012|date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124161256/http://allafrica.com/stories/201201230291.html|archive-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Combined results===

Note that various media sources report slightly different numbers. This is due to the fact that many "independents" and appointed MPs are party members, or joined established parties. In addition, some smaller parties fielded candidates on the official lists of larger allied parties.

{|
|-
|{{Pie chart
|caption = Percentage of votes received by party
|other = no
|label1 = [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt|Democratic Alliance]]
|value1 = 37.5
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Islamist Bloc]]
|value2 = 27.8
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value3 = 9.2
|color3 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value4 = 8.9
|color4 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP Offshoots]]
|value5 = 6.4
|color5 = #999999
|label6 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value6 = 3.7
|color6 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label7 = [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|The Revolution Continues]]
|value7 = 2.8
|color7 ={{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}
|label8 = [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|value8 = 2.2
|color8 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label9 = [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice Party]]
|value9 = 0.7
|color9 = #FF9900
}}
|{{Pie chart
|caption = Total number of parliamentary seats <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/The-First/News/126247.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115174853/http://www.ahram.org.eg/The-First/News/126247.aspx |archivedate=15 January 2013 |title=النتائج النهائية لانتخابات مجلس الشعب القوائم: 127 مقعدا للحرية والعدالة و96 للنور و36 للوفد و33 للكتلة ..وفي الفردي108 للحرية والعدالة و27 للنور و2 للوفد و مقعد للكتلة |publisher=Ahram.org.eg }}</ref>
|other = no
|label1 = [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt|Democratic Alliance]]
|value1 = 44.9
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Islamist Bloc]]
|value2 = 25.0
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value3 = 7.5
|color3 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value4 = 6.7
|color4 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value5 = 2.0
|color5 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label6 = [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|value6 = 1.8
|color6 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label7 = [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|The Revolution Continues]]
|value7 = 1.6
|color7 ={{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}
|label8 = [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP Offshoots]]
|value8 = 3.5
|color8 = #999999
|label9 = Military Appointees
|value9 = 1.9
|color9 = #000000
|label10 = Independents
|value10 = 4.7
|color10 = #FFFFFF
|label11 = [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice Party]]
|value11 = 0.4
|color11 = #FF9900
}}
|}

{{Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011}}

===First phase===

{{Pie chart
|caption = First phase assigned seats
|other = yes
|label1 = [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
|value1 = 49
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]]
|value2 = 20
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value3 = 10
|color3 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value4 = 7
|color4 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|value5 = 4
|color5 = {{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}
|label6 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value6 = 3
|color6 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label7 = [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|value7 = 1
|color7 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
}}
*On 4 and 6 December, the result from the first phase of the proportional representation was released.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults>{{cite web|title=Egyptian elections preliminary results|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3331/egyptian-elections_preliminary-results_updated-|publisher=jadaliyya.com|access-date=7 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207173753/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3331/egyptian-elections_preliminary-results_updated-|archive-date=7 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=houssam nassif |url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3369/nationwide-vote-for-party-coalition-lists-(stage-1 |title=Nationwide Vote for Party-Coalition Lists (Stage 1) |publisher=Jadaliyya.com |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226152023/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3369/nationwide-vote-for-party-coalition-lists-(stage-1 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Although [[Proportional Representation|PR]] seats are assigned per district, party lists must pass a national threshold of 0.5% to be eligible to get seats on the district level.<ref name=HowAreSeatWinnersDetermined /> The Egyptian authorities did release seat allocation for the constituency ([[plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]]) seats.<ref name=officialFPTPresults>{{cite web|title=نتائج دوائر المرحلة الأولى فردى|url=http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results/2011-12-04-02-30-40|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206183243/http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results/2011-12-04-02-30-40|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The number of PR seats shown in this table are unofficial calculations from [[Jadaliyya]] using the [[largest remainder method]].<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> Unofficial results are italicised:

{{electiontable|Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|sortable=yes}}
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
!class="unsortable"|
! style="text-align:center;"| Party
! style="text-align:center;"| Ideology
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Votes
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Vote %
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Seats3
! style="text-align:center;"| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]] Seats4
! style="text-align:center;"| Total Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Seat
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" width=1|
| align=left |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice]]1
|align="left"| [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 3,565,092
| 36.6
| ''40''
| 33
| 73
| 49%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]] 2
|align="left" | [[Salafi]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 2,371,713
| 24.4
| ''26''
| 4
| 30
| 20%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy|Liberal democrats]]
| 1,299,819
| 13.4
| ''13''
| 2
| 15
| 10%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|align="left" | [[National liberalism|National liberals]]
| 690,077
| 7.1
| ''10''
| 1
| 11
| 7%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|align="left" | Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic<ref name="Wasat_Mod">{{Cite journal |last=el-Karanshawi |first=Shaimaa |date=19 February 2011 |title=Egypt court approves moderate Islamic party |journal=[[Almasry Alyoum]] |accessdate=20 February 2011 |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/323634 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092809/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/323634 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| 415,590
| 4.3
| ''4''
| 0
| 4
| 3%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|align="left" | [[Centre-left|Leftists]]
| 335,947
| 3.5
| ''4''
| 2
| 6
| 4%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="{{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" style="width:1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|align="left" | Liberals
| 185,138
| 1.9
| ''2''
| 0
| 2
| 1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Yellow; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National Party of Egypt]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 153,429
| 1.6
| ''1''
| 1
| 2
| 1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Orange; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 136,784
| 1.4
| ''1''
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Black; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]]
|align="left" | [[Centrism|Centrists]]
| 76,769
| 0.8
| ''0''
| 1
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative]]
|align="left" | [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]
| 76,743
| 0.8
| ''0''
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Citizen Party|Egyptian Citizen]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 67,602
| 0.7
| ''1''
| 1
| 2
| 1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Democratic Peace Party]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal Democracy]]
| 51,704
| 0.5
| ''0''
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:gray; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Other/Independents
| style="text-align:left;"| ----
| 308,106
| 3.2
| ''0''
| 3
| 3
| 2%
|- class="sortbottom" | style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | align="right"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults />
| style="text-align:left;"|
| '''9,734,513'''
|'''100'''
|'''102'''
|'''48'''
|'''150'''
|'''100'''
|}
Notes: 1Freedom and Justice list includes candidates from the parties of the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]]. 2Al-Nour's list includes candidates from the parties of the Alliance for Egypt ("[[Islamist Bloc]]"). 3Preliminary results, includes all but Cairo's party-list district No. 1 (10 seats), annulled by the Higher Elections Commission, and scheduled to re-vote on 10–11 January. 4Includes all but two races in Cairo’s district No. 1, two races in Alexandria's district No. 3, two races in Assiut district No. 2 and two races in Assiut's district No. 3 (a total of 8 seats), scheduled for a re-vote on 10–11 January.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> 

===Second phase===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Second phase assigned seats
|other = yes
|label1 = [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
|value1 = 48
|color1 = {{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
|label2 = [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]]
|value2 = 28
|color2 = {{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}
|label3 = [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|value3 = 8
|color3 = {{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}
|label4 = [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|value4 = 6
|color4 = {{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}
|label5 = [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|value5 = 2
|color5 = {{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}
|label6 = Reform and Development
|value6 = 2
|color6 = {{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}
}}

In the second phase, various secular parties, including the [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]], [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Adl]], [[Egyptian Bloc]], and [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]], attempted to coordinate their efforts with regard to some constituency ([[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]]) seats.<ref>{{cite news|last=Afify|first=Heba|title=Secular parties attempt to increase their electoral chances|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/546176|accessdate=14 December 2011|newspaper=almasryalyoum|date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092909/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/546176|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 24 December 2011, official results were announced:<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /><ref name=officialresults2>
{{cite web
|title="بوابة الأهرام" تنشر النتائج الكاملة للمرحلة الثانية لانتخابات الفردي»
|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/13/54/152478/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.aspx
|access-date=24 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107203219/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/13/54/152478/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.aspx
|archive-date=7 January 2012
|url-status=live
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4CFDFciLgpptj7DhYy--z4gvH6g?docId=CNG.1c87b5e9be895eb4be7fffda21026457.141 |title=AFP: Egypt Islamists sweep second round of election |publisher=Google |accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/566406 |title=Freedom and Justice Party leads in second round of elections | Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today's News from Egypt |newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm |date=22 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104093006/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/566406 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Osama|first=Basem|title=Freedom and Justice Party sweeps second round run-off elections|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/33/30062/Elections-/Freedom-and-Justice-Party-sweeps-second-round-runo.aspx|newspaper=ahramonline|date=24 December 2011|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226140020/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/33/30062/Elections-/Freedom-and-Justice-Party-sweeps-second-round-runo.aspx|archive-date=26 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{electiontable|Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|sortable=yes}}
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
!class="unsortable"|
! style="text-align:center;"| Party
! style="text-align:center;"| Ideology
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Votes
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Vote %
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Seats1
! style="text-align:center;"| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]] Seats2
! style="text-align:center;"| Total Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Seat
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" width=1|
| align=left |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice]]
|align="left"| [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 4,058,498
|36.3
| 35
| 36
| 71
| 48%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]]
|align="left" | [[Salafi]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
| 3,216,430
| 28.8
| 28
| 13
| 41
| 28%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
|align="left" | [[National liberalism|National liberals]]
| 1,077,244
| 9.6
| 11
| 0
| 11
| 8%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy|Liberal democrats]]
| 785,084
| 7.0
| 8
| 0
| 8
| 6%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Wasat Party|Al-Wasat]]
|align="left" | Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic<ref name="Wasat_Mod"/>
| 368,375
| 3.3
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 2%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="{{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|align="left" | Liberals
| 231,713
| 2.1
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 2%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Yellow; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National Party of Egypt]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 169,662
| 1.5
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|align="left" | [[Centre-left|Leftists]]
| 161,594
| 1.4
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Citizen Party|Egyptian Citizen]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 151,314
| 1.4
| 1
| 0
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative]]
|align="left" | [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]
| 139,100
| 1.2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Democratic Peace Party|Democratic peace]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy]]
| 121,694
| 1.1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Orange; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
| 97,165
| 0.9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Black; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]]
|align="left" | [[Centrism|Centrists]]
| 46,681
| 0.4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| <1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:gray; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Other/Independents
| style="text-align:left;"| ----
|
|
| 2
| 5
| 7
| 5%
|- class="sortbottom" | style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | align="right"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults />
| style="text-align:left;"|
|'''11,173,818'''
|
| '''92'''
| '''56'''
| '''148'''
|
|}

Notes: 1 Does not include the postponed or invalidated results of Aswan, Beheira (district 2), Sohag (district 2), and Menoufia (district 1). 2 Does not include the invalidated results of Shaqiya's districts 5 and 2.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> 

===Third phase===

{{electiontable|Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|sortable=yes}}
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
!class="unsortable"|
! style="text-align:center;"| Party
! style="text-align:center;"| Ideology
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Votes
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Vote %
! style="text-align:center;"| [[Proportional Representation|PR]] Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]] Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Total Seats
! style="text-align:center;"| Seat
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" width=1|
| align=left |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]
|align="left"| [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
|
|
|37
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Nour Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Nour Party]]
|align="left" | [[Salafi]] [[Islamism|Islamist]]
|
|
|29
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[New Wafd Party]]
|align="left" | [[National liberalism|National liberals]]
|
|
|13
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Bloc]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy|Liberal democrats]]
|
|
|6
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="{{Reform and Development Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Reform and Development]]
|align="left" | Liberals
|
|
|4
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:{{The Revolution Continues Alliance/meta/color}}; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
|align="left" | [[Centre-left|Leftists]]
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Orange; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Freedom Party (Egypt)|Freedom]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Yellow; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National Party of Egypt]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|2
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
|bgcolor="{{Al-Wasat Party/meta/color}}" width=1|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Al-Wasat Party]]
|align="left" | Moderate Islamist/Liberal Democratic<ref name="Wasat_Mod"/>
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nasserist Party|Nasserist]]
|align="left" | Left-wing nationalism
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Union Party (Egypt)|Union]] (Hizb al-Ittihad)
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:Black; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice Party]] (Adl)
|align="left" | [[Centrism|Centrists]]
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative Party]]
|align="left" | [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Egyptian Citizen Party|Egyptian Citizen]]
|align="left" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Members
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| bgcolor="" style="width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Democratic Peace Party|Democratic peace]]
|align="left" | [[Liberal democracy]]
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="background:gray; width:1px;;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Other
| style="text-align:left;"| ----
|
|
|0
|
|
|
|- class="sortbottom" | style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | align="right"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''
| style="text-align:left;"|
|
|
|'''100'''
|
|
|
|}
Source:<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> 

===PR per governorate and district===
The [[Proportional Representation|PR]] votes were released by the official election committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Elections Website|url=http://www.elections2011.eg/|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923170943/http://www.elections2011.eg/|archive-date=23 September 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seats were computed by [[Jadaliyya]].<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults /> The official results were then released by the supreme committee of elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Elections Website|url=http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results/|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104155334/http://www.elections2011.eg/index.php/results|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:auto; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="18" style="width:1000px;"| Proportional Representation
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Alexandria Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 34.41%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 16.02%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.85%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 4.11%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.40%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.27%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.32%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 6.15%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 32.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 10.04%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.55%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.73%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Aswan Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 32.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 25.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 9.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Asyut Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.77%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 20.31%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 20.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.73%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.33%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 32.57%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 18.19%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 25.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.57%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 1.58%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|8
|-

! colspan="18" | [[Beheira Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 4.38%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 40.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 5
| 2.17%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.78%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.21%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|12
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 34.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 36.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 1.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-

! colspan="18" | [[Beni Suef Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.47%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 35.00%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 3.28%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 11.42%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.08%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 43.17%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 9.93%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 32.02%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.54%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Cairo Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 24.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 14.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 2.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 26.22%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 11.31%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4.18%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.76%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.22%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd
| 39.94%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 18.33%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 14.52%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.45%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 14.67%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.93%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 4th
| 40.48%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 13.14%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 19.35%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 3.62%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.32%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.39%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Dakahlia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 33.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 1.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 25.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 15.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 9.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 38.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 29.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 8.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 11.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd
| 32.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 26.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 11.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 6.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Damietta Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 31.14%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 3.38%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 38.58%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 0.73%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.53%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 13.59%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Faiyum Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 44.89%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 2.26%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 29.06%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 5.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.58%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.95%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.95
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 45.05%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 5.61%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 40.03%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 1.59%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Gharbia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 28.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 7.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 3.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 13.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 37.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 4.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 28.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 17.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Giza Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 41.09%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 10.52%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.10%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.80%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.75%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 37.83%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 10.05%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 28.12%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.77%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.60%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 6.04%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Ismailia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 38.19%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 6.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 27.63%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.40%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.11%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 29.83%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 38.92%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 12.16%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.67%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.04%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 31.12%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.30%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 22.40%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.92%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 15.36%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 6.56%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10.49%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Luxor Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 36.90%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 12.99%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 15.78%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 11.06%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.14%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Matruh Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 16.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 79.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Minya Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 46.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 5.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 22.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 3.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 12.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 19.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 28.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Monufia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 34.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 6.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 22.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 11.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 39.18%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 15.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.64%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 25.41%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 2.52%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.81%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 5.85%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[New Valley Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 26.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 39.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 0.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[North Sinai Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 1.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 26.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 7.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 9.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Port Said Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 32.66%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 9.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 20.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.85%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 13.89%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 12.88%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Qalyubia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 3.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 25.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 14.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 38.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 7.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 29.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 1.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Qena Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 32.6%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 21.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 2.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10.1%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 26.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 19.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 3.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 17.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | TBD
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Red Sea Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 35.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 17.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.19%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 9.69%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.51%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 14.23%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Sharqia Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 37.99%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 6.68%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 26.55%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 3
| 2.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10.53%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.23%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 10
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 35.54%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 3.81%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 20.80%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 0.90%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 13.95%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 3.01%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 8.75%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 10
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Sohag Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 28.42%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 15.96%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 29.33%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 4
| 1.23%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.65%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 2.78%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | TBD
| 2.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 12
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd
| 23.0%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 10.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 25.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 0.5%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 6.2%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 7.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8.3%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8
|-
! colspan="18" | [[South Sinai Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 39.8%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| 9.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 18.7%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 1.9%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 19.4%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 4
|-
! colspan="18" | [[Suez Governorate]]
|-
! rowspan ="2" | PR District
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Egyptian Bloc|Egyptian Bloc]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Al-Nour Party|Nour]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[The Revolution Continues Alliance|Revolution Continues]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[New Wafd Party|New Wafd]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | [[Wasat Party|Wasat]]
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Others
!| Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Votes (%)
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | Seats
| Seats
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st
| 26.84%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 8.37%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 1
| 45.55%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 2
| N/A
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4.63%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 5.13%
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
|
| style="border-right: 3px solid darkgrey;" | 0
| 4
|}
Note: Vote percentage reported for "Others" and "Former [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] Parties" is for those parties that won seats



===Violence===

A day after polls closed during the second phase of election to the lower house, clashes broke out again in front of the parliament and cabinet building in Cairo between security forces and several hundred demonstrators. The demonstrators were protesting against the appointment of a new prime minister by the military council, and against the arrest and beating of one of the protesters there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/947.html?hp=1&cat=666&loc=50 |title=חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – ...מצרים: מורדים התעמתו עם כוחות |publisher=Nrg.co.il |accessdate=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729075541/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/316/947.html?hp=1&cat=666&loc=50 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Reactions===

The commander of the military police was quoted as saying that the ruling military council was not taking sides during the second phase of the election to the lower house and "stands at an equal distance" from all the political groups contesting the elections: "The army has no interest to be served by siding with liberals or the Brotherhood or leftists or others."<ref>{{cite news|title=SCAF impartial in Egypt's vote, chief says|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/|agency=United Press International|date=14 December 2011|access-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215012438/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/ |title=SCAF impartial in Egypt's vote, chief says |agency=United Press International |accessdate=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040120/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/12/14/SCAF-impartial-in-Egypts-vote-chief-says/UPI-91281323887301/ |archive-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Following reports that the FJP was likely leading in the first round of the election, with al-Nour in second place, the FJP denied it would seek an alliance with Al-Nour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/iweb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32774:fjp-no-alliance-with-salafist-al-noor-party&catid=10388:paragraphs&Itemid=858|title=FJP: No Alliance With Salafist Al Noor Party|accessdate=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206005514/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/iweb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32774:fjp-no-alliance-with-salafist-al-noor-party&catid=10388:paragraphs&Itemid=858|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Dissolution, reinstatement decree==
On 14 June 2012, the [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt]] ruled that the election was unconstitutional, and one third of the winners were illegitimate.<ref name="BBC unconst">{{cite news|title=Egypt supreme court calls for parliament to be dissolved|date=14 June 2012|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18439530|accessdate=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614163003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18439530|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47811614#.T9o_KVJy9RU|author=Hamza Hendawi|title=Egypt court orders parliament dissolved|agency=Associated Press|publisher=MSNBC|date=14 June 2013|accessdate=14 June 2013}}{{dead link|date=November 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The ruling was due, in part, to the fact that some seats were contested on a proportional list system, while others were contested on the [[first-past-the-post system]].<ref name="BBC unconst" /> As a result, the court concluded, the election law had allowed political parties to compete for seats intended for independent candidates. "The makeup of the entire chamber is illegal and, consequently, it does not legally stand", explained the court.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The ruling upheld a lower court decision, which had found the election law unconstitutional.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] held the majority of the seats ruled unconstitutional.<ref name="BBC unconst" />

In a separate ruling issued at the same time, the court threw out the Political Exclusion Law, which banned former members of President [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s regime from running for office.<ref name="BBC unconst" /> The court concluded the law was not based on "objective grounds", and violated "the principle of equality".<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The court judges had all been appointed by Mubarak.<ref name="CBS unconst">{{cite news|title=Egypt court rules entire parliament illegally elected, orders body to dissolve after unconstitutional vote|date=14 June 2012|work=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57453035/egypt-court-rules-entire-parliament-illegally-elected-orders-body-to-dissolve-after-unconstitutional-vote/|accessdate=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615062220/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57453035/egypt-court-rules-entire-parliament-illegally-elected-orders-body-to-dissolve-after-unconstitutional-vote/|archive-date=15 June 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ruling raised fears (in some) of the military trying to increase its power. The Muslim Brotherhood's popularity had decreased since the election, so new elections could result in a decrease of their seats in parliament.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> The dissolution of parliament creates the possibility of the panel to be tasked with writing a new constitution being appointed by the military.<ref name="CBS unconst" /> A politician from the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] predicted the ruling would send the country into a "dark tunnel".<ref name="BBC unconst" /> Other observers called the move a coup attempt and "a complete disregard for the free will of voters".<ref name="BBC unconst" /> In contrast, [[Ahmed Shafiq]], who served as Prime Minister under Mubarak, called the ruling a "historic ... verdict that meant there was no way for anyone to do particular laws for particular people".<ref name="BBC unconst" />

Angry protesters gathered outside the court building after the decision. Police in riot gear guarded the building.<ref name="BBC unconst" />

Re-institution of the parliament has since been demanded by the protesters, the Muslim Brotherhood and others. [[Mohammed Mursi]], sworn as Egypt's new president on 30 June, has initially refrained from speaking publicly on that (crucial to the extent of his own real power) issue. In his inauguration speech on 30 June, however, he gave an indication of his future efforts, calling the parliamentary election "free and fair".<ref name="Mohamed Morsi: Egypt parliament election free and fair">{{cite news|publisher=PressTV|title=Mohamed Morsi: Egypt parliament election free and fair|date=30 June 2012|url=http://presstv.com/detail/2012/06/30/248723/egypt-parliament-election-free-and-fair/|accessdate=2012-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701071720/http://presstv.com/detail/2012/06/30/248723/egypt-parliament-election-free-and-fair/|archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Within days of Morsi's inauguration, according to his spokesman, the President is actively searching for ways of restoring the parliament and obtaining a release of non-criminal political detainees.<ref name="New Egypt president takes on military over parliament">{{cite news|title=New Egypt president takes on military over parliament|date=2 July 2012|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/02/world/africa/egypt-politics/|accessdate=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702141601/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/02/world/africa/egypt-politics/|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A presidential decree was released on 8 July 2012, reinstating parliament until a new one is elected and mandating that it would write the new constitution instead of the Constitutional Assembly. The decree challenges the powers claimed by the SCAF military council.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Leyne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18761403 |title=BBC News – Egyptian President Mursi reverses parliament dissolution |publisher=BBC |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712190029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18761403 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Supreme Constitutional Court called that decree into question on 9 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/egypt-tension-after-order-to-reconvene-parliament.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |title=Egyptian Court Affirms Ruling to Disband Parliament |location=Egypt |work=The New York Times |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201145812/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/egypt-tension-after-order-to-reconvene-parliament.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Leyne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18765947 |title=BBC News – Egypt court challenges Mursi's reopening of parliament |publisher=BBC |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712020529/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18765947 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Results of the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–12]]
*[[2012 Egyptian presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |first=May |last=Elsayyad |first2=Shima’a |last2=Hanafy |title=Voting Islamist or Voting Secular? An Empirical Analysis of Voting Outcomes in Egypt’s ‘Arab Spring’ |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=160 |issue=1–2 |pages=109–130 |year=2014 |doi=10.1007/s11127-014-0173-3 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Mazen |last=Hassan |title=Elections of the People's Assembly, Egypt 2011/12 |journal=[[Electoral Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=370–374 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2012.12.005 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.elections2011.eg/ The official website of Supreme Committee for Elections]
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
* [https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-egypt-election-system-idUSTRE7AR0VE20111128 Q+A: How does Egypt's parliamentary election system work?], [[Reuters]], 28 November 2011.
* Wael Eskandar, [http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3361/how-are-seat-winners-determined-in-the-egyptian-el How Are Seat Winners Determined in the Egyptian Elections ?], adaliyya.com, 1 December 2011.

{{Egyptian elections}}
{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011-12}}
[[Category:Elections in Egypt]]
[[Category:2011 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:2012 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian revolution of 2011|Parliamentary election]]
[[Category:2011 in Egypt|Parliamentary election, 2011]]
[[Category:House of Representatives (Egypt)|2011-2012 election]]
[[Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:Annulled elections]]
[[Category:November 2011 events in Africa]]
[[Category:January 2012 events in Africa]]

Media coverage of the Iraq War

2020-03-20T00:54:29Z

Simsman333: Al-Jazeera is run and funded by the rulers of Qatar ,who are 'Arab leaders' too ,and I am pretty sure they were not displeased by Al-Jazeera's reporting. So, I believe the article should be more specific.

[[Image:GeraldoCHCI.jpg|thumb|right| Journalist [[Geraldo Rivera]] who while with the 101st Airborne Division during war with Iraq in 2003 began to disclose an upcoming operation drawing a map in the sand for his audience.]]
The [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] involved unprecedented U.S. media coverage, especially cable news networks.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/16/us/nation-war-media-cable-s-war-coverage-suggests-new-fox-effect-television.html A NATION AT WAR: THE NEWS MEDIA; Cable's War Coverage Suggests a New 'Fox Effect' on Television Journalism] by Jim Rutenberg, nytimes.com</ref> The coverage itself became a source of controversy, as media outlets were accused of pro-war bias, reporters were casualties of both Iraqi and American gunfire, and claims of [[censorship]] and [[propaganda]] became widespread.

==U.S. mainstream media coverage==
The most popular cable network in the United States for news on the war was [[Fox News]], and had begun influencing other media outlets' coverage.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/16/us/nation-war-media-cable-s-war-coverage-suggests-new-fox-effect-television.html Cable's War Coverage Suggests a New 'Fox Effect' on Television] by Jim Rutenberg, nytimes.com</ref> Fox News is owned by [[Rupert Murdoch]], a strong supporter of the war.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,897015,00.html Their master's voice], ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/|title=MSN - Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos|website=MSN}}</ref> On-screen during all live war coverage by Fox News was a waving flag animation in the upper left corner and the headline "Operation Iraqi Freedom" along the bottom.<ref name="Nieman Reports">{{cite web|url=http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/100831/The-Press-and-Public-Misperceptions-About-the-Iraq-War.aspx|title=The Press and Public Misperceptions About the Iraq War|publisher=}}</ref> The network has shown the American flag animation in the upper-left corner since the [[September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]].<ref name="Nieman Reports" /> A study conducted in 2003 by Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) tracking the frequencies of pro-war and antiwar commentators on the major networks found that pro-war views were overwhelmingly more frequent. The FAIR study found that the two networks notably least likely to present critical commentary were Fox and CBS.<ref name="Nieman Reports" />

Anti-war celebrities appearing frequently on news networks included actors [[Janeane Garofalo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,79351,00.html|title=Transcript: Janeane Garofalo on Fox News Sunday|publisher=|access-date=2013-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010231/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,79351,00.html|archive-date=2013-06-16|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> [[Tim Robbins]], [[Mike Farrell]], [[Rob Reiner]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Susan Sarandon]] and director [[Michael Moore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2882645.stm|title=Backlash over anti-war celebrities|date=25 March 2003|publisher=|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In a widely publicized story, the [[country music]] [[musical band|band]] [[Dixie Chicks]] ignited boycotts and [[Gramophone record|record]] burnings in the [[United States|U.S.]] for their negative remarks about President Bush in a concert in [[London]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/14/dixie.chicks.apology/|title=Dixie Chicks singer apologizes for Bush comment|accessdate=2007-06-10 | work=CNN | date=March 13, 2003}}</ref>

[[MSNBC]] also brought the American flag back on screen and regularly ran a tribute called "America's Bravest" which showed photographs sent by family members of troops deployed in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| title=Who won the US media war?
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2959833.stm
| publisher=BBC
| date=2003-04-18
| first=Steve
| last=Schifferes
}}</ref> MSNBC also fired liberal [[Phil Donahue]], a critic of Bush's Iraq policy,<ref>{{cite news
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| title=The marketing plan for war
| url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2004118752_war11.html
| date=2008-01-11
| publisher=Seattle Times
| first=Jeff
| last=Shannon
| url-status=dead
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118075011/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2004118752_war11.html
| archivedate=2008-01-18
| df=
}}</ref> a month before the invasion began and replaced his show with an expanded ''Countdown: Iraq'', initially hosted by [[Lester Holt]].<ref>CBS: [http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-207_162-542005.html Phil Donahue Gets the Ax]. February 11, 2009.</ref> Shortly after Donahue's firing, MSNBC hired [[Michael Savage (commentator)|Michael Savage]], a controversial conservative radio talk show host for a Saturday afternoon show.<ref>{{cite web
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/07/Columns/MSNBC_shouldn_t_give_.shtml
| title=MSNBC shouldn't give voice to Savage
| date=2003-03-07
}}</ref> Although Donahue's show had lower ratings than several shows on other networks, and most reports on its cancellation blamed poor ratings, it was the highest-rated program on MSNBC's struggling primetime lineup at the time of its cancellation.<ref>{{cite web
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2707
| title=Too Many Liberals?
| date=2005-10-27
}}</ref> In September 2002, Donahue's show averaged 365,000 viewers, compared to rival [[Connie Chung]]'s 686,000 on [[CNN]] and [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly's]] 2 million on Fox News, according to Nielsen Media Research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2002-09-05-0209050313-story.html|title=Phil Donahue's show not drawing crowds|first=Stephen|last=Battaglio|website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref>

In overall numbers, Fox News was number one, followed by CNN, and then MSNBC.<ref>{{cite web
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| url=http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7B5531CCF2-D364-441A-90FA-027EC0955801%7D&source=blq%2Fyhoo&dist=yhoo&siteid=yhoo
| date=2003-03-21
| title=Fox tops CNN, MSNBC in war TV ratings
}}</ref> It was a major success for Fox News, as many had believed CNN would reclaim the top spot, since it established itself with coverage from the 1990-1991 Gulf War.

In separate incidents, at least three different Western reporters were fired or disciplined due to their actions in covering the war. [[Peter Arnett]], an [[NBC]] and [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] correspondent, was fired for giving an interview with Iraqi officials in which he questioned the United States' role and saying the "first war plan had failed."<ref>{{cite news
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| publisher=CNN
| url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/31/sprj.irq.arnett/
| title=Just fired, Peter Arnett hired by British paper
| date=2003-04-01
}}</ref> [[Brian Walski]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' was fired on March 31 for altering a photo of a British soldier warning Iraqi civilians to take cover from an Iraqi aerial bombing.<ref>{{cite news
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| publisher=Washington Post
| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/essays/vanRiper/030409.htm
| title=Manipulating Truth, Losing Credibility
}}</ref> [[Geraldo Rivera]] left Iraq after drawing a crude map in the sand during a live broadcast on Fox News, which raised concerns at the Pentagon that he was possibly revealing vital troop movements on air.<ref>{{cite news
| accessdate=2008-01-21
| url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/mar/31/Iraqandthemedia.broadcasting1
| title=Rivera gets army boot out of Iraq
| date=2003-03-21
| publisher=The Guardian
| location=London
| first=Jason
| last=Deans}}</ref>

One study has compared the number of insurgent attacks in Iraq to the number of "anti-resolve" statements in the US media, the release of public opinion polls, and geographic variations in access to international media by Iraqis. The purpose was to determine if insurgents responded to information on "casualty sensitivity." The researchers found that insurgent attacks spiked by 5 to 10% after increases in the number of negative reports of the war in the media. The authors identified this as an "emboldenment effect" and concluded "insurgent groups respond rationally to expected probability of US withdrawal."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Radha |last=Iyengar |first2=Jonathan |last2=Monten |title=Is There an "Emboldenment" Effect? Evidence from the Insurgency in Iraq |work=NBER Working Paper No. 13839 |date=March 2008 |doi=10.3386/w13839 }}</ref>

===Criticisms of pro-invasion bias===
{{See also|Media bias}}
[[Image:Iraq War Media Sources Opinion Percentage.svg|300px|thumb|A study found that in the lead up to the Iraq War, most sources were overwhelmingly in favor of the invasion.]]

A [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]] study on American public opinion found that:
*Fifty-seven percent of mainstream media viewers believed that Iraq gave substantial support to Al-Qaeda, or was directly involved in the [[September 11 attacks]] (48% after invasion).
*Sixty-nine percent believed that Saddam Hussein was personally involved in the [[September 11 attacks]].
*Twenty-two percent believed that weapons of mass destruction had been found in Iraq. (Twenty-one percent believed that chem/bio weapons had actually been used against U.S. soldiers in Iraq during 2003)
*In the composite analysis of the PIPA study, 80% of Fox News watchers had one or more of these perceptions, in contrast to 71% for [[CBS]] and 27% who tuned to [[NPR]]/[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].<ref>"perceptions, Media, and the Iraq War." The PIPA/Knowledge Networks Poll The American Public On International Issues. Available at: {{cite web |url=http://65.109.167.118/pipa/pdf/oct03/IraqMedia_Oct03_rpt.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403153921/http://65.109.167.118/pipa/pdf/oct03/IraqMedia_Oct03_rpt.pdf |archivedate=2007-04-03 |df= }} See also: {{cite web |url=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&id=&pnt=102&lb=brusc |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-10-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008020042/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&id=&pnt=102&lb=brusc |archivedate=2006-10-08 |df= }}</ref>

In an investigation of the news coverage of Colin Powell's 2003 U.N. address, rhetorical scholar John Oddo found that mainstream journalists "strengthened Powell's credibility, predisposed audiences to respond favorably to his discourse, and subtly altered his claims to make them seem more certain and warranted."<ref>Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014, p. 44.</ref> In 2003, a study released by [[Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting]] stated the network news disproportionately focused on pro-war sources and left out many [[anti-war]] sources. According to the study, 64% of total sources were in favor of the Iraq War while total anti-war sources made up 10% of the media (only 3% of US sources were anti-war). The study stated that "viewers were more than six times as likely to see a pro-war source as one who was anti-war; with U.S. guests alone, the ratio increases to 25 to 1."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steve Rendall and Tara Broughel|year=2003 |title=Amplifying Officials, Squelching Dissent |journal=Extra!|publisher=[[Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting]] |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1145 |accessdate=}}</ref>

FAIR also conducted a similar study in February 2004. According to the study, which took place during October 2003, current or former government or military officials accounted for 76 percent of all 319 sources for news stories about Iraq which aired on network news channels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1167 |title=If News From Iraq Is Bad, It's Coming From U.S. Officials |publisher=Fair.org |first=Jon |last=Whiten |date=February 2004 |accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref>

After the invasion, the editors of the ''New York Times'' apologized for its coverage of Hussein's alleged weapons programs, acknowledging that "we wish we had been more aggressive in re-examining the claims (related to Iraqi weapons programs) as new evidence emerged — or failed to emerge."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/international/middleeast/26FTE_NOTE.html?ex=1400990400&en=94c17fcffad92ca9&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND "The Times and Iraq."] ''The New York Times,'' May 26, 2004. Retrieved on April 11, 2007. See also Michael Massing in ''The New York Review of Books'' Volume 51, Number 3 · February 26, 2004</ref>

During the invasion, critics argued that the mainstream media unduly focused on optimistic events, such as the toppling of a Saddam Hussein statue in [[Firdos Square]], which was staged with the help of the U.S. military forces, thus downplaying more negative news developments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newstandardnews.net/content/?action=show_item&itemid=641|title=Army report confirms Psy-ops staged Saddam statue toppling - The NewStandard|website=newstandardnews.net}}</ref>
In particular, the mainstream media has been criticized for underreporting news about Iraqi civilian casualties, which are estimated to be anywhere between 100,000 and 650,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burnham|first=Gilbert|last2=Lafta|first2=Riyadh|last3=Doocy|first3=Shannon|last4=Roberts|first4=Les|date=October 2006|title=Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey|url=https://usiraq.procon.org/sourcefiles/MortalityCrossSectional.pdf|journal=The Lancet|volume=368|issue=9545|pages=1421–1428|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69491-9|pmid=17055943}}</ref>

As the security situation in Iraq has worsened since the invasion, many journalists have found it increasingly difficult to report from Iraq without jeopardizing their lives. Some media outlets, unable to afford the cost of additional security, have even abandoned their bureaus in Baghdad. This trend has forced journalists to depend even more heavily on U.S. military sources, which has led some critics to call into question the impartiality of their reports on events such as the [[Iraqi elections]].<ref>Schell, Orville. "Baghdad: The Besieged Press." New York Review of Books, April 6, 2006. Retrieved from [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/media/2006/0406besieged.htm Global Policy Forum] on April 11, 2007.</ref>

A post-2008 election poll by [[FactCheck.org]] found that 48% of Americans believe Hussein played a role in the 9/11 attacks; the group concluded that "voters, once deceived, tend to stay that way despite all evidence."<ref>[http://www.factcheck.org/specialreports/our_disinformed_electorate.html Our Disinformed Electorate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208021648/http://www.factcheck.org/specialreports/our_disinformed_electorate.html |date=February 8, 2009 }}. By Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Brooks Jackson. [[FactCheck.org]] Published December 12, 2008.</ref>

===Use of propaganda===
{{main|Propaganda model}}

[[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|180px|right|thumb|[[Kofi Annan]] and [[Richard Perle]] have said the [[Iraq War]] is illegal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3661134.stm|title=Iraq war illegal, says Annan|date=16 September 2004|publisher=|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/20/usa.iraq1|title=War critics astonished as US hawk admits invasion was illegal|first1=Oliver|last1=Burkeman|first2=Julian|last2=Borger|date=20 November 2003|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> but this was never mentioned in the US media aside from Fox News, MSNBC, and CNN.]]

Media critics such as [[Noam Chomsky]], have alleged that the media acted as [[propaganda]] for not questioning the [[legality of the Iraq war]] and thus, took on the fundamental assumptions given by the government.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4495142117559144505# Illegal but Legitimate: a Dubious Doctrine for the Times.] University of Washington. April 20, 2005.</ref> This is despite overwhelming public opinion in favor of only invading Iraq with UN authorization.<ref>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/7195/support-invasion-iraq-remains-contingent-un-approval.aspx Support for Invasion of Iraq Remains Contingent on U.N. Approval]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAg68_PMDwAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=foreign+policy+disconnect&hl=en&ei=jMrITb-YIaffiALu97iLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=65%20percent%20%22the%20U.S.%20should%20only%20invade%20Iraq%20with%20UN%20approval%20and%20the%20support%20of%20its%20allies%22&f=false ''The Foreign Policy Disconnect''], pg 109</ref>

In a 2010 interview, Chomsky compared media coverage of the [[Afghan War documents leak|Afghan War Diaries]] released by [[WikiLeaks]] and lack of media coverage to a study of [[Fallujah during the Iraq War#Health effects|severe health problems in Fallujah]].<ref>{{YouTube|WHfYtvYRgdk|Chomsky on the WikiLeaks' Coverage in the Press}}</ref> While there was ample coverage of WikiLeaks there was no American coverage of the Fallujah study,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medialens.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5:beyond-hiroshima-the-non-reporting-of-fallujahs-cancer-catastrophe&catid=1:alerts&Itemid=34|title=Media Lens - Media Lens|website=www.medialens.org}}</ref> in which the health situation in Fallujah was described by the British media as "worse than Hiroshima".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html|title=Toxic legacy of US assault on Fallujah 'worse than Hiroshima'|date=24 July 2010|website=The Independent}}</ref>

Chomsky also asserts that the media accurately covered events such as the [[Second Battle of Fallujah|Battle of Fallujah]] but because of an ideological bias, it acts as pro-government propaganda. In describing coverage of raid on Fallujah General Hospital he states that ''[[The New York Times]]'', "accurately recorded the battle of Fallujah but it was celebrated...it was celebration of ongoing war crimes".<ref>{{cite news|title=Chomsky: US won't acknowledge Iraq war crimes|author=Saba Hamedy|url=http://dailyfreepress.com/2010/09/19/chomsky-us-wont-acknowledge-iraq-war-crimes/|newspaper=The Daily Free Press|date=19 September 2010|accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref> The article in question was "[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/08/international/middleeast/08hospital.html Early Target of Offensive Is a Hospital]".

It was revealed on October 2, 2016 that the Pentagon paid British PR firm Bell Pottinger $540mn to create fake terrorist videos, fake news articles for Arab news channels and propaganda videos.<ref name="Rebello-3Oct2016">{{cite news|last1=Rebello|first1=Lara|title=Thatcher PR guru Lord Bell ran a $540m Pentagon false propaganda campaign in Iraq|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/thatcher-pr-guru-lord-bell-ran-540m-pentagon-false-propaganda-campaign-iraq-1584495|accessdate=8 September 2017|work=International Business Times|date=3 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="times-20161002">{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lord-bell-ran-540m-covert-pr-ops-in-iraq-for-pentagon-m5js07xtr |title=Lord Bell ran $540m covert PR ops in Iraq for Pentagon |author1=Crofton Black |author2=Abigail Fielding-Smith |author3=Jon Ungoed-Thomas |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=2 October 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="thedailybeast-20161002">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/01/pentagon-paid-for-fake-al-qaeda-videos.html |title=Pentagon Paid for Fake 'Al Qaeda' Videos |author=Crofton Black, Abigail Fielding-Smith |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=2 October 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>

An investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism revealed the details of the multi-million pound operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labs.thebureauinvestigates.com/fake-news-and-false-flags/|title=Fake News and False Flags|first=Abigail Fielding-Smith and Crofton|last=Black|website=labs.thebureauinvestigates.com}}</ref> Bell Pottinger is understood to have been funded some $540million from the US Department of Defence (DoD) for five contracts from May 2007 to December 2011, according to the Times and the Bureau of Investigative Journalism.<ref name="thetimes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/soap-operas-and-fakery-selling-peace-in-iraq-h5m5sscr9|title=Soap operas and fakery: selling peace in Iraq|first=Abigail Fielding-Smith, Crofton Black and Jon|last=Ungoed-Thomas|date=2 October 2016|publisher=|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1410858|title=Bell Pottinger in the spotlight for creating propaganda videos for US military in Iraq|first=John|last=Harrington|website=www.prweek.com}}</ref> Lord Tim Bell, the former spin doctor to Margaret Thatcher, confirmed Bell Pottinger reported to the Pentagon, the CIA and the National Security Council on its work in Iraq.<ref name="dailymail.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/~/article-3818482/index.html|title=PR firm ran 'covert' £416m propaganda operation during Iraq war|date=2 October 2016|website=Mail Online}}</ref>

===Pentagon military analyst group===

{{See also|Pentagon military analyst program}}

An investigation by the ''New York Times'' discovered that top [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] officials met with news analysts where they gave the analysts 'special information' and then tried to convince them to speak favorably about the Iraq war.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/washington/20generals.html?ref=washington | work=The New York Times | title=Behind TV Analysts, Pentagon's Hidden Hand | first=David | last=Barstow | date=April 20, 2008 | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> The discovery was based on 8000 pages of secret information that had been revealed to The New York Times through a lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act. The article states that top Pentagon officials would invite news analysts to secret meetings, and urge the analysts to speak positively of the war. Often, the US would give "classified information," trips, and contracts to the news analysts.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

==U.S. independent media coverage==
The [[Media Workers Against the War]] and the [[Indymedia]] network, among many other independent networks including many journalists from the invading countries, provided reports in a way difficult to control by any government, corporation or political party. In the United States [[Democracy Now]], hosted by
[[Amy Goodman]] has been critical of the reasons for the 2003 invasion
and the alleged crimes committed by the US authorities in Iraq.

Australian [[war artist]] [[George Gittoes]] collected independent interviews with soldiers while producing his documentary [[Soundtrack To War]].

The war in Iraq provided the first time in history that military on the front lines were able to provide direct, uncensored reportage themselves, thanks to [[blog]]ging software and the reach of the [[internet]]. Dozens of such reporting sites, known as [[Warblog|soldier blogs]] or milblogs, were started during the war.

==Non-U.S. media coverage==
Non-U.S. coverage sometimes differed strongly in tone and content from U.S. media coverage.

In some countries television journalists' behavior differed significantly during the conflict compared to Gulf War conflicts.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} [[Jean-Marie Charon]] said most journalists were more cautious, often using the conditional form and rigorously citing sources.

The crew of {{HMS|Ark Royal|R07|6}}, Britain's [[flagship]], demanded that the BBC be turned off on the ship because of what they saw as a clear anti-Coalition or "pro-Iraq" bias. One BBC correspondent had been embedded on the ship, but the crew said they had no complaints of his reporting specifically. The sailors on board the ship claimed that the BBC gave more credit to Iraqi reports than information coming from British or allied sources, often questioning and refusing to believe reports coming from Coalition sources while reporting Iraqi claims of civilian casualties without independent verification. The ship's news feed was replaced with [[Sky News]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_768569.html?menu=news.wariniraq |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2003-04-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030421084054/http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_768569.html?menu=news.wariniraq |archivedate=2003-04-21 |df= }}</ref> Ironically, it later emerged from a study conducted by Professor Justin Lewis of the School of Journalism at Cardiff University that the BBC was the most pro-war of British networks,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/07/bbc-j10.html|title=BBC was most pro-war of British networks|first=Robert|last=Stevens|website=www.wsws.org}}</ref> a finding confirmed in a separate study by the German newspaper ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/05/med-m02.html|title=Media bosses admit pro-war bias in coverage of Iraq|first=Patrick|last=Martin|website=www.wsws.org}}</ref>

The war in Iraq saw [[Abu Dhabi TV]] mature into a credible Al-Jazeera rival. However, the war did not benefit [[Al-Arabiya]], the newest of Arabic news networks. Created by the Saudi audio-visual group [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC]] to compete with Al-Jazeera (whose tone often displeases Saudi leaders), Al-Arabiya was launched on February 19, 2003.

In Australia, the [[Seven Network]] launched a news bulletin in March 2003, titled "Target Iraq", covering the latest news from the crisis in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp9T-2hAEGE|title=Seven News: Target Iraq - Open and Close (March 17, 2003)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=8 August 2012|accessdate=1 February 2018}}</ref> When the strike on Iraq ended, the bulletin was renamed ''Seven's 4:30 News'' and it became a permanent fixture on the Seven Network's schedule.

==Iraqi media coverage==
According to reports from three separate media watchdog groups, the Iraqi media was under tight state control prior to the invasion. Saddam Hussein's eldest son, Uday, oversaw as many as a dozen newspapers, sat on several important editorial boards, and ran the most popular television station, Youth TV.<ref>Tabor, Kimberly. [https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq/press.html "The Press in Iraq."] ''PBS.org'', November 2002. Retrieved April 11, 2007.</ref> In a 2001 report, the French-based [http://www.cpj.org/ Committee to Protect Journalists] wrote that Saddam Hussein's government maintained a "stranglehold" on Iraqi media outlets, and that "insulting the president or other government authorities is punishable by death."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/attacks01/pages_att01/attacks01.html|title=Attacks on the Press in 2001|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=2007-04-15 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070406232226/http://www.cpj.org/attacks01/pages_att01/attacks01.html |archivedate = April 6, 2007}}</ref>

In the wake of the invasion, the Iraqi media establishment changed drastically. Hundreds of newspapers, television stations, and radio stations sprouted both inside and outside of the country. Many of these new media outlets were closely linked with religious or political organizations, and closely reflected the interests of their backers. Some observers have suggested that this has contributed to increased sectarianism in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Metcalf|first=Steve|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4884246.stm|title=Analysis: Iraq's media three years on|work=BBCNews.com|date=2006-04-06|accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref>

The burgeoning Iraqi media market has also proven subject to manipulation by the United States government. In November 2005, the [[Los Angeles Times]] reported on a secret Pentagon program to pay Iraqi media outlets to publish articles favorable of the U.S. invasion and occupation. This initiative relied on U.S.-based subcontractors such as the [[Lincoln Group]] to write and place stories with headlines such as "Iraqis Insist on Living Despite Terrorism" and "More Money Goes to Iraq's Development." According to anonymous sources within the U.S. government, Army Lt. Gen. John R. Vines oversees the program.<ref>Gerth, Jeff and Scott Shane.
[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/01/politics/01propaganda.html?ex=1291093200&en=15a816ad2c204281&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "U.S. Is Said to Pay to Plant Articles in Iraq Papers."] ''The New York Times'', December 1, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2007.</ref> In March 2006, General George Casey, the Army's second in command, indicated that this practice, which did not "violate U.S. law or Pentagon guidelines," would continue.<ref>Shanker, Thom. [http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/03/22/politics/22lincoln.html THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ: THE IMAGE CAMPAIGN; No Breach Is Seen in Planting U.S. Propaganda in Iraq Media"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509042145/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/03/22/politics/22lincoln.html |date=May 9, 2008 }} ''The New York Times''. March 22, 2006. Retrieved April 6, 2008.</ref>

=="Embedded" reporters==
Around 600 journalists were "[[Embedded journalist|embedded]]" with military units, 80% being [[United Kingdom|British]] or [[United States|American]]. [[The Pentagon]] established the policy of "embedding" reporters with military units.

[[Robert Entman]], professor of communication at the [[George Washington University]] and critic of mainstream media for decades, indicated it was a very wise tactic from the Pentagon. He mentioned there were more chances for the journalists to make favorable reports whilst in Iraq with British and American soldiers than if they had been asking questions in Washington. Entman indicated there is a natural cultural bias of American journalists in favor of military troops of their own country and that journalists do like to satisfy the government upon which they rely for information, as well as the public on whom they depend commercially. Entman also mentioned the high number of retired generals making comments on TV, pointing out these could not be considered independent experts as they were still paid by the government. He claims the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] was much more neutral and informative on cultural and historical background than most American television reports.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

The Ministry of Defense (MoD) explained "maintaining morale as well as information dominance will rank as important as physical protection". An MoD-commissioned commercial analysis of the print output produced by embeds shows that 90% of their reporting was either "positive or neutral."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/iraqandthemedia/story/0,12823,1118405,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=The domination effect | date=January 8, 2004 | accessdate=May 12, 2010 | first=David | last=Miller}}</ref>

==Firdos Square controversy==
{{main|Firdos Square statue destruction}}
On April 9, 2003, a large statue of [[Saddam Hussein]] in Baghdad's [[Firdos Square]], directly in front of the [[Palestine Hotel]] where the world's journalists had been quartered, was toppled by a U.S. M88 tank recovery vehicle surrounded by dozens of celebrating Iraqis, who had been attempting to pull down the statue earlier with little success. One such futile attempt by sledgehammer wielding weightlifter [[Kadhem Sharif]] particularly caught media attention.<ref name="FamousPictures">{{cite web | year = 2007 | url = http://www.famouspictures.org/fall-of-saddam-husseins-statue/| title = Famous Pictures Magazine - Fall of Saddam Hussein's Statue| publisher = Famous Pictures Magazine| accessdate = 2012-07-16 | last=Lucas, Dean }}</ref> Eventually the M88 was able to topple the statue which was jumped upon by Iraqi citizens who then decapitated the head of the statue and dragged it through the streets of the city hitting it with their shoes. The destruction of the statue was shown live on cable news networks as it happened and made the front pages of newspapers and covers of magazines all over the world - symbolizing the fall of the Saddam government. The images of the statue falling came as a shock to many Arab viewers, who had thought that Iraq was winning the war.<ref>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/634/eg8.htm Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Shocked, awed and saddened] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024004050/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/634/eg8.htm |date=October 24, 2005 }}</ref>

Before the statue was toppled, [[Corporal#United States Marine Corps|Marine Corporal]] Edward Chin of the [[3rd battalion 4th Marines regiment]] climbed the ladder and placed an American flag over the statue's face.<ref name="FamousPictures"/> An Iraqi flag was then placed over the statue. The event was widely publicized, but allegations that it had been staged were soon published. One picture from the event, published in the ''[[London Evening Standard]]'', was allegedly doctored to make the crowd appear larger.<ref>[http://www.thememoryhole.org/media/evening-standard-crowd.htm The Memory Hole > Doctored Photo from London Evening Standard] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110033204/http://www.thememoryhole.org/media/evening-standard-crowd.htm |date=November 10, 2004 }}</ref> A report by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' stated it was an unnamed Marine colonel, not Iraqi civilians who had decided to topple the statue; and that a quick-thinking Army psychological operations team then used loudspeakers to encourage Iraqi civilians to assist and made it all appear spontaneous and Iraqi-inspired.<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0703-02.htm Army Stage-Managed Fall of Hussein Statue] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040705014452/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0703-02.htm |date=July 5, 2004 }}</ref> According to Tim Brown at Globalsecurity.org: "It was not completely stage-managed from Washington, DC but it was not exactly a spontaneous Iraqi operation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0704/161032.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207142542/http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0704/161032.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2004|title=ABC 7 News - I-Team: Toppling of Saddam's Statue Staged?|date=7 December 2004}}</ref>

The 2004 film ''[[Control Room (film)|Control Room]]'' deals with the incident in depth and indicated that the overall impression of Al Jazeera reporters was that it was staged. The Marines present at the time, [[3rd Battalion 4th Marines]], maintain that the scene was not staged other than the assistance they provided.<ref>Coughlin, GySgt Jack and Kuhlman, Capt. Casey with Davis, Donald A., ''Shooter: The Autobiography of the Top-Ranked Marine Sniper'', St. Martins, hardback edition - 2005, paperback edition - 2006.</ref>

==Coverage of U.S. casualties==
Media coverage of U.S. military casualties has been met by Bush administration efforts to downplay reports about soldiers' deaths throughout the invasion. Unlike the Vietnam War, when the media regularly published photographs of flag-draped coffins of American military personnel killed in action, the Bush administration prohibited the release of such photographs during the Iraq invasion. This ban mirrors a similar ban put in place during the [[Gulf War]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/23/iraq/main613301.shtml | work=CBS News | title=Pentagon: Families Want Photo Ban | date=April 23, 2004}}</ref> though it appears to have been enforced less tightly during previous military operations.

According to [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Patrick Leahy]], the administration also scheduled the return of wounded soldiers to [[Dover Air Force Base]] for after midnight so that the press would not see them.<ref>{{cite news|last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article78272.ece |title=The hidden cost of Bush's war |work=The Independent |date=2003-11-14 |accessdate=2007-04-15 |location=London |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165559/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article78272.ece |archivedate=2007-09-30 |df= }}</ref> This practice was documented by both the [[Drudge Report]] and [[Salon.com]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2005/03/08/night_flights/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707104147/http://www.salon.com/2005/03/08/night_flights/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=Iraq war - Salon.com|date=7 July 2012|website=archive.vn}}</ref> A number of Dover photographs were eventually released in response to a Freedom of Information request filed by blogger [[Russ Kick]].

Media coverage related to casualty milestones, such as the 1000th, 2000th, and 3000th U.S. soldier killed, have consistently sparked controversy among supporters and defenders of the invasion. On September 7, 2004 the US recorded its 1,000th casualty of the war, when four servicemen died that day (three in one incident, one in another). Presidential candidate [[John Kerry]] called it a "tragic milestone."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/09/07/iraq.main/ |work=CNN |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617081417/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/09/07/iraq.main/ |archivedate=June 17, 2005|title=U.S. death toll in Iraq passes 1,000|date=2004-09-08 }}</ref> Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] argued the 1000th milestone was passed long ago in the [[War on Terrorism]], with the loss of life on September 11, 2001 being in the thousands, and going on the offensive against terrorism "has its cost."

{{wikinews|Pentagon announces 2,000th U.S. military death}}
On October 25, 2005 the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] announced the 2,000th U.S. death from the war as [[George Alexander (US Army soldier)|Staff Sergeant George T. Alexander Jr.]], who was killed when a roadside bomb detonated near his [[M2 Bradley]] in the city of [[Samarra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/25/iraq.main/index.html |work=CNN |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029103055/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/25/iraq.main/index.html |archivedate=October 29, 2005|publisher=[[CNN]]|title=U.S. death toll in Iraq reaches 2,000|date=2005-10-26 }}</ref> In response, Senators including [[Dick Durbin]] made statements opposing the war, and activists held six hundred [[Protests against the 2003 Iraq war|anti-war protests]] and candlelight [[vigil]]s across the United States.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204305/http://www.suburbanchicagonews.com/beaconnews/top/2_1_AU27_VIGIL_S1.htm</ref>
In contrast, [[the Pentagon]] downplayed the death — Lt. Col. [[Steven Boylan]], chief spokesman for the U.S. military in Iraq, told the Associated Press that "the 2,000 service members killed in Iraq supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom is not a milestone. It is an artificial mark on the wall set by individuals or groups with specific agendas and ulterior motives."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-10-25-military-casualties_x.htm|title=U.S. military death toll in Iraq hits 2,000|work=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2007-04-15 | date=October 26, 2005}}</ref>

The U.S. death toll reached 3,000 on December 31, 2006 when [[Texas]] soldier Spc. Dustin R. Donica was killed in Baghdad, near the office of [[Saleh al-Mutlaq]], a [[Sunni]] [[Arab]] politician and leader of the [[Iraqi National Dialogue Front]].<ref>"Hurst, Steven R. [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2763716 U.S. Death Toll in Iraq Surpasses 3,000]." ''ABCNews.com'', January 1, 2007. Retrieved on January 8, 2007.</ref> The milestone came just one day after the [[execution of Saddam Hussein]] and just as the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush Administration]] was revising its wartime strategy.

As of May 29, 2012, according to the U.S. Department of Defense casualty website, there were 4,409 total deaths.

===Ban lifted===

Soon after taking office in January 2009, President [[Barack Obama]] asked Defense Secretary [[Robert Gates]] to review the ban on media coverage of coffins. In February Gates announced that the ban would be lifted, and permission for coverage of individual soldiers would be at the discretion of their next of kin.<ref>{{cite news | title=Ban lifted, media witness solemn return of fallen service member | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/photo.ban.lifted/ | publisher=CNN | date=6 April 2009 | accessdate=2009-04-16 |last=Mount |first=Mike}}</ref> On 5 April the return of Phillip Myers, an Air Force Staff Sergeant killed in Afghanistan the day before, became the first return of a US serviceman's remains to receive media coverage since the instatement of the original ban in 1991.<ref>{{cite news | title=US war dead media blackout lifted | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7986203.stm | publisher=BBC News | date=6 April 2009 | accessdate=2009-04-16}}</ref>

==Bombing of Al Jazeera==
On April 8, 2003, U.S. aircraft bombed the Baghdad bureau of Qatar satellite TV station [[Al Jazeera]] killing a journalist and wounding another despite the U.S. being informed of the office's precise coordinates prior to the incident. An Al Jazeera correspondent said that very clear, yellow signs reading "Press" covered the building from all sides and on the roof.<ref>[http://islamicsydney.com/printable.php?id=896 U.S. Missiles Hit Al-Jazeera Office - IslamicSydney.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221210315/http://islamicsydney.com/printable.php?id=896 |date=February 21, 2006 }}</ref> A U.S. Central Command spokesman said that the station "was not and never had been a target."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2927527.stm|title=Al-Jazeera 'hit by missile'|accessdate=2007-09-28 | work=BBC News | date=April 8, 2003}} BBC News</ref> The U.S. government had repeatedly criticized Al Jazeera as "endangering the lives of American troops."

The attack had drawn particular criticism because the [[Kabul]] office of Al Jazeera had been bombed in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1123/dailyUpdate.html British paper: Bush wanted to bomb Al Jazeera | csmonitor.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126012459/http://csmonitor.com/2005/1123/dailyUpdate.html |date=November 26, 2005 }}</ref>

On 2 April 2003, in a speech given in [[New York City]], [[British Home Secretary]] [[David Blunkett]] commented on what he believed to be sympathetic and corrupt reporting of Iraq by Arab news sources. He told the audience that "It's hard to get the true facts if the reporters of Al Jazeera are actually linked into, and are only there because they are provided with facilities and support from, the régime."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/605fgcob.asp?pg=2|title=Saddam's Cash|publisher=}}</ref> His speech came only hours before Al Jazeera was ejected from Baghdad by the US occupation.

A top secret memo leaked by a British civil servant and a parliamentary researcher detailed a lengthy conversation on April 16, 2004 between Prime Minister Blair and President Bush, in which Bush according to British media allegedly proposed bombing the Qatar central office of Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/|title=News: latest stories, exclusives, opinion & analysis - Mirror Online|website=www.mirror.co.uk}}</ref> House press secretary, Scott McClellan, describing it as "outlandish" said, "Any such notion that we would engage in that kind of activity is just absurd."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10269701/site/newsweek/from/RL.5/ Newsweek National News | Newsweek.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528220343/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10269701/site/newsweek/from/RL.5/ |date=May 28, 2006 }}</ref> A UK government official suggested that the Bush threat had been "humorous, not serious." Another source said Bush was "deadly serious." The UK government refuses to publish the memo and two civil servants have been charged with violating Britain's Official Secrets Act for allegedly disclosing the document.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/22/AR2005112201784.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Paper Says Bush Talked of Bombing Arab TV Network | first1=Kevin | last1=Sullivan | first2=Walter | last2=Pincus | date=November 23, 2005 | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> For a more full discussion, see [[Al Jazeera bombing memo]].

==Attack on Palestine Hotel==
{{further|April 8, 2003 journalist deaths by U.S. fire}}
On the same day as the destruction of the Baghdad bureau of [[Al Jazeera]], a U.S. tank fired a [[High explosive anti-tank|HEAT]] round at what the U.S. military later said was a suspected Iraqi forward artillery observer. Due to what the U.S. states was a communications error, the tank fired at the Palestine Hotel, where approximately 100 international reporters in Baghdad were based, instead of the correct building, killing two journalists, Taras Protsyuk of Reuters and Jose Couso of the Spanish network Telecinco<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2928153.stm | work=BBC News | title=Foreign media suffer Baghdad losses | date=April 8, 2003 | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> and wounding three other correspondents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fair.org/press-release/is-killing-part-of-pentagon-press-policy/|title=Is Killing Part of Pentagon Press Policy?|date=10 April 2003|publisher=}}</ref><ref>Zucchino, ''Thunder Run'', 2004</ref>

After interviewing "about a dozen reporters who were at the scene, including two embedded journalists who monitored the military radio traffic before and after the shelling occurred" the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] said the facts suggested "that attack on the journalists, while not deliberate, was avoidable." The Committee to Protect Journalists went on to say that "Pentagon officials, as well as commanders on the ground in Baghdad, knew that the Palestine Hotel was full of international journalists and were intent on not hitting it". It is not clear that orders not to fire upon the hotel had actually made it to the tank level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/reports/2003/05/palestine-hotel.php|title=Permission to Fire?|first1=Committee to Protect Journalists 330 7th|last1=Avenue|first2=11th Floor New|last2=York|first3=|last3=Ny 10001|website=cpj.org}}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] demanded proof from Donald Rumsfeld that incidents "were not deliberate attempts to dissuade the media from reporting."<ref name="rsf">{{cite web |title=Reporters Without Borders accuses US military of deliberately firing at journalists |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/reporters-without-borders-accuses-us-military-deliberately-firing-journalists |date=8 April 2003}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] demanded independent investigation.

==Journalist casualties==
There were a number of journalist casualties during the invasion, including fourteen deaths{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} (some not directly war-related). [[Michael Kelly (editor)|Michael Kelly]], an influential reporter, columnist, and editor, died in a [[Humvee]] accident on April 3, 2003. NBC's [[David Bloom]] died of a blood clot three days later. Both Kelly and Bloom were embedded with the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[U.S. 3d Infantry Division|3rd Infantry Division]].

[[ITN]] reporter [[Terry Lloyd]], who originally broke the news that Saddam Hussein had used chemical weapons, was killed by US forces near [[Basra]] on March 22, 2003.

==Critical journalists==

[[Knight Ridder]] journalists Jonathan Landay and Warren Strobel wrote a series of critical articles in the months before the invasion questioning the need for war and criticizing the intelligence behind it.<ref>"Faulty intelligence continues to plague U.S. efforts in Iraq" - March 19, 2004 http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2004/03/19/10191/faulty-intelligence-continues.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/reports/intelligence/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=March 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320013750/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/reports/intelligence/ |archivedate=March 20, 2013 }}</ref> Several years later they were part of Bill Moyers' "Buying the War."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/btw/watch.html|title=Bill Moyers Journal . Buying the War . Watch the Show - PBS|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>

Journalist [[Peter Arnett]] was fired by [[MSNBC]] and [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] after he declared in an interview with the Iraqi information ministry that he believed the U.S. strategy of "[[shock and awe]]" had failed. He also went on to tell Iraqi State TV that he had told "Americans about the determination of the Iraqi forces, the determination of the government, and the willingness to fight for their country," and that reports from Baghdad about civilian deaths had helped antiwar protesters undermine the Bush administration's strategy. The interview was given 10 days before the fall of Baghdad.

==See also==
* [[Military–industrial–media complex]]
* [[Propaganda model]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/16/international/worldspecial/16FOX.html Cable's War Coverage Suggests a New 'Fox Effect' on Television], ''The New York Times'', April 16, 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030430132420/http://cjonline.com/stories/042403/bre_landonlec.shtml MSNBC's Banfield: Media filtered realities of war], ''Topeka Capitol-Journal'', Matt Moline, April 24, 2003
* {{cite news | title=The independence of CNN; the legacy of NBC's Bloom | date=25 April 2003 | first=Howard | last=Rosenberg | publisher=Los Angeles Times | url=https://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/25/news/war-howard25 | access-date=25 April 2003}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030409072456/http://www.prospect.org/weblog/archives/2003/02/index.html#000743 Why Phil Got Killed], TAPPED, February 27, 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040402184917/http://www.fair.org/international/iraq.html Archive of well-documented media criticism of Iraqi war coverage], Provided by the national media watch group, FAIR.
* [http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/media_iraq/ Selection of links and resources on media coverage of the war in Iraq], Provided by The Roy H. Park School of Communications at Ithaca College.
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6840473009639653689# Independent Media in a Time of War], Documentary on the media coverage of the invasion.
* Faulk, Kent. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032812/http://www.al.com/news/birminghamnews/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F113040497267990.xml&coll=2 "Soldier fought to make difference"]'', The [[Birmingham News]]. October 27, 2005. Retrieved October 30, 2005.
* Salles, Andre.{{cite web|url=http://www.suburbanchicagonews.com/beaconnews/top/2_1_AU27_VIGIL_S1.htm |title=''"Vigil notes 2000 U.S. war dead"'' |accessdate=2007-09-27 |df= }}, The Beacon News. October 27, 2005. Retrieved October 27, 2005.
* Parsons, Claudia & Quinn, Andrew. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102074712/http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2005-10-25T194546Z_01_YUE544037_RTRUKOC_0_US-IRAQ.xml "US military death toll in Iraq reaches 2,000"]'', [[Reuters]]. October 25, 2005. Retrieved October 26, 2005.
* ''[http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2005/nr20051025-4982.html "DoD Identifies Army Casualty"]'', [[United States Department of Defense]]. October 25, 2005. Retrieved October 29, 2005.
*{{cite web|url=http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/Media_10_02_03_Report.pdf |title=Misperceptions, The Media, and The Iraq War |accessdate=2005-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050929024415/http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/Media_10_02_03_Report.pdf |archivedate=2005-09-29 |df= }}, PIPA. October 2, 2003.

[[Category:Media coverage and representation|Iraq war]]
[[Category:Iraq War and the media|Media coverage]]

Military industry of Egypt

2020-03-11T13:55:13Z

Simsman333:

{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=January 2009}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2012}}
{{advert|date=January 2009}}
}}

The '''military industry of [[Egypt]]''' is among the most important in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/03/egypt-plan-local-weapons-industry-africa-export-army.html|title=Egypt boosts local weapons production|last=Mikhail|first=George|date=2020-03-04|website=Al-Monitor|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>

==History==
As [[World War II]] had come to a close, Egypt found itself in possession of a large quantity and assortment of weaponry left behind by Nazi Germany and others. In particular, Egypt possessed large stockpiles of [[8mm Mauser]] ammunition that had been manufactured by a number of countries (Germany, Turkey, Greece, etc.) Egypt decided to manufacture a semi-automatic main battle rifle, and so purchased the tooling and plans for the Swedish [[Ag m/42]] rifle. They reengineered this rifle to use the 8mm Mauser cartridge and added a gas adjustment valve. This rifle was called the [[Hakim Rifle|Hakim]], and Egypt manufactured and fielded it from the early 1950s until about 1961. They also briefly manufactured another reengineered Ag m/42, this time chambered for the 7.62×39mm Soviet cartridge, called the [[Rasheed Carbine|Rasheed]]. These guns were replaced in the 1960s by the [[AK-47|Maadi AK-47]] a licensed copy of the widely distributed Soviet automatic assault rifle.

During the late 1950s Egypt built the [[Jabal Hamzah ballistic missile test and launch facility]] to test-fire and experiment indigenously built Al Zafir and Al Kahir [[SRBM]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt - Missile|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/egypt/delivery-systems/|website=NTI|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

Egypt was involved in supplying the CIA with various weapons for [[Operation Cyclone]] and the [[Soviet Afghan war]]. Officer [[Gust Avrakotos]] managed to set up a deal with [[Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala]] for Egypt to manufacture .303 ammunition for the hundreds of thousands of [[Lee–Enfield]] rifles the CIA had supplied to the [[Mujahideen]] through [[Pakistan]]'s [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]]. Congressman [[Charlie Nesbitt Wilson|Charlie Wilson]] (close with Avrakotos) helped grease the political wheels for the deals to go through.<ref name=crile>[[Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History|Charlie Wilson's War]], [[George Crile III|George Crile]], 2003, Grove/Atlantic.</ref>

==Agencies==
The [[Arab Organization for Industrialization]] supervises nine military factories which are producing civilian goods as well as military products. Initially the owners of AOI were Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, before both countries gave back to Egypt their shares in 1993, valued at $1.8 billion. AOI now is entirely owned by the government of Egypt. AOI has about 19,000 employees out of which are 1250 engineers. AOI fully owns 6 factories and shares in 3 joint ventures, beside the Arab Institute for Advanced Technology.

