Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Sonja Santelises

2024-08-18T02:16:28Z

Slazenger: Corrected display of education in infobox.

{{Infobox person
| name = Sonja Santelises
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| education = {{Unbulleted list|[[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]),|[[Columbia University]] ([[Masters of Arts|MA]]),|[[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| occupation = CEO of [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] (BCPS)
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sonja Santelises''' has been the CEO of [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] since May 2016.

== Biography ==
Sonja Santelises (née Brookins) was raised in Peabody, Massachusetts, just north of [[Boston]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bs-md-ci-sonja-santelises-20160508-story.html|title=Sonja Santelises, the next Baltimore schools CEO, says: 'It can be done'|last=Green|first=Erica L.|work=baltimoresun.com|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Her father Jackson Andrew Brookins was a chemist from Mississippi who was also an industrial relations executive for [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]], and her mother Verna was a former social worker who was in charge of community relations at [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]] as well as a district minister for the [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal church]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Both of her parents grew up in the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow south.]]<ref name=":1" /> She has a younger sister, Shahara, who became a college professor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/amp/sonja-santelises-ready-to-lead-baltimore-city-public-schools|title=Head of the Class|date=2017-09-05|work=Baltimore magazine|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

Her family were Protestants, but Santelises went to [[Bishop Fenwick High School (Peabody, Massachusetts)|Bishop Fenwick High School]], a private Catholic high school.<ref name=":1" /> She received a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[English literature]] and [[International relations|International Relations]] from [[Brown University]], a [[Master's degree]] in [[Academic administration|Education Administration]] from [[Columbia University]], and a [[doctorate]] in Education Administration, Planning and Social Policy from [[Harvard University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/readersrespond/bs-ed-schools-letter-20170315-story.html|title=It's 'Dr.' Sonja Santelises|last=Sun|first=Baltimore|work=baltimoresun.com|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref> She worked for 25 years for urban school systems as an administrator and educator before heading BCPS.<ref name=":0" />

She is married to Lew Santelises, who is an American hedge fund and private equity fund manager who founded Santelises Fund Management. They have three daughters, including two fraternal twins.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She has given a [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] talk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/content/view/3350/32/|title=Brown Alumni Magazine - The Children's Crusader|website=www.brownalumnimagazine.com|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

From 2010 to 2013, Santelises was the chief academic officer in Baltimore, then served as vice president for The Education Trust, where she worked on K-12 policy and practice.<ref name=":1" />

==In Baltimore City==
Santelises became the CEO of Baltimore City Public Schools in July 2016, replacing Gregory Thornton, who was ousted by the school board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afro.com/spotlight-black-educators-sonja-santelises-ceo-bcps/|title=Spotlight on Black Educators: Sonja Santelises, CEO, BCPS {{!}} Afro|website=www.afro.com|date=23 February 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bal-meet-incoming-baltimore-schools-ceo-sonja-santelises-20160504-premiumvideo.html|title=Meet incoming Baltimore schools CEO Sonja Santelises|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref> She has advocated for improving the curriculum as a way to help close the achievement gap, and has conducted audits to find out where students are receiving gaps in their education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2018/07/17/the-importance-of-asking-hard-questions-about-what-students-learn-in-school/|title=Perspective {{!}} The importance of asking hard questions about what students learn in school|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.org/baltimore-public-school-curricula-comes-up-short/|title=Baltimore Public School Curricula Comes Up Short|date=2018-07-16|work=Accuracy In Academia|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref> She has advocated for literacy programs and stopping teacher layoffs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wypr.org/post/dr-sonja-santelises-funding-future-baltimore-city-schools|title=Dr. Sonja Santelises on Funding the Future of Baltimore City Schools|last=Greaves|first=Tom Hall, Cianna B.|work=WYPR 88.1FM|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bs-md-ci-school-budget-20180423-story.html|title=Baltimore schools budget: Literacy coaches for high need schools, no layoffs|last=Richman|first=Talia|work=baltimoresun.com|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
In 2017, Santelises had to defend and explain how she would fix the district's $130 million budget deficit, which she inherited from the previous administration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foxbaltimore.com/news/project-baltimore/raw-interview-baltimore-city-schools-ceo-dr-sonja-santelises|title=RAW INTERVIEW: Baltimore City Schools CEO Dr. Sonja Santelises|last=WBFF|work=WBFF|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref> She received national criticism in January 2018 when several Baltimore schools had to close for days due to heating systems going down, causing near freezing temperatures in classrooms, which she said was the result of systemic and long term underfunding of the school district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amp.usatoday.com/amp/1012216001|title=Beleaguered Baltimore reopens most schools minus icicles|website=amp.usatoday.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2018/01/11/fiery-scorn-for-baltimore-officials-after-cold-school-crisis/|title=Fiery scorn for Baltimore officials after cold school crisis {{!}} Baltimore Brew|work=Baltimore Brew|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/18/578731411/baltimore-schools-heating-crisis-a-day-of-reckoning-for-the-city-and-state|title=Baltimore Schools' Heating Crisis A 'Day Of Reckoning' For The City And State|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/07/opinion/sunday/americas-deathtrap-schools.html|title=Opinion {{!}} America's Deathtrap Schools|work=The New York Times |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=2018-07-21|language=en|last1=Peek |first1=Lori }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/freezing-classrooms-spark-heated-debate-over-baltimores-school-infrastructure|title=Freezing classrooms spark heated debate over Baltimore's school infrastructure|website=PBS NewsHour|date=13 February 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santelises, Sonja}}
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni]]
[[Category:American women chief executives]]
[[Category:American chief executives of education-related organizations]]
[[Category:Bishop Fenwick High School (Peabody, Massachusetts) alumni]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

User talk:Rajini67

2024-07-19T01:35:50Z

Slazenger: Level 3 warning re. Debjani Modak (HG) (3.4.10)

== Regarding Edits to Draft: Niranjan BS ==

Please do not add photos for which copyright cannot be provided. Wikipedia already removed photos many times that others editors added for same reason. Basically, if we didn't click a photo, that doesn't belong to us and cannot be added here. And details such as DOB and family names, though true, are not found in any of the listed reliable secondary references, so those cannot be added right now, but in future, if any reliable references list them, then we can add them. This draft has already been declined for lack of such references. Adding such things might further damage its chances to becoming an article in future, so requesting you to kindly refrain from such edits. Thanks for your understanding. [[User:Ss ram|Ss ram]] ([[User talk:Ss ram|talk]]) 06:42, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

== July 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:ObserveOwl|ObserveOwl]]. I noticed that you recently [[Wikipedia:Content removal|removed content]] from [[:Debjani Modak]] without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use [[User:Rajini67/sandbox|your sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:ObserveOwl|my talk page]]. Thanks. [[User:ObserveOwl|ObserveOwl]] ([[User talk:ObserveOwl#top|chit-chat]] • [[Special:Contributions/ObserveOwl|my doings]]) 11:05, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Debjani Modak]], without giving a valid reason for the removal in the [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use [[User:Rajini67/sandbox|your sandbox]] for that. Thank you. [[User:Wikishovel|Wikishovel]] ([[User talk:Wikishovel|talk]]) 17:03, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

== Do not resubmit declined drafts ==

Hi, please refrain from making unnecessary edits (I've explained the reasons already, it's in View History of the draft too) to [[Draft: Niranjan BS]], especially pls don't resubmit it because it has already been declined. It is dangerous to resubmit it without adding more references (I've already added all available references and waiting for more such to become available in future) because there is a chance that it will be permanently rejected. So pls refrain from ruining the hard work of others. [[User:Ss ram|Ss ram]] ([[User talk:Ss ram|talk]]) 11:55, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{yo|Ss ram}} I've placed a comment on the draft about it. However, [[WP:CAPSLOCK|try not to use ALL CAPS]] as you did [[Special:Diff/1232369006|here]]. [[User:ObserveOwl|ObserveOwl]] ([[User talk:ObserveOwl#top|chit-chat]] • [[Special:Contributions/ObserveOwl|my doings]]) 13:17, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:ObserveOwl|ObserveOwl]], I am so sorry. I did not know it must not be used and will ensure I don't use in future. Got frustrated from the unnecessary edits and resubmissions without any true additions at all, so thought using ALL CAPS would draw their attention, but I'm sorry again. I thank you for educating me on this. [[User:Ss ram|Ss ram]] ([[User talk:Ss ram|talk]]) 13:23, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Please stop. If you continue to [[WP:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Debjani Modak]], you may be [[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. Your edits have been '''automatically''' marked as [[WP:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been '''automatically''' [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. The following is the log entry regarding this vandalism: [[Debjani Modak]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debjani+Modak&diff=1232498891&oldid=1232446138 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/Rajini67|Rajini67]] [[User:Rajini67|(u)]] [[User talk:Rajini67|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.952561 on 2024-07-04T01:38:19+00:00 
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 01:38, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

== July 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to [[:Debjani Modak]] have been undone by an automated computer program called [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]].
{{clear}}
* ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made was constructive, please [[User:ClueBot NG#Information About False Positives|read about it]], [{{User:ClueBot NG/Warnings/FPReport|4335226}} report it here], remove this message from your talk page, and then make the edit again.
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* The following is the log entry regarding this message: [[Debjani Modak]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debjani+Modak&diff=1234222456&oldid=1234220680 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/Rajini67|Rajini67]] [[User:Rajini67|(u)]] [[User talk:Rajini67|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.952926 on 2024-07-13T06:28:15+00:00 
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 06:28, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Debjani Modak]]. Your edits continue to appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been '''automatically''' [[Help:Reverting|reverted]].
* If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and [[WP:ADMINS|administrators]] have the ability to [[WP:BLOCK|block]] users from editing if they repeatedly engage in [[WP:vandalism|vandalism]].
* ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been considered as unconstructive, please [[User:ClueBot NG#Information About False Positives|read about it]], [{{User:ClueBot NG/Warnings/FPReport|4335488}} report it here], remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again.
* If you need help, please see the [[Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]], and if you can't find what you are looking for there, place {{Tld|Help me}} on [[Special:EditPage/User talk:Rajini67|your talk page]] and someone will drop by to help.
* The following is the log entry regarding this warning: [[Debjani Modak]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debjani+Modak&diff=1234580288&oldid=1234577262 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/Rajini67|Rajini67]] [[User:Rajini67|(u)]] [[User talk:Rajini67|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.953063 on 2024-07-15T02:59:56+00:00 
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 02:59, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

<div style=clear: both></div>[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. If you continue to blank out or remove content, templates, or other materials from Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debjani%20Modak&diff=1235386742 this edit] to [[:Debjani Modak]], you may be [[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:35, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

User talk:196.112.1.166

2024-07-19T01:34:08Z

Slazenger: Message re. Burn After Reading (HG) (3.4.10)

== July 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Slazenger|Slazenger]]. I wanted to let you know that one of [[Special:Contributions/196.112.1.166|your recent contributions]]—specifically [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn%20After%20Reading&diff=1235386320 this edit] to [[:Burn After Reading]]—has been undone because it appeared to be promotional. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia as a "[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox or means of promotion|soapbox]]" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted; Wikipedia articles should be written objectively, using independent sources, and from a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral perspective]]. Please take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thank you. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:34, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

User talk:2405:3800:8B4:F36D:0:0:0:1

2024-07-19T01:33:31Z

Slazenger: Message re. User:Rkadchitre/Books/KnowledgeRK (HG) (3.4.10)

== July 2024 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Slazenger|Slazenger]]. I noticed that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%3ARkadchitre%2FBooks%2FKnowledgeRK&diff=1235385894 this edit] to [[:User:Rkadchitre/Books/KnowledgeRK]], you removed all the content from the page. [[WP:No blank pages|Please do not do this.]] Blank pages are harmful to Wikipedia because they have a tendency to confuse readers. As a rule, if you discover a duplicate article, please [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirect]] it to an appropriate existing page. If a page has been [[Wikipedia:How to spot vandalism|vandalised]], please [[Wikipedia:How to revert a page to an earlier version|revert]] it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|edit]] the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion policy]] for how to proceed. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you wish to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User talk:Slazenger|my talk page]]. Thank you. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:33, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

User:Rkadchitre/Books/KnowledgeRK

2024-07-19T01:33:30Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 2405:3800:8B4:F36D:0:0:0:1 (talk): page blanking (HG) (3.4.10)

{{saved book
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| setting-papersize = a4
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| setting-columns = 2
}}

== Knowledge ==
:[[.NET Framework]]
:[[1G]]
:[[2014 Russian hacker password theft]]
:[[2G]]
:[[32-bit]]
:[[3D television]]
:[[3G]]
:[[4G]]
:[[4G-LTE filter]]
:[[5G]]
:[[64-bit computing]]
:[[Aaron Swartz]]
:[[Abductive reasoning]]
:[[Accelerometer]]
:[[Adamantium]]
:[[Address Resolution Protocol]]
:[[AdMob]]
:[[Adobe Flash]]
:[[AdSense]]
:[[Advanced Network and Services]]
:[[Age of the universe]]
:[[Ajax (programming)]]
:[[Albert Einstein]]
:[[ALGOL]]
:[[Alloy]]
:[[Alpha particle]]
:[[Amancio Ortega Gaona]]
:[[Amateur radio]]
:[[Amazon.com]]
:[[Amplitude modulation]]
:[[Analogy]]
:[[Analytical chemistry]]
:[[Ancient Greek]]
:[[Android (operating system)]]
:[[Android Lollipop]]
:[[Android software development]]
:[[Android Wear]]
:[[Anonymous (group)]]
:[[Anti-pattern]]
:[[Antioxidant]]
:[[Antivirus software]]
:[[AOL]]
:[[Apache HBase]]
:[[Apache License]]
:[[APL (programming language)]]
:[[App Inventor for Android]]
:[[App Store (iOS)]]
:[[Apple Inc.]]
:[[Applied mechanics]]
:[[Arcade game]]
:[[Argument]]
:[[ARM architecture]]
:[[Artificial intelligence]]
:[[ASCII]]
:[[ASP.NET]]
:[[ASP.NET MVC Framework]]
:[[Assembly language]]
:[[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]]
:[[Attenuation]]
:[[Audio forensics]]
:[[Augmented reality]]
:[[Authentication]]
:[[Autopsy (software)]]
:[[Autostereoscopy]]
:[[Backdoor (computing)]]
:[[Band gap]]
:[[Bandwidth (computing)]]
:[[Base station]]
:[[Base station subsystem]]
:[[Base64]]
:[[Bash (Unix shell)]]
:[[BASIC]]
:[[BCS theory]]
:[[Beaumont–Adams revolver]]
:[[Bernard Arnault]]
:[[Bhagavad Gita]]
:[[Bible]]
:[[Big Bang]]
:[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]
:[[Bill Gates]]
:[[Billion laughs]]
:[[BitLocker]]
:[[BitTorrent]]
:[[Bjarne Stroustrup]]
:[[Black hole]]
:[[BlackBerry 10]]
:[[Bloodstain pattern analysis]]
:[[Blu-ray Disc]]
:[[BlueHat]]
:[[Bluetooth]]
:[[Body identification]]
:[[Boot sector]]
:[[Booting]]
:[[Boring (manufacturing)]]
:[[Botnet]]
:[[Branch (computer science)]]
:[[British Bull Dog revolver]]
:[[Browser Object Model]]
:[[Browser security]]
:[[Buffer over-read]]
:[[Buffer overflow]]
:[[Bureau of Indian Standards]]
:[[Business magnate]]
:[[C (programming language)]]
:[[C (programming language)]]
:[[C++]]
:[[Cable jetting]]
:[[Cable television]]
:[[CAN bus]]
:[[Capacitor]]
:[[Capsa]]
:[[Carlos Slim]]
:[[Carna botnet]]
:[[Cascading Style Sheets]]
:[[CD-ROM]]
:[[Cell relay]]
:[[Cellular frequencies]]
:[[Cellular network]]
:[[Cellular repeater]]
:[[Censorship]]
:[[CERN]]
:[[CERT Coordination Center]]
:[[Certification marks in India]]
:[[Chaos Computer Club]]
:[[Chemical element]]
:[[Chief executive officer]]
:[[Chrome OS]]
:[[Chromecast]]
:[[Chromosome]]
:[[Chronology of the universe]]
:[[Chroot]]
:[[Circuit design]]
:[[Circuit switching]]
:[[Clickjacking]]
:[[Cloud computing]]
:[[Cmd.exe]]
:[[CNN]]
:[[CNO cycle]]
:[[Coaxial cable]]
:[[Cocaine]]
:[[Cocoa Touch]]
:[[Code injection]]
:[[Common sense]]
:[[Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures]]
:[[Comparison of boot loaders]]
:[[Comparison of C Sharp and Java]]
:[[Comparison of command shells]]
:[[Comparison of computer viruses]]
:[[Comparison of cryptographic hash functions]]
:[[Comparison of layout engines (HTML5)]]
:[[Comparison of operating system kernels]]
:[[Comparison of programming languages]]
:[[Comparison of programming languages (array)]]
:[[Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)]]
:[[Comparison of programming languages (strings)]]
:[[Comparison of programming languages (syntax)]]
:[[Compiler]]
:[[Complex metallic alloys]]
:[[Computational criminology]]
:[[Computer and network surveillance]]
:[[Computer architecture]]
:[[Computer crime]]
:[[Computer engineering]]
:[[Computer forensics]]
:[[Computer network]]
:[[Computer security]]
:[[Computer virus]]
:[[Computer worm]]
:[[Conficker]]
:[[Confused deputy problem]]
:[[Connection-oriented communication]]
:[[Connection-oriented communication]]
:[[Connectionless communication]]
:[[Control flow]]
:[[Core network]]
:[[Counterinduction]]
:[[CPU cache]]
:[[Cracking of wireless networks]]
:[[Crime]]
:[[Crime lab]]
:[[Crimeware]]
:[[Criticism of Microsoft]]
:[[Criticism of Windows XP]]
:[[Cross-platform]]
:[[Cross-site request forgery]]
:[[Cross-site scripting]]
:[[Cross-zone scripting]]
:[[Cryptanalysis]]
:[[Cryptographic hash function]]
:[[Cryptovirology]]
:[[Cult of the Dead Cow]]
:[[CVSS]]
:[[Cyber spying]]
:[[Cyber Storm Exercise]]
:[[Cyberterrorism]]
:[[Cyberwarfare]]
:[[Dangling pointer]]
:[[Data corruption]]
:[[Data Execution Prevention]]
:[[Data integrity]]
:[[Data validation]]
:[[Database forensics]]
:[[Dazzler (weapon)]]
:[[Decocidio]]
:[[Deductive reasoning]]
:[[DEF CON]]
:[[Defensive programming]]
:[[Dempster–Shafer theory]]
:[[Denial-of-service attack]]
:[[Dennis Ritchie]]
:[[Derp (hacker group)]]
:[[Detection of fire accelerants]]
:[[Device driver]]
:[[Digital electronics]]
:[[Digital forensics]]
:[[Digital rights management]]
:[[Digital subscriber line]]
:[[Direct manipulation interface]]
:[[Directory traversal attack]]
:[[Disassembler]]
:[[Disk enclosure]]
:[[DNA]]
:[[DNA nanotechnology]]
:[[DNA profiling]]
:[[DNA repair]]
:[[DNA sequencing]]
:[[DNA-encoded chemical library]]
:[[DNS hijacking]]
:[[DNS spoofing]]
:[[Document Object Model]]
:[[Domain Name System]]
:[[DoubleClick]]
:[[Drill]]
:[[Dual mode mobile]]
:[[Dual SIM]]
:[[DVD]]
:[[Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol]]
:[[Dynamic-link library]]
:[[Dynamical system]]
:[[EarthLink]]
:[[Eavesdropping]]
:[[EFI System partition]]
:[[Electrical conductor]]
:[[Electron]]
:[[Email injection]]
:[[Emergency Management Services]]
:[[Encapsulation (networking)]]
:[[End-to-end principle]]
:[[Endianness]]
:[[Endoscopy]]
:[[Engineering]]
:[[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution]]
:[[Ericsson]]
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:[[List of nuclides]]
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:[[Mahabharata]]
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:[[MD5]]
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:[[Mechanics]]
:[[Media access control]]
:[[Memory management]]
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:[[Michael Jackson]]
:[[Microkernel]]
:[[Microsoft]]
:[[Microsoft Windows]]
:[[Microsoft Windows library files]]
:[[Milw0rm]]
:[[Mobile app]]
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:[[Mobile television]]
:[[Modern Greek]]
:[[Moore's law]]
:[[Morphine]]
:[[MOSFET]]
:[[Motherboard]]
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:[[MPEG-2]]
:[[Mukesh Ambani]]
:[[Multimedia Messaging Service]]
:[[Mutation]]
:[[Mutator method]]
:[[Myspace]]
:[[MySQL]]
:[[Near field communication]]
:[[Negation]]
:[[Nessus (software)]]
:[[Netscape]]
:[[Network access point]]
:[[Network Crack Program Hacker Group]]
:[[Network forensics]]
:[[Network packet]]
:[[Network security]]
:[[Neutron source]]
:[[Newbie]]
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:[[Nikto Web Scanner]]
:[[Nmap]]
:[[Nokia]]
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:[[Polymorphic engine]]
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:[[PreScheme]]
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:[[Pseudocode]]
:[[Public Interest Registry]]
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:[[Pyramid]]
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:[[Quickoffice]]
:[[Quran]]
:[[Race condition]]
:[[Radio frequency]]
:[[Radio masts and towers]]
:[[Rama]]
:[[Ramayana]]
:[[Real-time operating system]]
:[[Real-time Transport Protocol]]
:[[RedHack]]
:[[Remote Installation Services]]
:[[Responsible disclosure]]
:[[Return-oriented programming]]
:[[Return-to-libc attack]]
:[[Rifle grenade]]
:[[RNA]]
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:[[Roman Seleznev]]
:[[Rooting (Android OS)]]
:[[Rootkit]]
:[[Router (computing)]]
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:[[Samsung]]
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:[[Selective file dumper]]
:[[Self-modifying code]]
:[[Semiconductor]]
:[[Semiconductor characterization techniques]]
:[[Series 40]]
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:[[Silicon Valley]]
:[[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]]
:[[Singapore]]
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:[[SOCKS]]
:[[Softswitch]]
:[[Software]]
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:[[Sonic Team]]
:[[Sony]]
:[[South Korea]]
:[[Spacetime]]
:[[Spain]]
:[[Spoofing attack]]
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:[[SQL injection]]
:[[Sri Lanka]]
:[[Stack buffer overflow]]
:[[Stack Overflow]]
:[[Stanford University]]
:[[Star]]
:[[Statement (computer science)]]
:[[Stereoscopy]]
:[[Storage area network]]
:[[String (computer science)]]
:[[Strong and weak typing]]
:[[Structured programming]]
:[[Stun grenade]]
:[[Style sheet (web development)]]
:[[Submarine communications cable]]
:[[Subnetwork]]
:[[Sun Microsystems]]
:[[Super-heavy tank]]
:[[Superconductivity]]
:[[Superuser]]
:[[Sweden]]
:[[Swift (programming language)]]
:[[Switch statement]]
:[[Switched-mode power supply applications]]
:[[Switzerland]]
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:[[Syrian Electronic Army]]
:[[System programming language]]
:[[Taiwan]]
:[[TeaMp0isoN]]
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:[[Telnet]]
:[[TeslaTeam]]
:[[TESO]]
:[[Texas Instruments]]
:[[Texas Instruments signing key controversy]]
:[[The Atlantic]]
:[[The Coroner's Toolkit]]
:[[The Sleuth Kit]]
:[[The Unknowns]]
:[[Three Laws of Robotics]]
:[[Tim Berners-Lee]]
:[[Time of check to time of use]]
:[[Timeline of chemical element discoveries]]
:[[Timeline of computer security hacker history]]
:[[Timeline of computer viruses and worms]]
:[[Timeline of Internet conflicts]]
:[[TippingPoint]]
:[[Toxicology]]
:[[Trace evidence]]
:[[Transistor]]
:[[Transistor count]]
:[[Transistor model]]
:[[Transmission Control Protocol]]
:[[Transport Layer Security]]
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:[[Trojan horse (computing)]]
:[[Tunneling protocol]]
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:[[Type inference]]
:[[Type system]]
:[[UGNazi]]
:[[UMTS frequency bands]]
:[[Uncontrolled format string]]
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:[[Vulnerability scanner]]
:[[Vyasa]]
:[[W-CDMA (UMTS)]]
:[[W3af]]
:[[Warren Buffett]]
:[[Web browser]]
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:[[Web colors]]
:[[Web server]]
:[[Web storage]]
:[[Webley Revolver]]
:[[Website defacement]]
:[[White hat (computer security)]]
:[[White hole]]
:[[Wi-Fi]]
:[[Wide area network]]
:[[Wikipedia]]
:[[WiMAX]]
:[[Windows 2000]]
:[[Windows 7]]
:[[Windows 8]]
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:[[Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs]]
:[[Windows ME]]
:[[Windows NT]]
:[[Windows NT 4.0]]
:[[Windows PowerShell]]
:[[Windows Registry]]
:[[Windows Runtime]]
:[[Windows Server 2003]]
:[[Windows startup process]]
:[[Windows Store]]
:[[Windows Task Manager]]
:[[Windows Vista]]
:[[Windows Vista startup process]]
:[[Windows XP]]
:[[Windows XP editions]]
:[[World Wide Web]]
:[[Wormhole]]
:[[Write buffer]]
:[[X.25]]
:[[X86]]
:[[X86-64]]
:[[Xbox (console) modchips]]
:[[Xbox 360]]
:[[XHTML]]
:[[XML]]
:[[XMPP]]
:[[XSS worm]]
:[[Zero-day attack]]
:[[Zero-day virus]]
:[[ZeroAccess botnet]]
:[[Zeus]]
:[[Zeus (Trojan horse)]]
:[[Zombie cookie]]

User talk:49.185.81.174

2024-07-19T01:27:14Z

Slazenger: Level 3 warning re. Leon King (HG) (3.4.10)

== July 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Bsoyka|Bsoyka]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/49.185.81.174|your recent contributions]]—specifically [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bram%20Stoker&diff=1235380995 this edit] to [[:Bram Stoker]]—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:Bsoyka|'''Bsoyka''']] ([[User talk:Bsoyka|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bsoyka|c]] • [[User:Bsoyka/Guestbook|g]]) 00:44, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Bram Stoker]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism may result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Queen of Hearts|Queen of Hearts]] [[User talk:Queen of Hearts|talk]] 00:46, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

<div style=clear: both></div>[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. If you continue to [[WP:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon%20King&diff=1235385563 this edit] to [[:Leon King]], you may be [[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:27, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Leon King

2024-07-19T01:27:13Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 49.185.81.174 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

{{short description|Scottish footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Leon King
| image = Leon King 2022.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Leon King in action for Rangers 2022
| full_name = Leon Thomson King
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|January|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Barrhead]], Scotland
| height = 1.83 m
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
| clubnumber = 38
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Rangers F.C. B Team and Academy|Rangers]]
| years1 = 2020–
| clubs1 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
| caps1 = 23
| goals1 = 0
| totalcaps =
| totalgoals =
| nationalyears1 = 2018
| nationalteam1 = [[Scotland national under-16 football team|Scotland U16]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2019
| nationalteam2 = [[Scotland national under-17 football team|Scotland U17]]
| nationalcaps2 = 4
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2022-
| nationalteam3 = [[Scotland national under-21 football team|Scotland U21]]
| nationalcaps3 = 8
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 2 January 2024
| nationalteam-update = 19 June 2023
}}
'''Leon Thomson King''' (born 14 January 2004) is a Scottish professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[defender (association football)|defender]] for {{Scottish football updater|Rangers}} club [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]].<ref>{{Soccerway|id=leon-thomson-king/602515|accessdate=}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Club ===
King joined [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] in his early years,<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Introducing... Leon King|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6G7IBkYd7M|access-date=3 May 2021|website=[[Rangers F.C.]]|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> soon appearing to be one of the club's brightest prospects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=Jordan|date=Nov 9, 2019|title=Chelsea and Liverpool among those looking at Rangers' 15-year-old defender King|url=https://theathletic.com/1285129/2019/11/09/chelsea-and-liverpool-among-those-looking-rangers-15-year-old-defender-king/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=Angus|date=9 November 2019|title=Rangers face fight to keep hold of 15-year-old defender as English and European giants circle|url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/rangers/latest-rangers-news/rangers-face-fight-keep-hold-15-year-old-defender-english-and-european-giants-circle-1402839|access-date=2021-05-23|website=[[The Scotsman]]|language=en}}</ref> He made his [[Rangers F.C. Under-20s and Academy|Rangers Under-20s]] debut aged only 14 under the management of [[Graeme Murty]] in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-26|title=Rangers Academy continues to go from strength to strength|url=https://www.rangersnews.uk/news/rangers-academy-continues-to-go-from-strength-to-strength/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Rangers News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2018|title=Rangers U20s 6-1 Partick Thistle U20s|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ekWg_ah-Mg|access-date=3 May 2021|website=[[Rangers F.C.]]|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> At the end of the [[2018–19 Rangers F.C. season|2018–19]] season, he was also part of the squad that won the [[Scottish Youth Cup]] against [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 April 2019|title=Rangers crowned Scottish Youth Cup winners|url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news/rangers-crowned-scottish-youth-cup-winners/?rid=2112|access-date=23 May 2021|publisher=[[Scottish Football Association|SFA]]}}</ref>

King made his Rangers debut on 29 November 2020 in a [[Scottish League Cup|League Cup]] match against [[Falkirk F.C.|Falkirk]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Falkirk 0–4 Rangers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55031996|website=BBC Sport|last=Elgott|first=Jordan |date=29 November 2020}}</ref> He made his [[Scottish Premiership]] debut for on 12 May 2021, replacing [[Joe Aribo]] in the 86th minute of a 3–0 away win against [[Livingston F.C.|Livingston]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=McDougall|first=Mark|date=2021-05-12|title=Livingston 0 Rangers 3 as Steven Gerrard's men edge closer to 100 point mark|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/livingston-v-rangers-live-score-20581889|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Glasgow Live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Campbell|first=Andy|date=2021-05-12|title=Rangers win to stay unbeaten in league|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56990121|access-date=2021-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Black|first=James|date=2021-05-13|title=Rangers veteran delighted after landmark appearance for Ibrox prodigy in Livi win|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2021/05/13/rangers-mclaughlin-leon-king/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=HITC|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 5 January 2022, King signed a contract extension until the summer of 2024 and was subsequently promoted to the first-team squad on a full time basis.<ref>{{ Cite news | url=https://www.rangers.co.uk/article/leon-king-signs-new-rangers-contract/61x8l6r15jXye1NvVNPIH5| work=Rangers.co.uk | publisher=Rangers Football Club| date=5 January 2022| title=LEON KING SIGNS NEW RANGERS CONTRACT }}</ref>

=== International ===
King was selected for the [[Scotland national under-21 football team|Scotland under-21]] squad in May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61507036 |title=Rangers' Alex Lowry one of five new call-ups by Scotland Under-21s |website=BBC Sport |date=19 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{Updated|match played 27 May 2023}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup
!colspan="2"|League cup
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
|[[2020–21 Rangers F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref name=LK2020>{{soccerbase season|135087|2020|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|[[Scottish Premiership]]
|1||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Rangers F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name=LK2021>{{soccerbase season|135087|2021|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref>
|4||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Rangers F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name=LK2022>{{soccerbase season|135087|2022|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref>
|15||0||0||0||2||0||6{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||23||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Rangers F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref name=LK2023>{{soccerbase season|135087|2023|accessdate=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|3||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!23||0||3||0||3||0||6||0||35||0
|-
|[[Rangers F.C. B Team and Academy|Rangers B]]
|[[2021–22 Scottish Challenge Cup|2021–22]]<ref name=AL2022>{{soccerbase season|123419|2021|accessdate=14 August 2021}}</ref>
|colspan=3|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|Appearances in [[Scottish Challenge Cup]]}}||0||2||0
|-
|[[Rangers F.C. B Team and Academy|Rangers B]]
|[[2022–23 Scottish Challenge Cup|2022–23]]<ref name=AL2023>{{soccerbase season|123419|2022|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref>
|colspan=3|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Scottish Challenge Cup]]}}||0||1||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!23!!0!!3!!0!!3!!0!!9!!0!!38!!0
|}

{{notelist}}

==Honours==

'''Rangers'''
*[[Scottish Premiership]]: [[2020–21 Scottish Premiership|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rangers top-flight champions for first time since 2011 after Celtic drop points |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56306235|work=BBC Sport|date=7 March 2021|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
*[[Scottish Cup]]: [[2021–22 Scottish Cup|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title=Rangers 2-0 Hearts |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61447048 |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>
*[[Scottish League Cup]]: [[2023–24 Scottish League Cup|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rangers 1-0 Aberdeen|publisher=BBC | work=BBC Sport |date=17 December 2023| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67684521 |first=Nick |last=McPheat}}</ref>
* [[UEFA Europa League]] runner-up: [[2021–22 UEFA Europa League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Eintracht Frankfurt 1-1 Rangers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61446268|work=BBC Sport|date=18 May 2022|access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|leon-thomson-king/602515}}
* {{soccerbase|135087|name=Leon King}}

{{Rangers F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King, Leon}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scottish men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Scotland men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League players]]
[[Category:Rangers F.C. players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Lowland Football League players]]
[[Category:Scotland men's under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Barrhead]]
[[Category:Footballers from East Renfrewshire]]

{{Scotland-footy-defender-2000s-stub}}

User talk:7obobu

2024-07-19T01:24:48Z

Slazenger: Level 2 warning re. Dilbert (HG) (3.4.10)

== July 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Slazenger|Slazenger]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/7obobu|your recent contributions]]—specifically [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilbert&diff=1235385272 this edit] to [[:Dilbert]]—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:23, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

<div style="clear: both"></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilbert&diff=1235385370 this edit] to [[:Dilbert]]. Your edits appear to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Dilbert

2024-07-19T01:24:42Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 7obobu (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|American comic strip}}
{{About|the Dilbert comic strip|other uses|}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox comic strip
| bgcolor = #a2c7ff;
| title = Dilbert
| image = Dilbert-20050910.png
| caption = "Announcement of changes in company [[password policy]]". From left: the [[Pointy-haired Boss]], [[Dilbert (character)|Dilbert]], [[Alice (Dilbert)|Alice]], and [[Wally (Dilbert)|Wally]] (Pub. September 10, 2005)
| alt = From left to right, the Pointy-Haired Boss, Dilbert, Alice, and Wally all sit at a table. The Pointy-Haired Boss holds a piece of paper and says "Starting today, all passwords must contain letters, numbers, doodles, sign language and squirrel noises."
| author = [[Scott Adams]]
| current =
| url = {{URL|https://scottadams.locals.com/}} (subscription only)
| status = Running
| first = {{start date and age|1989|4|16}}
| last = {{start date and age|2023|3|26}} (no longer syndicated; still running as a webcomic)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2023/03/12/dilbert-1989-2023/ | title=Dilbert 1989 – 2023 – the Daily Cartoonist | date=March 12, 2023 }}</ref>
| altnames =
| syndicate = [[United Feature Syndicate]] ([[United Media]], 1989–June 2011) ([[Universal Uclick]]/[[Andrews McMeel Syndication]], June 2011–March 2023)
| publisher = [[Andrews McMeel Publishing]] (until March 2023) Self-distributed through [[Locals]] (since March 2023)
| genre = [[Satire]], [[observational comedy]], 
[[surreal comedy]]
| rating =
| preceded by =
| followed by = Daily Dilbert Reborn
}}

'''''Dilbert''''' is an American [[comic strip]] written and illustrated by [[Scott Adams]], first published on April 16, 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Dilbert |url=https://dilbert.com/search_results?month=4&year=1989 |website=Dilbert |access-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013031/https://dilbert.com/search_results?month=4&year=1989 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is known for its [[satire|satirical]] [[office humor]] about a [[White-collar worker|white-collar]], [[micromanagement|micromanage]]d office with engineer [[Dilbert (character)|Dilbert]] as the [[title role|title character]]. It has led to dozens of books, an [[Dilbert (TV series)|animated television series]], a [[Dilbert's Desktop Games|video game]], and hundreds of themed [[merchandising|merchandise]] items. ''Dilbert Future'' and ''The Joy of Work'' are among the best-selling books in the series. In 1997, Adams received the [[National Cartoonists Society]] [[National Cartoonists Society#Reuben Award|Reuben Award]] and the Newspaper Comic Strip Award for his work. ''Dilbert'' appears online and as of 2013 was published daily in 2,000 newspapers in 65 countries and 25 languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unitedfeatures.com/?title=Bio:Dilbert%20Dailies |title=Dilbert presentation at Kings Features Syndicate |publisher=Unitedfeatures.com |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110414/http://www.unitedfeatures.com/?title=Bio:Dilbert |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2023, ''Dilbert'' was dropped by numerous independent newspapers as well as its distributor, [[Andrews McMeel Syndication]] (which owns [[GoComics]], from where the comic was also removed), after Adams published a video where he called Black Americans that disagreed with "[[It's okay to be white]]" a "hate group" and said white Americans should "get the hell away from" them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scott Adams's racist comments were spurred by a badly worded poll |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/03/02/scott-adamss-racist-comments-were-spurred-by-a-badly-worded-poll |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Sharon |date=2023-02-26 |title='Dilbert' cartoon dropped after racist rant by creator Scott Adams |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/dilbert-cartoon-dropped-after-racist-rant-by-creator-scott-adams-2023-02-26/ |access-date=2023-03-24}}</ref> The video was widely described by sources such as ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[Reuters]]'' as containing "racist comments" and being a "racist rant."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scott Adams's racist comments were spurred by a badly worded poll |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/03/02/scott-adamss-racist-comments-were-spurred-by-a-badly-worded-poll |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Sharon |date=2023-02-26 |title='Dilbert' cartoon dropped after racist rant by creator Scott Adams |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/dilbert-cartoon-dropped-after-racist-rant-by-creator-scott-adams-2023-02-26/ |access-date=2023-03-24}}</ref> Adams has stated during the controversy that he disavows racism.<ref>{{Cite news | last1=Canva | first1=Michael | last2=Chery | first2=Samantha | title=Scott Adams Faces Backlash Over 'Dilbert' Cartoon | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/comics/2023/03/06/scott-adams-dilbert-cartoon-controversy/ | work=The Washington Post | date=2023-03-06 | access-date=2024-06-09}}</ref> The following month, Adams relaunched the strip as a webcomic on [[Locals]] under the name ''Daily Dilbert Reborn''.

== Publication history ==
''Dilbert'' began syndication by [[United Feature Syndicate]] (a division of [[United Media]]) in April 1989.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Comics through time : a history of icons, idols, and ideas.|others=Booker, M. Keith|date = October 28, 2014|isbn=978-0-313-39751-6|location=Santa Barbara, California|oclc=896826610}}</ref>

On June 3, 2010, United Media sold its licensing arm, along with the rights to ''Dilbert'', to [[Iconix Brand Group]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/iconix-brand-group-closes-acquisition-of-peanuts-95534994.html|title=Iconix Brand Group Closes Acquisition of Peanuts|publisher=Iconix Brand Group|website=PR Newswire|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref> This led to ''Dilbert'' leaving United Media. In late December 2010, it was announced that Dilbert would move to [[Universal Uclick]] (a division of [[Andrews McMeel Universal]], known as [[Andrews McMeel Syndication]]) beginning in June 2011,<ref>Gardner, Alan. [http://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2010/12/28/dilbert-leaves-united-media-for-universal-uclick/ "DILBERT LEAVES UNITED MEDIA FOR UNIVERSAL UCLICK (UPDATED),"] ''The Daily Cartoonist'' (December 28, 2010).</ref> where it remained until 2023.

In September 2022, [[Lee Enterprises]] ceased running the strip in what Scott Adams reported as 77 newspapers as the publisher declined to include the strip in a new comics page that was instituted throughout the company. He said that he had received complaints about Dilbert mocking the [[environmental, social, and corporate governance]] movement, but that he was not sure if that was the reason for the cancellation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casiano |first=Louis |date=September 20, 2022 |title='Dilbert' author Scott Adams says comic strip about corporate office culture removed from 77 newspapers |url= https://www.foxnews.com/us/dilbert-author-scott-adams-says-comic-strip-about-corporate-office-culture-removed-from-77-newspapers |access-date=December 31, 2022 |website=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Degg|first=D. D.|url=https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2022/09/13/lee-enterprises-new-comics-lineup-maybe/|title=Lee Enterprises New Comics Lineup – Update|publisher=Daily Cartoonist|date=September 13, 2022|accessdate=March 4, 2023}}</ref> The ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', owned by [[Hearst Media]] dropped ''Dilbert'' in October 2022 saying the move came after strips joked that [[Reparations for slavery in the United States|reparations for slavery]] could be claimed by underperforming office workers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Jordan |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Bay Area cartoonist who created Dilbert goes on racist rant, draws condemnation |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/dilbert-17805004.php |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2023, hundreds of newspapers owned by [[media conglomerates]] including [[Andrews McMeel Syndication]] dropped the comic in response to a [[YouTube]] video published by Adams on February 22, 2023,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Scott |author1-link=Scott Adams |title=Episode 2027 Scott Adams: AI Goes Woke, I Accidentally Joined A Hate Group, Trump, Policing Schools |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6TnAn7qV1s&t=16m |time=16m |website=youtube.com |via=YouTube |language=en |format=video |date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> during which he advised [[white people]] to "get the hell away from [[black people]]" following publication of a [[Rasmussen Reports]] poll which Adams said showed that [[African-American]] people collectively form a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Degg |first1=D.D. |title=Andrews McMeel Drops Scott Adams |url= https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2023/02/26/andrews-mcmeel-drops-scott-adams/ |website=The Daily Cartoonist |date=February 26, 2023 |publisher=The Daily Cartoonist, LLC |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Hundreds of newspapers drop 'Dilbert' comic strip after racist tirade from creator Scott Adams |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/25/business/dilbert-comic-strip-racist-tirade/index.html |access-date=February 25, 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chron |first=Matthew Kitchen |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Houston Chronicle to cease printing 'Dilbert' following cartoonist's racist video |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/scott-adams-dilbert-17805858.php |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=Chron |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AMU severing relationship with Dilbert creator Scott Adams|url=https://www.andrewsmcmeel.com/amu-severing-relationship-with-dilbert-creator-scott-adams/ |website=Andrews McMeel Universal |access-date=February 27, 2023 |date=February 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/26/us/dilbert-newspapers-racism.html|title=Newspapers Drop 'Dilbert' Comic After Creator's Rant About Black 'Hate Groups'|work=The New York Times|first=Neduardo|last=Medina|date=February 26, 2023|access-date=February 26, 2023}}</ref> The poll found that 53% of [[black Americans|African-Americans]] agree with the statement "[[It's okay to be white|It's okay to be White]]", while 26% disagreed, and 21% responded they were "not sure".<ref>{{cite news |last=Tremoglie |first=Christopher |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Poll: Only 54% of black people think it's 'OK to be white' |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring-america/community-family/poll-only-54-of-black-people-think-its-ok-to-be-white |work=[[Washington Examiner]]|location=Washington |access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref> [[Gannett]], including its [[USA Today]] network (including the ''[[Detroit Free Press]],'' ''[[The Indianapolis Star]],'' ''[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]'', and ''The [[The Arizona Republic|Arizona Republic]])'' also dropped the strip following Adams's comments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Newspapers Pull "Dilbert" After Creator Scott Adams Calls Black People a "Hate Group" |url= https://www.motherjones.com/media/2023/02/dilbert-scott-adams-racist-black-people-hate-group-comic/ |access-date=February 25, 2023 |work =[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref> Such major newspapers as ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[The Seattle Times]]'', ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'', and ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' all ceased to syndicate Dilbert and published editorials denouncing Adams.<ref>{{cite web | last=Quinn | first=Chris | title=We are dropping the Dilbert comic strip because of creator Scott Adams' racist rant: Letter from the Editor | location= Cleveland |work=The Plain Dealer| date=February 24, 2023 |url= https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/02/we-are-dropping-the-dilbert-comic-strip-because-of-creator-scott-adams-racist-rant-letter-from-the-editor.html | access-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title='Dilbert' Dropped by Washington Post, LA Times as More Papers Condemn Scott Adams' Racist Rant |url=https://www.thewrap.com/dilbert-dropped-washington-post-la-times-scott-adams-racist/ |access-date=February 25, 2023 |work=[[The Wrap]] }}</ref><ref name="feb25latimes">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Los Angeles Times ceases publication of 'Dilbert' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-02-25/los-angeles-times-ceases-publication-of-dilbert |access-date=February 25, 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Why The Atlanta Journal-Constitution will no longer run 'Dilbert' |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/why-the-atlanta-journal-constitution-will-no-longer-run-dilbert/M7IW7MQJXBDSXHHIWIAEXOEIQM/ |access-date=February 25, 2023 |work=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title=E-N drops 'Dilbert' because of creator's comments about Black Americans |url= https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/dilbert-creator-scott-adams-comments-17805449.php/ |access-date=February 25, 2023 |work=[[San Antonio Express-News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2023 |title=Letter from the Editor: Why we are no longer running the comic strip 'Dilbert' |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/2023/02/letter-from-the-editor-why-we-are-no-longer-running-the-comic-strip-dilbert.html |access-date=February 25, 2023 |work=The Oregonian}}</ref> The ''Los Angeles Times'' also stated it had removed four ''Dilbert'' cartoons from its pages in the preceding nine months when they did not meet the newspaper's standards.<ref name=feb25latimes/> In response, Adams announced that on March 16, 2023, he would launch ''Dilbert Reborn'' on the subscription website [[Locals]], describing it as "spicier than the original".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cavana |first1=Michael |last2=Chery |first2=Samantha |title=The bewildering descent of Scott Adams and 'Dilbert' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/comics/2023/03/06/scott-adams-dilbert-cartoon-controversy/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The comic strip originally revolved around the character [[Dilbert (character)|Dilbert]] and his "pet" dog [[Dogbert]] in their home. Many early plots revolved around Dilbert's engineer nature, bizarre inventions, and [[Narcissism|megalomaniacal]] ambitions. Later, the setting of most of the strips was changed to Dilbert's workplace and the strip began to satirize technology, workplace, and company issues. The strip's popular success is attributable to its workplace setting and themes, which are familiar to a large and appreciative audience.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/10/how-dilbert-practically-wrote-itself/ |title=How "Dilbert" Practically Wrote Itself |last1=Ennes |first1=Meghan |date=October 18, 2013 |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=October 28, 2014}}</ref> Adams said that switching the setting from Dilbert's home to his office was "when the strip really started to take off".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adams, Scott|title=The Loser Decision|publisher=The Dilbert blog|date=July 23, 2007|url=http://dilbertblog.typepad.com/the_dilbert_blog/2007/07/the-loser-decis.html}}</ref> The workplace location is [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{Cite comic|Cartoonist = [[Scott Adams|Adams, Scott]]|story = Sunday, September 9, 2012|title = Dilbert|Date = September 9, 2012|publisher = Universal UClick|url = http://dilbert.com/strip/2012-09-09|access-date = June 20, 2017|archive-date = April 11, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190411142516/http://dilbert.com/strip/2012-09-09|url-status = dead}}</ref>

''Dilbert'' portrays corporate culture as a [[Kafkaesque]] world of [[bureaucracy]] for its own sake, where [[office politics]] preclude productivity, employees' skills and efforts are not rewarded, and [[busy work]] is praised. Much of the humor involves characters making ridiculous decisions in reaction to [[management|mismanagement]].

==Characters==
{{Main|List of Dilbert characters}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2020}}

=== Dilbert ===
{{Main|Dilbert (character)}}
The strip's central character, Dilbert is depicted as a technically-minded engineer. Until October 2014, he was usually depicted wearing a white dress shirt, black trousers and a red-and-black striped tie that inexplicably curved upward. After October 13, 2014, his standard apparel changed to a red polo shirt with a name badge on a lanyard around his neck.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dilbert.com/strip/2014-10-13 | title=Dilbert Comic Strip on 2014-10-13 | Dilbert by Scott Adams | access-date=May 30, 2016 | archive-date=August 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826114630/http://dilbert.com/strip/2014-10-13 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a skilled engineer but has poor social and romantic lives.

=== Pointy-Haired Boss (PHB) ===
Dilbert's boss, known only as the Pointy-Haired Boss, is the unnamed, oblivious manager of the engineering division of Dilbert's company. Adams states that he never named him so that people can imagine him to be their boss. In earlier strips he was depicted as a stereotypical late-middle-aged balding middle manager with jowls; it was not until later that he developed his signature pointy hair and the jowls disappeared. He is hopelessly incompetent at management, and he often tries to compensate for his lack of skills with countless group therapy sessions and business strategies that rarely bear fruit. He does not understand technical issues but always tries to disguise this ineptitude, usually by using buzzwords he also does not understand. The Boss treats his employees alternately with enthusiasm or neglect; he often uses them to his own ends regardless of the consequences to them. Adams himself wrote that "he's not sadistic, just uncaring". His level of intelligence varies from near-vegetative to perceptive and clever, depending on the strip's comic needs. His utter lack of consistent business ethics, however, is perfectly consistent. His brother is a demon named "Phil, the Prince of Insufficient Light", and according to Adams, the pointy hair is intended to remind one of devil horns.

=== Wally ===
One of the longest-serving engineers, Wally was originally a worker trying to get fired to obtain a large severance package. He hates work and avoids it whenever he can. He often carries a cup of coffee, calmly sipping from it even in the midst of chaos or office-shaking revelations. Wally is extremely cynical. He is even more socially inept than Dilbert (though far less self-aware of the fact), and references to his lack of personal hygiene are not uncommon. Like the Pointy-Haired Boss, Wally is utterly lacking in ethics and will take advantage of any situation to maximize his personal gain while doing the least possible amount of honest work. Until the change to "business dorky" wear of a polo shirt, Wally was invariably portrayed wearing a short sleeved dress shirt and tie. Adams has stated that Wally was based on a Pacific Bell coworker of his who was interested in a generous employee buy-out program—for the company's worst employees. This had the effect of causing this man—whom Adams describes as "one of the more brilliant people I've met"—to work hard at being incompetent, rude, and generally poor at his job to qualify for the buy-out program. Adams has said that this inspired the basic laziness and amorality of Wally's character. Despite these personality traits, Wally is accepted as part of Dilbert, Ted, Alice, and Asok's clique. Although his relationship with Alice is often antagonistic and Dilbert occasionally denies being his friend, their actions show at least a certain acceptance of him. For Asok, Wally serves as something of a guru of counterintuitive "wisdom". Wally exasperates Dilbert at times but is also sometimes the only other co-worker who understands Dilbert's frustrations with company idiocy and bureaucracy. While Dilbert rages at the dysfunction of the policies of the company, Wally has learned to use the dysfunction to cloak, even justify, his laziness.

=== Alice ===
One of the more competent and highest paid engineers. She is often frustrated at work because she does not get proper recognition, which she believes is because she is female. She has a quick, often violent temper, sometimes putting her "Fist of Death" to use, even with the Pointy-haired Boss. Alice is based on a woman that Adams worked with named Anita, who is described as sharing Alice's "pink suit, fluffy hair, technical proficiency, coffee obsession, and take-no-crap attitude."

=== Dogbert ===
Dilbert's anthropomorphic pet dog is the smartest dog on Earth. Dogbert is a megalomaniac intellectual dog, planning to one day conquer the world. He once succeeded, but became bored with the ensuing peace, and quit. Often seen in high-ranking consultant or technical support jobs, he constantly abuses his power and fools the management of Dilbert's company, though considering the intelligence of the company's management in general and Dilbert's boss in particular, this is not very hard to do. He also enjoys pulling scams on unsuspecting and usually dull customers to steal their money. However, despite Dogbert's cynical exterior, he has been known to pull his master out of some tight jams. Dogbert's nature as a pet was more emphasized during the earlier years of the strip; as the strip progressed, references to his acting like a dog became less common, although he still wags his tail when he perpetrates his scams. When an older Dilbert arrives while time-traveling from the future, he refers to Dogbert as "majesty", indicating that Dogbert will one day indeed rule the world again, and make worshipping him retroactive so he could boss around time travelers.

=== Catbert ===
'''Catbert''' is the "evil director of [[human resources]]" in the ''Dilbert'' comic strip. He was supposed to be a one-time character but resonated with readers so well that Adams brought him back as the HR director. Catbert's origins with the company are that he was hired by Dogbert. Dogbert hired him because he wanted an H.R. Director that appeared cute while secretly downsizing employees.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://dilbert.com/strip/1995-03-20| title = Dilbert.com}}</ref>

=== Asok ===
{{Main|Asok (Dilbert)}}
A young intern, Asok works very hard but does not always get proper recognition. He is intensely intelligent but naive about corporate life; the shattering of his optimistic illusions becomes frequent comic fodder. He is Indian and graduated from the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT). The other workers, especially the Boss, often unwittingly trample on his cultural beliefs. On the occasions when Asok mentions this, he is normally ignored. His test scores (a perfect 1600 on the old [[SAT]]) and his [[IQ]] of 240 show that he is the smartest member of the engineering team. Nonetheless, he is often called upon by the Boss to do odd jobs, and in meetings his ideas are usually left hanging. He is also seen regularly at the lunch table with Wally and Dilbert, experiencing jarring realizations of the nature of corporate life. There are a few jokes about his psychic powers, which he learned at the IIT. Yet despite his intelligence, ethics, and mystical powers, Asok sometimes takes advice from Wally in the arts of laziness, and from Dilbert in surviving the office. As of February 7, 2014, Asok is officially gay, which never affects any storylines but merely commemorates a decision by the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] to uphold a British-era anti-gay law,<ref name="SHYAMANTHA">{{cite news|last=Shyamantha|first=Asokan|title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|access-date=December 11, 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2014-02-07/ |title = Dilbert Comic Strip on 2014-02-07 | Dilbert by Scott Adams}}</ref> a decision which was overturned on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/09/indias-supreme-court-overturns-sodomy-ban-landmark-ruling/ |title = India's Supreme Court overturns sodomy ban in a landmark ruling|date = September 6, 2018}}</ref>

=== The CEO ===

The CEO of the company is bald and has an extremely tall, somewhat pointed cranium. He is only slightly less clueless than the Pointy-Haired Boss.

=== Ted ===
An engineer who is often seen hanging out with Wally. He is referenced by name more often in older comics, but he is still seen occasionally. He has been accepted into Dilbert's clique. He has been fired and killed numerous times (for example, being pushed down a flight of stairs and becoming possessed), in which case a new Ted is apparently hired. In addition to this, he is often promoted and given benefits over the other employees. Ted has a wife and children who are referenced multiple times and seen on at least one occasion. Adams refers to him as ''Ted the Generic Guy'', because whenever he needs to fire or kill someone he uses Ted, but slowly over time Ted has become his own character.

=== Tina ===

Also known as Tina the Tech Writer. She has a less forceful personality than Alice and often seems to get taken advantage of by the other employees. Her job of writing technical directions for her company's software cannot be an easy one as none of their products work as designed.

=== Carol ===

Carol is the long-suffering secretary (she prefers the title Executive Assistant) to the Pointy-haired Boss. Her hair style is a much smaller triangle than that of Alice. She hates her job, but once told Dilbert that spending time with her family of a husband and two children is like fighting porcupines in a salt mine, although when the job gets to be too much she is glad to get back to them.

=== Dave ===
Introduced in 2022, Dave is the strip's first black character, although he identifies as white, messing up the company's [[Environmental, social, and corporate governance|ESG]] and diversity scores, possibly deliberately, as it is not clear whether he is serious or not. Dave has proved controversial, with at least one newspaper chain deciding not to run the strips featuring him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Dilbert Presents Black Character, Gets Dragged |url=https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2022/05/03/dilbert-presents-black-character-gets-dragged/ |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=The Daily Cartoonist |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Elbonia ===
Elbonia is a fictional non-specific under-developed country used when Adams wants "to involve a foreign country without hurting overseas sales". He says "People think I have some specific country in mind when I write about Elbonia, but I don't. It represents the view that Americans have of any country that doesn't have cable television—we think they all wear fur hats and wallow around waist-deep in mud".<ref>Seven years of Defective People" — page 184, "Elbonians"</ref><ref group=note>However, in a storyline from November 21–26, 2016, Dilbert visits Elbonia. The only location seen is his hotel room and a car rental, neither of which are covered in mud.{{cite web| url = https://dilbert.com/strip/2016-11-23| title = Dilbert.com 2016-11-23}}</ref> The entire country wears the same clothing and hats, and all men and women<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0KlbdTvOE8C&q=elbonia+beard+women&pg=PA89| title=Dilbert 2.0: 20 Years of Dilbert| author=Scott Adams| date=October 21, 2008| access-date=July 1, 2021| publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing| isbn=978-0740777356| page=89| quote=".. I made all Elbonians look identical, even the women, with long black beards ..."}}</ref>
have full beards. They are occasionally bitter towards their wealthier western neighbors, but are quite happy to trade with them. The whole country is covered in mud, and has limited technology.

Elbonia is located somewhere in the former [[Eastern Bloc]]: a strip dated April 2, 1990, refers to the "Tiny [[East European]] country of Elbonia." It is an extremely poor, [[Least Developed Countries|fourth-world]] country that "has abandoned [[Communism]]".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/1990-04-02/| title = Dilbert.com 1990-04-02| access-date = April 24, 2018| archive-date = October 24, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131729/http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/1990-04-02/| url-status = dead}}</ref> The national bird of Elbonia is the [[Frisbee]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/1991-10-14/| title = Dilbert.com 1991-10-14| access-date = April 24, 2018| archive-date = January 9, 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109092234/http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/1991-10-14| url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Phil ===
The Pointy-Haired Boss's brother Phil. His full title is Phil, the Prince of Insufficient Light & Supreme Ruler of Heck. His job, one step down from Satan, is to punish those who commit minor sins. His 'Pitch-Spoon' is feared by those who do. He is known to 'Darn to Heck' people who do things like using cell phones in the bathroom, steal office supplies, or those who simply do something annoying. In one strip, it was mentioned that being in Heck is not as bad as being in a cubicle.

=== Ratbert ===
Ratbert is an escaped lab rat who lives in Dilbert's house. Ratbert was not originally intended to be a regular, instead being part of a series of strips featuring a lab scientist's cruel experiments. The character is often seen in strips set in Dilbert's home and is frequently a foil / co-conspirator in Dogbert's machinations.