==See also==
* [[Military of Egypt]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Egypt topics}}

[[Category:Military of Egypt]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Egypt]]
[[Category:Military industry by country|Egypt]]

Anglo-Egyptian War

2020-02-29T22:35:36Z

Simsman333:

{{About|the British intervention in Egypt in 1882|the earlier war|Alexandria expedition of 1807|the conflict of 1956|Suez Crisis}}
{{Redirect|Egyptian Expedition|the American response to the conflict|Egyptian Expedition (1882)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=British Conquest of Egypt (1882)
|partof=the [[Urabi Revolt]]
| image= Anglo-egyptian war.jpg
| image_size = 300
|place=[[Egypt]]
|date=July–September 1882
|casus=A [[nationalism|nationalist]] and popular reaction against British and French influence over the country, potentially endangering the strategic [[Suez Canal]].
|result=British victory
* ‘Urabi sentenced to death (later commuted to exile)
|territory=[[British occupation of Egypt]]
|combatant1={{plainlist|
* {{flag|British Empire}}
** {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}}
** {{flagicon|India|British}} [[British Raj|British India]]
* {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Khedive [[Tewfik Pasha]]}}
'''Co-belligerent(s):'''
{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|French Republic}} [[France]]}}
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} Egyptian and Sudanese forces under [[Ahmed ‘Urabi]]
|commander1={{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]]
* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester|Beauchamp Seymour]]
* {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Tewfik Pasha]]}}
|commander2={{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Ahmed ‘Urabi]]
* {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Mahmoud Fehmy]]
* {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Mahmoud Sami El Baroudi]]}}
|strength1=40,560 regulars
|strength2=Unconfirmed number of regulars
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Anglo–Egyptian War}}
{{Scramble for Africa}}
}}

The '''British Occupation of Egypt (1882)''' also known as '''Anglo–Egyptian War''' ({{Lang-ar|الاحتلال البريطاني لمصر}} ''al-iḥtilāl al-Brīṭānī li-Miṣr'') occurred in 1882 between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under [[Ahmed ‘Urabi]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. It ended a [[‘Urabi Revolt|nationalist uprising]] against the [[Khedivate of Egypt|Khedive]] [[Tewfik Pasha]]. It established firm British influence over Egypt at the expense of the Egyptians, the French and the [[Ottoman Empire]], which retained only nominal authority.

==Background==
{{main|‘Urabi Revolt|Bombardment of Alexandria}}
In 1881, an Egyptian army officer, [[Ahmed ‘Urabi]] (then known in English as Arabi Pasha), mutinied and initiated a coup against [[Tewfik Pasha]], the [[khedive of Egypt|Khedive]] of [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]], because of grievances over disparities in pay between Egyptians and Europeans, as well as other concerns. In January 1882 the British and French governments sent a "Joint Note" to the Egyptian government, declaring their recognition of the Khedive's authority. On 20 May 1882, British and French warships arrived off the coast of Alexandria. On 11 June 1882, an [[Bombardment of Alexandria#Origins|anti-Christian riot]] occurred in Alexandria that killed 50 Europeans. Colonel ‘Urabi ordered his forces to put down the riot, but Europeans fled the city and ‘Urabi's army began fortifying the town. The French fleet was recalled to France. A British ultimatum was rejected and its warships began a 10½-hour [[bombardment of Alexandria]] on 11 July 1882.

==Reasons for the invasion==
The reasons why the British government sent a fleet of ships to the coast of Alexandria is a point of historical debate. In their 1961 essay ''Africa and the Victorians'', [[Ronald Robinson]] and [[John Andrew Gallagher|John Gallagher]] argue that the British invasion was ordered in order to quell the perceived anarchy of the ‘Urabi Revolt, as well as to protect British control over the [[Suez Canal]] in order to maintain its shipping route to the Indian Ocean.<ref name=robinson>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Ronald|title=Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism|year=1961|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|author2=Gallagher, John}}</ref>

A.G. Hopkins rejected Robinson and Gallagher's argument, citing original documents to claim that there was no perceived danger to the Suez Canal from the ‘Urabi movement, and that ‘Urabi and his forces were not chaotic "anarchists", but rather maintained law and order.<ref name=hopkins />{{rp|373–374}} He alternatively argues that British Prime Minister [[William Gladstone]]'s cabinet was motivated by protecting the interests of British bondholders with investments in Egypt as well as by pursuit of domestic political popularity. Hopkins cites the British investments in Egypt that grew massively leading into the 1880s, partially as a result of the Khedive's debt from construction of the Suez Canal, as well as the close links that existed between the British government and the economic sector.<ref name=hopkins />{{rp|379–380}} He writes that Britain's economic interests occurred simultaneously with a desire within one element of the ruling Liberal Party for a militant foreign policy in order to gain the domestic political popularity that enabled it to compete with the Conservative Party.<ref name=hopkins />{{rp|382}} Hopkins cites a letter from [[Edward Malet]], the British consul general in Egypt at the time, to a member of the [[Second Gladstone ministry|Gladstone Cabinet]] offering his congratulations on the invasion: "You have fought the battle of all Christendom and history will acknowledge it. May I also venture to say that it has given the Liberal Party a new lease of popularity and power."<ref name=hopkins>{{cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=A. G.|title=The Victorians and Africa: A Reconsideration of the Occupation of Egypt, 1882|journal=The Journal of African History|date=July 1986|volume=27|issue=2|pages=363–391|jstor=181140|doi=10.1017/S0021853700036719}}</ref>{{rp|385}}

[[John Semple Galbraith|John Galbraith]] and [[Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot]] make a similar argument to Hopkins, though their argument focuses on how individuals within the British government bureaucracy used their positions to make the invasion appear as a more favourable option. First, they describe a plot by [[Edward Malet]] in which he portrayed the Egyptian government as unstable to his superiors in the cabinet.<ref name=galbraith>{{cite journal|last=Galbraith|first=John S.|author2=al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi|title=The British Occupation of Egypt: Another View|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=November 1978|volume=9|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S0020743800030658|jstor=162074|pages=471–488}}</ref>{{rp|477}} On Galbraith and al-Sayyid-Marsot's reading, Malet naïvely expected he could convince the British to intimidate Egypt with a show of force without considering a full invasion or occupation as a possibility.<ref name=galbraith />{{rp|477–478}} They also dwell on Admiral [[Beauchamp Seymour]], who hastened the start of the bombardment by exaggerating the danger posed to his ships by ‘Urabi's forces in his telegrams back to the British government.<ref name=galbraith />{{rp|485}}

==Course of the war==
===British bombardment===
[[File:VOGT(1883) p245 BOMBARDEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA - JULY 1882.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Bombardment of Alexandria]]
{{main|Bombardment of Alexandria}}
The British fleet bombarded Alexandria from 11–13 July and then occupied it with marines. The British did not lose a single ship, but much of the city was destroyed by fires caused by explosive shells and by ‘Urabists seeking to ruin the city that the British were taking over.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bombardment of Alexandria (1882)|work=Old Mersey Times|url=http://www.old-merseytimes.co.uk/index.html|accessdate=2007-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008011419/http://www.old-merseytimes.co.uk/index.html|archivedate= 8 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tewfik Pasha]], who had moved his court to Alexandria during the unrest, declared ‘Urabi a rebel and formally deposed him from his positions within the government.

===‘Urabi's response===
‘Urabi then reacted by obtaining a [[fatwa]] from [[Al Azhar]] [[shaykh]]s which condemned Tewfik as a traitor to both his country and religion, absolving those who fought against him. ‘Urabi also declared war on the United Kingdom and initiated [[conscription]].

===British order of battle===
[[File:VOGT(1883) ALEXANDRIA AND THE NILE-DELTA.jpg|thumbnail|300px|The Seat of War – Alexandria and the Nile-Delta (1882)]]
The British army launched a probing attack at [[Battle of Kafr El Dawwar|Kafr El Dawwar]] in an attempt to see if it was possible to reach Cairo through Alexandria. Afterwards, they determined it would not be possible to reach Cairo from this direction as Egyptian defences were too strong. In August, a British army of over 40,000, commanded by [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]], invaded the [[Suez Canal Zone]]. He was authorised to destroy 'Urabi's forces and clear the country of all other rebels.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The engineer troops had left England for Egypt in July and August 1882. The engineers included pontoon, railway and telegraph troops.<ref name=HCRE2/>{{rp|65}}

Wolseley saw the campaign as a logistical challenge as he did not believe the Egyptians would put up much resistance.<ref name="Kochanski">{{cite book |first=Halik |last=Kochanski |title=Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero |ISBN=9781852851880}}</ref>

;[[Order of battle]] of the British Expeditionary Force
* Commander: Lieutenant General [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Sir Garnet Wolseley]]
* Chief of Staff: Lieutenant General [[John Miller Adye|Sir John Adye]]

{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
[[1st Division (United Kingdom)|1st Division]] (Lt Gen GHS Willis)

[[1st (Guards) Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Brigade]] (Maj Gen HRH [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|The Duke of Connaught]])
* 2nd Battalion, [[Grenadier Guards]]
* 2nd Battalion, [[Coldstream Guards]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Scots Guards]]

[[2nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Brigade]] (Maj Gen [[Gerald Graham]] VC)
* 1st Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|The Buffs (East Kent Regiment)]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Royal Irish Fusiliers|Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria's)]]
* 2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria's)
* [[2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment|2nd Battalion]], [[York and Lancaster Regiment]]

Divisional Troops
* [[19th Hussars]] (2 Sqns)
* 2nd Battalion, [[The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry|Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]]
* A Battery, 1st Field Brigade, Royal Artillery
* D Battery, 1st Field Brigade, Royal Artillery
* 24 Field Company, Royal Engineers
* 12 Company, Army Commissariat and Transport Corps
* 1 Bearer Company, Army Hospital Corps (Half)
* 3 Field Hospital, Army Hospital Corps

[[2nd Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Division]] (Lt Gen [[Edward Bruce Hamley|Sir Edward Hamley]])

3rd (Highland) Infantry Brigade (Maj Gen [[Sir Archibald Alison, 2nd Baronet|Sir Archibald Alison]])
* 2nd Battalion, [[Highland Light Infantry]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Black Watch|Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders|Cameron Highlanders]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Gordon Highlanders]]

[[4th Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Brigade]] (Maj Gen [[Evelyn Wood (British Army officer)|Sir Evelyn Wood]] VC)
* 1st Battalion, [[The Royal Sussex Regiment]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Royal Berkshire Regiment|Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte's)]]
* 1st Battalion, [[The South Staffordshire Regiment]]
* 1st Battalion, [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry|The King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]

Divisional Troops
* 19th Hussars (2 Sqns)
* 3rd Battalion, [[King's Royal Rifle Corps|The King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
* I Battery, 2nd Field Brigade, Royal Artillery
* N Battery, 2nd Field Brigade, Royal Artillery
* 26 Field Company, Royal Engineers
* 11 Company, Army Commissariat and Transport Corps
* 2 Bearer Company, Army Hospital Corps (Half)
* 4 Field Hospital, Army Hospital Corps
* 5 Field Hospital, Army Hospital Corps

Indian Contingent (Maj Gen [[Herbert Taylor MacPherson|Sir Herbert Macpherson]] VC)
* 1st Battalion, [[The Manchester Regiment|Manchester Regiment]]
* 1st Battalion, [[The Seaforth Highlanders|Seaforth Highlanders]]
* [[7th Bengal Infantry]]
* [[20th Punjab Infantry]]
* [[29th Baluch Infantry]]
* 7 (Mountain) Battery, Northern Division, Royal Garrison Artillery
* (plus their own Commissariat, Engineers etc.)

{{col-2}}
Cavalry Division (Maj Gen [[Drury Curzon Drury-Lowe|Drury Curzon Drury Lowe]])

[[1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st (Heavy) Cavalry Brigade]] (Brig Gen [[Baker Russell|Sir Baker Creed Russell]])
* [[Household Cavalry Composite Regiment]] (1 Sqn each from the [[1st Life Guards]], [[2nd Life Guards]] and [[Royal Horse Guards]])
* [[4th Dragoon Guards]]
* [[7th Dragoon Guards]]

2nd (Bengal) Cavalry Brigade (Brig Gen H. C. Wilkinson)
* [[2nd Bengal Cavalry]]
* [[6th Bengal Cavalry]]
* [[13th Bengal Lancers]]

Division Troops
* [[Z Battery Royal Artillery|N Battery, A Horse Brigade]], [[Royal Horse Artillery]]
* Mounted Infantry Battalion (formed from Mounted Coys of line infantry battalions)
* 17 Company, Army Commissariat and Transport
* 6 Field Hospital, Army Hospital Corps

Army Troops
* Naval Brigade
* Battalion, Royal Marine Light Infantry
* [[M Battery Royal Horse Artillery|G Battery, B Horse Brigade]], Royal Horse Artillery
* F Battery, 1st Field Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
* H Battery, 1st Field Brigade, RFA
* C Battery, 3rd Field Brigade, RFA
* J Battery, 3rd Field Brigade, RFA
* T Battery, 3rd Field Brigade, RFA
* Royal Marine Artillery
* 1 Battery, London Division, Royal Garrison Artillery
* 4 Battery, London Division, RGA
* 5 Battery, London Division, RGA
* 5 Battery, Scottish Division, RGA
* 6 Battery, Scottish Division, RGA

Army Train
* A (Bridging) Troop, Royal Engineers
* C (Telegraph) Troop, RE
* Railway Troop, RE
* 8 Field Company, RE
* 17 Field Company, RE
* 18 Field Company, RE
* A Company, Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners
* I Company, QOMS&M
* 8 Company, Army Commissariat and Transport Corps
* 15 Company, ACT Corps
* Auxiliary Company, ACT Corps
* 2 Bearer Company, Army Hospital Corps
* 1 Field Hospital, AHC
* 3 Field Hospital, AHC
* 7 Field Hospital, AHC
* 8 Field Hospital, AHC
* Army Post Office Corps (M Company [[49th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers]])
{{col-end}}

===Battle of Kafr El Dawwar===
{{main|Battle of Kafr El Dawwar}}
This battle took place on 5 August 1882 between an Egyptian army, headed by Ahmed Orabi, and British forces headed by Sir Archibald Alison. Seeking to ascertain the strength of the Egyptian's Kafr El Dawwar position, and to test local rumours that the Egyptians were retreating, Alison ordered a probing attack on the evening of the 5th. This action was reported by Orabi as a battle, and Cairo was full of the news that the advancing British had been repulsed; however most historians describe the action merely as a reconnaissance in force which was never intended as a serious assault on the Egyptian lines. Regardless, the end result was that the British abandoned any hope they may have had of reaching Cairo from the north, and shifted their base of operations to Ismailia instead.

Wolseley arrived at Alexandria on 15 August and immediately began to organize the movement of troops through the [[Suez Canal]] to [[Ismailia]]. This was quickly accomplished; Ismailia was occupied on 20 August without resistance.<ref name="HCRE2">{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol II |year=1889|publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|67}}

===Battle of Tell El Kebir===
{{main|Kassassin#Battle of Kassassin Lock|l1=Battle of Kassassin Lock}}
{{main||Battle of Tell El Kebir}}
[[File:VOGT(1883) p247 BATTLE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR (1882).jpg|thumbnail|300px|Tell El Kebir]]

Ismailia was quickly reinforced with 9,000 troops, with the engineers put to work repairing the railway line from Suez. A small force was pushed along the [[Sweet Water Canal]] to the [[Kassassin]] lock arriving on 26 August. There they met the enemy. Heavily outnumbered the two battalions with 4 guns held their ground until some heavy cavalry arrived when the force went onto the offensive, forcing [[Ahmed ‘Urabi|Arabi Pasha]] to fall back {{convert|5|mi|km}} with heavy casualties.<ref name=HCRE2/>{{rp|67–68}}

The main body of the army started to move up to Kassassin and planning for the battle at Tell El Kebir was undertaken. Skirmishing took place but did not interfere with the build up. On 12 September all was ready and during that night the army marched to battle.<ref name=HCRE2/>{{rp|68}}

13 September 1882 – Urabi redeployed to defend [[Cairo]] against Wolseley. His main force dug in at Tell El Kebir, north of the railway and the [[Sweet Water Canal]], both of which linked Cairo to [[Ismailia]] on the canal. The defences were hastily prepared as there was little time to arrange them. ‘Urabi's forces possessed 60 pieces of artillery and breech loading rifles. Wolseley made several personal reconnaissances, and determined that the Egyptians did not man outposts in front of their main defences at night, which made it possible for an attacking force to approach the defences under cover of darkness. Wolseley sent his force to approach the position by night and attacked frontally at dawn.

Surprise was not achieved, rifle fire and artillery from redoubts opened up when the range was {{convert|600|yd|m}}. Continuing the advance, the defending troops were hampered by the smoke from their weapons blocking their vision of the advancing British. The three battalions arrived in the enemy trenches all together and with little loss, resulting in a decisive victory.<ref name=HCRE2/>{{rp|69}}

Officially losing only 57 troops while killing approximately two thousand Egyptians, the British army had more casualties due to heatstroke than enemy action.<ref name="Kochanski"/>{{rp|130}} The ‘Urabi forces were routed, and British cavalry pursued them and captured Cairo, which was undefended.

Power was then restored to the khedive, the war was at an end and the majority of the British Army went to Alexandria and took ship for home, leaving from November, just an army of occupation.<ref name=HCRE2/>{{rp|69}}

Lieutenant [[William Mordaunt Marsh Edwards]] was awarded a [[Victoria Cross]] for his Galantry during the battle.

==British military innovations==
=== Railway ===
During the build up to the [[Battle of Tell El Kebir|battle at Tell El Kebir]] the specially raised 8th Railway Company RE operated trains carrying stores and troops, as well as repairing track. On the day of the battle they ran a train into [[Tell El Kebir]] station at between 8-9am (13 September) and "found it completely blocked with trains, full of the enemy's ammunition: the line strewn with dead and wounded, and our own soldiers swarming over the place almost mad for want of water" (extract from Captain Sidney Smith's diary). Once the station was cleared they began to ferry the wounded, prisoners and troops with stores to other destinations.<ref name=porter>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Whitworth|authorlink=Whitworth Porter|title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol. II|year=1889|publisher=[[Longmans, Green and Co.]]|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/historycorpsroy00watsgoog}}</ref>

=== Telegraph ===
In the wake of the advancing columns, telegraph lines were laid on either side of the Sweet Water canal. At 2 am (13 September) Wolseley successfully sent a message to the Major General Sir [[Herbert Taylor MacPherson|H Macpherson]] VC on the extreme left with the Indian Contingent and the Naval Brigade. At Tell El Kebir a field telegraph office was established in a saloon carriage, which [[Arabi Pasha]] had travelled in the day before. At 8.30 am (13 September) after the victory at the battle of Tell El Kebir, Wolseley used the telegram to send messages of his victory to [[Queen Victoria]]; he received a reply from her at 9.15 am the same day. Once they had got connected to the permanent line the Section also worked the [[Theiber sounder]] and the [[telephone]].<ref name=porter />

=== Army Post Office Corps ===
The forerunners of [[Royal Engineers]] (Postal Section) made their debut on this campaign. They were specially raised from the 24th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers ([[Post Office Rifles]]) and for the first time in [[British military history]], post office clerks trained as soldiers, provided a dedicated [[Military mail|postal service to an army]] in the field. During the battle of [[Kassassin]] they became the first Volunteers ever to come under enemy fire.<ref name=wells>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=Edward |title=Mailshot – A History of the Forces Postal Services |year=1987|publisher=DPCS |location=London |isbn=0951300903}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===‘Urabi's trial===
Prime Minister Gladstone initially sought to put ‘Urabi on trial and execute him, portraying him as "a self-seeking tyrant whose oppression of the Egyptian people still left him enough time, in his capacity as a latter-day Saladin, to massacre Christians." After glancing through his captured diaries and various other evidence, there was little with which to "demonize" ‘Urabi in a public trial. His charges were down-graded, after which he admitted to rebellion and was sent into exile.<ref name=hopkins />{{rp|384}}

===British occupation===
{{main|British occupation of Egypt}}
British troops then occupied Egypt until the Anglo–Egyptian Treaty of 1922 and [[Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936]], giving gradual control back to the government of Egypt.

Hopkins argues that Britain continued its occupation of Egypt after 1882 in order to guarantee British investments: "Britain had important interests to defend in Egypt and she was prepared to withdraw only if conditions guaranteeing the security of those interests were met—and they never were."<ref name=hopkins />{{rp|388}} Consistent with this view, investment in Egypt increased during the British occupation, interest rates fell, and bond prices rose.<ref name=hopkins />{{rp|389}}

==See also==
* [[List of conflicts in the Near East]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Barthorp, Michael. ''The British Army on Campaign: vol 4: 1882–1902'' (Osprey Publishing, 1988).
* Halvorson, D. "Prestige, prudence and public opinion in the 1882 British occupation of Egypt." ''Australian Journal of Politics and History'' (2010) 56#3, 423–440. [https://www.academia.edu/27570850/Prestige_Prudence_and_Public_Opinion_in_the_1882_British_Occupation_of_Egypt?auto=download online free]
* Hopkins, Anthony G. "The Victorians and Africa: a reconsideration of the occupation of Egypt, 1882." ''Journal of African History'' 27.2 (1986): 363–391.
* Langer, William L. ''European alliances and alignments, 1871–1890'' (1950) pp 251–80.
* Newsinger, John. "Liberal Imperialism and the Occupation of Egypt in 1882." ''Race & Class'' 49.3 (2008): 54–75.
* Mowat, R.C. "From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt 1875–1887", ''Historical Journal,'' Vol 16, No.1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 109–124.
* Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. ''Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism'' (1961) pp 76–159. [https://www.questia.com/library/1507431/africa-and-the-victorians-the-climax-of-imperialism online]
* al-Sayid-Marsot, A. "he Occupation of Egypt", in A. Porter (ed), ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century: Volume III'' (Oxford, 1999)
* Schölch, Alexander. "The ‘Men on the Spot’and the English Occupation of Egypt in 1882." ''Historical Journal'' 19.3 (1976): 773–785.
* Thomas, Martin, and Richard Toye. "Arguing about intervention: a comparison of British and French rhetoric surrounding the 1882 and 1956 invasions of Egypt." ''Historical Journal'' 58.4 (2015): 1081–1113.

===Primary sources===
* Cromer, Earl of. ''Modern Egypt'' (2 vol 1908) [https://archive.org/details/modernegypt00crom online free] 1220pp, by a senior British official
* Malet, Edward. '' Egypt, 1879–1883'' (London, 1909), by a senior British official [https://archive.org/details/egypt1879188300maleuoft online]

==External links==
{{Commons category|1882 Anglo-Egyptian War}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201008/http://onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr80/fegypt1882b.htm British Occupation Egypt Occupation Egypt 1882]
* [http://www.old-merseytimes.co.uk/index.html Old Mersey Times. The Bombardment of Alexandria (1882)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170627163514/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/MIC_MOL/MILITARY_OPERATIONS_OF.html MILITARY OPERATIONS OF 1882–1885 IN EGYPT ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528172537/http://members.fortunecity.com/78blencowest/ch14.htm Autobiography of Sir John Stokes]
* {{cite web |url= http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll9 |title=Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 Photograph Album |first=Luigi |last=Fiorillo |work=American University in Cairo Rare Books and Special Collections Library}}

{{British colonial campaigns}}{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Egyptian War}}
[[Category:'Urabi revolt]]
[[Category:Egypt–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Wars involving Egypt|Anglo 1882]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Egyptian 1882]]
[[Category:Invasions]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1882|Anglo-Egyptian War]]
[[Category:1882 in Egypt|Anglo-Egyptian War]]
[[Category:1882 in the United Kingdom|Anglo-Egyptian War]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British colonisation in Africa]]
[[Category:Anglo-Egyptian War| ]]
[[Category:Invasions of Egypt]]

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

2020-02-29T22:32:47Z

Simsman333:

{{Infobox dam
| name = Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
| name_official =
| image_caption = Rendition of the main dam
| image_alt =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|12|55|N|35|05|35|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[Ethiopia]]
| location = [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]]
| purpose = Power
| status = UC
| construction_began = April 2011
| opening = 2020–2022<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/ethiopias-huge-nile-dam-delayed-2022/ |title = Ethiopia's huge Nile dam delayed to 2022 - News - GCR}}</ref><ref name="Azeb" />
| demolished =
| cost = $4 billion [[USD]]
| owner = [[Ethiopian Electric Power]]
| dam_type = Gravity, [[roller-compacted concrete]]
| dam_crosses = [[Blue Nile River]]
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{Convert|1780|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest = {{Convert|655|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{Convert|10200000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}
| spillway_count = 1 gated, 2 ungated
| spillway_type = 6 sector gates for the gated spillway
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} for the gated spillway
| res_name = Millennium Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|74|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|59.2|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_inactive = {{Convert|14.8|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment = {{Convert|172250|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length = {{Convert|246|km|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth = {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation = {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 2020-2022<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/ethiopias-huge-nile-dam-delayed-2022/ |title = Ethiopia's huge Nile dam delayed to 2022 - News - GCR}}</ref><ref name="Azeb" />
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = C
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines = 14 x 400 MW 2 x 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]s
| plant_capacity = 6.45 [[gigawatt|GW]] (max. planned)<ref name="heraldic" />
| plant_capacity_factor = {{percent|286|1000|1}}
| plant_annual_gen = 16,153 [[GWh]] (est., planned)<ref name="heraldic" />
| website = {{URL|http://www.hidasse.gov.et/}}
| extra =
| image = GrandEthiopianRenaissanceDamSaliniRendition.jpg
| image_size =
| location_map = Ethiopia
| location_map_size =
| dam_height = {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam''' ('''GERD''' or '''TaIHiGe'''; {{lang-am|ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ|translit=Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāsē Gidib }}), formerly known as the '''Millennium Dam''' and sometimes referred to as '''Hidase Dam''' ({{lang-am|ሕዳሴ ግድብ|translit=Hidāsē Gidib}}), is a [[gravity dam]] on the [[Blue Nile River]] in [[Ethiopia]] that has been under construction since 2011. It is in the [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]] of Ethiopia, about {{Convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} east of the border with [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia's biggest dam to help neighbours solve power problem|url=http://www.inewsone.com/2011/04/17/ethiopias-biggest-dam-to-help-neighbours-solve-power-problem/43904|publisher=News One|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=17 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120322030951/http://www.inewsone.com/2011/04/17/ethiopias-biggest-dam-to-help-neighbours-solve-power-problem/43904|archivedate=22 March 2012}}</ref> At 6.45 [[gigawatts]], the dam will be the [[List of largest hydroelectric power stations|largest hydroelectric power plant]] in Africa when completed, as well as the seventh largest in the world.<ref name="upto6450">{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702280364.html|title=Ethiopia: GERD Increases Generation Capacity|last=|first=|date=28 February 2017|accessdate=28 February 2017|newspaper=allAfrica}}</ref><ref name=salini>{{cite web|title=Salini will build the biggest dam in Africa|url=http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/show_news/77|publisher=Salini Construttori|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=31 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Hydrological and Environmental Impacts of Grand Renaissance Dam on the Nile River|url = http://iwtc.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/80.pdf|publisher = Eighteenth International Water Technology Conference (CNKI)|accessdate = 9 April 2015|date = 13 March 2015|author1=Ahmed, A. T. |author2=Elsanabary, M. H. |location = Sharm El Sheikh– Egypt}}</ref> {{As of | October 2019}}, the work stood at approximately 70% completion.<ref name="agree to resume">{{cite web | location=Ethiopia | publisher=Aljazeera | title=Egypt, Ethiopia 'agree' to resume talks on massive Nile dam | date=24 October 2019 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/egypt-ethiopia-agree-resume-talks-massive-nile-dam-191024140822273.html | accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> Once completed, the reservoir could take anywhere between 5 and 15 years to fill with water,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Gets Set to Open|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gets-set-to-open|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|accessdate=5 January 2017|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> depending on hydrologic conditions during the filling period and agreements reached between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt.<ref name="Wheeler 611–634">{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Kevin G.|last2=Basheer|first2=Mohammed|last3=Mekonnen|first3=Zelalem T.|last4=Eltoum|first4=Sami O.|last5=Mersha|first5=Azeb|last6=Abdo|first6=Gamal M.|last7=Zagona|first7=Edith A.|last8=Hall|first8=Jim W.|last9=Dadson|first9=Simon J.|date=2016-06-06|title=Cooperative filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|journal=Water International|volume=41|issue=4|pages=611–634|doi=10.1080/02508060.2016.1177698|issn=0250-8060}}</ref>

== Background ==
The eventual site for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam was identified by the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]] in the course of the Blue Nile survey, which was conducted between 1956 and 1964 during the administration of [[Aklilu Habtewold]]. Due to the [[Ethiopian Revolution|coup d'état of 1974]], however, the project failed to progress. The Ethiopian Government surveyed the site in October 2009 and August 2010. In November 2010, a design for the dam was submitted by James Kelston.<ref name=watertech>{{cite web|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-africa/|publisher=Water Technology|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>

On 31 March 2011, a day after the project was made public, a US$4.8 billion contract was awarded without competitive bidding to [[Salini Impregilo|Salini Costruttori]], and the dam's foundation stone was laid on 2 April 2011 by then Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]].<ref name=news>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia Launched Grand Millennium Dam Project, the Biggest in Africa|url=http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-launched-grand-millennium-dam-project-the-biggest-in-africa/|publisher=Ethiopian News|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406054258/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-launched-grand-millennium-dam-project-the-biggest-in-africa|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> A rock-crushing plant was constructed, along with a small air strip for fast transportation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Belete|first=Pawlos|title=Great Millennium Dam moves Ethiopia |url= http://www.capitalethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14459:great-millennium-dam-moves-ethiopia&catid=12:local-news&Itemid=4 |accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=Capital Ethiopia}}</ref> The expectation was for the first two power-generation turbines to become operational after 44 months of construction.<ref name="Business">{{cite news|title=Meles Launches Millennium Dam Construction on Nile River |url=http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=466:meles-launches-millennium-dam-construction-on-nile-river&catid=35:trade&Itemid=12 |accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=New Business Ethiopia|date=2 April 2011}}</ref>

Egypt, located over 2500 kilometres downstream of the site, opposes the dam, which it believes will reduce the amount of water available from the Nile.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt Stays Opposed to Ethiopia's Grand Millennium Dam Project |url= http://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Page=heads&NewsID=2847 |accessdate=19 April 2011 |newspaper=EZega |date=11 April 2011}}</ref> Zenawi argued, based on an unnamed study, that the dam would not reduce water availability downstream and would also regulate water for irrigation.<ref name="Business" /> In May 2011, it was announced that Ethiopia would share blueprints for the dam with Egypt so that the downstream impact could be examined.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt approves of Ethiopia's Renaissance Dam in principle |url=http://www.ethiopian-news.com/egypt-approves-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-renaissance-dam-principle/ |accessdate=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Ethiopia News |date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101455/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/egypt-approves-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-renaissance-dam-principle/ |archive-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The dam was originally called "Project X", and after its contract was announced it was called the Millennium Dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Nation Rallies Behind a Cause|url=http://grandmillenniumdam.net/a-nation-rallies-behind-a-cause/|publisher=Grand Millennium Dam|accessdate=29 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614091635/http://grandmillenniumdam.net/a-nation-rallies-behind-a-cause/|archive-date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 April 2011, the Council of Ministers renamed it Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Council of Ministers Approves Regulation Establishing Council on Grand Dam |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2011/Apr/16Apr11/138447.htm |accessdate=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Ethiopian Government |date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420135619/http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2011/Apr/16Apr11/138447.htm |archivedate=April 20, 2011 }}</ref> Ethiopia has a potential for about 45 GW of hydropower.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt & Sudan outraged by Ethiopia's Blue Nile Dam|author=Thomas Land|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/news/2013/02/05/hydro-power-egypt-sudan-outraged-by-ethiopia-s-blue-nile-dam-by-thomas-land.html|publisher=Hydro World|accessdate=19 February 2013|date=5 February 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The dam is being funded by [[government bond]]s and private donations. It was slated for completion in July 2017.<ref name=watertech />

The potential impacts of the dam have been the source of severe regional controversy. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |website=NYTIMES |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> The Government of Egypt, a country which relies heavily on the waters of the Nile, has demanded that Ethiopia cease construction on the dam as a precondition to negotiations, has sought regional support for its position, and some political leaders have discussed methods to sabotage it.<ref name=postdes>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia official labels Egyptian attack proposals over new Nile River dam 'day dreaming'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-official-labels-egyptian-attack-proposals-over-new-nile-river-dam-day-dreaming/2013/06/05/fd340e10-cdc6-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Egypt has planned a diplomatic initiative to undermine support for the dam in the region as well as in other countries supporting the project such as China and Italy.<ref name=UPI1>{{cite news|title=Egypt plans dam-busting diplomatic offensive against Ethiopia|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/02/27/Egypt-plans-dam-busting-diplomatic-offensive-against-Ethiopia/UPI-13631393533111/|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=27 Feb 2014}}</ref> However, other nations in the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] have expressed support for the dam, including Sudan, the only other nation downstream of the Blue Nile. Sudan has accused Egypt of inflaming the situation.<ref name=STribune>{{cite news|title=Sudan Foreign Minister Criticises Egypt Over Ethiopian Dam Dispute|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402191185.html?page=2|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Sudan Tribune}}</ref>

Ethiopia denies that the dam will have a negative impact on downstream water flows and contends that the dam will, in fact, increase water flows to Egypt by reducing evaporation on [[Lake Nasser]].<ref name=AlJazeera>{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=Hassen|title=Egypt and Ethiopia spar over the Nile|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/2/egypt-disputes-ethiopiarenaissancedam.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera America]]|date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> Ethiopia has accused Egypt of being unreasonable; Egypt is demanding to increase its share of the Nile's water flow from 66% to 90%.<ref name=AlJazeera /> In October, 2019, Egypt stated that talks with Sudan and Ethiopia over the operation of a $4 billion hydropower dam that Ethiopia is building on the Nile have reached a deadlock.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-dam-egypt-idUSKCN1WK0IE|title=Egypt says talks over Ethiopia's Nile dam deadlocked, calls for mediation|date=2019-10-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-06|language=en}}</ref> Beginning in November 2017, [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Steven Mnuchin|Steven T. Mnuchin]] began facilitating negotiations between the three countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/press-releases/sm891|title=Joint Statement of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, the United States And the World Bank {{!}} U.S. Department of the Treasury|website=home.treasury.gov|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>

== Cost and financing ==
The Ethiopian government has stated that it intends to fund the entire cost of the dam by itself in order to prevent relying on foreign countries who may be brought under pressure by Egypt to withdraw their support. Ethiopia has issued a bond targeted at Ethiopians in the country and abroad to that end.<ref name="Business" /> The turbines and associated electrical equipment of the hydropower plants costing about US$1.8 billion are reportedly financed by Chinese banks. This would leave US$3 billion to be financed by the Ethiopian government through other means.<ref>''The Economist'': [http://www.economist.com/node/18587195/ "The River Nile: A dam nuisance. Egypt and Ethiopia quarrel over water"], April 20, 2011, Retrieved on April 24, 2011</ref> The estimated US$4.8 billion construction cost, apparently excluding the cost of power transmission lines, corresponds to about 5% of Ethiopia's gross domestic product of US$87 billion in 2017.

== Design ==
[[File:Renaissance Dam site.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Renaissance Dam and associated facilities]]
The design changed several times between 2011 and 2017. This affected both the electrical parameters and the storage parameters.

Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW [[nameplate capacity]] each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per annum.<ref name="1st" /> However, due to the upgrading of the power plant and the housing facilities, its generation capacity was uplifted to 6,000 MW from 5,250 MW, with a power generation of 15,692 GWh per annum through 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each. In 2017, the design was again changed to add another 450 MW, with a power generation of 16,153 GWh per annum.<ref name="heraldic" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702280364.html|title=Ethiopia: GERD Increases Generation Capacity|last=|first=|date=19 March 2012|accessdate=28 February 2017|newspaper=allAfrica}}</ref> That was achieved by upgrading 14 of the 16 generating units from 375 MW to 400 MW without changing the nameplate capacity.<ref name="Gebremichael">{{cite web|url=http://thereporterethiopia.com/content/nuts-and-bolts-ethiopian-power-sector|title=Nuts and bolts of Ethiopian power sector|last=|first=|date=4 March 2017|accessdate=7 September 2017|newspaper=Reporter Ethiopia}}</ref>

Not only the electrical power parameters were to change over time, but also the storage parameters. Originally, in 2011, the dam was considered to be {{Convert|145|m|abbr=on}} tall with a volume of 10.1 million m3. The reservoir was considered to have a volume of {{Convert|66|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|1680|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} at full supply level. The rock-filled [[saddle dam]] besides the main dam was considered to have a height of {{Convert|45|m|abbr=on}} meters and a length of {{Convert|4800|m|abbr=on}} and a volume of 15 million m3.<ref name=watertech /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hornaffairs.com/2011/09/20/facts-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam/|title=[Updated] Facts – Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam|last=|first=|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=Hornaffairs}}</ref>

In 2013, an Independent Panel of Experts (IPoE) assessed the dam and its technological parameters. At that time, the reservoir sizes were changed already. The size of the reservoir at full supply level went up to {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} (plus 194 km2). The storage volume at full supply level had increased to {{Convert|74|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} (plus 7 km3).<ref name="IPOE2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/international_panel_of_experts_for_ethiopian_renaissance_dam-_final_report_1.pdf|title=International Panel of Experts on Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP) – Final Report|last=|first=|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=internationalrivers.org}}</ref> These numbers did not change anymore after 2013.

After the IPoE made its recommendations, in 2013, the dam parameters were changed to account for higher flow volumes in case of extreme floods: a main dam height of {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}} (plus 10 meters) with a length of {{Convert|1780|m|abbr=on}} (no change) and a dam volume of 10.2 million m3 (plus 0.1 million m3). The outlet parameters did not change, only the crest of the main dam was raised. The rock saddle dam went up to a height of {{Convert|50|m|abbr=on}} (plus 5 meters) with a length of {{Convert|5200|m|abbr=on}} (plus 400 meters). The volume of the rock saddle dam increased to 16.5 million m3 (plus 1.5 million m3).<ref name="IPOE2013" /><ref name="salinides" />

The design parameters as of August 2017 are as follows, given the changes as outlined above:

=== Two dams ===
The zero level of the main dam, the ground level, will be at a height of almost exactly {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]], corresponding roughly to the level of the river bed of the Blue Nile. Counting from the ground level, the main gravity dam will be {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}} tall, {{Convert|1780|m|0|abbr=on}} long and composed of [[roller-compacted concrete]]. The crest of the dam will be at a height of {{Convert|655|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The outlets of the two powerhouses are below the ground level, the total height of the dam will, therefore, be slightly higher than that of the given height of the dam. In some publications, the main contractor constructing the dam puts forward a number of {{Convert|170|m|abbr=on}} for the dam height, which might account for the additional depth of the dam below ground level, which would mean {{Convert|15|m|abbr=on}} of excavations from the [[basement (geology)|basement]] before filling the dam. The structural volume of the dam will be {{Convert|10200000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. The main dam will be {{Convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} from the border with Sudan.

Supporting the main dam and reservoir will be a curved and {{Convert|5.2|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|50|m|0|abbr=on}} high rock-fill [[saddle dam]]. The ground level of the saddle dam is at an elevation of about {{Convert|600|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The surface of the saddle dam has a bituminous finish, to keep the interior of the dam dry. The saddle dam will be just {{Convert|3.3–3.5|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the border with Sudan, it is much closer to the border than the main dam.

The reservoir behind both dams will have a storage capacity of {{Convert|74|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} when at full supply level of {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The full supply level is therefore {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}} above the ground level of the main dam. Hydropower generation can happen between reservoir levels of {{Convert|590|m|abbr=on}}, the so-called ''minimum operating level'', and {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}, the ''full supply level''. The ''live storage volume'', usable for power generation between both levels is then {{Convert|59.2|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}. The first {{Convert|90|m|abbr=on}} of the height of the dam will be a dead height for the reservoir, leading to a ''dead storage volume'' of the reservoir of {{Convert|14.8|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IPOE2013" />

=== Three spillways ===
The dams will have three [[spillway]]s. All using approximately 18000 cubic meters of concrete. These spillways together are designed for a flood of up to {{Convert|38500|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, an event not considered to happen at all, as this discharge volume is the so-called 'Probable Maximum Flood'. All waters from the three spillways are designed to discharge into the Blue Nile before the river enters Sudanese territory.

The main and gated spillway is located to the left of the main dam and will be controlled by six [[floodgates]] and have a design discharge of {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} in total. The spillway will be {{Convert|84|m|abbr=on}} wide at the outflow gates. The base level of the spillway will be at {{Convert|624.9|m|abbr=on}}, well below the full supply level.

An ungated spillway, the auxiliary spillway, sits at the center of the main dam with an open width of about {{Convert|205|m|abbr=on}}. This spillway has a base-level at {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}, which is exactly the full supply level of the reservoir. The dam crest is {{Convert|15|m|abbr=on}} higher to the left and to the right of the spillway. This ungated spillway is only expected to be used, if the reservoir is both full and the flow exceeds {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, a flow value, that is expected to be exceeded once every ten years.

A third spillway, an emergency spillway, is located to the right of the curved saddle dam, with a base level at {{Convert|642|m|abbr=on}}. This emergency spillway has an open space of about {{Convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} along its rim. This third spillway will carry water only if the conditions for a flood of more than around {{Convert|30000|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} are given, corresponding to a flood to occur only once every 10,000 years.

=== Power generation and distribution ===
Flanking either side of the auxiliary ungated spillway at the center of the dam will be two [[power station|power houses]]. The right will contain 10 x 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generators, the left power house will house 6 x 375 MW of the same turbine-generators. 14 of the 16 turbine-generators have been upgraded to 400 MW without changing the nameplate capacity (which is still at 375 MW), while two turbine-generators remained at 375 MW.<ref name=salinides>{{cite web|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project|url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/lavori/in-corso/dighe-impianti-idroelettrici/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-project.html|publisher=Salini|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gebremichael" /> The total installed capacity with all turbine-generators will be 6,450 MW. The average annual flow of the Blue Nile being available for power generation is expected to be {{Convert|1547|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="IPOE2013" /> which gives rise to an annual expectation for power generation of 16,153 GWh, corresponding to a plant load factor (or [[capacity factor]]) of 28.6%.

The Francis turbines inside the power houses are installed in a vertical manner, raising {{Convert|7|m|abbr=on}} above the ground level. For the foreseen operation between the minimum operating level and the full supply level, the head waters for the turbines will be {{Convert|83-133|m|abbr=on}} high. A [[Electrical substation#switching station|switching station]] will be located close to the main dam, where the generated power will be delivered to the national grid. Completed have been four 500 kV main [[power transmission line]]s in August 2017, all going to [[Holeta Genet|Holeta]] and then with several 400 kV lines to the metropolitan area of [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=EEP readies 1,400km long high power transmission lines, distribution stations|url=http://www.fanabc.com/english/index.php/news/item/9856-eep-readies-1,400km-long-high-power-transmission-lines,-distribution-stations|date=25 August 2017|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> Two 400 kV lines are running from the dam to the [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]. Also planned are 500 kV [[high-voltage direct current]] lines.

=== Early power generation ===

Two non-upgraded turbine-generators with 375 MW each are considered to be the first to go into operation with 750 MW delivered to the national power grid, possibly 2018. This early power generation will start well before the completion of the dam, when the filling of the reservoir commences. The two units are sitting within the 10 unit powerhouse to the right side of the dam at the auxiliary spillway. They are fed by two special intakes within the dam structure that are located at a height of {{Convert|540|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is foreseen, that power generation can start at a water level of {{Convert|560|m|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|30|m|abbr=on}} below the minimum operating level of the other 14 turbine-generators. At that level, the reservoir has been filled with roughly {{Convert|5.5|km3|abbr=on}} of water, which corresponds to roughly 11% of the annual inflow of {{Convert|48.8|km3|abbr=on}}. During the rainy season, this is expected to happen within days to weeks. The two early power generating units probably will be the only units in operation for several years as the filling of the reservoir will take from 5–15 years.

=== Siltation, evaporation and irrigation ===

Two "bottom" outlets at {{Convert|542|m|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|42|m|abbr=on}} above ground level are available for delivering water to Sudan and Egypt under special circumstances, in particular for irrigation purposes downstream, if the level of the reservoir falls below the minimum operating level of {{Convert|590|m|abbr=on}} but also during the initial filling process of the reservoir.

The space below the "bottom" outlets is the primary buffer space for [[alluvium]] through [[siltation]] and [[sedimentation]]. For the [[Roseires Dam|Roseires Reservoir]] just downstream from the GERD site, the average siltation / sedimentation volume (without GERD in place) amounts to around {{Convert|0.035|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} per year. Due to the large size of the GERD reservoir, the siltation / sedimentation volume is expected to be much higher in this case, expected are {{Convert|0.21|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} per annum.<ref name="IPOE2013" /><ref name="roseires">{{cite web|title=Sediment Accumulation in Roseires Reservoir|url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H042510.pdf|publisher=IWMI.org|date=2008|accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref> The GERD reservoir will foreseeable take away the siltation threat from the Roseires reservoir almost entirely.

The ground level of the GERD dam is at around {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Water flowing out of the dam will be released into the Blue Nile again which will flow for only around {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}}, before joining the Roseires reservoir, which – if at full supply level – will be at {{Convert|490|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. There is only a {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} elevation difference between both projects. The two reservoirs and accompanied hydropower projects could – if coordinated properly across the border between Ethiopia and Sudan – become a cascaded system for more efficient hydropower generation and better irrigation (in Sudan in particular). Water from the {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}} column of the water storage of the GERD reservoir could be diverted through tunnels to facilitate new irrigation schemes in Sudan close to the border with [[South Sudan]]. In Ethiopia itself, no irrigation schemes are planned due to the proximity of the dam to the downstream border with Sudan.

Evaporation of water from the reservoir is expected to be at 3% of the annual inflow volume of {{Convert|48.8|km3|abbr=on}}, which corresponds to an average volume lost through evaporation of around {{Convert|1.5|km3|abbr=on}} annually. This was considered neglectable by the IPoE.<ref name="IPOE2013" /> For comparison, [[Lake Nasser]] in Egypt loses between {{Convert|10-16|km3|abbr=on}} annually through evaporation.<ref name="nasser">{{cite web|title=Evaporation Reduction from Lake Nasser Using New Environmentally Safe Techniques|url=http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/2-5.pdf|publisher=IWTC|date=2007|accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref>

== Construction ==
=== Major achievements ===
The main contractor is the [[Italy|Italian]] company [[Salini Impregilo|Salini Costruttori]], which also served as primary contractor for the [[Gilgel Gibe II Power Station|Gilgel Gibe II]], [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|Gilgel Gibe III]], and [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] dams. [[Simegnew Bekele]] was the project manager of GERD from the start of construction in 2011 up to his death on July 26, 2018. The dam is expected to consume 10 million [[metric ton]]s of concrete. The government has pledged to use only domestically produced concrete. In March 2012, Salini awarded the Italian firm [[Tratos Cavi SPA]] a contract to supply low- and high-voltage cable for the dam.<ref name=salinides/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tratos wins contract for 6,800 MW Ethiopian project|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2012/02/tratos-wins-contract.html|publisher=HydroWorld.com|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=2 March 2012}}</ref> [[Alstom]] will provide the eight 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]s for the project's first phase, at a cost of €250 million.<ref>Alstom:[http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/1/alstom-to-supply-hydroelectric-equipment-for-the-grand-renaissance-dam-in-ethiopia/ Alstom to supply hydroelectric equipment for the Grand Renaissance dam in Ethiopia], 7 January 2013</ref> As of April 2013, nearly 32 percent of the project was complete. Site excavation and some concrete placement was underway. One concrete batch plant has been completed with another under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Project Status|url=http://www.hidasse.gov.et/web/guest/project-status/-/asset_publisher/7yX7/content/damstatus|publisher=Office of National Council for the Coordination of Public Participation on the Construction of the Grand Renaissance Dam|accessdate=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226140236/http://www.hidasse.gov.et/web/guest/project-status/-/asset_publisher/7yX7/content/damstatus|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Diversion of the Blue Nile was completed on 28 May 2013 and marked by a ceremony the same day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Blue Nile Diversion Allows Dam Construction to Continue|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201306030197.html|publisher=allAfrica|accessdate=23 June 2013|date=29 May 2013}}</ref> By January 2016 the dam had 4 million cubic meters of concrete poured, and the installation of the first two turbines was imminent. The first power production of 750 MW was slated for sometime later that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Nile dam set to generate power, Ethiopia to consult Egypt, Sudan ahead|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57757|publisher=Sudan Tribune|accessdate=20 February 2016|date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Engineering questions ===
[[Image:GERD-Men-at-Work.jpg|thumb|left|Dam construction in 2014]]
In 2012, the International Panel of Experts was formed with experts from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and other independent entities to discuss mainly engineering and partially impact related questions. This panel concluded at a number of engineering modifications, that were proposed to Ethiopia and the main contractor constructing the dam. One of the two main engineering questions, dealing with the size of flood events and the constructive response against them, was later addressed by the contractor. The emergency spillway located near the rock saddle dam saw an increase of the rim length from 300 m to 1,200 m to account even for the largest possible flood of the river. The second main recommendation of the panel however found no immediate resonance. This second recommendation dealt with the structural integrity of the dam in context with the underlying [[basement (geology)|rock basement]] as to avoid the danger of a sliding dam due to an unstable basement. It was argued by the panel, that the original structural investigations were done with considering only a ''generic'' rock mass without taking special conditions like faults and sliding planes in the rock basement ([[gneiss]]) into account. The panel noted, that there was indeed an exposed sliding plane in the rock basement, this plane potentially allowing a sliding process downstream. The panel didn't argue that a catastrophic dam failure with a release of dozens of cubic kilometers of water would be possible, probable or even likely, but the panel argued, that the given safety factor to avoid such a catastrophic failure might be non-optimal in the case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.<ref name="IPOE2013" /> It was later revealed that the underlying basement of the dam was completely different from all expectations and did not fit the geological studies as the needed excavation works exposed the underlying gneiss. The engineering works then had to be adjusted, with digging and excavating deeper than originally planned, which took extra time and capacity and also required more concrete.<ref name="Azeb" />

=== Alleged over-sizing ===
Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW [[nameplate capacity]] each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per annum.<ref name="1st" /> The [[capacity factor]] of the planned hydropower plant – the expected electricity production divided by the potential production if the power plant was utilized permanently at full capacity – was only 32.9% compared to 45–60% for other, smaller hydropower plants in Ethiopia. Critics concluded that a smaller dam would have been more cost-effective.<ref name="1st">{{cite web|last=Beyene |first=Mehari |title=How efficient is The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam? |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/ethiopiadamefficiency.pdf |publisher=International Rivers |accessdate=12 August 2017 |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

Soon after, in 2012, the hydropower plant was upgraded to receive 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each, increasing the total installed capacity to 6,000 MW, with the expected power generation going up only slightly to 15,692 GWh per annum. Consequently, the capacity factor shrank to 29.9%. According to Asfaw Beyene, a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at San Diego State University (California), the dam and its hydropower plant are massively oversized: "GERD’s available power output, based on the average of river flow throughout the year and the dam height, is about 2,000 megawatts, not 6,000. There is little doubt that the system has been designed for a peak flow rate that only happens during the 2–3 months of the rainy season. Targeting near peak or peak flow rate makes no economic sense."<ref>{{cite web|title=Why is the hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), sized for 6000 MW?|url=http://gadaa.com/oduu/20303/2013/06/19/why-is-the-hydroelectric-dam-on-the-blue-nile-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gerd-sized-for-6000-mw/|publisher=Finfinne Tribune|accessdate=13 October 2014|date=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia's Biggest Dam Oversized, Experts Say|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/ethiopia%E2%80%99s-biggest-dam-oversized-experts-say-8082|publisher=International Rivers: An Interview with Asfaw Beyene|accessdate=13 October 2014|date=5 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, the total installed capacity was moved to 6,450 MW, without changing the number and nameplate capacity of the generating units (which then remained at 6,000 MW in total). This was thought to arrive from enhancements made to the generators.<ref name="upto6450" /> The expected power generation per annum went up to 16,153 GWh,<ref name="heraldic">{{cite web|publisher=Ethiopian Herald (ENA)|url=http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/technology/item/8498-purpose-driven-commitment-from-every-corner-to-realize-ethiopian-renaissance|language=en|title=Purpose driven commitment from every corner to realize Ethiopian Renaissance|date=2017-05-05|accessdate=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824011833/http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/technology/item/8498-purpose-driven-commitment-from-every-corner-to-realize-ethiopian-renaissance|archive-date=2017-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> the capacity factor shrank again and reached 28.6%. This time nobody publicly voiced concern. Such an optimization of the [[Francis turbine]]s used at the dam site is indeed possible and is usually done by the provider of the turbines taking into account site-specific conditions.

Considering the critics voiced about the alleged over-sizing of the possible power output, now of 6,450 MW. Ethiopia is relying heavily on hydropower, but the country is often affected by [[drought]]s (see e.g. [[2011 East Africa drought]]). The water reservoirs used for power generation in Ethiopia have a limited size. For example, the [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe I reservoir]], that feeds both the Gilgel Gibe I powerplant and the [[Gilgel Gibe II Power Station]], has a capacity of 0.7 km3. In times of drought, there is no water left to generate electrical power. This heavily affected Ethiopia in the drought years 2015/16 and it was only the [[Gilgel Gibe III]] powerplant, that in 2016 just started to run in trial service on a 14 km3 well-filled reservoir, that saved the economy of Ethiopia.<ref name="Azeb">{{cite web|publisher= Capital Ethiopia|url= http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/02/power-play-2/|language=en|title=Power Play|date=2017-01-02|accessdate = 2017-08-21}}</ref> The GERD-reservoir, once it has filled, has a total water volume of 74 km3, 3 times the volume of Ethiopia's largest lake, [[Lake Tana]]. Filling it takes 5–15 years and even by using all generating units at maximum capacity will not drain it within a few months. The installed power of 6.450 MW in combination with the size of the reservoir will help managing the side effects of the next severe drought, when other hydropower plants have to stop their operations.

== Benefits for Ethiopia ==
This section will only cover the benefits for Ethiopia, but there are also transboundary benefits expected.

A major benefit of the dam will be hydropower production. All the energy generated by GERD will be going into the national grid of Ethiopia to fully support the development of the whole country, both in rural and urban areas. The role of GERD will be to act as a stabilizing backbone of the Ethiopian national grid. There will be exports, but only if there is a total surplus of energy generated in Ethiopia. This is mainly expected to happen during rainy seasons, when there is plenty of water for hydropower generation.<ref name="Azeb" />

The eventual surplus electricity of GERD which does not fit the demand inside Ethiopia, is then to be sold and exported to neighboring countries including Sudan and possibly Egypt, but also [[Djibouti]]. Revenues in US$ or in € are to be expected. Exporting the electricity from the dam would require the construction of massive transmission lines to major consumption centers such as Sudan's capital [[Khartoum]], located more than 400 km away from the dam. These export sales would come on top of electricity that is expected to be sold from other large hydropower plants. Powerplants that have been readied or are under construction in Ethiopia, such as [[Gilgel Gibe III]] or [[Koysha]], whose exports (if given surplus energy) will mainly be going to [[Kenya]] through a 500 kV HVDC line.

The volume of the reservoir will be two to three times that of Lake Tana which allows to expect abundant [[fish]]. Expected are up to 7,000 tonnes of fish annually as well as the reservoir becoming a hotspot for tourism.<ref name="heraldic7000">{{cite web|publisher=Ethiopian Herald (ENA)|url=http://ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/editorial-view-point/item/7729-the-reality-of-the-gerd|language=en|title=The reality of the GERD |date=2017-02-26|accessdate=2017-08-29}}</ref>

== Environmental and social impacts ==
[[File:Renaissance Reservoir.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Renaissance Reservoir]]
{{see also|Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia}}
It appears that some form of environmental study has been undertaken, since the press reported that an international panel reviewed an environmental study in 2012. The NGO [[International Rivers]] has commissioned a local researcher to make a field visit because so little information is available.<ref name="Field visit">{{cite web|last=Pottinger|first=Lori|title=Field Visit Report on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/field-visit-report-on-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-7815|publisher=International Rivers|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

Public consultation about dams in Ethiopia is affected by the political climate in the country. International Rivers reports that "conversations with civil society groups in Ethiopia indicate that questioning the government’s energy sector plans is highly risky, and there are legitimate concerns of government persecution. Because of this political climate, no groups are actively pursuing the issues surrounding hydro-power dams, nor publicly raising concerns about the risks In this situation, extremely limited and inadequate public consultation has been organised" during the implementation of major dams.<ref>International Rivers: [http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/EthioReport06Feb08.pdf What Cost Ethiopia’s Dam Boom?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122124816/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/EthioReport06Feb08.pdf |date=2009-11-22 }}, February 2008, pp. 13–14, Retrieved on April 25, 2011</ref> In June 2011, Ethiopian journalist Reeyot Alemu was imprisoned after she raised questions about the proposed Grand Millennium Dam. Staff of International Rivers have received death threats. In the meantime, the former prime minister Meles Zenawi called opponents of the project "hydropower extremists" and "bordering on the criminal" at a conference of the [[International Hydropower Association]] (IHA) in Addis Adaba in April 2011. At the conference, the Ethiopian state power utility was embraced as a "Sustainability Partner" by the IHA.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bosshard|first=Peter|title=Sustainable Hydropower – Ethiopian Style|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/227/sustainable-hydropower-%E2%80%93-ethiopian-style|publisher=International Rivers|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=13 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Impact on Ethiopia ===
Since the Blue Nile is a highly seasonal river, the dam would reduce flooding downstream of the dam, including on the 15 km stretch within Ethiopia. On the one hand, the reduction of flooding is beneficial since it protects settlements from flood damage. On the other hand, it can be harmful, if flood recession agriculture is practiced in the river valley downstream of the dam since it deprives fields from being watered. However, the next water regulating dam in Sudan, the [[Roseires Dam]], sits only a few dozens of kilometers downstream. The dam could also serve as a bridge across the Blue Nile, complementing a bridge that was under construction in 2009 further upstream.<ref>Daily Ethiopia:[http://www.dailyethiopia.com/index.php?aid=529 Longest Ever Bridge In Ethiopia Under Construction], December 31, 2009, Retrieved on April 25, 2011</ref> An independent assessment estimated that at least 5,110 people will be resettled from the reservoir and downstream area, and the dam is expected to lead to a significant change in the fishery.<ref name="Field visit" /> According to an independent researcher who conducted research in the area where the dam is being built, near to 20,000 people are being relocated. According to the same source, "a solid plan (is) in place for the relocated people" and those who have already been resettled "were given more than they expected in compensation". Locals have never seen a dam before and "are not completely sure what a dam actually is", despite community meetings in which affected people were informed about the impacts of the dam on their livelihoods. Except for a few older people, almost all locals interviewed "expressed hope that the project brings something of benefit to them" in terms of education and health services or electricity supply based on the information available to them. At least some of the new communities for those relocated will be downstream of the dam. The area around the reservoir will consist of a 5 km buffer zone for malaria control that will not be available for settlement. In at least some upstream areas erosion control measures will be undertaken in order to reduce siltation of the reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|last=Veilleux|first=Jennifer|title=another view on the Nile : an interview with Jennifer Veilleux|url=http://catherinepfeifer.blogspot.de/2013/07/another-view-on-nile-interview-with.html|publisher=catherinepfeifer blog|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=2013-07-09}}</ref>

=== Impact on Sudan and Egypt ===
The precise impact of the dam on the downstream countries is not known. Egypt fears a temporary reduction of water availability due to the filling of the dam and a permanent reduction because of evaporation from the reservoir. Studies indicate that the primary factors which will govern the impacts during the reservoir filling phase include the initial reservoir elevation of the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]], the rainfall that occurs during the filling period and the negotiated arrangement between the three countries. These studies also show that only through close and continuous coordination, the risks of negative impacts can be minimized or eliminated.<ref name="Wheeler 611–634"/> The reservoir volume (74 billion cubic meters) is about 1.5 times the average annual flow (49 billion cubic meters) of the Blue Nile at the Sudanese-Egyptian border. This loss to downstream countries could be spread over several years if the countries reach an agreement. Depending on the initial storage in the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]] and this filling schedule of the GERD, flows into Egypt could be temporarily reduced, which may affect the income of two million farmers during the period of filling the reservoir. Allegedly, it would also "affect Egypt's electricity supply by 25 to 40 per cent, while the dam is being built".<ref>{{cite web|title=Death on the Nile|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/05/201353081623734349.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> However, hydropower accounts for less than 12 per cent of total electricity production in Egypt in 2010 (14 out of 121 billion [[kWh]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt Overview|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=EG|publisher=US Energy Information Administration|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> so that a temporary reduction of 25 per cent in hydropower production translates into an overall temporary reduction in Egyptian electricity production of less than 3 per cent. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam could also lead to a permanent lowering of the water level in [[Lake Nasser]] if floods are stored instead in Ethiopia. This would reduce the current evaporation of more than 10 billion cubic meters per year, but it would also reduce the ability of the Aswan High Dam to produce hydropower to the tune of a 100 MW loss of generating capacity for a 3 m reduction of the water level. However, the increased storage in Ethiopia can provide a greater buffer to shortages in Sudan and Egypt during years of future drought, if the countries can reach a compromise.

The dam will retain silt. It will thus increase the useful lifetime of dams in Sudan – such as the [[Roseires Dam]], the [[Sennar Dam]] and the [[Merowe Dam]] – and of the [[Aswan High Dam]] in Egypt. The beneficial and harmful effects of flood control would affect the Sudanese portion of the Blue Nile, just as it would affect the Ethiopian part of the Blue Nile valley downstream of the dam.<ref name=panel>{{cite web|title=The dam speech|url=http://grandmillenniumdam.net/international-panel-of-experts-on-renaissance-dam/#comment-1203|publisher=Grand Millennium Dam|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428065951/http://grandmillenniumdam.net/international-panel-of-experts-on-renaissance-dam/#comment-1203|archive-date=28 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Specifically, the GERD would reduce seasonal flooding of the plains surrounding the reservoir of the Roseires Dam located at [[Ad-Damazin]], just as the [[Tekeze Dam]], by retaining a reservoir in the deep gorges of the northern Ethiopian Highlands, had reduced flooding at Sudan's [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]].

The reservoir, located in the temperate [[Ethiopian Highlands]] and up to 140 m deep, will experience considerably less evaporation than downstream reservoirs such as [[Lake Nasser]] in Egypt, which loses 12% of its water flow due to evaporation as the water sits in the lake for 10 months. Through the controlled release of water from the reservoir to downstream, this could facilitate an increase of up to 5% in Egypt's water supply, and presumably that of Sudan as well.<ref name=Regarding>{{cite web |last=Salem |first=Mahmoud |title=Regarding the Dam |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/03/regarding-the-dam/ |work=Daily News Egypt |accessdate=3 March 2014|date=2013-06-03 }}</ref>

==== Reactions: cooperation and condemnation ====
Egypt has serious concerns about the project so that it requested to be granted inspection allowance on the design and the studies of the dam, in order to allay its fears, but Ethiopia has denied the request unless Egypt relinquishes its veto on water allocation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia won't allow inspection of dam, but ready to negotiate with post-Mubarak Egypt|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/409918|publisher=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|accessdate=27 April 2011|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> After a meeting between the Ministers of Water of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia in March 2012, Sudan's President Bashir said that he supported the building of the dam.<ref>Tesfa-Alem Tekle:[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article41839 Sudan’s Bashir supports Ethiopia’s Nile dam project], Sudan Tribune, March 8, 2012, retrieved on April 12, 2013,</ref>

A Nile treaty signed by the upper riparian states in 2010, the Cooperative Framework Agreement, has not been signed by either Egypt or Sudan, as they claim it violates the 1959 treaty<ref>http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm</ref>, in which Sudan and Egypt give themselves exclusive rights to all of the Nile's waters.<ref>Ashenafi Abedje, [[Voice of America]]:[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/Nile-Series-Overview-11March11-118252974.html Nile River Countries Consider Cooperative Framework Agreement], March 18, 2011,</ref> The [[Nile Basin Initiative]] provides a framework for dialogue among all Nile riparian countries.

Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan established an International Panel of Experts to review and assess the study reports of the dam. The panel consists of 10 members; 6 from the three countries and 4 international in the fields of water resources and hydrologic modelling, dam engineering, socioeconomic, and environmental.<ref name=panel /> The panel held its fourth meeting in Addis Ababa in November 2012. It reviewed documents about the environmental impact of the dam and visited the dam site.<ref>Tesfa-Alem Tekle:[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44698 Panel pushes study on Ethiopia’s Nile dam amid Egypt crises], Sudan Tribune, December 1, 2012, retrieved on April 12, 2013,</ref> The panel submitted its preliminary report to the respective governments at the end of May 2013. Although the full report has not been made public, and will not be until it is reviewed by the governments, Egypt and Ethiopia both released details. The Ethiopian government stated that, according to the report, "the design of the dam is based on international standards and principles" without naming those standards and principles. It also said that the dam "offers high benefit for all the three countries and would not cause significant harm on both the lower riparian countries".<ref>{{cite news|title=International Panel of Experts on GERD Releases Its Report|url=http://www.insideethiopia.net/,00,00,00/00,00,61.htm|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Inside Ethiopia|date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622161809/http://www.insideethiopia.net/,00,00,00/00,00,61.htm|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Egyptian government, however, the report "recommended changing and amending the dimensions and the size of the dam".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia agrees on recommendations of tripartite committee|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=68410|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Egyptian State Information Service|date=2 June 2013}} (link was dead and story could not be found on the ESIS website on July 2, 2013, but a quote can be found at HornAffairs:[http://hornaffairs.com/en/2013/06/02/egypt-the-report-modifies-renaissance-dams-size-dimensions/ Egypt: The report modifies renaissance dam's size, dimensions])</ref>

On 3 June 2013 while discussing the International Panel of Experts report with President [[Mohammad Morsi]], Egyptian political leaders suggested methods to destroy the dam, including support for anti-government rebels.<ref>{{cite news|title=Caught on tape, Egyptian lawmakers plot Nile dam sabotage|url=http://www.amsterdamnews.com/news/international/african/caught-on-tape-egyptian-lawmakers-plot-nile-dam-sabotage/article_c94e7c74-cec1-11e2-8393-001a4bcf887a.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=New York Amsterdam News|date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130615181730/http://www.amsterdamnews.com/news/international/african/caught-on-tape-egyptian-lawmakers-plot-nile-dam-sabotage/article_c94e7c74-cec1-11e2-8393-001a4bcf887a.html|archive-date=15 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STRATFOR: Egypt Is Prepared To Bomb All Of Ethiopia's Nile Dams |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hacked-stratfor-emails-egypt-could-take-military-action-to-protect-its-stake-in-the-nile-2012-10|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=7 June 2013|date=13 October 2012}}</ref> Unbeknownst to those at the meeting, the discussion was televised live.<ref name=postdes /> Ethiopia requested that the Egyptian Ambassador explain the meeting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia summons Egypt's ambassador over Nile dam attack proposals|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-summons-egypts-ambassador-over-nile-dam-attack-proposals/2013/06/06/e03075f4-cec2-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Morsi's top aide apologized for the "unintended embarrassment" and his cabinet released a statement promoting "good neighbourliness, mutual respect and the pursuit of joint interests without either party harming the other." An aide to the Ethiopian Prime Minister stated that Egypt is "...entitled to daydreaming" and cited Egypt's past of trying to destabilize Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia: Egypt Attack Proposals 'Day Dreaming'|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2013/06/05/ethiopia-egypt-attack-proposals-day-dreaming/|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Morsi reportedly believes that it is better to engage Ethiopia rather than attempt to force them.<ref name=postdes /> However, on 10 June 2013, he said that "all options are open" because "Egypt's water security cannot be violated at all," clarifying that he was "not calling for war," but that he would not allow Egypt's water supply to be endangered.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian warning over Ethiopia Nile dam|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22850124|accessdate=10 June 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Egypt left negotiations over the dam, citing Ethiopian intransigence.<ref name=AlJazeera /> Ethiopia countered that Egypt had set an immediate halt on construction and an increase of its share to 90% as the preconditions, which were deemed wholly unreasonable. Egypt has since launched a diplomatic offensive to undermine support for the dam, sending its [[Foreign Minister of Egypt|Foreign Minister]], [[Nabil Fahmi]] to [[Tanzania]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to garner support. Egyptian media outlets declared the visits productive and that the leaders of those nations had expressed "understanding" and "support" of Egypt's position.<ref name=DailyFahmy>{{cite news|title=Fahmy meets Tanzanian president ahead of Congo visit |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/02/23/fahmy-meets-tanzanian-president-ahead-congo-visit/|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Daily News Egypt}}</ref> Sudanese Foreign Minister [[Ali Karti]] criticised Egypt for "inflaming the situation" through its statements on the dam, and that it was considering the interests of both sides ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'' declared that Sudan had "proclaimed its neutrality".<ref name=STribune /><ref name=AlMasry>{{cite news|title=Sudan declares neutrality in Renaissance Dam problem, offers mediation between Egypt and Ethiopia|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sudan-declares-neutrality-renaissance-dam-problem-offers-mediation-between-egypt-and-ethiopia|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Egypt Independent}}</ref> The campaign is intensive and wide-reaching; in March 2014, for the first time, only [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Sudan]], and [[Tanzania]] were invited by Egypt to participate in the [[Nile Hockey Tournament]].<ref name=TZDaily>{{cite news|title=Tanzania Gets Nile Hockey Tourney Invitation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402200119.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Tanzania Daily News|date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Foreign Minister Fahmi and Water Resources Minister [[Muhammad Abdul Muttalib]] planned visits to Italy and Norway to express their concerns and try to compel them to pull their support for the GERD.<ref name=UPI1 />

In April 2014 Ethiopia's Prime Minister invited Egypt and Sudan to another round of talks over the dam and Nabil Fahmi stated in May 2014 that Egypt was still open to negotiations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/101606/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-willing-to-negotiate-over-Ethiopias-dam-Fore.aspx | title=Egypt willing to negotiate over Ethiopia's dam: Foreign minister | publisher=Ahram Online | date=18 May 2014 | accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> Following an August 2014 Tripartite Ministerial-level meeting, the three nations agreed to set up a Tripartite National Committee (TNC) meeting over the dam. The first TNC meeting occurred from 20 to 22 September 2014 in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia: The First Meeting of the Tripartite National Committee On the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Concludes|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409230392.html|accessdate=17 January 2015|publisher=All Africa|date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

In February 2020 U.S.A Treasury issued statement about GERD stating" ...[https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/secretary-statements-remarks/statement-by-the-secretary-of-the-treasury-on-the-grand-Ethiopian-renaissance-dam final testing and filling should not take place without an agreement.]" after Ethiopia Skips US Talks With Egypt Over Dam Dispute. Ethiopians online express anger using #itismydam over US and world bank's siding with Egypt contrary to co-observer role initially promised. The online campaign ironically coincidences with Ethiopia's annual public holiday, victory of Adwa, a decisive victory that successfully thwarted colonial campaign for the first time.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Africa|Energy|Water|Renewable energy}}
* [[Water politics]]
* [[Renewable energy in Ethiopia]]
* [[Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia]]
* [[List of power stations in Ethiopia]]
* [[Water politics in the Nile Basin]]

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

[[Category:Dams in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Dams under construction]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Proposed hydroelectric power stations]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:Blue Nile]]
[[Category:Dams in the Nile basin]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Roller-compacted concrete dams]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Water resource conflicts]]

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

2020-02-29T21:54:20Z

Simsman333: Nothing disproves the statements in the cited sources.