==Legacy==
The popularity of the comic strip within the corporate sector led to the Dilbert character being used in many business magazines and publications, including several appearances on the cover of ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune Magazine]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8zJw-CshBYC&dq=Dilbert+character+has+being+used+in+many+business+magazines&pg=SA2-PA5 |title=Current Trends in Management |publisher=Nirali Prakashan |isbn=978-93-80064-06-2 |language=en}}</ref> Many newspapers ran the comic in their business section rather than in the regular comics section—similar to the way that ''[[Doonesbury]]'' is often featured in the editorial section, due to its pointed commentary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cogan |first1=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exnm6T0ALvsC&dq=Doonesbury+is+often+featured+in+the+editorial+newspaper+section&pg=PA303 |title=Encyclopedia of Politics, the Media, and Popular Culture |last2=Kelso |first2=Tony |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34379-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Criticism and parody===
Media analyst [[Norman Solomon]] and cartoonist [[Tom Tomorrow]] claim<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Norman |author-link1=Norman Solomon |author-last2=Tomorrow |author-first2=Tom |author-link2=Tom Tomorrow |date=1997 |title=The Trouble with Dilbert: How Corporate Culture Gets the Last Laugh |url=https://archive.org/details/troublewithdilbe00solo_0 |location=Monroe, Maine |publisher=Common Courage Press |isbn=1-56751-132-5}}</ref> that Adams's caricatures of corporate culture seem to project empathy for white-collar workers, but the satire ultimately plays into the hands of upper corporate management itself. Solomon describes the characters of ''Dilbert'' as dysfunctional time-wasters, none of whom occupies a position higher than middle management, and whose inefficiencies detract from corporate values such as productivity and growth. Dilbert and his coworkers often find themselves baffled or victimized by the whims of managerial behavior, but they never seem to question it openly. Solomon cites the [[Xerox]] corporation's use of ''Dilbert'' strips and characters in internally distributed pamphlets:

{{blockquote|text=Xerox management had recognized what more gullible ''Dilbert'' readers did not: ''Dilbert'' is an offbeat sugary substance that helps the corporate medicine go down. The ''Dilbert'' phenomenon accepts—and perversely eggs on—many negative aspects of corporate existence as unchangeable facets of human nature... As Xerox managers grasped, ''Dilbert'' speaks to some very real work experiences while simultaneously eroding inclinations to fight for better working conditions.}}

Adams responded in the February 2, 1998, strip<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/1998-02-02/ |title=Dilbert comic strip for February 2, 1998 |publisher=Dilbert.com |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723191751/http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/1998-02-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in his book ''The Joy of Work'' with a sarcastic reiteration.

In 1997, [[Tom Vanderbilt]] wrote in a similar vein in ''[[The Baffler]]'' magazine:

{{blockquote|text=Labor unions haven't adopted ''Dilbert'' characters as insignia. But corporations in droves have rushed to link themselves with ''Dilbert''. Why? ''Dilbert'' mirrors the mass media's crocodile tears for working people—and echoes the ambient noises from [[Wall Street]].}}

In 1998, [[Bill Griffith]], creator of ''[[Zippy the Pinhead]]'', chided ''Dilbert'' for crude drawings and simplistic humor. He wrote,
{{blockquote|Long since psychically kidnapped by the gaudy, mindlessly hyperactive world of television, (readers) no longer demand or expect comic strips to be compelling, challenging, or even interesting. Enter ''[[Cathy]]''. And ''Dilbert''. Sure, comics are still funny. It's just that the humor has almost no "nutritional" value. In the tiny space allotted to them, daily strips have all too successfully adapted to their new environment. In this Darwinian set-up, what thrives are simply drawn panels, minimal dialogue, and a lot of head-and-shoulder shots. Anything more complicated is deemed "too hard to read". A full, rich drawing style is a drawback. Simplicity, even crudity, rules.<ref>Griffith, Bill (November 10, 1996) [http://www.zippythepinhead.com/pages/aaarticles.html "Comics at 100."] Articles by Bill Griffith. (Retrieved 9-12-2016.)</ref>|title=|source=}}

Adams responded by creating two comic strips called ''Pippy the Ziphead'', in which Dogbert creates a comic by "cramming as much artwork in [it] as possible so no one will notice there's only one joke", and it's "on the reader".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dilbert comic strip for May 18, 1998 |url=http://dilbert.com/strip/1998-05-18 |access-date=June 30, 2013 |publisher=Dilbert.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015215555/http://dilbert.com/strip/1998-05-18 |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dilbert says that the strip is "nothing but a clown with a small head who says random things", and Dogbert responds that he is "maintaining [his] artistic integrity by creating a comic that no one will enjoy."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dilbert comic strip for 19 May 1998 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive |url=https://dilbert.com/strip/1998-05-19 |access-date=September 11, 2009 |publisher=Dilbert.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530220500/https://dilbert.com/strip/1998-05-19 |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September of the same year, Griffith mocked Adams's ''Pippy the Ziphead'' with a strip of the same name drawn in a simplistic, stiff, ''Dilbert''-like style set in an office setting and featuring the characters Zippy and Griffy retorting, "I sense a joke was delivered." "Yes. It was. My one joke. Ha."<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://zippythepinhead.com/Merchant2/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=20-Sep-98&Category_Code=sun1998&Product_Count=37 |title=Zippy the Pinhead comic strip for 20 September 1998 from the official Zippy the Pinhead comic strips archive |publisher=zippythepinhead.com |access-date=December 6, 2009}}</ref>

In the late 1990s, amateur cartoonist Karl Hörnell began submitting a comic strip to ''[[Savage Dragon]]'' creator [[Erik Larsen]] that parodied both ''Dilbert''<ref name="dragon">{{cite web|url=http://www.javaonthebrain.com/artwork/dragonbert.html |title=Savage Dragonbert |publisher=Javaonthebrain.com |access-date=June 30, 2013}}</ref> and the [[Image Comics]] series ''The Savage Dragon''. This became a regular feature in the ''Savage Dragon'' comic book, titled ''The Savage Dragonbert and Hitler's Brainbert''—"Hitler's Brainbert" being a loose parody of both Dogbert and the ''Savage Dragon'' villain identified as [[Adolf Hitler]]'s disembodied, superpowered brain. The strip began as a specific parody of the comic book itself, set loosely within the office structure of ''Dilbert'', with Hörnell doing an emulation of Adams's cartooning style.<ref name="dragon" />

=== Language ===

Adams has invited readers to invent words that have become popular among fans in describing their own office environments, such as ''induhvidual''. This term is based on the [[American English]] slang expression "[[wikt:duh|duh]]!" The conscious misspelling of ''individual'' as ''induhvidual'' is a [[pejorative]] term for people who are not in Dogbert's New Ruling Class (DNRC).<ref>{{cite book |last=Aden |first=Roger C. |date=2007 |title=Popular Stories and Promised Lands: Fan Cultures and Symbolic Pilgrimages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxvm5oxF1aYC&pg=PA136 |edition=1st |publisher=University Alabama Press | pages=135–137 | isbn=978-0817354725 }}</ref> Its coining is explained in ''Dilbert Newsletter'' #6. The strip has also popularized the usage of the terms ''cow-orker'' and [[Pointy-haired Boss|''PHB'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2002 |title=Dilbert.com - DNRC - Read the Newsletter |url=http://www.dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/dnrc/html/newsletter17.html |access-date=January 28, 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020811101942/http://www.dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/dnrc/html/newsletter17.html |archive-date=August 11, 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PHB|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/P/PHB.html|access-date=January 28, 2022|website=catb.org}}</ref>

===Management===
In 1997, Adams masqueraded as a management consultant to [[Logitech]] executives (as Ray Mebert), with the cooperation of the company's vice-chairman. He acted in much the way that he portrays management consultants in the comic strip, with an arrogant manner and bizarre suggestions, such as comparing [[Strategic planning#Mission statements and vision statements|mission statement]]s to broccoli soup. He convinced the executives to change their existing mission statement for their New Ventures Group from "provide Logitech with profitable growth and related new business areas" to "scout profitable growth opportunities in relationships, both internally and externally, in emerging, mission-inclusive markets, and explore new paradigms and then filter and communicate and evangelize the findings".<ref>[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19971116&slug=2572663 ''Dilbert Creator Fools Execs With Soap Story''], [[Associated Press]], from the Web page of ''[[The Seattle Times]]'', November 16, 1997.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000914093255/http://www.mit.edu/~jcb/humor/scott-adams-mgmt-consultant ''Dilbert Creator Fools Executives''], AP story, in full, preserved on [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] humor bulletin board, November 15, 1997. Link to the archive.org version.</ref><ref>[http://www.reason.com/news/show/30913.html ''The Dilbert Doctrines: An Interview with Scott Adams'', by Virginia Postrel], [[Reason (magazine)|Reason]], February 1999.</ref>

To demonstrate what can be achieved with the most mundane objects if planned correctly and imaginatively, Adams has worked with companies to develop "dream" products for Dilbert and company. In 2001, he collaborated with design company [[IDEO]] to come up with the "perfect cubicle", a fitting creation since many of the ''Dilbert'' strips make fun of the standard [[Cubicle|cubicle desk]] and the environment that it creates. The result was both whimsical and practical.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Porter Anderson |title=Fred Dust: Designing for Dilbert |publisher=CNN Career |date=August 28, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/jobenvy/08/28/dilbert.fred.dust.focus/index.html |access-date=March 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429114333/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/jobenvy/08/28/dilbert.fred.dust.focus/index.html |archive-date=April 29, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Porter Anderson|title=Scott Adams: Dilbert's Ultimate Cubicle|publisher=CNN Career|date=August 28, 2001|url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/jobenvy/08/28/dilbert.scott.adams/index.html|access-date=March 10, 2007}}</ref>

This project was followed in 2004 with designs for Dilbert's Ultimate House<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-10-01 |title=Dilbert Ultimate House |url=http://www.dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/duh/index.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041001095014/http://www.dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/duh/index.html |archive-date=October 1, 2004 }}</ref> (abbreviated as DUH). An energy-efficient building was the result, designed to prevent many of the little problems that seem to creep into a normal building.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boehl |first=Jessica |date=January 1, 2005 |title=Dilbert's Ultimate House Completed |url=https://www.buildinggreen.com/newsbrief/dilberts-ultimate-house-completed |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=BuildingGreen |language=en}}</ref> For instance, to save time spent buying and decorating a Christmas tree every year, the house has a large (yet unapparent) closet adjacent to the living room where the tree can be stored from year to year.

===Webcomics===
In 1995, ''Dilbert'' was the [[List of early webcomics|first]] syndicated comic strip to be published for free on the Internet.<ref name="Gallo">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2013/10/23/dilbert-creator-scott-adams-reveals-the-simple-formula-that-will-double-your-odds-of-success/#54f98fbd1a3e|magazine=[[Forbes]]|title=Dilbert Creator Scott Adams Reveals The Simple Formula That Will Double Your Odds Of Success|last=Gallo|first=Carmine|date=October 23, 2013}}</ref> Putting his email address in each ''Dilbert'' strip, Adams created a "direct channel to [his] customers", allowing him to modify the strip based on their feedback.<ref name="Gallo"/> [[Joe Zabel]] stated that ''Dilbert'' had a large influence on many of the [[webcomic]]s that followed it, establishing the "[[nerd]]core" genre as it found its audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webcomicsreview.com/examiner/issue050912/history1.html | publisher=The Webcomics Examiner | title=The Artistic History of Webcomics — A Webcomics Examiner Roundtable|author=Various|year=2005|archive-date=November 24, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124120515/http://webcomicsreview.com/examiner/issue050912/history1.html|ref=Examiner}}</ref>

In April 2008, [[United Media]] instituted an interactive feature on Dilbert.com, allowing fans to write speech bubbles. Adams has spoken positively about the change, saying, "This makes cartooning a competitive sport."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Brad Stone|title=Scott Adams Hands "Dilbert" Pen to Fans|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/scott-adams-hands-dilbert-pen-to-fans/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2008|access-date=May 14, 2008|archive-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114221900/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/scott-adams-hands-dilbert-pen-to-fans/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update inline|inaccurate=yes|date=December 2016}}

==Awards==
Adams was named best international comic strip artist of 1995 in the [[Adamson Awards]] given by the Swedish Academy of Comic Art.

''Dilbert'' won the National Cartoonists Society's [[National Cartoonists Society#Reuben Award|Reuben Award]] in 1997,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Cartoonists Society |url=https://www.nationalcartoonists.com/awards/ }}</ref> and was also named the best syndicated strip of 1997 in the [[Harvey Award]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1997 Harvey Award Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/harvey97.php |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=www.hahnlibrary.net}}</ref> In 1998, ''Dilbert'' won the [[Max & Moritz Prize]] as best international comic strip.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Max und Moritz Award since 1984 |url=https://www.comic-salon.de/en/max-und-moritz-award-1984 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Comic-Salon |language=en}}</ref>

==Media==
===Comic strip compilations===
====Chronological====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Strips collected !! Date published !! Pages !! ISBN !! Notes
|-
| ''Always Postpone Meetings with Time-Wasting Morons'' || April 16, 1989 – October 21, 1989 || October 1992 || 112 || {{ISBNT|978-0886876883}} ||
|-
| ''Shave the Whales'' || October 22, 1989 – August 4, 1990 || April 1994 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0836217407}} ||
|-
| ''Bring Me the Head of Willy the Mailboy!'' || August 5, 1990 – May 18, 1991 || March 1995 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0836217797}} || The strip dated March 31, 1991, was not included.
|-
| ''It's Obvious You Won't Survive by Your Wits Alone'' || May 19, 1991 – December 13, 1992 || August 1995 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0836204155}} ||
|-
| ''Still Pumped from Using the Mouse'' || December 14, 1992 – September 27, 1993 || March 1996 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0836210262}} ||
|-
| ''Fugitive From the Cubicle Police'' || September 28, 1993 – February 4, 1995 || September 1996 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0836221190}} ||
|-
| ''Casual Day Has Gone Too Far'' || February 5, 1995 – November 19, 1995 || March 1997 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0836228991}} ||
|-
| ''I'm Not Anti-Business, I'm Anti-Idiot'' || November 20, 1995 – August 31, 1996 || March 1998 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0836251821}} ||
|-
| ''Journey to Cubeville'' || September 1, 1996 – January 4, 1998 || August 1998 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0836267457}} ||
|-
| ''Don't Step in the Leadership'' || January 12, 1998 – October 18, 1998 || March 1999 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0836278446}} ||
|-
| ''Random Acts of Management'' || October 19, 1998 – July 25, 1999 || March 2000 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740704536}} ||
|-
| ''Excuse Me While I Wag'' || July 26, 1999 – April 30, 2000 || April 2001 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740713903}} ||
|-
| ''When Did Ignorance Become a Point of View?'' || May 1, 2000 – February 4, 2001 || September 2001 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740718397}} ||
|-
| ''Another Day in Cubicle Paradise'' || February 5, 2001 – November 11, 2001 || March 2002 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740721946}} ||
|-
| ''When Body Language Goes Bad'' || November 12, 2001 – August 18, 2002 || March 2003 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740732980}} ||
|-
| ''Words You Don't Want to Hear During Your Annual Performance Review'' || August 19, 2002 – May 25, 2003 || October 2003 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740738050}} ||
|-
| ''Don't Stand Where the Comet is Assumed to Strike Oil'' || May 26, 2003 – February 29, 2004 || May 2004 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740745393}} ||
|-
| ''The Fluorescent Light Glistens Off Your Head'' || March 1, 2004 – December 5, 2004 || May 2005 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740751134}} ||
|-
| ''Thriving on Vague Objectives'' || December 6, 2004 – September 11, 2005 || November 2005 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740755330}} ||
|-
| ''Try Rebooting Yourself'' || September 12, 2005 – June 18, 2006 || October 2006 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740761904}} ||
|-
| ''Positive Attitude'' || June 19, 2006 – March 25, 2007 || July 2007 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740763793}} ||
|-
| ''This is the Part Where You Pretend to Add Value'' || March 26, 2007 – January 5, 2008 || May 2008 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740772276}} ||
|-
| ''Freedom's Just Another Word for People Finding Out You're Useless'' || January 6, 2008 – October 12, 2008 || April 2009 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740778155}} ||
|-
| ''14 Years of Loyal Service in a Fabric-Covered Box'' || October 13, 2008 – July 25, 2009 || October 2009 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740773655}} ||
|-
| ''I'm Tempted to Stop Acting Randomly'' || July 26, 2009 – May 2, 2010 || December 2010 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-0740778063}} ||
|-
| ''How's That Underling Thing Working Out for You?'' || May 3, 2010 – February 12, 2011 || November 2011 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-1449408190}} ||
|-
| ''Teamwork Means You Can't Pick the Side that's Right'' || February 13, 2011 – November 20, 2011 || April 2012 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-1449410186}} ||
|-
| ''Your New Job Title Is "Accomplice"'' || November 21, 2011 – August 26, 2012 || May 2013 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-1449427757}} || rowspan=2| Strips from August 27, 2012, to October 7, 2012, were not collected.
|-
| ''I Sense a Coldness to Your Mentoring'' || October 8, 2012 – July 14, 2013 || October 2013 || 128 || {{ISBNT|978-1449429386}}
|-
| ''Go Add Value Someplace Else'' || July 15, 2013 – July 20, 2014 || October 2014 || 168 || {{ISBNT|978-1449446604}} ||
|-
| ''Optimism Sounds Exhausting'' || July 21, 2014 – August 1, 2015 || November 2015 || 168 || {{ISBNT|978-1449463007}} ||
|-
| ''I'm No Scientist, But I Think Feng Shui Is Part of the Answer'' || August 2, 2015 – July 23, 2016 || November 2016 || 208 || {{ISBNT|978-1449471965}} ||
|-
| ''Dilbert Gets Re-accommodated'' || July 24, 2016 – June 10, 2017 || November 2017 || 144 || {{ISBNT|978-1449484392}} ||
|-
| ''Cubicles That Make You Envy the Dead'' || June 11, 2017 – April 29, 2018 || November 2018 || 144 || {{ISBNT|978-1449493783}} ||
|-
| ''Dilbert Turns 30'' || April 30, 2018 – February 24, 2019 || October 2019 || 159 || {{ISBNT|978-1524851828}} || Features the top 50 Dilbert comics of the last decade.
|-
| ''Eagerly Awaiting Your Irrational Response'' || February 25, 2019 – January 12, 2020 || October 2020 || 144 || {{ISBNT|978-1524860714}} ||
|-
| ''The Office Is a Beautiful Place When Everyone Else Works from Home'' || January 13, 2020 – November 29, 2020 || December 2021 || 144 || {{ISBNT|978-1524868963}} ||
|-
| ''Not Remotely Working'' || November 30, 2020 – October 17, 2021 || December 2022 || 144 || {{ISBNT|978-1524875633}} || The October 18, 2021 through March 12, 2023 strips will not be published in collection by Andrews McMeel.
|}

====Special====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Date published !! Pages !! ISBN !! Notes
|-
| ''Build a Better Life by Stealing Office Supplies: Dogbert's Big Book of Business'' || November 1991 || 112 || {{ISBNT|978-0886876371}} ||
|-
| ''Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless'' || August 1993 || 112 || {{ISBNT|978-0836217377}} ||
|-
| ''Seven Years of Highly Defective People'' || August 1997 || 256 || {{ISBNT|978-0836236682}} || strips from 1989 to 1995 with handwritten notes by Adams
|-
| ''Dilbert Gives You the Business'' || August 1999 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0740700033}} || collection of favorites before 1999
|-
| ''A Treasury of Sunday Strips: Version 00'' || August 2000 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0740705311}} || color version of all Sunday strips from 1995 to 1999
|-
| ''What Do You Call a Sociopath in a Cubicle? Answer: A Coworker'' || August 2002 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0740726637}} || compilation of strips featuring Dilbert's coworkers
|-
| ''It's Not Funny If I Have to Explain It'' || October 2004 || 240 || {{ISBNT|978-0740746581}} || strips from 1997 to 2004 with more of Adams's handwritten notes
|-
| ''What Would Wally Do?'' || June 2006 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0740757693}} || strips focused on Wally
|-
| ''Cubes and Punishment'' || November 2007 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0740768378}} || collection of comic strips on workplace cruelty
|-
| ''Problem Identified: And You're Probably Not Part of the Solution'' || July 2010 || 224 || {{ISBNT|978-0740785344}} ||
|-
| ''Your Accomplishments Are Suspiciously Hard to Verify'' || August 2011 || 208 || {{ISBNT|978-1449401023}} ||
|-
| ''I Can't Remember If We're Cheap or Smart'' || October 2012 || 208 || {{ISBNT|978-1449423094}} ||
|}

===Business books===
* ''[[Dilbert principle|The Dilbert Principle]]''
* ''Dogbert's Top Secret Management Handbook''
* ''[[The Dilbert Future]]''
* ''[[The Joy of Work]]''
* ''[[Dilbert and the Way of the Weasel]]''
* ''Slapped Together: The Dilbert Business Anthology'' (''The Dilbert Principle'', ''The Dilbert Future'', and ''The Joy of Work'', published together in one book)

===Other books===
* ''Telling It Like It Isn't'' — 1996; {{ISBN|0-8362-1324-6}}
* ''You Don't Need Experience If You've Got Attitude'' — 1996; {{ISBN|0-8362-2196-6}}
* ''Access Denied: Dilbert's Quest for Love in the Nineties'' — 1996; {{ISBN|0-8362-2191-5}}
* ''Conversations With Dogbert'' — 1996; {{ISBN|0-8362-2197-4}}
* ''Work is a Contact Sport'' — 1997; {{ISBN|0-8362-2878-2}}
* ''The Boss: Nameless, Blameless and Shameless'' — 1997; {{ISBN|0-8362-3223-2}}
* ''The Dilbert Bunch'' — 1997; {{ISBN|0-8362-2879-0}}
* ''No You'd Better Watch Out'' — 1997
* ''Please Don't Feed The Egos'' — 1997; {{ISBN|0-8362-3224-0}}
* ''Random Acts of Catness'' — 1998; {{ISBN|0-8362-5277-2}}
* ''You Can't Schedule Stupidity'' — 1998; {{ISBN|0-8362-5632-8}}
* ''Dilbert Meeting Book Exceeding Tech Limits'' — 1998; {{ISBN|0-7683-2028-3}}
* ''Trapped In A Dilbert World – Book Of Days'' — 1998; {{ISBN|0-7683-2030-5}}
* ''Work—The Wally Way'' — 1999; {{ISBN|0-8362-7480-6}}
* ''Alice in Blunderland'' — 1999; {{ISBN|0-8362-7479-2}}
* ''All Dressed Down And Nowhere To Go'' — 2002; {{ISBN|0-7407-2931-4}}
* ''Dilbert's Guide to the Rest of Your Life: Dispatches from Cubicleland'' — 2007; {{ISBN|0-7624-2781-7}}
* ''Dilbert Sudoku Comic Digest: 200 Puzzles Plus 50 Classic Dilbert Cartoons'' — 2008; {{ISBN|0-7407-7250-3}}
* ''[[Dilbert 2.0: 20 Years of Dilbert]]'' — 2008; 576 pages, ≈6500 strips, and Adams's notes from 1989 to 2008.

===Merchandise===
* ''Young Dilbert in Hi-Tech Hijinks'' — 1997; A Dilbert-branded computer game aimed at teaching young children about technology.
* ''Corporate Shuffle'' by [[Richard Garfield]] — 1997; A Dilbert-branded card game similar to Wizards of the Coast's ''The Great Dalmuti'' and the drinking game [[President (card game)|President]].
* The [[Dilberito]], a vegan microwave [[burrito]] offered in four flavors: Barbecue with barbecue sauce, Garlic & Herb with sauce, Indian with mango chutney, and Mexican with salsa.
* ''Totally Nuts'' — 1998; A limited edition [[Ben & Jerry's]] ice cream flavor whose description was listed as: "Butter almond ice cream with roasted hazelnuts, praline pecans & white fudge coated almonds".
* A line of Dilbert mints that possessed the names Accomplish-mints, Appease-mints, Appoint-mints, Empower-mints, Harass-mints, Improve-mints, Invest-mints, Manage-mints, Pay-mints, Perform-mints, and Postpone-mints.
* Dilbert: the Board Game — 2006; by Hyperion Games; A Dilbert-branded board game that was named one of ''[[Games World of Puzzles#Games|Games]]'' magazine's Top 100 Games
* Day-by-Day calendars featuring the comic strip are available every year.
* ''Dilbert: Escape From Cubeville'' — 2010; A Dilbert-branded board game released in the Dilbert store section of dilbert.com.
* ''[[Dilbert's Desktop Games]]'', a video game designed for the PC.

===Animated series===
{{Main|Dilbert (TV series)}}
''Dilbert'' was adapted into a [[UPN]] animated television series starring [[Daniel Stern (actor)|Daniel Stern]] as [[Dilbert (character)|Dilbert]], [[Chris Elliott]] as [[Dogbert]], and [[Kathy Griffin]] as Alice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Caryn |date=January 25, 1999 |title=TELEVISION REVIEW; Just Made For People Who Hate Their Jobs |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/25/arts/television-review-just-made-for-people-who-hate-their-jobs.html |access-date=January 23, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The series ran for two seasons from January 25, 1999, to July 25, 2000. The first season centered around the creation of a new product called the "Gruntmaster 6000". It was critically acclaimed and won an [[Emmy Award]], leading to its renewal for a second season. The second season did away with the serial format and was composed entirely of standalone episodes, many of which shifted focus away from the workplace and involved absurdist plots such as Wally being mistaken for a religious leader ("[[Dilbert (TV series)#Episodes|The Shroud of Wally]]") and Dilbert being accused of mass murder ("[[Dilbert (TV series)#Episodes|The Trial]]"). The second season's two-episode finale included Dilbert getting pregnant with the child of a cow, a [[hillbilly]], [[robot]] DNA, "several dozen engineers", an elderly billionaire, and an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]], eventually ending up in a custody battle with [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] as the Judge.

When UPN declined to renew the series for its third season, Adams stated, "I lost my TV show for being white when UPN decided it would focus on an African-American audience." Adams wrote on Twitter in 2020. "That was the third job I lost for being white. The other two in corporate America."<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Zachary|title=Dilbert' comic strip removed from nearly 80 papers, author says|work=WPDE News|url=https://wpde.com/news/nation-world/dilbert-comic-strip-removed-from-nearly-80-papers-author-says-scott-adams-cartoon|date=September 21, 2022|accessdate=February 26, 2023}}</ref> The four-disc DVD called "Dilbert: The Complete Series" was released and contains thirty episodes. The first disc contains episodes 1–7, the second disc contains episodes 8–13, the third disc contains episodes 14–21, and the fourth disc contains episodes 22–30.

===Animated web shorts===
On April 7, 2008, dilbert.com presented its first Dilbert animation. The new Dilbert animations are animated versions of original comic strips produced by RingTales and animated by [[Powerhouse Animation Studios]]. The animation videos run for around 30 seconds each and are added every weekday. The comic shorts have a different voice cast than the television series, with [[Washington (state)|Washington]]-based radio personality Dan Roberts providing the voice of the title character.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/222403/dan-roberts-joins-kolw-as-brand-manager-afternoon-host/ | title=Dan Roberts Joins KOLW as Brand Manager/Afternoon Host - RadioInsight | date=March 31, 2022 }}</ref> On December 10, 2009, the RingTales produced animations were made available as a calendar application for mobile devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilbert Animated Calendar |url=http://www.metranome.net/calendars.php |date=December 10, 2009 |access-date=December 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723205352/http://www.metranome.net/calendars.php |archive-date=July 23, 2011 }}</ref>

===Cancelled film adaptation===
As early as 2006, Adams and United Media had been struggling to get a film adaptation of the comic strip off the ground. Adams envisioned the idea as a live-action film, with Dogbert and Catbert as animated characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dilbertblog.typepad.com/the_dilbert_blog/2007/09/movies-and-dilb.html|title=The Dilbert Blog: Movies and Dilbert|author=Scott Adams|access-date=July 1, 2022|date=September 19, 2007}}</ref> Film director [[Chris Columbus (director)|Chris Columbus]] was in talks to direct the film in 2007, with Tariq Jalil on board as producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pajiba.com/trade_news/exclusive-ken-kwapis-to-direct-liveaction-dilbert-movie.php|access-date=July 1, 2022|date=May 26, 2010|author=Dustin Rowles|title=Exclusive: Ken Kwampis to Direct Live-Action Dilbert Movie|publisher=Pajiba|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128170617/https://www.pajiba.com/trade_news/exclusive-ken-kwapis-to-direct-liveaction-dilbert-movie.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2010, it was announced that a live-action ''Dilbert'' film was in development. [[Ken Kwapis]] was announced as director, fresh off the heels of ''[[He's Just Not That Into You (film)|He's Just Not That Into You]]'' and directing several episodes for [[NBC]]'s [[The Office (American TV series)|''The Office'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/dilbert-live-action-ken-kwapis-scott-adams/|publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=July 1, 2022|title=Ken Kwapis to Helm Live-Action DILBERT Movie|date=May 26, 2010|author=Matt Goldberg}}</ref> Jahil remained as producer, with Phoenix Entertainment and Intrigue Entertainment joining the producing team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/509216/ken-kwapis-to-direct-live-action-dilbert-movie/|access-date=July 1, 2022|publisher=[[/Film]]|title=Ken Kwapis To Direct Live-Action Dilbert Movie?|date=May 26, 2010|author=Russ Fischer}}</ref>

But in December 2017, in an interview by ''[[The Mercury News]]'', Adams said that it would be impossible to make the film after his public support of [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/06/win-bigly-scott-adams-dissects-trumps-persuasion-skills/|title='Dilbert' creator Scott Adams talks new book and why he backs Donald Trump|access-date=July 1, 2022|date=December 6, 2017|publisher=[[The Mercury News]]|author=Chuck Barney}}</ref>

=="Drunken lemurs" case==
In October 2007, the Catfish Bend Casino in [[Burlington, Iowa]] notified its staff that the casino would soon be closing for business. David Steward, an employee of seven years, then posted on an office bulletin board the ''Dilbert'' strip<ref>{{Cite news|author=Scott Adams|title=Dilbert|url=http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2007-10-26/|date=October 26, 2007|access-date=April 24, 2008|archive-date=January 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109104110/http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2007-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> of October 26, 2007, that compared management decisions to those of "drunken [[lemur]]s". The casino called this "very offensive"; they identified him from a surveillance tape, fired him, and tried to prevent him from receiving [[unemployment benefits]]. However, an administrative law judge ruled in December 2007 that he would receive benefits, as his action was deemed as justified protest and not intentional misbehavior. Adams stated that it might be the first confirmed case of an employee being fired for posting a ''Dilbert'' cartoon.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Clark Kauffman |title=Bosses fire worker who put up 'Dilbert' comic |url=http://desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071219/NEWS/712190360/-1/politics |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707110155/http://desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071219/NEWS/712190360/-1/politics |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |work=Des Moines Register |date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=December 20, 2007}}</ref> On February 20, 2008, the first of a series of ''Dilbert'' strips showed Wally being caught posting a comic strip that "compares managers to drunken lemurs".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Scott Adams|title=Dilbert|url=http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2008-02-20/|date=February 20, 2008|access-date=April 25, 2010|archive-date=January 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107111213/http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2008-02-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adams later stated that fans of his work should "stick to posting ''[[Garfield]]'' strips, as no one gets fired for that."

==Guest artists==
On February 29, 2016, Adams posted on his blog<ref name="GuestArtists2016">{{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Scott|title=Dilbert's Changed Look Explained|url=http://blog.dilbert.com/post/140211504101/dilberts-changed-look-explained|access-date=March 26, 2016|date=February 29, 2016|archive-date=March 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327002146/http://blog.dilbert.com/post/140211504101/dilberts-changed-look-explained|url-status=dead}}</ref> that he would be taking a six-week vacation. During that time, strips would be written by him but drawn by guest artists who work for [[Universal Uclick]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/ask_sam/ask-sam-what-has-happened-to-dilbert/article_39e84332-13d4-58db-84d8-0e5b5beb1e46.html|title=SAM|work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]]|last=Clodfelter|first=Tim|date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> [[Jake Tapper]] drew the strip on the week of May 23.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/ask_sam/ask-sam-why-is-there-another-primary/article_5e156c40-32d3-5290-ad69-269c3338f597.html|title=SAM|work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]]|last=Clodfelter|first=Tim|date=May 24, 2016}}</ref> The other guest artists were John Glynn, Eric Scott, Josh Shipley, Joel Friday, Donna Oatney and Brenna Thummler. Jake Tapper also drew the cartoon strip the week of September 23–28, 2019.

==See also==
{{Portal|Comics|Cartoon}}
* [[Dilbert principle]]
* [[Peter principle]], the opposite (and original basis) of the Dilbert principle
* ''[[Plop: The Hairless Elbonian]]'', another comic series by Adams

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.nationalcartoonists.com/awards |title= National Cartoonists Society |series= Awards |work= Reuben |url-status= live |archive-date= July 4, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070704213732/http://www.reuben.org/ncs/awards2.asp  }}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.businessinsider.com/scott-adams-favorite-dilbert-comics-2013-10 |title= Dilbert Creator Scott Adams Presents His 10 Favorite Strips |date= October 9, 2013 |display-authors= 0 |first= Jenna |last= Goudreau |publisher= [[Business Insider]] }}

{{Dilbert|state=expanded}}
{{Scott Adams}}
{{Andrews McMeel Universal}}
{{Early webcomics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dilbert| ]]
[[Category:Comic strips set in the United States]]
[[Category:Computer humor]]
[[Category:American comic strips]]
[[Category:Workplace webcomics]]
[[Category:Workplace comics]]
[[Category:Black comedy comics]]
[[Category:Satirical comics]]
[[Category:Gag-a-day comics]]
[[Category:1989 comics debuts]]
[[Category:1990s webcomics]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into animated series]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into television series]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into video games]]
[[Category:1995 webcomic debuts]]
[[Category:Office work in popular culture]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in comics]]

Operation Onymous

2024-07-19T01:24:37Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 77.222.110.75 (talk): editing tests (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|International police operation targeting darknet markets}}
{{Infobox law enforcement operation
| image = File:Europol Building; The Hague; Eisenhowerlaan; Statenkwartier; 2014; photo nr. 41860.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = {{spaces|2}} The Hague; Eisenhowerlaan; Statenkwartier; 2014;
|name=Operation Onymous
|type = Dark Market takedown
|executed_by = United States, Europol, Eurojust, United Kingdom
|countries_number = 17+
|target = Onion Services: Silk Road 2.0, Cloud 9, Hydra, various money laundering sites and contraband sites. Website Administrator aliased as Defcon.
|date_executed = November 5 and 6, 2014
|arrested_number = 17+
}}
'''Operation Onymous''' was an international law enforcement operation targeting [[darknet market]]s and other [[hidden service]]s operating on the [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor network]].

== Background ==
Operation Onymous was formed as a joint law enforcement operation between the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)]] and the [[Europol|European Union Intelligence Agency Europol]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Evolution of Cyber Technologies and Operations to 2035|last=Blowers|first=Misty|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319235844|location=Dordrecht|pages=133}}</ref> The international effort also included the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Research on Counterfeiting and Illicit Trade|last=Chaudhry|first=Peggy E.|date=2017|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781785366444|location=Cheltenham|pages=182, 375}}</ref> [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)]], and [[Eurojust]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9QpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Operation+Onymous%22+fbi+europol&pg=PT173|title=Cyberspace, Cybersecurity, and Cybercrime|last1=Kremling|first1=Janine|last2=Parker|first2=Amanda M. Sharp|date=2017-09-05|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781506392288|language=en}}</ref> The operation was part of the international strategies that address the problems of [[malware]], [[botnet]] schemes, and illicit markets or [[Darknet|darknets]].<ref name=":0" /> It was also linked with the war on drugs effort with the participation of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration|U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R71TDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Operation+Onymous%22+fbi+europol&pg=PT320|title=Engaging with Ethics in International Criminological Research|last1=Adorjan|first1=Michael|last2=Ricciardelli|first2=Rose|date=2016-06-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317382874|language=en}}</ref>

== Raids ==
[[File:Doxbinseized-640x383.png|thumb|right]]
On 5 and 6 November 2014, a number of websites, initially claimed to be over 400, were shut down including drug markets such as [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road 2.0]], Cloud 9 and Hydra.<ref name=wired_17_arrests>{{cite magazine | first1=Andy | last1=Greenberg | url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/operation-onymous-dark-web-arrests/ | title=Global Web Crackdown Arrests 17, Seizes Hundreds Of Dark Net Domains | date=7 November 2014 | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | first1=Andy | last1=Greenberg | url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/dark-web-seizures/ | title=Not Just Silk Road 2: Feds Seize Two Other Drug Markets and Counting | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=6 November 2014}}</ref> Other sites targeted included [[money laundering]] sites and "[[contraband]] sites". The operation involved the police forces of 17 countries.<ref name="takedown">{{cite web |author=Fox-Brewster |first=Tom |date=7 November 2014 |title=Silk Road 2.0 targeted in 'Operation Onymous' dark-web takedown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/07/silk-road-20-operation-onymous-dark-web-drugs-takedown |access-date=7 November 2014 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> In total there were 17 arrests.<ref name=wired_17_arrests/> A 26-year-old software developer was arrested in [[San Francisco]] and accused of running Silk Road 2.0 under the pseudonym 'Defcon'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McMillan |first=Robert |title=Alleged Silk Road 2 Mastermind Worked for Ex-Googler's Secret Startup |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/alleged-silk-road-2-mastermind-worked-ex-googlers-secret-startup/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Defcon was "one of the primary targets".<ref name=wired_17_arrests/> Within hours of the seizure a third incarnation of the site appeared, 'Silk Road 3.0'; Silk Road had previously been seized in October 2013, and then resurrected, weeks later, as 'Silk Road 2.0'.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cook |first=James |date=7 November 2014 |title=There's Already A Silk Road 3.0 |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/theres-already-a-silk-road-30-2014-11?r=US |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=UK Business Insider}}</ref>

$1 million in [[Bitcoin]] was seized, along with [[€]]180,000 in cash, gold, silver and drugs.<ref name=europol/> Of the
"illicit services" that were initially claimed to have been shut down,<ref name="takedown"/> few were online marketplaces like Silk Road. A complaint filed on 7 November 2014 in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], "seeking the forfeiture of any and all assets of the following dark market websites operating on the Tor network", referred to just 27 sites, fourteen of which were claimed to be drug markets; the others allegedly sold counterfeit currency, forged identity documents or stolen credit cards.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |author=Vinton |first=Kate |date=7 November 2014 |title=So Far Feds Have Only Confirmed Seizing 27 "Dark Market" Sites In Operation Onymous |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2014/11/07/operation-onymous-dark-markets/ |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=Forbes}}</ref>

US and European agencies sought to publicise the claimed success of their six-month-long operation, which "went flawlessly".<ref name=insider/> The UK [[National Crime Agency]] sent out a [[Tweet (Twitter)|tweet]] mocking Tor users.<ref name=crisis/> The official [[Europol]] [[press release]] quoted a US [[Homeland Security Investigations]] official, who stated: "Our efforts have disrupted a website that allows illicit black-market activities to evolve and expand, and provides a safe haven for illegal vices, such as weapons distribution, drug trafficking and murder-for-hire."<ref name=europol>{{cite web|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/global-action-against-dark-markets-tor-network|title=Global Action Against Dark Markets On Tor Network|publisher=Europol|date=7 November 2014|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="insider">{{cite web |author=Cook |first=James |date=7 November 2014 |title=More Details Emerge Of How Police Shut Down Over 400 Deep Web Marketplaces As Part Of 'Operation Onymous' |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/police-shut-down-over-400-deep-web-sites-as-part-of-operation-onymous-2014-11?r=US |access-date=9 November 2014 |work=UK Business Insider}}</ref>

Other leading drug markets in the [[Dark Web]] were unaffected, such as [[Agora (online marketplace)|Agora]], [[Evolution (online marketplace)|Evolution]] and Andromeda. Whereas Silk Road did not in fact distribute weapons, or offer [[contract killing]]s, Evolution did allow trade of weapons as well as drugs.<ref name="dark">{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |title=The Dark Web Gets Darker With Rise of the 'Evolution' Drug Market |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/09/dark-web-evolution/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Prior to the closure of Silk Road 2.0, Agora already carried more listings than Silk Road, and Evolution was also expected to overtake it.<ref name=wired_17_arrests/><ref>{{cite news |author=Ingraham |first=Christopher |date=6 November 2014 |title=The FBI promises a perpetual, futile drug war as it shuts down Silk Road 2.0 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/11/06/the-fbi-promises-a-perpetual-futile-drug-war-as-it-shuts-down-silk-road-2-0/ |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref> Agora and Evolution are more professional operations than Silk Road, with more advanced security; the arrest of the alleged Silk Road manager is thought to have been largely due to a series of careless mistakes.<ref name=crisis/><ref name=dark/><ref name="flaws">{{cite web |author=Hern |first=Alex |date=11 November 2014 |title=Operation Onymous may have exposed flaws in Tor, developers reveal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/11/operation-onymous-flaws-tor |access-date=12 November 2014 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

The figure of 414 dark net sites, which was widely reported internationally, and appeared in many news headlines,<ref name=wakefield_bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29950946|title=Huge raid to shut down 400-plus dark net sites|publisher=BBC|first1=Jane|last1=Wakefield|date=7 November 2014|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/operation-onymous-six-britons-arrested-police-bust-400-drug-dealing-dark-web-sites-1473713|title=Operation Onymous: Six Britons Arrested as Police Bust 400 Drug Dealing Dark Websites|work=International Business Times|author=Alistair Charlton|date=7 November 2014|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Williams |first=Martyn |date=7 November 2014 |title=Biggest ever Tor raid hits 410 underground sites; 17 arrested |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2845272/biggest-ever-tor-raid-hits-410-underground-sites-17-arrested.html |access-date=10 November 2014 |work=PC World}}</ref> was later adjusted without explanation to "upward of 50" sites.<ref name=crisis/><ref name=oops/><ref>{{cite web |author=Carvajal |first=Doreen |last2=Weiser |first2=Benjamin |date=7 November 2014 |title=International Raids Target Sites Selling Contraband on the 'Dark Web' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/world/europe/dark-market-websites-operation-onymous.html |access-date=10 November 2014 |work=New York Times}}</ref> The true figure is thought to be nearer to 27 sites, to which all 414 [[.onion]] addresses direct.<ref name=flaws/><ref name="oops">{{cite web |author=O'Neill |first=Patrick Howell |date=7 November 2014 |title=Just how many Dark Net sites did cops really shut down? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/oops-we-counted-wrong-silk-road-dark-net-tor/ |access-date=10 November 2014 |publisher=The Daily Dot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lee |first=Dave |date=10 November 2014 |title=Dark net experts trade theories on 'de-cloaking' after raids |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29987373 |access-date=11 November 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Australian journalist [[Nik Cubrilovic]] claimed to have discovered 276 seized sites, based on a crawl of all onion sites, of which 153 were scam, clone or phishing sites.<ref name="scamsandclones">{{cite web |author=Cubrilovic |first=Nik |date=17 November 2014 |title=Large Number of Tor Hidden Sites Seized by the FBI in Operation Onymous were Clone or Scam Sites |url=https://www.nikcub.com/posts/onymous-part1/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118105423/https://www.nikcub.com/posts/onymous-part1/ |archive-date=18 November 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

== Tor 0-day exploit ==
The number of sites initially claimed to have been infiltrated led to the speculation that a [[Zero-day_(computing)|zero-day vulnerability]] in the Tor network had been exploited. This possibility was downplayed by Andrew Lewman, a representative of the not-for-profit [[Tor project]], suggesting that execution of traditional police work such as tracing [[Bitcoin]]s<ref name="overblown">{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Dave|title=Dark net raids were 'overblown' by police, says Tor Project|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29987379|access-date=22 August 2015|date=10 November 2014}}</ref> was more likely.<ref name=wakefield_bbc/><ref name="crisis">{{cite web |author=O'Neill |first=Patrick Howell |date=7 November 2014 |title=The truth behind Tor's confidence crisis |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-crisis-of-confidence/ |access-date=10 November 2014 |publisher=The Daily Dot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Knight |first=Shawn |date=7 November 2014 |title=Operation Onymous seizes hundreds of darknet sites, 17 arrested globally |url=https://www.techspot.com/news/58751-operation-onymous-seizes-hundreds-darknet-sites-17-arrested.html |access-date=8 November 2014 |publisher=Techspot}}</ref> Lewman suggested that such claims were "overblown" and that the authorities wanted to simply give the impression they had "cracked" Tor to deter others from using it for criminal purposes.<ref name="overblown" /> A representative of Europol was secretive about the method used, saying: "This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can’t share with the whole world, because we want to do it again and again and again."<ref name=wired_17_arrests/>

It has been speculated that hidden services could have been deanonymized if law enforcement replicated the research by [[CERT Coordination Center|CERT]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] up until the July 30th patch that mitigated the issue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gingold|first1=Naomi|title=Did the FBI Break Tor?|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/12/silk-road-2-0-arrests-operation-onymous-did-the-fbi-break-tor.html|access-date=9 August 2015|date=8 December 2014}}</ref> If sufficient relay nodes were [[DDOS]]ed which would force traffic to route over the attacking nodes, an attacker could perform traffic confirmation attacks aided by a [[Sybil attack]]. Logs released by the administrator of [[Doxbin]] partially supported this theory.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=11 November 2014 |title=Did Feds Use DDoS Attacks to Deanonymize Darknet Sites Seized in Operation Onymous? |url=http://leaksource.info/2014/11/11/did-feds-use-ddos-attacks-to-deanonymize-darknet-sites-seized-in-operation-onymous/ |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130165615/http://leaksource.info/2014/11/11/did-feds-use-ddos-attacks-to-deanonymize-darknet-sites-seized-in-operation-onymous/ |archive-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

Court documents released in November 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gv5x4q/court-docs-show-a-university-helped-fbi-bust-silk-road-2-child-porn-suspects|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|date=11 November 2015|title=Court Docs Show a University Helped FBI Bust Silk Road 2, Child Porn Suspects|work=Motherboard}}</ref> generated serious research ethics concerns in the Tor and security research communities<ref>{{cite web|date=12 November 2015|last1=Green|first1=Matthew|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/why-the-attack-on-tor-matters/|title=Why the attack on Tor matters|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> about the warrantless exploit<ref>{{cite web |last=Zorz |first=Zeljka |date=12 November 2015 |title=Tor Project claims FBI paid university researchers $1m to unmask Tor users |url=http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=19097 |website=Help Net Security}}</ref> (which presumably had been active in 2014 from February to 4 July).<ref>{{cite web |author=Knibbs |first=Kate |date=30 July 2014 |title=Attack on Tor Has Likely Stripped Users of Anonymity |url=https://gizmodo.com/attack-on-tor-has-likely-stripped-users-of-anonymity-1613247621 |work=Gizmodo |publisher=Gawker Media}}</ref> The Tor Project patched the vulnerability and the FBI denied having paid Carnegie Mellon $1 million to exploit it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/11/fbi-the-allegation-that-we-paid-cmu-1m-to-hack-into-tor-is-inaccurate/|title=FBI: "The allegation that we paid CMU $1M to hack into Tor is inaccurate"|work=Ars Technica|last1=Farivar|first1=Cyrus|date=13 November 2015}}</ref> Carnegie Mellon also denied receiving money.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaas |first=Lisa |date=20 November 2015 |title=Carnegie Mellon denies FBI payment for Tor-cracking technique |url=https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2015/11/20/carnegie-mellon-denies-fbi-payment-for-tor-cracking-technique/ |website=Sophos}}</ref>
{{Further|CERT Coordination Center#Operation Onymous | Tor (anonymity network)#Relay early attack }}

==See also==
*[[Anonymizer]]
*[[Operation DisrupTor]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.scribd.com/doc/245742360/Benthall-Blake-Complaint United States of America – v. – Blake Benthall a/k/a "Defcon," Defendant.]'' – sealed complaint
* [https://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/November14/BlakeBenthallArrestPR.php Operator Of "Silk Road 2.0" Website Charged In Manhattan Federal Court], [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]] press release
* [https://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/November14/DarkMarketTakedown.php Dozens of Online "Dark Markets" Seized Pursuant to Forfeiture Complaint Filed in Manhattan Federal Court in Conjunction with the Arrest of the Operator of Silk Road 2.0], US Department of Justice press release
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003020713/https://www.deepdotweb.com/tag/operation-onymous/ Tag Archives: Operation Onymous ], [[DeepDotWeb]]

{{Tor (anonymity network)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

[[Category:2014 in law]]
[[Category:Cybercrime]]
[[Category:Dark web]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations]]
[[Category:Tor (anonymity network)]]
[[Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation operations]]
[[Category:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operations]]

User talk:7obobu

2024-07-19T01:23:40Z

Slazenger: Message re. Dilbert (HG) (3.4.10)

Dilbert

2024-07-19T01:23:38Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 7obobu (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

User talk:99.73.230.112

2024-07-19T01:23:26Z

Slazenger: Welcoming user (HG) (3.4.10)

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Dilbert

2024-07-19T01:22:54Z

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User talk:81.108.165.241

2024-07-19T01:21:45Z

Slazenger: Level 2 warning re. Meat Loaf (HG) (3.4.10)

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Meat Loaf

2024-07-19T01:21:42Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 81.108.165.241 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|American singer and actor (1947–2022)}}
{{About|the American singer|the culinary dish|Meatloaf}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meat Loaf
| image = Meatloaf 1971 (cropped).JPG
| caption = Meat Loaf in 1971
| birth_name = Marvin Lee Aday
| alias = Michael Lee Aday
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|9|27}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|01|20|1947|9|27|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor}}
| years_active = 1962–2022
| death_cause =
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|Leslie Edmonds|1979|2001|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Deborah Gillespie|2007}}}}
| children = {{Flatlist|
* [[Pearl Aday|Pearl]]
* [[Amanda Aday|Amanda]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| years_active = 1968–2022
| website =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[hard rock]]}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Motown|Rare Earth]]|[[Cleveland International Records|Cleveland International]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[Arista Records|Arista]]|[[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]|[[MCA Records|MCA]]|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]|[[Sanctuary Records Group|Sanctuary]]|[[Mercury Records|Mercury]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Neverland Express]]|[[Stoney & Meatloaf (band)|Stoney & Meatloaf]]|[[Ted Nugent]]}}}}
}}

'''Michael Lee Aday''' (born '''Marvin Lee Aday'''; September 27, 1947 – January 20, 2022), known professionally as '''Meat Loaf''', was an American singer and actor known for his powerful, wide-ranging voice and theatrical live shows. He is one of the best selling music artists in history. His ''Bat Out of Hell'' trilogy—''[[Bat Out of Hell]]'' (1977), ''[[Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell]]'' (1993), and ''[[Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose]]'' (2006)—has sold more than 100 million records worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/meat-loaf-in-numbers-after-death-of-icon-whose-album-spent-10-years-in-charts-and-with-more-film-credits-than-meryl-streep-12521759 |title=Meat Loaf in numbers - after death of icon whose album spent 10 years in charts and with more film credits than Meryl Streep |work=[[Sky News]] |date=January 21, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> The first album stayed on the charts for over nine years, {{as of|2016|lc=y}} still sold an estimated 200,000 copies annually, and is on the [[list of bestselling albums]].<ref name=soldonsong>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/batoutofhell.shtml |title=BBC – radio 2 – Sold on Song – Top 100 – no 8 – 'Bat Out Of Hell' |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109011510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/batoutofhell.shtml |archive-date=January 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://jimsteinman.com/00classicr3.htm |title=Bat Out Of Hell – The Story Behind The Album |first=Jon |last=Hotten |work=[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] |via=[[Jim Steinman]] |date=September 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602220849/http://www.jimsteinman.com/00classicr3.htm |archive-date=June 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the commercial success of ''Bat Out of Hell'' and ''Bat Out of Hell II: Back Into Hell'', and earning a [[Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance]] for the song "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)|I'd Do Anything for Love]]", Meat Loaf nevertheless experienced some difficulty establishing a steady career within the United States.<ref>{{cite web|agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Meat Loaf, 'Bat Out of Hell' Rock Superstar Dies at 74 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-dead-74-obituary-1235021357/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121155515/https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-dead-74-obituary-1235021357/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cbsdied>{{Cite news |title=Meat Loaf, rock superstar, 'Bat Out of Hell' singer, has died at 74 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/meatloaf-dies-age-74-bat-out-of-hell/ |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121131429/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/meatloaf-dies-age-74-bat-out-of-hell/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nytdies>{{Cite news |last1=Marshall |first1=Alex |last2=Taylor |first2=Derrick Bryson |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Meat Loaf, 'Bat Out of Hell' Singer and Actor, Dies at 74 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/arts/music/meat-loaf-dead-marvin-lee-aday.html |url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084120/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/arts/music/meat-loaf-dead-marvin-lee-aday.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rock legend and 'Bat Out of Hell' singer Meat Loaf dies at 74 |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/music/meat-loaf-bat-hell-singer-actor-dies-74-rcna13026 |work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121153449/https://www.today.com/popculture/music/meat-loaf-bat-hell-singer-actor-dies-74-rcna13026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The key to this success was his popularity in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom and Ireland. He received the 1994 [[Brit Awards|Brit Award]] in the United Kingdom for bestselling album and single. He appeared in the 1997 film ''[[Spice World (film)|Spice World]]'' and he ranked 23rd for the number of weeks spent on the UK charts in 2006. He ranks 96th on [[VH1]]'s "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".<ref name=soldonsong/>

Meat Loaf appeared in over 50 films and television shows, sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona. His film roles included Eddie in ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'' (1975) and Robert Paulson in ''[[Fight Club]]'' (1999). His early stage work included dual roles in the original [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] cast of ''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]''. He also appeared in the musical ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'', both on and [[Off-Broadway]].
{{toc limit|3}}

==Early life==
Marvin Lee Aday was born in [[Dallas]], Texas, on September 27, 1947,<ref name=biography>{{cite web |title=Meat Loaf Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/musician/meat-loaf |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217212435/https://www.biography.com/musician/meat-loaf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/201789/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-singer-and-rocky-horror-picture-show-actor-dies-at-74/ |title=Meat Loaf, Bat Out Of Hell Singer and Rocky Horror Picture Show Actor, Dies at 74 |first=Lindsey |last=Sullivan |work=[[Broadway.com]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123190733/https://www.broadway.com/buzz/201789/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-singer-and-rocky-horror-picture-show-actor-dies-at-74/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the son of Wilma Artie (''née'' Hukel), a schoolteacher and member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls [[gospel music]] quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a former police officer who went into business selling a homemade cough remedy with his wife and a friend under the name of the Griffin Grocery Company.<ref name=Larger>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2h8UDgAAQBAJ |title=Like a Bat Out of Hell: The Larger than Life Story of Meat Loaf |first=Mick |last=Wall |publisher=Trapeze |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4091-7354-0 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124150536/https://books.google.com/books?id=2h8UDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> He stated in an interview that when he was born, he was "bright red and stayed that way for days" and that his father said he looked like "nine pounds of ground chuck,” and convinced hospital staff to put the name "Meat" on his crib.<ref name=qameatloaf>{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Verity |date=September 16, 2016 |title=Q&A: Meat Loaf (Michael Lee Aday), musician, 68 |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/qa-meatloaf-musician-68/news-story/9e9631153d2bffb0356afb6214fd1abf |work=[[The Australian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323024513/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/qa-meatloaf-musician-68/news-story/9e9631153d2bffb0356afb6214fd1abf |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was later called "M.L." in reference to his initials, but when his weight increased, his seventh-grade classmates referred to him as "Meat Loaf", referring to his {{convert|5|ft|2|in|cm|adj=mid}}, {{convert|240|lb|kg|adj=mid}} stature. He also attributed the nickname to an incident where, after he stepped on a football coach's foot, the coach yelled 'Get off my foot, you hunk of meatloaf!'”<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://people.com/music/meat-loaf-name-origin-stories/ |title=Meat Loaf: The Many Origin Stories Behind the Late Singer's Name |first=Greta |last=Bjornson |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

Meat Loaf's father binged alcohol for days at a time, a habit started when he was medically discharged from the [[U.S. Army]] during [[World War II]] after being wounded by fragments from a [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar shell]].<ref name=Larger/> Meat Loaf often accompanied his mother in driving to the bars in Dallas to look for his father, and often stayed with his grandmother.<ref name=Larger/> He attended church and [[Bible study (Christianity)|Bible study]] every Sunday.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://christianchronicle.org/meat-loafs-surprising-connections-to-churches-of-christ/ |title=Meat Loaf's surprising connections to Churches of Christ |first=Scott |last=Elliott |work=[[The Christian Chronicle]] |date=January 27, 2022}}</ref>

When he was 16, on the day of the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]], Meat Loaf had seen the President when he arrived at [[Dallas Love Field]]. After hearing about the assassination, he and a friend drove to [[Parkland Hospital]] where he saw [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], bloodied, getting out of the car.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/singer-and-actor-meat-loaf-dead-1.6322657 |title=Singer and actor Meat Loaf dead at 74 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074030/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/singer-and-actor-meat-loaf-dead-1.6322657 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1965, Meat Loaf graduated from [[Thomas Jefferson High School (Dallas)|Thomas Jefferson High School]], having appeared in school stage productions such as ''[[Where's Charley?]]'' and ''[[The Music Man]]''. He played high school football at the position of [[defensive tackle]].<ref>{{cite news |date=March 17, 1979 |title=Meatloaf cooks up TV special |page=5 |work=[[Brantford Expositor]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93146570/meat-loaf-tv-special-1979/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235722/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93146570/meat-loaf-tv-special-1979/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chamberlain |first=Adrian |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20070313/282149286856598 |title=Meat Loaf, reheated: Singer says energy and voice are back, thanks to exercise and vocal coach |work=[[The Ottawa Citizen]] |date=March 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118021537/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/arts/story.html?id=614a8fdf-d7ae-4eb3-98c8-2c5321c81bb5&k=9722 |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> After attending college at [[Lubbock Christian University|Lubbock Christian College]], he transferred to North Texas State University (now the [[University of North Texas]]).