{{Infobox dam
| name = Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
| name_official =
| image_caption = Rendition of the main dam
| image_alt =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|12|55|N|35|05|35|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[Ethiopia]]
| location = [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]]
| purpose = Power
| status = UC
| construction_began = April 2011
| opening = 2020–2022<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/ethiopias-huge-nile-dam-delayed-2022/ |title = Ethiopia's huge Nile dam delayed to 2022 - News - GCR}}</ref><ref name="Azeb" />
| demolished =
| cost = $4 billion [[USD]]
| owner = [[Ethiopian Electric Power]]
| dam_type = Gravity, [[roller-compacted concrete]]
| dam_crosses = [[Blue Nile River]]
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{Convert|1780|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest = {{Convert|655|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{Convert|10200000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}
| spillway_count = 1 gated, 2 ungated
| spillway_type = 6 sector gates for the gated spillway
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} for the gated spillway
| res_name = Millennium Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|74|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|59.2|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_inactive = {{Convert|14.8|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment = {{Convert|172250|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length = {{Convert|246|km|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth = {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation = {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 2020-2022<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/ethiopias-huge-nile-dam-delayed-2022/ |title = Ethiopia's huge Nile dam delayed to 2022 - News - GCR}}</ref><ref name="Azeb" />
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = C
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines = 14 x 400 MW 2 x 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]s
| plant_capacity = 6.45 [[gigawatt|GW]] (max. planned)<ref name="heraldic" />
| plant_capacity_factor = {{percent|286|1000|1}}
| plant_annual_gen = 16,153 [[GWh]] (est., planned)<ref name="heraldic" />
| website = {{URL|http://www.hidasse.gov.et/}}
| extra =
| image = GrandEthiopianRenaissanceDamSaliniRendition.jpg
| image_size =
| location_map = Ethiopia
| location_map_size =
| dam_height = {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam''' ('''GERD''' or '''TaIHiGe'''; {{lang-am|ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ|translit=Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāsē Gidib }}), formerly known as the '''Millennium Dam''' and sometimes referred to as '''Hidase Dam''' ({{lang-am|ሕዳሴ ግድብ|translit=Hidāsē Gidib}}), is a [[gravity dam]] on the [[Blue Nile River]] in [[Ethiopia]] that has been under construction since 2011. It is in the [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]] of Ethiopia, about {{Convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} east of the border with [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia's biggest dam to help neighbours solve power problem|url=http://www.inewsone.com/2011/04/17/ethiopias-biggest-dam-to-help-neighbours-solve-power-problem/43904|publisher=News One|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=17 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120322030951/http://www.inewsone.com/2011/04/17/ethiopias-biggest-dam-to-help-neighbours-solve-power-problem/43904|archivedate=22 March 2012}}</ref> At 6.45 [[gigawatts]], the dam will be the [[List of largest hydroelectric power stations|largest hydroelectric power plant]] in Africa when completed, as well as the seventh largest in the world.<ref name="upto6450">{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702280364.html|title=Ethiopia: GERD Increases Generation Capacity|last=|first=|date=28 February 2017|accessdate=28 February 2017|newspaper=allAfrica}}</ref><ref name=salini>{{cite web|title=Salini will build the biggest dam in Africa|url=http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/show_news/77|publisher=Salini Construttori|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=31 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Hydrological and Environmental Impacts of Grand Renaissance Dam on the Nile River|url = http://iwtc.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/80.pdf|publisher = Eighteenth International Water Technology Conference (CNKI)|accessdate = 9 April 2015|date = 13 March 2015|author1=Ahmed, A. T. |author2=Elsanabary, M. H. |location = Sharm El Sheikh– Egypt}}</ref> {{As of | October 2019}}, the work stood at approximately 70% completion.<ref name="agree to resume">{{cite web | location=Ethiopia | publisher=Aljazeera | title=Egypt, Ethiopia 'agree' to resume talks on massive Nile dam | date=24 October 2019 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/egypt-ethiopia-agree-resume-talks-massive-nile-dam-191024140822273.html | accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> Once completed, the reservoir could take anywhere between 5 and 15 years to fill with water,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Gets Set to Open|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gets-set-to-open|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|accessdate=5 January 2017|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> depending on hydrologic conditions during the filling period and agreements reached between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt.<ref name="Wheeler 611–634">{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Kevin G.|last2=Basheer|first2=Mohammed|last3=Mekonnen|first3=Zelalem T.|last4=Eltoum|first4=Sami O.|last5=Mersha|first5=Azeb|last6=Abdo|first6=Gamal M.|last7=Zagona|first7=Edith A.|last8=Hall|first8=Jim W.|last9=Dadson|first9=Simon J.|date=2016-06-06|title=Cooperative filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|journal=Water International|volume=41|issue=4|pages=611–634|doi=10.1080/02508060.2016.1177698|issn=0250-8060}}</ref>

== Background ==
The eventual site for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam was identified by the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]] in the course of the Blue Nile survey, which was conducted between 1956 and 1964 during the administration of [[Aklilu Habtewold]]. Due to the [[Ethiopian Revolution|coup d'état of 1974]], however, the project failed to progress. The Ethiopian Government surveyed the site in October 2009 and August 2010. In November 2010, a design for the dam was submitted by James Kelston.<ref name=watertech>{{cite web|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-africa/|publisher=Water Technology|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>

On 31 March 2011, a day after the project was made public, a US$4.8 billion contract was awarded without competitive bidding to [[Salini Impregilo|Salini Costruttori]], and the dam's foundation stone was laid on 2 April 2011 by then Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]].<ref name=news>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia Launched Grand Millennium Dam Project, the Biggest in Africa|url=http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-launched-grand-millennium-dam-project-the-biggest-in-africa/|publisher=Ethiopian News|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406054258/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-launched-grand-millennium-dam-project-the-biggest-in-africa|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> A rock-crushing plant was constructed, along with a small air strip for fast transportation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Belete|first=Pawlos|title=Great Millennium Dam moves Ethiopia |url= http://www.capitalethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14459:great-millennium-dam-moves-ethiopia&catid=12:local-news&Itemid=4 |accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=Capital Ethiopia}}</ref> The expectation was for the first two power-generation turbines to become operational after 44 months of construction.<ref name="Business">{{cite news|title=Meles Launches Millennium Dam Construction on Nile River |url=http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=466:meles-launches-millennium-dam-construction-on-nile-river&catid=35:trade&Itemid=12 |accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=New Business Ethiopia|date=2 April 2011}}</ref>

Egypt, located over 2500 kilometres downstream of the site, opposes the dam, which it believes will reduce the amount of water available from the Nile.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt Stays Opposed to Ethiopia's Grand Millennium Dam Project |url= http://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Page=heads&NewsID=2847 |accessdate=19 April 2011 |newspaper=EZega |date=11 April 2011}}</ref> Zenawi argued, based on an unnamed study, that the dam would not reduce water availability downstream and would also regulate water for irrigation.<ref name="Business" /> In May 2011, it was announced that Ethiopia would share blueprints for the dam with Egypt so that the downstream impact could be examined.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt approves of Ethiopia's Renaissance Dam in principle |url=http://www.ethiopian-news.com/egypt-approves-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-renaissance-dam-principle/ |accessdate=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Ethiopia News |date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101455/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/egypt-approves-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-renaissance-dam-principle/ |archive-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The dam was originally called "Project X", and after its contract was announced it was called the Millennium Dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Nation Rallies Behind a Cause|url=http://grandmillenniumdam.net/a-nation-rallies-behind-a-cause/|publisher=Grand Millennium Dam|accessdate=29 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614091635/http://grandmillenniumdam.net/a-nation-rallies-behind-a-cause/|archive-date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 April 2011, the Council of Ministers renamed it Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Council of Ministers Approves Regulation Establishing Council on Grand Dam |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2011/Apr/16Apr11/138447.htm |accessdate=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Ethiopian Government |date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420135619/http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2011/Apr/16Apr11/138447.htm |archivedate=April 20, 2011 }}</ref> Ethiopia has a potential for about 45 GW of hydropower.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt & Sudan outraged by Ethiopia's Blue Nile Dam|author=Thomas Land|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/news/2013/02/05/hydro-power-egypt-sudan-outraged-by-ethiopia-s-blue-nile-dam-by-thomas-land.html|publisher=Hydro World|accessdate=19 February 2013|date=5 February 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The dam is being funded by [[government bond]]s and private donations. It was slated for completion in July 2017.<ref name=watertech />

The potential impacts of the dam have been the source of severe regional controversy. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |website=NYTIMES |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> The Government of Egypt, a country which relies heavily on the waters of the Nile, has demanded that Ethiopia cease construction on the dam as a precondition to negotiations, has sought regional support for its position, and some political leaders have discussed methods to sabotage it.<ref name=postdes>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia official labels Egyptian attack proposals over new Nile River dam 'day dreaming'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-official-labels-egyptian-attack-proposals-over-new-nile-river-dam-day-dreaming/2013/06/05/fd340e10-cdc6-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Egypt has planned a diplomatic initiative to undermine support for the dam in the region as well as in other countries supporting the project such as China and Italy.<ref name=UPI1>{{cite news|title=Egypt plans dam-busting diplomatic offensive against Ethiopia|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/02/27/Egypt-plans-dam-busting-diplomatic-offensive-against-Ethiopia/UPI-13631393533111/|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=27 Feb 2014}}</ref> However, other nations in the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] have expressed support for the dam, including Sudan, the only other nation downstream of the Blue Nile. Sudan has accused Egypt of inflaming the situation.<ref name=STribune>{{cite news|title=Sudan Foreign Minister Criticises Egypt Over Ethiopian Dam Dispute|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402191185.html?page=2|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Sudan Tribune}}</ref>

Ethiopia denies that the dam will have a negative impact on downstream water flows and contends that the dam will, in fact, increase water flows to Egypt by reducing evaporation on [[Lake Nasser]].<ref name=AlJazeera>{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=Hassen|title=Egypt and Ethiopia spar over the Nile|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/2/egypt-disputes-ethiopiarenaissancedam.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera America]]|date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> Ethiopia has accused Egypt of being unreasonable; Egypt is demanding to increase its share of the Nile's water flow from 66% to 90%.<ref name=AlJazeera /> In October, 2019, Egypt stated that talks with Sudan and Ethiopia over the operation of a $4 billion hydropower dam that Ethiopia is building on the Nile have reached a deadlock.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-dam-egypt-idUSKCN1WK0IE|title=Egypt says talks over Ethiopia's Nile dam deadlocked, calls for mediation|date=2019-10-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-06|language=en}}</ref> Beginning in November 2017, [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Steven Mnuchin|Steven T. Mnuchin]] began facilitating negotiations between the three countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/press-releases/sm891|title=Joint Statement of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, the United States And the World Bank {{!}} U.S. Department of the Treasury|website=home.treasury.gov|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>

== Cost and financing ==
The Ethiopian government has stated that it intends to fund the entire cost of the dam by itself in order to prevent relying on foreign countries who may be brought under pressure by Egypt to withdraw their support. Ethiopia has issued a bond targeted at Ethiopians in the country and abroad to that end.<ref name="Business" /> The turbines and associated electrical equipment of the hydropower plants costing about US$1.8 billion are reportedly financed by Chinese banks. This would leave US$3 billion to be financed by the Ethiopian government through other means.<ref>''The Economist'': [http://www.economist.com/node/18587195/ "The River Nile: A dam nuisance. Egypt and Ethiopia quarrel over water"], April 20, 2011, Retrieved on April 24, 2011</ref> The estimated US$4.8 billion construction cost, apparently excluding the cost of power transmission lines, corresponds to about 5% of Ethiopia's gross domestic product of US$87 billion in 2017.

== Design ==
[[File:Renaissance Dam site.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Renaissance Dam and associated facilities]]
The design changed several times between 2011 and 2017. This affected both the electrical parameters and the storage parameters.

Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW [[nameplate capacity]] each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per annum.<ref name="1st" /> However, due to the upgrading of the power plant and the housing facilities, its generation capacity was uplifted to 6,000 MW from 5,250 MW, with a power generation of 15,692 GWh per annum through 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each. In 2017, the design was again changed to add another 450 MW, with a power generation of 16,153 GWh per annum.<ref name="heraldic" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702280364.html|title=Ethiopia: GERD Increases Generation Capacity|last=|first=|date=19 March 2012|accessdate=28 February 2017|newspaper=allAfrica}}</ref> That was achieved by upgrading 14 of the 16 generating units from 375 MW to 400 MW without changing the nameplate capacity.<ref name="Gebremichael">{{cite web|url=http://thereporterethiopia.com/content/nuts-and-bolts-ethiopian-power-sector|title=Nuts and bolts of Ethiopian power sector|last=|first=|date=4 March 2017|accessdate=7 September 2017|newspaper=Reporter Ethiopia}}</ref>

Not only the electrical power parameters were to change over time, but also the storage parameters. Originally, in 2011, the dam was considered to be {{Convert|145|m|abbr=on}} tall with a volume of 10.1 million m3. The reservoir was considered to have a volume of {{Convert|66|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|1680|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} at full supply level. The rock-filled [[saddle dam]] besides the main dam was considered to have a height of {{Convert|45|m|abbr=on}} meters and a length of {{Convert|4800|m|abbr=on}} and a volume of 15 million m3.<ref name=watertech /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hornaffairs.com/2011/09/20/facts-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam/|title=[Updated] Facts – Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam|last=|first=|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=Hornaffairs}}</ref>

In 2013, an Independent Panel of Experts (IPoE) assessed the dam and its technological parameters. At that time, the reservoir sizes were changed already. The size of the reservoir at full supply level went up to {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} (plus 194 km2). The storage volume at full supply level had increased to {{Convert|74|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} (plus 7 km3).<ref name="IPOE2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/international_panel_of_experts_for_ethiopian_renaissance_dam-_final_report_1.pdf|title=International Panel of Experts on Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP) – Final Report|last=|first=|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=internationalrivers.org}}</ref> These numbers did not change anymore after 2013.

After the IPoE made its recommendations, in 2013, the dam parameters were changed to account for higher flow volumes in case of extreme floods: a main dam height of {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}} (plus 10 meters) with a length of {{Convert|1780|m|abbr=on}} (no change) and a dam volume of 10.2 million m3 (plus 0.1 million m3). The outlet parameters did not change, only the crest of the main dam was raised. The rock saddle dam went up to a height of {{Convert|50|m|abbr=on}} (plus 5 meters) with a length of {{Convert|5200|m|abbr=on}} (plus 400 meters). The volume of the rock saddle dam increased to 16.5 million m3 (plus 1.5 million m3).<ref name="IPOE2013" /><ref name="salinides" />

The design parameters as of August 2017 are as follows, given the changes as outlined above:

=== Two dams ===
The zero level of the main dam, the ground level, will be at a height of almost exactly {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]], corresponding roughly to the level of the river bed of the Blue Nile. Counting from the ground level, the main gravity dam will be {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}} tall, {{Convert|1780|m|0|abbr=on}} long and composed of [[roller-compacted concrete]]. The crest of the dam will be at a height of {{Convert|655|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The outlets of the two powerhouses are below the ground level, the total height of the dam will, therefore, be slightly higher than that of the given height of the dam. In some publications, the main contractor constructing the dam puts forward a number of {{Convert|170|m|abbr=on}} for the dam height, which might account for the additional depth of the dam below ground level, which would mean {{Convert|15|m|abbr=on}} of excavations from the [[basement (geology)|basement]] before filling the dam. The structural volume of the dam will be {{Convert|10200000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. The main dam will be {{Convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} from the border with Sudan.

Supporting the main dam and reservoir will be a curved and {{Convert|5.2|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|50|m|0|abbr=on}} high rock-fill [[saddle dam]]. The ground level of the saddle dam is at an elevation of about {{Convert|600|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The surface of the saddle dam has a bituminous finish, to keep the interior of the dam dry. The saddle dam will be just {{Convert|3.3–3.5|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the border with Sudan, it is much closer to the border than the main dam.

The reservoir behind both dams will have a storage capacity of {{Convert|74|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} when at full supply level of {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The full supply level is therefore {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}} above the ground level of the main dam. Hydropower generation can happen between reservoir levels of {{Convert|590|m|abbr=on}}, the so-called ''minimum operating level'', and {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}, the ''full supply level''. The ''live storage volume'', usable for power generation between both levels is then {{Convert|59.2|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}. The first {{Convert|90|m|abbr=on}} of the height of the dam will be a dead height for the reservoir, leading to a ''dead storage volume'' of the reservoir of {{Convert|14.8|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IPOE2013" />

=== Three spillways ===
The dams will have three [[spillway]]s. All using approximately 18000 cubic meters of concrete. These spillways together are designed for a flood of up to {{Convert|38500|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, an event not considered to happen at all, as this discharge volume is the so-called 'Probable Maximum Flood'. All waters from the three spillways are designed to discharge into the Blue Nile before the river enters Sudanese territory.

The main and gated spillway is located to the left of the main dam and will be controlled by six [[floodgates]] and have a design discharge of {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} in total. The spillway will be {{Convert|84|m|abbr=on}} wide at the outflow gates. The base level of the spillway will be at {{Convert|624.9|m|abbr=on}}, well below the full supply level.

An ungated spillway, the auxiliary spillway, sits at the center of the main dam with an open width of about {{Convert|205|m|abbr=on}}. This spillway has a base-level at {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}, which is exactly the full supply level of the reservoir. The dam crest is {{Convert|15|m|abbr=on}} higher to the left and to the right of the spillway. This ungated spillway is only expected to be used, if the reservoir is both full and the flow exceeds {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, a flow value, that is expected to be exceeded once every ten years.

A third spillway, an emergency spillway, is located to the right of the curved saddle dam, with a base level at {{Convert|642|m|abbr=on}}. This emergency spillway has an open space of about {{Convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} along its rim. This third spillway will carry water only if the conditions for a flood of more than around {{Convert|30000|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} are given, corresponding to a flood to occur only once every 10,000 years.

=== Power generation and distribution ===
Flanking either side of the auxiliary ungated spillway at the center of the dam will be two [[power station|power houses]]. The right will contain 10 x 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generators, the left power house will house 6 x 375 MW of the same turbine-generators. 14 of the 16 turbine-generators have been upgraded to 400 MW without changing the nameplate capacity (which is still at 375 MW), while two turbine-generators remained at 375 MW.<ref name=salinides>{{cite web|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project|url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/lavori/in-corso/dighe-impianti-idroelettrici/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-project.html|publisher=Salini|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gebremichael" /> The total installed capacity with all turbine-generators will be 6,450 MW. The average annual flow of the Blue Nile being available for power generation is expected to be {{Convert|1547|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="IPOE2013" /> which gives rise to an annual expectation for power generation of 16,153 GWh, corresponding to a plant load factor (or [[capacity factor]]) of 28.6%.

The Francis turbines inside the power houses are installed in a vertical manner, raising {{Convert|7|m|abbr=on}} above the ground level. For the foreseen operation between the minimum operating level and the full supply level, the head waters for the turbines will be {{Convert|83-133|m|abbr=on}} high. A [[Electrical substation#switching station|switching station]] will be located close to the main dam, where the generated power will be delivered to the national grid. Completed have been four 500 kV main [[power transmission line]]s in August 2017, all going to [[Holeta Genet|Holeta]] and then with several 400 kV lines to the metropolitan area of [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=EEP readies 1,400km long high power transmission lines, distribution stations|url=http://www.fanabc.com/english/index.php/news/item/9856-eep-readies-1,400km-long-high-power-transmission-lines,-distribution-stations|date=25 August 2017|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> Two 400 kV lines are running from the dam to the [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]. Also planned are 500 kV [[high-voltage direct current]] lines.

=== Early power generation ===

Two non-upgraded turbine-generators with 375 MW each are considered to be the first to go into operation with 750 MW delivered to the national power grid, possibly 2018. This early power generation will start well before the completion of the dam, when the filling of the reservoir commences. The two units are sitting within the 10 unit powerhouse to the right side of the dam at the auxiliary spillway. They are fed by two special intakes within the dam structure that are located at a height of {{Convert|540|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is foreseen, that power generation can start at a water level of {{Convert|560|m|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|30|m|abbr=on}} below the minimum operating level of the other 14 turbine-generators. At that level, the reservoir has been filled with roughly {{Convert|5.5|km3|abbr=on}} of water, which corresponds to roughly 11% of the annual inflow of {{Convert|48.8|km3|abbr=on}}. During the rainy season, this is expected to happen within days to weeks. The two early power generating units probably will be the only units in operation for several years as the filling of the reservoir will take from 5–15 years.

=== Siltation, evaporation and irrigation ===

Two "bottom" outlets at {{Convert|542|m|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|42|m|abbr=on}} above ground level are available for delivering water to Sudan and Egypt under special circumstances, in particular for irrigation purposes downstream, if the level of the reservoir falls below the minimum operating level of {{Convert|590|m|abbr=on}} but also during the initial filling process of the reservoir.

The space below the "bottom" outlets is the primary buffer space for [[alluvium]] through [[siltation]] and [[sedimentation]]. For the [[Roseires Dam|Roseires Reservoir]] just downstream from the GERD site, the average siltation / sedimentation volume (without GERD in place) amounts to around {{Convert|0.035|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} per year. Due to the large size of the GERD reservoir, the siltation / sedimentation volume is expected to be much higher in this case, expected are {{Convert|0.21|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} per annum.<ref name="IPOE2013" /><ref name="roseires">{{cite web|title=Sediment Accumulation in Roseires Reservoir|url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H042510.pdf|publisher=IWMI.org|date=2008|accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref> The GERD reservoir will foreseeable take away the siltation threat from the Roseires reservoir almost entirely.

The ground level of the GERD dam is at around {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Water flowing out of the dam will be released into the Blue Nile again which will flow for only around {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}}, before joining the Roseires reservoir, which – if at full supply level – will be at {{Convert|490|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. There is only a {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} elevation difference between both projects. The two reservoirs and accompanied hydropower projects could – if coordinated properly across the border between Ethiopia and Sudan – become a cascaded system for more efficient hydropower generation and better irrigation (in Sudan in particular). Water from the {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}} column of the water storage of the GERD reservoir could be diverted through tunnels to facilitate new irrigation schemes in Sudan close to the border with [[South Sudan]]. In Ethiopia itself, no irrigation schemes are planned due to the proximity of the dam to the downstream border with Sudan.

Evaporation of water from the reservoir is expected to be at 3% of the annual inflow volume of {{Convert|48.8|km3|abbr=on}}, which corresponds to an average volume lost through evaporation of around {{Convert|1.5|km3|abbr=on}} annually. This was considered neglectable by the IPoE.<ref name="IPOE2013" /> For comparison, [[Lake Nasser]] in Egypt loses between {{Convert|10-16|km3|abbr=on}} annually through evaporation.<ref name="nasser">{{cite web|title=Evaporation Reduction from Lake Nasser Using New Environmentally Safe Techniques|url=http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/2-5.pdf|publisher=IWTC|date=2007|accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref>

== Construction ==
=== Major achievements ===
The main contractor is the [[Italy|Italian]] company [[Salini Impregilo|Salini Costruttori]], which also served as primary contractor for the [[Gilgel Gibe II Power Station|Gilgel Gibe II]], [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|Gilgel Gibe III]], and [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] dams. [[Simegnew Bekele]] was the project manager of GERD from the start of construction in 2011 up to his death on July 26, 2018. The dam is expected to consume 10 million [[metric ton]]s of concrete. The government has pledged to use only domestically produced concrete. In March 2012, Salini awarded the Italian firm [[Tratos Cavi SPA]] a contract to supply low- and high-voltage cable for the dam.<ref name=salinides/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tratos wins contract for 6,800 MW Ethiopian project|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2012/02/tratos-wins-contract.html|publisher=HydroWorld.com|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=2 March 2012}}</ref> [[Alstom]] will provide the eight 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]s for the project's first phase, at a cost of €250 million.<ref>Alstom:[http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/1/alstom-to-supply-hydroelectric-equipment-for-the-grand-renaissance-dam-in-ethiopia/ Alstom to supply hydroelectric equipment for the Grand Renaissance dam in Ethiopia], 7 January 2013</ref> As of April 2013, nearly 32 percent of the project was complete. Site excavation and some concrete placement was underway. One concrete batch plant has been completed with another under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Project Status|url=http://www.hidasse.gov.et/web/guest/project-status/-/asset_publisher/7yX7/content/damstatus|publisher=Office of National Council for the Coordination of Public Participation on the Construction of the Grand Renaissance Dam|accessdate=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226140236/http://www.hidasse.gov.et/web/guest/project-status/-/asset_publisher/7yX7/content/damstatus|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Diversion of the Blue Nile was completed on 28 May 2013 and marked by a ceremony the same day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Blue Nile Diversion Allows Dam Construction to Continue|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201306030197.html|publisher=allAfrica|accessdate=23 June 2013|date=29 May 2013}}</ref> By January 2016 the dam had 4 million cubic meters of concrete poured, and the installation of the first two turbines was imminent. The first power production of 750 MW was slated for sometime later that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Nile dam set to generate power, Ethiopia to consult Egypt, Sudan ahead|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57757|publisher=Sudan Tribune|accessdate=20 February 2016|date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Engineering questions ===
[[Image:GERD-Men-at-Work.jpg|thumb|left|Dam construction in 2014]]
In 2012, the International Panel of Experts was formed with experts from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and other independent entities to discuss mainly engineering and partially impact related questions. This panel concluded at a number of engineering modifications, that were proposed to Ethiopia and the main contractor constructing the dam. One of the two main engineering questions, dealing with the size of flood events and the constructive response against them, was later addressed by the contractor. The emergency spillway located near the rock saddle dam saw an increase of the rim length from 300 m to 1,200 m to account even for the largest possible flood of the river. The second main recommendation of the panel however found no immediate resonance. This second recommendation dealt with the structural integrity of the dam in context with the underlying [[basement (geology)|rock basement]] as to avoid the danger of a sliding dam due to an unstable basement. It was argued by the panel, that the original structural investigations were done with considering only a ''generic'' rock mass without taking special conditions like faults and sliding planes in the rock basement ([[gneiss]]) into account. The panel noted, that there was indeed an exposed sliding plane in the rock basement, this plane potentially allowing a sliding process downstream. The panel didn't argue that a catastrophic dam failure with a release of dozens of cubic kilometers of water would be possible, probable or even likely, but the panel argued, that the given safety factor to avoid such a catastrophic failure might be non-optimal in the case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.<ref name="IPOE2013" /> It was later revealed that the underlying basement of the dam was completely different from all expectations and did not fit the geological studies as the needed excavation works exposed the underlying gneiss. The engineering works then had to be adjusted, with digging and excavating deeper than originally planned, which took extra time and capacity and also required more concrete.<ref name="Azeb" />

=== Alleged over-sizing ===
Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW [[nameplate capacity]] each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per annum.<ref name="1st" /> The [[capacity factor]] of the planned hydropower plant – the expected electricity production divided by the potential production if the power plant was utilized permanently at full capacity – was only 32.9% compared to 45–60% for other, smaller hydropower plants in Ethiopia. Critics concluded that a smaller dam would have been more cost-effective.<ref name="1st">{{cite web|last=Beyene |first=Mehari |title=How efficient is The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam? |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/ethiopiadamefficiency.pdf |publisher=International Rivers |accessdate=12 August 2017 |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

Soon after, in 2012, the hydropower plant was upgraded to receive 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each, increasing the total installed capacity to 6,000 MW, with the expected power generation going up only slightly to 15,692 GWh per annum. Consequently, the capacity factor shrank to 29.9%. According to Asfaw Beyene, a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at San Diego State University (California), the dam and its hydropower plant are massively oversized: "GERD’s available power output, based on the average of river flow throughout the year and the dam height, is about 2,000 megawatts, not 6,000. There is little doubt that the system has been designed for a peak flow rate that only happens during the 2–3 months of the rainy season. Targeting near peak or peak flow rate makes no economic sense."<ref>{{cite web|title=Why is the hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), sized for 6000 MW?|url=http://gadaa.com/oduu/20303/2013/06/19/why-is-the-hydroelectric-dam-on-the-blue-nile-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gerd-sized-for-6000-mw/|publisher=Finfinne Tribune|accessdate=13 October 2014|date=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia's Biggest Dam Oversized, Experts Say|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/ethiopia%E2%80%99s-biggest-dam-oversized-experts-say-8082|publisher=International Rivers: An Interview with Asfaw Beyene|accessdate=13 October 2014|date=5 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, the total installed capacity was moved to 6,450 MW, without changing the number and nameplate capacity of the generating units (which then remained at 6,000 MW in total). This was thought to arrive from enhancements made to the generators.<ref name="upto6450" /> The expected power generation per annum went up to 16,153 GWh,<ref name="heraldic">{{cite web|publisher=Ethiopian Herald (ENA)|url=http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/technology/item/8498-purpose-driven-commitment-from-every-corner-to-realize-ethiopian-renaissance|language=en|title=Purpose driven commitment from every corner to realize Ethiopian Renaissance|date=2017-05-05|accessdate=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824011833/http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/technology/item/8498-purpose-driven-commitment-from-every-corner-to-realize-ethiopian-renaissance|archive-date=2017-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> the capacity factor shrank again and reached 28.6%. This time nobody publicly voiced concern. Such an optimization of the [[Francis turbine]]s used at the dam site is indeed possible and is usually done by the provider of the turbines taking into account site-specific conditions.

Considering the critics voiced about the alleged over-sizing of the possible power output, now of 6,450 MW. Ethiopia is relying heavily on hydropower, but the country is often affected by [[drought]]s (see e.g. [[2011 East Africa drought]]). The water reservoirs used for power generation in Ethiopia have a limited size. For example, the [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe I reservoir]], that feeds both the Gilgel Gibe I powerplant and the [[Gilgel Gibe II Power Station]], has a capacity of 0.7 km3. In times of drought, there is no water left to generate electrical power. This heavily affected Ethiopia in the drought years 2015/16 and it was only the [[Gilgel Gibe III]] powerplant, that in 2016 just started to run in trial service on a 14 km3 well-filled reservoir, that saved the economy of Ethiopia.<ref name="Azeb">{{cite web|publisher= Capital Ethiopia|url= http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/02/power-play-2/|language=en|title=Power Play|date=2017-01-02|accessdate = 2017-08-21}}</ref> The GERD-reservoir, once it has filled, has a total water volume of 74 km3, 3 times the volume of Ethiopia's largest lake, [[Lake Tana]]. Filling it takes 5–15 years and even by using all generating units at maximum capacity will not drain it within a few months. The installed power of 6.450 MW in combination with the size of the reservoir will help managing the side effects of the next severe drought, when other hydropower plants have to stop their operations.

== Benefits for Ethiopia ==
This section will only cover the benefits for Ethiopia, but there are also transboundary benefits expected.

A major benefit of the dam will be hydropower production. All the energy generated by GERD will be going into the national grid of Ethiopia to fully support the development of the whole country, both in rural and urban areas. The role of GERD will be to act as a stabilizing backbone of the Ethiopian national grid. There will be exports, but only if there is a total surplus of energy generated in Ethiopia. This is mainly expected to happen during rainy seasons, when there is plenty of water for hydropower generation.<ref name="Azeb" />

The eventual surplus electricity of GERD which does not fit the demand inside Ethiopia, is then to be sold and exported to neighboring countries including Sudan and possibly Egypt, but also [[Djibouti]]. Revenues in US$ or in € are to be expected. Exporting the electricity from the dam would require the construction of massive transmission lines to major consumption centers such as Sudan's capital [[Khartoum]], located more than 400 km away from the dam. These export sales would come on top of electricity that is expected to be sold from other large hydropower plants. Powerplants that have been readied or are under construction in Ethiopia, such as [[Gilgel Gibe III]] or [[Koysha]], whose exports (if given surplus energy) will mainly be going to [[Kenya]] through a 500 kV HVDC line.

The volume of the reservoir will be two to three times that of Lake Tana which allows to expect abundant [[fish]]. Expected are up to 7,000 tonnes of fish annually as well as the reservoir becoming a hotspot for tourism.<ref name="heraldic7000">{{cite web|publisher=Ethiopian Herald (ENA)|url=http://ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/editorial-view-point/item/7729-the-reality-of-the-gerd|language=en|title=The reality of the GERD |date=2017-02-26|accessdate=2017-08-29}}</ref>

== Environmental and social impacts ==
[[File:Renaissance Reservoir.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Renaissance Reservoir]]
{{see also|Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia}}
It appears that some form of environmental study has been undertaken, since the press reported that an international panel reviewed an environmental study in 2012. The NGO [[International Rivers]] has commissioned a local researcher to make a field visit because so little information is available.<ref name="Field visit">{{cite web|last=Pottinger|first=Lori|title=Field Visit Report on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/field-visit-report-on-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-7815|publisher=International Rivers|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

Public consultation about dams in Ethiopia is affected by the political climate in the country. International Rivers reports that "conversations with civil society groups in Ethiopia indicate that questioning the government’s energy sector plans is highly risky, and there are legitimate concerns of government persecution. Because of this political climate, no groups are actively pursuing the issues surrounding hydro-power dams, nor publicly raising concerns about the risks In this situation, extremely limited and inadequate public consultation has been organised" during the implementation of major dams.<ref>International Rivers: [http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/EthioReport06Feb08.pdf What Cost Ethiopia’s Dam Boom?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122124816/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/EthioReport06Feb08.pdf |date=2009-11-22 }}, February 2008, pp. 13–14, Retrieved on April 25, 2011</ref> In June 2011, Ethiopian journalist Reeyot Alemu was imprisoned after she raised questions about the proposed Grand Millennium Dam. Staff of International Rivers have received death threats. In the meantime, the former prime minister Meles Zenawi called opponents of the project "hydropower extremists" and "bordering on the criminal" at a conference of the [[International Hydropower Association]] (IHA) in Addis Adaba in April 2011. At the conference, the Ethiopian state power utility was embraced as a "Sustainability Partner" by the IHA.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bosshard|first=Peter|title=Sustainable Hydropower – Ethiopian Style|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/227/sustainable-hydropower-%E2%80%93-ethiopian-style|publisher=International Rivers|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=13 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Impact on Ethiopia ===
Since the Blue Nile is a highly seasonal river, the dam would reduce flooding downstream of the dam, including on the 15 km stretch within Ethiopia. On the one hand, the reduction of flooding is beneficial since it protects settlements from flood damage. On the other hand, it can be harmful, if flood recession agriculture is practiced in the river valley downstream of the dam since it deprives fields from being watered. However, the next water regulating dam in Sudan, the [[Roseires Dam]], sits only a few dozens of kilometers downstream. The dam could also serve as a bridge across the Blue Nile, complementing a bridge that was under construction in 2009 further upstream.<ref>Daily Ethiopia:[http://www.dailyethiopia.com/index.php?aid=529 Longest Ever Bridge In Ethiopia Under Construction], December 31, 2009, Retrieved on April 25, 2011</ref> An independent assessment estimated that at least 5,110 people will be resettled from the reservoir and downstream area, and the dam is expected to lead to a significant change in the fishery.<ref name="Field visit" /> According to an independent researcher who conducted research in the area where the dam is being built, near to 20,000 people are being relocated. According to the same source, "a solid plan (is) in place for the relocated people" and those who have already been resettled "were given more than they expected in compensation". Locals have never seen a dam before and "are not completely sure what a dam actually is", despite community meetings in which affected people were informed about the impacts of the dam on their livelihoods. Except for a few older people, almost all locals interviewed "expressed hope that the project brings something of benefit to them" in terms of education and health services or electricity supply based on the information available to them. At least some of the new communities for those relocated will be downstream of the dam. The area around the reservoir will consist of a 5 km buffer zone for malaria control that will not be available for settlement. In at least some upstream areas erosion control measures will be undertaken in order to reduce siltation of the reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|last=Veilleux|first=Jennifer|title=another view on the Nile : an interview with Jennifer Veilleux|url=http://catherinepfeifer.blogspot.de/2013/07/another-view-on-nile-interview-with.html|publisher=catherinepfeifer blog|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=2013-07-09}}</ref>

=== Impact on Sudan and Egypt ===
The precise impact of the dam on the downstream countries is not known. Egypt fears a temporary reduction of water availability due to the filling of the dam and a permanent reduction because of evaporation from the reservoir. Studies indicate that the primary factors which will govern the impacts during the reservoir filling phase include the initial reservoir elevation of the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]], the rainfall that occurs during the filling period and the negotiated arrangement between the three countries. These studies also show that only through close and continuous coordination, the risks of negative impacts can be minimized or eliminated.<ref name="Wheeler 611–634"/> The reservoir volume (74 billion cubic meters) is about 1.5 times the average annual flow (49 billion cubic meters) of the Blue Nile at the Sudanese-Egyptian border. This loss to downstream countries could be spread over several years if the countries reach an agreement. Depending on the initial storage in the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]] and this filling schedule of the GERD, flows into Egypt could be temporarily reduced, which may affect the income of two million farmers during the period of filling the reservoir. Allegedly, it would also "affect Egypt's electricity supply by 25 to 40 per cent, while the dam is being built".<ref>{{cite web|title=Death on the Nile|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/05/201353081623734349.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> However, hydropower accounts for less than 12 per cent of total electricity production in Egypt in 2010 (14 out of 121 billion [[kWh]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt Overview|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=EG|publisher=US Energy Information Administration|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> so that a temporary reduction of 25 per cent in hydropower production translates into an overall temporary reduction in Egyptian electricity production of less than 3 per cent. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam could also lead to a permanent lowering of the water level in [[Lake Nasser]] if floods are stored instead in Ethiopia. This would reduce the current evaporation of more than 10 billion cubic meters per year, but it would also reduce the ability of the Aswan High Dam to produce hydropower to the tune of a 100 MW loss of generating capacity for a 3 m reduction of the water level. However, the increased storage in Ethiopia can provide a greater buffer to shortages in Sudan and Egypt during years of future drought, if the countries can reach a compromise.

The dam will retain silt. It will thus increase the useful lifetime of dams in Sudan – such as the [[Roseires Dam]], the [[Sennar Dam]] and the [[Merowe Dam]] – and of the [[Aswan High Dam]] in Egypt. The beneficial and harmful effects of flood control would affect the Sudanese portion of the Blue Nile, just as it would affect the Ethiopian part of the Blue Nile valley downstream of the dam.<ref name=panel>{{cite web|title=The dam speech|url=http://grandmillenniumdam.net/international-panel-of-experts-on-renaissance-dam/#comment-1203|publisher=Grand Millennium Dam|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428065951/http://grandmillenniumdam.net/international-panel-of-experts-on-renaissance-dam/#comment-1203|archive-date=28 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Specifically, the GERD would reduce seasonal flooding of the plains surrounding the reservoir of the Roseires Dam located at [[Ad-Damazin]], just as the [[Tekeze Dam]], by retaining a reservoir in the deep gorges of the northern Ethiopian Highlands, had reduced flooding at Sudan's [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]].

The reservoir, located in the temperate [[Ethiopian Highlands]] and up to 140 m deep, will experience considerably less evaporation than downstream reservoirs such as [[Lake Nasser]] in Egypt, which loses 12% of its water flow due to evaporation as the water sits in the lake for 10 months. Through the controlled release of water from the reservoir to downstream, this could facilitate an increase of up to 5% in Egypt's water supply, and presumably that of Sudan as well.<ref name=Regarding>{{cite web |last=Salem |first=Mahmoud |title=Regarding the Dam |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/03/regarding-the-dam/ |work=Daily News Egypt |accessdate=3 March 2014|date=2013-06-03 }}</ref>

==== Reactions: cooperation and condemnation ====
Egypt has serious concerns about the project so that it requested to be granted inspection allowance on the design and the studies of the dam, in order to allay its fears, but Ethiopia has denied the request unless Egypt relinquishes its veto on water allocation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia won't allow inspection of dam, but ready to negotiate with post-Mubarak Egypt|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/409918|publisher=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|accessdate=27 April 2011|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> After a meeting between the Ministers of Water of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia in March 2012, Sudan's President Bashir said that he supported the building of the dam.<ref>Tesfa-Alem Tekle:[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article41839 Sudan’s Bashir supports Ethiopia’s Nile dam project], Sudan Tribune, March 8, 2012, retrieved on April 12, 2013,</ref>

A Nile treaty signed by the upper riparian states in 2010, the Cooperative Framework Agreement, has not been signed by either Egypt or Sudan, as they claim it violates the 1959 treaty<ref>http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm</ref>, in which Sudan and Egypt give themselves exclusive rights to all of the Nile's waters.<ref>Ashenafi Abedje, [[Voice of America]]:[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/Nile-Series-Overview-11March11-118252974.html Nile River Countries Consider Cooperative Framework Agreement], March 18, 2011,</ref> The [[Nile Basin Initiative]] provides a framework for dialogue among all Nile riparian countries.

Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan established an International Panel of Experts to review and assess the study reports of the dam. The panel consists of 10 members; 6 from the three countries and 4 international in the fields of water resources and hydrologic modelling, dam engineering, socioeconomic, and environmental.<ref name=panel /> The panel held its fourth meeting in Addis Ababa in November 2012. It reviewed documents about the environmental impact of the dam and visited the dam site.<ref>Tesfa-Alem Tekle:[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44698 Panel pushes study on Ethiopia’s Nile dam amid Egypt crises], Sudan Tribune, December 1, 2012, retrieved on April 12, 2013,</ref> The panel submitted its preliminary report to the respective governments at the end of May 2013. Although the full report has not been made public, and will not be until it is reviewed by the governments, Egypt and Ethiopia both released details. The Ethiopian government stated that, according to the report, "the design of the dam is based on international standards and principles" without naming those standards and principles. It also said that the dam "offers high benefit for all the three countries and would not cause significant harm on both the lower riparian countries".<ref>{{cite news|title=International Panel of Experts on GERD Releases Its Report|url=http://www.insideethiopia.net/,00,00,00/00,00,61.htm|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Inside Ethiopia|date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622161809/http://www.insideethiopia.net/,00,00,00/00,00,61.htm|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Egyptian government, however, the report "recommended changing and amending the dimensions and the size of the dam".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia agrees on recommendations of tripartite committee|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=68410|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Egyptian State Information Service|date=2 June 2013}} (link was dead and story could not be found on the ESIS website on July 2, 2013, but a quote can be found at HornAffairs:[http://hornaffairs.com/en/2013/06/02/egypt-the-report-modifies-renaissance-dams-size-dimensions/ Egypt: The report modifies renaissance dam's size, dimensions])</ref>

On 3 June 2013 while discussing the International Panel of Experts report with President [[Mohammad Morsi]], Egyptian political leaders suggested methods to destroy the dam, including support for anti-government rebels.<ref>{{cite news|title=Caught on tape, Egyptian lawmakers plot Nile dam sabotage|url=http://www.amsterdamnews.com/news/international/african/caught-on-tape-egyptian-lawmakers-plot-nile-dam-sabotage/article_c94e7c74-cec1-11e2-8393-001a4bcf887a.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=New York Amsterdam News|date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130615181730/http://www.amsterdamnews.com/news/international/african/caught-on-tape-egyptian-lawmakers-plot-nile-dam-sabotage/article_c94e7c74-cec1-11e2-8393-001a4bcf887a.html|archive-date=15 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STRATFOR: Egypt Is Prepared To Bomb All Of Ethiopia's Nile Dams |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hacked-stratfor-emails-egypt-could-take-military-action-to-protect-its-stake-in-the-nile-2012-10|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=7 June 2013|date=13 October 2012}}</ref> Unbeknownst to those at the meeting, the discussion was televised live.<ref name=postdes /> Ethiopia requested that the Egyptian Ambassador explain the meeting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia summons Egypt's ambassador over Nile dam attack proposals|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-summons-egypts-ambassador-over-nile-dam-attack-proposals/2013/06/06/e03075f4-cec2-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Morsi's top aide apologized for the "unintended embarrassment" and his cabinet released a statement promoting "good neighbourliness, mutual respect and the pursuit of joint interests without either party harming the other." An aide to the Ethiopian Prime Minister stated that Egypt is "...entitled to daydreaming" and cited Egypt's past of trying to destabilize Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia: Egypt Attack Proposals 'Day Dreaming'|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2013/06/05/ethiopia-egypt-attack-proposals-day-dreaming/|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Morsi reportedly believes that it is better to engage Ethiopia rather than attempt to force them.<ref name=postdes /> However, on 10 June 2013, he said that "all options are open" because "Egypt's water security cannot be violated at all," clarifying that he was "not calling for war," but that he would not allow Egypt's water supply to be endangered.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian warning over Ethiopia Nile dam|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22850124|accessdate=10 June 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Egypt left negotiations over the dam, citing Ethiopian intransigence.<ref name=AlJazeera /> Ethiopia countered that Egypt had set an immediate halt on construction and an increase of its share to 90% as the preconditions, which were deemed wholly unreasonable. Egypt has since launched a diplomatic offensive to undermine support for the dam, sending its [[Foreign Minister of Egypt|Foreign Minister]], [[Nabil Fahmi]] to [[Tanzania]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to garner support. Egyptian media outlets declared the visits productive and that the leaders of those nations had expressed "understanding" and "support" of Egypt's position.<ref name=DailyFahmy>{{cite news|title=Fahmy meets Tanzanian president ahead of Congo visit |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/02/23/fahmy-meets-tanzanian-president-ahead-congo-visit/|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Daily News Egypt}}</ref> Sudanese Foreign Minister [[Ali Karti]] criticised Egypt for "inflaming the situation" through its statements on the dam, and that it was considering the interests of both sides ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'' declared that Sudan had "proclaimed its neutrality".<ref name=STribune /><ref name=AlMasry>{{cite news|title=Sudan declares neutrality in Renaissance Dam problem, offers mediation between Egypt and Ethiopia|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sudan-declares-neutrality-renaissance-dam-problem-offers-mediation-between-egypt-and-ethiopia|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Egypt Independent}}</ref> The campaign is intensive and wide-reaching; in March 2014, for the first time, only [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Sudan]], and [[Tanzania]] were invited by Egypt to participate in the [[Nile Hockey Tournament]].<ref name=TZDaily>{{cite news|title=Tanzania Gets Nile Hockey Tourney Invitation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402200119.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Tanzania Daily News|date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Foreign Minister Fahmi and Water Resources Minister [[Muhammad Abdul Muttalib]] planned visits to Italy and Norway to express their concerns and try to compel them to pull their support for the GERD.<ref name=UPI1 />

In April 2014 Ethiopia's Prime Minister invited Egypt and Sudan to another round of talks over the dam and Nabil Fahmi stated in May 2014 that Egypt was still open to negotiations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/101606/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-willing-to-negotiate-over-Ethiopias-dam-Fore.aspx | title=Egypt willing to negotiate over Ethiopia's dam: Foreign minister | publisher=Ahram Online | date=18 May 2014 | accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> Following an August 2014 Tripartite Ministerial-level meeting, the three nations agreed to set up a Tripartite National Committee (TNC) meeting over the dam. The first TNC meeting occurred from 20 to 22 September 2014 in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia: The First Meeting of the Tripartite National Committee On the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Concludes|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409230392.html|accessdate=17 January 2015|publisher=All Africa|date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

In February 2020 U.S.A Treasury issued statement about GERD stating" ...[https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/secretary-statements-remarks/statement-by-the-secretary-of-the-treasury-on-the-grand-Ethiopian-renaissance-dam final testing and filling should not take place without an agreement.]" after Ethiopia Skips US Talks With Egypt Over Dam Dispute. Ethiopians online express anger using #itismydam over US and world bank's siding with Egypt contrary to co-observer role initially promised. The online campaign ironically coincidences with Ethiopia's annual public holiday, victory of Adwa, a decisive victory that successfully thwarted colonial campaign for the first time hence and becomes symbol of freedom for black people.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Africa|Energy|Water|Renewable energy}}
* [[Water politics]]
* [[Renewable energy in Ethiopia]]
* [[Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia]]
* [[List of power stations in Ethiopia]]
* [[Water politics in the Nile Basin]]

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

[[Category:Dams in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Dams under construction]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Proposed hydroelectric power stations]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:Blue Nile]]
[[Category:Dams in the Nile basin]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Roller-compacted concrete dams]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Water resource conflicts]]

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

2020-02-29T21:48:18Z

Simsman333: Biased and non-cited.

{{Infobox dam
| name = Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
| name_official =
| image_caption = Rendition of the main dam
| image_alt =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|12|55|N|35|05|35|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[Ethiopia]]
| location = [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]]
| purpose = Power
| status = UC
| construction_began = April 2011
| opening = 2020–2022<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/ethiopias-huge-nile-dam-delayed-2022/ |title = Ethiopia's huge Nile dam delayed to 2022 - News - GCR}}</ref><ref name="Azeb" />
| demolished =
| cost = $4 billion [[USD]]
| owner = [[Ethiopian Electric Power]]
| dam_type = Gravity, [[roller-compacted concrete]]
| dam_crosses = [[Blue Nile River]]
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{Convert|1780|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest = {{Convert|655|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{Convert|10200000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}
| spillway_count = 1 gated, 2 ungated
| spillway_type = 6 sector gates for the gated spillway
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} for the gated spillway
| res_name = Millennium Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|74|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|59.2|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_inactive = {{Convert|14.8|e9m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment = {{Convert|172250|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length = {{Convert|246|km|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth = {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation = {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 2020-2022<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/ethiopias-huge-nile-dam-delayed-2022/ |title = Ethiopia's huge Nile dam delayed to 2022 - News - GCR}}</ref><ref name="Azeb" />
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = C
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines = 14 x 400 MW 2 x 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]s
| plant_capacity = 6.45 [[gigawatt|GW]] (max. planned)<ref name="heraldic" />
| plant_capacity_factor = {{percent|286|1000|1}}
| plant_annual_gen = 16,153 [[GWh]] (est., planned)<ref name="heraldic" />
| website = {{URL|http://www.hidasse.gov.et/}}
| extra =
| image = GrandEthiopianRenaissanceDamSaliniRendition.jpg
| image_size =
| location_map = Ethiopia
| location_map_size =
| dam_height = {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam''' ('''GERD''' or '''TaIHiGe'''; {{lang-am|ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ|translit=Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāsē Gidib }}), formerly known as the '''Millennium Dam''' and sometimes referred to as '''Hidase Dam''' ({{lang-am|ሕዳሴ ግድብ|translit=Hidāsē Gidib}}), is a [[gravity dam]] on the [[Blue Nile River]] in [[Ethiopia]] that has been under construction since 2011. It is in the [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]] of Ethiopia, about {{Convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} east of the border with [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia's biggest dam to help neighbours solve power problem|url=http://www.inewsone.com/2011/04/17/ethiopias-biggest-dam-to-help-neighbours-solve-power-problem/43904|publisher=News One|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=17 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120322030951/http://www.inewsone.com/2011/04/17/ethiopias-biggest-dam-to-help-neighbours-solve-power-problem/43904|archivedate=22 March 2012}}</ref> At 6.45 [[gigawatts]], the dam will be the [[List of largest hydroelectric power stations|largest hydroelectric power plant]] in Africa when completed, as well as the seventh largest in the world.<ref name="upto6450">{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702280364.html|title=Ethiopia: GERD Increases Generation Capacity|last=|first=|date=28 February 2017|accessdate=28 February 2017|newspaper=allAfrica}}</ref><ref name=salini>{{cite web|title=Salini will build the biggest dam in Africa|url=http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/show_news/77|publisher=Salini Construttori|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=31 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Hydrological and Environmental Impacts of Grand Renaissance Dam on the Nile River|url = http://iwtc.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/80.pdf|publisher = Eighteenth International Water Technology Conference (CNKI)|accessdate = 9 April 2015|date = 13 March 2015|author1=Ahmed, A. T. |author2=Elsanabary, M. H. |location = Sharm El Sheikh– Egypt}}</ref> {{As of | October 2019}}, the work stood at approximately 70% completion.<ref name="agree to resume">{{cite web | location=Ethiopia | publisher=Aljazeera | title=Egypt, Ethiopia 'agree' to resume talks on massive Nile dam | date=24 October 2019 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/egypt-ethiopia-agree-resume-talks-massive-nile-dam-191024140822273.html | accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> Once completed, the reservoir could take anywhere between 5 and 15 years to fill with water,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Gets Set to Open|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gets-set-to-open|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|accessdate=5 January 2017|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> depending on hydrologic conditions during the filling period and agreements reached between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt.<ref name="Wheeler 611–634">{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Kevin G.|last2=Basheer|first2=Mohammed|last3=Mekonnen|first3=Zelalem T.|last4=Eltoum|first4=Sami O.|last5=Mersha|first5=Azeb|last6=Abdo|first6=Gamal M.|last7=Zagona|first7=Edith A.|last8=Hall|first8=Jim W.|last9=Dadson|first9=Simon J.|date=2016-06-06|title=Cooperative filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|journal=Water International|volume=41|issue=4|pages=611–634|doi=10.1080/02508060.2016.1177698|issn=0250-8060}}</ref>

== Background ==
The eventual site for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam was identified by the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]] in the course of the Blue Nile survey, which was conducted between 1956 and 1964 during the administration of [[Aklilu Habtewold]]. Due to the [[Ethiopian Revolution|coup d'état of 1974]], however, the project failed to progress. The Ethiopian Government surveyed the site in October 2009 and August 2010. In November 2010, a design for the dam was submitted by James Kelston.<ref name=watertech>{{cite web|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-africa/|publisher=Water Technology|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>

On 31 March 2011, a day after the project was made public, a US$4.8 billion contract was awarded without competitive bidding to [[Salini Impregilo|Salini Costruttori]], and the dam's foundation stone was laid on 2 April 2011 by then Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]].<ref name=news>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia Launched Grand Millennium Dam Project, the Biggest in Africa|url=http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-launched-grand-millennium-dam-project-the-biggest-in-africa/|publisher=Ethiopian News|accessdate=17 April 2011|date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406054258/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-launched-grand-millennium-dam-project-the-biggest-in-africa|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> A rock-crushing plant was constructed, along with a small air strip for fast transportation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Belete|first=Pawlos|title=Great Millennium Dam moves Ethiopia |url= http://www.capitalethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14459:great-millennium-dam-moves-ethiopia&catid=12:local-news&Itemid=4 |accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=Capital Ethiopia}}</ref> The expectation was for the first two power-generation turbines to become operational after 44 months of construction.<ref name="Business">{{cite news|title=Meles Launches Millennium Dam Construction on Nile River |url=http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=466:meles-launches-millennium-dam-construction-on-nile-river&catid=35:trade&Itemid=12 |accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=New Business Ethiopia|date=2 April 2011}}</ref>

Egypt, located over 2500 kilometres downstream of the site, opposes the dam, which it believes will reduce the amount of water available from the Nile.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt Stays Opposed to Ethiopia's Grand Millennium Dam Project |url= http://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Page=heads&NewsID=2847 |accessdate=19 April 2011 |newspaper=EZega |date=11 April 2011}}</ref> Zenawi argued, based on an unnamed study, that the dam would not reduce water availability downstream and would also regulate water for irrigation.<ref name="Business" /> In May 2011, it was announced that Ethiopia would share blueprints for the dam with Egypt so that the downstream impact could be examined.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt approves of Ethiopia's Renaissance Dam in principle |url=http://www.ethiopian-news.com/egypt-approves-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-renaissance-dam-principle/ |accessdate=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Ethiopia News |date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101455/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/egypt-approves-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-renaissance-dam-principle/ |archive-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The dam was originally called "Project X", and after its contract was announced it was called the Millennium Dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Nation Rallies Behind a Cause|url=http://grandmillenniumdam.net/a-nation-rallies-behind-a-cause/|publisher=Grand Millennium Dam|accessdate=29 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614091635/http://grandmillenniumdam.net/a-nation-rallies-behind-a-cause/|archive-date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 April 2011, the Council of Ministers renamed it Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Council of Ministers Approves Regulation Establishing Council on Grand Dam |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2011/Apr/16Apr11/138447.htm |accessdate=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Ethiopian Government |date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420135619/http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2011/Apr/16Apr11/138447.htm |archivedate=April 20, 2011 }}</ref> Ethiopia has a potential for about 45 GW of hydropower.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt & Sudan outraged by Ethiopia's Blue Nile Dam|author=Thomas Land|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/news/2013/02/05/hydro-power-egypt-sudan-outraged-by-ethiopia-s-blue-nile-dam-by-thomas-land.html|publisher=Hydro World|accessdate=19 February 2013|date=5 February 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The dam is being funded by [[government bond]]s and private donations. It was slated for completion in July 2017.<ref name=watertech />

The potential impacts of the dam have been the source of severe regional controversy. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |website=NYTIMES |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> The Government of Egypt, a country which relies heavily on the waters of the Nile, has demanded that Ethiopia cease construction on the dam as a precondition to negotiations, has sought regional support for its position, and some political leaders have discussed methods to sabotage it.<ref name=postdes>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia official labels Egyptian attack proposals over new Nile River dam 'day dreaming'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-official-labels-egyptian-attack-proposals-over-new-nile-river-dam-day-dreaming/2013/06/05/fd340e10-cdc6-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Egypt has planned a diplomatic initiative to undermine support for the dam in the region as well as in other countries supporting the project such as China and Italy.<ref name=UPI1>{{cite news|title=Egypt plans dam-busting diplomatic offensive against Ethiopia|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/02/27/Egypt-plans-dam-busting-diplomatic-offensive-against-Ethiopia/UPI-13631393533111/|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=27 Feb 2014}}</ref> However, other nations in the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] have expressed support for the dam, including Sudan, the only other nation downstream of the Blue Nile. Sudan has accused Egypt of inflaming the situation.<ref name=STribune>{{cite news|title=Sudan Foreign Minister Criticises Egypt Over Ethiopian Dam Dispute|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402191185.html?page=2|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Sudan Tribune}}</ref>

Ethiopia denies that the dam will have a negative impact on downstream water flows and contends that the dam will, in fact, increase water flows to Egypt by reducing evaporation on [[Lake Nasser]].<ref name=AlJazeera>{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=Hassen|title=Egypt and Ethiopia spar over the Nile|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/2/egypt-disputes-ethiopiarenaissancedam.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera America]]|date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> Ethiopia has accused Egypt of being unreasonable; Egypt is demanding to increase its share of the Nile's water flow from 66% to 90%.<ref name=AlJazeera /> In October, 2019, Egypt stated that talks with Sudan and Ethiopia over the operation of a $4 billion hydropower dam that Ethiopia is building on the Nile have reached a deadlock.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-dam-egypt-idUSKCN1WK0IE|title=Egypt says talks over Ethiopia's Nile dam deadlocked, calls for mediation|date=2019-10-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-06|language=en}}</ref> Beginning in November 2017, [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Steven Mnuchin|Steven T. Mnuchin]] began facilitating negotiations between the three countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/press-releases/sm891|title=Joint Statement of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, the United States And the World Bank {{!}} U.S. Department of the Treasury|website=home.treasury.gov|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>

== Cost and financing ==
The Ethiopian government has stated that it intends to fund the entire cost of the dam by itself in order to prevent relying on foreign countries who may be brought under pressure by Egypt to withdraw their support. Ethiopia has issued a bond targeted at Ethiopians in the country and abroad to that end.<ref name="Business" /> The turbines and associated electrical equipment of the hydropower plants costing about US$1.8 billion are reportedly financed by Chinese banks. This would leave US$3 billion to be financed by the Ethiopian government through other means.<ref>''The Economist'': [http://www.economist.com/node/18587195/ "The River Nile: A dam nuisance. Egypt and Ethiopia quarrel over water"], April 20, 2011, Retrieved on April 24, 2011</ref> The estimated US$4.8 billion construction cost, apparently excluding the cost of power transmission lines, corresponds to about 5% of Ethiopia's gross domestic product of US$87 billion in 2017.

== Design ==
[[File:Renaissance Dam site.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Renaissance Dam and associated facilities]]
The design changed several times between 2011 and 2017. This affected both the electrical parameters and the storage parameters.

Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW [[nameplate capacity]] each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per annum.<ref name="1st" /> However, due to the upgrading of the power plant and the housing facilities, its generation capacity was uplifted to 6,000 MW from 5,250 MW, with a power generation of 15,692 GWh per annum through 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each. In 2017, the design was again changed to add another 450 MW, with a power generation of 16,153 GWh per annum.<ref name="heraldic" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702280364.html|title=Ethiopia: GERD Increases Generation Capacity|last=|first=|date=19 March 2012|accessdate=28 February 2017|newspaper=allAfrica}}</ref> That was achieved by upgrading 14 of the 16 generating units from 375 MW to 400 MW without changing the nameplate capacity.<ref name="Gebremichael">{{cite web|url=http://thereporterethiopia.com/content/nuts-and-bolts-ethiopian-power-sector|title=Nuts and bolts of Ethiopian power sector|last=|first=|date=4 March 2017|accessdate=7 September 2017|newspaper=Reporter Ethiopia}}</ref>

Not only the electrical power parameters were to change over time, but also the storage parameters. Originally, in 2011, the dam was considered to be {{Convert|145|m|abbr=on}} tall with a volume of 10.1 million m3. The reservoir was considered to have a volume of {{Convert|66|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|1680|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} at full supply level. The rock-filled [[saddle dam]] besides the main dam was considered to have a height of {{Convert|45|m|abbr=on}} meters and a length of {{Convert|4800|m|abbr=on}} and a volume of 15 million m3.<ref name=watertech /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hornaffairs.com/2011/09/20/facts-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam/|title=[Updated] Facts – Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam|last=|first=|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=Hornaffairs}}</ref>

In 2013, an Independent Panel of Experts (IPoE) assessed the dam and its technological parameters. At that time, the reservoir sizes were changed already. The size of the reservoir at full supply level went up to {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} (plus 194 km2). The storage volume at full supply level had increased to {{Convert|74|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} (plus 7 km3).<ref name="IPOE2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/international_panel_of_experts_for_ethiopian_renaissance_dam-_final_report_1.pdf|title=International Panel of Experts on Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP) – Final Report|last=|first=|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=internationalrivers.org}}</ref> These numbers did not change anymore after 2013.

After the IPoE made its recommendations, in 2013, the dam parameters were changed to account for higher flow volumes in case of extreme floods: a main dam height of {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}} (plus 10 meters) with a length of {{Convert|1780|m|abbr=on}} (no change) and a dam volume of 10.2 million m3 (plus 0.1 million m3). The outlet parameters did not change, only the crest of the main dam was raised. The rock saddle dam went up to a height of {{Convert|50|m|abbr=on}} (plus 5 meters) with a length of {{Convert|5200|m|abbr=on}} (plus 400 meters). The volume of the rock saddle dam increased to 16.5 million m3 (plus 1.5 million m3).<ref name="IPOE2013" /><ref name="salinides" />

The design parameters as of August 2017 are as follows, given the changes as outlined above:

=== Two dams ===
The zero level of the main dam, the ground level, will be at a height of almost exactly {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]], corresponding roughly to the level of the river bed of the Blue Nile. Counting from the ground level, the main gravity dam will be {{Convert|155|m|abbr=on}} tall, {{Convert|1780|m|0|abbr=on}} long and composed of [[roller-compacted concrete]]. The crest of the dam will be at a height of {{Convert|655|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The outlets of the two powerhouses are below the ground level, the total height of the dam will, therefore, be slightly higher than that of the given height of the dam. In some publications, the main contractor constructing the dam puts forward a number of {{Convert|170|m|abbr=on}} for the dam height, which might account for the additional depth of the dam below ground level, which would mean {{Convert|15|m|abbr=on}} of excavations from the [[basement (geology)|basement]] before filling the dam. The structural volume of the dam will be {{Convert|10200000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. The main dam will be {{Convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} from the border with Sudan.

Supporting the main dam and reservoir will be a curved and {{Convert|5.2|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|50|m|0|abbr=on}} high rock-fill [[saddle dam]]. The ground level of the saddle dam is at an elevation of about {{Convert|600|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The surface of the saddle dam has a bituminous finish, to keep the interior of the dam dry. The saddle dam will be just {{Convert|3.3–3.5|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the border with Sudan, it is much closer to the border than the main dam.

The reservoir behind both dams will have a storage capacity of {{Convert|74|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|1874|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} when at full supply level of {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The full supply level is therefore {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}} above the ground level of the main dam. Hydropower generation can happen between reservoir levels of {{Convert|590|m|abbr=on}}, the so-called ''minimum operating level'', and {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}, the ''full supply level''. The ''live storage volume'', usable for power generation between both levels is then {{Convert|59.2|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}. The first {{Convert|90|m|abbr=on}} of the height of the dam will be a dead height for the reservoir, leading to a ''dead storage volume'' of the reservoir of {{Convert|14.8|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IPOE2013" />

=== Three spillways ===
The dams will have three [[spillway]]s. All using approximately 18000 cubic meters of concrete. These spillways together are designed for a flood of up to {{Convert|38500|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, an event not considered to happen at all, as this discharge volume is the so-called 'Probable Maximum Flood'. All waters from the three spillways are designed to discharge into the Blue Nile before the river enters Sudanese territory.

The main and gated spillway is located to the left of the main dam and will be controlled by six [[floodgates]] and have a design discharge of {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} in total. The spillway will be {{Convert|84|m|abbr=on}} wide at the outflow gates. The base level of the spillway will be at {{Convert|624.9|m|abbr=on}}, well below the full supply level.

An ungated spillway, the auxiliary spillway, sits at the center of the main dam with an open width of about {{Convert|205|m|abbr=on}}. This spillway has a base-level at {{Convert|640|m|abbr=on}}, which is exactly the full supply level of the reservoir. The dam crest is {{Convert|15|m|abbr=on}} higher to the left and to the right of the spillway. This ungated spillway is only expected to be used, if the reservoir is both full and the flow exceeds {{Convert|14700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, a flow value, that is expected to be exceeded once every ten years.

A third spillway, an emergency spillway, is located to the right of the curved saddle dam, with a base level at {{Convert|642|m|abbr=on}}. This emergency spillway has an open space of about {{Convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} along its rim. This third spillway will carry water only if the conditions for a flood of more than around {{Convert|30000|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} are given, corresponding to a flood to occur only once every 10,000 years.

=== Power generation and distribution ===
Flanking either side of the auxiliary ungated spillway at the center of the dam will be two [[power station|power houses]]. The right will contain 10 x 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generators, the left power house will house 6 x 375 MW of the same turbine-generators. 14 of the 16 turbine-generators have been upgraded to 400 MW without changing the nameplate capacity (which is still at 375 MW), while two turbine-generators remained at 375 MW.<ref name=salinides>{{cite web|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project|url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/lavori/in-corso/dighe-impianti-idroelettrici/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-project.html|publisher=Salini|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gebremichael" /> The total installed capacity with all turbine-generators will be 6,450 MW. The average annual flow of the Blue Nile being available for power generation is expected to be {{Convert|1547|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="IPOE2013" /> which gives rise to an annual expectation for power generation of 16,153 GWh, corresponding to a plant load factor (or [[capacity factor]]) of 28.6%.