In 1967, when Meat Loaf was 19 years old, his mother died from cancer and his father barely missed stabbing him with a knife having falsely accused him of having girls in his bedroom.<ref name=batman/> He used the inheritance he received from his mother's death to rent an apartment in Dallas and isolated himself for three and a half months until a friend found him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stylecaster.com/meatloaf-net-worth/ |title=Meat Loaf's Net Worth Reveals How Much He Made as One of the Greatest Rockstars of All Time |first=JENZIA |last=BURGOS |work=[[SHE Media]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123201615/https://stylecaster.com/meatloaf-net-worth/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A short time later, he went to the airport and caught the next flight to Los Angeles.<ref name=autobiography>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/tohellbackautobi00meat |title=To hell and back : an autobiography |author=Meat Loaf |date=1993 |publisher=[[ReganBooks]] |isbn=0-06-039293-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=42397459}}</ref> He intentionally gained 60 pounds (27 kg) to fail his [[physical examination]] for the [[Draft lottery (1969)|Vietnam War draft]]; however, he nonetheless received his notice but chose to ignore it.<ref name=biography/>

==Career==
===Early career===
In Los Angeles, Meat Loaf formed his first band, Meat Loaf Soul.<ref name=autobiography/> The band received several recording contracts.<ref name=bbcobit>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27469244 |title=Obituary: Meat Loaf |work=[[BBC News]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123135200/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27469244 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf Soul's first gig was in [[Huntington Beach, California]] in 1968 at the Cave, opening for [[Van Morrison]]'s band [[Them (band)|Them]] and [[Question Mark and the Mysterians]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcberman1/2022/01/21/rock-legend-meat-loaf-dies-at-74/ |title=Rock Legend Meat Loaf Dies At 74 |first=Marc |last=Berman |work=[[Forbes]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123003851/https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcberman1/2022/01/21/rock-legend-meat-loaf-dies-at-74/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf later described his early days in the music industry as being treated like a "circus clown".<ref name=unique>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nme.com/features/meat-loaf-1947-2022-tribute-obituary-3143443 |title=Meat Loaf, 1947 – 2022: a unique performer with big, bold odes to the dreamers and believers |first=James |last=McMahon |work=[[NME]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123210415/https://www.nme.com/features/meat-loaf-1947-2022-tribute-obituary-3143443 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The band underwent several changes of lead guitarists, changing the name of the band each time, to names including Popcorn Blizzard and Floating Circus.<ref name=guardianobit>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/21/meat-loaf-obituary |title=Meat Loaf obituary |first=Adam |last=Sweeting |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122223243/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/21/meat-loaf-obituary |url-status=live}}</ref> As Floating Circus, they opened for [[the Who]], [[the Fugs]], [[the Stooges]], [[MC5]], the [[Grateful Dead]], and [[the Grease Band]]. Their regional success led them to release a single, "Once Upon a Time", backed with "Hello". Meat Loaf then joined the Los Angeles production of the musical ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]''.<ref name=guardianobit/>

===1970s===
[[File:Meatloaf and Stoney 1971.JPG|thumb|Meat Loaf and Stoney ([[Shaun Murphy (singer)|Shaun Murphy]]), 1971]]
With the publicity generated from ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'', Meat Loaf accepted an invitation by [[Motown]], in Detroit. In addition to appearing as "Mother" and "Ulysses S. Grant" at Detroit's Vest Pocket Theatre, he recorded the vocals with fellow ''Hair'' performer [[Shaun Murphy (singer)|Shaun "Stoney" Murphy]] on an album of songs written and selected by the Motown production team. The album, titled ''[[Stoney & Meatloaf]]'' (with Meatloaf spelled as one word), was released in September 1971 and included the single "What You See Is What You Get"; it reached number 36 on the [[Best Selling Soul Singles]] chart and number 71 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart. Meat Loaf and Stoney toured with [[Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers]], opening for [[Richie Havens]], [[the Who]], [[the Stooges]], [[Bob Seger]], [[Alice Cooper]], and [[Rare Earth (band)|Rare Earth]]. Meat Loaf left Motown soon after the label replaced his and Stoney's vocals from the one song he liked, "Who Is the Leader of the People?" with new vocals by [[Edwin Starr]].<ref name=snapesobit/> He moved to [[Freeland, Michigan]] for a year and was the opening act at the [[Grande Ballroom]] 80 times.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mlive.com/life/2022/01/meat-loaf-on-how-my-entire-career-started-in-michigan-legendary-singer-dead-at-74.html |title=Meat Loaf on how 'My entire career started in Michigan:' Legendary singer dead at 74 |first=Edward |last=Pevos |work=[[Booth Newspapers]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

In December 1972, Meat Loaf was in the original [[off-Broadway]] production of ''Rainbow'' at the [[Orpheum Theatre (Manhattan)|Orpheum Theatre]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jambase.com/article/meat-loaf-dead |title=Meat Loaf 1947 – 2022 |first=Scott |last=Bernstein |work=[[JamBase]] |date=September 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123224619/https://www.jambase.com/article/meat-loaf-dead |url-status=live}}</ref> After the tour, Meat Loaf rejoined the cast of ''Hair'', this time at a [[Broadway theater]]. After he hired an agent, he auditioned for the [[Public Theater]]'s production of ''[[More Than You Deserve]]''. During the audition, Meat Loaf met [[Jim Steinman]]. He sang a Stoney and Meat Loaf favorite of his, "(I'd Love to Be) As Heavy as Jesus", and subsequently got the part of Rabbit, a maniac that blows up his fellow soldiers so they can "go home". [[Ron Silver]] and [[Fred Gwynne]] were also in the show. In the summer between the show's workshop production (April 1973) and full production (November 1973 – January 1974), Meat Loaf appeared in a [[Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)|Shakespeare in the Park]] production of ''[[As You Like It]]'' with [[Raul Julia]] and [[Mary Beth Hurt]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/bf9f8856-a142-7a91-e040-e00a18062ca3 |title=Meat Loaf and Raul Julia in the New York Shakespeare Festival stage production As You Like It |publisher=[[New York Public Library]] |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808013742/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/bf9f8856-a142-7a91-e040-e00a18062ca3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 1973, Meat Loaf was cast in the original L.A. Roxy cast of ''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]'', playing the parts of Eddie and Dr. Everett Scott.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-dead-singer-of-bat-out-of-hell-was-74/ |title=Meat Loaf, rock legend and 'Bat Out of Hell' singer, dead at 74 |first=Zachary |last=Folk |work=[[New York Post]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123155005/https://nypost.com/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-dead-singer-of-bat-out-of-hell-was-74/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The success of the musical led to the filming of ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'' in which Meat Loaf played only Eddie, a decision he said made the movie not as good as the musical.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFqmLvxORzQ#t=1m38s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/VFqmLvxORzQ |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |title=Meat Loaf on the Rocky Horror Show – Part 1 |via=YouTube |date=November 13, 2007 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

About the same time, Meat Loaf and Steinman started work on ''[[Bat Out of Hell]]''. Meat Loaf convinced [[Epic Records]] to shoot music videos for four songs, "[[Bat Out of Hell (song)|Bat Out of Hell]]", "[[Paradise by the Dashboard Light]]", "[[You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth]]", and "[[Two Out of Three Ain't Bad]]" and convinced [[Lou Adler]], the producer of ''Rocky Horror'', to run the "Paradise" video as a trailer to the movie. During his recording of the soundtrack for ''Rocky Horror'', Meat Loaf recorded two more songs: "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)|Stand by Me]]" (a [[Ben E. King]] cover), and "Clap Your Hands". They remained unreleased for a decade, until 1984, when they appeared as B-sides to the "[[Nowhere Fast (Fire Inc. song)|Nowhere Fast]]" single.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/20-best-covers-of-ben-e-kings-stand-by-me-172351/meat-loaf-158383/ |title=20 Best Covers of Ben E. King's 'Stand by Me' |first1=Stephen Thomas |last1=Erlewine |first2=Nick |last2=Murray |first3=Brittany |last3=Spanos |author3-link=Brittany Spanos |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=May 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 1976, Meat Loaf recorded lead vocals for [[Ted Nugent]]'s album ''[[Free-for-All (Ted Nugent album)|Free-for-All]]'' when regular Nugent lead vocalist [[Derek St. Holmes]] temporarily quit the band. Meat Loaf sang lead on five of the album's nine tracks. That same year, Meat Loaf appeared in his final theatrical show in New York City, the short-lived Broadway production of [[Gower Champion]]'s rock musical ''[[Rockabye Hamlet]]''.<ref name=cult>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/22/arts/music/meat-loaf-paradise-by-the-dashboard-light.html |title=How Meat Loaf Made a Cult Favorite: 'Paradise by the Dashboard Light' |first=Jeremy |last=Gordon |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 22, 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124015336/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/22/arts/music/meat-loaf-paradise-by-the-dashboard-light.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/meat-loaf-dead-bat-out-of-hell-rocky-horror-picture-show-1234917056/ |title=Meat Loaf Dies: 'Bat Out Of Hell' Singer & 'Rocky Horror Picture Show' Actor Was 74 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121080806/https://deadline.com/2022/01/meat-loaf-dead-bat-out-of-hell-rocky-horror-picture-show-1234917056/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/Rockabye-Hamlet-6928/cast |title=Rockabye Hamlet Original Broadway Cast 1976 | Broadway World |work=[[BroadwayWorld]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232110/https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/Rockabye-Hamlet-6928/cast |url-status=live}}</ref> It closed two weeks into its initial run.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[File:WMMS Meat Loaf concert - 1978 print ad.jpg|thumb|left|A printed ad for a Meat Loaf concert in 1978]]
Meat Loaf and Steinman started working on ''Bat Out of Hell'' in 1972, but did not get serious about it until the end of 1974. Meat Loaf then decided to leave theater and concentrate exclusively on music.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/21/us-singer-meat-loaf-famous-bat-out-of-hell-hit-dead-at-74 |title=US Singer Meat Loaf, famous for Bat Out of Hell hit, dead at 74 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232113/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/21/us-singer-meat-loaf-famous-bat-out-of-hell-hit-dead-at-74 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf was cast as an understudy for [[John Belushi]] in ''[[The National Lampoon Show]]''.<ref name=cult/> It was at the ''Lampoon'' show that Meat Loaf met [[Ellen Foley]], the co-star who sang "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" and "Bat Out of Hell" with him on the album ''Bat Out of Hell''.<ref name=cult/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ellen-foley-meat-loaf-paradise-by-dashboard-light-interview-1235160709/ |title=Ellen Foley, Meat Loaf's 'Paradise by the Dashboard Light' Sparring Partner, on the Making of Rock's Greatest Duet |first=Chris |last=Willman |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=January 22, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123192956/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ellen-foley-meat-loaf-paradise-by-dashboard-light-interview-1235160709/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Meat Loaf and Steinman spent time seeking a record deal; however, their approaches were rejected by each record company, because their songs did not fit any specific recognized [[music industry]] style.<ref name=cult/> [[Todd Rundgren]], under the impression that they already had a record deal, agreed to produce the album as well as play lead guitar along with other members of Rundgren's band [[Utopia (American band)|Utopia]] and [[Max Weinberg]].<ref name=cult/><ref name=Spoofing>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/todd-rundgren-meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-bruce-springsteen-8006795/ |title=Todd Rundgren Talks Spoofing Bruce Springsteen and Seeing Meat Loaf Propose With a Salmon While Producing 'Bat Out of Hell' |first=Bonnie |last=Stiernberg |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=October 20, 2017 |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029192042/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8006795/todd-rundgren-meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-bruce-springsteen |url-status=live}}</ref> They then shopped the record around, but they still had no takers until [[Steve Popovich]]'s [[Cleveland International Records]] took a chance, releasing ''Bat Out of Hell'' in October 1977.<ref name=cult/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/who-wrote-bat-out-hell-22826258 |title=Who wrote Bat Out of Hell and when was it released? The story behind Meat Loaf's career-defining hit |work=[[Birmingham Mail]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232101/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/who-wrote-bat-out-hell-22826258 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Meat Loaf and Steinman formed the band [[Neverland Express]] to tour in support of ''Bat Out of Hell''. Their first gig was opening for [[Cheap Trick]] in Chicago. Meat Loaf gained national exposure as the musical guest on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on March 25, 1978.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Greene |first=Andy |title=Meat Loaf Remembers Jim Steinman: 'He Was the Centerpiece of My Life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-remembers-jim-steinman-1160041/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=April 23, 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081556/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-remembers-jim-steinman-1160041/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1978, Meat Loaf jumped off a stage in [[Ottawa]], Ontario, breaking his leg. He finished his tour performing in a [[wheelchair]].<ref>{{cite news |last=MacPherson |first=Les |date=August 3, 2009 |title=Many great rock stars known to fall off stages |page=A3 |newspaper=[[Star-Phoenix]] |location=[[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93414200/meat-loaf-fell-off-stage/ |id={{ProQuest|348940253}}}}</ref>

''Bat Out of Hell'' has sold an estimated 43 million copies globally, including 15 million in the United States, making it one of the bestselling albums of all time. In the United Kingdom alone, its 2.1 million sales put it in 38th place. Despite peaking at No. 9 and spending only two weeks in the top ten in 1981, it has now spent 485 weeks on the [[UK Albums Chart]] (May 2015), a figure bettered only by ''[[Rumours (album)|Rumours]]'' by [[Fleetwood Mac]] with 487 weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meat Loaf: In and Out of Hell |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04xdrrb |agency=[[BBC News]] |date=July 15, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016014323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04xdrrb |url-status=live}}</ref> In Australia, it knocked the [[Bee Gees]] off the No. 1 spot and became the biggest-selling album of all time in that country. ''Bat Out of Hell'' has, as of December 2020, spent a total of 522 weeks in the Top 200 in the UK chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/albums/bat-out-of-hell/ |title=Bat Out of Hell – Meat Loaf |work=[[Official Charts Company]] |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228214624/http://www.officialcharts.com/search/albums/bat-out-of-hell/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===1980s===
In 1979, Steinman started to work on ''[[Bad for Good]]'', the intended follow-up to 1977's ''Bat Out of Hell''. During that time, a combination of touring, drugs and exhaustion had caused Meat Loaf to lose his voice. Without a singer, and pressured by the record company, Steinman decided that he should sing on ''Bad for Good'' himself. While Steinman worked on Bad for Good, Meat Loaf played the role of Travis Redfish in the movie ''[[Roadie (1980 film)|Roadie]]'' until his singing voice returned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giles |first=Jeff |date=June 14, 2013 |title=40 Years Ago: Meat Loaf Leads an All-Star Cast in 'Roadie' |work=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-roadie/}}</ref> Steinman then wrote a new album for Meat Loaf, ''[[Dead Ringer (album)|Dead Ringer]]'', which was released in September 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-dead-ringer/ |title=When Meat Loaf Finally Released a Follow-Up to 'Bat Out of Hell' |work=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |first=Jeff |last=Giles |date=September 4, 2016}}</ref> Steinman had written five new songs which, in addition to the track "More Than You Deserve" (sung by Meat Loaf in the stage musical of the same name) and a reworked monolog, formed the album ''Dead Ringer'', which was produced by Meat Loaf and [[Stephan Galfas]], with backing tracks produced by [[Todd Rundgren]], [[Jimmy Iovine]], and Steinman. In 1976, Meat Loaf appeared on the track "Keeper Keep Us", from the [[Intergalactic Touring Band]]'s self-titled album, produced by Galfas. The song "[[Dead Ringer for Love]]" was the pinnacle of the album, and launched Meat Loaf to even greater success. While it failed to chart in the US, it reached No. 5 in the United Kingdom and stayed in the UK Singles Chart for 19 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/dead%20ringer%20for%20love/ |title=Dead Ringer For Love |work=[[Officialcharts.com]]}}</ref> [[Cher]] provided the lead female vocals in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.insider.com/meat-loaf-cher-pays-tribute-singer-death-aged-74-2022-1 |title=Cher, who sang a hit duet with Meat Loaf, pays tribute to 'amazing' singer after his death aged 74 |first=Sinéad |last=Baker |work=[[Insider.com]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

On December 5, 1981, Meat Loaf and the Neverland Express were the musical guests for ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' where he and former fellow ''Rocky Horror Picture Show'' actor [[Tim Curry]] performed a skit depicting a One-Stop Rocky Horror Shop. Also on the show, Curry performed "The Zucchini Song" and Meat Loaf & the Neverland Express performed "Bat Out of Hell" and "Promised Land".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vh1.com/news/jbqrdd/rocky-horror-facts |title=Rocky Horror Turns 40: Time Warp to 40 Facts About the Cult Classic |last=McPadden |first=Mike |work=[[VH1]] |date=August 15, 2015 |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061131/http://www.vh1.com/news/49706/rocky-horror-facts/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/saturday-night-live/season-7/episode-7-tim-currymeat-loaf-the-neverland-express |title=Tim Curry/Meat Loaf & The Neverland Express Saturday Night Live: Season 7: Episode 7 |work=[[Metacritic]] |date=December 5, 1981 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124150829/https://www.metacritic.com/tv/saturday-night-live/season-7/episode-7-tim-currymeat-loaf-the-neverland-express |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyeyqSFdMhg |title=Rocky Horror Shop |work=[[Saturday Night Live]] |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Following a dispute with his former songwriter Jim Steinman, Meat Loaf was contractually obliged to release a new album, resulting in ''[[Midnight at the Lost and Found]]'', released in May 1983.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-jim-steinman-two-out-of-three-aint-bad-rocky-horror-picture-show-11642805045 |title=Meat Loaf: An Artist With an Abundant Slice of Life |first=Dominic |last=Green |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> According to Meat Loaf, Steinman had given the songs "[[Total Eclipse of the Heart]]" and "[[Making Love Out of Nothing at All]]" to Meat Loaf for this album. However, Meat Loaf's record company did not want Meat Loaf to sing Steinman's songs, saying that nobody wanted to hear them.<ref name=almost>{{Cite news |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/meatloaf-total-eclipse-of-the-heart |title='Total Eclipse of the Heart' Was Almost a Meat Loaf Song |first=NATALIE |last=ZARRELLI |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |date=August 16, 2017}}</ref> [[Bonnie Tyler]]'s version of "Eclipse" and [[Air Supply]]'s version of "Making Love" topped the charts together, holding No. 1 and No. 2 for a period during 1983.<ref name=almost/> Meat Loaf is credited with having been involved in the writing of some of the tracks on the album, including the title track, "Midnight at the Lost and Found".<ref>{{cite web |last=Giles |first=Jeff |title=How Meat Loaf Crashed on 'Midnight at the Lost and Found' |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-midnight-at-the-lost-and-found/ |work=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |date=May 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204003145/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-midnight-at-the-lost-and-found/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Poor [[money management]] as well as 45 lawsuits totaling US$80 million, including ones from Steinman, resulted in Meat Loaf filing for [[personal bankruptcy]] in 1983.<ref name=biography/> The bankruptcy resulted in Meat Loaf losing the rights to his songs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-09-fi-34064-story.html |title=Company Town : Meat Loaf's Beef Is Lack of Royalties |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 9, 1996 |url-access=limited}}</ref> although he received royalties for ''Bat Out of Hell'' in 1997.<ref name=batman>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2003/dec/07/features.magazine67 |title=Bat man |first=Lynn |last=Barber |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 7, 2003}}</ref>

In 1984, Meat Loaf went to England, where he felt increasingly at home, to record the album ''[[Bad Attitude (album)|Bad Attitude]]''; it was released that year.<ref name=bbcobit/> It features two songs by Steinman, both previously recorded, "[[Nowhere Fast (Fire Inc. song)|Nowhere Fast]]" and "Surf's Up". The American release on RCA Records was in April 1985 and features a slightly different track list, as well as alternate mixes for some songs. The title track features a duet with [[the Who]]'s lead singer [[Roger Daltrey]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/3279603-Meat-Loaf-Bad-Attitude |title=Meat Loaf – Bad Attitude |date=December 20, 1984 |publisher=[[Discogs]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/meat-loaf-bad-attitude-blind-before-i-stop |title=Meat Loaf: Bad Attitude & Blind Before I Stop |first=Mark |last=Beaumont |work=[[Loudersound.com]] |date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> It was a minor success with a few commercially successful singles, the most successful being "[[Modern Girl (Meat Loaf song)|Modern Girl]]".<ref name=bbcobit/> In 1985, Meat Loaf took part in some comedy sketches in the UK with [[Hugh Laurie]].<ref name=sagoml/><ref name=snapesobit>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/21/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-singer-dead-at-74 |title=Meat Loaf: Bat Out of Hell singer dead at 74 |first=Laura |last=Snapes |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124065237/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/21/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-singer-dead-at-74 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf also tried stand-up comedy, appearing several times in [[Connecticut]].<ref name=sagoml/>

Meat Loaf worked with songwriter [[John Parr]] on his next album, ''[[Blind Before I Stop]]'', which was released in 1986 by [[Arista Records]]. It features production, mixing, and general influence by [[Frank Farian]]. Meat Loaf was involved in the composition of three of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/blind-before-i-stop-mw0000190872 |title=Blind Before I Stop Review by William Ruhlmann |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Meat Loaf performed "Thrashin" for the soundtrack of the 1986 skateboarding film ''[[Thrashin' (film)|Thrashin']]'' (directed by [[David Winters (choreographer)|David Winters]] and starring [[Josh Brolin]]).

===1990s===
Following the success of Meat Loaf's touring in the 1980s, he and Steinman began work during December 1990 on ''[[Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell]]''; the album was released in September 1993. The immediate success of ''Bat Out of Hell II'' led to the sale of over 15 million copies, and the single "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)]]" reached number one in 28 countries. In March 1994, at the [[36th Annual Grammy Awards]], Meat Loaf won the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo]] for "I'd Do Anything for Love".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://people.com/music/meat-loaf-life-in-photos/ |title=Meat Loaf's Life in Photos |first=Kate |last=Hogan |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> This song stayed at No. 1 in the UK chart for seven consecutive weeks. The single featured a female vocalist who was credited only as "Mrs. Loud". Mrs. Loud was later identified as [[Lorraine Crosby]], a performer from England.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/1554633/meat-load-mrs-loud-id-do-anything-for-love-singer |title='Naughty' Meat Loaf recruited Mrs Loud for iconic song – but she didn't get paid |first=Callum |last=Crumlish |work=[[Daily Express]] |date=January 23, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123202426/https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/1554633/meat-load-mrs-loud-id-do-anything-for-love-singer |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf promoted the song with American vocalist [[Patti Russo]], who performed lead female vocals on tour with him. Also in 1994, he sang the U.S. national anthem "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" at the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vHwPmKmwH4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/_vHwPmKmwH4 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |title=Meat Loaf: The US National Anthem (Star Spangled Banner) |via=YouTube |date=August 11, 2011 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He released the single "[[Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through]]", which reached No. 13 in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/meat-loaf/rock-and-roll-dreams-come-through |title=Rock And Roll Dreams Come Through by Meat Loaf |publisher=[[Songfacts]] |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123222430/https://www.songfacts.com/facts/meat-loaf/rock-and-roll-dreams-come-through |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1995, Meat Loaf released his seventh studio album, ''[[Welcome to the Neighbourhood (Meat Loaf album)|Welcome to the Neighborhood]]''. The album went [[platinum record|platinum]] in the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meat Loaf albums ranked from worst to best |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/meat-loaf-albums-ranked-from-worst-to-best |website=[[Loudersound.com]] |date=September 12, 2016 |publisher=[[Future plc]] |archive-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331180643/https://www.loudersound.com/features/meat-loaf-albums-ranked-from-worst-to-best |url-status=live}}</ref> It included three singles that hit the top 40, including "[[I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)]]" (which reached No. 13 in the United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Meat Loaf I'd Lie For You (And That's The Truth) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/meat-loaf/chart-history/hsi/ |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154140/https://www.billboard.com/artist/meat-loaf/chart-history/hsi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and No. 2 in the UK),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/i%27d-lie-for-you-(and-that%27s-the-truth)/ |title=i'd lie for you (and that's the truth) | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company |website=[[Officialcharts.com]] |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415082311/https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/i%27d-lie-for-you-%28and-that%27s-the-truth%29/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and "[[Not a Dry Eye in the House]]" (which reached No. 7 in the UK chart).<ref name=meatloafcharts>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/20647/meat-loaf/ |title=Meat Loaf |website=[[Officialcharts.com]] |date=May 20, 1978 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022824/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/20647/meat-loaf/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)'' was a duet with [[Patti Russo]], who had been touring with Meat Loaf and singing on his albums since 1993. Of the twelve songs on the album, two are written by Steinman. Both are cover versions, the "Original Sin" from [[Pandora's Box (band)|Pandora's Box]]'s ''Original Sin'' album and "Left in the Dark" first appeared on Steinman's own ''Bad for Good'' as well as the 1984 album ''[[Emotion (Barbra Streisand album)|Emotion]]'' by [[Barbra Streisand]]. His other singles, "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)" and "Not a Dry Eye in the House", were written by [[Diane Warren]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/12657032-Meat-Loaf-Welcome-To-The-Neighborhood |title=Meat Loaf – Welcome To The Neighborhood |date=October 28, 1996 |publisher=[[Discogs]]}}</ref>

In 1998, Meat Loaf released ''[[The Very Best of Meat Loaf]]''. The album featured three new songs co-written by Steinman – two with [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and one with [[Don Black (lyricist)|Don Black]], "[[Is Nothing Sacred]]", released as a single.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/742205-Meat-Loaf-The-Very-Best-Of-Meat-Loaf |title=Meat Loaf – The Very Best Of Meat Loaf |date=November 24, 1998 |publisher=[[Discogs]]}}</ref> The single version of this song is a duet with Patti Russo, whereas the album version is a solo song by Meat Loaf.

===2000s===
[[File:Meat Loaf in performance (New York, 2004).jpg|thumb|upright|Meat Loaf performing in New York in 2004]]
In 2003, Meat Loaf released his album ''[[Couldn't Have Said It Better]]''. For only the third time in his career, Meat Loaf released an album without any songs written by Steinman (not counting live bonus tracks on special edition releases). Although Meat Loaf claimed that ''Couldn't Have Said It Better'' was "the most perfect album [he] did since ''Bat Out of Hell''",<ref>{{cite book |last=Wall |first=Mick |title=Like a Bat Out of Hell: The Larger than Life Story of Meat Loaf |date=2017 |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group]]}}</ref> it was not as commercially successful. The album was a minor commercial success worldwide and reached No. 4 on the [[UK Albums Chart]],<ref name=meatloafcharts/> accompanied by a sellout world tour to promote the album and some of Meat Loaf's best selling singles. One such performance on his world tour was at the [[2003 NRL Grand Final]] in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alex |last1=Brown |first2=Malcolm |last2=Brown |first3=Jacqueline |last3=Maley |title=Fairytale of the year: Panthers pluck Roosters |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/nrl/fairytale-of-the-year-panthers-pluck-roosters-20031006-gdhj92.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=October 6, 2003 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108182005/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/05/1065292479504.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There were many writers for the album including [[Diane Warren]] and [[James Michael]], who were both asked to contribute to his 2006 album, ''[[Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose]]''. The album featured duets with Patti Russo and Meat Loaf's daughter [[Pearl Aday]].

On November 17, 2003, during a performance at London's [[Wembley Arena]], on his ''Couldn't Have Said It Better'' tour, he collapsed of what was later diagnosed as [[Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome]], a condition marked by an extra electrical pathway in the heart which causes symptoms like a rapid heartbeat. The following week, he underwent a surgical procedure intended to correct the problem.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meat Loaf recalls stage collapse |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3247268.stm |date=November 28, 2003 |archive-date=January 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111174249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3247268.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Meat Loaf's insurance agency did not allow him to perform for any longer than one hour and 45 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jun/25/popandrock.patrickbarkham |title='What else am I going to do? Run a hotdog stand?' |first=Patrick |last=Barkham |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 25, 2008}}</ref>

From February 20 to 22, 2004, during an Australian tour, Meat Loaf performed with the [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]], in a set of concerts recorded for the album ''[[Bat Out of Hell: Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]]''. The performances included the [[Australian Boys' Choir]] singing back-up on a ''Couldn't Have Said It Better'' track, "Testify".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/meat-loaf---bat-out-1125582 |title=Meat Loaf - Bat Out of Hell Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (E) |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=February 19, 2007}}</ref>

Meat Loaf and Steinman had begun to work on the third installment of ''Bat Out of Hell'' when Steinman suffered a heart attack. According to Meat Loaf, Steinman was too ill to work on such an intense project while Steinman's manager said health was not an issue.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-jim-steinman-bat-out-of-hell-iii-its-all-coming-back-to-me-now-1161732/ |title=Flashback: Meat Loaf Tackles 'It's All Coming Back to Me Now' on 'Bat Out of Hell III' |first=ANDY |last=GREENE |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=April 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122120144/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-jim-steinman-bat-out-of-hell-iii-its-all-coming-back-to-me-now-1161732/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Steinman had registered the phrase "Bat Out of Hell" as a trademark in 1995.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-sues-over-bat-out-of-hell-58228/ |title=Meat Loaf Sues Over 'Bat Out Of Hell' |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=June 5, 2006 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123204412/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-sues-over-bat-out-of-hell-58228/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2006, Meat Loaf sued Steinman and his manager in federal District Court in Los Angeles, seeking $50 million and an injunction against Steinman's use of the phrase.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.contactmusic.com/meat-loaf/news/meat-loaf-battles-for-bat-out-of-hell-trademark_06_06_2006 |title=Meat Loaf Battles For Bat Out Of Hell Trademark |date=June 6, 2006 |work=[[Contactmusic.com]] |archive-date=January 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114020539/http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/meat%20loaf%20battles%20for%20bat%20out%20of%20hell%20trademark_06_06_2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Steinman and his representatives attempted to block the album's release. An agreement was reached in July 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.today.com/news/meat-loaf-resolves-bat-out-hell-suit-wbna14126174 |title=Meat Loaf resolves 'Bat out of Hell' suit |work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=July 31, 2006 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123232316/https://www.today.com/news/meat-loaf-resolves-bat-out-hell-suit-wbna14126174 |url-status=live}}</ref> Denying reports in the press over the years of a rift between Meat Loaf and Steinman, in an interview with [[Dan Rather]], Meat Loaf stated that he and Steinman never stopped talking, and that the lawsuits reported in the press were between lawyers and managers, and not between Meat Loaf and Steinman.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.axs.tv/channel/the-big-interview-with-dan-rather-season-4/video/meat-loaf/ |title="The Big Interview" with Dan Rather |work=[[AXS TV]] |date=September 20, 2016}}</ref>

The album ''[[Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose]]'' was released on October 31, 2006, and was produced by [[Desmond Child]]. The first single from the album "[[It's All Coming Back to Me Now]]" (featuring [[Marion Raven]]) was released on October 16, 2006. It entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 6,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20061022/7501/ |title=Official Singles Chart Top 100 |work=[[OfficialCharts.com]] |date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831003915/http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20061022/7501/ |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> giving Meat Loaf his highest UK chart position in nearly 11 years. The album debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200,<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2006-11-18/ |title=Top 200 Albums |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103751/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2006-11-18 |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and sold 81,000 copies in its opening week,<ref>{{cite news |title="Montana" soundtrack, Manilow lead U.S. charts |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sales/montana-soundtrack-manilow-lead-u-s-charts-idUSN0826676020061108 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=November 8, 2006 |archive-date=February 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204005054/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sales/montana-soundtrack-manilow-lead-u-s-charts-idUSN0826676020061108 |url-status=live}}</ref> but after that did not sell as well in the United States and yielded no hit singles, although it was certified gold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Meat+Loaf&ti=Bat+Out+of+Hell+III&format=Album&type=#search_section |website=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232059/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Meat+Loaf&ti=Bat+Out+of+Hell+III&format=Album&type=#search_section |url-status=live}}</ref> The album also featured duets with [[Patti Russo]] and [[Jennifer Hudson]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/another-helping-of-meat-loaf/article_de0e68fb-47d1-5f64-881d-cf1b861ab89b.html |title=Another helping of Meat Loaf |first=SHANNON |last=GAWEL |work=[[Buffalo News]] |date=November 8, 2006 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123204410/https://buffalonews.com/news/another-helping-of-meat-loaf/article_de0e68fb-47d1-5f64-881d-cf1b861ab89b.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the weeks following the release of ''Bat III'', Meat Loaf and the [[Neverland Express]] did a brief tour of the U.S. and Europe, known as the Bases are Loaded Tour. In October 2006, Meat Loaf's private jet had to make an emergency landing at [[London Stansted Airport]] after the plane's forward landing gear failed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/meat-loafs-many-brushes-death-26010124 |title=Meat Loaf's many brushes with death – car crashes, hit by shot put and scary collapse |first=Verity |last=Sulway |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123204411/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/meat-loafs-many-brushes-death-26010124 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1553684/meat-loaf-dead-health-marvin-lee-aday-bat-out-of-hell-rock-spt |title='I am not dying' Meat Loaf's furious response to health claims: 'Sick of talking about it' |first=JOEL |last=DAY |work=[[Daily Express]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123232323/https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1553684/meat-loaf-dead-health-marvin-lee-aday-bat-out-of-hell-rock-spt |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, Meat Loaf began [[The Seize the Night Tour]], with [[Marion Raven]], serving as a supporting act. Portions of the tour in February 2007 were featured in the documentary ''[[Meat Loaf: In Search of Paradise]]'', directed by [[Bruce David Klein]]. The film was an official selection of the [[Montreal World Film Festival]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Doug |title=Meat Loaf has found the way to 'Paradise' |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/meat-loaf-has-found-way-paradise-wbna24002285 |work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |date=April 8, 2008 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930005216/https://www.today.com/popculture/meat-loaf-has-found-way-paradise-wbna24002285 |url-status=live}}</ref> It opened in theaters in March 2008<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/movies/12para.html |title=That Dashboard Light Now Casts Its Glow on Nostalgia |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Matt Zoller |last=Seitz |author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz |date=March 12, 2008 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123232134/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/movies/12para.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and was released on DVD in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meat Loaf: In Search of Paradise DVD |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/dvd/Meat-Loaf-In-Search-of-Paradise-DVD/121873/ |website=Blu-Ray.com |access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Meat Loaf Birmingham NEC 2007.jpg|left|thumb|Meat Loaf performing at Birmingham's NEC arena, 2007]]
During a performance at the [[Metro Radio Arena]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England, on October 31, 2007, at the opening of "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" Meat Loaf walked off the stage early in the song and said that it was his last performance. His tour promoter, Andrew Miller, said that it was a result of "[[fatigue|exhaustion]] and [[Stress (biology)|stress]]" and said that Meat Loaf would continue touring after suitable rest.<ref>{{cite news |title='Stressed' Meat Loaf abandons gig |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7072828.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 1, 2007 |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115084622/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7072828.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The next two gigs in the tour, at the [[National Exhibition Centre|NEC]] and [[Manchester Evening News Arena]] were canceled because of "acute [[laryngitis]]" and were rescheduled for late November.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meat Loaf calls off another show |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7077734.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 4, 2007 |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115111915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7077734.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The concert scheduled for November 6, 2007, at London's [[Wembley Arena]] was also canceled. Meat Loaf canceled his entire European tour for 2007 after being diagnosed with a [[cyst]] on his vocal cords.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ill Meat Loaf scraps Europe tour |date=November 6, 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7080957.stm |archive-date=November 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108211705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7080957.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 27, 2008, Meat Loaf began [[The Casa de Carne Tour]] in [[Plymouth]], England alongside his longtime duet partner Patti Russo, who debuted one of her own original songs during the show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/meat-loaf/2008/home-park-plymouth-england-33d478bd.html |title=Meat Loaf Setlist |publisher=Setlist.fm |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074031/https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/meat-loaf/2008/home-park-plymouth-england-33d478bd.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The tour continued through July and August with twenty dates throughout England, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Six U.S. shows were also added for October and December 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/music/last-night-meat-loaf-at-pompano-beach-amphitheatre-6476689 |title=Last Night: Meat Loaf at Pompano Beach Amphitheatre |first=Jose D. |last=Duran |work=[[Miami New Times]] |date=October 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724070020/http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/crossfade/2008/10/last_night_meat_loaf_at_pompan.php |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2009, Meat Loaf began work on the album ''[[Hang Cool Teddy Bear]]'' in the studio with [[Green Day]]'s ''[[American Idiot]]'' album producer [[Rob Cavallo]], working with such writers as [[Justin Hawkins]], Rick Brantley, Ollie Wride, [[Tommy Henriksen]], and [[Jon Bon Jovi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126613263 |title=Meat Loaf Starts Over With 'Hang Cool Teddy Bear' |work=[[NPR]] |date=May 7, 2010 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123235332/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126613263 |url-status=live}}</ref> The album is based on the story of a fictional soldier, whose "story" furnishes the theme.<ref name=coolteddy>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/apr/15/meat-loaf-cd-review |title=Meat Loaf: Hang Cool, Teddy Bear |first=Caroline |last=Sullivan |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 15, 2010 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201231241/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/apr/15/meat-loaf-cd-review |url-status=live}}</ref> The album is based on a short story by the Los Angeles-based screenwriter and director Kilian Kerwin, a long-time friend of the singer. [[Hugh Laurie]] and [[Jack Black]] both perform on the album, Laurie plays piano on the song "If I Can't Have You", while Black sings a duet with Meat Loaf on "Like A Rose". Patti Russo and Kara DioGuardi also duet on the album. [[Brian May]] of [[Queen (band)|Queen]] features on guitar along with [[Steve Vai]]. It received positive reviews from critics and fans alike.<ref name=coolteddy/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meat-loaf-hang-cool-teddy-bear-t7snn3650rg |location=London |work=[[The Times]] |title=Meat Loaf Hang Cool Teddy Bear |date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615081431/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article7096419.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-meat-loaf-hang-cool-teddy-bear-mercury-1946190.html |location=London |work=The Independent |title=Album: Meat Loaf, Hang Cool Teddy Bear (Mercury) |first=Andy |last=Gill |date=April 16, 2010 |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806070718/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-meat-loaf-hang-cool-teddy-bear-mercury-1946190.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single from the album, "Los Angeloser", was released for download on April 5 with the album charting at number 4 in the UK Albums Chart on April 25, 2010.<ref name=meatloafcharts/> The Hang Cool Tour followed in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Patti Russo accompanied him on the tour, continuing through mid-2011.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/216865/Gig-review-Meatloaf-at-Wembley-Arena |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905011028/http://www.express.co.uk/printer/view/216865/ |title=Gig review: Meatloaf at Wembley Arena |first=Lisa |last=Clark |work=[[Daily Express]] |date=December 12, 2010 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2010s===
[[File:Meat_Loaf Photo Op GalaxyCon Raleigh 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Meat Loaf in 2019]]
''[[Hell in a Handbasket]]'', released in October 2011 for Australia and New Zealand, and February 2012 for the rest of the world, was recorded and produced by [[Paul Crook]]; Doug McKean did the mix with input from [[Rob Cavallo]]. The album features songs called "All of Me", "Blue Sky", "The Giving Tree", "Mad, Mad World", and a duet with Patti Russo called "Our Love and Our Souls".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jambase.com/article/meat-loaf-new-album |title=Meat Loaf: New Album |work=[[JamBase]] |date=January 17, 2012 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225823/https://www.jambase.com/article/meat-loaf-new-album |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-announces-hell-in-a-handbasket-tracklist-art-and-release-date/ |title=Meat Loaf Announces 'Hell in a Handbasket' Tracklist, Art and Release Date |first=Jessica |last=Sager |work=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |date=January 17, 2012 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124013950/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-announces-hell-in-a-handbasket-tracklist-art-and-release-date/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://consequence.net/2012/01/meat-loaf-announces-u-s-release-of-hell-in-a-handbasket/ |title=Meat Loaf announces U.S. release of Hell in a Handbasket |first=Bryant |last=Kitching |work=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]] |date=January 19, 2012}}</ref>

At the [[2011 AFL Grand Final]], the pre-match entertainment was headlined by a 12-minute medley performed by Meat Loaf. The performance was panned as the worst in the 34-year history of AFL Grand Final pre-game entertainment in a multitude of online reviews by football fans and Australian sport commentators.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/herald-sun/20111004/287938903975597 |title=Meat Loaf baked as AFL's worst |first=Cameron |last=Adams |work=[[Herald Sun]] |via=[[PressReader]] |date=October 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010115751/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/afl-defends-meat-loaf-after-widely-criticised-pre-game-show/story-e6frf9hf-1226157581482 |archive-date=October 10, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/looking-just-like-meat-loaf-only-older-20111001-1l32p.html |title=Looking just like Meat Loaf, only older |author=Leaping Larry |work=[[The Age]] |date=October 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003125213/http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/looking-just-like-meat-loaf-only-older-20111001-1l32p.html |archive-date=October 3, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf responded by calling online critics "butt-smellers",<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/meat-loaf-blasts-the-afl-and-butt-smellers/news-story/e524d6e6c6af28d0e18035d1f06ba8ee |title=Meat Loaf blasts the AFL and 'butt smellers' |first=Linda |last=Parri |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=October 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623085953/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/meat-loaf-blasts-the-afl-and-butt-smellers/story-e6frf96f-1226173943498 |archive-date=June 23, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the AFL "jerks", vowing to convince other artists not to play at the event.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/sunday-herald-sun/20111023/281642481942994 |title=Loaf blasts the AFL |last=Parri |first=Linda |via=[[PressReader]] |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=October 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Parri |first=Linda |url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/no-butts-about-it-meat-loaf-goes-off-ng-bf63b2efb9d6b6c23c18326a02c6d58a |title=No butts about it, Meat Loaf goes off |work=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]] |date=October 22, 2011 |archive-date=January 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129223806/http://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/no-butts-about-it-meat-loaf-goes-off/story-e6frg30c-1226173920740 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Meat Loaf planned to release a Christmas album called ''Hot Holidays'' featuring [[Garth Brooks]] and [[Reba McEntire]], but the album was never released.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-readies-three-new-albums-to-celebrate-40th-anniversary/ |title=Meat Loaf Readies Three New Albums to Celebrate 40th Anniversary |work=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |date=August 9, 2011 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123223058/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/meat-loaf-readies-three-new-albums-to-celebrate-40th-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2016, ''[[Braver Than We Are]]'', a 10-track album created with Jim Steinman, was released. Meat Loaf recorded reworked versions of Steinman's songs "Braver Than We Are", "Speaking in Tongues", "Who Needs the Young", and "[[More (The Sisters of Mercy song)|More]]" (previously recorded by [[the Sisters of Mercy]]) for the album. Additionally, the song "Prize Fight Lover", originally issued as a download-only bonus track for ''Hang Cool Teddy Bear'', was re-recorded for the album.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/meat-loaf-readying-the-release-of-new-album-braver-than-we-are-in-collaboration-with-jim-steinman-out-september-16-on-429-records-300288681.html |title=Meat Loaf Readying The Release Of New Album "Braver Than We Are" In Collaboration With Jim Steinman Out September 16 On 429 Records |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |date=June 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=RealMeatLoaf |number=700552096916045824 |title=The album is finished . It will be out Sept 9th Europe . Sept 16th North America. There will be in stores}}</ref>

===Later projects and Jim Steinman's death===
In January 2020, during an interview for ''The Mirror'', Meat Loaf announced "I'm not old. I've got songs for another record and I'm reading a script."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/meat-loaf-went-veggie-11-21197857.amp |title=Meat Loaf went veggie for 11 years after he was served rabbit with its head on |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=January 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102030845/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/meat-loaf-went-veggie-11-21197857.amp |url-status=live |first=Siobhan |last=McNally}}</ref> In a February 2020 Facebook post, Meat Loaf announced his intention to record a new album containing 'four or five new tracks', including Steinman's "What Part of My Body Hurts the Most" (a song long requested by fans, but previously under contract restrictions for the ''Bat Out of Hell'' musical), along with the original 1975 demo recordings made for the ''Bat Out of Hell'' album.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/237666687645/posts/10159335832492646/ |title=Sorry, I haven't been posting, there is a reason but I don't want to go into that subject right now. Now a |author=Meat Loaf |via=Facebook |date=February 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220110160806/https://www.facebook.com/237666687645/posts/10159335832492646 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf's longtime collaborator Jim Steinman died on April 19, 2021, of kidney failure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/04/20/meat-loaf-songwriter-jim-steinman-dies-73/7303789002/ |title='Bat Out of Hell' songwriter and producer Jim Steinman dies at 73 |first=Elise |last=Brisco |work=[[USA Today]] |date=April 20, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121141936/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/04/20/meat-loaf-songwriter-jim-steinman-dies-73/7303789002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a Facebook post in November 2021, he further elaborated that he and his band would be returning to the studio in January 2022 to record seven new songs for a forthcoming album, which would also include live tracks from the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/MeatLoaf/posts/447926723357392 |title=Recording.... Yes Yes Yes!!!! |date=November 22, 2021 |via=Facebook |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121110011/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMeatLoaf%2Fposts%2F447926723357392 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, on January 20, 2022, he died at age 74. At the time of his death, the recording process had not yet begun.<ref name=nytdies/>

===Acting===
In addition to his role in 1975 for ''Rocky Horror Picture Show'', Meat Loaf also had a career as an actor in television and film. 1992 he was a main character in [[Leap of Faith (film)|Leap Of Faith]] where he played as the band director/bus driver/piano player, He also played a small role as a doorman/bouncer in ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]''. He appeared as the [[Spice Girls]]' bus driver in the 1997 movie ''[[Spice World (film)|Spice World]]'' and as Red in the 1998 thriller/drama film ''[[Black Dog (1998 film)|Black Dog]]'' alongside [[Patrick Swayze]] and [[Randy Travis]]. In [[David Fincher]]'s 1999 film ''[[Fight Club]]'' he played Robert Paulsen, a man who joins a men's self-help group. He also reportedly assisted director [[David Fincher]] with the editing of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Meat Loaf Helped Edit 'Fight Club' With David Fincher: 'We'd Sit There and Watch 40 Takes' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/meat-loaf-fight-club-david-fincher-edit-1235159604/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121153315/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/meat-loaf-fight-club-david-fincher-edit-1235159604/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, he played a character in the sixth-season episode "[[Gettysburg (The Outer Limits)|Gettysburg]]" of ''[[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]''. Meat Loaf appears (uncredited) as [[Jack Black]]'s father in the 2006 film ''[[Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burlingame |first1=Russ |title=Jack Black Pays Tribute to Meat Loaf |url=https://comicbook.com/irl/news/jack-black-pays-tribute-to-meat-loaf/ |website=comicbook.com |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> providing vocals on the film's opening song "[[Kickapoo (song)|Kickapoo]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elijah |first1=Dylan |title=Meat Loaf's Epic Cameo In 'Tenacious D In The Pick Of Destiny' Is Still The Greatest Thing Ever |url=https://societyofrock.com/meat-loafs-epic-cameo-in-tenacious-d-in-the-pick-of-destiny-is-still-the-greatest-thing-ever/ |website=societyofrock.com |date=July 12, 2017 |publisher=Society Of Rock |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

On October 26, 2010, Meat Loaf (credited as Meat Loaf Aday) appeared on the [[Fox Broadcasting Network|Fox]] television series ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' in "[[The Rocky Horror Glee Show]]", the series' tribute episode to ''The Rocky Horror Picture Show''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/199806/rocky-horror-original-castmembers-to-appear-in-glee-s-tribute-episode |title=Exclusive: ''Rocky Horror'' Original Castmembers to Appear in ''Glee''{{'s}} Tribute Episode |first=Kristin |last=Dos Santos |author-link=Kristin Dos Santos |date=September 10, 2010 |work=[[E! Online]] |archive-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Ace3g57X?url=http://www.eonline.com/news/199812/rocky-horror-original-castmembers-to-appear-in-glee-s-tribute-episode |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, he was a contestant in [[The Apprentice (American season 11)|season 11]] of ''[[Celebrity Apprentice]]'', during which he was eliminated after task number 12. In the course of the contest he had a notable dramatic showdown with fellow contestant [[Gary Busey]] which was then televised.<ref name=viral>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/meat-loaf-celebrity-apprentice-viral-feud-gary-busey |title=Meat Loaf once became a bat out of hell in viral 'Celebrity Apprentice' feud with Gary Busey |work=[[Fox Business]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232105/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/meat-loaf-celebrity-apprentice-viral-feud-gary-busey |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Family and residences===
[[File:Meat Loaf.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Meat Loaf being interviewed in 2009.]]
In December 1978, Meat Loaf went to work with Steinman in [[Woodstock, New York]], where his future wife, Leslie G. Edmonds, was working as a secretary at [[Bearsville Studios]];<ref name=Spoofing/> they were married in early 1979. From a previous marriage, Leslie had a daughter named [[Pearl Aday|Pearl]], who later married [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]] rhythm guitarist [[Scott Ian]]. Meat Loaf adopted Pearl in 1979, and her last name was changed to Aday.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://loudwire.com/scott-ian-meat-loaf-tribute-father-in-law-anthrax/ |title=Anthrax's Scott Ian Pays Tribute to His Father-in-Law Meat Loaf |first=Phillip |last=Trapp |work=[[Loudwire]] |date=January 24, 2022}}</ref> Also in 1979, he and his family moved to a house on Eagle Drive in [[Stamford, Connecticut]]. In 1981, Leslie gave birth to [[Amanda Aday]], later a television actress.<ref name=sagoml>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ctpost.com/entertainment/article/Meat-Loaf-back-in-Connecticut-for-Mohegan-Sun-567377.php |last=Spillane |first=Sean |title=Meat Loaf: Not done yet and back in Connecticut for Mohegan Sun concert |work=[[Connecticut Post]] |date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> For a brief time after Amanda's birth, they lived in [[Westport, Connecticut]]. He coached children's baseball or softball in each of the Connecticut towns where he lived, including for his daughter's team at [[Joel Barlow High School]].<ref name=sagoml/> He lived on Orchard Drive in [[Redding, Connecticut]], from 1989 to 1998. He had also lived on Beach Road in [[Fairfield, Connecticut]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ctpost.com/entertainment/article/Rock-icon-Meat-Loaf-has-deep-Connecticut-8287775.php |title=Rock icon Meat Loaf had deep Connecticut connections |first=Jim |last=Shay |work=[[Connecticut Post]] |date=June 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wfsb.com/news/iconic-rocker-meat-loaf-had-deep-connecticut-ties/article_ccb14096-7abf-11ec-9bad-2786614fd70b.html |title=Iconic rocker Meat Loaf had deep Connecticut ties |first=Rob |last=Polansky |work=[[WFSB]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> In February 1998, the family purchased a house in [[Beverly Hills, California]] for $1.6 million.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-feb-22-re-21743-story.html |title=$60,000/Mo. OK for 'Nutty Prof' |first=Ruth |last=Ryon |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 22, 1998 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Meat Loaf and Leslie divorced in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/banger-and-mashed-20040220-gdie0y.html |title=Banger and Mashed |date=February 20, 2004 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829082956/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/19/1077072772374.html?from=storyrhs |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, he sold his 5,083-square-foot house in [[Mandeville Canyon]] near Los Angeles to [[Greg Kinnear]] for $3.6 million.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dirt.com/entertainers/actors/greg-kinnear-los-angeles-house-1203339009/ |title=Greg Kinnear Lists Meat Loaf's Former Mandeville Canyon Crib |first=Mark |last=David |work=Dirt.com |date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> In 2003, the [[BBC]] said that he was seeking a residence in [[Hartlepool]]; Meat Loaf supported [[Hartlepool United F.C.]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/2936262.stm |title=Meat Loaf heads for Hartlepool |work=[[BBC News]] |date=May 25, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116022531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/2936262.stm |archive-date=January 16, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2005, he purchased a 7,142-square-foot Spanish-style home off [[Mulholland Highway]] in [[Calabasas, California]], for $2,999,000;<ref>{{cite news |title=At Home with Meat Loaf |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/meatloaf-slideshow |first=Nancy |last=Collins |work=[[Architectural Digest]] |date=April 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823154216/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/meatloaf-slideshow |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> he sold it for $3,065,000 in May 2011.<ref name="moves" /> He married Deborah Gillespie in 2007. In May 2012, he moved to [[Austin, Texas]], purchasing a newly constructed 5,200-square-foot house at 17701 Flagler Drive for $1,475,000.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.curbed.com/2012/5/30/10366912/do-not-bring-meatloaf-to-meat-loafs-housewarming-party |title=Do Not Bring Meatloaf to Meat Loaf's Housewarming Party |first=Nick |last=Leighton |work=[[Curbed]] |date=May 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name=moves>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2012/dirt/real-estalker/meat-loaf-moves-to-texas-1201233502/ |title=Meat Loaf Moves to Texas |first=Mark |last=David |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 29, 2012 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124132242/https://variety.com/2012/dirt/real-estalker/meat-loaf-moves-to-texas-1201233502/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Before his death, he lived in [[Brentwood, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2022/01/22/meat-loaf-lived-very-rock-star-life-says-pal-laments-deaths-covid-controversy/ |title=Meat Loaf's death has been used as 'political tool' in COVID culture war, friend claims |first1=Marjorie |last1=Hernandez |first2=Dana |last2=Kennedy |first3=Kerry J. |last3=Byrne |work=[[New York Post]] |date=January 22, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124001033/https://nypost.com/2022/01/22/meat-loaf-lived-very-rock-star-life-says-pal-laments-deaths-covid-controversy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Name change===
In 1984, Meat Loaf legally changed his first name from Marvin to Michael because he was "haunted" by a [[Levi Strauss & Co.]] commercial which—according to him—contained the line “Poor fat Marvin can't wear Levi's.”<ref name=batman/>

===Sports===
Meat Loaf was a fan of the [[New York Yankees]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=pearlman/070816 |title=Phil and Meat Loaf will always have "Paradise" |first=Jeff |last=Pearlman |work=[[ESPN]] |date=August 29, 2007 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124145925/http://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=pearlman%2F070816 |url-status=live}}</ref> He got [[Phil Rizzuto]] to recite the [[play-by-play]] of a young man racing around the bases in "Paradise by the Dashboard Light".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/phil-rizzuto-part-in-paradise-by-the-dashboard-light |title=Rizzuto struck platinum on Meat Loaf's '78 hit |first=Bryan |last=Hoch |work=[[Major League Baseball]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124002216/https://www.mlb.com/news/phil-rizzuto-part-in-paradise-by-the-dashboard-light |url-status=live}}</ref> He participated in multiple [[fantasy baseball]] leagues every season.<ref>{{cite news |last=Difino |first=Nando |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304871704575160111962104870 |title=Fantasy Baseball's Toughest Tournament |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=April 2, 2010 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329234620/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304871704575160111962104870 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also expressed support for the English Association football team [[Hartlepool United F.C.]] In June 2008, he took part in a football [[penalty shootout]] competition on behalf of two cancer charities in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. He auctioned shots to the 100 highest bidders and then took his place between the goal posts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/meat-loaf-match-charity-penalty-1471673 |title=Meat Loaf to match charity penalty shoot-out total |first=Gordon |last=Barr |work=[[Evening Chronicle]] |date=June 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627030646/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-evening-chronicle/2008/06/26/meat-loaf-to-match-charity-penalty-shoot-out-total-72703-21154751/ |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also participated in celebrity golf tournaments. In April 2005, he was one of the celebrity drivers in the 2005 [[Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race]], finishing seventh among the 12 celebrity drivers in the race.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2005/04/10/325641/4618/en/Frankie-Muniz-First-Among-Celebrities-in-the-2005-Toyota-Pro-Celebrity-Race.html |title=Frankie Muniz First Among Celebrities in the 2005 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race |publisher=[[GlobeNewswire]] |date=April 9, 2005}}</ref>

===Social anxiety===
He revealed that he had [[social anxiety]] and said, "I never meet anybody much in a social situation because when I go into a social situation, I have no idea what to do." He said that he does not "even go anywhere" and that he felt that he led a "boring life", in having said that he "completely freaked" when having to attend a party and that he was "so nervous, so scared" of the idea. He also said that he spent time with fellow musicians mainly in work-related situations rather than social ones.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://leaderpost.com/entertainment/looking-back-sault-stars-2010-interview-with-meat-loaf |title=For Crying Out Loud: Sault Star's 2010 interview with Meat Loaf |first=Jeffrey |last=Ougler |work=[[Regina Leader-Post]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123204417/https://leaderpost.com/entertainment/looking-back-sault-stars-2010-interview-with-meat-loaf |url-status=live}}</ref> He also said that as a kid, "Being too fat to play with the other children, I had to spend a lot of time alone, which probably has a lot to do with the way I am today. I'm usually alone in my hotel room from right after the show until the next day's sound check. And I'm never bored; I don't get bored. Probably because mothers wouldn't let their kids play with me."<ref name=batman/>