The Francis turbines inside the power houses are installed in a vertical manner, raising {{Convert|7|m|abbr=on}} above the ground level. For the foreseen operation between the minimum operating level and the full supply level, the head waters for the turbines will be {{Convert|83-133|m|abbr=on}} high. A [[Electrical substation#switching station|switching station]] will be located close to the main dam, where the generated power will be delivered to the national grid. Completed have been four 500 kV main [[power transmission line]]s in August 2017, all going to [[Holeta Genet|Holeta]] and then with several 400 kV lines to the metropolitan area of [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=EEP readies 1,400km long high power transmission lines, distribution stations|url=http://www.fanabc.com/english/index.php/news/item/9856-eep-readies-1,400km-long-high-power-transmission-lines,-distribution-stations|date=25 August 2017|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> Two 400 kV lines are running from the dam to the [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]. Also planned are 500 kV [[high-voltage direct current]] lines.

=== Early power generation ===

Two non-upgraded turbine-generators with 375 MW each are considered to be the first to go into operation with 750 MW delivered to the national power grid, possibly 2018. This early power generation will start well before the completion of the dam, when the filling of the reservoir commences. The two units are sitting within the 10 unit powerhouse to the right side of the dam at the auxiliary spillway. They are fed by two special intakes within the dam structure that are located at a height of {{Convert|540|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is foreseen, that power generation can start at a water level of {{Convert|560|m|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|30|m|abbr=on}} below the minimum operating level of the other 14 turbine-generators. At that level, the reservoir has been filled with roughly {{Convert|5.5|km3|abbr=on}} of water, which corresponds to roughly 11% of the annual inflow of {{Convert|48.8|km3|abbr=on}}. During the rainy season, this is expected to happen within days to weeks. The two early power generating units probably will be the only units in operation for several years as the filling of the reservoir will take from 5–15 years.

=== Siltation, evaporation and irrigation ===

Two "bottom" outlets at {{Convert|542|m|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|42|m|abbr=on}} above ground level are available for delivering water to Sudan and Egypt under special circumstances, in particular for irrigation purposes downstream, if the level of the reservoir falls below the minimum operating level of {{Convert|590|m|abbr=on}} but also during the initial filling process of the reservoir.

The space below the "bottom" outlets is the primary buffer space for [[alluvium]] through [[siltation]] and [[sedimentation]]. For the [[Roseires Dam|Roseires Reservoir]] just downstream from the GERD site, the average siltation / sedimentation volume (without GERD in place) amounts to around {{Convert|0.035|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} per year. Due to the large size of the GERD reservoir, the siltation / sedimentation volume is expected to be much higher in this case, expected are {{Convert|0.21|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} per annum.<ref name="IPOE2013" /><ref name="roseires">{{cite web|title=Sediment Accumulation in Roseires Reservoir|url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H042510.pdf|publisher=IWMI.org|date=2008|accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref> The GERD reservoir will foreseeable take away the siltation threat from the Roseires reservoir almost entirely.

The ground level of the GERD dam is at around {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Water flowing out of the dam will be released into the Blue Nile again which will flow for only around {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}}, before joining the Roseires reservoir, which – if at full supply level – will be at {{Convert|490|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. There is only a {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} elevation difference between both projects. The two reservoirs and accompanied hydropower projects could – if coordinated properly across the border between Ethiopia and Sudan – become a cascaded system for more efficient hydropower generation and better irrigation (in Sudan in particular). Water from the {{Convert|140|m|abbr=on}} column of the water storage of the GERD reservoir could be diverted through tunnels to facilitate new irrigation schemes in Sudan close to the border with [[South Sudan]]. In Ethiopia itself, no irrigation schemes are planned due to the proximity of the dam to the downstream border with Sudan.

Evaporation of water from the reservoir is expected to be at 3% of the annual inflow volume of {{Convert|48.8|km3|abbr=on}}, which corresponds to an average volume lost through evaporation of around {{Convert|1.5|km3|abbr=on}} annually. This was considered neglectable by the IPoE.<ref name="IPOE2013" /> For comparison, [[Lake Nasser]] in Egypt loses between {{Convert|10-16|km3|abbr=on}} annually through evaporation.<ref name="nasser">{{cite web|title=Evaporation Reduction from Lake Nasser Using New Environmentally Safe Techniques|url=http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/2-5.pdf|publisher=IWTC|date=2007|accessdate=28 August 2017}}</ref>

== Construction ==
=== Major achievements ===
The main contractor is the [[Italy|Italian]] company [[Salini Impregilo|Salini Costruttori]], which also served as primary contractor for the [[Gilgel Gibe II Power Station|Gilgel Gibe II]], [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|Gilgel Gibe III]], and [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] dams. [[Simegnew Bekele]] was the project manager of GERD from the start of construction in 2011 up to his death on July 26, 2018. The dam is expected to consume 10 million [[metric ton]]s of concrete. The government has pledged to use only domestically produced concrete. In March 2012, Salini awarded the Italian firm [[Tratos Cavi SPA]] a contract to supply low- and high-voltage cable for the dam.<ref name=salinides/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tratos wins contract for 6,800 MW Ethiopian project|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2012/02/tratos-wins-contract.html|publisher=HydroWorld.com|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=2 March 2012}}</ref> [[Alstom]] will provide the eight 375 MW [[Francis turbine]]s for the project's first phase, at a cost of €250 million.<ref>Alstom:[http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/1/alstom-to-supply-hydroelectric-equipment-for-the-grand-renaissance-dam-in-ethiopia/ Alstom to supply hydroelectric equipment for the Grand Renaissance dam in Ethiopia], 7 January 2013</ref> As of April 2013, nearly 32 percent of the project was complete. Site excavation and some concrete placement was underway. One concrete batch plant has been completed with another under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Project Status|url=http://www.hidasse.gov.et/web/guest/project-status/-/asset_publisher/7yX7/content/damstatus|publisher=Office of National Council for the Coordination of Public Participation on the Construction of the Grand Renaissance Dam|accessdate=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226140236/http://www.hidasse.gov.et/web/guest/project-status/-/asset_publisher/7yX7/content/damstatus|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Diversion of the Blue Nile was completed on 28 May 2013 and marked by a ceremony the same day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Blue Nile Diversion Allows Dam Construction to Continue|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201306030197.html|publisher=allAfrica|accessdate=23 June 2013|date=29 May 2013}}</ref> By January 2016 the dam had 4 million cubic meters of concrete poured, and the installation of the first two turbines was imminent. The first power production of 750 MW was slated for sometime later that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Nile dam set to generate power, Ethiopia to consult Egypt, Sudan ahead|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57757|publisher=Sudan Tribune|accessdate=20 February 2016|date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Engineering questions ===
[[Image:GERD-Men-at-Work.jpg|thumb|left|Dam construction in 2014]]
In 2012, the International Panel of Experts was formed with experts from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and other independent entities to discuss mainly engineering and partially impact related questions. This panel concluded at a number of engineering modifications, that were proposed to Ethiopia and the main contractor constructing the dam. One of the two main engineering questions, dealing with the size of flood events and the constructive response against them, was later addressed by the contractor. The emergency spillway located near the rock saddle dam saw an increase of the rim length from 300 m to 1,200 m to account even for the largest possible flood of the river. The second main recommendation of the panel however found no immediate resonance. This second recommendation dealt with the structural integrity of the dam in context with the underlying [[basement (geology)|rock basement]] as to avoid the danger of a sliding dam due to an unstable basement. It was argued by the panel, that the original structural investigations were done with considering only a ''generic'' rock mass without taking special conditions like faults and sliding planes in the rock basement ([[gneiss]]) into account. The panel noted, that there was indeed an exposed sliding plane in the rock basement, this plane potentially allowing a sliding process downstream. The panel didn't argue that a catastrophic dam failure with a release of dozens of cubic kilometers of water would be possible, probable or even likely, but the panel argued, that the given safety factor to avoid such a catastrophic failure might be non-optimal in the case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.<ref name="IPOE2013" /> It was later revealed that the underlying basement of the dam was completely different from all expectations and did not fit the geological studies as the needed excavation works exposed the underlying gneiss. The engineering works then had to be adjusted, with digging and excavating deeper than originally planned, which took extra time and capacity and also required more concrete.<ref name="Azeb" />

=== Alleged over-sizing ===
Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW [[nameplate capacity]] each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per annum.<ref name="1st" /> The [[capacity factor]] of the planned hydropower plant – the expected electricity production divided by the potential production if the power plant was utilized permanently at full capacity – was only 32.9% compared to 45–60% for other, smaller hydropower plants in Ethiopia. Critics concluded that a smaller dam would have been more cost-effective.<ref name="1st">{{cite web|last=Beyene |first=Mehari |title=How efficient is The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam? |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/ethiopiadamefficiency.pdf |publisher=International Rivers |accessdate=12 August 2017 |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

Soon after, in 2012, the hydropower plant was upgraded to receive 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each, increasing the total installed capacity to 6,000 MW, with the expected power generation going up only slightly to 15,692 GWh per annum. Consequently, the capacity factor shrank to 29.9%. According to Asfaw Beyene, a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at San Diego State University (California), the dam and its hydropower plant are massively oversized: "GERD’s available power output, based on the average of river flow throughout the year and the dam height, is about 2,000 megawatts, not 6,000. There is little doubt that the system has been designed for a peak flow rate that only happens during the 2–3 months of the rainy season. Targeting near peak or peak flow rate makes no economic sense."<ref>{{cite web|title=Why is the hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), sized for 6000 MW?|url=http://gadaa.com/oduu/20303/2013/06/19/why-is-the-hydroelectric-dam-on-the-blue-nile-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gerd-sized-for-6000-mw/|publisher=Finfinne Tribune|accessdate=13 October 2014|date=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia's Biggest Dam Oversized, Experts Say|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/ethiopia%E2%80%99s-biggest-dam-oversized-experts-say-8082|publisher=International Rivers: An Interview with Asfaw Beyene|accessdate=13 October 2014|date=5 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, the total installed capacity was moved to 6,450 MW, without changing the number and nameplate capacity of the generating units (which then remained at 6,000 MW in total). This was thought to arrive from enhancements made to the generators.<ref name="upto6450" /> The expected power generation per annum went up to 16,153 GWh,<ref name="heraldic">{{cite web|publisher=Ethiopian Herald (ENA)|url=http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/technology/item/8498-purpose-driven-commitment-from-every-corner-to-realize-ethiopian-renaissance|language=en|title=Purpose driven commitment from every corner to realize Ethiopian Renaissance|date=2017-05-05|accessdate=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824011833/http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/technology/item/8498-purpose-driven-commitment-from-every-corner-to-realize-ethiopian-renaissance|archive-date=2017-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> the capacity factor shrank again and reached 28.6%. This time nobody publicly voiced concern. Such an optimization of the [[Francis turbine]]s used at the dam site is indeed possible and is usually done by the provider of the turbines taking into account site-specific conditions.

Considering the critics voiced about the alleged over-sizing of the possible power output, now of 6,450 MW. Ethiopia is relying heavily on hydropower, but the country is often affected by [[drought]]s (see e.g. [[2011 East Africa drought]]). The water reservoirs used for power generation in Ethiopia have a limited size. For example, the [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe I reservoir]], that feeds both the Gilgel Gibe I powerplant and the [[Gilgel Gibe II Power Station]], has a capacity of 0.7 km3. In times of drought, there is no water left to generate electrical power. This heavily affected Ethiopia in the drought years 2015/16 and it was only the [[Gilgel Gibe III]] powerplant, that in 2016 just started to run in trial service on a 14 km3 well-filled reservoir, that saved the economy of Ethiopia.<ref name="Azeb">{{cite web|publisher= Capital Ethiopia|url= http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/02/power-play-2/|language=en|title=Power Play|date=2017-01-02|accessdate = 2017-08-21}}</ref> The GERD-reservoir, once it has filled, has a total water volume of 74 km3, 3 times the volume of Ethiopia's largest lake, [[Lake Tana]]. Filling it takes 5–15 years and even by using all generating units at maximum capacity will not drain it within a few months. The installed power of 6.450 MW in combination with the size of the reservoir will help managing the side effects of the next severe drought, when other hydropower plants have to stop their operations.

== Benefits for Ethiopia ==
This section will only cover the benefits for Ethiopia, but there are also transboundary benefits expected.

A major benefit of the dam will be hydropower production. All the energy generated by GERD will be going into the national grid of Ethiopia to fully support the development of the whole country, both in rural and urban areas. The role of GERD will be to act as a stabilizing backbone of the Ethiopian national grid. There will be exports, but only if there is a total surplus of energy generated in Ethiopia. This is mainly expected to happen during rainy seasons, when there is plenty of water for hydropower generation.<ref name="Azeb" />

The eventual surplus electricity of GERD which does not fit the demand inside Ethiopia, is then to be sold and exported to neighboring countries including Sudan and possibly Egypt, but also [[Djibouti]]. Revenues in US$ or in € are to be expected. Exporting the electricity from the dam would require the construction of massive transmission lines to major consumption centers such as Sudan's capital [[Khartoum]], located more than 400 km away from the dam. These export sales would come on top of electricity that is expected to be sold from other large hydropower plants. Powerplants that have been readied or are under construction in Ethiopia, such as [[Gilgel Gibe III]] or [[Koysha]], whose exports (if given surplus energy) will mainly be going to [[Kenya]] through a 500 kV HVDC line.

The volume of the reservoir will be two to three times that of Lake Tana which allows to expect abundant [[fish]]. Expected are up to 7,000 tonnes of fish annually as well as the reservoir becoming a hotspot for tourism.<ref name="heraldic7000">{{cite web|publisher=Ethiopian Herald (ENA)|url=http://ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/editorial-view-point/item/7729-the-reality-of-the-gerd|language=en|title=The reality of the GERD |date=2017-02-26|accessdate=2017-08-29}}</ref>

== Environmental and social impacts ==
[[File:Renaissance Reservoir.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Renaissance Reservoir]]
{{see also|Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia}}
It appears that some form of environmental study has been undertaken, since the press reported that an international panel reviewed an environmental study in 2012. The NGO [[International Rivers]] has commissioned a local researcher to make a field visit because so little information is available.<ref name="Field visit">{{cite web|last=Pottinger|first=Lori|title=Field Visit Report on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/field-visit-report-on-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-7815|publisher=International Rivers|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

Public consultation about dams in Ethiopia is affected by the political climate in the country. International Rivers reports that "conversations with civil society groups in Ethiopia indicate that questioning the government’s energy sector plans is highly risky, and there are legitimate concerns of government persecution. Because of this political climate, no groups are actively pursuing the issues surrounding hydro-power dams, nor publicly raising concerns about the risks In this situation, extremely limited and inadequate public consultation has been organised" during the implementation of major dams.<ref>International Rivers: [http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/EthioReport06Feb08.pdf What Cost Ethiopia’s Dam Boom?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122124816/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/EthioReport06Feb08.pdf |date=2009-11-22 }}, February 2008, pp. 13–14, Retrieved on April 25, 2011</ref> In June 2011, Ethiopian journalist Reeyot Alemu was imprisoned after she raised questions about the proposed Grand Millennium Dam. Staff of International Rivers have received death threats. In the meantime, the former prime minister Meles Zenawi called opponents of the project "hydropower extremists" and "bordering on the criminal" at a conference of the [[International Hydropower Association]] (IHA) in Addis Adaba in April 2011. At the conference, the Ethiopian state power utility was embraced as a "Sustainability Partner" by the IHA.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bosshard|first=Peter|title=Sustainable Hydropower – Ethiopian Style|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/227/sustainable-hydropower-%E2%80%93-ethiopian-style|publisher=International Rivers|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=13 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Impact on Ethiopia ===
Since the Blue Nile is a highly seasonal river, the dam would reduce flooding downstream of the dam, including on the 15 km stretch within Ethiopia. On the one hand, the reduction of flooding is beneficial since it protects settlements from flood damage. On the other hand, it can be harmful, if flood recession agriculture is practiced in the river valley downstream of the dam since it deprives fields from being watered. However, the next water regulating dam in Sudan, the [[Roseires Dam]], sits only a few dozens of kilometers downstream. The dam could also serve as a bridge across the Blue Nile, complementing a bridge that was under construction in 2009 further upstream.<ref>Daily Ethiopia:[http://www.dailyethiopia.com/index.php?aid=529 Longest Ever Bridge In Ethiopia Under Construction], December 31, 2009, Retrieved on April 25, 2011</ref> An independent assessment estimated that at least 5,110 people will be resettled from the reservoir and downstream area, and the dam is expected to lead to a significant change in the fishery.<ref name="Field visit" /> According to an independent researcher who conducted research in the area where the dam is being built, near to 20,000 people are being relocated. According to the same source, "a solid plan (is) in place for the relocated people" and those who have already been resettled "were given more than they expected in compensation". Locals have never seen a dam before and "are not completely sure what a dam actually is", despite community meetings in which affected people were informed about the impacts of the dam on their livelihoods. Except for a few older people, almost all locals interviewed "expressed hope that the project brings something of benefit to them" in terms of education and health services or electricity supply based on the information available to them. At least some of the new communities for those relocated will be downstream of the dam. The area around the reservoir will consist of a 5 km buffer zone for malaria control that will not be available for settlement. In at least some upstream areas erosion control measures will be undertaken in order to reduce siltation of the reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|last=Veilleux|first=Jennifer|title=another view on the Nile : an interview with Jennifer Veilleux|url=http://catherinepfeifer.blogspot.de/2013/07/another-view-on-nile-interview-with.html|publisher=catherinepfeifer blog|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=2013-07-09}}</ref>

=== Impact on Sudan and Egypt ===
The precise impact of the dam on the downstream countries is not known. Egypt fears a temporary reduction of water availability due to the filling of the dam and a permanent reduction because of evaporation from the reservoir. Studies indicate that the primary factors which will govern the impacts during the reservoir filling phase include the initial reservoir elevation of the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]], the rainfall that occurs during the filling period and the negotiated arrangement between the three countries. These studies also show that only through close and continuous coordination, the risks of negative impacts can be minimized or eliminated.<ref name="Wheeler 611–634"/> The reservoir volume (74 billion cubic meters) is about 1.5 times the average annual flow (49 billion cubic meters) of the Blue Nile at the Sudanese-Egyptian border. This loss to downstream countries could be spread over several years if the countries reach an agreement. Depending on the initial storage in the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]] and this filling schedule of the GERD, flows into Egypt could be temporarily reduced, which may affect the income of two million farmers during the period of filling the reservoir. Allegedly, it would also "affect Egypt's electricity supply by 25 to 40 per cent, while the dam is being built".<ref>{{cite web|title=Death on the Nile|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/05/201353081623734349.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> However, hydropower accounts for less than 12 per cent of total electricity production in Egypt in 2010 (14 out of 121 billion [[kWh]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt Overview|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=EG|publisher=US Energy Information Administration|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> so that a temporary reduction of 25 per cent in hydropower production translates into an overall temporary reduction in Egyptian electricity production of less than 3 per cent. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam could also lead to a permanent lowering of the water level in [[Lake Nasser]] if floods are stored instead in Ethiopia. This would reduce the current evaporation of more than 10 billion cubic meters per year, but it would also reduce the ability of the Aswan High Dam to produce hydropower to the tune of a 100 MW loss of generating capacity for a 3 m reduction of the water level. However, the increased storage in Ethiopia can provide a greater buffer to shortages in Sudan and Egypt during years of future drought, if the countries can reach a compromise.

The dam will retain silt. It will thus increase the useful lifetime of dams in Sudan – such as the [[Roseires Dam]], the [[Sennar Dam]] and the [[Merowe Dam]] – and of the [[Aswan High Dam]] in Egypt. The beneficial and harmful effects of flood control would affect the Sudanese portion of the Blue Nile, just as it would affect the Ethiopian part of the Blue Nile valley downstream of the dam.<ref name=panel>{{cite web|title=The dam speech|url=http://grandmillenniumdam.net/international-panel-of-experts-on-renaissance-dam/#comment-1203|publisher=Grand Millennium Dam|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428065951/http://grandmillenniumdam.net/international-panel-of-experts-on-renaissance-dam/#comment-1203|archive-date=28 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Specifically, the GERD would reduce seasonal flooding of the plains surrounding the reservoir of the Roseires Dam located at [[Ad-Damazin]], just as the [[Tekeze Dam]], by retaining a reservoir in the deep gorges of the northern Ethiopian Highlands, had reduced flooding at Sudan's [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]].

The reservoir, located in the temperate [[Ethiopian Highlands]] and up to 140 m deep, will experience considerably less evaporation than downstream reservoirs such as [[Lake Nasser]] in Egypt, which loses 12% of its water flow due to evaporation as the water sits in the lake for 10 months. Through the controlled release of water from the reservoir to downstream, this could facilitate an increase of up to 5% in Egypt's water supply, and presumably that of Sudan as well.<ref name=Regarding>{{cite web |last=Salem |first=Mahmoud |title=Regarding the Dam |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/03/regarding-the-dam/ |work=Daily News Egypt |accessdate=3 March 2014|date=2013-06-03 }}</ref>

==== Reactions: cooperation and condemnation ====
Egypt has serious concerns about the project so that it requested to be granted inspection allowance on the design and the studies of the dam, in order to allay its fears, but Ethiopia has denied the request unless Egypt relinquishes its veto on water allocation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia won't allow inspection of dam, but ready to negotiate with post-Mubarak Egypt|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/409918|publisher=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|accessdate=27 April 2011|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> After a meeting between the Ministers of Water of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia in March 2012, Sudan's President Bashir said that he supported the building of the dam.<ref>Tesfa-Alem Tekle:[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article41839 Sudan’s Bashir supports Ethiopia’s Nile dam project], Sudan Tribune, March 8, 2012, retrieved on April 12, 2013,</ref>

A Nile treaty signed by the upper riparian states in 2010, the Cooperative Framework Agreement, has not been signed by either Egypt or Sudan, as they claim it violates the 1959 treaty<ref>http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm</ref>, in which Sudan and Egypt give themselves exclusive rights to all of the Nile's waters.<ref>Ashenafi Abedje, [[Voice of America]]:[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/Nile-Series-Overview-11March11-118252974.html Nile River Countries Consider Cooperative Framework Agreement], March 18, 2011,</ref> The [[Nile Basin Initiative]] provides a framework for dialogue among all Nile riparian countries.

Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan established an International Panel of Experts to review and assess the study reports of the dam. The panel consists of 10 members; 6 from the three countries and 4 international in the fields of water resources and hydrologic modelling, dam engineering, socioeconomic, and environmental.<ref name=panel /> The panel held its fourth meeting in Addis Ababa in November 2012. It reviewed documents about the environmental impact of the dam and visited the dam site.<ref>Tesfa-Alem Tekle:[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44698 Panel pushes study on Ethiopia’s Nile dam amid Egypt crises], Sudan Tribune, December 1, 2012, retrieved on April 12, 2013,</ref> The panel submitted its preliminary report to the respective governments at the end of May 2013. Although the full report has not been made public, and will not be until it is reviewed by the governments, Egypt and Ethiopia both released details. The Ethiopian government stated that, according to the report, "the design of the dam is based on international standards and principles" without naming those standards and principles. It also said that the dam "offers high benefit for all the three countries and would not cause significant harm on both the lower riparian countries".<ref>{{cite news|title=International Panel of Experts on GERD Releases Its Report|url=http://www.insideethiopia.net/,00,00,00/00,00,61.htm|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Inside Ethiopia|date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622161809/http://www.insideethiopia.net/,00,00,00/00,00,61.htm|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Egyptian government, however, the report "recommended changing and amending the dimensions and the size of the dam".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia agrees on recommendations of tripartite committee|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=68410|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Egyptian State Information Service|date=2 June 2013}} (link was dead and story could not be found on the ESIS website on July 2, 2013, but a quote can be found at HornAffairs:[http://hornaffairs.com/en/2013/06/02/egypt-the-report-modifies-renaissance-dams-size-dimensions/ Egypt: The report modifies renaissance dam's size, dimensions])</ref>

On 3 June 2013 while discussing the International Panel of Experts report with President [[Mohammad Morsi]], Egyptian political leaders suggested methods to destroy the dam, including support for anti-government rebels.<ref>{{cite news|title=Caught on tape, Egyptian lawmakers plot Nile dam sabotage|url=http://www.amsterdamnews.com/news/international/african/caught-on-tape-egyptian-lawmakers-plot-nile-dam-sabotage/article_c94e7c74-cec1-11e2-8393-001a4bcf887a.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=New York Amsterdam News|date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130615181730/http://www.amsterdamnews.com/news/international/african/caught-on-tape-egyptian-lawmakers-plot-nile-dam-sabotage/article_c94e7c74-cec1-11e2-8393-001a4bcf887a.html|archive-date=15 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STRATFOR: Egypt Is Prepared To Bomb All Of Ethiopia's Nile Dams |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hacked-stratfor-emails-egypt-could-take-military-action-to-protect-its-stake-in-the-nile-2012-10|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=7 June 2013|date=13 October 2012}}</ref> Unbeknownst to those at the meeting, the discussion was televised live.<ref name=postdes /> Ethiopia requested that the Egyptian Ambassador explain the meeting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia summons Egypt's ambassador over Nile dam attack proposals|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-summons-egypts-ambassador-over-nile-dam-attack-proposals/2013/06/06/e03075f4-cec2-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Morsi's top aide apologized for the "unintended embarrassment" and his cabinet released a statement promoting "good neighbourliness, mutual respect and the pursuit of joint interests without either party harming the other." An aide to the Ethiopian Prime Minister stated that Egypt is "...entitled to daydreaming" and cited Egypt's past of trying to destabilize Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia: Egypt Attack Proposals 'Day Dreaming'|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2013/06/05/ethiopia-egypt-attack-proposals-day-dreaming/|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Morsi reportedly believes that it is better to engage Ethiopia rather than attempt to force them.<ref name=postdes /> However, on 10 June 2013, he said that "all options are open" because "Egypt's water security cannot be violated at all," clarifying that he was "not calling for war," but that he would not allow Egypt's water supply to be endangered.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian warning over Ethiopia Nile dam|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22850124|accessdate=10 June 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Egypt left negotiations over the dam, citing Ethiopian intransigence.<ref name=AlJazeera /> Ethiopia countered that Egypt had set an immediate halt on construction and an increase of its share to 90% as the preconditions, which were deemed wholly unreasonable. Egypt has since launched a diplomatic offensive to undermine support for the dam, sending its [[Foreign Minister of Egypt|Foreign Minister]], [[Nabil Fahmi]] to [[Tanzania]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to garner support. Egyptian media outlets declared the visits productive and that the leaders of those nations had expressed "understanding" and "support" of Egypt's position.<ref name=DailyFahmy>{{cite news|title=Fahmy meets Tanzanian president ahead of Congo visit |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/02/23/fahmy-meets-tanzanian-president-ahead-congo-visit/|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Daily News Egypt}}</ref> However, the accuracy of such statements is questionable; when Sudanese Foreign Minister [[Ali Karti]] criticised Egypt for "inflaming the situation" through its statements on the dam, and that it was considering the interests of both sides ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'' declared that Sudan had "proclaimed its neutrality".<ref name=STribune /><ref name=AlMasry>{{cite news|title=Sudan declares neutrality in Renaissance Dam problem, offers mediation between Egypt and Ethiopia|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sudan-declares-neutrality-renaissance-dam-problem-offers-mediation-between-egypt-and-ethiopia|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Egypt Independent}}</ref> The campaign is intensive and wide-reaching; in March 2014, for the first time, only [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Sudan]], and [[Tanzania]] were invited by Egypt to participate in the [[Nile Hockey Tournament]].<ref name=TZDaily>{{cite news|title=Tanzania Gets Nile Hockey Tourney Invitation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402200119.html|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=Tanzania Daily News|date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Foreign Minister Fahmi and Water Resources Minister [[Muhammad Abdul Muttalib]] planned visits to Italy and Norway to express their concerns and try to compel them to pull their support for the GERD.<ref name=UPI1 />

In April 2014 Ethiopia's Prime Minister invited Egypt and Sudan to another round of talks over the dam and Nabil Fahmi stated in May 2014 that Egypt was still open to negotiations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/101606/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-willing-to-negotiate-over-Ethiopias-dam-Fore.aspx | title=Egypt willing to negotiate over Ethiopia's dam: Foreign minister | publisher=Ahram Online | date=18 May 2014 | accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> Following an August 2014 Tripartite Ministerial-level meeting, the three nations agreed to set up a Tripartite National Committee (TNC) meeting over the dam. The first TNC meeting occurred from 20 to 22 September 2014 in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia: The First Meeting of the Tripartite National Committee On the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Concludes|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409230392.html|accessdate=17 January 2015|publisher=All Africa|date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

In February 2020 U.S.A Treasury issued statement about GERD stating" ...[https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/secretary-statements-remarks/statement-by-the-secretary-of-the-treasury-on-the-grand-Ethiopian-renaissance-dam final testing and filling should not take place without an agreement.]" after Ethiopia Skips US Talks With Egypt Over Dam Dispute. Ethiopians online express anger using #itismydam over US and world bank's siding with Egypt contrary to co-observer role initially promised. The online campaign ironically coincidences with Ethiopia's annual public holiday, victory of Adwa, a decisive victory that successfully thwarted colonial campaign for the first time hence and becomes symbol of freedom for black people.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Africa|Energy|Water|Renewable energy}}
* [[Water politics]]
* [[Renewable energy in Ethiopia]]
* [[Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia]]
* [[List of power stations in Ethiopia]]
* [[Water politics in the Nile Basin]]

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

[[Category:Dams in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Dams under construction]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Ethiopia]]
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HQ-9

2020-02-10T19:57:41Z

Simsman333:

{{refimprove|date= March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox weapon

|is_missile=yes
|name=HQ-9
| image= Chinese HQ-9 launcher.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=An HQ-9 portable launcher during China's 60th anniversary parade in 2009, Beijing
|origin= China
|type=[[Surface-to-air missile]]

|used_by= *[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
*[[People's Liberation Army Navy]]

[[#Operators|See operators]]
|manufacturer=[[China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation]] (CPMIEC)
|unit_cost=
|production_date=1980s<ref name="deagel.com HQ-9">http://www.deagel.com/Surface-to-Air-Missiles/HQ-9_a001833001.aspx</ref>
|service=1997<ref name="deagel.com HQ-9"/>
|wars=
|engine=Two-stage solid propellant rocket
|weight=1300 kg
|length=6.8 m
|height=
|diameter=
|wingspan=
|speed=[[Mach number|Mach]] 4.2
|vehicle_range=200 km (FD-2000 version) 250 km (HQ-9A version) 300+ km for HQ-9B version .<ref name="deagel.com HQ-9"/><ref name="Janes_Land_Based_AD">''Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 2010-2011''</ref><ref name="SinoHQ9">{{cite web|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hq9.asp |title=HQ-9 / FT-2000 Surface-to-Air Missile |publisher=SinoDefence.com |accessdate=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207041746/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hq9.asp |archivedate=7 December 2006 }}</ref>
|ceiling= 27 km, 41 km for HQ-9B (134,514 ft) <ref>http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-HQ-9-FD-FT-2000.html#mozTocId527286</ref>
|altitude=

|filling=
|filling_weight=180 kg
|guidance=[[inertial navigation|Inertial guidance]] with mid-course update and terminal [[active radar homing]]
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
*Taian [[TA580/TAS5380]] 8×8 [[Transporter erector launcher|transporter erector launcher (TEL)]] <ref name="SinoHQ9"/>
*[[Type 052C destroyer]]
*[[Type 052D destroyer]]
*[[Type 055 destroyer]]
}}

The '''HQ-9''' ({{zh|s=红旗-9|t=紅旗-9|p=Hóng Qí-9|l=Red Banner-9}}) is a medium- to long-range, [[active radar homing]] [[surface-to-air missile]].<ref name="Spacewar">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Analysis_China_exports_new_SAM_missile_999.html|title=Spacewar.com - Analysis: China exports new SAM missile|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref><ref name="DIIC">{{cite journal |author=「黃河」 |date=January 2001 |title=巡天神箭紅旗9號與紅旗家族動態 |journal=Defence International |issue=114 |pages=72–81 |url=http://www.diic.com.tw}}</ref>

Similar in capability to the Russian [[S-300_missile_system|S-300]] and American [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] systems, the HQ-9 uses a HT-233 PESA radar system.<ref name="HQ-9 Radar">{{cite web |url=http://m.sohu.com/n/387354608/ |title=解放军红旗-9号地空导弹系统性能简介 |accessdate=2006-09-27}}</ref> The naval variant, HHQ-9 ({{zh|s=海红旗-9|t=海紅旗-9|p=Hǎi Hóng Qí-9|l=Sea Red Banner-9}}), appears to be identical to the land-based variant. HHQ-9 is equipped in the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|PLAN]] [[Type 052C]] [[Lanzhou class destroyer]] in [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] launch tubes.<ref name="SinoNavHQ9">{{cite web |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/navalmissile/hq9naval.asp |title=Chinese Defence Today - Naval HQ-9 Ship-to-Air Missile |accessdate=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230045751/http://sinodefence.com/navy/navalmissile/hq9naval.asp |archivedate=30 December 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The HQ-9 system has an [[Anti-radiation missile|anti-radiation]] variant, known as the '''FT-2000''' for export. The export designation for air defense version is '''FD-2000''' (with FD stands for Fang Dun [防盾], meaning defensive shield), and its developer [[China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation]] (CPMIEC) first made it public at the [[Africa Aerospace and Defence]] Exhibition held at [[Cape Town]] in March 2009.

==Design==
The most basic formation of a HQ-9 batteries consisted of one Type 305B search radar, one tracking radar, one 200 kW Diesel generator truck, and eight [[Transporter erector launcher]]s (TELs) each with 4 missiles, totaling 32 rounds ready to fire. These equipments are usually mounted on Tai'an trucks. This basic formation can be expanded into more capable larger formation, with the addition of the following equipment: one TWS-312 command post, one site survey vehicle based on [[Humvee manufacturing in China|Chinese Humvee]], one main power grid converter, additional transporter / loader vehicles with each vehicle housing four missile TELs based on Tai'an TAS5380, one Type 120 low altitude search radar, one HT-233 PEAS long-range search radar. HQ-9 systems are highly mobile, various units have completed conducting long distance maneuver and drills, including units in southern China participate in live firing exercises in northwestern China.<ref name="HQ-9 mobile anti aircraft system">[http://en.airforceworld.com/a/20150909/738.html HQ-9 mobile anti aircraft system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725065232/http://en.airforceworld.com/a/20150909/738.html |date=25 July 2017 }} AirForceWorld.com</ref>

===Missile===
[[File:HQ-9 Surface-to-air missiles 20170919.jpg|thumb|HQ-9 Surface-to-air missiles]]

Similar to the Russian [[S-300V]], the HQ-9 is a two-stage missile. The first stage has a diameter of 700 mm and the 2nd stage 560 mm, with a total mass of almost 2 tons and a length of 6.8m. The missile is armed with a 180 kg [[warhead]], has a maximum speed of [[Mach number|Mach]] 4.2.<ref name="DIIC"/> and has a maximum range of 200 km.<ref name="Janes_Land_Based_AD"/> The thrust vector control (TVC) of HQ-9 is the most obvious visual identification that distinguish it from S300V: TVC of HQ-9 is exposed and thus can be observed from the side, while TVC of S300V is not exposed. The HQ-9's guidance system is composed of inertial guidance plus mid-course uplink and active radar terminal guidance systems.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

The system first used a missile in a box-like launcher canted at an angle, just like the [[MIM-104 Patriot]]. However the missile was very large because of China's limited experience with solid-fuel rockets in the 1990s. Due to Russian assistance and technology transfers, the missile and launcher are in their present form, a [[transporter erector launcher]] with missiles inside a cylindrical container.<ref name="SinoHQ9"/>
The missile apparently has a limited anti ballistic missile capability.

===Radars===
To reduce the cost, the HQ-9 is designed to be flexible enough to employ a wide range of radars, both the search/surveillance/acquisition radar and the tracking/engagement/fire control radar (FCR).

====Fire control radar====
Many FCRs of other Chinese SAM can be used for HQ-9, such as FCR used in [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1 SAM]], SJ-212, itself an enlarged and improved version of the SJ-202 fire control radar (FCR) used in [[HQ-2J]].<ref name="DIIC"/><ref>Sinodefence cites the SJ-212 for the KS-1: {{cite web |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/ks1.asp |title=Chinese Defence Today - KS-1 Surface-to-Air Missile |accessdate=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021162332/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/ks1.asp |archivedate=21 October 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> H-200 & SJ-231 FCRs of [[KS-1 (missile)#Variants|latter models of KS-1 SAM]] are also compatible with HQ-9.

=====HT-233 Radar=====
To maximize the combat effectiveness of HQ-9, a dedicated FCR for HQ-9 was developed, and it is most commonly seen with HQ-9. Designated as [[HT-233]], this radar is the most advanced FCRs HQ-9 could employ, and it has greater similarities to the [[MIM-104 Patriot]]'s MPQ-53 than the S-300's 30N6 (Flap-Lid) series,<ref>Flap Lid radars operate in the I/J band, with a very narrow 0.5 degree beam. Original variants had no search ability programmed. The later variants incorporate a secondary search capability but the search zone is narrow and slow</ref> working in the NATO G-band (4–6 GHz) also as a [[search and targeting radar]]. This could be due to an alleged transfer of a [[Patriot missile]] to China from Israel.<ref name="china2">[http://www.nti.org/db/china/imisr.htm China's Missile Imports and Assistance From Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210224016/http://www.nti.org/db/china/imisr.htm |date=10 December 2006 }} NTI: China - 28 February 2003</ref><ref>http://www.janes.com/article/58071/china-deploys-hq-9-surface-to-air-missiles-to-woody-island</ref>
The radar can search a 120 degree arc in [[azimuth]] and 0-90 degrees in elevation out to 300 km, with a peak power output on 1MW (average 60 kW). The radar is credited as being able to track 100 targets and guides up to 6 missiles to 6 targets, or alternatively, to 3 targets with a pair of missile for each target.

HT-233 is the FCR used by HQ-9 that is closest to AN/MPQ-53: In comparison to earlier H-200 radar used by early models of KS-1 SAM which uses a simple horn instead of lens arrangement, HT-233 radar adopts lens arrangement of AN/MPQ-53. In comparison to SJ-231 radar used by the latest model of KS-1, HT-233 has a thousand more phase shifter on its antenna array, totaling four thousand, as opposed to the three thousand of SJ-231. In contrast, both AN/MPQ-53 & 30N6E radars have ten thousand phase shifters on their antenna arrays respectively. HT-233 radar is mounted on Tai'an TAS5501 10 x 10 high mobility cross country truck, and operates in C-band at 300 MHz. When deployed as a search radar TH-233 is fielded at brigade level, while FCR radars deployed would be SJ-212, H-200 or SJ-231.<ref name="SinoHQ9"/> HT-233 is credited with a detection range of 120 km,<ref>Assumed target RCS unknown</ref> scanning 360 degrees in azimuth and 0-65 degrees in elevation. It can track 100 targets and designate 50 for engagements.

====Search Radars====
Several search radars are discovered to be associated with HQ-9, including anti-ballistic radars and anti-stealth radars.

=====Type 305B radar=====
Type 305B (also known as LLQ-305B) radar is the standard search radar for HQ-9, and it is a development of [[YLC-2 Radar]]. This 3-D radar which has an antenna height of 3.5 meters, and employs sixty 350 mm waveguide feeds. It operates in the S-band at a wavelength of 11.67 cm.

=====Type 120 radar=====
Type 120 (also known as LLQ-120) radar is the low altitude search radar, it is a telescoping radar with an antenna height of 2.3 metres folded, and 7 metres unfolded, using a feed network of sixteen 230mm wave guides. It rotates at a maximum of ten revolutions per minute, and operates in the L-band at a wavelength of 23.75 cm.

=====Type 305A radar=====
Type 305A (also known as LLQ-305A) radar is another search radar for HQ-9 system. This [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar is designed maximize the anti-ballistic capability of HQ-9, and it resembles [[Thales Group|Thales]] [[Ground Master 400]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar. Very little info is released about this radar other than it can also act as [[Fire-control radar]].

=====YLC-20 passive sensor=====
Although Type 305 radars are effective against stealthy targets such as F-35, full stealth target such as B-2 is difficult to detect. YLC-20 passive radar was conceptually based on KRTP-91 [[Tamara passive sensor]], incorporating experience obtained from documentation acquired during the abortive attempt to procure six Czech [[VERA passive sensor]]s. YLC-20 passive radar was first revealed in 2006.

=====DWL002 passive sensor=====
DWL002 passive radar is the development of earlier YLC-20, incorporating [[Kolchuga passive sensor]], four of which were sold to China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanwa.com/free/2003/06/e0603a.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-08-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001082539/http://www.kanwa.com/free/2003/06/e0603a.htm |archivedate=1 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Like its predecessor YLC-20, DWL002 is also developed by China Electronics Technology Corp. (CETC).

==Variants==
* '''{{vanchor |FD-2000}}''' - First revealed in the 8th Zhuhai Airshow, the export version of HQ-9, providing extra anti-stealth capability by incorporating YLC-20 [[passive radar|passive radar sensor]] as an option.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2013_news_defence_security_industry_military/turkey_could_adopt_chinese_air_defense_missile_system_hq-9_fd-2000_for_t-loramids_program_2606133.html |title=Turkey could adopt the Chinese air defense missile system HQ-9 FD-2000 for T-Loramids program. |date=26 June 2013}}</ref> FD-2000 made its name by once securing Turkish surface-to-air missile contract, later cancelled due to political reasons. FD-2000's reaction time from radar contact to missile engagement is around 12–15 seconds. It covers an area of 49000 square kilometres. FD-2000 was on exhibition in Zhuhai Airshow 2014.<ref name="FD2000 missile in Zhuhai Airshow 2014">{{cite web| url=http://www.airforceworld.com/blog/fd2000-anti-aircraft-missile-china/ | title=FD2000 missile in Zhuhai Airshow 2014 | accessdate=November 2014 }}</ref> Range against aircraft is 125 km.<ref>https://twitter.com/respect1432/status/1060444832542294016</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |FT-2000}}''' - Anti radiation version that was the first model of HQ-9 family being completed.
[[File:HQ-9 September 3.JPG|thumb|HQ-9 after the 70th anniversary of the end of WWII parade held in Beijing.]]
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-9}}''' - [[Track-via-missile|TVM]] version SAM.
* '''{{vanchor |HHQ-9}}''' — Naval version.<ref name="Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems">"HQ-9/-15, and RF-9 (HHQ-9 and S-300) (China), Defensive weapons", ''Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems'', published 7 January 2010, URL for free sample: http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/HQ-915-and-RF-9-HHQ-9-and-S-300-China.html Accessed 1 February 2009.</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-9A}}''' — Upgraded version, first tested in 1999 and service entry in 2001.<ref name="Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems"/> Chinese sources claim that the HQ-9 family of systems employ much newer computing technology than imported Russian S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 systems, because HQ-9 is developed more than a decade later, thus allowing it to incorporate advancement in [[microelectronics]]. Due to the superior computing capability for [[signal processing]], data processing and guidance support, this missile can have an optional [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH) mode, because more info can be processed on board the missile itself.
[[File:PLANS Changchun (150), Penang Strait, Penang.jpg|thumb|PLANS Changchun (150) equip HHQ-9.]]
* '''{{vanchor |HHQ-9A}}''' — Ship-borne naval version of HQ-9A. Eight 6-cell [[vertical launch system|vertical launch silos]], of cylindrical shape and using [[vertical launch system|"cold launch"]] method, mounted on the [[Type 052C destroyer]] (48 missiles in total).<ref>http://www.deagel.com/Ship-Air-Defense-Systems/HHQ-9A_a001835001.aspx</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-9B}}''' — reportedly tested in February 2006.<ref name="Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems"/> According to Jane's Information Group, this missile has a dual seeker that incorporates both SARH & [[infrared homing]] mode <ref>http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/HQ-915-and-RF-9-HHQ-9-and-S-300-China.html</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-9C}}''' - Currently under development, incorporating [[active radar homing]] mode.
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-19}}''' - A vastly upgraded version of HQ-9 to counter ballistic missile and satellites ([[Anti-satellite weapon|ASAT]]) on the lower end of [[Low Earth orbit]]s, and it is the Chinese equivalent of [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense|THAAD]].<ref name="HQ-19&26&29">{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq-29.htm | title=HQ-19, HQ-26 & HQ-29 | accessdate=2014 }}</ref> HQ-19 is armed with a dual purpose [[exosphere]] [[kinetic kill vehicle]] (kkv) warhead designed by a team led by Professor Zhou Jun (周军), which can be used against ballistic missile warheads or satellites.<ref name="kkv">{{cite web| url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49e4b637010007hi.html | title=kkv warhead of HQ-19 | accessdate=16 November 2006 }}</ref> Its first flight occurred in 2003; since then, the missile has conducted several other tests, including one on 1 November 2015.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq-19.htm</ref><ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/11/did-china-just-test-a-new-satellite-killer.html</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |SC-19}}''' - HQ-19 derivative using [[Kaituozhe-1]] space booster as engine instead of the original engine used in HQ-9/19. Due to the size difference of engines, SC-19 also has to adopt a new launcher/transporter designated as '''KT-409'''.<ref name="SC-19">{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/sc-19-asat.htm | title=SC-19 ASAT | accessdate=2014 }}</ref> Like HQ-19, SC-19 can also be used to counter either ballistic missile or satellite on the lower end of [[low Earth orbit]]s.
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-26}}''' - Chinese equivalent of [[RIM-161 Standard Missile 3|SM-3]] for naval deployment,<ref name="HQ-19&26&29"/> upgraded HQ-9/19 equipped with a dual pulse solid rocket motor for the final stage like SM-3.<ref name="HQ-26">{{cite web| url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2013-03-28/0831719832.html | title=HQ-26 | accessdate=28 March 2013 }}</ref> Its certification is expected in 2015 at the earliest.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq-26.htm</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |HQ-29}}''' - Chinese equivalent of [[MIM-104 Patriot#Variants|MIM-104F (PAC-3)]] (PAC-3), with engine upgrade for the final stage: instead of a single dual pulse solid rocket motor, HQ-29 is equipped with over a hundred tiny pulse solid rocket motors mounted in the forebody of the missile,<ref name="HQ-19&26&29"/> but the exact number remain unknown due to lack of publicized information. Its first flight was achieved in 2011 and it is expected to be deployed by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq-29.htm</ref> At least one additional test was conducted in 2013.

==Export==
The HQ-9 was a contender in Turkey's [[T-LORAMIDS]] program, and was reportedly selected as the winner in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/26/us-turkey-china-defence-idUSBRE98P10620130926 |title=Chinese firm wins Turkey's missile defense system tender |last1=Toksabay |first1=Ece |date=26 September 2013 |website=reuters.com |publisher=reuters |accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref> The United States responded by blocking funds to integrate the Chinese system into NATO defenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/10517547/Congress-to-block-Turkey-using-US-funds-to-buy-missile-system-from-blacklisted-Chinese-firm.html |title=Congress to block Turkey using US funds to buy missile system from blacklisted Chinese firm |last1=Wilson |first1=Steve |date=14 December 2013 |website=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=AFP |accessdate=14 December 2013}}</ref> However, through 2013 there was no confirmation that the deal had been finalized.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lague|first=David|title=For China, Turkey missile deal a victory even if it doesn't happen|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/02/china-turkey-idUSL4N0HS1PK20131002|newspaper=Reuters|date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Daloglu|first=Tulin|title=Turkey close to deal with China for anti-missile system |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/11/turkey-china-anti-missile-system-nato-interoperability.html#|newspaper=Al-Monitor|date=27 Sep 2013}}</ref><ref name=DefenseUpdate>{{cite news|title=Update: Turkey Remains Defiant About Co-Producing Missile Defense System with China|url=http://defense-update.com/20131025_turkey-remains-defiant-about-co-producing-missile-defense-system-with-china.html|newspaper=Defense Update|date=25 October 2013}}</ref> In February 2015, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] was informed by the Ministry of National Defence that the evaluation of bids was complete, and that the chosen system would be used by Turkey without integration with NATO; the system was not explicitly named. However, other Turkish officials reported that no winner had been selected.<ref name="reuters_2015-02-19">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/19/us-turkey-china-defence-idUSKBN0LN0W220150219 |title=Turkey eyes deal with China on missile defense despite NATO concern |last1=Karadeniz |first1=Tulay |date=19 February 2015 |website=Reuters |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Later in the month, Turkish officials revealed that negotiations were ongoing with multiple bidders; the Chinese bid had not yet satisfied requirements concerning technology transfer.<ref name="reuters_2015-02-26">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/26/us-turkey-defence-china-idUSKBN0LU1KD20150226 |title=Turkey goes back to other missile system bidders as China drags feet: officials |last1=Coskun |first1=Orhan |last2=Karadeniz |first2=Tulay |date=26 February 2015 |website=Reuters |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> In March 2015, a [[China Daily]] article reported that it was "well-known that the Chinese FD-2000 system, a HQ-9 model for export, was chosen for the contract with Turkey in 2013" based on comments made by a CPMIEC representative at the 2015 [[Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition]]; the article was misleadingly called "Missile sale to Turkey confirmed."<ref name="chinadaily_2015-03-19">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-03/19/content_19850713.htm |title=Missile sale to Turkey confirmed |last1=Peng |first1=Yining |date=19 March 2015 |website=China Daily |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> However, an anonymous CPMIEC executive told [[Global Times]] that "[t]he media read too much into this. There is no new information on the bid."<ref name="globaltimes_2015-03-19">{{cite web |url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/912843.shtml |title=Chinese firm denies winning FD-2000 air defense missile system bid in Turkey |last1=Liu |first1=Yang |date=19 March 2015 |website=Global Times |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> In November 2015, Turkey confirmed it would not purchase the HQ-9, opting for an indigenously developed system instead.<ref name="reuters_2015-11-18">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/18/turkey-china-missile-idUSL8N13C3BP20151118 |title=UPDATE 2-Turkey confirms cancellation of $3.4-bln missile defence project awarded to China |editor-first1=Heinrich |editor-last1=Mark |last1=Butler |first1=Daren |last2=Karadeniz |first2=Tulay |last3=Martina |first3=Michael |date=18 November 2015 |website=Reuters |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

Unconfirmed reports claim China seeks to sell the HQ-9 to Vietnam, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to offset the cost of purchasing [[natural gas]] from those countries.<ref name="diplomat_2015-03-19">{{cite web |url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/is-moscow-losing-its-security-edge-in-central-asia/ |title=Is Moscow Losing Its Security Edge in Central Asia? |last1=Michel |first1=Casey |date=17 February 2015 |website=The Diplomat |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

During early 2015, Pakistan became the first country to start negotiations on the import of the HQ-9 and HQ-16 with China.<ref name=paki>{{cite news|title=Pakistan first to China's table for HQ-9, HQ-16 missile systems|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150402000058&cid=1101|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=Want China Times|date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716164547/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150402000058&cid=1101|archivedate=16 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In December 2018, it was reported in few media circles that Pakistan is now studying the feasibility of procuring three or four FD-2000 SAM systems to fulfill its long-range air defence requirements.<ref >{{cite news|title=PAKISTAN REPORTEDLY SEEKING FD-2000 LONG RANGE ANTI-AIR MISSILES|url=https://quwa.org/2018/12/05/pakistan-reportedly-seeking-fd-2000-long-range-anti-air-missiles/|accessdate=6 December 2018|website= Quwa.org|date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref >{{cite news|title=Pakistan Army to Acquire FD-2000 Air Defense System With 125KM Range: Report|url=https://propakistani.pk/2018/12/06/pakistan-army-to-acquire-fd-2000-air-defense-system-with-125km-range-report/|accessdate=6 December 2018|website= propakistani.pk|date=6 December 2018}}</ref> In July 2015, the PLA deployed the HQ-9 close to the Kashmir LOC in preparation for a potential territorial conflict with India. The air defense systems were sent to the Hetian airfield located in the south of the Xinjiang region which is only 260 km away from the Kashmir region. According to Kanwa Defense Review, a Chinese-language magazine based in Canada, radar vehicles of HQ-9 air defense missiles have been spotted at the base and assessed that they are intended to defend China's western border from any potential air strikes launched by the Indian Air Force.<ref name=kashmir2k15>{{cite news|title=PLA sends HQ-9 air defense missiles close to Kashmir border|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150706000005&cid=1101|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=Want China Times|date=6 July 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006082024/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150706000005&cid=1101|archivedate=6 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Deployment in South China Sea==
On 17 February 2016, the [[Taiwan]] defense ministry said it had "learned of an air defence missile system deployed" by the Chinese on [[Woody Island (South China Sea)|Woody Island]] in the [[Paracel Islands]]. It would not say how many missiles had been deployed or when, but told the [[BBC]] they would be capable of targeting civilian and military aircraft from Vietnam or the Philippines. The commander of the US Pacific Fleet confirmed the deployment to Reuters news agency. Adm Harry Harris said such a move would be "a militarisation of the South China Sea in ways" Chinese [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|military chairman]] [[Xi Jinping]] had pledged not to make.

Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said there were "serious concerns" over China's "unilateral move to change the status quo" in the region, and "we cannot accept this fact". Satellite images show a close-up of a section of beach, the shape of which resembles the northern coastline as it appears on other images, and point out two missiles batteries. Each battery is made up of four launchers and two control vehicles. Two of the launchers appear to have been erected, says the report. Fox News quoted a US defence official as saying the missiles appeared to be the HQ-9 air defence system, with a range of about 200 km (125 miles).<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-35592988</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-china-missiles-idUSKCN0VP2VT</ref>

==Operators==


;{{PRC}}
*[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref name="AR">https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/7552-analysis-of-anti-ship-missiles-and-ship-borne-air-defense-system-unveiled-at-chinese-military-parade-2019.html</ref>
*[[People's Liberation Army Navy]]<ref name="AR"/>

;{{MOR}}
*[[Royal Moroccan Armed Forces]]<ref>https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190529-out-of-fear-of-trump-morocco-reconsiders-uss-mim-104-patriot-instead-of-russias-s400/</ref>
<ref>https://fr.le360.ma/politique/le-maroc-commande-a-la-chine-des-systemes-radar-de-surveillance-aerienne-longue-portee-59826</ref>

;{{TKM}}
*[[Turkmen Ground Forces]]<ref>http://alert5.com/2016/04/01/turkmenistan-bought-the-chinese-fd-2000-air-defense-system/</ref><ref>https://www.popsci.com/dragon-muscles-in-growing-number-victories-in-chinese-arms-exports</ref>

;{{UZB}}
*[[Uzbek Ground Forces]]<ref>https://www.armyrecognition.com/november_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/uzbekistan_holds_first_live-fire_tests_of_chinese_made_fd-2000_sam_system.html</ref>

==See also==
* [[Surface-to-air missile]]
;Comparable systems
* [[S-300 (missile)]]
* [[Medium Extended Air Defense System]]
* [[MIM-104 Patriot]]
* [[MBDA Aster#Land systems|Aster]]
;Related lists
* [[List of missiles]]
*[[List of surface-to-air missiles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.airforceworld.com/blog/hq-9-anti-aircraft-missile-launch-photo/ HQ-9 missile launch photos, Chinese Air Force] AirForceWorld.com
*[http://www.armyrecognition.com/china_chinese_army_missile_systems_vehicles/fd-2000_long_range_air_defense_missile_system_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video.html FD-2000 long range air defense missile system(Army recognition)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130714001451/http://www.armyrecognition.com/china_chinese_army_missile_systems_vehicles/hq-9_ground-to-air_medium_range_air_defense_missile_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_.html HQ-9 medium-to-long range air defense missile system(Army recognition)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207041746/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hq9.asp HQ-9 / FT-2000 SAM] Sinodefence
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230045751/http://sinodefence.com/navy/navalmissile/hq9naval.asp Naval HQ-9 SAM] Sinodefence
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060506100233/http://missilethreat.com/systems/hq-9_china.html HQ-9] Missilethreat.com
*[http://geimint.blogspot.com/2007/10/hq-9-sam-system-site-analysis.html The HQ-9 SAM System: A Site Analysis] 27 October 2007
*[http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/11/china-offers-thailand-collaboration-on.html November] China Offers Thailand Collaboration on Missiles, Armoured Vehicles 6 November 2013
*[http://networkedblogs.com/QJGLN] CHINA OFFERS FD-2000 / HQ-9, FK-1000 AND FL-3000N MISSILE SYSTEMS TO THAILAND 6 November 2013
{{commons category|HQ-9}}
{{Chinese_Missiles|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Weapons of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles of the People's Republic of China]]

Yosri Fouda

2020-01-31T10:46:35Z

Simsman333:

{{Infobox person
| name = Yosri Fouda
| image =
| alt =
| residence = [[Germany]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[El Behira Governorate|El Behira]], [[Egypt]]
| nationality = [[Egypt]]ian 
| occupation = [[Talk Show]] host and [[Journalist]]
| known_for = {{Unbulleted list|''Sirri lil-Ghaya'' (Top Secret) 1998-2009
|''Akhir Kalam'' (Final Word) 2010-2014
|''Al-Solta Al-Khamsa'' (Fifth Estate) 2016-2018}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Yosri Fouda''' ({{lang-ar|يسري فودة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Yusrī Fūdah}}'', {{IPA-arz|ˈjosɾi ˈfuːdæ|IPA}}), is an [[Egypt]]ian investigative reporter, author, and television host. He established [[Al Jazeera]]'s office in [[London]] and was one of the star figures in the channel until he resigned in 2009. Currently Fouda is a television host at the [[Cairo]]-based [[ONTV (Egypt)|ONTV Egyptian Channel]].<ref name="daily">{{cite news|last=Kortam|first=Hend|title=Yosri Fouda goes off air|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/06/21/yosri-fouda-goes-air/ |newspaper=[[Daily News Egypt]]|date=June 21, 2012 |accessdate=April 1, 2013}}</ref> He co‑authored ''Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Attack The World Has Ever Seen'', published in 2003 by [[Arcade Publishing]]. In 2018, Fouda parted ways with Deutsche Welle after credible allegations of sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2018/09/14/news/u/german-press-agency-deutsche-welle-fired-employee-after-credible-sexual-harassment-allegations/|title=German Press Agency: Deutsche Welle fired employee after 'credible' sexual harassment allegations|website=Mada Masr|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fouda was born in Manshyet Ganzour<ref name="Abjjad">{{citation|url=https://www.abjjad.com/author/2657026048/يسري-فودة/books|title=''Yousri Fouda profile and books''}}</ref> in [[Tanta]], [[Gharbia Governorate|El Gharbia]]. He got his bachelor's degree in Mass Communication at [[Cairo University]] and was appointed as an Assistant lecturer after his graduation. He pursued his master's degree at the [[American University in Cairo]] and graduated in 1992. Shortly after his graduation he got a Diploma in TV production from the [[Netherlands]].<ref name=enigma>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEsv4VU6X1M |title=Yosri Fouda on His Career- Engima Magazine Exclusive|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate=April 1, 2013}}</ref>

In 1993, Fouda was granted a scholarship from the [[British Council]] to pursue his PhD in documentary at [[University of Strathclyde]] and [[University of Glasgow]]. His studies were interrupted after he was approached by the [[BBC]], who were looking for reporters with fluency in [[Arabic language]].<ref name=enigma/><ref name=marx />

==Career==

===BBC, Associated Press and ANN===
Fouda's short lived BBC career spanned between 1994 and 1996. He took part in establishing the BBC Arabic service in 1994, and later served as a roving reporter alongside veteran journalist [[Martin Bell]]. He covered the Bosnian independence war, and other important events in the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]]. After only two years the services of the [[Arab]]ic BBC subsidiary were suspended due to political reasons and Fouda joined the [[Associated Press Television News]]. He took part in establishing the Middle East desk at the news agency, as well as, setting up the [[London]]-based [[Arab News Network]] (ANN).<ref name=marx>{{cite news |url=http://www.kpd-online.info/profiles/fouda.htm |title=Yosri Fouda|publisher=[[The Adham Center for Television Journalism]] |accessdate= March 30, 2013}}</ref>

===Al Jazeera===
In 1996, he joined the newly formed [[Al Jazeera]] as a [[UK]] and [[Western Europe]] correspondent. A year later he helped in securing an independent production office for Al Jazeera, and established their office in London. He was later appointed as the bureau chief of the London Al Jazeera office. Fouda started his widely popular monthly program ''Top Secret'' ({{lang-ar|سري للغاية}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Sirrī lil-Ġāyah}}'') in 1998.<ref name=marx />

====Sirri lil-Ghaya and Al Qaeda====
His program was greatly received by critiques and viewers in the Arab world and won the second place at the 1998 Cairo Radio and Production Festival.<ref name=marx /> In April 2002, Fouda interviewed [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], who admitted his involvement, along with [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite news |last=|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,906911,00.html |title=We left out nuclear targets, for now|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 4, 2003}}</ref> Fouda does not consider his interview with the 9/11 orchestrators as a turning point in his career; instead he believes it introduced him to an international audience.<ref name=enigma/>

It has been suggested that Fouda gave away the hideaway location of bin al‑Shibh to Aljazeera's chairman [[Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani]], a cousin of the [[Emir of Qatar]], and that [[CIA director]] [[George Tenet]] received the location tip-off from the Emir, resulting in bin al‑Shibh's capture.<ref name="mayer">[[Jane Mayer|Mayer, Jane]], ''[[The Dark Side (book)|The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals]]'', 2008. p. 176.</ref>

In 2006, Fouda, in charge of Aljazeera's London bureau, broke the story on the "martyrdom video" by "[[9/11]] hijackers" [[Mohamed Atta]] and [[Ziad Jarrah]].<ref>Fouda, "[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-laughing-911-bombers-l2lsdjf8jcg The Laughing 9/11 Bombers]", and "[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/focus-chilling-message-of-the-911-pilots-7zcr2wsx6g0 Focus: Chilling Message of the 9/11 Pilots]", both in ''[[Sunday Times]]'' (UK), Oct. 1, 2006.</ref>

Fouda resigned from Aljazeera in 2009, almost two years before the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]] that toppled former president [[Hosni Mubarak]]. His resignation was driven by his disagreement with the inter-politics of the news agency, along with his feeling that an important event will soon take place in Egypt.<ref name=enigma/> Soon after his resignation, Fouda joined ONTV to host a talk show ''Last Words'' (اخر كلام).

===ONTV===
Fouda joined the politically independent Egyptian channel in 2010. Although he received numerous "tempting" offers from Aljazeera rivals, Fouda chose to return to Egypt. ONTV was still a new channel with a small budget, but he believed in the channels administration and founder [[Naguib Sawiris]] - a renowned Egyptian businessman.

====2011 Egyptian revolution====
Fouda supported the revolution from day one, and offered an uninterrupted coverage of the [[Tahrir Square]] protests. Although he did not join the protests in Tahrir, he believed that his role should be in reporting and broadcasting the events as they unfold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49hB2taANPY |title='YOSRI FOUDA ON EGYPT'S REVOLUTION- ENIGMA MAGAZINE EXCLUSIVE'|publisher=YouTube|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate= April 2, 2013}}</ref> His show gained massive popularity in Egypt during and after the revolution, and was at the top of TV show ratings. Fouda had interesting thoughts about the post-revolution Egypt, where he stated in an interview with [[Stephen Sackur]] that very little had changed in Egypt since the revolution, and that the ex-regime is still around and it should be preserved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx2Qti5ynuM |title=Are the forces of oppression making a comeback in Egypt? - Yosri Fouda|publisher=YouTube/[[HARDtalk]]|date=October 31, 2011|accessdate=April 3, 2013}}</ref>

====Suspending his talk show====
His show constantly criticized Egypt's former military rulers and in October 2011, Fouda suspended his show in protest of what he called the "efforts by the country's military rulers to stifle free expression". He said "This is my way of self-censorship, either to say the truth or to be silent".<ref>{{cite news |last= El Deeb |first= Sarah|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/21/yosri-fouda-prominent-egy_n_1024075.html |title=Yosri Fouda, Prominent Egyptian TV Host, Suspends Talk Show In Protest|newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=October 21, 2011|accessdate=April 1, 2013}}</ref> The show went off air for three weeks and was resumed on November 13, 2011. At the start of his episode Fouda stressed that he stopped his program for three weeks to "prove a stance", and that his allegiance is always to "right and truth".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2011/11/14/yosri-fouda-makes-tv-comeback-says-hiatus-proved-stance/ |title=Yosri Fouda makes TV comeback, says hiatus proved 'stance'|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=November 14, 2011|accessdate=April 1, 2013}}</ref> On May 17 Fouda stated on his [[Twitter usage|Twitter]] account that he will end the show in six weeks, but he then decided to continue for another year. The show was suspended again on late June, 2012. He did not offer a clear explanation of the reasons and chose to briefly tweet “I’ve stopped my show because I respect you, the details concern me alone. The only thing that matters for the viewer is my work”.<ref name=daily /> The show resumed in September, 2012.

==== Leaving Deutsche Welle amidst sexual harassment claims ====
In September 2018, Fouda has parted ways with German broadcaster [[Deutsche Welle]] after at least three separate allegations of sexual misconduct came to light weeks before<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2018/09/15/prominent-egyptian-journalist-yosri-fouda-accused-of-sexual-misconduct/|title=Prominent Egyptian Journalist Yosri Fouda Accused of Sexual Misconduct|date=2018-09-15|website=Egyptian Streets|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://24.com.eg/Mnwat/155860/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A|title=بعد ذكر اسمها في اتهام يسري فودة بالتحرش.. أول تعليق من الصحفية وفاء البدري|date=2018-09-12|website=مصر 24|language=ar|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elbashayeronline.com/news-1054311.html|title=خطيبة يسري فودة (السابقة) تكشف أسرارا صادمة عن وقائع تحرش|website=جريدة البشاير|language=ar|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>. Even though Fouda denied the allegations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1223103/إعلامي-عربي-شهير-متهم-بالتحرش-بزميلاته-المحطة-التل|title=إعلامي عربي شهير متهم بالتحرش بزميلاته في المحطة التلفزيونية وهذه تفاصيل القضية|website=Elfann News|language=ar|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>, the German broadcaster Deutsche Welle have proven them credible<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/3d506385e25c44579d47cfe26fde4f11|title=Germany's DW: Harassment claims against ex-staffer credible|last=Magdy|first=Samy|date=2018-09-15|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>.

===Books===
Yosri Fouda authored and co-authored a collection of three books. In May 2003, Fouda alongside [[Nick Fielding]] published ''Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen''.<ref>{{cite book|asin=1559707089|title=''Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen''}}</ref> Almost a year and a half later he published ''Serri lel-Ghaya'' meaning ''Highly confidential'', a seven part sequel,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17692836|title=''Yousri Fouda: Serri lel Ghaya ســري لـلـغـايـة''}}</ref> which includes a collection of carefully selected investigations. The sequel offers a deeper insight about various events discussed earlier in his show, and grants the reader access to secret reports, testimonies and evidences. This collection was published by the World Book Publishing in [[Beirut]], and is only available in Arabic.

''Capture or Kill: The Pursuit of the 9/11 Masterminds and the Killing of Osama bin Laden'' (updated edition 2012, Arcade Publishing, {{ISBN|161145400X}})<ref>{{cite book|title=''Capture or Kill: The Pursuit of the 9/11 Masterminds and the Killing of Osama bin Laden''|id={{ASIN|161145400X|country=ca}}}}</ref> is Fouda's second collaboration with the British investigative journalist Nick Fielding. In 2015, Fouda authored ''In Harm's Way: From the Stronghold of al-Qaida to the Heart of ISIL'' book,<ref name=egyptindependent>{{cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/harm-s-way-terrorism-seen-its-perpetrators/|title=In Harm's Way – terrorism as seen by its perpetrators|date=March 17, 2015}}</ref> it was published by ''Dar El Shourok'' in [[Cairo]] and is available in Arabic language. In 2016, he authored another book called ''The last words: A testimony of hope in the [[2011 Egyptian Revolution|Egyptian Revolution]].''<ref name=abjjad>{{cite book|url=https://www.abjjad.com/book/2593030237/اخر-كلام-شهادة-امل-في-ثورة-مصر/2593292381/reviews|title=The last words: A testimony of hope in the revolution of Egypt - آخر كلام؛ شهادة أمل في ثورة مصر''}}</ref>

==Accident==
On Sunday March 24, 2013 Fouda fractured his neck in a car accident near the [[Red Sea]] resort town of [[Hurghada]]. He was transported to the [[Gouna Hospital]] and his situation was reported to be stable.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/67664/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-TV-star-Yosri-Fouda-injured-in-car-accident.aspx |title=Egypt TV star Yosri Fouda injured in car accident|newspaper=[[Al Ahram|Ahram News]] |date=March 25, 2013|accessdate=April 2, 2013}}</ref>

==Quotes==
{{cquote|I do not really believe there is such a thing as [[al-Qaida]], the organization; there is al-Qaida, the mind-set. —Yosri Fouda<ref>{{cite news|last=Coll|first=Steve | authorlink = Steve Coll|title=Attacks Bear Earmarks Of Evolving Al Qaeda|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/07/AR2005070702389_pf.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 8, 2005|author2= Susan B. Glasser|accessdate=April 1, 2013}}</ref>}}

{{cquote|The experience of freedom is in one way like the experience of death. You can visit death but you can't come back from it. —Yosri Fouda<ref name=enigma/>}}

{{cquote|Who benefited the most from September 11?...Of course the Arab regimes, both America and Al Qaeda lost, the moderates lost, I lost and you lost, but our regimes in a blink of an eye gave themselves the permission to fight and abuse the opposition and enforce new laws to tighten their grip in the name of security, God, ethics, and in the name of what they call war on terror. —Yosri Fouda}}

{{cquote|But when you ask Egypt’s people to defend [[Egypt’s army]] from Egypt’s people, we must tell you stop, who is responsible for that?. —Yosri Fouda}}

==See also==
* [[Television in Egypt]]
* [[ONTV (Egypt)]]
* [[OTV (Channel)]]
* [[Reem Maged]]
* [[Bassem Youssef]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|yosri.fouda}}
* {{Twitter}}
*{{cite journal|last=[[Abdallah Schleifer]]|date=Fall–Winter 2003|title=Arab Gulf, Arab Satellites-an Interview with Yosri Fouda|journal=Transnational Broadcasting Studies (TSB)|publisher=[[Kamal Adham Center for Television Journalism]] |location = [[The American University in Cairo]]|issue=11|url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall03/Yosri_Fouda.html}}
* [http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/556062.Yosri_Fouda Yosri Fouda's Published Books] at [[Goodreads]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fouda, Yosri}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Egyptian journalists]]

2019 Egyptian protests

2020-01-21T17:36:21Z

Simsman333: He actually didn't talk about any protests, he was answering a different question.