===Vegetarianism===
Meat Loaf was a vegetarian from 1981 to 1992. Discussing the confusion caused by his contrasting stage name and dietary habits, he once told ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', "There've been vegetarians who wouldn't speak to me because of my name. I was sitting with [[Jon Bon Jovi]] at one of those awards things, and I say, 'Oh, man, I love [[k.d. lang]]. I'd really like to meet her.' They went to find out if it was okay, and she goes, 'No. His name is Meat Loaf.' I stopped being a k.d. lang fan after that."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Brunner |first=Rob |title=Why Meat Loaf borrowed money from Scary Spice |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/09/26/why-meat-loaf-borrowed-money-scary-spice/ |date=September 26, 2003 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709203220/https://ew.com/article/2003/09/26/why-meat-loaf-borrowed-money-scary-spice/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He declared in 2019 that he would try [[veganism]] for [[Veganuary]] in 2020 and would be partnering with UK restaurant chain [[Frankie & Benny's]] to promote its vegan options.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/meatloaf-vegan-veganuary-frankie-and-benny-s-a4324916.html |title=Meat Loaf goes vegan for Veganuary... but he won't rebrand |first=Harriet |last=Brewis |work=[[Evening Standard]] |date=January 2, 2020 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422215226/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/meatloaf-vegan-veganuary-frankie-and-benny-s-a4324916.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
Although he did not belong to any faith-based institution, Meat Loaf was religious. While growing up, he attended church with his mother and studied the Bible, which influenced his work. Several of his songs, such as "40 Days" and "Fall from Grace", have religious themes. He prayed every night.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.popmatters.com/158850-bat-out-of-hell-hell-in-a-handbasket-an-interview-with-meat-loaf-2495849400.html |title=BAT OUT OF HELL, HELL IN A HANDBASKET: AN INTERVIEW WITH MEAT LOAF |first=Betsy |last=Kim |work=[[PopMatters]] |date=May 24, 2012 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123213324/https://www.popmatters.com/158850-bat-out-of-hell-hell-in-a-handbasket-an-interview-with-meat-loaf-2495849400.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Politics===
====Political affiliations====
Meat Loaf was not officially registered with any political party. In 1997, he performed at an [[United States presidential inaugural balls|inaugural ball]] during the [[second inauguration of Bill Clinton]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/inaug/events/postball.htm |title=All Across City, Celebration at Balls |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 21, 1997 |archive-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105032842/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/inaug/events/postball.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and attended the [[first inauguration of George W. Bush]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-01-21/a-whirlwind-tour-of-inauguration-day |title=A Whirlwind Tour of Inauguration Day |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=January 21, 2001 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810114325/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-01-21/a-whirlwind-tour-of-inauguration-day |url-status=live}}</ref> He donated to the presidential campaigns of Republican candidates [[Rick Santorum]] and [[John McCain]], the latter of whom became the party's nominee in the [[2008 United States presidential election]].<ref name=endorses>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/click/2012/10/meat-loaf-endorses-mitt-romney-147330 |title=Meat Loaf endorses Mitt Romney |first=CAITLIN |last=MCDEVITT |work=[[Politico]] |date=October 26, 2012 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124000807/https://www.politico.com/blogs/click/2012/10/meat-loaf-endorses-mitt-romney-147330 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 25, 2012, Meat Loaf endorsed [[Mitt Romney]] for president, citing poor [[Russia–United States relations]] as a major reason he had been "arguing for Mitt Romney for a year".<ref name=Mitt>{{Cite news |last=Hohmann |first=James |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/10/meat-loaf-and-mitt-082911 |title=Meat Loaf and Mitt |work=[[Politico]] |date=October 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027100139/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1012/82911.html |archive-date=October 27, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> He said, "I have never been in any political agenda in my life, but I think that in 2012 this is the most important election in the history of the United States." He then said there are "storm clouds" over the United States and "thunder storms" over Europe: "There are hail storms – and I mean major hail storms! – in the Middle East. There are storms brewing through China, through Asia, through everywhere."<ref name=Mitt/> The same day, he performed "[[America the Beautiful]]" standing next to Romney.<ref name=endorses/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2012/10/25/meatloaf-endorses-romney-in-ohio/ |title=Meat Loaf endorses Romney in Ohio |date=October 25, 2012 |first=Philip |last=Rucker |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409011454/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2012/10/25/meatloaf-endorses-romney-in-ohio/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2017 interview with ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', he made positive remarks about President [[Donald Trump]], [[Ivanka Trump]], and [[Donald Trump Jr.]]; they had worked together on ''[[The Celebrity Apprentice]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Meat Loaf Talks 'Bat Out of Hell' Musical & Why President Trump Is 'Intelligent' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-musical-interview-7817657/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127011821/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8013905/meat-loaf-bat-out-of-hell-musical-interview |url-status=live}}</ref> When asked if he would vote for Trump, Meat Loaf said: "I would vote for you. In fact, I'll help you with your campaign." In 2020, however, he said he was not 100% supportive of Trump.<ref name=rift/>

====Climate change views====
Meat Loaf said that he did not believe in climate change.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/01/04/meat-loaf-here-are-his-claims-about-greta-thunberg-and-climate-change/ |title=Meat Loaf: Here Are His Claims About Greta Thunberg And Climate Change |first=Bruce Y. |last=Lee |work=[[Forbes]] |date=January 4, 2020 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123213326/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/01/04/meat-loaf-here-are-his-claims-about-greta-thunberg-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' in 2020, he called [[Greta Thunberg]] "brainwashed" due to her views on climate change, saying: "I feel for that Greta. She has been brainwashed into thinking that there is climate change and there isn't. She hasn't done anything wrong but she's been forced into thinking that what she is saying is true.”<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Meat Loaf Claims Greta Thunberg Has Been 'Brainwashed' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-greta-thunberg-brainwashed-8547289/8 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232112/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-greta-thunberg-brainwashed-8547289/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Criticism of COVID-19 rules====
He was critical of the [[COVID-19 lockdowns]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], telling the ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' in August 2021: "I hug people in the middle of COVID ... I understood stopping life for a little while, but they cannot continue to stop life because of politics." He opposed [[mask mandate]]s and described a person who called for people on airplanes to wear masks as a "[[Nazism|Nazi]]" and "power-mad". Meat Loaf then said: "If I die, I die, but I'm not going to be controlled."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mervis |first=Scott |title=Q&A with Meat Loaf: Unable to perform, the rocker pays a visit to Steel City Con |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2021/08/09/Meat-Loaf-Steel-City-Con-Pittsburgh-interview-Bat-Out-of-Hell-Jim-Steinman-2021/stories/202108090006 |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235215/https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2021/08/09/Meat-Loaf-Steel-City-Con-Pittsburgh-interview-Bat-Out-of-Hell-Jim-Steinman-2021/stories/202108090006 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Cummings |first=Tommy |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Meat Loaf, the Dallas-born 'Bat Out of Hell' rocker, dies at 74 |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/music/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-the-dallas-raised-bat-out-of-hell-rocker-dies-at-74/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121232119/https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/music/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-the-dallas-raised-bat-out-of-hell-rocker-dies-at-74/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Health===
[[File:Meat Loaf - German Comic Con Preview 2019.jpg|thumb|Meat Loaf - German Comic Con Preview 2019]]
In 2003, Meat Loaf was diagnosed with [[Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome]], a condition marked by an extra electrical pathway in the heart that causes symptoms like a rapid heartbeat.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dansby |first=Andrew |title=Meat Loaf Has Heart Surgery |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-has-heart-surgery-248156/ |date=December 25, 2003 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121155349/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/meat-loaf-has-heart-surgery-248156/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf had [[asthma]] and, in July 2011, he fainted on stage while performing in [[Pittsburgh]] due to an [[asthma attack]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/meat-loaf-collapses-on-stage-in-pittsburgh-then-finishes-concert-/news-story/0d5a30bf14743b0305a4cab6ff38dbe6 |title=Meat Loaf 'collapses on stage in Pittsburgh then finishes concert' |work=[[News.com.au]] |date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=June 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619061846/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/meat-loaf-collapses-on-stage-in-pittsburgh-then-finishes-concert/story-e6frfn09-1226104895129 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=china>{{Cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-couldnt-sing-after-endoscopy-months-before-death/ |title=Meat Loaf blamed China for COVID, revealed he couldn't sing months before death |first=Natalie |last=O'Neill |work=[[New York Post]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123213320/https://nypost.com/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-couldnt-sing-after-endoscopy-months-before-death/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/meat-loaf-12-1277681 |title=Meat Loaf collapses onstage after suffering 'asthma attack' – video |work=[[NME]] |date=July 31, 2011}}</ref>

He collapsed again while on stage in [[Edmonton]] in June 2016 due to severe dehydration, after having already canceled two other shows due to illness.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lamoureux |first=Mack |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/meatloaf-medical-emergency-edmonton-show-1.3639880 |title=Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Edmonton |work=[[CBC News]] |date=June 16, 2016 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617113406/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/meatloaf-medical-emergency-edmonton-show-1.3639880 |url-status=live}}</ref> The playback containing his pre-recorded, voice-over vocal track continued while he lay unconscious on the stage, which caused controversy over [[lip sync]]ing, claims that Meat Loaf denied, saying that his mic was live.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/meat-loaf-tells-rolling-stone-about-stage-collapse-in-edmonton-1.3695660 |title=Meat Loaf tells Rolling Stone about stage collapse in Edmonton |work=[[CBC News]] |date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123213325/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/meat-loaf-tells-rolling-stone-about-stage-collapse-in-edmonton-1.3695660 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the incident, Meat Loaf used [[acupuncture]], [[physical therapy]] and a trainer for four days a week, an hour and a half each session.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.loudersound.com/news/meat-loaf-s-strict-health-regime-after-collapsing-on-stage |title=Meat Loaf's strict health regime after collapsing on stage |first=Stef |last=Lach |work=[[Loudersound.com]] |date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Meat Loaf had emergency back surgery in November 2016 including a [[spinal fusion]] due to a [[cyst]] that was pinching nerves, and in 2019, he was using a cane and a wheelchair to get around.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1553577/meat-loaf-dead-health-conditions-evg |title=Meat Loaf dead: Inside 'Bat Out of Hell' singer's emergency back surgery |first=MIRANDA |last=SLADE |work=[[Daily Express]] |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123204413/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1553577/meat-loaf-dead-health-conditions-evg |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the 2019 [[Texas Frightmare Weekend]] at the [[Hyatt]] Regency DFW hotel, Meat Loaf fell off an interview stage and broke his [[clavicle]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Sam |title=Meat Loaf reportedly breaks collarbone after falling off stage |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/meat-loaf-reportedly-suffers-broken-collarbone-falling-off-stage-2484987 |work=[[NME]] |date=May 7, 2019 |archive-date=February 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226181959/https://www.nme.com/news/music/meat-loaf-reportedly-suffers-broken-collarbone-falling-off-stage-2484987 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meat Loaf and his wife sued Texas Frightmare Weekend and Hyatt due to the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/meatloaf-hyatt.pdf |title=Michael Lee Aday and Deborah Lee Gillespie Aday, Plaintiffs, vs. Hyatt Corporation d/b/a Hyatt Regency DFW; and Texas Frightmare Weekend, LLC, Defendants |date=January 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/meat-loaf-entertainment-texas-lawsuits-dallas-b6fa1b21aa293fde922a78ddaeb25b06 |title=Meat Loaf sues hotel, blaming negligence for disabling fall |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 14, 2020}}</ref>

===Death===
Meat Loaf died in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], on the evening of January 20, 2022, at the age of 74. No official [[cause of death]] was released.<ref name=cbsdied/> He was reportedly ill with COVID-19 earlier in January, and reporting by [[TMZ]] suggested that he died from COVID-19 complications.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Katherine |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Howard Stern wants Meat Loaf's survivors to advocate for COVID-19 vaccines |work=[[The Patriot-News]] |url=https://www.pennlive.com/entertainment/2022/01/howard-stern-wants-meat-loafs-survivors-to-advocate-for-covid-19-vaccines.html?e=27466ea18de088f6092383835123372f}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Koehn |first1=Alexandra |title=Music City remembers music legend Meat Loaf |url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/music-city-remembers-music-legend-meat-loaf |work=[[WTVF]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> After his health rapidly declined, his two daughters rushed to see him in the hospital with his wife being beside him as he died.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Jeff |last2=Duncan |first2=Gabrielle |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Meat Loaf's Wife Deborah Aday Recalls Love Story with Late Husband: 'He Was My World' |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |url=https://people.com/music/meat-loaf-wife-deborah-aday-recalls-their-love-story/ |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221146/https://people.com/music/meat-loaf-wife-deborah-aday-recalls-their-love-story/ |url-status=live}}</ref> His daughter had posted to [[Instagram]] in early January that: "We are not sick, but we have too many friends and family testing positive [for COVID-19] right now, positive but doing OK".<ref name=":1" /> Notable people who posted tributes include [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[Cher]], [[Brian May]], [[Boy George]], [[Travis Tritt]], [[Marlee Matlin]], [[Stephen Fry]], his Rocky Horror co-star [[Nell Campbell]], and [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/01/21/meat-loaf-dead-tributes/ |title=Meat Loaf tributes pour in as fans remember 'rare and rather wonderful' showman, 'rebellious chameleon' |first1=Adela |last1=Suliman |first2=Marisa |last2=Iati |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 21, 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meat Loaf dies: Bonnie Tyler, Cher and Brian May lead tributes to singer and actor after death aged 74 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/the-vaults-of-heaven-will-be-ringing-with-rock-cher-bonnie-tyler-and-brian-may-lead-tributes-to-meat-loaf-12521812 |work=[[Sky News]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235715/https://news.sky.com/story/the-vaults-of-heaven-will-be-ringing-with-rock-cher-bonnie-tyler-and-brian-may-lead-tributes-to-meat-loaf-12521812 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rift>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-trump-meat-loaf-20220121-witfpmuq4fbzfgsuveky6um5g4-story.html |last=Goldiner |first=Dave |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Trump calls Meat Loaf a 'great guy' despite rift over run for president |work=[[New York Daily News]] |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162457/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-trump-meat-loaf-20220121-witfpmuq4fbzfgsuveky6um5g4-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[King's Guard|Queen's Guard]] performed a rendition of "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/20220124131547/the-queens-guard-tribute-meat-loaf/ |title=The Queen's Guard make fans emotional with touching tribute to Meat Loaf |first=AINHOA |last=BARCELONA |work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]] |date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{main|Meat Loaf discography}}

{{div col}}
* ''[[Bat Out of Hell]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Dead Ringer (album)|Dead Ringer]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Midnight at the Lost and Found]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Bad Attitude (album)|Bad Attitude]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Blind Before I Stop]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Welcome to the Neighbourhood (Meat Loaf album)|Welcome to the Neighbourhood]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Couldn't Have Said It Better]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Hang Cool Teddy Bear]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Hell in a Handbasket]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Braver Than We Are]]'' (2016)
{{div col end}}

==Tours==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
{{div col}}
* Bat Out of Hell Tour (1977–1978)
* Dead Ringer Tour (1981)
* Dead Ringer In Europe (1982)
* Midnight at the Lost & Found (1983)
* Bad Attitude (1984–1985)
* 20/20 World Tour (1986–1987)
* Lost Boys and Golden Girls / Bat Out of Hell 10th Anniversary World Tour (1988)
* Pubs n Clubs (1989–1991)
* Bat Out of Hell II Tour (1993)
* Everything Louder Tour (1993–1994)
* Born to Rock World Tour (1995–1996)
* German Festival Tour (1997)
* The Very Best of World Tour (1999)
* The Storytellers Tour (1999–2000)
* [[Night of the Proms]] (2001)
* Just Having Fun Summer Tour (2002)
* Just Having Fun Winter Tour (2002–2003)
* The Last World Tour (2003)
* Meat Loaf & Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (2004)
* Hair of the Dog Tour (2005–2006)
* Bases Are Loaded Tour (2006)
* [[The Seize the Night Tour]] (2007)
* [[The Casa de Carne Tour]] (2008)
* Pre-Hang Cool Tour (2009)
* Hang Cool Tour (2010–2011)
* [[Guilty Pleasure Tour]] (2011)
* [[Mad Mad World Tour]] (2012)
* [[Last at Bat Tour]] (2013)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walters |first=Sarah |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/music/sarah-walters-speaks-meat-loaf-1884164 |title=Final UK tour as Meat Loaf serves up his tasty rock |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=March 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811092517/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/music/sarah-walters-speaks-meat-loaf-1884164 |archive-date=August 11, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Rocktellz & Cocktails (2013–2014)
* In Concert Tour (2015–2016)
Note: Meat Loaf's band The [[Neverland Express]] has since continued with American Idol winner [[Caleb Johnson]]
{{div col end}}

==Filmography==
===Film===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1962
| ''[[State Fair (1962 film)|State Fair]]''
| Boy In Stands
| Uncredited
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| 1975
| data-sort-value="Rocky Horror Picture Show, The" | ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]''
| Eddie
|as Meatloaf
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979
| ''[[Americathon]]''
| Roy Budnitz
| rowspan="4" |
| <ref name=Larger/>
|-
| ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]''
| Scum
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAdlSuiP8gw |title=Meatloaf Scavenger Hunt (1979) Meat Loaf |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Roadie (1980 film)|Roadie]]''
| Travis W. Redfish
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://fredericksburg.com/meat-loaf-1980/image_ab791af0-d784-5190-a880-c4617dc447f2.html |title=MEAT LOAF, 1980 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Free Lance–Star]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 1981
| ''Dead Ringer''
| Meat Loaf / Marvin
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Out of Bounds (1986 film)|Out of Bounds]]''
| Gil
| rowspan="12" | as Meatloaf
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/person/meat-loaf |title=MEAT LOAF |date=November 16, 2004 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1987
| data-sort-value="Squeeze, The" | ''[[The Squeeze (1987 film)|The Squeeze]]''
| Titus
| rowspan="2" | <ref name=rotten>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/meat_loaf |title=Meat Loaf |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Motorama (film)|Motorama]]''
| Vern
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
| ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]''
| "Tiny"
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/bat-out-of-hell-singer-meat-loaf-dies-aged-74.html |title=Meat Loaf, rocker and 'Bat Out of Hell' singer, dies at 74 |date=January 21, 2022 |work=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121141730/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/bat-out-of-hell-singer-meat-loaf-dies-aged-74.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rotten/>
|-
| data-sort-value="Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag, The" | ''[[The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag]]''
| Lawrence
|
|-
| ''[[Leap of Faith (film)|Leap of Faith]]''
| Hoover
| <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Spice World (film)|Spice World]]''
| Dennis
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bladerunner-spice-world-five-amazing-8970784 |title=Bladerunner, Spice World and five amazing alternative films to see near you this week |last=Young |first=Graham |date=April 2, 2015 |work=[[Birmingham Mail]] |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193410/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bladerunner-spice-world-five-amazing-8970784 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
| ''[[Gunshy]]''
| Lew Collins
| rowspan="4" | <ref name="rotten" />
|-
| ''[[Black Dog (1998 film)|Black Dog]]''
| "Red"
|-
| data-sort-value="Mighty, The" | ''[[The Mighty]]''
| Iggy Lee
|-
| ''[[Outside Ozona]]''
| Floyd Bibbs
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999
| ''[[Crazy in Alabama]]''
| Sheriff John Doggett
| <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| ''[[Fight Club]]''
| Robert "Bob" Paulsen
|as Meat Loaf Aday
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Ryan |title=Meat Loaf Fans Honor Actor in Classic 'Fight Club' Fashion |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/meat-loaf-fans-honor-fight-club-robert-paulson-1235078726/ |date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122012916/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/meat-loaf-fans-honor-fight-club-robert-paulson-1235078726/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Diary of the Hurdy-Gurdy Man, The" | ''The Diary of the Hurdy-Gurdy Man'' ([[:hu:A tekerölantos naplója|hu]])
|
| rowspan="15" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001
| ''Face to Face''
| Driver
|-
| ''Rustin''
| Coach Trellingsby
| <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| ''[[Focus (2001 film)|Focus]]''
| Fred
|
|-
| data-sort-value="51st State, The" | ''[[The 51st State]]''
| "The Lizard"
| <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| ''Polish Spaghetti''
| Food Critic
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-0txf5q/polish-spaghetti/ |title=Polish Spaghetti |publisher=[[Radio Times]] |access-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130022521/https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-0txf5q/polish-spaghetti/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| data-sort-value="Salton Sea, The" | ''[[The Salton Sea (2002 film)|The Salton Sea]]''
| Bo
|
|-
| ''[[Wishcraft]]''
| Detective "Sparky" Shaw
| rowspan="8" | <ref name="rotten" />
|-
| 2003
| ''Learning Curves''
| Timmons
|-
| 2004
| data-sort-value="Hole in One, A" | ''[[A Hole in One]]''
| Billy
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005
| ''Extreme Dating''
| Marshall Jackson
|-
| ''[[Chasing Ghosts (2005 film)|Chasing Ghosts]]''
| Richard Valbruno
|-
| ''Crazylove''
| John
|-
| ''[[BloodRayne (film)|BloodRayne]]''
| Leonid
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| data-sort-value="Pleasure Drivers, The" | ''[[The Pleasure Drivers]]''
| Dale
|-
| ''[[Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny]]''
| Bud Black, [[Jack Black]]'s father, providing vocals on the film's opening song "[[Kickapoo (song)|Kickapoo]]".
| Uncredited
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Meat Loaf's Epic Cameo In 'Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny' Is Still The Greatest Thing Ever |website=Society Of Rock |date=July 12, 2017 |url=https://societyofrock.com/meat-loafs-epic-cameo-in-tenacious-d-in-the-pick-of-destiny-is-still-the-greatest-thing-ever/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121143559/https://societyofrock.com/meat-loafs-epic-cameo-in-tenacious-d-in-the-pick-of-destiny-is-still-the-greatest-thing-ever/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Urban Decay (film)|Urban Decay]]''
| Rick "Zero"
| rowspan="3" |
| {{IMDb name|1533}}
|-
| ''[[History Rocks]]''
| Himself
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Meat Loaf: In Search of Paradise]]''
| Himself
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Burning Bright (film)|Burning Bright]]''
| Howie
| Uncredited
| {{IMDb name|1533}}
|-
| ''[[Beautiful Boy (2010 film)|Beautiful Boy]]''
| Motel Manager
| rowspan="7" |
| rowspan="2" | <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| ''Polish Bar''
| Joe
|-
| 2011
| ''Absolute Killers''
| Dan
| {{IMDb name|1533}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| data-sort-value="Moment, The" | ''[[The Moment (2013 film)|The Moment]]''
| Sergeant Goodman
| <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| ''All American Christmas Carol''
| Ross
| <ref>{{cite news |first=Ilana |last=Kaplan |title=The 9 Christmas movie hidden gems you need to watch on Netflix |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/netflix-christmas-holiday-movies-mariah-carey-christmas-prince-a8106731.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=December 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072244/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/netflix-christmas-holiday-movies-mariah-carey-christmas-prince-a8106731.html |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Stage Fright (2014 film)|Stage Fright]]''
| Roger McCall
| rowspan="2" | <ref name="rotten" />
|-
| ''[[Wishin' and Hopin' (film)|Wishin' and Hopin']]''
| Monsignor Muldoon
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Sausage Party]]''
| [[Meatloaf]] (archive recording)
|
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1978–81
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes
|
|-
| 1985
| data-sort-value="Equalizer, The" | ''[[The Equalizer (1985 TV series)|The Equalizer]]''
| Sugar Fly Simon
| Episode: "Bump and Run"
| {{IMDb name|1533}}
|-
| 1987
| data-sort-value="Grand Knockout Tournament, The" | ''[[The Grand Knockout Tournament]]''
| Himself
| Television special
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Monsters (American TV series)|Monsters]]''
| Dr. Willard Wingite
| Episode: "Where's the Rest of Me?"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
| ''[[Lightning Force]]''
| Richard Talbot
| Episode: "MIA"
| {{IMDb name|1533}}
|-
| ''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]''
| Mr. Chumley
| Episode: "What's Cookin'?"
| {{IMDb name|1533}}
|-
|''[[Sniz & Fondue|Psyched for Snuppa]]''
|Snuppa (voice)
|TV Pilot
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psyched for Snuppa (1992) |url=http://www.stretchfilms.com/node/26 |website=[[Stretch Films]] |archive-date=September 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907172848/http://www.stretchfilms.com/node/26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| ''To Catch a Yeti''
| Jake "Big Jake" Grizzly
| TV movie
| rowspan="2" | <ref name=rotten/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
| ''[[Dead Man's Gun]]''
| Aaron Freemont
| Episode: "The Mail Order Bride"
|-
| ''[[Nash Bridges]]''
| Charlie Pep
| Episode: "Wild Card"
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998
| ''[[Behind the Music]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Meat Loaf"
|-
| ''[[South Park]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[Chef Aid]]"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| data-sort-value="Outer Limits, The" | ''[[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]''
| CSA Colonel Angus Devine
| Episode: "[[Gettysburg (The Outer Limits)|Gettysburg]]"
|
|-
| ''Blacktop''
| Jack
| TV movie
| rowspan="19" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| data-sort-value="Ballad of Lucy Whipple, The" | ''The Ballad of Lucy Whipple''
| Amos "Rattlesnake Jake" Frogge
| TV movie
|-
| ''[[Trapped (2001 film)|Trapped]]''
| Jim Hankins
| TV movie
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Masters of Horror]]''
| Jake Feldman
| Episode: "[[Pelts (Masters of Horror)|Pelts]]"
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| ''[[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
|
|-
| ''[[Private Sessions]]''
| Episode: "Meat Loaf"
|-
| ''Go-Phone Commercial''
| Singing Father
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| 2008
| data-sort-value="F Word, The" | ''[[The F Word (British TV series)|The F Word]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2009
| ''[[Hannity]]''
| Panel member
|-
| ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''
| Eddie
| Episode: "[[Simple Explanation]]"
|-
| ''[[Citizen Jane (film)|Citizen Jane]]''
| Detective Jack Morris
| TV movie
|-
| ''[[Bookaboo]]''
| rowspan="3" | Himself
| Episode: "The Lamb Who Came for Dinner"
|-
| ''[[Don't Forget the Lyrics! (American game show)|Don't Forget the Lyrics!]]''
| He won $500,000 for [[The Painted Turtle]]
|-
| ''[[Ghost Hunters (TV series)|Ghost Hunters]]''
| Episode: "Bat Out of Hell"
|-
| ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]''
| Reverend Hadley Jorgensen
| Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Voodoo Curse"
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2010
| ''[[Popstar to Operastar]]''
| rowspan="4" | Himself
| Judge
|-
| ''[[Spicks and Specks (TV series)|Spicks and Specks]]''
|
|-
| ''Behind the Music: Remastered''
| Episode: "Meat Loaf"
|-
| ''[[WWE Raw]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''
| Barry Jeffries
| Episode: "[[The Rocky Horror Glee Show]]"
|
|-
| ''[[Ghost Hunters (TV series)|Ghost Hunters]]''
| rowspan="3" | Himself
| Episode: "Sloss Furnaces"
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.masslive.com/television/2010/11/ghost_hunters_heats_up_with_me.html |title=Ghost Hunters heats up with Meat Loaf and Sloss Furnaces |first=Laura |last=Merwin |work=[[Masslive.com]] |date=November 18, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[This Week (2003 TV programme)|This Week]]''
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
| 2011
| data-sort-value="Celebrity Apprentice, The" | ''[[The Apprentice (American season 11)|The Celebrity Apprentice]]''
| <ref name=viral/>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fairly Legal]]''
| Charlie DeKay
| Episode: "Kiss Me, Kate"
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://tvline.com/2012/02/22/meat-loaf-cast-fairly-legal-season-2/ |title=Exclusive: USA's ''Fairly Legal'' Serves Up a Savory Helping of Meat Loaf |work=[[TVLine]] |first=Matt Webb |last=Mitovich |date=February 22, 2012 |archive-date=February 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228052826/http://www.tvline.com/2012/02/meat-loaf-cast-fairly-legal-season-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]''
| Herman Wolf
| Episode: "The Ballad of Lady Frances"
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Ghost Wars (TV series)|Ghost Wars]]''
| Doug Rennie
| Main cast
|
|}

==Books==
* {{cite book |author=Meat Loaf |title=To Hell and Back: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/tohellbackautobi00meat |publisher=[[ReganBooks]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-06-039293-2}}

==See also==
* [[List of bestselling music artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Meat Loaf}}
* {{AllMusic|id=p4882}}
* {{IMDb name|1533}}
* {{IBDB name}}

{{Meat Loaf|state=expanded}}
{{Ted Nugent}}
{{UK best-selling singles (by year)}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1990–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meat Loaf| ]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:American hard rock musicians]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:Arista Records artists]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records artists]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Epic Records artists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Texas]]
[[Category:MCA Records artists]]
[[Category:Motown artists]]
[[Category:Music of Denton, Texas]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Texas]]
[[Category:Singers from Dallas]]
[[Category:Neverland Express members]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:Ted Nugent Band members]]
[[Category:The Apprentice contestants]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson High School (Dallas) alumni]]
[[Category:Lubbock Christian University alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Texas alumni]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]

Wikipedia:Huggle/Users

2024-07-19T01:21:25Z

Slazenger: Adding Slazenger (HG) (3.4.10)

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Prospect Mountain (Vermont)

2024-05-31T21:29:10Z

Slazenger: Corrected date of Drysdale's involvement and gave lead sentence a more neutral tone.

[[File:Prospect Tbar Summit.jpg|thumb|Looking North from the summit of Prospect Mountain 2019]]

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Prospect Mountain
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_ft = 2,740
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_ft = 590
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Woodford, Vermont|Woodford]], [[Vermont|Vermont, U.S.]]
| range = [[Green Mountains]]
| coordinates =
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = Hike
}}

'''Prospect mountain''' is a mountain located in the town of [[Woodford, Vermont]] in [[Bennington County, Vermont]]. The mountain is located in the southern region of Vermont's [[Green Mountains]]. It is home to the Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Area, which has the highest base elevation of any ski area in New England, accounting for its abundance of natural snow. Prospect Mountain can be counted on to provide a long season for cross-country skiing.