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2019 Egyptian protests
| subtitle =
| partof = the [[Arab Winter]] and [[2018–19 Arab protests]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 20 September 2019 – 27 September 2019
| place = [[Egypt]]
{{Hidden begin|title = By Egyptian expatriates|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;}}
{{Flagu|Spain}}{{cn|date=September 2019}} {{Flagu|United States}} {{Flagu|Germany}} {{Flagu|Italy}}<ref name="DE_IT_UK_SA_support_demos22Sep" /> {{Flagu|Australia}}{{cn|date=September 2019}} {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} {{Flagu|South Africa}}<ref name="DE_IT_UK_SA_support_demos22Sep" />
{{Hidden end}}
{{Hidden begin|title = Other international protests|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;}}
{{Flagu|Sudan}}<ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_support" />
{{Hidden end}}
| coordinates =
| causes = [[Political repression|Repression]] [[Corruption]] [[Nepotism]]
| goals =
* Resignation of president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]
* Release of all political prisoners
| methods =
| status = Ended
| result =
| side1 =
*Protestors
*[[Independence Party (Egypt)|Independence Party]]<ref name="MEE_Istiqlal_calls_demos"/>
| side2 ={{flagicon|Egypt}} El-Sisi Government
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = [[Mohamed Ali (Egyptian contractor)|Mohamed Ali]]
| leadfigures2 =
{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] President of Egypt

{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Moustafa Madbouly]] Prime Minister of Egypt

{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Ali Abdel Aal]] Head of Parliament

{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Mohamed Ahmed Zaki]] Minister of Defence

{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Mahmoud Tawfik]] Minister of Interior
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests = {{val|4300}}<ref name="EuroParl_2019_2880" /> including
* lawyers [[Mahienour El-Massry|Mahienour el-Massry]],<ref name="22Sep19_ElMassry_arrest" /> [[Adalah Center for Rights and Freedoms|Mohamed el-Baqer]]<ref name="MEE_alBaqer_arrested" />
* journalists [[Khaled Dawoud]],<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested" /> [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah|Alaa Abd el-Fattah]]<ref name="MadaMasr_elFattah_29Sep_arrest" />
* academics [[Hazem Hosny]], [[Hassan Nafaa]]<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested" />
* Sudanese student Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan<ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_support" /> (freed 2 October)<ref name="MEE_Waleed_freed" />
* 111 [[minor (law)|minors]]<ref name="EuroParl_2019_2880" />
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox = {{Campaignbox 2018–19 Arab protests}}
}}
The '''2019 Egyptian protests''' consist of protests by two thousand people<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /><ref name="AJE_rare_protests" /><ref name="NewArab_1000s_27Sep" /> in [[Cairo]], [[Alexandria]], [[Damietta]] and five other Egyptian cities on 20, 21 and 27 September 2019 in which the protestors called for President of Egypt [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] to be removed from power.<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /><ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /> Security forces responded with tear gas, rubber bullets and live bullets<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /> and, {{as of|2019|10|23|lc=yes}}, {{val|4300}} [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrests]] had been made,<ref name="EuroParl_2019_2880" /> based on data from the [[Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights]], the [[Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms]], the [[Arabic Network for Human Rights Information]],<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested" /><ref name="MEE_1400_arrests" />, among which 111 were [[minor (law)|minors]] according to [[Amnesty International]] and the [[Aya Hijazi|Belady Foundation]].<ref name="EuroParl_2019_2880" /> Prominent arrestees included human rights lawyer [[Mahienour El-Massry|Mahienour el-Massry]],<ref name="22Sep19_ElMassry_arrest" /> journalist and former leader of the [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]] [[Khaled Dawoud]] and two professors of political science at [[Cairo University]], [[Hazem Hosny]] and [[Hassan Nafaa]].<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested" /> The wave of arrests was the biggest in Egypt since Sisi formally became president in 2014.<ref name="MadaMasr_1909_arrests" /><ref name="Indep_tyranny_UK_US" />

[[Human Rights Watch]] called for all those arrested for peacefully expressing their opinions to be released immediately.<ref name="HRW_right2protest" /> [[Amnesty International]] described the Sisi government being "shaken to its core" by the 20–21 September protests and that the authorities had "launched a full-throttle clampdown to crush demonstrations and intimidate activists, journalists and others into silence".<ref name="AI_190926_crackdown" /> Two thousand people, including [[Sudanese Professionals Association]] (SPA) representatives, protested in [[Khartoum]] on 26 September in support of Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan, a Sudanese anti-Islamist student detained by Egyptian authorities, who gave a [[forced confession]] on [[MBC Masr]] television.<ref name="MEE_Abdelrahman_Hassan" /><ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_support" /> The SPA stated, "the era when Sudanese citizens were humiliated inside or outside their country has gone and will never return".<ref name="MEE_Abdelrahman_Hassan" /> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)|Sudanese Foreign Ministry]] summoned the Egyptian ambassador<ref name="MEE_eg_ambassador_Khartoum" /> and Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan was freed on 2 October 2019.<ref name="MEE_Waleed_freed" />

A massive police clampdown took place around [[Tahrir Square]] and across Egypt on 27 September,<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> together with pro-Sisi rallies of government employees organised by the [[National Security Agency (Egypt)|National Security Agency]],<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" /> and anti-Sisi protests on [[El Warraq|Warraq Island]] on the [[Nile]],<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> in [[Giza]],<ref name="NYT_27Sep_protests" /> in [[Helwan]],<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" /> in [[Qus]],<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep" /> and in the [[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]],<ref name="AJE_190727_demos" /> [[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep" /> [[Minya Governorate|Minya]]<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep" /> and [[Sohag Governorate]]s.<ref name="MEE_Sohag_Warraq_beatings" /> On 3 November 2019, [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|parliamentarian]] [[Ahmed Tantawi]] made [[social networking service|online]] and parliamentary proposals for Sisi to step down in 2022 rather than stand for re-election in 2024.<ref name="MadaMasr_earlySisi_proposal" />

==Background==
{{main|Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)}}
Mass protests in the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011]] led to the demission of President [[Hosni Mubarak]], the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election]] won by [[Mohamed Morsi]], the [[2012–13 Egyptian protests]] against the Morsi presidency, the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]] which overthrew Morsi, the [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre]] by the security forces and army led by general [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], and an authoritarian government under Sisi, who was elected president with no serious opponents in [[2014 Egyptian presidential election|2014]] and [[2018 Egyptian presidential election|2018]].

==Online anti-Sisi videos==
Starting on 2 September 2019,<ref name="AJE_rare_protests" /> [[Mohamed Ali (Egyptian contractor)|Mohamed Ali]] (also: ''Aly''<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" />), an Egyptian construction contractor living in exile in Spain, claimed on [[social networking service|online social networks]] that he had worked in the construction industry for 15 years under army contracts, building five villas for colleagues of Sisi and a palace for Sisi in a military camp. Ali accused Sisi of wasting public funds and "[taking] low-level corruption to a new level".<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> Ali's videos outline specific incidents and directly accuse well-known military individuals, including Major-Generals [[Kamel al-Wazir]] and [[Essam al-Kholy]]. Egyptian authorities ran a media campaign attacking Ali. According to Said and Mamdouh writing in ''[[Mada Masr]]'', the governmental campaign "did not refute the substance of [Ali's] claims."<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" />

After the first week of wide circulation of Ali's videos, Sisi denied the allegations at a session of the "National Youth Conference.<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /><ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> Sisi stated that "all the intelligence agencies told me please do not talk about it. ... I told them, what's between me and the people is trust."<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> Within a few hours of Sisi's speech, Ali posted two hours of new videos, referring to Sisi's son Mahmoud and the [[Sinai insurgency]].

Mosaad Abu Fagr, a Sinai activist in exile, then released two videos in which he claimed that the Egyptian authorities refused an offer by North Sinai tribal leaders to remove the terrorist cells within a few weeks, and that he was asked by the tribal leaders to publish that information. Abu Fagr stated that Sisi cooperated with drug smugglers and dealers instead of working with the tribes and that Sisi and his son Mahmoud have business interests in smuggling between the Sinai and the [[Gaza Strip]]. Abu Fagr also accused the Egyptian security forces of the "wiping out of entire villages" along the border with Gaza.<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" />

Lawyer Mohamed Hamdy Younes stated that he would request the [[Judiciary of Egypt#Courts|Attorney-General]] to investigate Ali's accusations. He was then arrested and charged with belonging to a terrorist organisation.Former army officer and lawyer Ahmed Sarhan circulated a video supporting most of Ali's claims, calling for Younes to be released and making new accusations against people close to Sisi. Sarhan's video was viewed half a million times.<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" />

A masked man circulated a video claiming that he had sensitive information about Sisi, that Ali's videos contain "factual information about the corruption in the upper ranks of the Armed Forces" and that "the events happening" constitute "retaliation" by the [[General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)|Mukhabarat]] against [[Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)|Military Intelligence]], which was headed by Sisi until 2012. In another video, a masked man claiming to be an intelligence officer stated that Sisi changed commanders frequently in order to avoid any becoming too powerful and that Sisi coordinated intelligence information closely with Israel. Former Air Force pilot Hany Sharaf and former state security officer Hesham Sabry then circulated videos highly critical of Sisi.<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" />

[[Wael Ghonim]], who played a key online role in sparking the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]] and lives in the [[United States]], posted videos similar to the others, adding claims that Sisi's son Mahmoud played a strong role in managing Egyptian "daily politics".<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> A representative of the Egyptian Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] telephoned Ghonim, asking him to stop criticising the Egyptian authorities, in exchange for which he would receive a payment and a guarantee to be able to "return to Egypt safely". Ghonim refused, and a few days later Ghonim's brother Hazem was arrested in Cairo. Ghonim interpreted this as a kidnapping in revenge for Ghonim having refused to remain silent.<ref name="MEE_Ghonim_not_bought" />

Ali was described in mid-September by Mohamed Elmasry of the [[Doha Institute for Graduate Studies]] as being "probably the most popular man in Egypt" with millions of viewers of his online videos and millions of people using Ali's anti-Sisi [[hashtag]]s. Elmasry described Ali as "a legitimate threat to the el-Sisi government."<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" />

On 21 September, following the previous day's protests, Ali called for a "million-man march" to fill all the "major squares" in Egypt on the following Friday, 27 September. Ali stated, "This is a people's revolution... We have to link up together as one... and organise going down to the major squares."<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" />

==Late September 2019 protests==
===20 and 21 September===
On Friday 20 September 2019, in response to Ali's call for anti-Sisi protests, two thousand people, mostly young, in [[Cairo]], [[Alexandria]], [[Damietta]], [[Suez]] and four other Egyptian cities on 20 September 2019 carried out street protests calling for Sisi to be removed from power.<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /><ref name="AJE_rare_protests" />

Chants included "rise up, fear not, Sisi must go" and "the people demand the regime's fall".<ref name="AJE_rare_protests" />

Street protests continued in Cairo, Suez,<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /> [[Giza]] and [[El Mahalla El Kubra]]<ref name="AJE_21Sep2019" /> on 21 September. In Suez, with 200 demonstrators, teargas, rubber bullets and live bullets were shot at protestors. The teargas spread to "a few" kilometres from the zone of the protest where a resident felt the gas making her nose feel as if it were burning.<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" />

===27 September===
On 26 September, exiled former presidential candidate [[Ayman Nour]] stated that the massive scale of the arrests showed that the Sisi government was "terrified" and that he expected protests to grow, with the fear barrier having been broken down and the mass arrests provoking anger in the context of socioeconomic difficulties. On the same day, actor [[Amr Waked]] [[Twitter|tweeted]] to seven million followers that "Sisi is done ... it is over for him and anyone who supports him now will be making a huge mistake."<ref name="AJE_27Sep_predictions" />

;Anti-Sisi
On 27 September itself, 1000<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> to 2000<ref name="NYT_27Sep_protests" /> people on [[El Warraq|Warraq Island]] on the [[Nile]] next to Cairo protested against Sisi and were attacked by police using tear gas.<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> One of the slogans chanted by protestors was, "No matter how, we'll bring Sisi down".<ref name="NYT_27Sep_protests" /> Using their rifles, police "beat the hell" out of six of the Warraq protestors.<ref name="MEE_Sohag_Warraq_beatings" />

A protest of 24 people took place in [[Helwan]] in the [[Cairo Governorate]] in front of the al-Istiqama mosque. Police fired shots in the air in response.<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" />

Anti-Sisi protests took place in [[Qus]] in [[Qena Governorate|Qena]],<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep" /> where they were dispersed by police,<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> in [[Luxor Governorate]],<ref name="AJE_190727_demos" /> in [[Aswan Governorate]],<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep" /> in [[Minya Governorate]],<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep" /> and in [[Sohag Governorate]].<ref name="MEE_Sohag_Warraq_beatings" />

A protest of 70 people took place in [[Giza]] and was dispersed by police.<ref name="NYT_27Sep_protests" />

;Clampdown
Police organised "a huge show of force" in central Cairo and other Egyptian cities, with [[Tahrir Square]] heavily policed and four<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" /> metro stations close to Tahrir Square were closed.<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> All roads leading to Tahrir Square were blocked and checkpoints were established on [[6th October Bridge#Egyptian Revolution of 2011|6th October Bridge]], which had been a key route to Tahrir Square during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]],<ref name="bbc_6OctBridge" /> and [[15th May Bridge]].<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" />

Instructions received by the Ministry of Interior had been to respond to demonstrations with limited force for "no more than a few minutes" and the to use all available violent measures against street protests.<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" />

;Pro-Sisi
Pro-Sisi rallies were organised on 27 September with the [[National Security Agency (Egypt)|National Security Agency]] instructing health, education, youth and sports ministries and agencies and oil companies to send their employees to the rallies.<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" /> State companies bussed employees to a major road east of the centre of Cairo<ref name="ThReuter_190927" /> and to [[Alexandria]].<ref name="AJE_190727_demos" /> Free meals were given to a group of families from [[Beni Mazar]] in Minya Governorate who organised 30 buses to participate in the pro-Sisi Cairo rallies. The National Security Agency warned independent Members of [[Parliament of Egypt|Parliament]] from talking about the "ongoing events or the discussions around Sisi".<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927" />

==Arrests and harassment==
In response to the first reports of arrests, [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) called for Egypt to respect the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] to which it is legally bound, guaranteeing freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. HRW called for the Egyptian security services to follow the [[Use of force|United Nations Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials]] by using "non-violent means before resorting to the use of force and firearms".<ref name="HRW_right2protest" />

Arrests for the 20 and 21 September protests were estimated as 500 by the [[Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights]] (ECESR) that published a list of the names of arrestees.<ref name="MEE_500_arrested" /><ref name="ECESR_FB_arrestee_count" /> Arrests were earlier reported by the [[Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms]] (ECRF) for 12 towns including Cairo, Giza, Alexandria, Suez and towns in [[Dakahlia Governorate]], [[Qalyubia Governorate]] and [[Kafr El Sheikh|Kafr el-Sheikh]]. ECRF stated that it had created an "emergency room" to provide support in relation to the sudden surge in arrests.<ref name="Guardian_220arrests" />

Human rights lawyer [[Mahienour El-Massry|Mahienour el-Massry]] was arrested by three plainclothes officers in front of the [[:Category:Egyptian intelligence agencies|Supreme State Security Prosecution]] headquarters in Cairo while telephoning to a friend Noha Kamal on 22 September. She screamed to Kamal, "They're arresting me. I am being taken away" and was taken away in a microbus.<ref name="22Sep19_ElMassry_arrest" />

HRW called on the Egyptian security forces to "immediately release all those arrested for solely exercising their rights".<ref name="HRW_right2protest" />

On 23 September, Mohamed Ali, whose videos sparked off the online discussion and street protests, stated that "officers" had been following him in Spain for two weeks, and that he had been "hiding and running away from them". Ali stated that the officers wished to kill him and that he was too tired to "run any more". Ali stated that Spanish authorities were responsible for his safety and that if he were "killed in Spain," then that would "[prove] that Europe is a liar just like the United States and is willing to give up anybody."<ref name="AJE_Ali_harassed" />

By 25 September, the arrest count was estimated at {{val|1100}} by the [[Arabic Network for Human Rights Information]] (ANHRI), ECESR and ECRF<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested" /> and {{val|1400}} by ''[[Middle East Eye]]''.<ref name="MEE_1400_arrests" />In addition to el-Massry, prominent arrestees included former leader of the [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]] [[Khaled Dawoud]] and two professors of political science at [[Cairo University]], [[Hazem Hosny]] and [[Hassan Nafaa]].<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested" /> Dawoud, Hosny and Nafaa were charged with "spreading fake news and joining terrorist organisations".<ref name="MadaMasr_1909_arrests" />

Hazem Hosny was arrested without a warrant and held incommunicado. His legal defence team called for him to be released immediately.<ref name="MEE_1400_arrests" /> Hosny had earlier described Mohamed Ali as playing a "positive role" and described the new protest movement as having the potential to affect the "international formula that largely determines Sisi's continued rule". Hosny argued in favour of "[stripping] Sisi of his dictatorial control of the Egyptian state".<ref name="MEE_1400_arrests" />

Prior to his arrest, Hassan Nafaa had argued that "the continuation of Sisi's absolute rule [would] lead to disaster" and that "public pressure from the street" was needed to end Sisi's presidency. Nafaa stated that "the image Sisi has created for himself has been totally shaken and it has been replaced by the opposite image."<ref name="MEE_1400_arrests" />

Khaled Dawoud, arrested on 25 September 2019, as former media spokesperson of the [[National Salvation Front (Egypt)|National Salvation Front]], had supported the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]] but later criticised Sisi. Following Mohamed Ali's video releases, Dawoud called for investigations of the corruption claims.<ref name="MEE_1400_arrests" />

The arrest count mounted to {{val|1909}} on 26 September, with the arrest of lawyers [[Mohamed Salah Agag]], deputy head of the Lawyers' Syndicate; Ahmed Sarhan; Ahmed Abdel Azeem; Islam Khairy Nour Eddin and Mahmoud Moemen Naeem. Two Turks, two Jordanians, a Palestinian and a Dutchman were arrested and charged with "spreading violence against the state and publishing false news."<ref name="MadaMasr_1909_arrests" />

The arrests of five journalists, including [[Sayed Abdellah]], who had been reporting on the protests in Suez, and [[Mohammed Ibrahim (Egyptian journalist)|Mohammed Ibrahim]], author of the blog "Oxygen Egypt", were documented by [[Amnesty International]]. Labour leader [[Rashad Mohammed Kamal]], who participated in the protests, was arrested at his home in Suez. Politicians, including Abed Aziz Husseini, vice-president of the [[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]] (Karama) and Abdel Nasser Ismail, vice-president of the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] were arrested.<ref name="AI_190926_crackdown" />

On 29 September, the Egyptian blogger, software developer and activist [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah|Alaa Abd el-Fattah]], who had previously been arrested for his political activism during the Mubarak, Morsi and Sisi presidencies, and had not participated in the 2019 Egyptian protests, was arrested by State Security Prosecution on unknown charges.<ref name="MadaMasr_elFattah_29Sep_arrest" /> El-Fattah's lawyer [[Mohamed al-Baqer]], director of the human rights organisation [[Adalah Center for Rights and Freedoms]], was himself arrested at the prosecutor's office on 29 September.<ref name="MEE_alBaqer_arrested" /> Both were tortured in [[welcome parade (torture)|welcome parades]] in [[Tora Prison]].<ref name="MadaMasr_prison_conditions" /><ref name="AI_elFattah_tortured" />

Arrested politicians included 11 members of the [[Independence Party (Egypt)|Independence Party]] that had called for citizens to participate in the street protests as proposed by Mohamed Ali.<ref name="MEE_Istiqlal_calls_demos"/>

On 2 October, ECESR listed {{val|2285}} detainees grouped into six separate legal cases, among which almost all ({{val|2268}}) are in Case 1338/2019.<ref name="AI_191002_largest_wave" /> Alaa Abd el-Fattah and his lawyer Mohamed el-Baqer were detained under Case 1356/2019<ref name="MadaMasr_Fattah_Baqer_1356" /> or 1365/2019.<ref name="MadaMasr_prison_conditions" /> On 6 October, ECRF listed about {{val|3000}} detainees, larger than any earlier arrest waves of the Sisi presidency. Three quarters had appeared in front of a prosecutor; 57 had been released without being charged; 100 people were listed as missing.<ref name="Indep_tyranny_UK_US" />

Of those arrested for protesting, many prisoners appear to not have participated in this most recent wave of action. There are multiple cases of people claiming that their family members have never publicly protested, in 2011 or 2019, but were still arrested. Several human rights lawyers and advocates described the arrests as indiscriminate and arbitrary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html|title=In Egypt, Scattered Protests Break Out for Second Week|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=27 September 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-19|last2=Rashwan|first2=Nada|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Amnesty International stated that at least 111 children were arrested as well, often after having their phones searched at checkpoints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/egypt-children-swept-up-in-crackdown-on-anti-sisi-protests|title=Egypt: children swept up in crackdown on anti-Sisi protests|last=Michaelson|first=Ruth|date=8 October 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

According to the New York Times, the arrested protestors were held in poor conditions. Due to the overflow in local prisons, some detainees have gone without food, water, or access to toilets. Most have not been allowed to contact their families. For this reason, families of those imprisoned rarely knew where their family members were being held.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/world/middleeast/egypt-protest-sisi-arrests.html|title=Egypt’s Harsh Crackdown Quashes Protest Movement|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=4 October 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 November 2019|last2=Rashwan|first2=Nada|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some of the detained were placed in the bases of the [[Central Security Forces]], a paramilitary group whose buildings are not made to hold citizen prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/23/how-far-will-sisis-government-go-crush-protests|title=How Far Will Sisi’s Government Go to Crush Protests?|last=Magdi|first=Amr|date=23 September 2019|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

===Internet censorship===
{{see also|Internet in Egypt#Censorship}}
In the week following the 20/21 September protests, Egyptian authorities blocked, restricted or temporarily disrupted online communication services including [[BBC News]], [[WhatsApp]], [[Signal (software)|Signal]].<ref name="AI_190926_crackdown" />

===Egyptian political party freeze threat===
The [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]], including the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]], stated that it did not participate in the protests but did have a vision for political reforms. It objected to the mass arrests of protestors, lawyers, journalists and politicians, and stated that it was considering a freeze on public political activities in response to the crackdown.<ref name="almonitor_freeze"/>

==November parliamentary protest==
On 3 November 2019, elected member of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] [[Ahmed Tantawi]] made parliamentary and [[social networking service|online social network]] protests calling for el-Sisi to step down in 2022, rather than in 2024 as defined in the 2019 constitutional amendment. Tantawi later discussed his video with ''[[Mada Masr]]'', stating that his aim was to protect Egypt from the "imminent danger" of el-Sisi continuing in power too long, that it was consistent with el-Sisi's promises, and that this should satisfy el-Sisi's supporters.<ref name="MadaMasr_earlySisi_proposal" /> Tantawi submitted his formal request under parliamentary procedure to [[Ali Abdel Aal]], Speaker of the House of Representatives, proposing that 12 parliamentary committees be created to "generate a national dialogue about the political, economic and social problems facing the country," to solve "the real crisis Egypt is living through, which authorities should pay attention to before it is too late" and that the proposal would help to "absorb public outrage". Tantawi expressed his worry that a violent reaction by authorities to his initiative would discourage "the people" from choosing political methods of change.<ref name="MadaMasr_earlySisi_proposal" />

Member of parliament [[Mahmoud Badr]] called Tantawi's proposal an "outright violation of the constitution" and 95 members of parliament submitted a request to the Speaker, Abdel Aal, to refer Tantawi to the parliament's Ethics Committee, on the grounds that Tantawi's initiatve "undermines the Egyptian state and its institutions".<ref name="MadaMasr_earlySisi_proposal" />

==Sociopolitical analysis==
[[Dalia Fahmy]] of [[Long Island University]] said that the 20 September 2019 protests showed people "[breaking] the fear barrier", which she said was surprising but expected because of demographic change. She stated, "When you have much of the population that doesn't live with the post-revolution trauma or memories, you have a group of young people coming in with a different set of demands and different kinds of understanding of a future possibility. So those on the streets today are very different from the ones that were there eight years ago."<ref name="AJE_rare_protests" />

===Muslim Brotherhood role===
According to [[American University in Cairo]] political science professor [[Mustafa Kamel al-Sayyed]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] supported and amplified Mohamed Ali's criticisms against Sisi and Ali's calls for protests. Al-Sayyed stated, "the Brotherhood certainly benefited from his videos and their channels exploited what he was saying to portray a negative image of Sisi's leadership." He expected that the Muslim Brotherhood as an "idea based on Islam [would] continue to attract many."<ref name="AFP_MB_role" />

Former member of parliament and member of the [[al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies]], [[Amr el-Shobaki]], judged the Brotherhood's role to be weak, stating that the Brotherhood does not "have the capacity to call for a rally [and its] capacity to recruit new members has been weakened." He said that the 20 September protests were by "everyday youth, those economically marginalised" and that "the Brotherhood wasn't behind or even participated" in the protests.<ref name="AFP_MB_role" />

==Reactions==
{{See also|International reactions to the Egyptian revolution of 2011}}

Writing in ''[[The Independent]]'' on 6 October 2019, Bel Trew criticised the lack of reactions of Western powers to the wave of arrests, stating "no major western ally of Egypt has breathed a word."<ref name="Indep_tyranny_UK_US" />

===Egypt===
The [[Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)|Revolutionary Socialists]] stated that the protests "restored hope to the millions who were desperate". The [[Egyptian Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]], a supporter of the 2013 coup by Sisi, objected to the 2019 crackdown, stating that citizens had the right to "exercise their constitutional and legal right to peaceful demonstration".<ref name="ripol"/>

===International civil society protests===
Demonstrations by expatriate Egyptians in support of the 21 September and 22 September protests took place in the [[United States]],<ref name="US_support_demos21Sep" /> [[Germany]], [[Italy]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="DE_IT_UK_SA_support_demos22Sep" />

;Sudan
On 26 September, two thousand people<ref name="MEE_Abdelrahman_Hassan" /> protested in support of Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan (or ''Walid'', ''Abdulrahman''),<ref name="MEE_Abdelrahman_Hassan" /><ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_support" /> a Sudanese student arrested in Cairo for alleged participation in the 21 September protest. The protest took place in [[Khartoum]] in front of the Foreign Affairs Ministry and the Egyptian embassy. The [[Sudanese Professionals Association]] (SPA) called for Abdelrahman Hassan to be able to contact his family, choose a lawyer and not be tortured or coerced.<ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_support" /> Abdelrahman Hassan's friends and relatives stated that an apparent confession by him broadcast by [[MBC Masr]] on 26 September, in which he stated support for the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was a [[forced confession]], given Abdelrahman Hassan's long-term opposition to Islamists in Sudan under the [[Omar al-Bashir]] government, for which he was arrested in 2013 and 2018, and during the [[Sudanese Revolution]]. Abdelrahman Hassan's friend Mohammed Saleh described the idea of Hassan supporting the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood as "unbelievable". The SPA stated that the video broadcast was "shameful" and that, "We stress here that the era when Sudanese citizens were humiliated inside or outside their country has gone and will never return."<ref name="MEE_Abdelrahman_Hassan" /> Another protest in front of the Egyptian embassy in Khartoum was held on 27 September, with protest banners stating that Abdelrahman Hassan was not a member of the Muslim brotherhood and that he didn't participate in the 2019 Egyptian protests. The Sudanese embassy in Cairo stated that it was in contact with Egyptian authorities and that Abdelrahman Hassan was charged with terrorism and membership of a banned organisation.<ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_29Sep_demo" />

On 29 September, the Egyptian ambassador in Khartoum was summoned and informed of concerns about Abdelrahman Hassan. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)|Sudanese Foreign Ministry]] protested against the Egyptian refusal to allow the Sudanese embassy in Cairo to meet Abdelrahman Hassan and asked for Abdelrahman Hassan to be given his full legal rights by the Egyptian authorities.<ref name="MEE_eg_ambassador_Khartoum" /> Abdelrahman Hassan was released on 2 October and the Sudanese embassy in Cairo said that he would depart Cairo the same evening to return to Khartoum.<ref name="MEE_Waleed_freed" />

===International bodies===
;European Parliament

According to the [[European Parliament]] (EP), as of 23 October 2019, there had been "no official, strong and united public response [forthcoming] from the [European Union] and its Member States to the September-October 2019 crackdown in Egypt". In Resolution 2019/2880(RSP), the EP strongly condemned the crackdown and "[reminded] Egypt that any response by the security forces should be in line with international norms and standards and its own Constitution." In the resolution, the EP itemised 18 comments, requests, instructions and demands to Egyptian and European Union authorities and to the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]] in relation to the crackdown and other human rights issues in Egypt.<ref name="EuroParl_2019_2880" />

=== The United States ===
On 23 September, between the two major protests in the fall of 2019, Sisi met with U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. In reference to the protests, Trump stated that "everybody has demonstrations" and that "Egypt has a great leader." He reiterated his support for a strong relationship between Egypt and the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-egypt-idUSKBN1W82LV|title=Trump backs Egypt's Sisi in face of some protests back home|last=Holland|first=Steve|date=2019-09-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en}}</ref> Trump said that Sisi has brought order and stability to his country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=5caa5840-0c86-11ea-955e-7502543d3ec4&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxOS0wOS0yMy90cnVtcC1zaHJ1Z3Mtb2ZmLWVneXB0LXByb3Rlc3RzLXNheXMtZWwtc2lzaS1oaWdobHktcmVzcGVjdGVk|title=Trump Backs Egypt’s Sisi After Rare Protests Spark Crackdown|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|last2=Wainer|first2=David|date=2019-09-23|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2019 Algerian protests]]
*[[Human rights in Egypt]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=


<ref name="ECESR_FB_arrestee_count">{{cite web
| title = المركز المصري للحقوق الإقتصادية والإجتماعية
| trans-title= Egyptian Center for Economic & Social Rights
| language = ar
| website=[[Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights]]
| via=www.facebook.com
|date =22 September 2019
|url=https://www.facebook.com/ecesr/posts/2505311602845719
|accessdate =22 September 2019
|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922174106/https://www.facebook.com/ecesr/posts/2504761279567418
|archivedate=22 September 2019
|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="US_support_demos21Sep">{{Cite web|language=ar|url=https://arabi21.com/story/1209557/مظاهرة-أمام-مقر-إقامة-السيسي-في-نيويورك-شاهد|title=مظاهرة أمام مقر إقامة السيسي في نيويورك (شاهد)|date=21 September 2019|website=عربي21 |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Farabi21.com%2Fstory%2F1209557%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF |archivedate=2019-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="almonitor_freeze">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/10/egypt-parties-warn-freezing-partisan-activities-arrests.html|title=Egypt's opposition threatens to freeze political activities over crackdown|work=[[Al-Monitor]]|date=2 October 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_500_arrested">{{cite news| title= More than 500 arrested in Egypt over anti-Sisi protests, rights group says |date=23 September 2019|newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/more-500-arrested-egypt-over-anti-sisi-protests-rights-group-says |accessdate=23 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923210239/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/more-500-arrested-egypt-over-anti-sisi-protests-rights-group-says |archivedate=23 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaMasr_1909_arrests">{{cite news |author=| title= Biggest wave of arrests since Sisi took office: 1909 people detained |date=26 September 2019|newspaper=[[Mada Masr]]|url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/26/feature/politics/biggest-wave-of-arrests-since-sisi-took-office-1909-people-detained/|accessdate=26 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmadamasr.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2Ffeature%2Fpolitics%2Fbiggest-wave-of-arrests-since-sisi-took-office-1909-people-detained%2F |archivedate=26 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_1400_arrests">{{cite news ||title= Egypt arrests prominent critics of Sisi with 1,400 detained since Friday protests|date=25 September 2019|newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-arrests-prominent-political-scientists-critical-sisi |accessdate=25 September 2019 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fegypt-arrests-prominent-political-scientists-critical-sisi |archivedate=25 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_1100_arrested">{{cite news|title= Egypt: More than 1,100 protesters arrested after demonstration|date=25 September 2019|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-1100-protesters-arrested-demonstration-190925134137761.html |accessdate=25 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fegypt-1100-protesters-arrested-demonstration-190925134137761.html |archivedate=25 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi">{{cite news| title= 'Leave, Sisi!': All you need to know about the protests in Egypt|date=21 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html|archivedate=21 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_rare_protests">{{cite news | title=In rare protests, Egyptians demand President el-Sisi's removal | date=21 September 2019 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-thousands-streets-demanding-sisi-resignation-190920205701643.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-thousands-streets-demanding-sisi-resignation-190920205701643.html |archivedate=21 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HRW_right2protest">{{cite web| title=Egypt: Respect Right to Peaceful Protest | date=21 September 2019 | website=[[Human Rights Watch]] | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/21/egypt-respect-right-peaceful-protest |accessdate=21 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191835/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/21/egypt-respect-right-peaceful-protest |archivedate=21 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019">{{cite news | title= Protesters and police clash in Egypt for second day running|date=22 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]]|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |accessdate=22 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922102549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |archivedate=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_21Sep2019">{{cite news | title= Clashes in Egypt's Suez on second day of protests against el-Sisi | date=22 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]]|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/clashes-egypt-suez-day-protests-el-sisi-190922061638227.html |accessdate=22 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922104042/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/clashes-egypt-suez-day-protests-el-sisi-190922061638227.html |archivedate=22 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_220arrests">{{cite news | last1= Michaelson | first1= Ruth| title= Hundreds of Egyptians arrested in latest wave of protests against Sisi | date=22 September 2019|newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/hundreds-of-egyptians-arrested-in-latest-wave-of-protests-against-sisi |accessdate=22 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922211140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/hundreds-of-egyptians-arrested-in-latest-wave-of-protests-against-sisi |archivedate=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations">{{cite news | last1= Said | first1= Omar | last2= Mamdouh | first2= Rana | pages= | language = | title= Shoot, post and share: The viral accusations against Sisi and the military that led to Friday's protests| date=21 September 2019|newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/21/feature/politics/shoot-post-and-share-the-viral-accusations-against-sisi-and-the-military-that-led-to-fridays-protests/ |accessdate=23 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923192406/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/21/feature/politics/shoot-post-and-share-the-viral-accusations-against-sisi-and-the-military-that-led-to-fridays-protests/ |archivedate=23 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_Ghonim_not_bought">{{cite news| title= Egyptian activist Wael Ghonim says security forces 'kidnapped' his brother | date=19 September 2019|newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-activist-wael-ghonim-says-security-forces-kidnapped-his-brother |accessdate=23 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923205353/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-activist-wael-ghonim-says-security-forces-kidnapped-his-brother |archivedate=23 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="22Sep19_ElMassry_arrest">{{Cite web|url =https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/22/news/politics/lawyer-mahienour-al-massry-arrested-and-karama-party-leader-appears-before-supreme-state-security-prosecution-after-forced-disappearance/|title =Lawyer Mahienour al-Massry arrested and Karama Party leader appears before Supreme State Security Prosecution after forced disappearance|date=22 September 2019|accessdate=22 September 2019|website =[[Mada Masr]] |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmadamasr.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F09%2F22%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flawyer-mahienour-al-massry-arrested-and-karama-party-leader-appears-before-supreme-state-security-prosecution-after-forced-disappearance |archivedate=23 September 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_Ali_harassed">{{cite news| title= Exiled Egyptian businessman complains of surveillance in Spain|date=24 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/exiled-egyptian-businessman-complains-surveillance-spain-190924110609498.html |accessdate=25 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fexiled-egyptian-businessman-complains-surveillance-spain-190924110609498.html |archivedate=25 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AI_190926_crackdown">{{cite web|last1=|first1=| last2=|first2=|authorlink=|title =Egypt: World leaders must act to stop President al-Sisi's repressive crackdown|website=[[Amnesty International]] |date =24 September 2019|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/egypt-world-leaders-must-act-to-stop-president-al-sisis-repressive-crackdown/ | accessdate =26 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fegypt-world-leaders-must-act-to-stop-president-al-sisis-repressive-crackdown%2F |archivedate=26 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_27Sep_predictions">{{cite news|last1=Younes|first1=Ali|last2=Ramy|first2= Allahoum|title=Egyptian protesters to press for President el-Sisi's ouster|date=26 September 2019|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egyptian-protesters-press-president-el-sisi-ouster-190926104532583.html|accessdate=26 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fegyptian-protesters-press-president-el-sisi-ouster-190926104532583.html |archivedate=26 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="bbc_6OctBridge">{{cite web |first1= Yolande |last1=Knell |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12358188 |title=Egypt unrest: The struggle for Tahrir Square |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=2011-02-03 |accessdate=2011-02-03 |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12358188 |archivedate=2019-09-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MadaMasr_heavyclampdown_190927">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Heavy security clampdown on anti-Sisi protests as state mobilizes supporters to rally |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/27/news/politics/ongoing-coverage-of-september-27-protests-in-egypt/ |accessdate= 2019-09-27 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmadamasr.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F09%2F27%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fongoing-coverage-of-september-27-protests-in-egypt%2F |archivedate= 2019-09-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_190727_demos">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Protests break out across Egypt demanding el-Sisi's resignation |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/protests-break-egypt-demanding-el-sisi-resignation-190927135016703.html |accessdate= 2019-09-27 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fprotests-break-egypt-demanding-el-sisi-resignation-190927135016703.html |archivedate= 2019-09-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ThReuter_190927">{{cite news | last1= Lewis | first1=Aidan | last2= Mourad | first2= Mahmoud | pages= | language = | title= Egypt's security forces move to block anti-Sisi protests |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Thomson Reuters]] | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics/egypts-sisi-plays-down-repeat-protest-call-as-security-tightened-idUSKBN1WC0S4?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |accessdate= 2019-09-27 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-politics%2Fegypts-sisi-plays-down-repeat-protest-call-as-security-tightened-idUSKBN1WC0S4 |archivedate= 2019-09-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_support">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Demonstration for Sudanese student jailed in Egypt |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/demonstration-for-jailed-sudanese-student-in-egypt |accessdate=2019-09-27 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fdemonstration-for-jailed-sudanese-student-in-egypt |archivedate= 2019-09-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT_27Sep_protests">{{cite news | last1= Yee | first1=Vivian | last2= Rashwan | first2= Nada | pages= | language = | title= In Egypt, Scattered Protests Break Out for Second Week |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 | publisher= |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html |url-access=limited |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archiveurl= |archivedate= |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEM_Aswan_Minya_27Sep">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Egypt: Protests erupt at different parts of country |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Middle East Monitor]] | url= https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190927-egypt-protests-erupt-at-different-parts-of-country/ |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20190927-egypt-protests-erupt-at-different-parts-of-country%2F |archivedate= 2019-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_Sohag_Warraq_beatings">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Egypt crackdown: Anti-Sisi protesters face tear gas, beatings and roadblocks |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-27 |newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/protests-calling-fall-sisi-erupt-egypt-second-week-row |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fprotests-calling-fall-sisi-erupt-egypt-second-week-row |archivedate= 2019-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_Abdelrahman_Hassan">{{cite news | last1= Amin| first1=Mohammed | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Detention of Sudanese student in Cairo ignites protests in Sudan |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-28 |newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/detention-sudanese-student-cairo-ignites-protests-sudan |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fdetention-sudanese-student-cairo-ignites-protests-sudan |archivedate= 2019-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaMasr_elFattah_29Sep_arrest">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Writer and activist Alaa Abd El Fattah arrested from police probation |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-29 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/29/news/politics/writer-and-activist-alaa-abd-el-fattah-arrested-from-police-probation/ |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929230252/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/29/news/politics/writer-and-activist-alaa-abd-el-fattah-arrested-from-police-probation/ |archivedate= 2019-09-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_Abdelrahman_29Sep_demo">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Friends of detained Sudanese student in Cairo refute accusations of Egyptian authorities |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-29 |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/friends-of-detained-sudanese-student-in-cairo-denounce-accusations-of-egyptian-authorities |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929225946/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/friends-of-detained-sudanese-student-in-cairo-denounce-accusations-of-egyptian-authorities |archivedate= 2019-09-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_eg_ambassador_Khartoum">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Sudan summons Egypt envoy over detained student as protesters rally |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-29 |newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-summons-egypt-envoy-over-detained-student-protesters-rally |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190929225204/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-summons-egypt-envoy-over-detained-student-protesters-rally |archivedate= 2019-09-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_alBaqer_arrested">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= 'We're being chased': Egyptian human rights lawyers struggle under crackdown |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-30 | newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypts-human-rights-lawyers-come-under-states-fire |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190930204407/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypts-human-rights-lawyers-come-under-states-fire |archivedate= 2019-09-30 |url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="MEE_Istiqlal_calls_demos">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-rounds-senior-members-party-backed-anti-sisi-protests|title=Egypt rounds up senior members of party backing anti-Sisi protests|work=[[Middle East Eye]]|date=24 September 2019|accessdate=24 September 2019 |archivedate=3 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003214132/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-rounds-senior-members-party-backed-anti-sisi-protests |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ripol">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-protest-latest-president-sisi-united-nations-a9115736.html|title=Riot police crack down on spontaneous demonstrations against President Sisi in cities across Egypt|work=[[The Independent]]|author=[[Borzou Daragahi]]|date=22 September 2019|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191003213425/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-protest-latest-president-sisi-united-nations-a9115736.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AI_191002_largest_wave">{{cite web | title = Egypt: Largest wave of mass arrests since President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi came to power | website= [[Amnesty International]] |date =2019-10-02 | url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/egypt-largest-wave-of-mass-arrests-since-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-came-to-power/ | accessdate = 2019-10-03 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191003214532/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/egypt-largest-wave-of-mass-arrests-since-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-came-to-power/ |archivedate= 2019-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaMasr_Fattah_Baqer_1356">{{cite news | last1=Rifky | first1=Sarah | last2=Attalah | first2=Lina | title= Alien feelings follow friends and lovers’ abduction by a dystopian state | date= 2019-10-01 | newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/10/01/opinion/u/alien-feelings-follow-friends-and-lovers-abduction-by-a-dystopian-state/ |accessdate=2019-10-01 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191001182406/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/10/01/opinion/u/alien-feelings-follow-friends-and-lovers-abduction-by-a-dystopian-state/ |archivedate= 2019-10-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_Waleed_freed">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title=Egyptian authorities free Sudanese student arrested in crackdown |trans-title = | date=2019-10-02 | newspaper=[[Middle East Eye]] | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-authorities-free-sudan-student-arrested-crackdown |accessdate= 2019-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003224048/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-authorities-free-sudan-student-arrested-crackdown |archivedate= 2019-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AFP_MB_role">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Muslim Brotherhood sidelined in Egypt protests |trans-title = | date= 2019-10-01 | newspaper= [[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] | agency = [[Agence France Presse|AFP]] | url= https://guardian.ng/news/muslim-brotherhood-sidelined-in-egypt-protests/ |accessdate=2019-10-04 |archiveurl= |archivedate= 2019-10-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DE_IT_UK_SA_support_demos22Sep">{{Cite web|language=ar |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/9/22/مصر-احتجاجات-عبد-الفتاح-السيسي|title=على وقع دعوة لمليونية في الداخل.. مظاهرات "ارحل يا سيسي" تخرج بعدة مدن بالخارج|date=22 September 2019|website=www.aljazeera.net|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F9%2F22%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A |archivedate=2019-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Indep_tyranny_UK_US">{{cite news | last1= Trew | first1= Bel | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is getting away with tyranny in Egypt thanks to his UK and US allies |trans-title = | date= 2019-10-06 | newspaper= [[The Independent]] | url= https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/egypt-protests-sisi-alaa-uk-us-trump-johnson-a9144826.html |accessdate=2019-10-06 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191006212527/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/egypt-protests-sisi-alaa-uk-us-trump-johnson-a9144826.html |archivedate= 2019-10-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AI_elFattah_tortured">{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Egypt: Torture of activist Alaa Abdel Fattah illustrates use of extreme brutality to crush dissent | trans-title= | work = | website= [[Amnesty International]] |date = 2019-10-10 | url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/egypt-torture-of-activist-alaa-abdel-fattah-illustrates-use-of-extreme-brutality-to-crush-dissent/ |format = | doi = | accessdate = 2019-10-10 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191010210150/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/egypt-torture-of-activist-alaa-abdel-fattah-illustrates-use-of-extreme-brutality-to-crush-dissent/ |archivedate= 2019-10-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaMasr_prison_conditions">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Alaa Abd El Fattah and his lawyer recount humiliation and beatings in maximum-security prison |trans-title = | date= 2019-10-10 | newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/10/10/news/u/alaa-abd-el-fattah-and-his-lawyer-recount-humiliation-and-beatings-in-maximum-security-prison/ |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191010202251/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/10/10/news/u/alaa-abd-el-fattah-and-his-lawyer-recount-humiliation-and-beatings-in-maximum-security-prison/ |archivedate= 2019-10-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EuroParl_2019_2880">{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =European Parliament resolution on Egypt | id=2019/2880(RSP) | trans-title= | work = | website= [[European Parliament]] |date =2019-10-23 | url = https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2019-0138_EN.html |format = | doi = | accessdate = 2019-10-25 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191025193022/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2019-0138_EN.html |archivedate= 2019-10-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NewArab_1000s_27Sep">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= 'Friday of Salvation': Egypt erupts in protest as thousands demand Sisi's removal for second week |trans-title =  | date= 2019-09-27 |newspaper= [[The New Arab]] | url= https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/9/27/thousands-of-egyptians-hit-the-streets-demanding-sisis-removal |accessdate=2019-11-08 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191108161322/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/9/27/thousands-of-egyptians-hit-the-streets-demanding-sisis-removal |archivedate= 2019-11-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MadaMasr_earlySisi_proposal">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= MP referred to ethics committee over reform initiative calling for Sisi's early departure from office |trans-title =  | date= 2019-11-09 |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/09/feature/politics/mp-referred-to-ethics-committee-for-proposing-reform-initiative-calling-for-sisis-early-departure-from-office/ |accessdate=2019-11-10 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191110010718/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/09/feature/politics/mp-referred-to-ethics-committee-for-proposing-reform-initiative-calling-for-sisis-early-departure-from-office/ |archivedate= 2019-11-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

[[Category:2018–19 Arab protests]]
[[Category:2019 in Egypt]]
[[Category:2019 protests]]
[[Category:Arab Winter in Egypt]]
[[Category:Protests in Egypt]]
[[Category:September 2019 events in Africa]]

Mohamed Ali (Egyptian contractor)

2020-01-21T16:42:09Z

Simsman333: Adding details about the protests.

{{Other people|Mohammad Ali}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mohamed Ali
| image = 
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| birth_name = Mohammed Ali Ali Abdul Khaliq{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| nationality = [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]
| title = 
| years_active = 2002 – present
| known_for = sparking off the [[2019 Egyptian protests]]
| website = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = Ali Abdul Khaliq{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| module =
}}

'''Mohamed Ali''' (also: ''Aly''<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" />; born 19 January 1978<ref name="ElCinema_Ali_dob" />) is an [[Egypt]]ian [[general contractor|building contractor]] living in exile in Spain who worked for 15 years with the Egyptian government.<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> In September 2019, Ali circulated videos accusing Sisi of corruption. The videos went viral on the internet.<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> Ali called for mass anti-Sisi street protests<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> which [[2019 Egyptian protests|started on 20 September 2019]] across Egypt.<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /> However, the protests were very small and scattered ,as very few people responded to the call.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/09/20/small-scattered-anti-government-protests-occur-in-egypt/|title=Small, Scattered Anti-Government Protests Occur in Egypt|date=2019-09-20|website=Egyptian Streets|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

==Childhood and education==
Ali was born in [[Giza]] in 1978.<ref name="ElCinema_Ali_dob" /> According to Ali, he started work at the age of 15 in his father's gold shop in order to support his parents and siblings financially. He quit two years later, and tried "maybe 13 different jobs". Ali had earlier avoided military conscription and contact with the armed forces, worrying that he would have remained at a low rank because of his low grades, a lack of formal qualifications, and "a bit of a temper".<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

==Contracting career==
Ali started working as a contractor with [[Etisalat]]. He gradually came into closer and closer contract with senior army officials, including el-Sisi as defence minister in 2012. High-level military construction deals were, according to Ali, made by verbal deals, with no written contracts, and the expectation that construction would start immediately, without waiting for plans to be made.<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

==September 2019 videos==
Ali was privately critical of el-Sisi. Around 2017, Kamel el-Wazir, the head of the army engineering authority, obtained an audio recording of Ali mocking el-Sisi and other generals. Ali applied for residency in Spain and settled there with his family, completing the move in August 2018 with the end of his children's school term.<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

Starting on 2 September 2019,<ref name="AJE_rare_protests" /> Ali claimed on [[social networking service|online social networks]] that he had worked in the construction industry for 15 years under army contracts, building five villas for colleagues of Sisi and a palace for Sisi in a military camp. Ali accused Sisi of wasting public funds and "[taking] low-level corruption to a new level".<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> Ali's videos outline specific incidents and directly accuse well-known military individuals, including Major-Generals [[Kamel al-Wazir]] and [[Essam al-Kholy]].<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> Egyptian authorities ran a media campaign attacking Ali. According to Omar Said and Rana Mamdouh writing in ''[[Mada Masr]]'', the governmental campaign "did not refute the substance of [Ali's] claims."<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" />

Videos by other Egyptians accusing Sisi of corruption started circulating and on 20 and 21 September, [[2019 Egyptian protests|street protests started across Egypt]].<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /> Ali is generally credited as the catalyst of the protests.<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /><ref name="Guardian_220arrests" />

===Surveillance in Spain===
On 23 September 2019, Ali stated that "officers" had been following him in Spain for two weeks, and that he had been "hiding and running away from them". Ali stated that the officers wished to kill him and that he was too tired to "run any more". Ali stated that Spanish authorities were responsible for his safety and that if he were "killed in Spain," then that would "[prove] that Europe is a liar just like the United States and is willing to give up anybody."<ref name="AJE_Ali_harassed" />

==Political program==
Following the 20 September protests, Ali called for another protest of "a million" people on Friday 27 September. He proposed the replacement of the [[presidential system]] of government by a [[parliamentary system]]. He called for fifty people to be elected in each of the [[governorates of Egypt]] and together form an assembly to discuss the creation of a new political structure for Egypt. Ali called for the new system to guarantee [[freedom of the press]] and to define the powers of the army and police.<ref name="AJA_Ali_proposal" />

Ali states that he represents neither the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], nor any faction of the Egyptian armed forces. He said in a late October 2019 interview with ''[[Middle East Eye]]'' that in response to his videos, he had been contacted by many groups, and that the opposition to el-Sisi had become unified. He stated, "leftists, secularists, Muslim Brotherhood, liberals, all of them are now with me."<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

==Media image==
Leila Arman, writing in ''[[Mada Masr]]'', describes Ali showing charisma in his videos, with a character "of the intrepid blue-collar badass. A savvy operator with a nose for business. A total baller who flashes cash and treats himself like a prince. An avaricious charmer." She describes his image in the videos as "not the classic poor, honest hero, nor is he the educated, middle-class striver who stands up to oppression", but instead an image "of [honour] and decency as a form of class solace, consolation, and solidarity", where the honour consists of Ali's entitlement to money that he claims is owed to him by Sisi.<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile" /> In his 4 September video, Ali describes his political profile, stating, "I'm not a liberal, I'm not Brotherhood, I'm not a secularist. I'm a working-class guy".<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile" /> Arman describes Ali's conflict with Sisi as a macho competition, "Ali plays the paragon of working-class masculinity against Sisi's more simpering version of manhood." She summarises stating that Ali "portrays a realistic dramatic character, and then he asks the audience to play the hero with him, to enter the frame. And they have obliged."<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile" />

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="ElCinema_Ali_dob">{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | language =ar | title= محمد علي |trans-title = Mohamed Ali | work = | website= [[El Cinema]] | year = 2019 | url = https://elcinema.com/person/1996811/ |format = | doi = | accessdate = 2019-11-05 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191105214458/https://elcinema.com/person/1996811/ |archivedate= 2019-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile">{{cite news | last1= Arman | first1=Leila | last2= | first2= | pages= | title= Money and image: Framing Mohamed Ali's face off against Sisi |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-25 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/24/feature/politics/money-and-image-framing-mohamed-alis-face-off-against-sisi/ |accessdate= 2019-09-25 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmadamasr.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F09%2F24%2Ffeature%2Fpolitics%2Fmoney-and-image-framing-mohamed-alis-face-off-against-sisi%2F |archivedate= 2019-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi">{{cite news| title= 'Leave, Sisi!': All you need to know about the protests in Egypt|date=21 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html|archivedate=21 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_rare_protests">{{cite news | title=In rare protests, Egyptians demand President el-Sisi's removal | date=21 September 2019 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-thousands-streets-demanding-sisi-resignation-190920205701643.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-thousands-streets-demanding-sisi-resignation-190920205701643.html |archivedate=21 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019">{{cite news | title= Protesters and police clash in Egypt for second day running|date=22 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]]|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |accessdate=22 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922102549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |archivedate=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations">{{cite news | last1= Said | first1= Omar | last2= Mamdouh | first2= Rana | pages= | title= Shoot, post and share: The viral accusations against Sisi and the military that led to Friday's protests| date=21 September 2019|newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/21/feature/politics/shoot-post-and-share-the-viral-accusations-against-sisi-and-the-military-that-led-to-fridays-protests/ |accessdate=23 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923192406/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/21/feature/politics/shoot-post-and-share-the-viral-accusations-against-sisi-and-the-military-that-led-to-fridays-protests/ |archivedate=23 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_220arrests">{{cite news | last1= Michaelson | first1= Ruth| title= Hundreds of Egyptians arrested in latest wave of protests against Sisi | date=22 September 2019|newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/hundreds-of-egyptians-arrested-in-latest-wave-of-protests-against-sisi |accessdate=22 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922211140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/hundreds-of-egyptians-arrested-in-latest-wave-of-protests-against-sisi |archivedate=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJA_Ali_proposal">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language =ar | title= دعوة لمليونية لإسقاط السيسي.. محمد علي في فيديو جديد |trans-title = A call for a million to overthrow Sisi - Mohamed Ali in a new video | date= 2019-09-21 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Al Jazeera]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/9/21/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9 |accessdate=2019-09-25 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F9%2F21%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588-%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9 |archivedate= 2019-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>]

<ref name="AJE_Ali_harassed">{{cite news| title= Exiled Egyptian businessman complains of surveillance in Spain|date=24 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/exiled-egyptian-businessman-complains-surveillance-spain-190924110609498.html |accessdate=25 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fexiled-egyptian-businessman-complains-surveillance-spain-190924110609498.html |archivedate=25 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Mohamed Ali: Face-to-face with Egypt's most-wanted man Mohamed Hassan |trans-title = | date= 2019-10-20 | newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohamed-ali-face-face-egypts-most-wanted-man |accessdate=2019-10-20 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191020142817/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohamed-ali-face-face-egypts-most-wanted-man |archivedate= 2019-10-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}
{{Improve categories|date=October 2019}}
[[Category:2018–19 Arab protests]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mohamed}}

Mohamed Ali (Egyptian contractor)

2020-01-21T16:36:59Z

Simsman333: 1) Wael Ghonim rejected the calls for protests. 2) "Building villas and a place" is a very lame and inaccurate description.

{{Other people|Mohammad Ali}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mohamed Ali
| image = 
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| birth_name = Mohammed Ali Ali Abdul Khaliq{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| nationality = [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]
| title = 
| years_active = 2002 – present
| known_for = sparking off the [[2019 Egyptian protests]]
| website = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = Ali Abdul Khaliq{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| module =
}}

'''Mohamed Ali''' (also: ''Aly''<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" />; born 19 January 1978<ref name="ElCinema_Ali_dob" />) is an [[Egypt]]ian [[general contractor|building contractor]] living in exile in Spain who worked for 15 years with the Egyptian government.<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> In September 2019, Ali circulated videos accusing Sisi of corruption. The videos went viral on the internet.<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> Ali called for mass anti-Sisi street protests<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> which [[2019 Egyptian protests|started on 20 September 2019]] across Egypt.<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" />

==Childhood and education==
Ali was born in [[Giza]] in 1978.<ref name="ElCinema_Ali_dob" /> According to Ali, he started work at the age of 15 in his father's gold shop in order to support his parents and siblings financially. He quit two years later, and tried "maybe 13 different jobs". Ali had earlier avoided military conscription and contact with the armed forces, worrying that he would have remained at a low rank because of his low grades, a lack of formal qualifications, and "a bit of a temper".<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

==Contracting career==
Ali started working as a contractor with [[Etisalat]]. He gradually came into closer and closer contract with senior army officials, including el-Sisi as defence minister in 2012. High-level military construction deals were, according to Ali, made by verbal deals, with no written contracts, and the expectation that construction would start immediately, without waiting for plans to be made.<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

==September 2019 videos==
Ali was privately critical of el-Sisi. Around 2017, Kamel el-Wazir, the head of the army engineering authority, obtained an audio recording of Ali mocking el-Sisi and other generals. Ali applied for residency in Spain and settled there with his family, completing the move in August 2018 with the end of his children's school term.<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

Starting on 2 September 2019,<ref name="AJE_rare_protests" /> Ali claimed on [[social networking service|online social networks]] that he had worked in the construction industry for 15 years under army contracts, building five villas for colleagues of Sisi and a palace for Sisi in a military camp. Ali accused Sisi of wasting public funds and "[taking] low-level corruption to a new level".<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi" /> Ali's videos outline specific incidents and directly accuse well-known military individuals, including Major-Generals [[Kamel al-Wazir]] and [[Essam al-Kholy]].<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" /> Egyptian authorities ran a media campaign attacking Ali. According to Omar Said and Rana Mamdouh writing in ''[[Mada Masr]]'', the governmental campaign "did not refute the substance of [Ali's] claims."<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations" />

Videos by other Egyptians accusing Sisi of corruption started circulating and on 20 and 21 September, [[2019 Egyptian protests|street protests started across Egypt]].<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /> Ali is generally credited as the catalyst of the protests.<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019" /><ref name="Guardian_220arrests" />

===Surveillance in Spain===
On 23 September 2019, Ali stated that "officers" had been following him in Spain for two weeks, and that he had been "hiding and running away from them". Ali stated that the officers wished to kill him and that he was too tired to "run any more". Ali stated that Spanish authorities were responsible for his safety and that if he were "killed in Spain," then that would "[prove] that Europe is a liar just like the United States and is willing to give up anybody."<ref name="AJE_Ali_harassed" />

==Political program==
Following the 20 September protests, Ali called for another protest of "a million" people on Friday 27 September. He proposed the replacement of the [[presidential system]] of government by a [[parliamentary system]]. He called for fifty people to be elected in each of the [[governorates of Egypt]] and together form an assembly to discuss the creation of a new political structure for Egypt. Ali called for the new system to guarantee [[freedom of the press]] and to define the powers of the army and police.<ref name="AJA_Ali_proposal" />

Ali states that he represents neither the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], nor any faction of the Egyptian armed forces. He said in a late October 2019 interview with ''[[Middle East Eye]]'' that in response to his videos, he had been contacted by many groups, and that the opposition to el-Sisi had become unified. He stated, "leftists, secularists, Muslim Brotherhood, liberals, all of them are now with me."<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020" />

==Media image==
Leila Arman, writing in ''[[Mada Masr]]'', describes Ali showing charisma in his videos, with a character "of the intrepid blue-collar badass. A savvy operator with a nose for business. A total baller who flashes cash and treats himself like a prince. An avaricious charmer." She describes his image in the videos as "not the classic poor, honest hero, nor is he the educated, middle-class striver who stands up to oppression", but instead an image "of [honour] and decency as a form of class solace, consolation, and solidarity", where the honour consists of Ali's entitlement to money that he claims is owed to him by Sisi.<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile" /> In his 4 September video, Ali describes his political profile, stating, "I'm not a liberal, I'm not Brotherhood, I'm not a secularist. I'm a working-class guy".<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile" /> Arman describes Ali's conflict with Sisi as a macho competition, "Ali plays the paragon of working-class masculinity against Sisi's more simpering version of manhood." She summarises stating that Ali "portrays a realistic dramatic character, and then he asks the audience to play the hero with him, to enter the frame. And they have obliged."<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile" />

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="ElCinema_Ali_dob">{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | language =ar | title= محمد علي |trans-title = Mohamed Ali | work = | website= [[El Cinema]] | year = 2019 | url = https://elcinema.com/person/1996811/ |format = | doi = | accessdate = 2019-11-05 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191105214458/https://elcinema.com/person/1996811/ |archivedate= 2019-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Ali_indepth_profile">{{cite news | last1= Arman | first1=Leila | last2= | first2= | pages= | title= Money and image: Framing Mohamed Ali's face off against Sisi |trans-title = | date= 2019-09-25 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/24/feature/politics/money-and-image-framing-mohamed-alis-face-off-against-sisi/ |accessdate= 2019-09-25 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmadamasr.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F09%2F24%2Ffeature%2Fpolitics%2Fmoney-and-image-framing-mohamed-alis-face-off-against-sisi%2F |archivedate= 2019-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_LeaveSisi">{{cite news| title= 'Leave, Sisi!': All you need to know about the protests in Egypt|date=21 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/sisi-protests-egypt-190921091738593.html|archivedate=21 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_rare_protests">{{cite news | title=In rare protests, Egyptians demand President el-Sisi's removal | date=21 September 2019 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-thousands-streets-demanding-sisi-resignation-190920205701643.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/egypt-thousands-streets-demanding-sisi-resignation-190920205701643.html |archivedate=21 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AFP_21Sep2019">{{cite news | title= Protesters and police clash in Egypt for second day running|date=22 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]]|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |accessdate=22 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922102549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/protesters-and-police-clash-in-egypt-for-second-day-running |archivedate=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MadaM_viral_accusations">{{cite news | last1= Said | first1= Omar | last2= Mamdouh | first2= Rana | pages= | title= Shoot, post and share: The viral accusations against Sisi and the military that led to Friday's protests| date=21 September 2019|newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/21/feature/politics/shoot-post-and-share-the-viral-accusations-against-sisi-and-the-military-that-led-to-fridays-protests/ |accessdate=23 September 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923192406/https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/21/feature/politics/shoot-post-and-share-the-viral-accusations-against-sisi-and-the-military-that-led-to-fridays-protests/ |archivedate=23 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_220arrests">{{cite news | last1= Michaelson | first1= Ruth| title= Hundreds of Egyptians arrested in latest wave of protests against Sisi | date=22 September 2019|newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/hundreds-of-egyptians-arrested-in-latest-wave-of-protests-against-sisi |accessdate=22 September 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190922211140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/hundreds-of-egyptians-arrested-in-latest-wave-of-protests-against-sisi |archivedate=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJA_Ali_proposal">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language =ar | title= دعوة لمليونية لإسقاط السيسي.. محمد علي في فيديو جديد |trans-title = A call for a million to overthrow Sisi - Mohamed Ali in a new video | date= 2019-09-21 | publisher= |newspaper= [[Al Jazeera]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/9/21/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9 |accessdate=2019-09-25 |archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F9%2F21%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588-%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9 |archivedate= 2019-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>]

<ref name="AJE_Ali_harassed">{{cite news| title= Exiled Egyptian businessman complains of surveillance in Spain|date=24 September 2019|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/exiled-egyptian-businessman-complains-surveillance-spain-190924110609498.html |accessdate=25 September 2019|archiveurl= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fexiled-egyptian-businessman-complains-surveillance-spain-190924110609498.html |archivedate=25 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_profile_20191020">{{cite news | last1= | first1= | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Mohamed Ali: Face-to-face with Egypt's most-wanted man Mohamed Hassan |trans-title = | date= 2019-10-20 | newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohamed-ali-face-face-egypts-most-wanted-man |accessdate=2019-10-20 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191020142817/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohamed-ali-face-face-egypts-most-wanted-man |archivedate= 2019-10-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}
{{Improve categories|date=October 2019}}
[[Category:2018–19 Arab protests]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mohamed}}

2012 Egyptian presidential election

2020-01-21T12:13:55Z

Simsman333: He was ousted by the military as well as opposing political powers in response to mass protests against him.

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2012 Egyptian presidential election
| country = Egypt
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2005 Egyptian presidential election
| previous_year = 2005
| next_election = 2014 Egyptian presidential election
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = 23–24 May and 16–17 June 2012
| nominee1 = '''[[Mohamed Morsi]]'''
| image1 = [[File:Mohamed Morsi-05-2013.jpg|145px]]
| party1 = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
| popular_vote1 = '''13,230,131'''
| percentage1 = '''51.73%'''
| nominee2 = [[Ahmed Shafik]]
| image2 = [[File:Ahmed Shafik.jpg|127px]]
| party2 = Independent (politician)
| popular_vote2 = 12,347,380
| percentage2 = 48.27%
| title = Head of state
| before_election = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] ''Chairman of the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt|Military Council]]''
| before_party = Nonpartisan
| after_election = [[Mohamed Morsi]]
| after_party = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
| map_image = [[File:Egypt-presidential-elections-2012-map.png|250px]]
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = {{Legend|#ed1c24|[[Mohamed Morsi]]}} {{Legend|#3f48cc|[[Ahmed Shafik]]}}
}}
{{Politics of Egypt}}

A '''presidential election''' was held in [[Egypt]] in two rounds, the first on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June. The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate, [[Mohamed Morsi]], won Egypt's presidential election, which would be the first victory of an [[Islamist]] as head of state in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{cite news|last=El Deeb and Keath|first=Sarah and Lee|title=Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-06-17-23-11-03|work=Associated Press|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref> It was the second presidential election in Egypt's history with more than one candidate, following the [[2005 Egyptian presidential election|2005 election]], and the first presidential election after the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]] which ousted president [[Hosni Mubarak]], during the [[Arab Spring]]. Morsi, however, lasted little over a year before he was ousted after [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|mass protests]] against his rule in July 2013.

In the first round, with a voter turnout of 46%, the results were split between five major candidates: Mohamed Morsi (25%), [[Ahmed Shafik]] (24%), [[Hamdeen Sabahi]] (21%), [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]] (17%), and [[Amr Moussa]] (11%), while the remaining 2% were split between several smaller candidates. The elections set the stage for the divisions that were to follow, along sharia and secular lines, and those opposed to and those supporting the former political elite. Islamist candidates Morsi and Fotouh won roughly 42% of the vote, while the remaining three secular candidates won 56% of the vote. Candidates Shafik and Moussa held positions under the Mubarak regime and won 35% of the vote, while Sabahi was a prominent dissident during the Sadat and Mubarak regimes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mursi-Shafiq presidential showdown puts Egypt revolutionaries in pickle|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/42896/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/MursiShafiq-presidential-showdown-puts-Egypt-revol.aspx}}</ref>

Following the second round, with a voter turnout of 52%, on 24 June 2012, [[Egypt]]'s election commission announced that [[Muslim Brotherhood]] candidate Mohamed Morsi had won Egypt's presidential elections. Morsi won by a narrow margin over [[Ahmed Shafik]], the final prime minister under deposed President [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The commission said Morsi took 51.7% of the vote versus 48.3% for Shafik.<ref name="Fox News.com">{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/|publisher=Fox News.com|accessdate=24 June 2012}}</ref> Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012.

==Rules==
The rules for the election were released on 30 January 2012. Candidates had to be born in Egypt to [[Egyptian nationality law|Egyptian parents]], may not have held dual nationality and may not have been married to a foreigner. To be nominated, they required the support of 30 Members of Parliament or 30,000 voters.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16785829 |work=BBC News | title=Egypt sets presidential election rules | date=30 January 2012}}</ref> According to the electoral committee, the formal registration process for candidates started on 10 March<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/33870/Egypt/Politics-/Official-Presidential-candidacy-registration-proce.aspx |title=Official: Presidential candidacy registration process to begin 10 March |publisher=Ahram Online |date=6 February 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> and ended on 8 April 2012 at 2 pm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.eg/images/docs/Schedule.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120425030248/https://www.elections.eg/images/docs/Schedule.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Qualified candidates ==
{{prose|section|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Egypt ballot Paper, first round 2012.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Ballot Paper, First round]]

23 candidates officially registered to contest the elections.<ref name=official_candidates>{{cite web|title=المتقدمون للترشح لرئاسة جمهورية مصر العربية 2012|url=https://www.elections.eg/index.php/candidacy/applicants|publisher=Election comity|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505151311/https://www.elections.eg/index.php/candidacy/applicants|archivedate=5 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) was expected to release the list of candidates who fulfil the legal requirements and are eligible for the presidency on 26 April.<ref name="ahram2">{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/39086/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Court-presses-ministry-to-verify-nationality-of-Ab.aspx |title=Court presses ministry to issue certificate showing Abu-Ismail's mother only held Egyptian nationality |publisher=Ahram Online |date=12 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

On 14 April 2012, the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) announced the disqualification of ten candidates: [[Omar Suleiman]], [[Khairat El-Shater]], [[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]], [[Ayman Nour]], Ahmad Awad Al-Saidi, [[Mortada Mansour]], Ibrahim El-Gharib, Mamdouh Qutb, Houssam Khayrat, and Ashraf Barouma.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tarek|first=Sherif|title=Eliminated presidential contenders to appeal disqualification decision|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/39326/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Eliminated-presidential-contenders-to-appeal-disqu.aspx|newspaper=ahramonline|date=15 April 2012}}</ref> Reasons for the disqualifications were not given, but the affected candidates were given 48 hours to appeal the decisions. Abu Ismail, El-Shater, and Suleiman's campaigns stated they would file appeals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt bars 10 candidates from election|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012414185229419379.html|newspaper=Al-Jazeera}}</ref> All appeals were rejected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17748256 |title=Egypt presidential poll bans on candidates upheld |publisher=BBC News |date=17 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

On 23 April, [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] ratified the Corruption of Political Life Law (aka the Disenfranchisement Law),<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's SCAF approves bill to bar ex-regime figures politically|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/24/c_131548586.htm|newspaper=xinhua|date=24 April 2012}}</ref> which was passed by the People's Assembly on 12 April.<ref>{{cite news|title=مجلس الشعب يوافق علي منع ترشح رموز نظام مبارك للانتخابات الرئاسية والحكومة تؤكد عدم دستورية القانون|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/867/2012/04/12/61/143107/219.aspx|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=13 April 2012|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716233023/http://www.ahram.org.eg/867/2012/04/12/61/143107/219.aspx|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The new law stipulated that any individual who served as President of the Republic, vice president, prime minister, or a high-ranking [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] official during the ten years prior to 11 February 2011 (day of [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s resignation) would not be eligible to run or hold public office for ten years, effective 11 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=العسكرى" يطلق"عزل الفلول".. وشفيق ينتظر "الكارت الأحمر|url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=336218|newspaper=almasry-alyoum|date=25 April 2012|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426234530/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=336218|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The law disqualified presidential hopefuls Ahmed Shafik (prime minister) and Omar Suleiman (vice-president), but did not exclude Amr Mussa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt poll organisers bar last Mubarak-era PM|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jmUOTzWTUISAugjSQ-FOMx8F4nCw?docId=CNG.a667c2f5c2ae88920e6404e109ae6992.751|agency=AFP|date=24 April 2012}}</ref>

On 25 April the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) accepted the appeal filed by [[Ahmed Shafik]] against its previous decision to exclude him from running for president.<ref name=Shafiq_back_in_race>{{cite news|title=Mubarak-era PM Shafik back in presidential race|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/40189/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/BREAKING-Mubarakera-PM-Shafiq-back-in-presidential.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=25 April 2012}}</ref> Therefore, a total of 13 candidates were left standing in SPEC's final list.<ref>{{cite news|last=Essam El-Din|first=Gamal|title=Egypt's presidential countdown begins|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/40237/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-presidential-countdown-begins.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=26 April 2012}}</ref> The appeal also requested the new Parliamentary law be brought before the Supreme Constitutional Court to determine its constitutionality.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shafiq appeals exclusion decision before Presidential Elections Commission|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/shafiq-appeals-exclusion-decision-presidential-elections-commission|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=2012-04-25|access-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430082342/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/shafiq-appeals-exclusion-decision-presidential-elections-commission|archive-date=30 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 16 May 2012, Mohammad Fawzi Issa announced his withdrawal from the race in support of Amr Moussa. His name however was not removed from the ballot paper as the official date of withdrawal had already passed.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 ימים לבחירות, קרב צמוד על נשיאות מצרים|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/world/1.1710900}}</ref><ref name="drop">{{cite web|author=16 May 2012 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201205170115.html |title=Egypt: Eissa Withdraws From Presidential Race in Favor of Moussa |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=2012-05-16 |accessdate=2012-12-26}}</ref>

===Main registered presidential candidates===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Photo
! Candidate
! Details
! Party affiliation
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[File:No image.svg|120px|110px]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Ahmed Shafik]] </div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Air Marshal]], former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (Egypt)|Minister of Civil Aviation]] and last [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] under [[Hosni Mubarak]].</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Independent</div>
|-
| [[File:Khaled Ali announces his candidacy (cropped).jpg|120px]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Khaled Ali]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Lawyer and labor activist. Former head of the [[Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR)]], founding member of [[Hisham Mubarak Law Center]] (HMLC)</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Independent</div>
|-
|
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Ex-Secretary General of the International Union of Muslim Scholars and head of the Egyptian Association for Culture and Dialogue</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Independent</div>
|-
| [[File:Hisham Bastawisy.JPG|120px]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Hisham Bastawisy]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Egyptian judge and the vice president of the Egyptian Court of Cassation. [[National Progressive Unionist Party|Tagammu]] nominee</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[National Progressive Unionist Party|Tagammu]]</div>
|-
|
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[The Revolution Continues Alliance]] MP, and [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] nominee</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]]</div>
|-
| [[File:Mohamed Morsi-05-2013.jpg|120px]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Mohamed Morsi]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Candidate of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]. Replacement candidate after the elimination of [[Khairat El-Shater]]. Former [[Member of Parliament]] (2000–2005).</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]</div>
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Amr Moussa at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 054.jpg|120px]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Amr Moussa]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">The ex-[[Secretary-General]] of the [[League of Arab States]] and former [[Foreign Minister]].</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Independent</div>
|-
| [[File:Hamdeen-Sabahi-cropped.jpg|120px]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Hamdeen Sabahi]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Founder of the [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]ist [[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]].</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]] </div>
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh.jpg|120px]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Secretary general of the Arab Medical Union and former member of the guidance bureau of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] 
(received the endorsement of Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Nour Party endorses Abouel Fotouh for president|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=2012-04-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429061217/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president|archivedate=29 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> moderate Islamic [[Al-Wasat Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Wasat Party endorses Abul-Fotouh presidential bid|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/40475/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-Wasat-Party-endorses-AbulFotouh-presidentia.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=30 April 2012}}</ref> and [[Egyptian Current Party]]. )
|}

===Mohamed Morsi===
Mohamed Morsi was the chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] (FJP), a political party that was founded by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] after the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]], since 30 April 2011.<ref>[http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=83459&SecID=211 {{lang|ar|"شورى الإخوان" يسمي د. مرسي رئيسًا لـ"الحرية والعدالة"]. }}{{lang|ar|إخوان اون لاين، 2011-4-30. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 مايو 2011.}}</ref> He was a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005.

Morsi received a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] and [[master's degree]] in [[engineering]] from [[Cairo University]] in 1975 and 1978. He received his [[Ph.D.]] in engineering from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1982. He was an assistant professor at [[California State University, Northridge]] from 1982 to 1985. In 1985 he went back to Egypt to teach at [[Zagazig University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview with Mohamed Morsi|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/home/print/0353e88a-286d-4266-82c6-6094179ea26d/ec1af614-ab8b-4f33-9e16-b7969e03e175|newspaper=Al-Jazeera|date=29 January 2012}}</ref>

Kairat El-Shater had been put forward as candidate, but he was excluded from the race. As a replacement, the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]] fielded [[Mohamed Morsi]], chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], he faced Ahmed Shafik in a run-off vote on 16–17 June 2012.

On 24 June 2012, [[Egypt]]'s election commission announced that [[Muslim Brotherhood]] candidate [[Mohamed Morsi]] has won Egypt's presidential runoff. Morsi won by a narrow margin over Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister under deposed leader [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The commission said Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote versus 48.3 for Shafik.<ref name="Fox News.com"/>

===Ahmed Shafik===
[[Ahmed Shafik]] officially launched his presidential campaign on 2 November 2011. He was the last [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] appointed by [[Hosni Mubarak]] after the beginning of the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|2011 revolution]] in January. He resigned only three weeks after the deposition of the long-term president.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ramzy|first=Mahmoud|title=Mubarak's PM launches presidential campaign |newspaper=Egypt Independent |date=3 November 2011 |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/511524 |accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref> Shafik claims to be on good terms with the ruling [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Presidential candidate stresses his good relations with SCAF |newspaper=Egypt Independent |date=22 December 2011 |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/564081 |accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref>

Shafik was first disqualified in the wake of the ratification of the Corruption of Political Life Law (aka the Disenfranchisement Law), which banned Mubarak-era PMs from nomination.<ref>{{cite news|last=EL DEEB|first=SARAH|title=Egypt disqualifies 11th presidential candidate|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gYgGaB8Wa1AfmXkXKlB9TXDnjuCw?docId=ebdb7b7438bf49e5a581b1171449518c|agency=AFP|date=24 April 2012}}</ref> He immediately appealed the decision and on 25 April the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) accepted his appeal, which puts him back in the race.<ref name=Shafiq_back_in_race/>

Shafik collected 48.3 percent of the vote in the presidential runoff.

===Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh===
[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]], a doctor by practice and a former [[Muslim Brotherhood]] figure popular with Egyptian youths, declared his candidacy in May 2011. He was expelled from the Brotherhood for this decision on 20 June of that year, as it contradicted an earlier decision that the Brotherhood would not put forward a candidate in 2011.<ref name="almasryalyoum1">{{cite news|last=El-Hennawy|first=Noha|title=Expelled Brotherhood leader clarifies his political position|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/470154|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=21 June 2011}}</ref> The Muslim Brotherhood contradicted their initial position on 31 March 2012 when they put forward [[Khairat El-Shater]] as the Brotherhood's candidate and [[Mohamed Morsi]] as his replacement. Aboul Fotouh is well known for his staunch opposition to both the [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] and [[Mubarak]] regimes, as well as his openness towards people of different political views. He was detained once during Sadat's rule and twice during Mubarak's rule. He promised to appoint a vice-president who is a youth revolutionary and to fill over half of the country's important posts with people under the age of 45.<ref>{{cite news|last=Knell|first=Yolande|title=Egypt candidate: Moderate Islamist, Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17356253|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=24 April 2012|date=13 April 2012}}</ref>

Despite coming from the moderate-to-liberal wing of the Islamist movement, Aboul Fotouh won the endorsement of the Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]] on 28 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president |title=Nour Party endorses Abouel Fotouh for President |author=Al-Masry Al-Youm |date=27 April 2012 |publisher=[[Al-masry Al-youm]] |accessdate=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429061217/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president |archivedate=29 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Khaled Ali===
[[Khaled Ali]] announced his campaign on 27 February 2012 and applied for elections on 8 April 2012 as an independent with the support of 32 elected officials in both chambers of parliament. At 40 years old, he was the youngest candidate to enter the race. Ali is a prominent Egyptian lawyer and activist, known for his work advocating reform of corruption in the government and private sector and his promotion of social justice and labor rights. ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]'' called him a "legendary anti-corruption crusader",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1071/ec1.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly | Economy | 'Topple their debts' |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=9 November 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106215702/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1071/ec1.htm |archivedate=6 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[CounterPunch]] described him as "Egypt’s best-known counselor and defender of independent unions and worker protests."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/02/21/the-unfinished-revolution/ |title=The Unfinished Revolution " Counterpunch: Tells the Facts, Names the Names |publisher=Counterpunch |date=21 February 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2012}}</ref> In 2011 he won the "Egyptian Corruption Fighter" award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikyamasr.com/59529/labor-lawyer-activist-becomes-egypts-youngest-candidate/ |title=Labor lawyer, activist becomes Egypt's youngest candidate |publisher=Bikya Masr |accessdate=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502083840/http://bikyamasr.com/59529/labor-lawyer-activist-becomes-egypts-youngest-candidate/ |archivedate=2 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Many of Ali's supporters see him as filling the void left by Mohamed ElBaradei's withdrawal.<ref name="al-akhbar1">{{cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/meet-khaled-ali-president-against-odds |title=Meet Khaled Ali: President Against Odds |publisher=Al Akhbar English |accessdate=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303114542/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/meet-khaled-ali-president-against-odds |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ali is not well known to the majority of Egyptians, and even those who are familiar with him have tended to be surprised by his decision to run. His profile doesn't compare to the other "star" candidates in the race, wrote ''[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al-Akhbar English]]''.<ref name="al-akhbar1"/> Ali's lack of experience as a politician is a concern. Many, even in the revolutionary movement, remain skeptical about his candidacy.<ref name="al-akhbar1"/> Ali's candidacy has not been seen to have a high likelihood of success. Critics argued that his chance of winning was low, and expressed concern that he could split the vote in a way that would sway the election towards representatives of the prior regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egypt/youngest-presidential-hopeful-promises-to-achieve-social-justice.html |title=Youngest presidential hopeful promises to achieve social justice |publisher=Thedailynewsegypt.com |accessdate=3 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] and Egyptian Socialists members told Egypt Independent that they are seriously considering backing Ali's candidacy. "Up until now, the situation is unclear. Khaled may be our choice. Some are proposing a potential partnership between Khaled Ali and Abouel Fotouh [where Ali can run as his deputy]," said Marwa Farouk, a member of the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party|Popular Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.egypt.com/english/permalink/86489.html |title=Egypt.com News – Egypt News – Lefts presidential candidate yet to emerge |publisher=News.egypt.com |date=21 February 2012 |accessdate=3 March 2012}}</ref>

===Mohammed Salim Al-Awa===
[[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa]], an Islamic thinker, declared his candidacy on 14 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic thinker decides to run for president|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/468110|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=14 June 2011}}</ref> The fact that Al-Awa and Aboul Fotouh belong to the same school of thought have led to press speculation about [[vote-splitting]] and the possibility of their uniting behind a single candidate. Aboul Fotouh recognized this possibility.<ref name="almasryalyoum1"/>

===Hisham Bastawisy===
[[Hisham Bastawisy]] is an Egyptian judge and the vice president of the Egyptian Court of Cassation. He was one of the leaders of the Egyptian opposition before and during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. He is running for the Egyptian presidential elections as a representative of the [[National Progressive Unionist Party]] (Tagammu).

===Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri===
Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri is an [[Alexandria]] MP representing the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] and [[The Revolution Continues Alliance]].
He filed his application on 13 March 2012.

===Amr Moussa===
When asked about the rumors that he might run for the 2012 presidential elections, [[Amr Moussa]] refused to rule out the possibility of running for the office, leaving the door open to expectations. He argued that, "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/ |title=Amr Moussa opens the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt |publisher=CNN |accessdate=31 January 2011|language=ar}}</ref> He further stated to the press that the qualities required of the president also apply to [[Gamal Mubarak]], arguing that the citizenship, rights and obligations which apply to himself can also be applied to Gamal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020 |title=Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt |publisher=Reuters |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011|language=ar}}</ref> He also expressed appreciation for "the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the Egyptian presidency, and expressed that the message reached him.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=143426 |title=Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president |publisher=Shorouknews.com |accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>

On 27 February 2011 he announced he would be running for president saying "God willing, I will be one of them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011227211420148237.html |title=Amr Moussa to contest Egyptian poll |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>

===Hamdeen Sabahi===
[[Hamdeen Sabahi]], the leader of the [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]ist [[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]] officially filed his application on 6 April 2012.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/38630/Egypt/Hamdeen-Sabbahi,-hundreds-of-supporters-officially.aspx |title=Hamdeen Sabbahi, hundreds of supporters officially file for presidential candidacy |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

===Minor candidates===
The remaining candidates are:<ref name=official_candidates/>

*Abdullah Alashaal, previous foreign minister assistant, retired ambassador. [[Authenticity Party]] nominee.
*Mahmoud Houssam, as an independent with the support of 30,000 voters. President of the [[Beginning Party]].
*Houssam Khairallah, [[Democratic Peace Party]] nominee.
*Mohammad Fawzi Issa, [[Democratic Generation Party]] nominee – withdrew on 16 May 2012 in favor of Amr Moussa. However, his name remained on the ballot paper as the official date of withdrawal had already passed.<ref name="drop"/>

==Disqualified candidates==

===Main disqualified candidates===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Photo
! Candidate
! Details
! Party affiliation
|-
|
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">A [[Salafi]]st<ref name="egyptindependent1">{{Citation |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/620651 |title=Salafi presidential hopeful wants Shura Council abolished |newspaper=Egypt Independent |date=26 January 2012 |accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref> and ultra-conservative figure.<ref name="mayton1">{{Citation |first=Joseph |last=Mayton |title=Egypt’s presidential hopeful Abu Ismail says Islam gives no freedom |newspaper=Bikya Masr |date=11 February 2012 |url=http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ |accessdate=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215212810/http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ |archivedate=15 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Independent</div>
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Ayman Noor (cropped).jpg|120px]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Ayman Nour]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Founder of the liberal [[El-Ghad Party]] and leader of the Ghad El-Thawra Party.</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Ghad El-Thawra Party]]</div>
|-
|
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Khairat El-Shater]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Businessman and deputy supreme guide of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]</div>
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Omar Suleiman 070731-D-7203T-010 0WX8I.jpg|120px]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Omar Suleiman]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">General and intelligence chief under [[Hosni Mubarak]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]</div>
|}

===Hazem Salah Abu Ismail===
[[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]] is an independent, ultra-conservative<ref name="mayton1"/> [[Salafi]] [[Islamist]] lawyer and politician.<ref name="egyptindependent1"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt’s presidential race: Battle of the beards|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=7 April 2012}}</ref>

He rejects the idea of reconciling the [[Sharia|religious law of Islam]] with personal [[civil liberties|freedom]]. He announced to make [[hijab|wearing the veil]] mandatory for Egyptian women in case of being elected.<ref>Joseph Mayton: [http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ Egypt’s presidential hopeful Abu Ismail says Islam gives no freedom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215212810/http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ |date=15 February 2012 }}, Bikya Masr, 11 February 2012</ref> He would [[Prohibition|ban the consumption of alcohol]] in public, even for tourists. Abu Ismail advocates the closure of gambling [[casino]]s, which are currently reserved for foreign visitors. Tourists wearing [[bikini|two-piece swimsuits]] should be arrested, according to Abu Ismail.<ref>Manar Ammar: [http://bikyamasr.com/47045/egypt-candidate-abu-ismail-no-gambling-no-bikinis-no-alcohol-islamic-dress/ Egypt candidate Abu Ismail: No gambling, no bikinis, no alcohol, Islamic dress] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311162334/http://bikyamasr.com/47045/egypt-candidate-abu-ismail-no-gambling-no-bikinis-no-alcohol-islamic-dress/ |date=11 March 2012 }}, Bikya Masr, 1 November 2011, retrieved on 28 March 2012</ref> Moreover, he calls for the abolishment of the [[Shura Council]], which is the upper house of the Egyptian parliament.<ref>[http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/620651 Salafi presidential hopeful wants Shura Council abolished], Egypt Independent, 6 March 2012</ref>

By 28 March, Abu Ismail had collected 150,000 signatures supporting his candidacy. He was endorsed by 58 members of parliament,<ref>{{Citation |first=Sherif |last=Tarek |title=Presidential contender Abu-Ismail to officially register candidacy Friday |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=28 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/7/37910/Egypt/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-contender-AbuIsmail-to-officially-reg.aspx}}</ref> the Salafist Scholars Shura Council,<ref>{{Citation |title=Salafist Scholars Shura Council support presidential hopeful Abu-Ismail |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=24 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/37599/Egypt/0/Salafist-Scholars-Shura-Council-support-presidenti.aspx}}</ref> and the Salafist Front.<ref>{{Citation |title=Influential Salafist Front to support Abu-Ismail's presidential bid |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=12 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/36575/Egypt/0/Influential-Salafist-Front-to-support-AbuIsmails-p.aspx}}</ref>

On 11 April, the State Council decided that the Ministry of Interior is obliged to provide documents verifying the nationality of the candidate's mother.<ref name="ahram2"/> Thus, he would fail the premise that candidates, their spouses and their parents must hold ''exclusive'' Egyptian citizenship.<ref>{{Citation |title=Egypt's foreign ministry says Abu-Ismail's mother held US citizenship |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=7 April 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38714/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-foreign-ministry-says-AbuIsmails-mother-hel.aspx}}</ref> Abu Ismail denies the ministry's assertion and insists that his mother was exclusively Egyptian.<ref name="ahram3">{{cite web|last=Tarek |first=Sherif |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38879/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/AbuIsmail-The-battle-continues.aspx |title=Abu-Ismail: The battle continues |publisher=Ahram Online |date=9 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> The threat to Abu Ismail's candidacy has triggered protests by his supporters.<ref name="ahram3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38942/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/AbuIsmail-supporters-protest-outside-court-to-salv.aspx |title=Abu-Ismail supporters protest outside court to salvage presidential bid |publisher=Ahram Online |date=10 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

As of 14 April 2012, Abu-Ismail has been barred from the election by the Presidential Election Commission. He has been given 48 hours to appeal the decision.<ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012414185229419379.html |title=Egypt bars 10 candidates from election |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=15 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

===Ayman Nour===
[[Ayman Nour]] is the founder of [[Al-Ghad Party]], leader of the [[Ghad El-Thawra Party]] and former candidate in [[2005 Egyptian presidential election|the 2005 presidential elections]] in which he emerged as runner-up to the winning President Hosni Mubarak.

Ayman Nour was jailed in 2006 few months after the presidential elections when he was convicted in charges of forgery. He was later removed from the presidency of [[Al-Ghad Party]]. In February 2009, he was released from prison under an amnesty due to health reasons. It has been alleged that his release from prison was due to [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Barack Obama]] demanding his release as a condition to meet with Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880767,00.html |title=Egypt Frees a Dissident: A Gesture for Obama? |publisher=[[Time Magazine|TIME]] |first=Scott |last=Macleod |date=19 February 2009}}</ref>

Ayman Nour's ability to candidate was doubtful, because of being an ex-convict and a former prisoner. However, he was pardoned by the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) and is thus not longer banned from political activity but eligible for the presidency.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ayman Nour receives SCAF pardon, to run for president |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=28 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/7/37928/Egypt/Presidential-elections-/Ayman-Nour-receives-SCAF-pardon,-to-run-for-presid.aspx}}</ref> Nour was also barred from running for the presidency by the Presidential Election Commission.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ten Egyptian candidates barred from elections |date=14 April 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17717268 | work=BBC News}}</ref>

===Khairat El-Shater===
After initially deciding not to field a candidate, the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]] announced on 31 March 2012 that its deputy supreme guide [[Khairat El-Shater]] would run in the election.<ref>{{Citation |first=David D. |last=Kirkpatrick |title=More Confident Brotherhood Names Candidate in Egypt |newspaper=The New York Times |date=31 March 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/middleeast/brotherhood-chooses-a-candidate-in-egypt.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood fields deputy leader as presidential candidate |newspaper=Waahington Post |date=31 March 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-fields-deputy-leader-as-presidential-candidate/2012/03/31/gIQATAHanS_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331234809/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-fields-deputy-leader-as-presidential-candidate/2012/03/31/gIQATAHanS_story.html |archive-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

El-Shater, who was convicted and imprisoned for several years during the rule of Mubarak, might be excluded from the race due to the ban of ex-convicts from political activity. The ruling military council had pardoned him, but a case was filed to eliminate him from the election, because the pardon has not been endorsed by a criminal court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/39049/Egypt/Politics-/Judges-recuse-themselves-from-case-against-ElShate.aspx |title=Judges recuse themselves from case against El-Shater presidential bid |publisher=Ahram Online |date=11 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> The [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]] fielded [[Mohamed Morsi]], chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], as an alternative candidate in case El-Shater's candidacy was invalidated.

As of 14 April 2012, El-Shater has been barred from the election by the Presidential Election Commission. His campaign has stated that they would appeal the decision.<ref name="aljazeera1"/>

===Omar Suleiman===
General [[Omar Suleiman]], who was director of the [[Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate|General Intelligence Service]] and in 2011 shortly the last vice president under ousted President [[Hosni Mubarak]], announced his candidacy on 6 April 2012.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38642/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/BREAKING-Exintel-chief-Soleiman-bows-to-popular-wi.aspx |title=Ex-intel chief Soleiman 'bows to popular will', runs for presidency |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

As of 14 April 2012, Suleiman has been barred from the election by the Presidential Election Commission. His campaign appealed the decision but was rejected.<ref name="aljazeera1"/>

He left the country, reportedly going to [[Abu Dhabi]], then to [[Germany]], then finally to the [[United States]] for treatment. He died suddenly on 19 July 2012 while having medical tests done in [[Cleveland]], Ohio. His body was taken home for burial. He was given a [[military funeral]].

===Minor disqualified candidates===
*Ahmad Awad Al-Saidi, National Party of Egypt nominee.
*[[Mortada Mansour]], previous [[Zamalek SC]] chairman. National Party of Egypt nominee.
*Ibrahim El-Gharib, as an independent with the support of 30,000 voters.
*Mamdouh Qutb, previous director general of the [[Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate]], Civilisation Party nominee.
*Houssam Khayrat, [[Egyptian Arab Socialist Party]] nominee.
*Ashraf Barouma, [[Quiver Party]] party president.

==Withdrawn candidates==

===Mohamed ElBaradei===
In November 2009 amidst the political controversy over the then prospective 2011 presidential election and the constitutional impediments placed in the faces of candidates under the amended Article 76 in the 2007 constitution and amidst speculation about then-president Hosni Mubarak's son Gamal running for the post, [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] decided to respond to the continuous pressing from people who asked him to run for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=204908 |title=Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president |publisher=Tehran Times |date=8 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C07%5Cstory_7-10-2009_pg4_7 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513155609/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C07%5Cstory_7-10-2009_pg4_7 |archivedate=13 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Earth Times Staff |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/291035,arab-league-chief-refuses-to-rule-out-egypt-presidential-bid.html |title=Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid |publisher=Earth Times News |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref> ElBaradei said in a statement sent from his office in Vienna to ''Al-Shorouk'' newspaper that "He did not announce willingness or unwillingness to participate in the upcoming presidential election... and that he will clear his position on the presidency after November".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=136398 |title=ElBaradei will clear his position on the presidency after November |publisher=Shorouknews.com |accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref> His office manager added: {{Quotation|Dr. ElBaradei is the Director General of [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] until the end of November. Therefore, he is currently devoted to his work and to address the important issues and topics that need to be addressed by the IAEA. So he did not take any decision regarding his future which will be decided in light of developments of the next phase.}}

At the same time, the [[New Wafd Party]] and other opposition political forces have announced that they are ready to support ElBaradei if he decided to run for the election. However, Mohamed ElBaradei stated that if he decides to run for the 2011 elections, he prefers to run as an independent candidate, rather than running as a candidate of any of the [[List of political parties in Egypt|existing political parties]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE5B90J120091210 |title=ElBaradei excludes running in the presidential elections in Egypt as a candidate of any political party |publisher=Reuters |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011|language=ar}}</ref>

On 24 February 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellects at his home in [[Cairo]]. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called "[[National Association for Change]]". The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly burke the Constitutional article#76 which places restrictions on true free presidential elections especially when it comes to independent candidates. Worth mentioning is that the banned political group the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] were represented by one of their key figures who attended the meeting however their stand in accepting a non-member of their group as a candidate is yet unclear. It is also unknown whether [[Amr Moussa]] the head of the [[Arab League]] who met with Elbaradei a day earlier will be part of the new movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8534365.stm |title=ElBaradei to form 'national association for change' |publisher=BBC News |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127064617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8534365.stm |archivedate=27 January 2011 }}</ref>

On 14 January 2012, he withdrew his candidacy in protest against the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]]' alleged usurpation of power as he criticised the road map of transition to a civilian government following the 2011 revolution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16561273 |work=BBC News |title=Mohamed ElBaradei will end Egypt presidency bid |date=14 January 2012}}</ref> ElBaradei called it a "travesty" to elect a president before a new constitution has been drafted.<ref>{{Citation |title=ElBaradei: Egypt current roadmap to civilian govt is a travesty |work=Egypt.com |date=18 February 2012 |url=http://news.egypt.com/english/permalink/85501.html}}</ref>

===AbdElazim Negm===
Abdelazim Negm is a professor of hydraulic engineering at Zagazig University and former vice cean for education and student affairs. He announced his candidacy on 4 March 2011, and withdrew it on 2 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=385402 |title=أستاذ جامعى يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة بالشرقية |publisher=Youm7.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-26 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://amnegm.com/1694 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709105927/http://amnegm.com/1694 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=بيان صحفى 5: لهذه الأسباب فإننى أعلن توقف الحملة عن جمع التأييدات الشعبية وأعلن أنسحابى من استكمال اجراءات الترشح الرسمى للرئاسة كمرشح مستقل |publisher=Amnegm.com |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

===Bothaina Kamel===
[[Bothaina Kamel]], a media personality and pro-democracy activist, announced her candidacy in April 2011.<ref>Hassan, Abdalla F. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/world/middleeast/16iht-M16-EGYPT-KAMEL.html?hpw Muslim Woman Seeks Egyptian Presidency] ''[[The New York Times]]''. 15 June 2011.</ref> She dropped out of the race after failing to acquire the necessary number of signatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/98946/Egypt/Politics-/Bothaina-Kamel-poised-for-second-presidential-run.aspx|title=Bothaina Kamel poised for second presidential run|work=Ahram Online|date=13 April 2014|accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref>

===Saad El-Soghayar===
Al-Sughayar headed to the High Presidential Elections Commission (HPEC) on Tuesday to collect the official application documents and learn of the requirements for running for presidency. A large crowd and folklore music accompanied Al-Sughayar and his band on their visit to the HPEC.

Upon his visit to the HPEC, the pop star said that he has collected 30,000 recommendations, which were declined due to his failure to fill in required documents prior the submission, reported the Middle East News Agency. He insisted that he will collect more than 55,000 recommendations. He added that his presidential agenda is ambitious and includes several priorities important to the common citizen, with a full healthcare-for-all system at the front line of these priorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/saad-el-soghayar-egyptian-presidency-candidate-419674 |title=Egyptian Singer Saad El-Soghayar to Run for President |publisher=News.egypt.com |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

However, in a television show later that same day, he went to state he did not think that he was qualified for office and not even for any elected office. He added that he pulled this stunt to show the government and the SCAF that the criteria of 30,000 signatures is not a true obstacle to prevent non-serious candidates.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

==Opinion polls==
The first opinion poll conducted in Egypt post-Mubarak was conducted by [[YouGov]]. According to the YouGov survey of 1871 Egyptians between 15–20 February 2011, Almost half of all Egyptians (49%) believed that Amr Moussa, the secretary general of the Arab League, was the man most capable of leading the next Egyptian government. Other potential presidents, Ahmed Zewill (13%) & Ayman Nour, Mubarak's 2005 Presidential rival (1%), trailed Moussa by a huge margin. Almost 1 in 10 (9%) believed former vice president, Omar Sulieman, should be Egypt's new leader. The majority (81%) of Egyptians believed that the army would facilitate free and fair elections.<ref name="YouGov">{{cite web|title=First Egyptian Opinion Poll|url=https://surveyfiles.yougov.com/static/YouGov_Siraj_Al_Aan_Egypt_Revolution_Poll_Feb_20_2011.pdf|work=Conducted by YouGov|accessdate=1 November 2011}}</ref>

An April 2011 survey of 1,000 Egyptians by [[Pew Research Center]]’s Global Attitudes Project with a margin of error of four percentage points found that the most popular Egyptian politician was [[Amr Moussa]] with 41% of Egyptians viewing him as "very favourable," followed by [[Ayman Nour]] with 32% and [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] with 25%. Some 75% had a favourable view of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], but only 17% believed they should lead the next government.<ref>[[Arabian Business]] [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/egyptians-back-sharia-law-end-of-israel-treaty-poll-shows-396178.html Egyptians back sharia law, end of Israel treaty, poll shows], 26 April 2011</ref>

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/Egypt-Poll/d/48662607 |title=Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria |publisher=Scribd Middle East Polls |date=24 June 2010 |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313164501/http://www.scribd.com/Egypt-Poll/d/48662607 |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Conducted/ Published
! Polling Organisation/ Client
! Sample size
! [[Amr Moussa]]
! [[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail|Abu Ismail]]
! [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]
! [[Omar Suleiman]]
! [[Ahmed Shafik]]
! [[Hamdeen Sabahi]] ([[Dignity Party (Egypt)|DP]])
! [[Mohamed Morsi]] ([[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]])
! [[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa|Salim Al-Awa]]
! [[Khairat El-Shater]] ([[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]])
! [[Ayman Nour]] ([[Ghad El-Thawra Party|Ghad]])
! [[Kamal Ganzouri]]
! [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] ([[Constitution Party (Egypt)|CP]])
! other
! undecided
|-
|Feb 2011 ||[[YouGov]]<ref name="YouGov" />|| 1871 || '''49%''' || – || – || 9% || – || 1% || – || – || – || 1% || – || 2% || 24% || 13%
|-
|9–20 March 2011 ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]<ref>[http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/egypt-poll-results-april2011.pdf International Peace Institute Poll], conducted by Charney Research, April 2011</ref>|| 615 || '''37%''' || – || – || 5% || – || – || – || – || – || 1% || – || 2% ||37% || 14%
|-
|Jun 2011 ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charneyresearch.com/pdf/2011June_IPI_Egypt_Poll_final_press_release.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331015610/http://www.charneyresearch.com/pdf/2011June_IPI_Egypt_Poll_final_press_release.pdf |archivedate=31 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || 800 || '''32%''' || – || – || – || – || 3% || – || – || – || 3% || – || 2% || 42% || –
|-
|Jun/Jul 2011 || Newsweek/ Daily Beast<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/26/egypt-political-poll-muslim-brotherhood-influence-troubles-for-west.html |title=Egypt's Simmering Rage |publisher=The Daily Beast |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> || 1008 || '''16%''' || – || 5% || 4% || 12% || 2% || – || 6% || – || 4% || – || 12% || 13% || 27%
|-
| " || (3-way race) || " || '''47%''' || – || 16% || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 19% || – || 18%
|-
|Aug 2011 || ACPSS<ref>[http://dipd.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Egypt-Survey-1-August-2011.pdf National Voter Survey in Egypt], [[Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy]], dipd.dk. Retrieved on 30 August 2011.</ref> || 2,400 || '''44%''' || 5.2% || 2% || 9% || 12% || 5% || – || 5% || – || 6% || – || 4% || 7.8% || 45%
|-
|Oct 2011 || Press TV/ Synovate<ref>{{Citation |title=Egypt eyes pro-Palestinian candidates |publisher=PressTV |date=4 October 2011 |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/202688.html |accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> || 1,030 || '''42%''' || – || – || – || 15% || – || – || – || – || – || – || 13% || 30% || –
|-
|Oct 2011 || ACPSS<ref>[http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/Voter-poll-survey.pdf 2nd National Voter Survey in Egypt]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI), dedi.org.eg. Retrieved on 13 October 2011.</ref> || 2,400 || '''44.8%''' || 5.2% || 1.6% || 10.8% || 13.2% || 5.7% || – || 4.7% || – || 5.0% || – || 3.5% || 5.5% || ?
|-
|Nov 2011 || ACPSS<ref>[http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf 3rd National Voter Survey in Egypt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801064745/http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf |date=1 August 2013 }}, Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI), dedi.org.eg. Retrieved on 12 November 2011</ref> || 2,400 || '''38.9%''' || 5.7% || 1.5% || 6.6% || 8.5% || 4.0% || – || 5.7% || – || 3.2% || – || 2.9% || 24.5% || ?
|-
|Mar 2012 || Al Ahram<ref>{{cite news|title=Moussa leads presidential race at 31.5 pct, but 57.6 pct of Egyptians prefer an Islamist: Poll|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38270/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Moussa-leading-the-presidential-race,--opt-for-Isl.aspx|newspaper=ahram online|date=2 April 2012}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''31.5%''' || 22.7% || 8.3% || 9.3% || 10.2% || 5.0% || – || 4.0% || – || 1.0% || 3.0% || 1.0% || 4.0% || ?
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram<ref>{{cite news|title=April 09, 2012 Opinion poll on presidential candidates shows Moussa on top|url=http://eg4.me/en/?p=5087|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=9 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708142341/http://eg4.me/en/?p=5087|archivedate=8 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''30.7%''' || 28.8% || 8.5% || 8.2% || 7.5% || 3.9% || – || 3.2% || 1.7% || 1.4% || 1.3% || – || 6.5% || ?
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al-Masri Al-Yom<ref>{{cite web|title=من هو الرئيس القادم؟.. أول استطلاع للرأي العام بعد إعلان قائمة المرشحين|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/770421|publisher=المصري اليوم}}</ref> || 2,034 || 6.4% || 11.7% || 12.4% || '''20.1%''' || 2.2% || 2.7% || – || 1% || 3.2% || – || – || – || 2.2% || 38.1%
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram<ref>{{cite news|title=Suleiman exit could benefit Shafiq, Moussa: Poll|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/39368/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Suleiman-exit-could-benefit-Shafiq,-Moussa-Poll--.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=في الاستطلاع الأسبوعي لمركز الدراسات بـ الأهرام تقدم سليمان علي حساب موسي وشفيق|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/143747.aspx|newspaper=الاهرام}}</ref> || 1,200 || 22.3% || 21.4% || 6.2% || '''31.7%''' || 3.4% || 4.3% || – || 1.2% || 4.3% || 0.9% || – || – || 4.3% || –
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram<ref>{{cite news|title=Poll: Moussa tops list of presidential candidates after Abu Ismail barred|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-barred-abu-ismail-led-poll-now-moussa-rocketing-list-presidential-runners-news1|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=2012-04-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801074557/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-barred-abu-ismail-led-poll-now-moussa-rocketing-list-presidential-runners-news1|archivedate=1 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''40.9%''' || – || 25.2% || – || 10.5% || 9.3% || 0.9% || 4.4% || – || – || – || – || ? || ?
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al-Masri Al-Yom<ref>{{cite news|title=أحدث استطلاعات الرأي: "الطبيب" و"الدبلوماسي" مؤهلان لانتخابات الإعادة في الرئاسة|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/792696|newspaper=Al Masry Al Youm|date=23 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Namatalla|first=Ahmed|title=Most Egyptians Undecided Before Presidential Vote, Poll Shows|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-04-24/most-egyptians-undecided-before-presidential-vote-poll-shows|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=24 April 2012}}</ref> || 2,129 || 12.5% || – || '''15.5%''' || – || 6% || 5% || 1.5% || – || – || – || – || – || 5.1% || 54.4%
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram<ref>{{cite news|title=Poll puts Amr Moussa as leading candidate for Egyptian presidency|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-puts-amr-moussa-as-leading-candidate-for-egyptian-presidancy/|date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=في استطلاع مركز الأهرام للدراسات السياسية موسي يتصدر المرشحين للرئاسة يليه أبوالفتوح|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/146430.aspx|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=30 April 2012}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''41.1%''' || – || 27.3% || – || 11.9% || 7.4% || 3.6% || 5.7% || – || – || – || – || 3.0% || 12.3%
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm<ref>{{cite news|title=أحدث استطلاعات الرأي: "أبو الفتوح" يحتفظ بالمقدمة.. وارتفاع طفيف لمؤيدي "موسى" (3)
|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/807336|newspaper=Al Masry Al Youm|date=30 April 2012}}</ref> || 2,100 || 14.1% || – || '''18.5%''' || – || 5.3% || 5% || 3.6% || 1.4% || – || – || – || – || 2% || 50.1%
|-
|April–May 2012 || IDSC<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian Poll: Close between Moussa and Al Futuh|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/238986}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=مجلس الوزراء يجرى استطلاعًا عن طبيعة رؤية المواطن المصرى للرئيس الجديد |url=http://www3.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=670486&SecID=97&IssueID=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105191851/http://www3.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=670486&SecID=97&IssueID=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-05 }}</ref>|| 1,209 || '''11%''' || – || '''11%''' || – || 6% || – || 2% || – || – || – || – || – || 2% || 42% 1
|-
|April–May 2012 || Al Ahram<ref>{{cite news|title=Poll: Moussa leads presidential race with 39%, Abouel Fotouh in second|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-moussa-leads-presidential-runners-39-abouel-fotouh-24-shafiq-172-news1|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510195830/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-moussa-leads-presidential-runners-39-abouel-fotouh-24-shafiq-172-news1|archivedate=10 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=في الاستطلاع الأسبوعي لمركز الأهرام للدراسات موسي في الصدارة يليه أبو الفتوح وشفيق|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/147845.aspx|newspaper=al ahram|date=7 May 2012}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''39%''' || – || 24% || – || 17.2% || 6.7% || 7% || 2.9% || – || – || – || – || 3.2% || –
|-
|May 2012 || Shorouk<ref>{{cite news|title=نتائج استطلاع (الشروق) حول الانتخابات الرئاسية يكشف: ثلث المصريين لم يحسم مرشحه للرئاسة|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=10052012&id=c4d05544-1898-4daa-aa5d-d62ce966af7e}}</ref>|| 1,014 || 16% || – || '''20.8%''' || – || 15.2% || 5.7% || 5.2% || ? || – || – || – || – || 3.4% || 33.6%
|-
|May 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm<ref>{{cite news|title=المصري اليوم تنشر أحدث استطلاعات رأى للسباق الرئاسى (4)|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/827141}}</ref>|| 2,152|| '''17%''' || – || 15.7% || – || 14.8% || 6% || 5.2% || ? || – || – || – || – || 3.7% || 37.6%
|-
|May 2012 || IDSC<ref>{{cite news|title=Abul-Fotouh leads presidential race, new Cabinet survey reveals|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/41405/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/AbulFotouh-leads-presidential-race,-new-Cabinet-su.aspx}}</ref>|| 2,264 || 7% || – || '''9%''' || – || 8% || 2% || 4% || – || – || – || – || – || 2% 2
|| 39% 3
|-
|May 2012 || Al Ahram<ref name=AhramPossibleRunoffs>{{cite news|title=Abul-Fotouh dips, Moussa holds steady in Ahram presidential poll|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/41592/Egypt/Politics-/AbulFotouh-dips,-Moussa-holds-steady-in-Ahram-pres.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=ar:في استطلاع مركز الأهرام للدراسات السياسية : موسى في المقدمة وصعود شفيق ومرسي علي حساب أبوالفتوح والعوا|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/149163.aspx|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=14 May 2012|language=Arabic}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''40.8%''' || – || 17.8% || – || 19.9% || 7% || 9.4% || 2.7% || – || – || – || – || 2.5% || 15.3%
|-
|May 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm<ref>{{cite news|title=أحدث اسـتطلاعات الرأي: "موسى" يتخلى عن المقدمة لـ"شفيق" و"أبوالفتوح" الثالث (5)|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/842936}}</ref> || ?|| 16% || – || 12.5% || – || '''16.3%''' || 7% || 8.8% || – || – || – || – || – || 2% || 37.4%
|-
|May 2012 || IDSC<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt poll shows Shafiq leading Egyptian presidential race|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/41652/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Govt-poll-shows-Shafiq-leading-Egyptian-presidenti.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=شفيق يتصدر استطلاع مركز المعلومات يليه موسى .. وتراجع ابو الفتوح|url=http://www.egynews.net/wps/portal/news?params=172113|newspaper=Egypt News|date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041257/http://www.egynews.net/wps/portal/news?params=172113|archivedate=16 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || 1,390 || 11% || – || 9% || – || '''12%''' || 5% || 6% || 1% || – || – || – || – || 2% || 37% 4
|-
|May 2012 || IDSC<ref>{{cite news|title=شفيق يتصدر استطلاع مركز المعلومات للأسبوع الثانى يليه موسي |url=http://www.masrawy.com/news/Egypt/Politics/2012/May/19/5028624.aspx}}</ref> || 1,366 || 11% || – || 7% || – || '''12%''' || 7% || 7% || ? || – || – || – || – || ? || 35%
|-
|May 2012 || Al Aharam<ref name=AlahramTwoPolls>{{cite news|title=Moussa, Shafiq lead Egypt presidential race: Opinion polls|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/42121/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Moussa,-Shafiq-lead-Egypt-presidential-race-Opinio.aspx}}</ref> || 1,200 || '''31.7%''' || – || 14.6% || – || 22.6% || 11.7% || 14.8% || 2.3% || – || – || – || – || 1.7%5 || ?
|-
|May 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm<ref name=AlahramTwoPolls/> || 2,287 || 14.6% || – || 12.4% || – || '''19.3%''' || 9.5% || 9% || 1% || – || – || – || – || 1.2% || 33%
|-
|May 2012 || Shorouk<ref>{{cite news|title=آخر استطلاع لـ"الشروق": موسى وأبو الفتوح كتفاً بكتف|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=19052012&id=3447bb39-395b-44b4-ac77-7cda4483e61d|newspaper=shorouk|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> || 1,185 || 15.1% || – || 13.2% || – || '''15.8%''' || 12.3% || 9.5% || 1.3% || – || – || – || – || 2.9% || 29.8%
|-
|May 2012 || U of Maryland<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim Brotherhood Candidate Trails in Race for Egypt's Presidency: UMD Poll|url=http://www.cisionwire.com/university-of-maryland--college-park/r/muslim-brotherhood-candidate-trails-in-race-for-egypt-s-presidency--umd-poll,c9262466}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What Do Egyptians Want? Key Findings from the Egyptian Public Opinion Poll|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/05/21-egyptian-election-poll-telhami}}</ref> || 772 || 28% || – || '''32%''' || – || 14% || 8% || 8% || ? || – || – || – || – || ? || ?
|}
Notes: 
1 In addition, another 7% decided not to vote, 16% haven't decided if they will participate, and 3% refused to say their nominee 
2 2% for [[Khaled Ali]] 
3 In addition, another 8% will not vote, 6% did not disclose nominee, and 17% have yet to decide if they will participate. 
4 In addition, another 6% will not vote, 3% did not disclose nominee, and 8% have yet to decide if they will participate. 
5The article doesn't mention "other", but mentions Ali and Hariri, which are not placed on the table, getting 1.1% and 0.6% respectively (hence, total of 1.7). 


; Runoff polls
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! candidate
! Al Ahram<ref name=AhramPossibleRunoffs /> 
(May 2012)
|-
| '''[[Amr Moussa]]''' || '''63.8%'''
|-
| [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]] || 36.2%
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| '''[[Amr Moussa]]''' || '''77.6%'''
|-
|[[Mohamed Morsi]] || 22.4%
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| '''[[Amr Moussa]]''' || '''68%'''
|-
|[[Ahmed Shafik]] || 32%
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"|
|-
|'''[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]''' || '''52.9%'''
|-
|[[Ahmed Shafik]] || 47.1%
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"|
|-
|'''[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]''' || '''74.7%'''
|-
|[[Mohamed Morsi]] || 25.3%
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"|
|}

==Results==
[[File:Egyptian presidential election 2012.svg|thumb|400px|Results from the first round.]]
{{Egyptian presidential election, 2012}}

On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Morsi had won the run-off.<ref name="Fox News.com"/> Egypt's benchmark stock index celebrated Morsi's election by closing up 7.6 percent, its largest single-day gain in nine years.<ref>[http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/88842--state-tv-egypt-s-benchmark-stock-index-closes-with-record-gain-of-7-5-per-cent ]{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref>

===Per Governorate, first round===
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|Governorate won by [[Mohamed Morsi]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|Governorate won by [[Ahmed Shafik]]
|- style="background:#90EE90"
|Governorate won by [[Hamdeen Sabahi]]
|- style="background:orange;"
|Governorate won by [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]
|- style="background:#fff;"
|Governorate won by [[Amr Moussa]]
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Governorate
![[Mohamed Morsi|Morsi]] votes !!%
![[Ahmed Shafik|Shafik]] votes !!%
![[Hamdeen Sabahi|Sabahi]] votes!!%
![[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh|Aboul Fotouh]] votes!!%
![[Amr Moussa|Moussa]] votes!!%
!Others votes!!%
! Total
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]
|{{formatnum:60495}}
|23.13
|{{formatnum:45824}}
|17.52
|{{formatnum:41686}}
|15.94
|{{formatnum:44801}}
|17.13
|{{formatnum:59790}}
|22.86
|{{formatnum:8927}}
|3.41
|{{formatnum:261523}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]]
|{{formatnum:194803}}
|32.62
|{{formatnum:163546}}
|27.39
|{{formatnum:52563}}
|8.80
|{{formatnum:117546}}
|19.69
|{{formatnum:51460}}
|8.62
|{{formatnum:17215}}
|2.88
|{{formatnum:597133}}
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]]
|{{formatnum:44731}}
|21.86
|{{formatnum:47432}}
|23.18
|{{formatnum:32771}}
|16.01
|{{formatnum:38627}}
|18.88
|{{formatnum:34843}}
|17.03
|{{formatnum:6229}}
|3.04
|{{formatnum:204633}}
|- style="background:#90EE90"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]
|{{formatnum:299455}}
|16.55
|{{formatnum:212257}}
|11.73
|{{formatnum:571772}}
|31.61
|{{formatnum:388051}}
|21.45
|{{formatnum:292648}}
|16.18
|{{formatnum:44913}}
|2.48
|{{formatnum:1809096}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]]
|{{formatnum:92633}}
|26.44
|{{formatnum:52377}}
|14.95
|{{formatnum:71679}}
|20.46
|{{formatnum:59697}}
|17.04
|{{formatnum:65988}}
|18.84
|{{formatnum:7959}}
|2.27
|{{formatnum:350332}}
|- style="background:#90EE90"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]]
|{{formatnum:14660}}
|16.07
|{{formatnum:17970}}
|19.70
|{{formatnum:22313}}
|24.47
|{{formatnum:16070}}
|17.62
|{{formatnum:18191}}
|19.95
|{{formatnum:1997}}
|2.19
|{{formatnum:91201}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]
|{{formatnum:392588}}
|28.75
|{{formatnum:171515}}
|12.56
|{{formatnum:196380}}
|14.38
|{{formatnum:334293}}
|24.48
|{{formatnum:243292}}
|17.82
|{{formatnum:27436}}
|2.01
|{{formatnum:1365504}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]]
|{{formatnum:260303}}
|41.76
|{{formatnum:119768}}
|19.22
|{{formatnum:48493}}
|7.78
|{{formatnum:122016}}
|19.58
|{{formatnum:57661}}
|9.25
|{{formatnum:15035}}
|2.41
|{{formatnum:623276}}
|- style="background:#90EE90"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]
|{{formatnum:35087}}
|15.46
|{{formatnum:35485}}
|15.63
|{{formatnum:91747}}
|40.41
|{{formatnum:28544}}
|12.57
|{{formatnum:32155}}
|14.16
|{{formatnum:4007}}
|1.77
|{{formatnum:227025}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Giza Governorate|Giza]]
|{{formatnum:599858}}
|27.85
|{{formatnum:372795}}
|17.31
|{{formatnum:474011}}
|22.00
|{{formatnum:423127}}
|19.64
|{{formatnum:236132}}
|10.96
|{{formatnum:48199}}
|2.24
|{{formatnum:2154122}}
|- style="background:#fff;"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]]
|{{formatnum:4895}}
|19.89
|{{formatnum:4067}}
|16.53
|{{formatnum:3648}}
|14.83
|{{formatnum:4300}}
|17.47
|{{formatnum:6907}}
|28.07
|{{formatnum:790}}
|3.21
|{{formatnum:24607}}
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]
|{{formatnum:389451}}
|23.07
|{{formatnum:420008}}
|24.88
|{{formatnum:393972}}
|23.34
|{{formatnum:247916}}
|14.49
|{{formatnum:199640}}
|11.83
|{{formatnum:37090}}
|2.20
|{{formatnum:1688077}}
|- style="background:orange;"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]
|{{formatnum:106422}}
|23.64
|{{formatnum:54937}}
|12.20
|{{formatnum:106905}}
|23.75
|{{formatnum:107816}}
|23.95
|{{formatnum:66396}}
|14.57
|{{formatnum:7715}}
|1.71
|{{formatnum:450192}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Suez Governorate|Suez]]
|{{formatnum:49724}}
|23.94
|{{formatnum:21817}}
|10.50
|{{formatnum:45534}}
|21.92
|{{formatnum:41794}}
|20.12
|{{formatnum:43471}}
|20.93
|{{formatnum:5399}}
|2.60
|{{formatnum:207739}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]]
|{{formatnum:202554}}
|29.74
|{{formatnum:177418}}
|26.05
|{{formatnum:47363}}
|6.95
|{{formatnum:136174}}
|19.99
|{{formatnum:100035}}
|14.69
|{{formatnum:17555}}
|2.58
|{{formatnum:681099}}
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Al Sharqia Governorate|Al Sharqia]]
|{{formatnum:524474}}
|32.18
|{{formatnum:605533}}
|37.16
|{{formatnum:194569}}
|11.94
|{{formatnum:210988}}
|12.95
|{{formatnum:65701}}
|4.03
|{{formatnum:28296}}
|1.74
|{{formatnum:1629561}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]]
|{{formatnum:32431}}
|37.06
|{{formatnum:8470}}
|9.68
|{{formatnum:7616}}
|8.70
|{{formatnum:15830}}
|18.09
|{{formatnum:20937}}
|23.93
|{{formatnum:2221}}
|2.54
|{{formatnum:87505}}
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]]
|{{formatnum:220059}}
|17.14
|{{formatnum:398238}}
|31.03
|{{formatnum:293220}}
|22.84
|{{formatnum:198108}}
|15.43
|{{formatnum:143108}}
|11.15
|{{formatnum:30850}}
|2.40
|{{formatnum:1283583}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]]
|{{formatnum:289485}}
|47.02
|{{formatnum:75084}}
|12.19
|{{formatnum:37882}}
|6.15
|{{formatnum:168601}}
|27.38
|{{formatnum:32558}}
|5.29
|{{formatnum:12100}}
|1.97
|{{formatnum:615710}}
|- style="background:#90EE90"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]]
|{{formatnum:604372}}
|16.96
|{{formatnum:933995}}
|26.21
|{{formatnum:988795}}
|27.75
|{{formatnum:561147}}
|15.75
|{{formatnum:387162}}
|10.87
|{{formatnum:87827}}
|2.46
|{{formatnum:3563298}}
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]]
|{{formatnum:299556}}
|22.80
|{{formatnum:393555}}
|29.95
|{{formatnum:270156}}
|20.56
|{{formatnum:168442}}
|12.82
|{{formatnum:154703}}
|11.77
|{{formatnum:27713}}
|2.11
|{{formatnum:1314125}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Qena Governorate|Qena]]
|{{formatnum:97268}}
|25.09
|{{formatnum:83858}}
|21.63
|{{formatnum:42277}}
|10.91
|{{formatnum:78779}}
|20.32
|{{formatnum:75929}}
|19.59
|{{formatnum:9514}}
|2.45
|{{formatnum:387625}}
|- style="background:#90EE90"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el-Sheikh]]
|{{formatnum:133932}}
|17.10
|{{formatnum:63395}}
|8.09
|{{formatnum:486662}}
|62.13
|{{formatnum:67164}}
|8.57
|{{formatnum:22906}}
|2.92
|{{formatnum:9257}}
|1.18
|{{formatnum:783316}}
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]]
|{{formatnum:203501}}
|18.54
|{{formatnum:586345}}
|53.42
|{{formatnum:105727}}
|9.63
|{{formatnum:143238}}
|13.05
|{{formatnum:35180}}
|3.21
|{{formatnum:23656}}
|2.16
|{{formatnum:1097647}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Minya Governorate|Minya]]
|{{formatnum:407955}}
|42.23
|{{formatnum:265779}}
|27.51
|{{formatnum:64437}}
|6.67
|{{formatnum:150509}}
|15.58
|{{formatnum:56573}}
|5.86
|{{formatnum:20873}}
|2.16
|{{formatnum:966126}}
|- style="background:orange;"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Matrouh Governorate|Matrouh]]
|{{formatnum:7565}}
|32.01
|{{formatnum:566}}
|2.39
|{{formatnum:287}}
|1.21
|{{formatnum:13665}}
|57.81
|{{formatnum:1283}}
|5.43
|{{formatnum:270}}
|1.14
|{{formatnum:23636}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]]
|{{formatnum:14454}}
|28.22
|{{formatnum:6252}}
|12.21
|{{formatnum:7158}}
|13.97
|{{formatnum:12704}}
|24.80
|{{formatnum:8897}}
|17.37
|{{formatnum:1759}}
|3.43
|{{formatnum:51224}}
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"| expatriates
|{{formatnum:107924}}
|30.92
|{{formatnum:24542}}
|7.03
|{{formatnum:47687}}
|13.66
|{{formatnum:83436}}
|23.91
|{{formatnum:41545}}
|11.90
|{{formatnum:43872}}
|12.57
|{{formatnum:349006}}
|- class="sortbottom"|style="background:#"
|style="text-align:right;"|'''Total'''
|'''{{formatnum:5690635}}'''
|'''24.86'''
|'''{{formatnum:5362828}}'''
|'''23.43'''
|'''{{formatnum:4747310}}'''
|'''20.74'''
|'''{{formatnum:3983383}}'''
|'''17.40'''
|'''{{formatnum:2555091}}'''
|'''11.16'''
|'''{{formatnum:548674}}'''
|'''2.40'''
|'''{{formatnum:22887921}}'''
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="14" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="14" style="text-align:right;"| Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123622/http://www.egyptpresident2012.com/images/firstStage/Tables/egyptTables2.jpg Judges for Egypt] There is a difference estimated at one-third of a million votes between the statistics of the total of judges for Egypt and the official figures of the Supreme Committee for Elections.
|}

===Per Governorate, second round===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Governorate
! Valid votes
! Invalid votes
! Turnout %
![[Mohamed Morsi|Morsi]] votes !!%
![[Ahmed Shafik|Shafik]] votes !!%
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]
|317,424
|7,776
|37.9
|164,826
|51.9
|152,598
|48.1
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]]
|901,539
|26,837
|44.6
|554,519
|61.5
|347,020
|38.5
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]]
|264,353
|6,781
|40.3
|124,120
|47.0
|140,233
|53.0
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]
|1,687,148
|76,274
|53.7
|970,131
|57.5
|717,017
|42.5
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]]
|376,576
|11,642
|55.5
|204,307
|54.3
|172,269
|45.7
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]]
|94,791
|2,687
|43.5
|46,803
|49.4
|47,988
|50.6
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]
|1,548,271
|45,043
|49.4
|907,377
|58.6
|640,894
|41.4
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]]
|770,342
|24,261
|55.9
|512,079
|66.5
|258,263
|33.5
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]
|239,890
|13,577
|58.1
|109,768
|45.8
|130,122
|54.2
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Giza Governorate|Giza]]
|2,263,425
|82,263
|54.8
|1,351,526
|59.7
|911,899
|40.3
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]]
|24,742
|733
|40.8
|12,286
|49.7
|12,456
|50.3
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]
|1,904,744
|51,243
|53.3
|845,390
|44.4
|1,059,354
|55.6
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]
|461,403
|14,569
|55.9
|258,475
|56.0
|202,928
|44.0
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Suez Governorate|Suez]]
|205,963
|7,550
|56.0
|129,229
|62.7
|76,734
|37.3
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]]
|912,853
|26,103
|40.1
|531,636
|58.2
|381,217
|41.8
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Al Sharqia Governorate|Al Sharqia]]
|1,928,216
|50,070
|56.6
|881,581
|45.7
|1,046,635
|54.3
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]]
|94,964
|2,401
|46.9
|58,415
|61.5
|36,549
|38.5
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]]
|1,575,883
|45,103
|55.8
|583,748
|37.0
|992,135
|63.0
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]]
|761,330
|23,091
|50.6
|591,995
|77.8
|169,335
|22.2
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]]
|3,399,110
|158,687
|54.8
|1,505,103
|44.3
|1,894,007
|55.7
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]]
|1,460,537
|42,562
|57.9
|609,253
|41.7
|851,284
|58.3
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Qena Governorate|Qena]]
|514,089
|15,179
|33.1
|285,894
|55.6
|228,195
|44.4
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el-Sheikh]]
|768,005
|23,223
|42.6
|425,514
|55.4
|342,491
|44.6
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]]
|1,323,265
|33,949
|61.5
|376,677
|28.5
|946,588
|71.5
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Minya Governorate|Minya]]
|1,332,677
|43,607
|51.8
|858,557
|64.4
|474,120
|35.6
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[Matrouh Governorate|Matrouh]]
|81,242
|1,629
|40.6
|65,095
|80.1
|16,147
|19.9
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"|[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]]
|63,009
|1,320
|45.4
|39,934
|63.4
|23,075
|36.6
|- style="background:#E9967A"
|style="text-align:right;"| expatriates
|301,720
|5,092
|
|225,893
|74.9
|75,827
|25.1
|- class="sortbottom"|style="background:#"
|style="text-align:right;"|'''Total'''
|
|
|
|13,230,131
|51.7
|12,347,380
|48.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="14" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="14" style="text-align:right;"| Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=الانتخابات الرئاسية 2012 – الموقع الرسمي للجنة الانتخابات الرئاسية|url=http://pres2012.elections.eg/index.php/round2-results}}</ref>
|}

==Fairness==
{{Expand section|date=April 2016}}
Allegations have arisen that the interior ministry handed out over 900,000 ID cards to Egyptian soldiers so that they could vote for Shafik in the first round, which would be a major campaign violation. Sabahi asked for the Egyptian election to be temporarily suspended until an investigation was carried out.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/26/216677.html |title=Egypt’s third runner-up seeks election suspension: lawyer |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=2012-05-26 |accessdate=2012-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621015324/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/26/216677.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In August 2013, former Israeli negotiator [[Yossi Beilin]] wrote that an Egyptian official had told him that the true results had Shafik winning, but the military gave the presidency to Morsi out of fear of unrest.<ref>{{cite web|title='Morsi didn't win the elections'|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=5395|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|author=[[Yossi Beilin]]|date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

==Presidential powers==
{{further|President of Egypt}}
Shortly after it became apparent that Morsi would win the election, [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] made the following changes to the 30 March 2011 Egypt Constitutional Declaration in order to define the powers of the new president:

- '''Article 30''': In situation that parliament is dissolved the president will be vowed into office in front of High Constitutional Court's General Assembly.

- '''Article 53''': The incumbent SCAF members are responsible for deciding on all issues related to the armed forces including appointing its leaders and extending the terms in office of the aforesaid leaders. The current head of the SCAF is to act as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and minister of defense until a new constitution is drafted.

- '''Article 53/1''': The president can only declare war after the approval of the SCAF.

- '''Article 53/2''': If the country faces internal unrest which requires the intervention of the armed forces, the president can issue a decision to commission the armed forces – with the approval of the SCAF – to maintain security and defend public properties. Current Egyptian law stipulates the powers of the armed forces and its authorities in cases where the military can use force, arrest or detain.

- '''Article 56 B''': The SCAF will assume the authorities set out in sub-article 1 of Article 56 as written in the 30 March 2011 Constitutional Declaration until a new parliament is elected.

- '''Article 60 B''': If the constituent assembly encounters an obstacle that would prevent it from completing its work, the SCAF within a week will form a new constituent assembly- to author a new constitution within three months from the day of the new assembly's formation. The newly drafted constitution will be put forward after 15 days of the day it is completed, for approval by the people through a national referendum. The parliamentary elections will take place one month from the day the new constitution is approved by the national referendum.

- '''Article 60 B1''': If the president, the head of SCAF, the prime minister, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary or a fifth of the constituent assembly find that the new constitution contains an article or more which conflict with the revolution's goals and its main principles or which conflict with any principle agreed upon in all of Egypt's former constitutions, any of the aforementioned bodies may demand that the constituent assembly revises this specific article within 15 days. Should the constituent assembly object to revising the contentious article, the article will be referred to the High Constitutional Court (HCC) which will then be obliged to give its verdict within seven days. The HCC's decision is final and will be published in the official gazette within three days from the date of issuance.

- '''Article 38''' will be replaced with: "The parliamentary elections will be conducted in accordance to the law."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/45350/Egypt/Politics-/URGENT-English-text-of-SCAF-amended-Egypt-Constitu.aspx |title=English text of SCAF amended Egypt Constitutional Declaration – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date= |accessdate=2012-12-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Democracy in the Middle East]]
* [[President of Egypt]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal |last=El-Khawas |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Egypt’s Unfinished Revolution |journal=Mediterranean Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=52–66 |doi=10.1215/10474552-1540693 }}
* {{cite news |last=Martini |first=Jeff |date=19 April 2012 |title=Cairo's Candidate Shuffle: Fewer Contenders, Same Policies |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137513/jeff-martini/cairos-candidate-shuffle }}
* {{cite news |last=Samaan |first=Magdy |date=9 May 2012 |title=Vox Pop: Egyptians Prepare to Choose a President |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/09/vox_pop_egyptians_prepare_to_choose_a_president }}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120725043143/http://www.aucegypt.edu/GAPP/CairoReview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=162 Candidates in the 2012 Egyptian Presidential Election] – [[American University in Cairo]]
* [http://www.elections.eg/ The official website of Supreme Committee for Presidential Elections]
* [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/05/egypt_leaders.html/ Future Leaders of Egypt Bios on the Center for American Progress]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111116034051/http://egypt.jadaliyya.com/ Egypt Elections Watch] – [[Jadaliyya]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120529054156/http://egyptelectsblog.com/ Egypt Elects]
* [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/41802/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-presidential-favourites-Where-they-stand,-i.aspx Egypt's presidential favourites: Where they stand, issue by issue]
* [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/36418/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Ahram-Online-presents-The-Idiots-Guide-to-Egypt%E2%80%99s-.aspx Guide to Egypt’s presidential elections 2012]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/24/egypt-election-day-2-live Egyptian presidential election, 2012 coverage at ''The Guardian'']
* Joseph Mayton [http://en.qantara.de/From-Outlier-to-Serious-Contender/19143c20191i1p497/index.html "Egyptian Presidential Candidate Hamdeen Sabahi: From Outlier to Serious Contender,"] Qantara.de (22.05.2012).
* [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/43085/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Presidential-finalists-Mursi-vs-Shafiq-Where-they-.aspx Presidential finalists Mursi vs Shafiq: Where they stand, issue by issue]

{{Egyptian elections}}
{{Egyptian presidential elections 2012|state=autocollapse}}
{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

[[Category:2012 Egyptian presidential election| ]]
[[Category:2012 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:2012 in Egypt|Presidential election]]
[[Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:May 2012 events in Africa]]
[[Category:June 2012 events in Africa]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in Egypt|2012]]

For the Love of Egypt

2020-01-18T13:02:52Z

Simsman333: No evidence for its creation by the General Intelligence Agency. The GIA only contributed into forming A Nation's Future's lists.

{{Infobox political party
| colorcode = #8B0000
| name = For the Love of Egypt
| native_name = في حب مصر Fi Hob Misr
| party_logo =
| leader = [[Sameh Seif El-Yazal]]<ref name=dne7feb>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/07/politicians-keep-fighting-despite-common-goals/|title=Why do politicians keep fighting despite common goals?|agency=Daily News Egypt|date=7 February 2015|accessdate=7 February 2015}}</ref>
| foundation = 3<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" /> and 4 February 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/new-%E2%80%98-egypt-list-launched-run-parliamentary-elections |title=New ‘For Egypt’ list launched to run in parliamentary elections |agency=Egypt Independent |date=4 February 2015 |accessdate=7 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708212944/http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/risk-sex-attack-fills-women-dread-during-eid-al-fitr-vacation |archivedate=8 July 2016 }}</ref>
| founder = Ehab Saad ([[General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)|Mukhabarat]]<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />)
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Egyptian nationalism]] [[National liberalism]] [[Conservative liberalism]] [[Populism]]}}
| position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
| seats1_title = [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|170|596|hex=#8B0000}}
| country = Egypt
}}

'''For the Love of Egypt''' (FLE, {{lang-ar-at|في حب مصر|Fi Hob Misr}}) is a political alliance created. FLE contested the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015|2015 Egyptian parliamentary election]].<ref name=ao11feb>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/122800/Egypt/Politics-/For-the-Love-of-Egypt-electoral-list-leaves-politi.aspx|title='For the Love of Egypt' electoral list leaves political parties divided|agency=Ahram Online|date=11 February 2015|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

==Creation==
The For the Love of Egypt (FLE) alliance was created with a founding meeting on 3 February 2015, chaired by General [[Ehab Saad]] of the [[General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)|General Intelligence Service]] (Mukhabarat) at the Mukhabarat headquarters.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" /> Participants were invited to the meeting by Major [[Ahmed Shaaban (Egyptian intelligence)|Ahmed Shaaban]], a [[Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)|Military Intelligence]] officer close to president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], who played a major role in organising pro-Sisi political coalitions.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" /> The main coordinator for choosing who should be a member of the list was [[Yaser Selim]], a former Mukhabarat officer still working for the Mukhabarat as a civilian, with Seif al-Yazal having a nominal responsibility in coordinating the list.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" /> The creation of the alliance was announced in a press conference on 4 February 2015.<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election" />

==2015 election==
In the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015|2015 Egyptian parliamentary election]], the party submitted an electoral list contesting the 45 [[closed list|closed-list]] seats of the [[North, Center & South Upper Egypt Division Constituency|Upper Egypt]] constituency. Initially, the list however was rejected by Egypt's [[High Election Committee]] (HEC).<ref>{{cite web |title=HEC announces reasons for rejecting ‘Nedaa Misr’ List |publisher=[[Al Bawaba]] |url=http://en.albawabhnews.com/63221 | date=16 September 2015 |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref> In the final announcement, the list however was eventually admitted. In the other three constituencies, the party didn't submit an electoral list.

Some of the individuals involved with the alliance, including [[Tamarod]] founder [[Mahmoud Badr]] as well as former minister Osama Heikal, were formerly part of [[Kamal el-Ganzouri]]'s [[National Alliance (Egypt)|National Alliance]].<ref name=dne7feb/> The [[National Progressive Unionist Party|Tagammu Party]] left the alliance and will compete for individual seats as part of the [[Leftist Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/09/03/candidates-swinging-between-unstable-electoral-alliances/|title=Candidates ‘swinging’ between unstable electoral alliances|agency=Daily News Egypt|date=3 September 2015|accessdate=9 September 2015}}</ref> A member of the party attempted to join the For the Love of Egypt list, though he was not allowed to.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/09/14/al-tagammu-party-kicked-out-at-last-minute-before-elections-deadline/|title=Al-Tagammu Party ‘kicked out’ at last minute before elections deadline|agency=Daily News Egypt|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/16/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/2308481|title=اجتماع الجبهة الوطنية يقرر رسميا الانضمام لقائمة "صحوة مصر"|agency=Youm7|date=16 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Tomorrow Party]] left the alliance and rejoined the [[Egyptian Front]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/2/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88/2289071#.VcAjYWDmhoN|title=انتخابات "الجبهة المصرية" تناقش الشكل المبدأى لقوائم "القاهرة" و"الصعيد"|agency=Youm7|date=2 August 2015|accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Egyptian Patriotic Movement]] and [[My Homeland Egypt Party]] are not part of the alliance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.el-balad.com/1698800|title="فى حب مصر": حزب "الحركة الوطنية" خارج القائمة لعدم توافقنا معه|agency=El Balad|date=9 September 2015|accessdate=9 September 2015}}</ref> The coalition is seen as being supportive of current president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], although the [[Reform and Development Misruna Party]] has been skeptical about the support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/152334/Egypt/Politics-/ProSisi-coalitions-to-dominate-Egypts-parliamentar.aspx|title=Pro-Sisi coalitions to dominate Egypt's parliamentary elections|work=Ahram Online|date=7 October 2015|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref> 24 former members of the [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]] won seats in the first phase of the 2015 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/24-former-ndp-members-win-elections |title=24 former NDP members win elections |work=Egypt Independent |date=23 October 2015 |accessdate=23 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708212944/http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/risk-sex-attack-fills-women-dread-during-eid-al-fitr-vacation |archivedate=8 July 2016 }}</ref> The [[Reform and Development Misruna Party]] later became part of the [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1187/289073/Egypt/-Presidential-Elections--/Eight-liberal-and-leftist-Egyptian-parties-to-boyc.aspx|title=Eight liberal and leftist Egyptian parties to boycott 2018 presidential elections|agency=Ahram Online|date=30 January 2018|accessdate=30 January 2018}}</ref>

==Composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Main ideology
!Leader/s
|-
| bgcolor="{{Conservative Party (Egypt)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative Party]]
| [[Conservatism]]
| [[Akmal Kourtam]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{Egyptian Bloc/meta/color}}" |
| [[Free Egyptians Party]]
| [[Liberalism]]
| [[Essam Khalil (politician)|Essam Khalil]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{New Wafd Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[New Wafd Party]]
| [[National liberalism]]
| [[El-Sayyid el-Badawi]]
|-
| bgcolor="#0000FF" |
| [[Sadat Democratic Party]]
|
| [[Effat Al-Sadat]]
|-
| bgcolor="#0000FF" |
| [[Tamarod]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/2/21/%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-4-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%8810-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8/2076940|title="فى حب مصر": اعتماد 4 منسقين لقوائم القطاعات الأربعة و10 أحزاب مشاركة|publisher=Youm7|date=21 February 2015|accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>
| [[Secularism]], Anti-corruption
|
|-
|
| [[Modern Egypt Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/11/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86--%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A7/2301780#.Vc_JH_mqqko%3Cbr%3E|title=حمزة زوبع يفضح الإخوان: طالبنا عناصرنا بالتصعيد فى اعتصام رابعة للوصول لنقطة تفاوض.. وأنصار التنظيم يهاجمونه: الجماعة ضللتنا وما قالوه سقطة وتشير إلى بيع القضية.. وسلفيون: جزاء من يسير خلف الجماعة|date=16 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Youm7}}</ref>
|
| Nabil Deibis
|-
|
| [[Nation's Future Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/9/8/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7/2339185|title=كلام نهائى.. انتهاء تشكيل قائمة فى حب مصر وإعلان الأسماء رسمياً فى مؤتمر خلال أيام.. سيف اليزل: "مصر بلدى" خارج القائمة.. و8 مقاعد لكل من "الوفد" و"المصريين الأحرار".. وارتباك بقواعد"الجبهة المصرية"|date=8 September 2015|accessdate=9 September 2015|work=Youm7}}</ref>
|
| Mohamed Badran
|-
|
| [[Conference Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/802245|title=انتخابات "الجبهة المصرية" تناقش الشكل المبدأى لقوائم "القاهرة" و"الصعيد"|agency=El Watan News|date=9 September 2015|accessdate=9 September 2015}}</ref>
| [[Big tent|Catch-all]]
|
|-
|
| [[Reform and Renaissance Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.el-balad.com/1745593|title="الإصلاح والنهضة" يقرر دعم قائمة "في حب مصر"|publisher=El-Balad|date=14 October 2015|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref>
| [[Islamism]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="MasaMadr_GIS_2014_election">{{cite news | last1= Bahgat | first1= Hossam | last2= | first2= | pages= | language = | title= Anatomy of an election |trans-title = | date= 2016-03-14 | newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://madamasr.com/en/2016/03/14/feature/politics/anatomy-of-an-election/ |accessdate= 2019-10-01 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165849/https://madamasr.com/en/2016/03/14/feature/politics/anatomy-of-an-election/ |archivedate= 2019-10-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

{{Egyptian political parties}}

[[Category:2015 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in Egypt]]
[[Category:Politics of Egypt]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties]]

{{Egypt-party-stub}}

2020 Egyptian parliamentary election

2020-01-14T03:28:03Z

Simsman333: /* Parties */No citation.

{{Politics of Egypt}}

'''Parliamentary elections''' are scheduled to be held in [[Egypt]] in November 2020 to elect both the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] and [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78084/Parliament-speaker-Legislative-elections-to-be-held-in-Nov-2020|title=Parliament speaker: Legislative elections to be held in Nov. 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|date=24 November 2019|accessdate=23 December 2019|author=[[Staff writer]]}}</ref>

==Date==
The elections were initially expected to be held in April or May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2019|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2019/4/26/الطريق-إلى-مجلس-الشيوخ-يحتاج-3-قوانين-تعرف-عليها/4220552|title=الطريق إلى مجلس الشيوخ يحتاج 3 قوانين.. تعرف عليها|website=اليوم السابع}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Shura Council]], previously the upper house of parliament, was abolished following the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Egypt|2014 constitution]].<ref name=ao1dec>{{cite web|title=50 member constitution committee eliminates Shura Council|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87991/Egypt/Politics-/-member-constitution-committee-eliminates-Shura-Co.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt constitution 'approved by 98.1 percent'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=18 January 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> However, amendments to the constitution approved in a [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|2019 referendum]] reinstated an upper house named the Senate, which would consist of 120 elected members and 60 appointed by the president.<ref name=AA>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx|title=Frequently Asked Questions about parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 constitution|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=15 April 2019|accessdate=17 April 2019|author=Gamal Essam El-Din}}</ref>

==Parties==
Many different figures, including Zyad Elelaimy, Hisham Fouad, Omar El-Shenety and Hossam Moanis, were arrested on 25 June 2019; however, the people involved were part of an alliance called the Coalition of Hope that was considering contesting the parliamentary election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/06/25/feature/politics/arrests-target-political-figures-involved-in-new-coalition-to-run-in-2020-parliamentary-elections/|title=Arrests target political figures involved in new coalition to run in 2020 parliamentary elections|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Mada Masr]]}}</ref> Other organizations involved in the alliance included the [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/195d1a79500e463cbb3e1f269c0b38ca|title=Egypt arrests 8, including ex-lawmaker and secular activists|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Egyptian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 elections in Africa|Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 in Egypt|Parliamentary election]]

2020 Egyptian parliamentary election

2020-01-14T03:27:16Z

Simsman333: /* Parties */Fake/corrupted reference.

{{Politics of Egypt}}

'''Parliamentary elections''' are scheduled to be held in [[Egypt]] in November 2020 to elect both the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] and [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78084/Parliament-speaker-Legislative-elections-to-be-held-in-Nov-2020|title=Parliament speaker: Legislative elections to be held in Nov. 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|date=24 November 2019|accessdate=23 December 2019|author=[[Staff writer]]}}</ref>

==Date==
The elections were initially expected to be held in April or May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2019|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2019/4/26/الطريق-إلى-مجلس-الشيوخ-يحتاج-3-قوانين-تعرف-عليها/4220552|title=الطريق إلى مجلس الشيوخ يحتاج 3 قوانين.. تعرف عليها|website=اليوم السابع}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Shura Council]], previously the upper house of parliament, was abolished following the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Egypt|2014 constitution]].<ref name=ao1dec>{{cite web|title=50 member constitution committee eliminates Shura Council|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87991/Egypt/Politics-/-member-constitution-committee-eliminates-Shura-Co.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt constitution 'approved by 98.1 percent'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=18 January 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> However, amendments to the constitution approved in a [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|2019 referendum]] reinstated an upper house named the Senate, which would consist of 120 elected members and 60 appointed by the president.<ref name=AA>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx|title=Frequently Asked Questions about parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 constitution|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=15 April 2019|accessdate=17 April 2019|author=Gamal Essam El-Din}}</ref>

==Parties==
Many different figures, including Zyad Elelaimy, Hisham Fouad, Omar El-Shenety and Hossam Moanis, were arrested on 25 June 2019; however, the people involved were part of an alliance called the Coalition of Hope that was considering contesting the parliamentary election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/06/25/feature/politics/arrests-target-political-figures-involved-in-new-coalition-to-run-in-2020-parliamentary-elections/|title=Arrests target political figures involved in new coalition to run in 2020 parliamentary elections|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Mada Masr]]}}</ref> Other organizations involved in the alliance included the [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/195d1a79500e463cbb3e1f269c0b38ca|title=Egypt arrests 8, including ex-lawmaker and secular activists|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> One source indicated that the reason for the arrests was the unwillingness of the alliance to cooperate with the NSA.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Egyptian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 elections in Africa|Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 in Egypt|Parliamentary election]]

2020 Egyptian parliamentary election

2020-01-14T03:20:03Z

Simsman333: /* Parties */Mistranslation. No such charge as "bringing down the state".

{{Politics of Egypt}}

'''Parliamentary elections''' are scheduled to be held in [[Egypt]] in November 2020 to elect both the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] and [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78084/Parliament-speaker-Legislative-elections-to-be-held-in-Nov-2020|title=Parliament speaker: Legislative elections to be held in Nov. 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|date=24 November 2019|accessdate=23 December 2019|author=[[Staff writer]]}}</ref>

==Date==
The elections were initially expected to be held in April or May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2019|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2019/4/26/الطريق-إلى-مجلس-الشيوخ-يحتاج-3-قوانين-تعرف-عليها/4220552|title=الطريق إلى مجلس الشيوخ يحتاج 3 قوانين.. تعرف عليها|website=اليوم السابع}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Shura Council]], previously the upper house of parliament, was abolished following the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Egypt|2014 constitution]].<ref name=ao1dec>{{cite web|title=50 member constitution committee eliminates Shura Council|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87991/Egypt/Politics-/-member-constitution-committee-eliminates-Shura-Co.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt constitution 'approved by 98.1 percent'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=18 January 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> However, amendments to the constitution approved in a [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|2019 referendum]] reinstated an upper house named the Senate, which would consist of 120 elected members and 60 appointed by the president.<ref name=AA>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx|title=Frequently Asked Questions about parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 constitution|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=15 April 2019|accessdate=17 April 2019|author=Gamal Essam El-Din}}</ref>

==Parties==
Many different figures, including Zyad Elelaimy, Hisham Fouad, Omar El-Shenety and Hossam Moanis, were arrested on 25 June 2019; however, the people involved were part of an alliance called the Coalition of Hope that was considering contesting the parliamentary election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/06/25/feature/politics/arrests-target-political-figures-involved-in-new-coalition-to-run-in-2020-parliamentary-elections/|title=Arrests target political figures involved in new coalition to run in 2020 parliamentary elections|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Mada Masr]]}}</ref> Other organizations involved in the alliance included the [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/195d1a79500e463cbb3e1f269c0b38ca|title=Egypt arrests 8, including ex-lawmaker and secular activists|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> One source indicated that the reason for the arrests was the unwillingness of the alliance to cooperate with the NSA.<ref name=mm/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Egyptian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 elections in Africa|Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 in Egypt|Parliamentary election]]

2020 Egyptian parliamentary election

2020-01-14T03:17:12Z

Simsman333: /* Date */Unproven conspiracy theory. No evidence to back such claims.

{{Politics of Egypt}}

'''Parliamentary elections''' are scheduled to be held in [[Egypt]] in November 2020 to elect both the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] and [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78084/Parliament-speaker-Legislative-elections-to-be-held-in-Nov-2020|title=Parliament speaker: Legislative elections to be held in Nov. 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|date=24 November 2019|accessdate=23 December 2019|author=[[Staff writer]]}}</ref>

==Date==
The elections were initially expected to be held in April or May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2019|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2019/4/26/الطريق-إلى-مجلس-الشيوخ-يحتاج-3-قوانين-تعرف-عليها/4220552|title=الطريق إلى مجلس الشيوخ يحتاج 3 قوانين.. تعرف عليها|website=اليوم السابع}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Shura Council]], previously the upper house of parliament, was abolished following the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Egypt|2014 constitution]].<ref name=ao1dec>{{cite web|title=50 member constitution committee eliminates Shura Council|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87991/Egypt/Politics-/-member-constitution-committee-eliminates-Shura-Co.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt constitution 'approved by 98.1 percent'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=18 January 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> However, amendments to the constitution approved in a [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|2019 referendum]] reinstated an upper house named the Senate, which would consist of 120 elected members and 60 appointed by the president.<ref name=AA>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx|title=Frequently Asked Questions about parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 constitution|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=15 April 2019|accessdate=17 April 2019|author=Gamal Essam El-Din}}</ref>

==Parties==
Many different figures, including Zyad Elelaimy, Hisham Fouad, Omar El-Shenety and Hossam Moanis, were arrested on 25 June 2019 on charges of "bringing down the state"; however, the people involved were part of an alliance called the Coalition of Hope that was considering contesting the parliamentary election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/06/25/feature/politics/arrests-target-political-figures-involved-in-new-coalition-to-run-in-2020-parliamentary-elections/|title=Arrests target political figures involved in new coalition to run in 2020 parliamentary elections|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Mada Masr]]}}</ref> Other organizations involved in the alliance included the [[Civil Democratic Movement (2017)|Civil Democratic Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/195d1a79500e463cbb3e1f269c0b38ca|title=Egypt arrests 8, including ex-lawmaker and secular activists|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> One source indicated that the reason for the arrests was the unwillingness of the alliance to cooperate with the NSA.<ref name=mm/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Egyptian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 elections in Africa|Egypt]]
[[Category:2020 in Egypt|Parliamentary election]]

Missile

2020-01-02T12:11:18Z

Simsman333: The missile is Russian ,not Indian.

{{About|guided missiles|unguided missiles|Rocket (weapon)|ancient missiles|Projectile|other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2010}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 141-1880, Peenemünde, Start einer V2.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[V2-rocket|V2]] launched from [[Test Stand VII]] in the summer of 1943]]
[[File:HNLMS De Zeven Provincien fires Harpoon missile.jpg|thumb|[[HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (F802)|HNLMS ''De Zeven Provinciën'' (F802)]] firing a [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] ]]

In military language, a '''missile''', also known as a guided missile, is a guided self-propelled flying weapon usually propelled by a [[jet engine]] or [[rocket motor]]. Missiles have four system components: targeting or [[missile guidance]], flight system, engine, and [[warhead]]. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] and [[air-to-surface missile]]s ([[Ballistic missile|ballistic]], [[Cruise missile|cruise]], [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship]], [[Anti-tank missile|anti-tank]], etc.), [[surface-to-air missile]]s (and [[Anti-ballistic missile|anti-ballistic]]), [[air-to-air missile]]s, and [[anti-satellite weapon]]s. Non-self-propelled airborne [[explosive device]]s are generally referred to as [[Shell (projectile)|shells]] and usually have a shorter range than missiles. In ordinary language the word means an object which can be thrown, shot, or propelled toward a target.

==Early development==
{{See also|History of rockets and missiles}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1975-117-26, Marschflugkörper V1 vor Start.jpg|thumb|V-1 missile]]

The first missiles to be used operationally were a series of [[List of World War II guided missiles of Germany|missiles]] developed by [[Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]]. Most famous of these are the [[V-1 flying bomb]] and [[V-2 rocket]], both of which used a mechanical [[autopilot]] to keep the missile flying along a pre-chosen route.<ref>https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/the-v-revenge-weapons/the-v-weapons/ History Learning Official Site V1 and V2 Weapons</ref> Less well known were a series of [[Anti-ship missile|Anti-Ship]] and [[Surface-to-air missile|Anti-aircraft]] missiles, typically based on a simple [[radio control]] ([[command guidance]]) system directed by the operator. However, these early systems in World War II were only built in small numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/the-v-revenge-weapons/the-v-weapons/|title=The V Weapons|website=History Learning Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/british-response-v1-and-v2/|title=The National Archives - Homepage|first=The National|last=Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-surface-surface-v-2-4|title=Missile, Surface-to-Surface, V-2 (A-4)|date=April 1, 2016|website=National Air and Space Museum}}</ref>

==Technology==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
Guided missiles have a number of different system components:
* Guidance system
* Targeting system
* Flight system
* [[engine (propulsion)|Engine]]
* [[Warhead]]

===Guidance systems===
[[File:Missile Maintainer inspects missile guidance system of the LGM-30G Minuteman ICBM.jpg|thumb|Missile Maintainer inspects missile guidance system of the [[LGM-30G Minuteman]] ICBM]]
The most common method of guidance is to use some form of [[radiation]], such as [[infrared homing|infrared]], [[laser guidance|laser]]s or [[radar guidance|radio wave]]s, to guide the missile onto its target. This radiation may emanate from the target (such as the heat of an engine or the radio waves from an enemy radar), it may be provided by the missile itself (such as a radar), or it may be provided by a friendly third party (such as the radar of the launch vehicle/platform, or a laser designator operated by friendly [[infantry]]). The first two are often known as [[fire-and-forget]] as they need no further support or control from the launch vehicle/platform in order to function. Another method is to use a [[TV guidance]], with a [[visible light]] or infrared picture produced in order to see the target. The picture may be used either by a human operator who steering the missile onto its target or by a computer doing much the same job. One of the more bizarre guidance methods instead used a [[Project Pigeon|pigeon to steer a missile]] to its target. Some missiles also have a home-on-jam capability to guide itself to a radar-emitting source. Many missiles use a combination of two or more of the methods to improve accuracy and the chances of a successful engagement.

===Targeting systems===
Another method is to target the missile by knowing the location of the target and using a guidance system such as [[Inertial navigation system|INS]], [[TERCOM]] or [[satellite guidance]]. This guidance system guides the missile by knowing the missile's current position and the position of the target, and then calculating a course between them. This job can also be performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and the missile and guide it using either cable- or [[radio-control|radio]]-based remote control, or by an [[ACLOS|automatic system]] that can simultaneously track the target and the missile.
Furthermore, some missiles use initial targeting, sending them to a target area, where they will switch to primary targeting, using either radar or IR targeting to acquire the target.

===Flight system===
Whether a guided missile uses a targeting system, a guidance system or both, it needs a flight system. The flight system uses the data from the targeting or guidance system to maneuver the missile in flight, allowing it to counter inaccuracies in the missile or to follow a moving target. There are two main systems: vectored thrust (for missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and aerodynamic maneuvering (wings, fins, [[canard (aeronautics)]], etc.).

===Engine===
[[File:Solid-Fuel Rocket Diagram.svg|thumb|A simplified diagram of a solid-fuel rocket. 
1. A solid [[Rocket propellant#Solid propellants|fuel-oxidizer mixture]] (propellant) is packed into the rocket, with a cylindrical hole in the middle. 
2. An [[Pyrotechnic initiator|igniter]] combusts the surface of the propellant. 
3. The cylindrical hole in the propellant acts as a [[combustion chamber]]. 
4. The hot exhaust is choked at the throat, which, among other things, dictates the amount of thrust produced. 
5. Exhaust exits the rocket.]]
Missiles are powered by an engine, generally either a type of [[rocket engine]] or [[jet engine]]. Rockets are generally of the [[solid-propellant rocket|solid propellant]] type for ease of maintenance and fast deployment, although some larger ballistic missiles use [[liquid-propellant rocket]]s. Jet engines are generally used in [[cruise missile]]s, most commonly of the [[turbojet]] type, due to its relative simplicity and low frontal area. [[Turbofan]]s and [[ramjet]]s are the only other common forms of jet engine propulsion, although any type of engine could theoretically be used. Long-range missiles may have multiple engine stages, particularly in those launched from the surface. These stages may all be of similar types or may include a mix of engine types − for example, surface-launched cruise missiles often have a rocket booster for launching and a jet engine for sustained flight.

Some missiles may have additional propulsion from another source at launch; for example, the [[V1 flying bomb|V1]] was launched by a catapult, and the [[MGM-51 Shillelagh]] was fired out of a tank gun (using a smaller charge than would be used for a shell).

===Warhead===
Missiles generally have one or more [[explosive]] [[warhead]]s, although other weapon types may also be used. The warheads of a missile provide its primary destructive power (many missiles have extensive secondary destructive power due to the high kinetic energy of the weapon and unburnt fuel that may be on board). Warheads are most commonly of the [[high explosive]] type, often employing [[shaped charge]]s to exploit the accuracy of a guided weapon to destroy hardened targets. Other warhead types include [[submunition]]s, [[incendiary device|incendiaries]], [[nuclear weapon]]s, [[chemical weapon|chemical]], [[biological weapon|biological]] or [[radiological weapon]]s or [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s.
Warheadless missiles are often used for testing and training purposes.

==Basic roles==
{{see also|List of missiles}}
Missiles are generally categorized by their launch platform and intended target. In broadest terms, these will either be surface (ground or water) or air, and then sub-categorized by range and the exact target type (such as anti-tank or anti-ship). Many weapons are designed to be launched from both surface or the air, and a few are designed to attack either surface or air targets (such as the [[Air Defense Anti-Tank System|ADATS]] missile). Most weapons require some modification in order to be launched from the air or surface, such as adding [[Booster (rocketry)|boosters]] to the surface-launched version.

===Ballistic===
[[File:Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[R-36 (missile)|R-36]] ballistic missile launch at a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] silo]]After the boost stage, ballistic missiles follow a [[trajectory]] mainly determined by [[ballistics]]. The guidance is for relatively small deviations from that.

Ballistic missiles are largely used for land attack missions. Although normally associated with nuclear weapons, some conventionally armed ballistic missiles are in service, such as [[MGM-140 ATACMS]]. The V2 had demonstrated that a ballistic missile could deliver a warhead to a target city with no possibility of interception, and the introduction of [[nuclear weapon]]s meant it could efficiently do damage when it arrived. The accuracy of these systems was fairly poor, but post-war development by most military forces improved the basic [[Inertial navigation system]] concept to the point where it could be used as the guidance system on [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]s flying thousands of kilometers. Today, the ballistic missile represents the only [[Deterrence theory|strategic deterrent]] in most military forces; however, some ballistic missiles are being adapted for conventional roles, such as the Russian [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]] or the Chinese [[DF-21#DF-21D|DF-21D]] [[anti-ship ballistic missile]]. Ballistic missiles are primarily surface-launched from [[transporter erector launcher|mobile launchers]], [[missile silo|silos]], [[warship|ships]] or [[ballistic missile submarine|submarines]], with [[ALBM|air launch]] being theoretically possible with a weapon such as the cancelled [[GAM-87 Skybolt|Skybolt]] missile.

The [[Russia]]n [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M|Topol M (SS-27 Sickle B)]] is the fastest (7,320 m/s) missile currently in service.<ref>{{cite news | title = World’s military powers | newspaper = The Independent | url = http://www.independent.co.ug/index.php/reports/world-report/74-world-report-/172-worlds-military-powers | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100530062700/http://www.independent.co.ug/index.php/reports/world-report/74-world-report-/172-worlds-military-powers | archive-date = 2010-05-30 }}</ref>

====Cruise====
[[File:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile.jpg|thumb|United States [[Tomahawk cruise missile]]]]
[[File:BrahMos.jpg|thumb|Russian Supersonic cruise missile [[BrahMos]].]]The [[V-1 flying bomb|V1]] had been successfully intercepted during [[World War II]], but this did not make the [[cruise missile]] concept entirely useless. After the war, the US deployed a small number of nuclear-armed cruise missiles in Germany, but these were considered to be of limited usefulness. Continued research into much longer-ranged and faster versions led to the US's [[SM-64 Navaho]] and its [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] counterparts, the [[Burya]] and [[Buran cruise missile]]. However, these were rendered largely obsolete by the [[ICBM]], and none were used operationally. Shorter-range developments have become widely used as highly accurate attack systems, such as the US [[Tomahawk missile]] and Russian [[Kh-55]] . Cruise missiles are generally further divided into subsonic or supersonic weapons - supersonic weapons such as [[BrahMos]] (India) are difficult to shoot down, whereas subsonic weapons tend to be much lighter and cheaper allowing more to be fired.

Cruise missiles are generally associated with [[land-attack missile|land-attack operations]], but also have an important role as anti-shipping weapons. They are primarily launched from air, sea or submarine platforms in both roles, although land-based launchers also exist.

====Anti-ship and Anti-submarine====
{{main|Anti-ship missile|anti-submarine missile}}
[[File:Exocet-mil.jpg|thumb|The [[France|French]] [[Exocet]] missile in flight]]Another major German missile development project was the anti-shipping class (such as the [[Fritz X]] and [[Henschel Hs 293]]), intended to stop any attempt at a cross-channel invasion. However, the British were able to render their systems useless by jamming their radios, and missiles with [[wire guided missile|wire guidance]] were not ready by [[D-Day]]. After the war, the anti-shipping class slowly developed and became a major class in the 1960s with the introduction of the low-flying jet- or rocket-powered cruise missiles known as "sea-skimmers". These became famous during the [[Falklands War]], when an Argentine [[Exocet|Exocet missile]] sank a [[Royal Navy]] destroyer.

A number of [[anti-submarine missile]]s also exist; these generally use the missile in order to deliver another weapon system such as a [[torpedo]] or [[depth charge]] to the location of the submarine, at which point the other weapon will conduct the underwater phase of the mission.

====Anti-tank====
{{main|Anti-tank guided missile}}
[[File:Army-fgm148.jpg|thumb|[[U.S. Army]] soldiers firing an [[FGM-148 Javelin]]]]By the end of WWII, all forces had widely introduced unguided rockets using [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead]]s as their major anti-tank weapon (see [[Panzerfaust]], [[Bazooka]]). However, these had a limited useful range of 100 m or so, and the Germans were looking to extend this with the use of a missile using [[wire-guided missile|wire guidance]], the X-7. After the war, this became a major design class in the later 1950s and, by the 1960s, had developed into practically the only non-tank anti-tank system in general use. During the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]] between Israel and Egypt, the [[9M14 Malyutka]] (aka "Sagger") man-portable anti-tank missile proved potent against Israeli tanks. While other guidance systems have been tried, the basic reliability of wire guidance means this will remain the primary means of controlling anti-tank missiles in the near future. Anti-tank missiles may be launched from aircraft, vehicles or by ground troops in the case of smaller weapons.

===Surface-to-air and subsurface-to-air===

====Anti-aircraft====
{{main|Surface-to-air missile|air-to-air missile|man-portable air-defense system}}
[[File:Patriot missile launch b.jpg|thumb|upright|[[MIM-104 Patriot]] missile being launched]]By 1944, US and British air forces were sending huge air fleets over occupied Europe, increasing the pressure on the [[Luftwaffe]] day and night fighter forces. The Germans were keen to get some sort of useful ground-based anti-aircraft system into operation. Several systems were under development, but none had reached operational status before the war's end. The [[United States Navy|US Navy]] also started missile research to deal with the [[Kamikaze]] threat. By 1950, systems based on this early research started to reach operational service, including the [[United States Army|US Army]]'s [[MIM-3 Nike Ajax]] and the Navy's "3T's" (Talos, Terrier, Tartar), soon followed by the Soviet [[S-25 Berkut]] and [[S-75 Dvina]] and French and British systems. Anti-aircraft weapons exist for virtually every possible launch platform, with surface-launched systems ranging from huge, self-propelled or ship-mounted launchers to man-portable systems. '''Subsurface-to-air missiles''' are usually launched from below water (usually from [[submarine]]s).

====Anti-ballistic====
{{main|Anti-ballistic missile}}
[[File:Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Arrow missile]]]]
Like most missiles, the [[S-300 (missile)|S-300]], [[S-400 (missile)]], [[Advanced Air Defence]] and [[MIM-104 Patriot]] are for defense against short-range missiles and carry explosive warheads.

In the case of a large closing speed, [[Projectile#Explosive charge or kinetic|a projectile without explosives]] is used; just a [[collision]] is sufficient to destroy the target. See [[Missile Defense Agency]] for the following systems being developed:

* [[Arrow 3]]
* [[Kinetic Energy Interceptor]] (KEI)
* [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System]] (Aegis BMD) - an [[RIM-161 Standard missile 3|SM-3]] missile with a Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile (LEAP) Kinetic Warhead (KW)

===Air-to-air===
[[File:Aircraft Combat Archer (2565196807).jpg|thumb|A [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22 Raptor]] fires an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]]]

Soviet [[RS-82 (rocket family)|RS-82 rocket]]s were successfully tested in combat at the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939.

German experience in World War II demonstrated that destroying a large aircraft was quite difficult, and they had invested considerable effort into [[air-to-air missile]] systems to do this. Their [[Messerschmitt Me 262]]'s jets often carried R4M rockets, and other types of "bomber destroyer" aircraft had unguided rockets as well. In the post-war period, the R4M served as the pattern for a number of similar systems, used by almost all interceptor aircraft during the 1940s and 1950s. Most rockets (except for the [[AIR-2 Genie]], due to its nuclear warhead with a large blast radius) had to be carefully aimed at relatively close range to hit the target successfully. The [[United States Navy]] and [[U.S. Air Force]] began deploying guided missiles in the early 1950s, most famous being the US Navy's [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] and the USAF's [[AIM-4 Falcon]]. These systems have continued to advance, and modern air warfare consists almost entirely of missile firing. In the [[Falklands War]], less powerful British [[Harrier Jump Jet|Harriers]] were able to defeat faster Argentinian opponents using AIM-9L missiles provided by the United States as the conflict began. The latest heat-seeking designs can lock onto a target from various angles, not just from behind, where the heat signature from the engines is strongest. Other types rely on radar guidance (either on board or "painted" by the launching aircraft). Air-to-air missiles also have a wide range of sizes, ranging from helicopter-launched self-defense weapons with a range of a few kilometers, to long-range weapons designed for interceptor aircraft such as the [[R-37 (missile)]].

===Anti-satellite===
{{main|Anti-satellite weapon}}
[[File:ASAT missile launch.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ASM-135 ASAT]] missile launch in 1985]]In the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet designers started work on an anti-satellite weapon, called the [[Istrebitel Sputnik]], which literally means "interceptor of satellites" or "destroyer of satellites". After a lengthy development process of roughly twenty years, it was finally decided that testing of the Istrebitel Sputnik be canceled. This was when the United States started testing their own systems. The [[Strategic Defense Initiative|Brilliant Pebbles]] defense system proposed during the 1980s would have used kinetic energy collisions without explosives. Anti-satellite weapons may be launched either by an aircraft or a surface platform, depending on the design. To date, only a few known tests have occurred. As of 2019, only 4 countries - United States, India , Russia and China have operational anti-satellite weapons.

==See also==

* [[Anti-aircraft warfare]]
* [[Anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures]]
* [[Aeroprediction]]
* [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|Center of pressure]]
* [[Command missile]]
* [[Guided missile destroyer]]
* [[Missile approach warning system]]
* [[Missile boat]]
* [[Missile defense]]
* [[Missile defense systems by country]]
* [[Missile designation]]
* [[Missile gap]]
* [[Missile launch control center]]
* [[Rocket launcher|Missile launchers]]
* [[Tracking ship|Missile range instrumentation ship]]
* [[Missile tank]]
* [[Missile Technology Control Regime]]
* [[Missile turret]]
* [[Missile vehicle]]
* [[NATO missile defence system]]
* [[Proportional navigation]]
* [[Rocket garden]]
* [[Scramjet]]
* [[Skid-to-turn]]
* [[Soft launch (missile)|Soft launching]]
* [[Timeline of rocket and missile technology]]
* [[Transporter erector launcher]]
* [[Trajectory optimization]]
* [[Twilight phenomena]]
* [[Vertical launching system|Vertical launcher]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|missile}}

*{{Commons-inline|Missile}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Missiles}}
*[https://missilethreat.csis.org/ Missile Threat: A Project of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]]

{{Missile types}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Missiles| ]]
[[Category:Missile types| ]]
[[Category:Rockets and missiles| ]]
[[Category:Ammunition]]
[[Category:Explosive weapons]]

User talk:Captainllama

2019-11-11T23:10:46Z

Simsman333: /* How is it not a terrorist organization? */ new section

== Subpages ==

[[Special:Prefixindex/User:Captainllama]]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Captainllama/subpage]

== Welcome ==
'''Welcome!'''

Hello, Captainllama, and [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Captainllama|your contributions]]. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
*[[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
*[[Help:Editing|How to edit a page]] and [[Wikipedia:Article development|How to develop articles]]
*[[Wikipedia:Your first article|How to create your first article]] (using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] if you wish)
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign]] your messages on [[Help:Using talk pages|discussion page]]s using four [[tilde]]s (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], ask me on [[user talk:RJFJR|my talk page]], or ask your question on this page and then place <code><nowiki>{{help me}}</nowiki></code> before the question. Again, welcome! 
[[User:RJFJR|RJFJR]] ([[User talk:RJFJR|talk]]) 15:05, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

== Talk page of unusual deaths ==

Kindly visit the talk page of [[list of unusual deaths]]. I have mentioned you there already. [[User:Usernamekiran|usernamekiran]] ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|talk]]) 21:18, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

==Durbanville==

Good day Captainllama

I see that you have not accepted my entries on the page.

Wikipedia encourage one to improve articles as long as they are verifiable.

I hereby friendly request you to re-look at my improvements
1. Durbanville High School and Fairmont High school have separate Wikipedia pages apart from their official website. It was just a link to the Wikipedia pages.
2. Durbanville College has an official Wikipedia page and is situated in Durbanville. It was just a link to the Wikipedia page.
3. Eversdal Primary and Stellenberg High school are in Bellville and not in Durbanville. I just stated the facts
4.Kenridge and Eversdal are in Bellville and not in Durbanville. I just stated the facts.
5. Reddham is a new school in Durbanville. That is a new addition, as it recently opened.
6. Clara Anna fontein is a notable landmark in the Tygerberg and is now part of Durbanville. That is proved by numerous sources.

All improvements have verifiable sources.

As far as I understood Wikipedia is a living encyclopedia and improvements should be accepted, if verifiable.

I therefore ask you friendly to accept these improvements as it is in the spirit of a living encyclopedia.

No malicious intend is there so I really do not understand the removal.

If you feel that some of the improvements are not correct kindly notify me.

Regards

[[User:Barry Ne]] 03:32 12 June 2018 (UTC)

:Good day to you Barry Ne. There may have been, as you contend, some improvements. They'd have been within 13 consecutive edits all except the last without edit summary, which I described in my edit summary as "''Unexplained apparently random removals, addition of overly detailed yet non-notable content''", which I stand by. Additions are not necessarily "improvements". I hope I don't sound rude, your enthusiasm is welcome but just because a fact is verifiable doesn't mean it belongs in Wikipedia, and content removal really does require that a reason be given. I see you have subsequently continued contributing and learning Wikipedia so do go ahead and re-add any information that you still think merits inclusion. Best wishes, [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 14:05, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

== TheFamousPeople.com as a source ==

Hi Captainllama. I noticed that you used thefamouspeople.com as a source for [[WP:BLP|biographical information]] in [[Sharon Stone]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Stone&diff=prev&oldid=843776351]. Please note that there is general consensus that thefamouspeople.com does not meet the [[WP:RS|reliable sourcing criteria]] for such information. (Discussions [[Wikipedia:Help_desk/Archives/2017_May_29#The_Famous_People:_Reliable.3F|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_207#www.thefamouspeople.com|here]]). Similarly, sharonstone.net and thebiography.us are not reliable either. If you disagree, let's discuss it. Thanks. --[[User:Ronz|Ronz]] ([[User talk:Ronz|talk]]) 23:11, 9 July 2018 (UTC)
:No problem. I added FOUR sources for the info only as a kind of frustrated brute force refutation of repeated date/place of birth vandalism, there being no citation for either the correct or false info. Seemed to work so I'm very happy for the reliable source to remain as the single citation. [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 11:39, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

== Glossary of rugby union terms ==

{{la|Glossary of rugby union terms}}

Hello, thank you for putting the entry in the right oder alphabetically. I realize this may sound a bit dense, but the source I used wasn't very clear (and I don't know anything about rugby union), so I thought I would ask directly: if the ref calls the "calvary charge", is the ball given to ''the other team'' and they get the free/penalty kick? I would like to be more specific. [[User:Hbdragon88|hbdragon88]] ([[User talk:Hbdragon88|talk]]) 05:02, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Hbdragon88]] Hi, I know next to nothing too! And sources are thin and mostly not very helpful. The site http://www.irblaws.com/ is currently, frustratingly, unreachable. I did however find [https://www.lsrur.co.uk/images/TrainingDocuments/World-Rugby-Laws-2018-EN.pdf this] which defines a cavalry charge, [https://laws.worldrugby.org/index.php?law=9&language=EN this rule (9.22)] forbidding it and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFoygksnTXo this video] illustrating both the flying wedge and cavalry charge.
:I couldn't find anything that specifically stated that the penalty is to be awarded to the other team, but that is generally how penalties work, if one side commits an infringement then it is the opposing team who is awarded possession.
:Hope that helps! [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 14:20, 10 October 2018 (UTC)

== Knee-jerk reaction ==

Don’t just blindly revert without checking what you are restoring. For example, read the crap at the end of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Toms&diff=872585143&oldid=872584297 this edit]. Anyway you should know that [[WP:Plot]] discourages extensive unsourced plots - these ones are plainly just the words of people who saw the movies and decided to write a review. What exactly is encyclopedic about the text I removed? [[Special:Contributions/2A02:C7D:3C1A:7300:783D:74DD:887A:5D81|2A02:C7D:3C1A:7300:783D:74DD:887A:5D81]] ([[User talk:2A02:C7D:3C1A:7300:783D:74DD:887A:5D81|talk]]) 22:41, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

:@[[User:2A02:C7D:3C1A:7300:783D:74DD:887A:5D81]] Thank you for your message. Had you thoughtfully edited the plot summaries there would have been no problem. Just choosing a random point and deleting everything after, as you did, is not helpful or encyclopedic, and reverting such edits is absolutely the correct thing to do. Enthusiasm is welcome, if you want your edits to persist and contribute to the encyclopedia you may like to read the following:

:*[[WP:FILMPLOT]] Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film#Plot
:*[[WP:PLOTSUM]] - Wikipedia:How to write a plot summary
:*[[Wikipedia:How to streamline a plot summary]]

:Best wishes, [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] 23:04, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Walkin' My Baby Back Home]] ==

I was hoping for some discussion, so I might as well start it here. How is it relevant to [[Baby, It's Cold Outside]]? Well, they were written about the same time, had revivals about the same time, were both in the movies, are about the same topic, seduction. Even in a similar pop/jazz/blues style. One *may* go over the line, the other *may not*. Lots of parallels, how close does one song need to be to another to qualify for the "See also" section"? [[User:Smallbones|Smallbones]]([[User talk:Smallbones|smalltalk]]) 20:45, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
:Cheers, [[User:Smallbones]], for the invitation to discuss. Having looked at the page [[Walkin' My Baby Back Home]] I find no mention of controversy nor subject matter, and as I am only passingly familiar with the song I am regretfully unqualified to accept your invitation.

:It occurred to me to copy/paste to [[Talk:Baby, It's Cold Outside]] where such a discussion rightfully belongs but that's your prerogative not mine. You will find a wider audience for informed discussion than here. Best wishes! [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 21:39, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

== Help ==

Hi, How do I petition a name change? The article Flashlight can be moved to an easier and more recognizable term 'Torch'. I have requested so on the talk page. Is that what you mean by 'petition a name change?'. If there is a different process, can you tell me how to do that? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/27.112.120.117|27.112.120.117]] ([[User talk:27.112.120.117#top|talk]]) 21:20, 8 December 2018 (UTC) 
:[[User:27.112.120.117]] Changing the name of an article is referred to on Wikipedia as [[WP:MOVE|moving a page]], see the link for details on how to propose it. I am sympathetic but ... disambiguation. The term "torch" has many connotations, including flaming tar on the end of a stick. "Flashlight", while etymologically illogical, only really has the one accepted meaning. But nevertheless, I would be glad to see the change - good luck! [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 21:57, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
:: Followed the help article as you suggested. I couldn't find the move option near the history. I don't usually edit wikis hence the challenges. The reason I came here to this article is that we had a grammar session at the school where we had to match the British English terms with American English. I thought it would only be ideal to change the wiki page to a commonly used terminology. But I found more discussions on this topic at the talk page and found that it had no resolve. Just my suggestion. You can consider this when future move requests are made.

== Thank you ==

Thank you for assisting me in learning how it works here. How do I report users Hummerrocket and ~Oshwah~ for their poor ability to function as moderators for their failure to identify and educate an obviously new editor that presented a valid concern that just happened to be 'vandalism' due to the info being placed in the wrong place? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/97.112.161.116|97.112.161.116]] ([[User talk:97.112.161.116#top|talk]]) 00:31, 20 December 2018 (UTC) 

:You're welcome. My advice? Don't worry about it. There's some abrasive characters and some pointy elbows around here but it's not a social site, the Encyclopedia is the thing. Be civil, of course, but don't necessarily expect it of others when they're focussed on something else and you're in the way! Sorry you had a bumpy intro and thanks for your interest and contribution - keep at it! I posted a welcome template on your talk page which has useful links. [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 01:11, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
== Dirty Dancing ==
FYI, someone named Jimmy Lenner does not exist. [[Jimmy Ienner]] does. [[User:Ugo1970|Ugo1970]] ([[User talk:Ugo1970|talk]]) 07:11, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
:Thanks [[User:Ugo1970|Ugo1970]] for the info, but why did you put it here instead of correcting my mistake in the article and putting the information in the edit summary? [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 09:05, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
: I just wanted to inform you. [[User:Ugo1970|Ugo1970]] ([[User talk:Ugo1970|talk]]) 09:30, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

== Ooops, thanks ==

Regarding [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&diff=next&oldid=899336630 this edit], I had the page open for a while and had been meaning to revert {{np|Prabhakarzx}}'s edit. But you had beaten me to the punch, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&diff=prev&oldid=899334782 here]. Thanks for reverting my mistaken unlinking, and thanks for having already taken care of the earlier removal of garbage! --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 11:12, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

== Shared taxi! ==

The vehicles used as Aggkot or Mikrolet are not taxi, rather a microbus! [[User:M R Karim Reza|M R Karim Reza]] ([[User talk:M R Karim Reza|talk]]) 17:00, 23 June 2019 (UTC)
:{{reply to|M R Karim Reza}} "Taxi" is a function, not a description of a vehicle form-factor. "Microbus" is a form-factor, not a description of a function. A vehicle can be (and in this case is) both a taxi and a microbus. I see you have edited mini van → microbus, which is fine. [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 17:23, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

== Sophie Turner ==

Hi, Captainllama - I have left a response on the Sophie Turner talk page in reference to the issue.

Regards

[[User:Juanpumpchump|Juanpumpchump]] ([[User talk:Juanpumpchump|talk]]) 13:25, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

== Revert ==

Sorry about [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Headroom_broadcast_signal_intrusion&oldid=prev&diff=906449682 this]. The user I reverted was a long term abuse sockpuppet. I was performing a [[WP:DENY]] of their contributions. '''[[User:STATicVapor|StaticVapor]] [[User talk:STATicVapor|message me!]]''' 22:27, 15 July 2019 (UTC) {{u|STATicVapor|I thought so, -it made me chuckle!}} [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]])

== Unusual deaths & animals ==

Hello Captainllama, I added a new section in the unusual deaths talk page, about a man choking to death in an underwater erotic asphyxiation. The source is a medical source, and describes the death as "unusual", but I don't know if I should include it, since I don't know if medical sources are reliable.

The other question I have is, is all type of unusual animals deaths permmitted on the article? Or it is only elephants or big animals allowed to be included? Could notable dogs or cats be included, also? Since the two elephants deaths on the article caught me in surprise. Thanks.--[[User:Cientific124|Cientific124]] ([[User talk:Cientific124|talk]]) 22:48, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|Cientific124}}, I am flattered but unworthy to be asked to weigh in upon such matters. I tend to go by what seems right and check the documentation if unsure. That said, I've been sure only to be later found wrong. You say you "don't know if medical sources are reliable" but reliability is not dependant upon subject. The best I could offer is "some are, some are not" i.e. no help at all! However there are resources on Wikipedia that maybe can help towards resolving your dilemma, for example:

::[[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources]]
::[[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)]]
::[[Wikipedia:Reliable_source_examples#Physical_sciences_and_medicine]]

:Your other question asks whether all types of animals are permitted on the article or only elephants and big animals. Again, I am not qualified to advise in abstract and can only point to is the given criteria for inclusion: "...This list includes only unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources..." So, nothing to exclude animals whatever their size, just a requirement that more than one source call the death unusual.

:I'd also recommend a browse of the talk archives of the unusual deaths article to get a feel for how the criteria for inclusion has evolved to its present state. I note that you have asked about the autoerotic asphyxiation case on the talk page and not had a response (sorry), sometimes the best way to get a discussion going is to publish and deal graciously with subsequent fallout (if any).

:Keep at it and best of luck! [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 01:34, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

::Thanks for the information! I will do a browse on the older talk page of the unusual deaths article, and I will add the autoerotic death on the unusual death article! About the animals deaths, I will try to expand the article with some more unusual animals deaths, if I find any. Best regards! --[[User:Cientific124|Cientific124]] ([[User talk:Cientific124|talk]]) 12:25, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

== A bowl of strawberries for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Erdbeerteller01.jpg|120px]]
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For your copy edit on [[V. G. Siddhartha]] ''[[User:DBigXray|DBig]][[User talk:DBigXray|Xrayᗙ]]'' 12:37, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
|}
Yum, thanks! [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 12:42, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

== Copy edit ==

Can you take a look at [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]] and do some copy edit if needed. thanks. --''[[User:DBigXray|DBig]][[User talk:DBigXray|Xrayᗙ]]'' 12:44, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

== [[WP:CIV|Civilty]] and [[WP:DENY]] ==

Hi [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]]! Thanks for responding the user talk page of {{noping|Libeyellow96}}, and for adding the information you provided regarding the long-term abuse. I just wanted to send you an informal note regarding your edit [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Libeyellow96&oldid=prev&diff=913540355 here] where you provided additional information (which I appreciated greatly, by the way)...

I ''completely 100% understand'' how easy and even how satisfying it may feel to call these long-term abuse users names and refer to them as the scum of the Earth, and I absolutely can't blame you for doing so... but I ''highly discourage'' and advise against engaging in such behavior. By calling this user a "no-life wanker", you've essentially given them exactly what they want - which is time, attention, and emotion (even if it's just a small or minute amount), which only ''encourages them'' to keep at it and keep up what they're doing. We want to do our best to [[WP:DENY|deny them that recognition and time that they want]] and with each of our messages, edits, and actions. You have to remember that these users are '''trolls'''... they ''thrive and survive'' on the recognition that their actions bring, and we have to do our upmost best not to give them what they want.

Think of it like two little kids... the older brother poking at the younger brother and teasing him. Every time the younger brother screams, "stop it!", it only encourages the older brother to keep doing it. If the little brother simply ignored or showed indifference to what the older brother was doing, the older brother would get bored of it, find what he's doing not to be any fun, and he'd stop doing it. We have to model that kind of thinking in these scenarios; otherwise, we're just causing them to continue what they're doing, which isn't helpful to the project. ;-)

Anyways, that's all I wanted to talk to you about. :-) Just take what I said to heart and think about it, and please let me know if you have any questions and I'll be happy to answer them. Just make sure to ping me if you respond here so that I receive a notification. :-) Cheers - [[User:Oshwah|~Oshwah~]][[User_talk:Oshwah|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Oshwah|(contribs)]] 22:41, 1 September 2019 (UTC)
:{{ping|Oshwah}} Thanks for your reply and I take your point. I'd only note that my comment was intended for your consumption rather than the vandal's, but as I unthinkingly posted on their page rather than yours the point is moot and, ultimately, unwise in either case. Cheers! [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 19:18, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
::Hi [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]]! I appreciate you for responding to the message I left above, taking it to heart, and for using it to self-reflect. Being positive and responsive to feedback like you did above is a good leadership skill, and it'll only make you stronger in the eyes of other editors. :-) Even if your message was left on ''my'' talk page as opposed to the ''user's'', I still hold my recommendation and my thoughts toward the words you used - it doesn't matter ''where'' the message was left. ;-) It's easy for users (even new or novice ones!) to find and go through another editor's contribution history, and from there find your very recent messages and edits, and then read through any message you left about them on Wikipedia... that's how many LTA users and trolls find out that we're on to them! ;-) Next time this situation arises, just let the words "stay thy hand" come to mind, and give yourself a brief and gentle pause first. :-) Like I said earlier, it's a lose/lose situation if we resort to stooping to their levels, and we want to aim higher than that whenever we can do so. :-D Thanks again for listening to me, and please don't hesitate to message me if you have any questions or want to talk. :-) Cheers - [[User:Oshwah|~Oshwah~]][[User_talk:Oshwah|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Oshwah|(contribs)]] 09:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

==Rob Letterman - FYI==
I've posted [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Rob Letterman]]. Yrs, [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 08:49, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

==Chernobyl (miniseries) - FYI==

Captain, the phrase "for dramatic purposes" is meaningless dribble, and your "sources" prove nothing. Read the sentence with and without the phrase, and you will see the difference in clarity and meaning. Please remain civil and respectful of other users. Happy days lie ahead for you. Bless! — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.60.1.17|24.60.1.17]] ([[User talk:24.60.1.17#top|talk]]) 17:05, 4 September 2019 (UTC) 
:How extraordinary (and ironic) you would imagine I had not considered the passage both with and without the phrase. Have you? I assume not, given your blinkered insistence that removing information imparts more information. Let me help:
:::"The series was exhaustively researched, but some liberties were taken."
:Why were these liberties taken? Was it perhaps to make it more exciting? (i.e. for dramatic effect?) Or was it for political purposes, to maybe cover for/embarrass the authorities? Perhaps the liberties were taken because the filmmakers ran out of money? Did the directors wife demand to be given a starring role? We don't know. Now try this version:
:::"The series was exhaustively researched, but some liberties were taken for dramatic purposes."
:Ah, so that's why. To make a complex story more easily digestible. See how that works? Yes? No? [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 18:31, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

::Captain - your argument is childish and fails, on every level, to support your position. You seem very angry and I urge you to relax. Yours is not the only voice on Wikipedia, and other users can and will edit content. If we had wrongly edited particular facts (dates, places, names) or failed to provide sources for quotes, then we would understand your unbridled anger. However, in this case, we did not edit the facts or sources, we merely redacted an unnecessary and vague phrase: "for dramatic purposes." You do not control the English language, nor do you control this article. Take care and God Bless! — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.60.1.17|24.60.1.17]] ([[User talk:24.60.1.17#top|talk]]) 01:31, 5 September 2019 (UTC) 
:::{{ping|24.60.1.17}} This is silly, and funny. Why are you posting here instead of on the talk page of the article? Why are you projecting your failure to collaborate onto me? Why are you suggesting that ''I'' am a lone voice trying to own the article when I sought and received consensus from the community? Why are you referring to yourself as "we" when you actually '''are''' a lone voice who has not sought the opinion of others? Why are you advising ''me'' to be civil and respectful while calling my point "childish" and "meaningless dribble"? Why are you so hung up on disparaging me and my arguments while neglecting to provide any actual refutation? It's clear that it is you, not me, who has taken this as some kind of personal war to be won rather than a dispassionate discussion as to the merits or otherwise of a form of words (which are not even mine in the first place). Your telling ''me'' to relax? You're calling ''me'' angry? Hilarious! The actual discussion is at [[Talk:Chernobyl_(miniseries)#For_dramatic_purposes|the article talk page]] if you're not too embarrassed to engage there. Meanwhile feel free to reveal more of your insecurities by projecting them onto me here, it's good to have a laugh now and then. [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 15:11, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

::::Good morning Captain! You make numerous assumptions about us and our use of the pronoun "we", but we will forgive your personal attack on us. You could not possibly know that the IP address to which you refer is, in fact, a public address and you sparring with a group, not an individual. None of that matters, but now you know. Menwhile, please remember that it was YOU, not US who instigated this conversation. We made a minor edit to a wiki entry and we believed our edit was accurate. You then attacked us on our talk page and you literally demanded that we return the favor, or did you forget? This is the last you will hear from us, but we will continue to edit that particular entry, ad infinitum, and we will do so "for dramatic purposes." — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.60.1.17|24.60.1.17]] ([[User talk:24.60.1.17#top|talk]]) 15:36, 6 September 2019 (UTC) 

:::::{{ping|24.60.1.17}}Oh for goodness sakes, you enormous horde of people with the curiously identical mindset and way of expressing yourselves who happen to live in the same geographic area, get over it already! Do you have a point that needs making, or do you not? If you do, the [[Talk:Chernobyl_(miniseries)#For_dramatic_purposes|talk page is over there]]. If not, stop trolling and get a hobby. Maybe you could see how many of you you can fit into Dilboy Stadium? Or would too many of you get left out? [[User:Captainllama|Captainllama]] ([[User talk:Captainllama#top|talk]]) 03:26, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

== A kitten for you! ==

[[File:Cucciolo gatto Bibo.jpg|left|150px]]
Thanks for the correction; I truly apologize.

[[User:Sc2353|Sc2353]] ([[User talk:Sc2353|talk]]) 22:34, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 

== Try out our counter-vandalism tool? ==

Hi {{ping|Captainllama}},

Thank you for reverting vandalisms such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meatball&oldid=921483420 this_one]. I am a developer building a [http://battlefield.wikiloop.org web-based counter-vandalism tool], may I ask you to try it out and give us some feedback? http://battlefield.wikiloop.org [[User:Xinbenlv|xinbenlv]] [[User talk:Xinbenlv|Talk]], [[Template:ping|Ping]] 00:22, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

== Llamas everywhere ==

We've been criss-crossing on so many articles lately, reverting some of the same problematic edits, that I almost feel I need to post a "no relation" disclaimer on my user page! :) [[User:Grandpallama|Grandpallama]] ([[User talk:Grandpallama|talk]]) 14:51, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

== How is it not a terrorist organization? ==

I made an edit to the article [[Islamic terrorism]] by adding [[the Muslim Brotherhood]] to the list of Islamic terrorist organizations. Why did you undo my edit? The Muslim Brotherhood is labeled as a terrorist organization in several countries ,including Egypt ,its birthplace after they evidently committed many terrorist attacks against civilians and military personnel. What is exactly your criteria for being a terrorist organization? Should the US government label it as such? You just said it is "not a terrorist organization" without explaining why. --[[User:Simsman333|Simsman333]] ([[User talk:Simsman333|talk]]) 23:10, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

Mada Masr

2019-11-10T12:56:56Z

Simsman333: It is not a leading newspaper. This is an exaggeration.

{{short description|Independent Egyptian online newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Mada Masr مدى مصر
| logo = Mada Masr Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| motto = Independent, progressive journalism
| format = [[Online newspaper]]
| editor =
| foundation = {{Start date|2013|06|30}}
| political = Left-wing
| language = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[English language|English]]
| publishing_country = Egypt
| website = {{official website}}}}

'''''Mada Masr''''' ({{lang-ar|مدى مصر}}) is an independent Egyptian online newspaper, founded in June 2013 by former journalists of the English-language newspaper ''[[Egypt Independent]]'' following the shutting down of its editorial operations in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=America is no longer a force for stability in the Gulf|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21723111-blacklisting-qatar-sign-president-trumps-new-world-disorder-america-no-longer|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=[[The Economist]]|date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Egypt Independent final edition cover.png|thumb|Cover of the final edition of Egypt Independent]]

''[[Egypt Independent]]'' was a weekly, 24-page English-language newspaper that had evolved from the English web edition of the newspaper ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]''. Its first edition was published on 24 November 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Time for something new|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/time-something-new|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=24 November 2011}}</ref>

In December 2011, the second edition of the newspaper was prevented from being printed, following internal censorship of an article<ref>{{cite news|title=Is Tantawi reading the public’s pulse correctly?|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/tantawi-reading-public's-pulse-correctly|accessdate=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=6 December 2011}}</ref> written by political scientist Robert Springborg which was critical of the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Time for an independent conversation|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/time-independent-conversation|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=7 December 2011}}</ref>

In April 2013, the editorial team was informed by the management of Al-Masry Media Corporation that their print and online news operation will be shut down.<ref name=egyptindependent>{{cite news|title=Egypt Independent 2009-2013|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-independent-2009-2013|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=25 April 2013}}</ref> The editorial team decided to put together a closing edition, which would have been published on 25 April, "to explain the conditions under which a strong voice of independent and progressive journalism in Egypt is being terminated".<ref name=egyptindependent /> However, the management decided in the last minute to withhold the printing of the final edition, so the editorial team decided to publish it online.<ref name=egyptindependent /><ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt Independent's 50th and final print edition|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/137896360/Egypt-Independent-s-50th-and-final-print-edition|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=[[Scribd]]|date=25 April 2013}}</ref>

The online edition of Egypt Independent was re-launched later that year.

==Founding of ''Mada Masr''==
On 30 June 2013, ''Mada Masr'' published its first issue.<ref name=madamasr>{{cite news|title=And we're back ...|url=http://www.madamasr.com/content/and-were-back-0|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=Mada Masr|date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803144228/http://www.madamasr.com/content/and-were-back-0|archivedate=3 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=With Morsi Out, Uphill Battle for Independent Media Intensifies|url=http://www.acus.org/egyptsource/morsi-out-uphill-battle-independent-media-intensifies|accessdate=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[Atlantic Council]]|date=17 July 2013}}</ref>

In the first article published, the editorial team described the planning process for the launch: "We decided we want to publish in Arabic as well as English, that we want to see more data-based reports, more investigative journalism. We want to experiment with different ways of storytelling. And very importantly, develop a business model and deploy a visionary commercial team that helps make our work sustainable."<ref name=madamasr />

The article also described how the editorial team arrived at the name: "It needed a name. An Arabic name that was easy to say in English, but one that also reflected our practice of independent, progressive journalism. After a long process, we came to Mada. It is the Arabic word for range, scope or span, but it's also the spot where a stone is placed on a ring, a symbol of taking a position."<ref name=madamasr />

The article concluded with: "Today ''Mada Masr'' is born amid many challenges and uncertainties. But it's also born out of inevitability. It is the inevitability of rebuilding a home for our team and our practice, the inevitability of a different form of journalism, the inevitability of experimentation and adventure as the only gateway for our imagination to strive."<ref name=madamasr />

Since then, ''Mada Masr'' published a number of articles on different topics such as politics, economy, environment, culture and lifestyle, and some of their articles on current affairs in Egypt were referenced by international news media.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top News: European Union Envoy Ashton Meets Morsi, Nears Deal to End Violence|url=http://www.acus.org/egyptsource/top-news-european-union-envoy-ashton-meets-morsi-nears-deal-end-violence|accessdate=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[Atlantic Council]]|date=30 July 2013}}</ref> As an example, an article by Sarah Carr about the political movement [[The Third Square]]<ref>{{cite news|title='Third Square' protesters reject Morsi, army|url=http://www.madamasr.com/content/third-square-protesters-reject-morsi-army|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=Mada Masr|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> was quoted extensively in a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' blog article about the subject.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tahrir Taken, Some Egyptians Look for 'Third Square' to Resist Islamists and Army|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/26/tahrir-taken-some-egyptians-look-for-a-third-square-to-resist-islamists-and-army/|accessdate=27 July 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times|New York Times]]|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

==Freedom of press in Egypt==
In July 2013, an article by the [[Associated Press]] about media bias in Egypt following the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|military coup]] quoted Lina Atallah, editor-in-chief of ''Mada Masr'', as saying that there was increased pressure on journalists to toe the line, pointing to the coverage of protester killings, which repeated the military's version of the violence. "What's scary about this time around in the media performance is that there is much more agenda-setting from above," she said.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's media embrace military after Morsi ouster|url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypts-media-embrace-military-morsi-ouster-190025330.html|accessdate=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|date=12 July 2013}}</ref>

''Mada Masr'' has been [[Internet_in_Egypt#Censorship|censored in Egypt]] since June 2017.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-url=https://archive.fo/Oq6dk |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/throughout-middle-east-the-web-is-being-walled-off-1531915200 |date=July 18, 2018 |first=Jared |last=Malsin |title=Throughout Middle East, the Web Is Being Walled Off |quote=“My first thought was, ‘Welcome to China,’” said a banker in Cairo, recalling his attempt to access Mada Masr, Egypt’s leading independent news organization, which has been blocked since June 2017.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*{{official website|name=''Mada Masr'' website (English)}}
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/137896360/Egypt-Independent-s-50th-and-final-print-edition ''Egypt Independent'' final edition]

{{Egypt topics}}
{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}
{{Arab Spring}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mada Masr}}
[[Category:2013 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian digital newspapers]]
[[Category:Egyptian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language websites]]
[[Category:Non-Arabic-language media in Egypt]]
[[Category:Organisations of the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:Publications established in 2013]]

Mohamed Morsi

2019-11-10T10:14:39Z

Simsman333: Mada Masr hasn't introduced any evidence for its claim that 'the government' sent a WhatsApp message about reporting Morsi's death to the media.

{{Redirect|Morsi|other uses|Morsy (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{short description|5th President of Egypt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohamed Morsi {{small|{{lang|ar|محمد مرسي العياط}}}}
| image = Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg
| caption = Morsi in 2013
| order = 5th
| office = President of Egypt
| vicepresident = [[Mahmoud Mekki]]
| primeminister = [[Kamal Ganzouri]] [[Hesham Qandil]]
| term_start = 30 June 2012
| term_end = 3 July 2013
| predecessor = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] {{small|(Interim)}}
| successor = [[Adly Mansour]] {{small|(Interim)}}
| office1 = Secretary General of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]
| term_start1 = 30 June 2012
| term_end1 = 30 August 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]]
| successor1 = [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]
| office2 = Chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]
| term_start2 = 30 April 2011
| term_end2 = 24 June 2012
| predecessor2 = Position established
| successor2 = [[Saad El-Katatni]]
| office3 = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|People's Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1 December 2000
| term_end3 = 12 December 2005
| predecessor3 = [[Numan Gumaa]]
| successor3 = Mahmoud Abaza
| birth_date = {{birth date|1951|8|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[El Adwah]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|6|17|1951|8|8|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
| party = [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]
| otherparty = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Naglaa Mahmoud]]|1979|2019|reason=his death}}
| children = 5
| alma_mater = [[Cairo University]] [[University of Southern California]]
| signature = Morsi signature.svg
}}

'''Mohamed Morsi'''<ref group="note">The spellings of his first and last names vary. A [http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/?contentid=20120713129825&method=home.regcon survey of 14 news organizations plus Wikipedia in July 2012] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130930141427/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/?contentid=20120713129825&method=home.regcon archive at Wayback Machine]) found that 11 used "Mohamed" and four used "Mohammed"; nine used "Morsi", five used "Mursi", and one used "Morsy". The official Egypt State Information Service uses both "Morsi" and "Morsy".</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔːr|s|i}}; {{lang-ar|محمد محمد مرسي عيسى العياط}}, [[ALA-LC]]: ''Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ʿĪsā al-ʿAyyāṭ, ''{{IPA-arz|mæˈħæmmæd mæˈħæmmæd ˈmoɾsi ˈʕiːsæ (ʔe)l.ʕɑjˈjɑːtˤ|IPA}}; 8 August 1951 – 17 June 2019) was an [[Egyptian people|Egyptian]] [[Politics of Egypt|politician]] and [[Engineering|engineer]] who served as the [[List of Presidents of Egypt|fifth]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sharnoffsglobalviews.com/egypt-crises-jordan-163/ |title=Jordan Bolstered by Egyptian, Syrian Chaos |first1=Dana |last1=Barakat |first2=Thomas |last2=Sullivan |publisher=Sharnoff's Global Views |date=26 August 2013 |accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> [[President of Egypt]], from 30 June 2012 to 3 July 2013, when [[Egyptian Army ranks|General]] [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] removed him from office in the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]] after the [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|June protests]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-28/egypt27s-military-council-meets-to-decide-sisi27s-political-a/5221486 |title=Egypt's army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi receives a promotion ahead of likely presidency bid |work=Australian Broadcasting corporation |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref> An [[Islamism|Islamist]] affiliated with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] organisation, Morsi led the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] from 2011 to 2012.

Morsi was born in [[El Adwah]], [[Sharqia Governorate]] before studying [[metallurgical engineering]] at [[Cairo University]] and then [[materials science]] at the [[University of Southern California]]. He became an associate professor at [[California State University, Northridge]] from 1982 to 1985 before returning to Egypt to teach at [[Zagazig University]]. Associating with the Muslim Brotherhood, which was then barred from office under President [[Hosni Mubarak]], Morsi stood as an independent candidate for the 2000 parliamentary elections. Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]], which resulted in Mubarak's resignation, Morsi came to the forefront as head of the Freedom and Justice Party. It became the largest party in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|2011-12 parliamentary election]] and Morsi was elected president in the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|2012 presidential election]].

As president, Morsi issued a temporary constitutional declaration in November 2012 that in effect granted him unlimited powers and the power to [[legislate]] without [[Judiciary of Egypt|judicial]] oversight or review of his acts as a pre-emptive move against the expected dissolution of the [[Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012|second constituent assembly]] by the [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak-era]] judges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheikh |first1=David D. Kirkpatrick and Mayy El |title=President Morsi in Egypt Seizes New Powers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/23/world/middleeast/egypts-president-morsi-gives-himself-new-powers.html |accessdate=19 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Egyptian Constitution of 2012|new constitution]] that was then hastily finalised by the [[Islamist]]-dominated constitutional assembly, presented to the president, and scheduled for a referendum before the [[Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)|Supreme Constitutional Court]] could rule on the constitutionality of the assembly, was described by independent press agencies not aligned with the regime as an "Islamist coup".<ref>{{cite journal |last=El Rashidi |first=Yasmine |title=Egypt: The Rule of the Brotherhood |journal=[[New York Review of Books]] |date=7 February 2013 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/feb/07/egypt-rule-brotherhood/?pagination=false |accessdate=24 September 2013 |quote=The Islamists' TV channels and press called the completion of the draft constitution an 'achievement', 'historic', 'an occasion', 'another step toward achieving the goals of the revolution'. The independent and opposition press described it as 'an Islamist coup'.}}</ref> These issues,<ref name="alarab912">{{cite news |title=Egypt's Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|accessdate=9 December 2012 |newspaper=Al Arabiya |date=9 December 2012 |quote=The two issues – the decree and the referendum – were at the heart of anti-Mursi protests that have rocked Egypt in the past two weeks.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209000212/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> along with complaints of prosecutions of journalists and attacks on nonviolent demonstrators,<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Daniel |title=Muslim Brotherhood abuses continue under Egypt's military |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-15/opinions/41412548_1_muslim-brotherhood-human-rights-watch-military-trials |accessdate=22 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053305/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-15/opinions/41412548_1_muslim-brotherhood-human-rights-watch-military-trials|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> led to the [[2012 Egyptian protests|2012 protests]].<ref>{{cite news |author=David D. Kirkpatrick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?pagewanted=2 |title=President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said to Prepare Martial Law Decree |location=Egypt |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html |last1=McCrumen |first1=Stephanie |last2=Hauslohner |first2=Abigail |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=5 December 2012 |location=London}}</ref> As part of a compromise, Morsi rescinded the decrees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's Morsi rescinds controversial decree |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/2012128222449772577.html |accessdate=30 September 2017 |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 December 2012}}</ref> A new constitution was approved by approximately two-thirds of voters in the [[2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum|referendum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt’s constitution passes with 63.8 percent approval rate |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-s-constitution-passes-638-percent-approval-rate/ |accessdate=30 September 2017 |work=Egypt Independent |date=25 December 2012}}</ref>

In June 2013, protests calling for Morsi's resignation erupted. The military, backed by the political opposition and leading religious figures, stepped in and [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|deposed Morsi in a coup]]. It suspended the constitution and appointed [[Adly Mansour]] as interim president. Pro-Morsi demonstrations [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre|were crushed]], resulting in over 800 deaths. Egyptian prosecutors then charged Morsi with various crimes and sought the [[Capital punishment in Egypt|death penalty]], a move denounced by [[Amnesty International]] as "a charade based on null and void procedures".<ref name="independent.co.uk">"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/mohamed-morsi-death-sentence-condemned-as-politicallymotivated-charade-by-supporters-and-rights-groups-10255464.html Mohamed Morsi death sentence condemned as politically-motivated 'charade' by supporters and rights groups]". ''The Independent''. 16 May 2015</ref> His death sentence was overturned in November 2016 and a retrial ordered. Morsi died during trial on 17 June 2019.<ref name=bbcdeath /><ref name=ajdeath />

==Early life and education==
Mohamed Morsi was born in the [[Al Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia Governorate]], in [[Lower Egypt|northern Egypt]], of modest provincial origin, in the village of [[El Adwah]], north of Cairo, on 8 August 1951 during the final years of the [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egyptian monarchy]].<ref name="aws25may">{{cite news|title=Profile: Egyptian presidential frontrunner Mohamed Mursi|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2012/05/article55241937|accessdate=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> His father was a farmer and his mother a housewife.<ref name="aws25may"/> He was the eldest of five brothers, and told journalists that he remembered being taken to school on the back of a [[donkey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21557803|title=Muhammad Morsi: An ordinary man|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=27 November 2012|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> In the late 1960s, he moved to [[Cairo]] to study at [[Cairo University]], and earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in engineering with high honors in 1975. He fulfilled his military service in the [[Egyptian Army]] from 1975 to 1976, serving in the chemical warfare unit. He then resumed his studies at Cairo University and earned an [[Master of Science|MS]] in [[metallurgical engineering]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/41186.aspx|title=Who is Mohamed Morsi? - Presidential elections news - Presidential elections 2012 - Ahram Online|work=ahram.org.eg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/28/world/meast/mohamed-morsy---fast-facts/|title=Mohamed Morsy Fast Facts|author=CNN Library|date=28 December 2012|work=CNN}}</ref> After completing his master's degree, Morsi earned a government scholarship that enabled him to study in the [[United States]]. He received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[materials science]] from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1982 with his dissertation on [[aluminium oxide]], {{Cite journal | title = High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity and Defect Structure of Donor-Doped Al2O3.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=420576&sectioncode=26|title=Academic-turned-politician aims to fix engine of state|author=David Matthews|date=19 July 2012|work=The Times of Higher Education|archivedate=13 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813085512/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=420576&sectioncode=26|url-status=live|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Driggs|first=Alexis|title=Egyptians elect USC alumnus|url=http://dailytrojan.com/2012/06/26/egyptians-elect-usc-alumnus/|accessdate=22 September 2012|newspaper=Daily Trojan|date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

==Academic and engineering career==
While living in the United States, Morsi became an assistant professor at [[California State University, Northridge]] from 1982 to 1985. Morsi, an expert on precision metal surfaces, also said to have worked with [[NASA]] in the early 1980s, helping to develop [[Space Shuttle]] engines.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2012/06/25/egyptian-president-elect-has-ties-to-usc-csun/ | title=Egyptian President-Elect Has Ties To USC, CSUN | publisher=KNX (CBS News) | date=25 June 2012 | accessdate=27 July 2013 | author=Mertz, Ed}}</ref><ref name=saudigazette>{{cite news|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130412160973 |title=How Morsi's English 'destroyed' his US students |newspaper=Saudi Gazette |date=12 April 2013 |author=Katherine Jane O'Neill |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001103242/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130412160973 |archivedate=1 October 2015 }}</ref>

In 1985, Morsi quit his job at CSUN and returned to Egypt, becoming a professor at [[Zagazig University]], where he was appointed head of the engineering department. Morsi was a lecturer at Zagazig University's engineering department until 2010.<ref name=saudigazette/>

==Political career==
Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/world/middleeast/naglaa-ali-mahmoud-an-egyptian-everywoman-in-the-presidential-palace.html?pagewanted=all|title=Egypt's Everywoman Finds Her Place is in the Presidential Palace|first1=Mayy|last1=El Sheikh|first2=David D|last2=Kirkpatrick|date=27 June 2012|work=The New York Times|archivedate=12 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sBCsZat?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/world/middleeast/naglaa-ali-mahmoud-an-egyptian-everywoman-in-the-presidential-palace.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005, officially as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from running candidates for office under President Hosni Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18371427| title = Egypt president: Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Mursi| first = Yolande | last = Knell|date=24 June 2012 | work = BBC News|archivedate=12 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sBe7Jf3?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18371427|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> He was a member of the Guidance Office of the Muslim Brotherhood until the founding of the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, at which point he was elected by the MB's Guidance Office to be the first president of the new party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt%E2%80%99s-muslim-brotherhood-selects-hawkish-leaders|title=Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood selects hawkish leaders|work=Egypt Independent|date=30 April 2011|accessdate=20 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531105850/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt%E2%80%99s-muslim-brotherhood-selects-hawkish-leaders|archive-date=31 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> While serving in this capacity in 2010, Morsi stated that "the two-state solution is nothing but a delusion concocted by the brutal usurper of the Palestinian lands."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=23778| publisher=Ikhwan Web | title=Morsy calls for a national uprising to save Al-Aqsa Mosque}}</ref>

Morsi condemned the [[September 11 attacks]] as "horrific crime against innocent civilians". However, he accused the United States of using the 9/11 attacks as a pretext for invading Afghanistan and Iraq, and claimed that the U.S. had not provided "evidence" that the attackers were Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/31/egyptian-candidate-doubts-al-qaeda-role-9-11/?page=all|title=Top Egyptian presidential candidate doubts al Qaeda role in 9/11| first = Ben | last = Birmbaum|date=31 May 2012|newspaper=The Washington Times}}</ref> He also stated that the aircraft collision alone did not bring down the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], suggesting something "happened from the inside." Such views are held by most Egyptians, including Egyptian liberals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/07/brother_number_one|title=Brother Number One | first = Shadi | last = Hamid|date=7 June 2012 |newspaper=Foreign Policy}}</ref> His comments drew criticism in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/getting-egypts-morsi-to-give-up-911-conspiracy-rhetoric/2012/09/11/4ca304ea-fb97-11e1-8adc-499661afe377_story.html |title=Getting Egypt's Morsi to give up his 9/11 'truther' talk|accessdate=27 September 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=11 September 2012|first1=Robert|last1=Satloff|first2=Eric|last2=Trager}}</ref>

===2011 detention===
Morsi was arrested along with 24 other Muslim Brotherhood leaders on 28 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/124/40539/Presidential-elections-/Meet-the-candidates/Mohamed-Morsi.aspx|title=Mohamed Morsi - Meet the candidates - Presidential elections 2012 - Ahram Online|work=ahram.org.eg}}</ref> He escaped from prison in [[Cairo]] two days later. The break of [[Wadi el-Natroun Prison]] received widespread news coverage within hours of its occurrence,<ref>{{cite news|last=Reuters|title=Egypt Muslim Brotherhood says 34 key members escape prison|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/30/us-egypt-prison-idUSTRE70S2VI20110130|work=Reuters|date=30 January 2011}}</ref> with some reports indicating the political prisoners were sprung from detention by "armed gangs" taking advantage of the chaos of the [[2011 Egyptian Revolution|Egyptian Revolution]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Tisdall|first=Simon|title=Egypt protests: Cairo prison break prompts fear of fundamentalism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/30/muslim-brotherhood-jail-escape-egypt | newspaper=The Guardian|date=30 January 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hennessy-Fiske|first=Molly|title=Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood members escape prison, rally in Tahrir Square|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/01/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-tahrir-square.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=30 January 2011|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref>

Four years later, Morsi faced trial for his role in the prison break. He and 105 others were [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] on 16 May 2015.<ref name="thecairopost">{{cite news|url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/150838/news/update-morsi-sentenced-to-death-in-wadi-al-natroun-jailbreak-case|agency=The Cairo Post|title=Update: Morsi, Badie sentenced to death in "prison break case"|date=16 May 2015|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> The [[court of cassation]] overturned the death sentence on Morsi and five others and then ordered retrials.<ref name=BBCNov2016>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37985498 |title=Mohammed Morsi death sentence overturned |date=15 November 2016 |website=BBC |accessdate=16 November 2016 }}</ref>

===2012 Egyptian presidential campaign===
{{Main|2012 Egyptian presidential election}}

After [[Khairat El-Shater]] was disqualified from the 2012 presidential election, Morsi, who was initially nominated as a backup candidate, emerged as the new Muslim Brotherhood candidate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt Brotherhood candidate: army wants to retain power|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/presidential-frenzy-after-egypt-bars-10-candidates|agency=Agence France-Presse|newspaper=Al Akhbar|date=18 April 2012|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> His campaign was supported by well-known Egyptian cleric [[Safwat Hegazi]] at a rally in [[El-Mahalla El-Kubra]],<ref>Perry, Tom. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47937770/ns/world_news-africa/t/newsmaker-egypts-morsy-goes-prisoner-president/#.UCsvlp1lS1k Newsmaker: Egypt's Morsy goes from prisoner to president]. [[MSNBC]]. Original published by [[Reuters]]. 24 June 2012.</ref> the epicentre of Egyptian worker protests.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29962 | type = full coverage | title = Dr. Morsi Presidential Campaign Kickoff in Mahalla Al-Kubra on May Day | publisher=[[Ikhwanweb]] | date = 1 May 2012}}</ref>

Following the first round of Egypt's first post-Mubarak presidential elections where exit polls suggested a 25.5 percent share of the vote for Morsi, he was officially announced as the president on 24 June 2012, following a subsequent run-off vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html|title=Mohamed Morsi of Muslim Brotherhood Declared as Egypt’s President|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David D.|date=2012-06-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-06-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Morsi supporters in Cairo's [[Tahrir Square]] celebrated, and angry outbursts occurred at the Egypt Election Authorities press conference when the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime minister [[Ahmed Shafik]] and his campaign was noted for the Islamist character of its events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim Brotherhood's rhetoric reveals intent in Egypt|first=Betsy|last=Hiel|url=http://triblive.com/usworld/1828445-74/morsy-brotherhood-egypt-egyptians-jerusalem-former-islamic-mohammed-university-cairo |publisher=TribLive |date=20 May 2012|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> From the initial round of voting on 23 May and 24 May 2012, Morsi had attempted to appeal to political liberals and minorities while portraying his rival [[Ahmed Shafik]] as a holdover from the Mubarak-era of secular moderation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Islamists seek 'grand coalition' with liberals, minorities| first = Atul | last = Atulenaja|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3473860.ece |newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2012|accessdate=30 May 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

On 30 May 2012, Morsi filed a lawsuit against Egyptian television presenter Tawfiq Okasha, accusing him of "intentional falsehoods and accusations that amount to defamation and slander." According to online newspaper ''Egypt Independent'', an English-language subsidiary of Egyptian daily ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'', Okasha spent three hours on 27 May 2012, criticizing the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi on air.<ref>{{cite news|title=Morsy demands Okasha be banned from TV|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/morsy-demands-okasha-be-banned-tv|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=30 May 2012|accessdate=30 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531205218/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/morsy-demands-okasha-be-banned-tv|archivedate=31 May 2012}}</ref> After Okasha aired a video allegedly depicting Tunisian Islamist extremists executing a Christian while asking "how will such people govern?", some analysts suggested that this was in reference to Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/Sterling+Gauging+Muslims+ability+leave+their+faith/6758901/story.html|title=Sterling: Gauging Muslims' ability to leave their faith|first=Harry|last=Sterling|date=10 June 2012|work=The Calgary Herald|archivedate=13 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sLGCph8?url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/Sterling+Gauging+Muslims+ability+leave+their+faith/6758901/story.html|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Tunisian government characterized the video as a farce in a harshly worded statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alwafd.org/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7/222577-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Awards|publisher=Alwafd|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref>

On 24 June 2012, Morsi was announced as the winner of the election with 51.73 percent of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18571580|title=Muslim Brotherhood's Mursi declared Egypt president|date=24 June 2012 | work = BBC News |archivedate=13 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sLPoWnZ?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18571580|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> Almost immediately afterward, he resigned from the presidency of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/46064/Egypt/Politics-/Brotherhood-campaigners-ecstatic-as-Mursi-is-decla.aspx|title=Brotherhood campaigners elated as Mursi is named Egypt's next president| first = Yasmine | last = Fathi |date=24 June 2012|newspaper=Al Ahram|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
===On changing the government===
{{Quote|I hope the people will choose me, an Islamist candidate from the [[Freedom & Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom & Justice party]] and [[Muslim Brotherhood]], and God willing the system will move towards stability and development. |source=Mohamed Morsi, during the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|2012 presidential election campaign]]<ref name="reuters.com">[https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/21/us-egypt-presidency-islamist-idUSBRE83K0AE20120421 New Brotherhood candidate pitched in to Egypt race.] Reuters, April 2012</ref>}}

Morsi said "no entity will be above the constitution" but did not spell out his vision for the army's status. He said the army's budget should be overseen by parliament but there would be a need for secrecy in specific areas.<ref name="reuters.com"/> He promised to respect the [[Constitution of Egypt]] and said the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom & Justice Party]] would not "impose what we believe on people." He said Egyptians sought to live in a society in which all had equal rights.<ref>[http://arabist.net/blog/2011/5/18/an-interview-with-the-mbs-mohamed-morsy.html An interview with the MB's Mohamed Morsi] by Issandr El Amrani. The Arabist, May 2011</ref> He also linked the 2011 revolution to an "[[Islamic revival|Islamic awakening]]" in the [[Middle East]].<ref>[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/25/222562.html Egyptian presidency denies Morsi gave interview on stronger ties with Iran.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015545/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/25/222562.html |date=22 February 2014}} Al Arabiya, June 2012</ref>

===On Islamic society and non-Muslims in Egypt===
Morsi said [[Coptic Christians]] "are certainly just as Egyptian as I am, and have as much a right to this homeland as I do." He said freedom of religion is a right granted by [[Allah]]<ref>[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29405 Full English Translation of Dr. Mohamed Morsi's Interview on Dream TV with Wael Ibrashi.] Dream TV, 2 December 2011</ref> and ''[[sharia]]'' commands Muslims to respect the rights of non-Muslim compatriots.<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20110616-interview-mohammed-morsy-president-freedom-justice-party-egypt-elections-muslim-brotherwoodInterview with Dr. Mohammed Morsy, president of Egypt's 'Freedom and Justice' party.]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=Samee |fix-attempted=yes }} France 24. Retrieved May 2011.</ref> However, in real terms the situation of Egyptian religious minorities such as [[Shia Islam in Egypt|Shia Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Egypt|Christians]] steadily deteriorated during the rule of Sunni Muslim Brotherhood government and affiliated with it president Morsi.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-xpm-2013-aug-10-la-fg-egypt-sectarianism-20130810-story.html|title= Egypt's Shiite Muslims saw the Sunni hatred grow under Morsi|last= Bengali|first= Shashank|date= 8 October 2013|website= latimes.com|publisher= Los Angeles Times|access-date= 27 June 2019|quote=In the year that recently ousted President Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood held power, the threats grew graver. Brotherhood officials denounced Shiite practices and declared that the sect had no place in Egypt. Lawmakers pushed through a new constitution that made Sunni religious doctrine the basis for most laws. One young preacher who converted to Shiism was jailed on charges of “insulting Islam.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0731/Egypt-s-beleaguered-Christians-worry-about-persecution-neglect-under-Morsi|title= Egypt's beleaguered Christians worry about persecution, neglect under Morsi|last= Chick|first= Kristen|date= 31 July 2012|website= csmonitor.com|publisher= The Christian Science Monitor|access-date= 27 June 2019|quote=}}</ref>

Morsi also compared [[free market]]s to the Islamic system, but said Islam requires there to be an ethical component to ensure that the poor share in society's wealth.<ref>[http://www.majalla.com/eng/2011/11/article55227650 Interview with Dr. Mohammed Morsy, leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730072944/http://www.majalla.com/eng/2011/11/article55227650 |date=30 July 2013}}. Written by Alastair Beachon. Majallah Magazine, 15 November 2011</ref>

==President of Egypt==
{{See also|Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Mohamed Morsi (July–October 2012)}}

Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's first [[democratically elected]] president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's first popularly-elected president|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/30/world/africa/egypt-morsi/ |publisher=CNN |accessdate=30 June 2012|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> He succeeded [[Hosni Mubarak]], who left the office of the [[President of Egypt]] vacant after being forced to resign on 11 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/30/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-egyptian-president?newsfeed=true|title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egyptian president|author=Conal Urquhart|date=30 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jpszTfIX0wjb-v5EuCrxubiahGWw?docId=ab4ee00f25a84113a306a80baeb947ce|title=Egypt votes for president to succeed Mubarak|author=Hamza Hendawi|date=16 June 2012|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Google]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>

===Domestic policy===
<ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/07/brother_number_one?page=full |title=Brother Number One |first=Shadi |last=Hamid |newspaper=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=7 June 2012 |accessdate=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630045706/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/07/brother_number_one?page=full |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Morsi reconvened Parliament in its original form on 10 July 2012; this was expected to cause friction between him and the military officials who dissolved the legislature.

Morsi sought to influence the drafting of a new [[Egyptian Constitution of 2012|constitution of Egypt]], favoring a constitution which protects [[civil rights]] and enshrines [[Islamic law]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's Mohammed Morsi moves into Mubarak's presidential office, meets with military |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1216640--egypt-s-mohammed-morsi-moves-into-mubarak-s-presidential-office-picks-team |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |date=25 January 2012 |accessdate=12 August 2012 |first=Jeffrey |last=Fleishman}}</ref>

In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 30 June 2012, Morsi briefly mentioned that he would work to free [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], convicted of the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|1993 bombing of the World Trade Center]] in New York City, along with the many Egyptians who were arrested during the revolution.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Reuters and Associated Press|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-morsi-at-tahrir-square-power-of-the-people-is-above-all-1.447794| title = Egypt's Morsi at Tahrir Square: Power of the people is above all|date=29 June 2012|work=Haaretz|archivedate=13 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sMLABEF?url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-morsi-at-tahrir-square-power-of-the-people-is-above-all-1.447794|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that the [[extradition]] was for humanitarian reasons and that Morsi did not intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/30/world/middleeast/morsi-promises-to-work-for-release-of-omar-abdel-rahman.html|title=Egypt's New Leader Takes Oath, Promising to Work for Release of Jailed Terrorist|author=David D. Kirkpatrich|date=29 June 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|archivedate=13 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sNrNJju?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/30/world/middleeast/morsi-promises-to-work-for-release-of-omar-abdel-rahman.html?_r=1|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 10 July 2012, Morsi reinstated the Islamist-dominated parliament that was disbanded by the [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt]] on 14 June 2012. According to Egypt's official news agency, Morsi ordered the immediate return of legislators elected in 2011, a majority of whom are members of Morsi's Freedom and Justice Party and other Islamist groups.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-morsi-makes-bid-to-reinstate-islamist-parliament/2012/07/08/gJQAQTnDWW_story.html |title=Egypt's Morsi makes bid to reinstate Islamist parliament |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=8 July 2012 |first1=Steve |last1=Hendrix |first2=Ernesto |last2=Londoño}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/10/world/meast/egypt-politics/ |title=Egyptian parliament to convene in defiance of generals |date=10 July 2012 |first=Ivan |last=Watson |accessdate=12 August 2012 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> A Morsi spokesman announced that the president-elect would appoint a Christian and a woman as vice-presidents,<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt to see first female, Coptic vice-presidents: Morsi team |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/46229/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypt-to-see-first-female,-Coptic-vicepresidents-M.aspx |newspaper=Al Ahram |date=28 June 2012 |first=Sarah |last=Mourad |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> but eventually appointed [[Mahmoud Mekki]], a Muslim man. On 22 December 2012, Mekki resigned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice president quits as Egypt votes on constitution |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222 |accessdate=22 December 2012 |work=Reuters |date=22 December 2012}}</ref>

After [[Kamal Ganzouri]]'s resignation, Morsi tasked [[Hesham Qandil]] with forming the new government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012724103825498223.html|title=Egypt's Morsi names new prime minister|date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera|archivedate=12 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69s8mAxay?url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012724103825498223.html|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> On 2 August 2012, Qandil was sworn in as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/egypt-s-new-government-prepares-to-take-helm-of-nation |title=Egypt's New Government Prepares to Take Helm of Nation| first1 = Abdel Latif | last1 = Wahba | first2 = Tarek | last2 = El-Tablawy|date=2 August 2012|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|archivedate=12 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69s8uFyx8?url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/egypt-s-new-government-prepares-to-take-helm-of-nation |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> Morsi also objected to a constitutional provision limiting presidential power.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian President Morsi Rejects Previous Limits on Presidential Power |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec12/egypt2_08-13.html|accessdate=14 August 2012|publisher=PBS|date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel meets with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy in Cairo, Egypt, April 24, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Then President Mohamed Morsi (right) and [[Abdul Fatah al-Sisi|General al-Sisi]] (left) listen to visiting U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Chuck Hagel]] (center), during a meeting with U.S. officials on 24 April 2013. Al-Sisi, chosen by Morsi to be the first post-[[Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak]] era Defense Minister,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19256730|title=Profile: Egypt armed forces chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi|work=BBC News|date=3 July 2013|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> would later sanction the removal of Morsi.]]
On 12 August 2012, Morsi asked [[Mohamad Hussein Tantawi]], head of the country's armed forces, and [[Sami Hafez Anan]], the Army chief of staff, to resign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt leader Mursi orders army chief Tantawi to resign|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19234763|accessdate=12 August 2012 | work = BBC News |date=12 August 2012}}</ref> He also announced that the constitutional amendments passed by the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) restricting the president's powers would be annulled.<ref name="AJ128"/> Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali, announced that both Tantawi and Anan would remain advisers to the president. Morsi named [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], who was then serving as chief of military intelligence, as Egypt's new defense minister.<ref name="nyt81212"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the move as an "upheaval" and a "stunning purge", given the power that SCAF had taken after the fall of Mubarak.<ref name="nyt81212">{{cite news|title = Egyptian Leader Ousts Military Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/world/middleeast/egyptian-leader-ousts-military-chiefs.html?hp|author=Kareem Fahim|accessdate=12 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 August 2012}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]] described it as "escalating the power struggle" between the president and military.<ref name="AJ128">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201281215511142445.html|title=Egypt's president asserts authority over army|date=12 August 2012| publisher=Al Jazeera |archivedate=12 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69s9IhBwJ?url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201281215511142445.html|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> On 14 August 2012, Mohamed Salem, an Egyptian lawyer, filed a legal challenge over Morsi's removal of Tantawi and Anan, arguing that Morsi planned to bring back the totalitarian regime.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Mursi faces lawsuit over removal of power curbs| first = Tamim | last = Elyan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/14/egypt-mursi-challenge-idUSL6E8JE9D220120814 | accessdate=14 August 2012|agency=Reuters|date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

Morsi fired two more high ranking security officials on 16 August 2012: intelligence chief [[Murad Muwafi]] the Director of [[Egyptian General Intelligence Service|the Intelligence Directorate]] and the commander of his [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|presidential guards]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Farhan|title=President Morsi fires Egypt's Intelligence Chief over Sinai unrest|url=http://www.alarabiya.com/news/articles/173/President-Morsi-fires-Egypts-Intelligence-Chief.html|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=16 August 2012|location=Cairo}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 27 August 2012, Morsi named 21 advisers and aides in a slew that included three women and two Christians and a large number of Islamist-leaning figures.<ref>{{cite news|last=Michael|first=Maggie|title=Egypt President names mainly Islamist adviser team|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/women-christians-named-egypt-president-team |work=Associated Press|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> He also appointed new governors to the 27 regions of the country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mazel|first=Zvi|title=Analysis: Brotherhood taking total control of Egypt|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?ID=282258|accessdate=13 December 2012|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

In October 2012, Morsi's government unveiled plans for the development of a major economic and industrial hub adjoining the [[Suez Canal]]. Funding commitments had been received including $8 billion from [[Qatar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt sees revenue in Suez Canal corridor project|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/10/us-egypt-canal-idUSBRE8990Y920121010|accessdate=7 August 2014|website=Reuters}}</ref> The [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] committed €1 billion. On 19 March 2013 on a visit to India, Morsi sought support from India's Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt President Morsi wants India to join Suez Canal corridor project|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/egypt-president-morsi-wants-india-to-join-suez-canal-corridor-project-10996.html|accessdate=7 August 2014|publisher=India TV}}</ref> Although the project did not proceed under Morsi, his successor [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] revived and launched a streamlined version of the corridor in conjunction with an expansion of the Suez Canal in August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade|url=http://www.caironews.net/index.php/sid/224460353|accessdate=7 August 2014|publisher=Cairo News.Net}}</ref>

On 19 October 2012, Morsi traveled to Egypt's northwestern [[Matrouh Governorate|Matrouh]] in his first official visit to deliver a speech on Egyptian unity at el-Tenaim Mosque. Immediately prior to his speech he participated in prayers there where he openly mouthed "Amen" as cleric Futouh Abd Al-Nabi Mansour, the local head of religious endowment, declared, "Deal with the Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder. Oh Allah, demonstrate Your might and greatness upon them. Show us Your omnipotence, oh Lord." The prayers were broadcast on Egyptian state television and translated by [[MEMRI]]. Originally MEMRI translated the broadcast as "Destroy the Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder," but later revised their translation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/morsi-appears-religiously-fervent-in-prayer-to-destroy-jews/2012/10/22/|title=In Public Prayer Morsi Appeals to Allah to 'Deal with the Jews' (Video)|work=Jewish Press|date=22 October 2012 |accessdate=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/al-ahram-the-jews-caught-a-fat-fish-with-morsis-hate-video/2012/10/25/|title=Al-Ahram: The Jews Caught a Fat Fish with Morsi's Hate Video| newspaper=Jewish Press|date=25 October 2012|accessdate=13 December 2012}}</ref>

Morsi did not attend the enthronement of [[Coptic Pope]] [[Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria|Tawadros II]] on 18 November 2012 at Abbasiya Cathedral, though [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] Hesham Qandil did attend.<ref>{{cite news| last = Kumar|first=Anugrah|title=Egypt's New Coptic Pope Enthroned in President Morsi's Absence|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/egypts-new-coptic-pope-enthroned-in-president-morsis-absence-85186/|accessdate=26 January 2013|newspaper=CP World|date=19 November 2012}}</ref>

===={{anchor|November 2012 declaration}} November 2012 declaration====
{{Main |2012–13 Egyptian protests}}

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration which purported to protect the work of the [[Constituent Assembly of Egypt|Constituent Assembly]] drafting the new constitution from judicial interference. In effect, this declaration immunised his actions from any legal challenge. The decree states that it only applied until a new constitution is ratified.<ref name="nullandvoid"/> The declaration also required a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the Constituent Assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorized Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constitutional Constituent Assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while members of the Muslim Brotherhood supported Morsi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/rallies-egypt-presidents-powers-17791381|title=Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers|agency=Associated Press|date=23 November 2012|accessdate=25 November 2012| publisher = ABC News |archivedate=25 November 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CRTPGSRd?url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/rallies-egypt-presidents-powers-17791381|url-status=live}}</ref>

The move was criticized by [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] who said Morsi had "usurped all state powers and appointed himself Egypt's new [[pharaoh]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ElBaradei/status/271656968341581824|title=Twitter | last = El Baradei | first = Mohamed |date=22 November 2012|accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html|title=Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers | work=The Washington Post|date=22 November 2012|accessdate=23 November 2012|first=Michael|last=Birnbaum}}</ref> The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=23 November 2012|accessdate=23 November 2012|title=Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}</ref> with protesters erecting tents in [[Tahrir Square]], the site of the protests that preceded the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. The protesters demanded a reversal of the declaration and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge protest" on 27 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20474124|title=Egypt unrest: Anti-Mursi protests intensify |work= BBC News|date=24 November 2012|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Clashes were reported between protesters and police.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Kareem Fahim|author2=David Kirkpatrick|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/world/middleeast/amid-protest-egypts-leader-defends-his-new-powers.html |title=Clashes Break Out After Morsi Seizes New Power in Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 November 2012|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref> The declaration was also condemned by [[human rights group]]s such as [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Freedom House]].<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/tea-and-tear-gas-tahrir-square-2012-11-29 | title = Tea and tear gas in Tahrir Square | publisher = Amnesty International | date = 19 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | publisher = Amnesty International | url = https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20468 | title = Egypt: President Morsi changes to the constitution trample rule of law | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121130114406/http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20468 | archivedate = 30 November 2012 | df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-denounces-morsi-power-grab-egypt | publisher = Freedom House | title = Denounces Morsi Power-Grab in Egypt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/26/egypt-morsy-decree-undermines-rule-law | date = 26 November 2012 | title = Egypt: Morsy Decree Undermines Rule of Law | publisher = Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Egypt's highest body of judges decried the ruling as an "unprecedented assault on the independence of the judiciary and its rulings".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h9oihHJ5wDEMzQwQa3KHU9yDfE2A?docId=a9ca53329e1f4c55bc91f9b67189770f|title=Egypt's top judges slam president's new powers|publisher=Google News|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=24 November 2012|accessdate=24 November 2012|first=Aya|last=Batrawy|archivedate=25 November 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CRTZJMAn?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h9oihHJ5wDEMzQwQa3KHU9yDfE2A?docId=a9ca53329e1f4c55bc91f9b67189770f|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Abdel Meguid Mahmoud]], a prosecutor appointed by Hosni Mubarak, declared the decree "null and void."<ref name="nullandvoid">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/middleeast/morsi-urged-to-retract-edict-to-bypass-judges-in-egypt.html|first=David|last=Kirkpatrick|title=Morsi Urged to Retract Edict to Bypass Judges|date=24 November 2012|accessdate=24 November 2012|work=The New York Times|archivedate=25 November 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CRTUGdn8?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/middleeast/morsi-urged-to-retract-edict-to-bypass-judges-in-egypt.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> Morsi further emphasized his argument that the decree is temporary, and said he wanted dialog with the opposition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/egypt-morsi-decree-protest-538/|title=Egyptian president says decree granting new powers 'temporary,' calls for dialog|publisher=RT |date=25 November 2012|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> Morsi's statement failed to appease either the judges or citizenry dissatisfied with his decision and sparked days of protests in Tahrir Square.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323751104578146881629422400 |title=Cairo Impasse Raises Economic Alarms| first1 = Matt | last1 = Bradley | first2 = Sam | last2 = Dagher|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref>

Though the declarations's language had not been altered, Morsi agreed to limit the scope of the decree to "sovereign matters" following four days of opposition protests and the resignation of several senior advisers. Morsi's spokesman said an agreement, reached with top judicial authorities, would leave most of the president's actions subject to review by the courts, but preserve his power to protect the Constituent Assembly from being dissolved by the courts before it had finished its work. President Morsi also agreed there would be no further retrials of former officials under Hosni Mubarak, unless new evidence was presented.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt: Who holds the power?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-1877993|work=BBC News|accessdate=1 December 2012|date=27 November 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 1 December 2012, the Constituent Assembly handed the draft constitution to Morsi, who announced that a constitutional referendum would be held on 15 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt to hold December referendum on new constitution|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20568356|work = BBC News|accessdate=1 December 2012|date=1 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="decree cancelled">{{cite news|title=Morsi's decree cancelled, constitution referendum to take place on time |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/60092/Egypt/Politics-/Morsis-decree-cancelled,-constitution-referendum-t.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|date=9 December 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref>

On 4 December 2012, Morsi left his presidential palace after a number of protesters broke through police cordons around the palace, with some climbing atop an armored police vehicle and waving flags.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/04/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8B30GP20121204 |title=Egypt's Mursi leaves palace as police battle protesters|work=Reuters| first1 = Yasmine | last1 = Saleh | first2 = Marwa | last2 = Awad|date=4 December 2012| accessdate = 4 December 2012}}</ref>

On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree that had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the effects of that declaration would stand.<ref name="alarab912"/><ref name="decree cancelled"/><ref>{{cite news|last=McCrummen|first=Stephanie|title=Egypt's Morsi annuls most of contested decree, stays firm on Dec. 15 referendum|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egyptian-president-poised-to-grant-military-broader-police-powers/2012/12/08/071a80f8-4131-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_story.html |accessdate=30 December 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David D. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html |title=Backing Off Added Powers, Egypt's Leader Presses Vote |location=Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 December 2012|accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Egypt's Morsi rescinds controversial decree|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/2012128222449772577.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=30 December 2012|date=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt crisis: Morsi offers concession in decree annulment|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20655412|work=BBC News|accessdate=30 December 2012|date=9 December 2012}}</ref> A constitutional referendum was still planned for 15 December. [[George Isaac (politician)|George Isaac]] of the [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]] said that Morsi's declaration did not offer anything new, the National Salvation Front rejected it as an attempt save face, and the [[6 April Movement]] and Gamal Fahmi of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed to address the "fundamental" problem of the nature of the Assembly that was tasked with drafting the constitution.<ref name="alarab912"/>

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Clinton-morsi.jpg|thumb|right|Mohamed Morsi meets with [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] in Cairo, Egypt, July 2012]]
[[File:Dilma Rousseff e Mohamed Morsi.JPG|thumb|right|Morsi and [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Dilma Rousseff]] in [[Brasília]], Brazil, May 2013]]
[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With Egyptian President Morsy in Addis Ababa (2).jpg|thumb|Morsi meets with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], 25 May 2013]]

====Personnel====
Khaled al-Qazzaz was the secretary on foreign relations from 2012 to 2013 in the Morsi government.<ref>al-Qazzaz, Khaled, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/opinion/khaled-al-qazzaz-disappeared-by-egypts-military.html "Why Is the World Silent?"], [[op-ed]], New York ''Times'', 27 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref>

====Arab world====
Morsi's first official foreign visit was to [[Saudi Arabia]] on 11 July 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ezzat|first=Dina|title=Destination Riyadh|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=12–18 July 2012|volume=1106|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2012/1106/eg1.htm|accessdate=22 April 2013|ref=harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430200029/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2012/1106/eg1.htm|archive-date=30 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this visit, Morsi stated that he intended to strengthen ties with the oil-rich monarchy, which also maintained close ties with the Mubarak government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3627856.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Morsy to seek closer ties with Saudi Arabia |date=11 July 2012 |accessdate=12 August 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Morsi received strong support from [[Qatar]], which has maintained long-held ties with the Muslim Brotherhood,<ref name="National"/> of which Morsi was a member until his election. Qatar declared that it would provide Egypt with US$2 billion just as Morsi announced the reshuffle in the cabinet on 12 August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|author=Viktor Kotsev|title=A Brotherhood coup in Egypt|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NH15Ak04.html|accessdate=14 August 2012|newspaper=Asia Times|date=14 August 2012}}</ref> Meanwhile, investors from Qatar pledged to invest $10 billion US in Egyptian infrastructure.<ref name="National">Theodoulou, Michael. [http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/africa/islamists-jubilant-but-some-are-wary-of-morsi Islamists' jubilant but some are wary of Morsi] ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]''. 12 June 2012.</ref>

====Syria====
As a staunch supporter of the [[Syrian opposition|opposition forces]] in the [[Syrian Civil War]], Morsi attended an Islamist rally on 15 June 2013, where [[Salafi movement|Salafi]]
clerics called for [[jihad]] in Syria and denounced supporters of [[Bashar al-Assad]] as "infidels."<ref name="Syria">{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/morsi-role-at-syria-rally-seen-as-tipping-point-for-egypt-army-1.1450612|title=Morsi role at Syria rally seen as tipping point for Egypt army|work=The Irish Times|date=2 July 2013|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Morsi, who announced at the rally that his government had expelled Syria's ambassador and closed the Syrian embassy in Cairo, called for international intervention on behalf of the opposition forces in the effect of an establishment of a no-fly zone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Tom|title=Mursi cuts Egypt's Syria ties, backs no-fly zone|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-egypt-mursi/mursi-cuts-egypts-syria-ties-backs-no-fly-zone-idUSBRE95E0HA20130615|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=Reuters|date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

Although he did not explicitly call for Egyptians to join the opposition armed forces in the Syrian conflict, Morsi's attendance at 15 June rally was seen by many to be an implicit nod-of-approval for the Islamist clerics' calls for jihad in Syria.<ref name="Syria"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/06/16/egypt_seen_to_give_nod_toward_jihadis_on_syria/|title=Egypt seen to give nod toward jihadis on Syria|work=Salon|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Morsi was criticized by Egyptian analysts for attending and speaking at the rally, while the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) released a statement the day after the rally saying that its only role is to protect Egypt's borders, in an apparent ruling out of support for intervention in Syria.<ref name="Syria"/> Morsi's attendance at the rally was later revealed to be a major factor in the largely secular SCAF's decision to side with anti-Morsi protesters over the Morsi government during the widespread [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|June 2013 anti-Morsi protests]].<ref name="Syria"/>

Up to 100,000 Syrian refugees arrived in Egypt following Morsi's inauguration as president. The government under Morsi also supported [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian refugees]] living in Egypt by offering residency permits, assistance on finding employment, allowing Syrian refugee children to register in state schools and access to other public services.<ref>{{cite web | last=Qabbani | first=Abdulhamid | title=Smuggling Syrian refugees out of Egypt | website=Al Jazeera | date=2 September 2013 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201392135421198224.html | access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

====Iran====
During his tenure, Morsi strengthened ties with [[Iran]] following pre-[[Iranian Revolution|revolutionary]] years of animosity between the two countries. However, his actions were met with [[Sunni Muslim]] opposition both inside and outside of Egypt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt and Iran: Pious politics|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21577117-president-muhammad-morsis-efforts-befriend-iran-upset-his-other-allies-pious|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=The Economist|date=4 May 2013}}</ref>

====Israel and Palestine====
In October 2012, Morsi wrote a friendly letter to then [[Israeli president]] [[Shimon Peres]]. The letter largely followed standard diplomatic language. Morsi called Peres "a great and good friend" and went on to call for "maintaining and strengthening the cordial relations which so happily exist between our two countries." Morsi closed the letter by expressing "highest esteem and consideration." Gamal Muhammad Heshmat asserted that the letter was "fabricated" saying that "Zionist media have leaked baseless statements by Morsi in the past." However, Morsi spokesman [[Yasser Ali]]  told Egyptian state-run newspaper ''Ahram'' that the letter was "100 percent correct".<ref>{{cite news|title=Morsi's office confirms warm letter to Peres is authentic|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/morsis-office-confirms-warm-letter-to-peres-is-authentic/|newspaper=The Times of Israel|accessdate=27 October 2012|date=18 October 2012}}</ref> Previously, in July 2012, Morsi had refuted a fabricated letter.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Ilan Ben Zion|author2=Elhanan Miller|title=Morsi denies sending friendly letter to Peres|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/morsis-office-denies-egyptian-president-sent-letter-to-peres/|newspaper=The Times of Israel|accessdate=27 October 2012|date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

Morsi said in his victory speech that he would honor all of Egypt's international treaties, which was thought to be a reference to [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|Egypt's treaty with Israel]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/157193#.UChddp1lS18|title=Cairo Gov't Conceived in Violence, Bred in Chaos|author=Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu|date=25 June 2012 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |archivedate=13 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sMBYEHG?url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/157193|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref>

Morsi's government condemned the [[Operation Pillar of Defense]] and called for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Beaumont |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/14/egypt-israeli-air-strikes-gaza-morsi|title=Egypt condemns Israeli air strikes in Gaza and demands ceasefire|newspaper=The Guardian|date=14 November 2012|accessdate=15 November 2012|location=London}}</ref> Morsi sent Prime Minister Hesham Qandil to Gaza to express solidarity with Gaza and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324556304578122211869099292|title=Israel Hits Hamas PM's Office, Readies Troops|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=17 November 2012|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iPpPj4QxfCkLf4HYaDMPCyzepznw?docId=CNG.08c684503b52a13d0b33ea46c18124ad.e51|title=Egypt PM to visit Gaza on Friday|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=17 November 2012|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> a stark contrast to Hosni Mubarak's treatment of Hamas as an enemy in the 2008–09 [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]].<ref>{{cite news| first = Daniel | last = Nisman|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-nisman/why-morsi-could-be-the-ga_b_2160147.html|title=Why Morsi Could Be the Gaza Conflict's Biggest Loser| work=The Huffington Post |date=19 November 2012|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> Egypt, along with the United States mediated the ceasefire with Hamas and Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/21/world/meast/gaza-israel-strike/ |title=Cease-fire reached in Gaza conflict| publisher=CNN |date=21 November 2012|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref>

=====Statements on Israel and Israelis=====
In January 2013, statements made by Morsi in 2010 gained wide attention in the Western media, following a report in ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine on 11 January that criticized big media outlets for having ignored it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardbehar/2013/01/11/news-flash-jews-are-apes-and-pigs-so-why-is-egypts-morsi-the-elephant-in-americas-newsrooms/ |first=Richard|last=Behar|authorlink=Richard Behar|title=News Flash: Jews Are 'Apes And Pigs.' So Why Is Egypt's Morsi The Elephant In America's Newsrooms?|date=11 January 2013|accessdate=1 February 2013|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> In videos posted by [[MEMRI]], Morsi had declared "The Zionists have no right to the land of Palestine. There is no place for them on the land of Palestine. What they took before 1947–48 constitutes plunder, and what they are doing now is a continuation of this plundering. By no means do we recognize their [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]. The land of Palestine belongs to the Palestinians, not to the Zionists."<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Morsi, in 2010 interviews posted online, called Zionists 'bloodsuckers' and descendants of pigs, urged to sever all ties with Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/egypts-morsi-in-2010-statements-posted-online-called-zionists-bloodsuckers-and-descendants-of-pigs-urged-to-sever-all-ties-with-israel/ |date=4 January 2013| newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> In September 2010, calling the Israelis "blood-suckers", "warmongers" and "descendants of apes and pigs", Morsi said "These futile [Israeli-Palestinian] negotiations are a waste of time and opportunities. The Zionists buy time and gain more opportunities, as the Palestinians, the Arabs, and the Muslims lose time and opportunities, and they get nothing out of it. We can see how this dream has dissipated. This dream has always been an illusion... This [Palestinian] Authority was created by the Zionist and American enemies for the sole purpose of opposing the will of the Palestinian people and its interests."<ref>{{cite news|title=Morsi in 2010: No to Negotiations with the Blood-Sucking, Warmongering "Descendants of Apes and Pigs"; Calls to Boycott U.S. Products|url=http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/3702.htm|publisher=[[Memri TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/01/06/282034/zionists-are-bloodsuckers-morsi/ | title = Zionists are bloodsuckers and warmongers: Morsi in 2010 video | publisher=[[Press TV]] | date = 6 January 2013 | place = IR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/morsi-called-israelis-descendants-of-apes-and-pigs-in-2010-video-1.491979 | title = Morsi called Israelis 'descendants of apes and pigs' in 2010 video | agency = [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]] | newspaper=[[Haaretz]] | date = 4 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=298434 | title = Morsi: No peace with descendants of apes and pigs | newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] | date = 4 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| work=The New York Times | date = 15 January 2013 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/15/world/middleeast/egypts-leader-morsi-made-anti-jewish-slurs.html|title=Morsi's Slurs Against Jews Stir Concern| first=David D.| last=Kirkpatrick}}</ref><ref name="usnewsapesandpigs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2013/01/16/egypt-morsi-comments-on-jews-taken-out-of-context|title=McCain chides Egypt's Morsi over remarks on Jews}}</ref><ref name="huffpoapesandpigs">{{cite news | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=16 January 2013 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/16/mohamed-morsi-comments-on-jews_n_2488039.html | title=Mohamed Morsi Comments On Jews 'Taken Out Of Context', Says Egypt Spokesman | access-date=16 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118033738/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/16/mohamed-morsi-comments-on-jews_n_2488039.html | archive-date=18 January 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> White House spokesman [[Jay Carney]] tried to downplay Morsi's remarks, saying that U.S. policy is focused on actions, not words. Morsi later contended that his remarks were "taken out of context", and his exchange with a delegation headed by [[John McCain]] was made public:

{{Quote |Morsi told the delegation he was committed to freedom of religion and belief, his spokesman said, adding: "his Excellency [Morsi] pointed out the need to distinguish between the Jewish religion, and those who belong to it, and violent actions against defenseless Palestinians."<ref name="usnewsapesandpigs"/><ref name="huffpoapesandpigs"/>}}

During a visit to [[Germany]] in January 2013, Morsi again stated that his remarks were taken out of context, insisting that they were intended as a criticism of Israel's policies toward the Palestinians. Addressing reporters, Morsi stated that "[I am] not against the Jewish faith or the Jewish people. My comments were about conduct that sheds blood and kills innocent people – things neither I... nor anyone condones... My comments were about the conduct and manners, the killings and the aggression by tanks and warplanes and cluster bombs and internationally banned weapons against innocent people". Morsi also stated that "[I] cannot be against the Jewish faith or Jews or Christianity and Christians," pointing out that the [[Quran]] requires Muslims "to believe in all religions".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/01/30/offensive-remarks-about-jews-were-taken-out-of-context-egypts-president-insists-during-germany-visit/ | title = Offensive remarks about Jews were taken out of context, Egypt's president insists during Germany visit | agency = Associated Press | newspaper=[[National Post]] | date = 30 January 2013}}</ref>

====International summits====
=====African Union=====
Morsi attended the [[African Union]] Summit in [[Addis Ababa]] from 15 to 16 July 2012; this was the first visit to [[Ethiopia]] by a sitting President of Egypt in the 17 years since the attempted assassination of Hosni Mubarak in June 1995.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypts-morsi-ethiopia-au-summit-113610737.html|title=Egypt's Morsi in Ethiopia for AU summit|author=Hamza Hendawi|date=15 July 2012|work=Yahoo News|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archivedate=12 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69s9GKrv7?url=http://news.yahoo.com/egypts-morsi-ethiopia-au-summit-113610737.html|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=TURNER |first1=CRAIG |title=Egypt's Leader Survives Assassination Attempt : Africa: Muslim extremists suspected in attack on Mubarak's motorcade in Ethiopia. President is unharmed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-27-mn-17703-story,amp.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=27 June 1995}}</ref>

Later, in June 2013, politicians called by Morsi were overheard suggesting attacking Ethiopia to stop it from [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|building a dam on a Nile tributary]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22771563 Egyptian politicians caught in on-air Ethiopia dam gaffe] Retrieved 4 June 2013</ref>
[[File:Pro Morsi Mass Movement in kerala.png|thumb|Pro-Morsi protest staged in Marine Drive in [[Cochin, India]] by the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|Jamaat-e-Islami]]]]

=====Non-Aligned Movement=====
Morsi attended the [[16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Tehran]] at the end of August 2012, in a visit which had the potential to catalyze the resumption of normal relations between Egypt and member nations of the non-aligned group: as some of Egypt's diplomatic relationships with member countries had been strained since their signing of a peace treaty with Israel in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt President to Visit Iran|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/2012/08/18/egypt-president-to-visit-iran.html |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref>

Morsi made a speech against the Syrian government and called on the Syrian opposition to unite during the Syrian Civil War. His comments about Syria, however, were not covered by [[Media of Iran|Iranian media]] clearly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Morsi Claims against Syrian Government|url=http://www.parsine.com/fa/news/66506 |newspaper=Parsine |language=Persian|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> He sparked controversy saying that it is an "ethical duty" to support the Syrian people against the "oppressive regime" in [[Damascus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Morsi criticises Syria at Tehran Meeting|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/20128308579560767.html|date=30 August 2012}}</ref>

=====Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit=====
Morsi hosted the Islamic summit in Cairo with the presence of 57 leaders of Muslim nations. The summit called for a "serious dialogue" between Syria's government and an opposition coalition on a political transition to put an end to the devastating civil war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/9/64303/World/International/Islamic-summit-backs-Mali-government,-omits-France.aspx |title=Islamic summit backs Mali government, omits France| publisher=[[Ahram Online]] |agency=Reuters |date=8 February 2013|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Saleh|first=Yasmine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/07/us-syria-crisis-islamic-idUSBRE9160MB20130207|title=Islamic summit urges dialogue on Syria transition| work=[[Reuters]] |date=7 February 2013|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref>

Morsi awarded [[Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu]], the Secretary-General of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), the [[Order of the Nile]], which is Egypt's highest state honor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/607119/|title=وزير الإعلام السعودي السابق إياد مدني أمينا لمنظمة التعاون الإسلامي - روسيا اليوم|publisher=RT|accessdate=24 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211030029/http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/607119/|archivedate=11 February 2013}}</ref>

==Overthrow and criminal trial==
{{Main|June 2013 Egyptian protests|2013 Egyptian coup d'état}}
[[File:Anti Morsi protest march at 28th June 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Anti-Morsi demonstrators marching in Cairo, 28 June 2013]]
[[File:Rabaa al-Adawiya.png|thumb|Rabaa al-Adawiya during the [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre|violent dispersal]] of pro-Morsi sit-ins, 14 August 2013]]
On 30 June 2013, millions of people rallied across Egypt calling for President Morsi's resignation from office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23115821|title=Egypt crisis: Mass protests over Morsi grip cities|date=1 July 2013|work=BBC News |accessdate=17 May 2015}}</ref> Concurrently with these anti-Morsi demonstrations, his supporters held a sit-in in [[Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque|Rabaa Al-Adawiya square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/seeking-new-leadership-millions-of-egyptians-take-to-the-streets/277419/|title=Seeking New Leadership, Millions of Egyptians Take to the Streets|author=Umar Farooq|date=30 June 2013|work=The Atlantic}}</ref>

On 1 July, the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abdelaziz|first=Salma|title=Egyptian military issues warning over protests|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate=1 July 2013 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=1 July 2013}}</ref> Four Ministers also resigned on the same day, including [[Ministry of Tourism (Egypt)|tourism minister]] [[Hisham Zazou]], communication and IT minister [[Atef Helmi]], state minister for legal and parliamentary affairs Hatem Bagato and state minister for environmental affairs Khaled Abdel Aal,<ref>{{cite news|author=Patrick Werr|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/us-egypt-protests-ministers-idUSBRE9600IE20130701|accessdate=1 July 2013|title=Four Egyptian ministers resign after protests: cabinet official|work=Reuters|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> leaving the government with members of the Muslim Brotherhood only.

On 2 July, President Morsi publicly rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum and vowed to pursue his own plans for national reconciliation and resolving the political crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23140212|accessdate=2 July 2013|title=Egypt crisis: President Morsi rejects army ultimatum |work=BBC News|date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

On 3 July, Abdul Fatah al-Sisi announced a road map for the future, removed Morsi from office and appointed [[Adly Mansour]], the head of the Constitutional Court, the Interim President of Egypt.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; supporters reportedly rounded up - CNN.com]. Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref>

On 8 July, Prime Minister Qandil, after initially deciding to remain in his position until the formation of a new government, submitted his resignation effective immediately in protest of the subsequent bloodshed to the recent [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]] when [[2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes|51 protesters were killed]] by the military at the [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Republican Guard]] headquarters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt PM Qandil addresses resignation to Morsi, slams military coup|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/2013/07/09/news/egypt-pm-qandil-addresses-resignation-to-morsi-slams-military-coup/|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=The Journal of Turkish Weekly|date=9 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314230111/http://www.turkishweekly.net/2013/07/09/news/egypt-pm-qandil-addresses-resignation-to-morsi-slams-military-coup/|archivedate=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In mid-November, Morsi claimed that he was kidnapped and held in a [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Republican Guard]] house on 2 July. He said that he had been kept there until 5 July and forcibly moved again to a naval base where he spent the next four months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Morsi Kidnapped|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Egypts-Morsi-says-he-was-kidnapped-before-being-removed-by-army-331597|accessdate=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Morsi Kidnapped|url=http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/11/14/334588/morsi-says-he-was-kidnapped-before-coup/|accessdate=11 December 2013|publisher=Press TV|date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218092735/http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/11/14/334588/morsi-says-he-was-kidnapped-before-coup/|archivedate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/morsi-claims-kidnapped_n_4265964.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Braden | last=Goyette | title=Morsi Claims He Was Kidnapped Before Ousting | date=13 November 2013}}</ref> The spokesperson of the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], [[Colonel]] [[Ahmed Mohammed Ali|Ahmed Ali]], later denied the rumors that Morsi was badly treated, saying that they had nothing to hide.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news|title=Egypt Army Hiding Morsi In Secret Location, Extreme Measures Taken To Keep Detention Site Hidden |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/31/egypt-army-hiding-morsi_n_3685041.html | work=Huffington Post | date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Egyptian Armed Forces|Egyptian Army]] later gave [[Catherine Ashton]] the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for the [[European Union]] the permission to meet Morsi. Ashton later stated that Morsi is doing well, saying "Morsi was keeping up with the latest developments in the country through television and newspapers. So we were able to talk about the situation, and we were able to talk about the need to move forward. The people around him do care for him. I looked at the facilities."<ref>{{cite news|title=Catherine Ashton Meets With Mohammed Morsi, Says Egypt's Ex-President Doing Well |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/catherine-ashton-meets-mohammed-morsi_n_3675740.html |work=Huffington Post |date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ousted Egypt leader Morsi in good health, says EU's Ashton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23500117 |work=BBC News |date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/30/eus-catherine-ashton-meets-mohammed-morsi-he-well/|title=EU’s Catherine Ashton meets with Mohammed Morsi: ‘He is well’|first=The Washington Times|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|website=The Washington Times}}</ref> Morsi later met with an [[African Union]] delegation.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

===Trial===
After his overthrow, Morsi faced several charges including inciting the killing of opponents [[2012–13 Egyptian protests#December 2012|protesting outside his palace]], espionage for foreign militant groups including [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah]] and [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iran's Revolutionary Guards]], for escaping [[Wadi el-Natroun Prison]] during the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|2011 revolution]] prior to his election as president, leaking classified documents to [[Qatar]], in addition to "insulting the judiciary".<ref name="charges">{{cite web|title=Egypt starts Morsi trial for leaking documents to Qatar|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/123094/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-starts-Morsi-trial-for-leaking-documents-to-.aspx|website=Ahram Online|accessdate=30 September 2017|date=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=charges1>{{cite news|url=http://alhayat.com/Details/584784|title=Morsi Charges (Arabic)|accessdate=30 September 2017|date=22 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=charges2>{{cite web|last1=Sadek|first1=George|title=Egypt: Pending Charges Against Mohammed Morsi|url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo48165/pending-charges-against-mohammed-morsi.pdf|website=gpo.gov|publisher=[[Law Library of Congress]]|accessdate=30 September 2017|date=April 2014}}</ref>

On 1 September 2013, prosecutors referred Morsi to trial on charges of inciting deadly violence.<ref name=charges3>{{cite news|last1=El Deeb|first1=Sarah |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/09/01/egypt-morsi-trial/2753587/|title=Egypt's Morsi to be tried for inciting violence|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=USA Today|date=1 September 2013}}</ref> The date was set for 4 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt sets November trial date for Morsi|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/egypt-sets-november-trial-date-for-morsi-20131091095636300.html|accessdate=30 September 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> Morsi was to be tried in a criminal court for inciting his supporters to kill at least 10 opponents, use violence and torture protesters. The prosecutors' investigation revealed that Morsi had asked the [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Republican Guard]] and the [[Ministry of Interior (Egypt)|minister of interior]] to break up his opponents' sit-in but they refused, fearing a bloody result before Morsi's aides asked his supporters to break up the sit-in with force.<ref name=charges3 />

On 18 December 2013, Prosecutor General [[Hisham Barakat]] ordered the referral of Morsi to criminal court on charges of espionage, in a report headed "The Biggest Case of Espionage in the History of Egypt". According to the Prosecutor General's investigations, the international organisation of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], aided by [[Hezbollah]] and [[Hamas]], is the reason behind violence inside [[Egypt]]. The Brotherhood intended to create a state of ultimate chaos by smuggling jihadists into [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] via secret tunnels in order to receive media and military training and then send the jihadists into the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] to implement this training.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abdallah|first1=Abdel|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/18/prosecutor-general-orders-morsi-tried-for-espionage-along-with-brotherhood-leaders/|title=Prosecutor General orders Morsi tried for espionage along with Brotherhood leaders|work=Daily News Egypt|date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

On 29 January 2014, Morsi faced trial for the second time on the charge of breaking out of jail during the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]], after conspiring with foreign militant groups, including [[Hamas]], to spread violent chaos throughout [[Egypt]]. The trial was postponed for a month<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|title=Mohamed Morsi defiant in face of jailbreak and conspiracy charges|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/28/mohamed-morsi-charged-2011-jail-break-conspiring-foreign-groups|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=The Guardian|date=28 January 2014}}</ref> on 1 February 2014, and was resumed on charges of inciting deadly violence. The trial was adjourned to the next day to hear witnesses for the prosecution,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10616310/Egypts-interim-leader-says-end-to-pharoah-presidents-as-Morsi-trial-resumes.html|title=Egypt's interim leader says end to 'pharaoh presidents' as Morsi trial resumes|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|author=Louisa Loveluck|date=4 February 2014}}</ref> and was then repeatedly postponed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Morsi trial adjourned to March 1|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/egypts-morsi-trial-adjourned-march-1-105229032.html|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=Yahoo News|date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/egypts-morsi-trial-adjourned-to-may-17.html|title=Egypt's Morsi trial adjourned to May 17|work=APA|date=7 May 2014|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605114055/http://en.starafrica.com/news/egypts-morsi-trial-adjourned-to-may-17.html|archive-date=5 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/05/19/morsi-prison-break-trial-resumes/|title=Morsi prison break trial resumes|work=Daily News Egypt|date=19 May 2014|author=Aaron Rose}}</ref>

In April 2015, the court convicted Morsi, along with 12 other defendants, including former MP [[Mohamed Beltagy]], for the arrest and torture of protesters and incitement to violence. All defendants were acquitted of murder charges. The judge handed down 20-year sentences for Morsi and the others who were convicted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/21/401195647/egypts-former-president-morsi-sentenced-to-20-years-in-prison|agency=National Public Radio|title=Egypt's Former President Morsi Sentenced To 20 Years In Prison|author=Bill Chappell|date=21 April 2015|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> Morsi still faced separate trials for espionage, terrorism, and prison-break charges<ref>{{cite news|author1=Jared Malsin|author2=Owen Bowcott|title=Egypt's former president Mohamed Morsi sentenced to 20 years in prison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/egypts-ex-president-mohamed-morsi-jailed-protest-deaths-muslim-brotherhood|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2015}}</ref> and was sentenced to death on 16 May along with other defendants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammed Morsi, Egypt's ousted president, sentenced to death|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Mohammed-Morsi-Egypts-ousted-president-sentenced-to-death/articleshow/47307819.cms|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=Times of India|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> The death penalty was imposed on Morsi and 105 others for their role in the Wadi el-Natrun prison break of January 2011. In accordance with Egypt's penal code, the sentence was referred to the [[Grand Mufti]], whose assent or dissent is legally non-binding.<ref name="thecairopost"/>

[[Amnesty International]] denounced the court process as "a charade based on null and void procedures." Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] criticized Egypt and accused Western countries of hypocrisy, "While the West is abolishing the death penalty, they are just watching the continuation of death sentences in Egypt."<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

In June 2016, Morsi was given a life sentence for passing state secrets to Qatar. He was one of the defendants in the case along with two Al-Jazeera journalists who were sentenced to death in absentia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammed Morsi: Egypt's former president given life in spying case|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36567761|accessdate=19 June 2016|work=BBC News|date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendawi|first1=Hamza|title=Egyptian court sentences 2 Al-Jazeera employees to death|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2016/Egyptian_court_sentences_2_Al-Jazeera_employees_to_death/id-74b1debcd2b24a9db4d16868a8116d32|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=Associated Press|date=18 June 2016}}</ref>

In November 2016, the [[court of cassation]] overturned Morsi's death penalty on the spying charges<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mohamed-morsi-life-sentence-quashed-egypt-court-21424550|title=Mohamed Morsi life sentence quashed by Egypt court|date=22 November 2016|website=Middle East Eye|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref> together with those of five other Muslim Brotherhood members. The same court was to review two other charges against Morsi for his role in the January 2011 prison break as well as for allegedly providing classified information to the government of Qatar.<ref name=BBCNov2016/>

===Jail===
After his ouster, Morsi was held in [[Tora Prison]],<ref name=magdy>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5608435/egypt-mohammed-morsi-dies/ |author=Samy Magdy |title=Egypt's Former President Mohammed Morsi Dies in Court During Trial |magazine=Time |date=17 June 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref> in a special wing nicknamed Scorpion prison.<ref name="magdy"/><ref name="DRP"/> A detention review panel, consisting of UK members of parliament and senior lawyers including [[Crispin Blunt]], [[Edward Faulks]] and [[Paul Williams (Labour politician)|Paul Williams]], reviewed Morsi's detention conditions.<ref name="DRP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detentionreview.com/|title=Detention Review Panel|website=Detention Review Panel}}</ref> Based on the testimonies of Morsi's family and others informed of his condition, the panel noted that he received inadequate medical care for diabetes, called his treatment "cruel, inhuman and degrading" and said it could "meet the threshold for torture in accordance [with] Egyptian and international law".<ref>[http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/morsi-may-die-prison-result-inadequate-care-british-mps-find-862956997 Morsi facing early death in inhuman prison conditions, British MPs say], Dania Akkad, 28 March 2018, middleeasteye.net</ref><ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sick-former-president-mohamedmorsi-faces-death-in-prison-gpqvl5zcx Sick former president Mohamed Morsi ‘faces death in prison’], Bel Trew, 28 March 2018 ''[[The Times]]''</ref> According to his sons, his health had deteriorated significantly after his imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/world-digest-oct-10-2018/2018/10/10/a021f55a-cc96-11e8-920f-dd52e1ae4570_story.html|title=Police detain former president's youngest son|last=World Digest|first=|date=11 October 2018|website=Washington Post|access-date=}}</ref>

==Death==
[[Egyptian Television Network|Egyptian state television]] announced on 17 June 2019 that Morsi had collapsed during a court hearing on espionage charges in Cairo, and later died suddenly, reportedly of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref name=bbcdeath>{{cite news|title=Egypt's ousted president Mohammed Morsi dies in court|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48668941|access-date=17 June 2019|work=BBC News|date=17 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=ajdeath>{{cite web | title=Egypt's former president Mohamed Morsi dies: state media | website=Al Jazeera | date=17 June 2019 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/egypt-president-mohamed-morsi-dies-state-media-190617155322012.html | access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Former Egyptian president Morsi dies during court hearing | newspaper= The Jerusalem Post | date=17 June 2019 | url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Former-Egyptian-president-Morsi-dies-during-court-hearing-592829 | access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> He was buried in Cairo alongside other senior figures of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Egyptian president Mursi buried in Cairo, son says|website=The Reuters|date=17 June 2019|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-mursi/former-egyptian-president-mursi-buried-in-cairo-son-says|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>

Critics of the Egyptian government blamed the conditions of the trial for Morsi's death, saying that the conditions he was held under were the cause. Mohamed Sudan, a prominent [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member based in London, had described his death as "premeditated murder".<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's ousted president Morsi dies in court during trial|date=17 June 2019|url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypt-tv-says-ousted-president-161154009.html|access-date=17 June 2019|author1=Samy Magdy|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> [[Crispin Blunt]], who had led a panel of British parliamentarians that had reviewed the conditions Morsi was held under in March 2018, said that, "We feared that if Dr. Morsi was not provided with urgent medical assistance, the damage to his health may be permanent and possibly terminal" and that "sadly, we have been proved right."<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohamed Morsi, Egypt’s First Democratically Elected President, Dies |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 June 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/17/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-dead.html |access-date=17 June 2019 |author1=Declan Walsh |author2=David D. Kirkpatrick}}</ref>

Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] blamed the Egyptian leadership for Morsi's death, describing him as a martyr.<ref>{{cite web|title= Egypt's Mohammed Morsi: Ex-leader buried after court death |newspaper=BBC News |date=17 June 2019 |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48672096}}</ref> Religious ceremonies were held in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barral |first1=Clémence |title=À Istanbul, des milliers de personnes prient à la mémoire de Morsi |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/a-istanbul-des-milliers-de-personnes-prient-a-la-memoire-de-morsi-20190618 |website=www.lefigaro.fr |language=fr |date=18 June 2019}}</ref>

''[[Mada Masr]]'' reported that Egyptian news outlets were ordered, via [[WhatsApp]] message from the government, to use a standard account when reporting on his death. However, [[Mada Masr]] didn't show any evidence for such claim. The alleged standard account contained no reference to his presidency, nor any allegations surrounding responsibility for his death, and outlets were additionally told not to place this news on their front pages. Almost all Egyptian newspapers complied with the order, but ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'' placed this story on their front page, and did mention his presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/06/18/feature/politics/42-words-on-page-3-how-morsi-died-in-egyptian-newspapers/|title=42 words on page 3: How Morsi died in Egyptian newspapers|date=18 June 2019|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Morsi [[Cousin marriage|married his cousin]], [[Naglaa Mahmoud|Naglaa Ali Mahmoud]], in 1979.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/world/middleeast/naglaa-ali-mahmoud-an-egyptian-everywoman-in-the-presidential-palace.html?pagewanted=all|title=Egypt's Everywoman Finds Her Place is In The Presidential Palace|author=Mayy El Sheikh|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=25 November 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> She reportedly stated that she did not want to be referred to as "First Lady" but rather as "First Servant [of the Egyptian public]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/morsis-wife-prefers-first-servant-to-first-lady/article4378202/|title=Morsi's wife prefers 'first servant' to first lady|author=Aya Batrawy|date=28 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|accessdate=2 July 2012|location=Toronto|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702081502/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/morsis-wife-prefers-first-servant-to-first-lady/article4378202/|archivedate=2 July 2012}}</ref>

Morsi has five children:<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian president's son is Saudi-based urologist|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2012/06/article55241577|accessdate=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=26 June 2012}}</ref> Ahmed Mohammed Morsi, who is a physician in [[Saudi Arabia]]; Shaima, a graduate of [[Zagazig University]]; Osama, an attorney; Omar who has a bachelor in commerce from Zagazig University; and Abdullah,<ref name="AA276"/> who died from a heart attack while driving in Cairo on 4 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/05/son-former-egyptian-president-mohamed-morsi-abdullah-dies-25|title=Son of former Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi dies aged 25|website=The Guardian|date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/morsi-son-abdullah-dies-heart-attack-cairo-hospital-190905065226988.html|title=Morsi's son Abdullah dies of heart attack in Cairo hospital|website=Al Jazeera|date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Two of Morsi's five children were born in [[California]] and are [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|U.S. citizens by birth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Newsmaker: Egypt's Morsy goes from prisoner to president|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/24/us-egypt-election-morsy-idUSBRE85N0DJ20120624|agency=Reuters|author=Tom Perry|accessdate=12 August 2012|date=24 June 2012}}</ref> Morsi has three grandchildren.<ref name="AA276">{{cite news|title=Son of Egypt's President-elect Mursi to resume medical career in Saudi Arabia|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/26/222916.html|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=12 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824083016/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/26/222916.html|archive-date=24 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
His third son, Omar, was appointed to the Holding Company for Airports, a state-owned company, six months after his graduation.<ref>{{cite news|title=No competition|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/1534/17/No-competition.aspx|accessdate=21 February 2013|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=20 February 2013}}</ref> However, he declined the job offer due to many rumors and attacks in the media and press.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omar Morsi criticised for rejecting job|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_18/Omar-Morsi-criticised-for-rejecting-job/|accessdate=18 February 2013|publisher=The Voice of Russia|date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429195132/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_18/Omar-Morsi-criticised-for-rejecting-job/|archive-date=29 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Omar Morsi rejects the job|url=http://boswtol.com/politics/news/13/february/17/83024|accessdate=17 February 2013 |publisher=Boswtol|date=7 April 2013}}</ref>

On his state visit to [[Pakistan]], Morsi was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) by [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] (NUST) in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]] on 18 March 2013 in recognition of his achievements and significant contributions towards the promotion of peace and harmony in the world and strengthening of relations with the Muslim countries, especially Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228963&Itemid=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045614/http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228963&Itemid=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2014|title=NUST awards honourary doctorate degree to Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi|date=18 March 2013|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/03/18/city/islamabad/morsi-gets-an-honourary-doctorate/|title=Morsi gets an honourary doctorate|date=18 March 2013|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Egypt|Biography|Politics}}
*[[Elections in Egypt]]
*[[List of political parties in Egypt]]
*[[Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]]
*[[Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Mohamed Morsi (July–October 2012)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Mohamed Morsi}}
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/24/egypt-gaza-restrictions_n_3647423.html Egypt-Gaza restrictions]
* {{Imdb name|5292894}}
* {{Facebook|Egypt.President.Morsi}}
* {{Twitter}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Numan Gumaa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|People's Assembly]]|years=2000–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mahmoud Abaza]]}}

{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]|years=2011–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Saad El-Katatni]]}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Egypt]]|years=2012–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Adly Mansour]] {{small|Acting}}}}

{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary General of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]|years=2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Egyptian presidential elections 2012}}
{{Presidents of Egypt}}
{{NAMSecretary-General}}
{{Arab Spring}}
{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morsi, Mohamed}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Mohamed Morsi|*]]
[[Category:Presidents of Egypt]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Egypt]]
[[Category:Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
[[Category:Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt) politicians]]
[[Category:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état]]
[[Category:Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:Egyptian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:21st-century criminals]]
[[Category:Egyptian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century engineers]]
[[Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian educators]]
[[Category:California State University, Northridge faculty]]
[[Category:Zagazig University faculty]]
[[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Cairo University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Sharqia Governorate]]
[[Category:Egyptian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Egyptian people who died in prison custody]]