Since the mid-1930s, when Alex Drysdale opened the first rope tow on Prospect Mountain in Woodford, the mountain has been used for recreation. Around 1938, [[William D. Mundell]], future Vermont [[poet laureate]], purchased land and opened the Woodford Ski Area in the lower part of what would eventually become the current-day Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Area. He operated the ski area for several years before shuttering it to serve in the Marine Corps during World War II, returning to continue to open it until likely the mid-1950s.<ref name=":0" /> William Morse, with a contract to rebuild Route 9 from Bennington, likely reopened Prospect in 1961–62 with a new 3,200 foot long T-Bar. With the new lift and vertical drop expanded to some 675 feet, Prospect Mountain became a mid-sized ski area. Morse sold the ski area to Bennington attorney Joseph Parks in October 1978. Night skiing and cross country skiing (the former Timberlane Trails touring center) operations were added for 1979–1980.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.newenglandskihistory.com/Vermont/prospectmtn.php |title=Prospect Mountain History - Vermont |publisher=NewEnglandSkiHistory.com |date= |accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref> Prospect Mountain has over 35 kilometers of expertly groomed ski trails, and offers excellent skiing to everyone from racers to families. Snowshoe and backcountry ski trails are available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skivermont.com/prospect-mountain-nordic-ski-center|title = Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Center — Ski Vermont}}</ref>

Joe Parks lobbied for the creation of a wilderness designation to preserve and protect the beaver meadows beyond the peak. The [[George D. Aiken Wilderness]] was named after the late Vermont senator [[George Aiken|George D. Aiken]], a strong advocate of preservation and a leader in securing the [[Eastern Wilderness Areas Act]] of 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/gmfl/recarea/?recid=65141 |title=Green Mountain & Finger Lakes National Forests - George D. Aiken Wilderness |publisher=Fs.usda.gov |date= |accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref>

Steve Whitham and Andrea Amodeo purchased the ski area from Joe Parks in 1991. After deciding to sell it, they worked with the Prospect Mountain Association (PMA) to transition ownership. PMA is primarily a volunteer organization that relies the energy and efforts of season pass holders and supporters. Steve Whitham is staying on as the Mountain Manager and is now an employee of PMA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prospectmountain.com/big-news/|title = The PMA - Prospect}}</ref> PMA purchased the 144-acre property in the fall of 2018 and shortly thereafter conserved it with Vermont Land Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vlt.org/outdoors/prospect-mountain|title = Community Group Buys and Protects Storied Ski Mountain in Woodford|date = 25 March 2019}}</ref>

David Newell, president of the PMA, said the balance of the cost will come from a $450,000 donation from alumni of Williams College and a $285,000 grant from the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board, which is contingent upon approval for a preservation easement for the mountain portion of the land and completion of the PMA's capital campaign.
Williams College Nordic ski teams have used Prospect Mountain for training and race events, as have Mount Anthony Union High School and Mount Greylock Regional High School in Williamstown, Mass.
Prospect Mountain will now serve as the home base for the Williams Nordic team and host the college's winter carnival, Newell said, adding that the PMA has a nine-member board of directors, including four associated with the college.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://vtdigger.org/2018/09/23/local-nonprofit-buys-prospect-mountain-nordic-ski-center/| title = Local nonprofit buys Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Center - VTDigger| date = 23 September 2018}} </ref>

[[File:Prospect base lodge.jpg|thumb|Office at the base of Prospect Mountain, Vermont]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|42|52|28|N|73|04|01|W|display=title}}

{{Mountains of Vermont}}

[[Category:Mountains of Vermont]]
[[Category:Mountains of Bennington County, Vermont]]

Prospect Mountain (Vermont)

2024-05-31T21:27:01Z

Slazenger: Added history of the Woodford Ski Area and William Mundell's involvement with the precursor to the Nordic Ski Area.

[[File:Prospect Tbar Summit.jpg|thumb|Looking North from the summit of Prospect Mountain 2019]]

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Prospect Mountain
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_ft = 2,740
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_ft = 590
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Woodford, Vermont|Woodford]], [[Vermont|Vermont, U.S.]]
| range = [[Green Mountains]]
| coordinates =
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = Hike
}}

'''Prospect mountain''' is a mountain located in the town of [[Woodford, Vermont]] in [[Bennington County, Vermont]]. The mountain is located in the southern region of Vermont's [[Green Mountains]]. It is home to the Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Area, which has the highest base elevation of any ski area in New England, accounting for its abundance of natural snow. Prospect Mountain can be counted on to provide a long season for cross-country skiing.

Since the late 1930s, when Alex Drysdale opened the first rope tow on Prospect Mountain in Woodford, people have enjoyed its scenery and high terrain. Around 1938, [[William D. Mundell]], future Vermont [[poet laureate]], purchased land and opened the Woodford Ski Area in the lower part of what would eventually become the current-day Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Area. He operated the ski area for several years before shuttering it to serve in the Marine Corps during World War II, returning to continue to open it until likely the mid-1950s.<ref name=":0" /> William Morse, with a contract to rebuild Route 9 from Bennington, likely reopened Prospect in 1961–62 with a new 3,200 foot long T-Bar. With the new lift and vertical drop expanded to some 675 feet, Prospect Mountain became a mid-sized ski area. Morse sold the ski area to Bennington attorney Joseph Parks in October 1978. Night skiing and cross country skiing (the former Timberlane Trails touring center) operations were added for 1979–1980.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.newenglandskihistory.com/Vermont/prospectmtn.php |title=Prospect Mountain History - Vermont |publisher=NewEnglandSkiHistory.com |date= |accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref> Prospect Mountain has over 35 kilometers of expertly groomed ski trails, and offers excellent skiing to everyone from racers to families. Snowshoe and backcountry ski trails are available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skivermont.com/prospect-mountain-nordic-ski-center|title = Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Center — Ski Vermont}}</ref>

Joe Parks lobbied for the creation of a wilderness designation to preserve and protect the beaver meadows beyond the peak. The [[George D. Aiken Wilderness]] was named after the late Vermont senator [[George Aiken|George D. Aiken]], a strong advocate of preservation and a leader in securing the [[Eastern Wilderness Areas Act]] of 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/gmfl/recarea/?recid=65141 |title=Green Mountain & Finger Lakes National Forests - George D. Aiken Wilderness |publisher=Fs.usda.gov |date= |accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref>

Steve Whitham and Andrea Amodeo purchased the ski area from Joe Parks in 1991. After deciding to sell it, they worked with the Prospect Mountain Association (PMA) to transition ownership. PMA is primarily a volunteer organization that relies the energy and efforts of season pass holders and supporters. Steve Whitham is staying on as the Mountain Manager and is now an employee of PMA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prospectmountain.com/big-news/|title = The PMA - Prospect}}</ref> PMA purchased the 144-acre property in the fall of 2018 and shortly thereafter conserved it with Vermont Land Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vlt.org/outdoors/prospect-mountain|title = Community Group Buys and Protects Storied Ski Mountain in Woodford|date = 25 March 2019}}</ref>

David Newell, president of the PMA, said the balance of the cost will come from a $450,000 donation from alumni of Williams College and a $285,000 grant from the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board, which is contingent upon approval for a preservation easement for the mountain portion of the land and completion of the PMA's capital campaign.
Williams College Nordic ski teams have used Prospect Mountain for training and race events, as have Mount Anthony Union High School and Mount Greylock Regional High School in Williamstown, Mass.
Prospect Mountain will now serve as the home base for the Williams Nordic team and host the college's winter carnival, Newell said, adding that the PMA has a nine-member board of directors, including four associated with the college.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://vtdigger.org/2018/09/23/local-nonprofit-buys-prospect-mountain-nordic-ski-center/| title = Local nonprofit buys Prospect Mountain Nordic Ski Center - VTDigger| date = 23 September 2018}} </ref>

[[File:Prospect base lodge.jpg|thumb|Office at the base of Prospect Mountain, Vermont]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|42|52|28|N|73|04|01|W|display=title}}

{{Mountains of Vermont}}

[[Category:Mountains of Vermont]]
[[Category:Mountains of Bennington County, Vermont]]

Marlboro College

2024-05-31T21:14:45Z

Slazenger: /* Notable people */ Added alumni William Mundell

{{Short description|Private coeducational liberal arts college in Marlboro, Vermont}}
{{For|the English school|Marlborough College}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Marlboro College
| image_size = 150px
| established = 1946
| closed = 2020
| type = [[Private college]]
| endowment = $40 million (2014)
| president = [[Kevin F. Quigley]]
| city = [[Marlboro, Vermont|Marlboro]]
| state = [[Vermont]]
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|50|21|N|72|44|07|W|region:US-VT_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Rural]]: {{convert|360|acre|km2}}
| website = {{URL|www.marlboro.edu}}
| image_name = File:Marlboro logo transparent.png
| enrollment = 150
| administrative_staff = 41 full-time faculty
}}

'''Marlboro College''' was a [[private college]] in [[Marlboro, Vermont]]. Founded in 1946, it remained intentionally small, operating as a self-governing community with students following self-designed degree plans culminating in a thesis. In 1998, the college added a graduate school.

The college closed at the end of the 2019–2020 academic year and gifted its endowment to [[Emerson College]] in [[Boston]] to create the Marlboro Institute of Liberal Arts and Interdisciplinary Studies at Emerson College.

==History==
Marlboro College was founded in 1946 by [[Walter F. Hendricks]], who had been inspired by his time as director of English at [[Biarritz American University]].<ref name=timeline1945/> Hendricks led the college for five years, until 1951, but would leave after a dispute with the trustees. He founded [[Windham College]] that same year.

Many of the first students were returning [[World War II]] veterans. The campus incorporated the buildings of three farms that were on the site at Potash Hill.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/about/history/ |website=Marlboro College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730213455/https://www.marlboro.edu/about/history/ |archive-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> The first students were primarily freshmen but included some sophomores and juniors and one senior, Hugh Mulligan, who in 1948 became the first Marlboro graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nevada Daily Mail - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19581014&id=-2UfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pdQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=883,3701582 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=news.google.com |archive-date=2023-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016000944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19581014&id=-2UfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pdQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=883,3701582 |url-status=live }}</ref> The students made "How Are Things At Casserole College?" the first school song in response to the dining hall menu.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hugh A. Mulligan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19581014&id=-2UfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pdQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=883,3701582 |title=Hal Boyle Writes: Marlboro Class of '48 Holds a Reunion |newspaper=The Nevada Daily Mail |date=October 14, 1958 |page=2 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004147/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19581014&id=-2UfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pdQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=883,3701582 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, Marlboro instituted the Beautiful Minds Challenge, an essay contest for high school students with full or partial scholarships and other awards as prizes.<ref name="2016new" /> Essays could take the form of text, images, audio, or video and were judged by Marlboro faculty, staff, and students; finalists were flown to the Marlboro campus for a symposium where they presented their work.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/5123/Marlboro%20launches%202017%20Beautiful%20Minds%20Challenge |title=Marlboro launches 2017 Beautiful Minds Challenge |publisher=Marlboro College |date=2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824101821/https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/5123/Marlboro%20launches%202017%20Beautiful%20Minds%20Challenge |archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> The program was discontinued after the 2018 competition. The Renaissance Scholars program, instituted in 2015 with the objective of attracting new students from every state and increasing diversity, caused a rise in enrollment to approximately 200 in fall 2016.<ref name="2016new" />

The college remained intentionally small;<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/about/mission/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730213528/https://www.marlboro.edu/about/mission/ |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |publisher=Marlboro College}}</ref> in 2017 it was one of only three liberal arts colleges listed by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' where all classes had fewer than 20 students.<ref name="USNews">{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Marlboro Continues to Rise in U.S. News Ranking |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/5125/Marlboro%20Continues%20to%20Rise%20in%20U.S.%20News%20Ranking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194727/https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/5125/Marlboro%20Continues%20to%20Rise%20in%20U.S.%20News%20Ranking |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |publisher=Marlboro College}}</ref>

===Merger===
In 2018, Marlboro's small size and dwindling enrollment led the Board of Trustees to begin exploring merging with another college or university. In 2019, a merger with the [[University of Bridgeport]] was announced and then called off.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/09/16/marlboro-college-and-u-bridgeport-drop-plans-merge |title=No Deal |author=Colleen Flaherty |website=Inside Higher Ed |date=September 16, 2019 |access-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106161542/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/09/16/marlboro-college-and-u-bridgeport-drop-plans-merge |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Lola Duffort |url=https://vtdigger.org/2019/09/14/merger-between-marlboro-college-and-university-of-bridgeport-unravels/ |title=Merger between Marlboro College and University of Bridgeport unravels |website=VTDigger |date=September 14, 2019 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504155137/https://vtdigger.org/2019/09/14/merger-between-marlboro-college-and-university-of-bridgeport-unravels/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later that year, the college announced that it would merge with [[Emerson College]] at the end of the 2019–20 academic year.<ref>{{cite news |author=Andrew Brinker |url=https://berkeleybeacon.com/a-chat-with-marlboro-college-president-kevin-quigley/ |title=A chat with Marlboro College President Kevin Quigley |newspaper=The Berkeley Beacon |date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103334/https://berkeleybeacon.com/a-chat-with-marlboro-college-president-kevin-quigley/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the agreement, finalized on July 23, 2020, Marlboro gave its endowment to Emerson, which created the Marlboro Institute of Liberal Arts and Interdisciplinary Studies. Marlboro students were guaranteed admission and tenure-track faculty were guaranteed teaching positions at Emerson.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/community/news/whats-next-for-marlboro/ |title=What's Next for Marlboro |date=July 23, 2020 |publisher=Marlboro College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202061528/https://www.marlboro.edu/community/news/whats-next-for-marlboro/ |archive-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> At the time of its closure, Marlboro had approximately 150 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2019/11/06/emerson-plans-absorb-marlboro |title=Emerson Plans to Absorb Marlboro |author=Scott Jaschik |website=Inside Higher Ed |date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204212757/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2019/11/06/emerson-plans-absorb-marlboro |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Academics==
===Undergraduate===
[[File:Marlboro library 112896728.jpg|thumb|Library]]
Freshmen were required to meet the "Clear Writing Requirement" by submitting an acceptable portfolio of at least 20 pages (4,000 words) of nonfiction writing to the English Committee.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Marlboro College |title=Clear Writing Program |url=https://nook.marlboro.edu/public/academics/clear_writing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909060423/https://nook.marlboro.edu/public/academics/clear_writing |archive-date=September 9, 2013}}</ref>

With the guidance of professors, juniors and seniors developed and followed an individualized "Plan of Concentration", often interdisciplinary, of which at least 20% was required to consist of an independent project prepared without direct faculty input; most students' plans culminated in a thesis. Students defended their work in an oral examination before one or more Marlboro faculty members and an outside evaluator unconnected to the college but with expertise in the student's field of study.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/academics/undergraduate/plan-of-concentration |title=Plan of Concentration |publisher=Marlboro College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613185528/https://www.marlboro.edu/academics/undergraduate/plan-of-concentration |archive-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref>

Marlboro's strengths included Asian studies, religion and theology, and life sciences.<ref>{{cite book |author=Loren Pope |title=Colleges That Change Lives |edition=2nd |year=2006 |location=New York |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143037361 |pages=77–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTZ1NwsqvXAC&pg=PA77 |access-date=2021-05-06 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004147/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTZ1NwsqvXAC&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2014, Marlboro and five nearby colleges, [[Community College of Vermont]], [[Landmark College]], the [[School for International Training]], [[Vermont College of Union Institute & University|Union Institute]], and [[Vermont Technical College]], formed the Windham Higher Education Cooperative, allowing students to take one course a semester at another participating institution.<ref>{{cite news |author=Howard Weiss-Tisman |url=https://vtdigger.org/2014/03/04/six-southern-vermont-colleges-announce-collaboration/ |title=Six southern Vermont colleges announce collaboration |newspaper=Brattleboro Reformer |date=March 4, 2014 |via=VTDigger |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103343/https://vtdigger.org/2014/03/04/six-southern-vermont-colleges-announce-collaboration/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Graduate{{anchor|Graduate_School}}===
Marlboro College Graduate and Professional Studies began in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://marlboro.emerson.edu/gps-celebrates-20-years-of-innovative-graduate-education/ |title=GPS Celebrates 20 Years of Innovative Graduate Education |publisher=Marlboro College |via=Emerson College |date=December 5, 2018 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103334/https://marlboro.emerson.edu/gps-celebrates-20-years-of-innovative-graduate-education/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Primarily aimed at working professionals and focused on technology, in 2010 it shifted to programs focused on socially responsible management<ref>{{cite news |author=Marlboro College |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/05/09/marlboro-college-graduate-professional-studies-announces-new-management-degrees/ |title=Marlboro College Graduate & Professional Studies Announces New Management Degrees |website=VTDigger |date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |type=press release |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504121754/https://vtdigger.org/2016/05/09/marlboro-college-graduate-professional-studies-announces-new-management-degrees/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and master's studies in teaching (teaching with technology, teaching for social justice, and [[Teaching English as a second or foreign language|TESOL]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/academics/graduate/teaching |title=Teaching For Transformation |publisher=Marlboro College Graduate and Professional Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613190141/https://www.marlboro.edu/academics/graduate/teaching |archive-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref> later added an accelerated Master's track open to undergraduates in some programs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/5085/Marlboro%20Launches%20Accelerated%20Master’s%20Track |title=Marlboro Launches Accelerated Masters Track |publisher=Marlboro College |type=broken link}}</ref>

The graduate school was initially located in nearby [[Brattleboro, Vermont|Brattleboro]]. It moved to the main college campus in Marlboro in April 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mike Faher |url=http://www.reformer.com/stories/marlboro-college-consolidates-campuses,503176 |title=Marlboro College consolidates campuses |newspaper=Brattleboro Reformer |date=April 2, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195639/http://www.reformer.com/stories/marlboro-college-consolidates-campuses,503176 |url-status=live }}</ref> and after that offered courses increasingly online<ref>{{cite web |author=Caleb Clark |url=https://www.ibrattleboro.com/culture/education/2018/04/marlboro-colleges-teaching-with-technology-masters-program-is-going-fully-online-beginning-in-fall-2018/ |title=Marlboro College's Teaching with Technology Masters Program is Going Fully Online Beginning in Fall 2018 |website=iBrattleboro |date=April 17, 2018 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103337/https://www.ibrattleboro.com/culture/education/2018/04/marlboro-colleges-teaching-with-technology-masters-program-is-going-fully-online-beginning-in-fall-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and instituted a [[teach-out]]. Enrollment was suspended for 2019–20 and graduate programs were not transferred to Emerson under the merger agreement.<ref>{{cite news |author=Andrew Brinker |url=https://berkeleybeacon.com/marlboro-graduate-school-facing-imminent-closure/ |title=Marlboro Graduate School facing imminent closure |newspaper=The Berkeley Beacon |date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103335/https://berkeleybeacon.com/marlboro-graduate-school-facing-imminent-closure/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Andrew Brinker |url=https://berkeleybeacon.com/marlboro-graduate-school-staff-left-unaware-of-closure-track/ |title=Marlboro graduate school staff left unaware of closure track |newspaper=The Berkeley Beacon |date=November 22, 2019 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103337/https://berkeleybeacon.com/marlboro-graduate-school-staff-left-unaware-of-closure-track/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rankings and reputation===
In ''[[The Princeton Review]]''{{'}}s 2014 annual college guide, Marlboro College received the highest possible academic rating of 99 and was ranked #1 nationally for the quality of its faculty.<ref>{{cite news |author=Marlboro College |url=http://vtdigger.org/2013/08/07/marlboro-college-professors-ranked-1-nationally-by-princeton-review/ |title=Marlboro College professors ranked #1 nationally by Princeton Review |date=August 7, 2013 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |website=VTDigger |type=press release |archive-date=July 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707095442/https://vtdigger.org/2013/08/07/marlboro-college-professors-ranked-1-nationally-by-princeton-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, ''U.S. News & World Report'' ranked it #117 among liberal arts colleges in the United States.<ref name=USNews/>

In 2006 [[Loren Pope]] wrote in ''[[Colleges That Change Lives]]'' that "the Marlboro adventure" was "far more intense and intellectually demanding than Harvard, any other Ivy, or Ivy clone".<ref>Pope (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=NTZ1NwsqvXAC&pg=PA76 p. 76] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144423/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTZ1NwsqvXAC&pg=PA76 |date=2021-05-10 }}.</ref>

==Student life and governance==
Marlboro was founded on an ethos of independence combined with community participation. Students, faculty, and staff made decisions together in weekly "[[town meeting|Town Meeting]]s",<ref name=2016new/> and there was an elected community court. Students, faculty, and staff served on elected committees that played a role in hiring decisions and steering the curriculum. All campus buildings were open 24/7, and the library used a self-checkout honor system.

During spring and fall, students were encouraged to work regularly on the school farm. Campuswide Work Days took place each semester, with students, faculty, and staff working together on projects as needed, in the spirit of the first class, who built their own dormitories.

The administration published a magazine called ''Potash Hill''. The [[student newspaper]], ''The Citizen'', and the ''Marlboro College Literary Magazine'' were edited by students elected at Town Meetings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/community/undergraduate/student_publications |title=Student Publications |publisher=Marlboro College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195421/https://www.marlboro.edu/community/undergraduate/student_publications |archive-date=October 9, 2017}}</ref>

[[Open mic]] nights at the Campus Center happened several times a semester in addition to events including the Drag Ball, MayFest, and Apple Days, and other events. The night before writing portfolios were due, a "Midnight Breakfast" was held.

The college had few organized sports teams, but the "Outdoor Program" promoted rock climbing, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, white-water kayaking, caving, canoeing, and hiking, and college was only 15 miles from the [[Mount Snow]] ski resort. A [[broomball]] tournament was held every February beginning in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reformer.com/local-news/clean-sweep-in-marlboro/article_41b83808-c1e1-51a0-aa80-2f7a89b27756.html |title=Clean sweep in Marlboro |newspaper=Brattleboro Reformer |date=February 9, 2009 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004148/https://www.reformer.com/local-news/clean-sweep-in-marlboro/article_41b83808-c1e1-51a0-aa80-2f7a89b27756.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Larry Parnass |url=https://upcountryonline.wordpress.com/2017/02/28/the-joy-of-broomball/ |title=The Joy of Broomball |magazine=UpCountry magazine |date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://upcountryonline.wordpress.com/2017/02/28/the-joy-of-broomball/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Marlboro College dining hall and Mather.jpg|thumb|Dining hall and Mather Building]]
[[File:Whittemore Theater, Marlboro College, Marlboro, Vermont.jpg|thumb|Whittemore Theater and Drury Gallery]]

The Marlboro College campus is located on South Road in the town of Marlboro, Vermont, in the [[Green Mountains]]. In the early years of the college, students and faculty worked together to adapt the buildings of three farms on the site,<ref name=History/> which became the main classroom building, the dining hall, and the admissions and administration buildings.

Through grants from federal, state and private entities, the college improved the energy efficiency of the Dining Hall, Dalrymple classroom building, Mather administration building, and Admissions building since 2008, as well as the student residences. In summer 2011, the half-circle driveway at the campus entrance was converted to green space and walking paths.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The Serkin Performing Arts Center has a 125-seat auditorium, an electronic music lab, practice rooms with baby grand pianos and a 5,000-square foot dance studio. Whittemore Theater, used primarily by the Theater department, was attached to Drury Gallery, which displayed student works.

The Snyder Center for the Visual Arts, housing studios, classrooms, and gallery spaces in 14,000 square feet, opened in May 2016.<ref name=2016new>{{cite news |author=Chris Mays |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/09/18/new-semester-brings-big-changes-marlboro-college-campus/ |title=New semester brings big changes on Marlboro College campus |newspaper=Brattleboro Reformer |date=September 18, 2016 |orig-year=September 16, 2016 |via=VTDigger |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103343/https://vtdigger.org/2016/09/18/new-semester-brings-big-changes-marlboro-college-campus/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/4572/community-dedicates-visual-arts-center |title=Community Dedicates Visual Arts Center |date=May 2016 |publisher=Marlboro College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194027/https://www.marlboro.edu/news/story/4572/community-dedicates-visual-arts-center |archive-date=October 9, 2017}}</ref>

In the summer, the campus is the location of the [[Marlboro Music Festival]], founded in 1951.<ref name=Reformer>{{cite news |author=Chris Mays |url=https://www.reformer.com/local-news/higher-education-music-festival-to-stay-at-marlboro-after-sale/article_1e2d97cf-6e35-5c81-aabd-9fb08cd7a0cc.html |title=Higher education, music festival to stay at Marlboro after sale |newspaper=Brattleboro Reformer |date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103334/https://www.reformer.com/local-news/higher-education-music-festival-to-stay-at-marlboro-after-sale/article_1e2d97cf-6e35-5c81-aabd-9fb08cd7a0cc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A new 99-year lease was signed in February 2019 and a residence hall and the Jerome and Celia Reich Building, containing a music library and chamber music rehearsal spaces, are scheduled for completion in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |author=Richard Henke |url=http://www.commonsnews.org/site/sitenext/story.php?articleno=29851 |title=Play on! Marlboro Music inks deal to remain at Marlboro College for next century |newspaper=The Commons |date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505084838/http://www.commonsnews.org/site/sitenext/story.php?articleno=29851 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sale===
The former Marlboro campus was sold in May 2020 to Democracy Builders, founded by [[Seth Andrew]], which intended to use it for a low-residency, low-cost college program for low-income students. The Degrees of Freedom program would last four years, from [[eleventh grade]] to the second year of college, and would result in an [[associate degree]].<ref name=Reformer/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/community/news/what-is-next-for-marlboro/updates/?id=73 |title=What's Next For Marlboro: Update on Marlboro College Campus |publisher=Marlboro College |date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926041325/https://www.marlboro.edu/community/news/what-is-next-for-marlboro/updates/?id=73 |archive-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Madeline St. Amour |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/05/29/charter-school-group-start-new-higher-ed-program-marlboro-college-campus |title=Marlboro to Become New 2-Year Program |website=Inside Higher Ed |date=May 29, 2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103343/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/05/29/charter-school-group-start-new-higher-ed-program-marlboro-college-campus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ellie French |url=https://vtdigger.org/2020/05/28/marlboro-college-announces-campus-sale-to-democracy-builders/ |title=Marlboro College announces campus sale to Democracy Builders |website=VTDigger |date=May 28, 2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504155126/https://vtdigger.org/2020/05/28/marlboro-college-announces-campus-sale-to-democracy-builders/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Visconti |first1=Ambrogio |title=Democracy Builders' Acquisition of Marlboro College |url=https://www.globallegalchronicle.com/democracy-builders-acquisition-of-marlboro-college/ |website=Global Legal Chronicle |date=2 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609155223/https://www.globallegalchronicle.com/democracy-builders-acquisition-of-marlboro-college/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Audette |first1=Bob |title=New model of higher education could take root in Marlboro |url=https://www.benningtonbanner.com/stories/new-model-of-higher-education-could-take-root-in-marlboro,605740 |access-date=9 June 2020 |publisher=The Bennington Banner |date=May 28, 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609155248/https://www.benningtonbanner.com/stories/new-model-of-higher-education-could-take-root-in-marlboro,605740 |url-status=live }}</ref> The program was slated to be largely [[distance education|online]], with students only being on campus two weeks out of each trimester.<ref>{{cite news |last1=St. Amour |first1=Madeline |title=Marlboro to Become New 2-Year Program |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/05/29/charter-school-group-start-new-higher-ed-program-marlboro-college-campus |access-date=9 June 2020 |publisher=Inside Higher Education |date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230648/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/05/29/charter-school-group-start-new-higher-ed-program-marlboro-college-campus |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2021, Andrew announced that Democracy Builders had sold the campus to "Type 1 Civilization Academy" via a quitclaim deed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Audette |first=Bob |date=2021-02-03 |title=Marlboro College campus has new owner |url=https://www.reformer.com/local-news/marlboro-college-campus-has-new-owner/article_aab37cf2-6639-11eb-93e6-ffd1e24375b6.html |work=Brattleboro Reformer |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=2021-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427233616/https://www.reformer.com/local-news/marlboro-college-campus-has-new-owner/article_aab37cf2-6639-11eb-93e6-ffd1e24375b6.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 9, 2021, During an invitation-only community meeting on Zoom, Andrew announced that the Type 1 deal had been cancelled. He called the agreement "an engagement" rather than "a marriage".<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-03-10 |title=Deal is off for campus sale |url=http://www.commonsnews.org/site/sitenext/story.php?articleno=33706 |work=The Commons |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429020323/http://www.commonsnews.org/site/sitenext/story.php?articleno=33706 |url-status=live }}</ref> Andrew filed another quit claim deed which transferred the property back to Democracy Builders. The principal of Type 1, Adrian Stein, said that Type 1 was legitimately in control of the campus and that the issue will likely end up in court unless they can find "some other kind of equitable settlement."<ref>{{cite news |last=Audette |first=Bob |date=2021-03-10 |title=Potash Hill deal not consummated, Democracy Builders says it retains ownership of former Marlboro College campus |url=https://www.reformer.com/local-news/potash-hill-deal-not-consummated-democracy-builders-says-it-retains-ownership-of-former-marlboro-college/article_df571cbc-7dd5-11eb-9bad-cf739d05e872.html |work=Brattleboro Reformer |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=2021-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427191946/https://www.reformer.com/local-news/potash-hill-deal-not-consummated-democracy-builders-says-it-retains-ownership-of-former-marlboro-college/article_df571cbc-7dd5-11eb-9bad-cf739d05e872.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Opening of the Democracy Builders program was deferred in April 2021 after Andrew was charged with financial crimes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Lola Duffort |url=https://vtdigger.org/2021/04/30/degrees-of-freedom-delays-opening/ |title=Degrees of Freedom, the Marlboro-based project founded by Seth Andrew, delays opening |date=April 30, 2021 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103353/https://vtdigger.org/2021/04/30/degrees-of-freedom-delays-opening/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2021, the campus was purchased by the Marlboro Music Festival. <ref>{{cite news |author=Susan Smallheer |url=https://www.reformer.com/local-news/marlboro-music-festival-buys-marlboro-college-campus-ending-year-of-turmoil/article_d33c734e-eb23-11eb-9f36-7f835920af1b.html |title=Marlboro Music Festival buys Marlboro College campus, ending year of turmoil |date=July 22, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729071154/https://www.reformer.com/local-news/marlboro-music-festival-buys-marlboro-college-campus-ending-year-of-turmoil/article_d33c734e-eb23-11eb-9f36-7f835920af1b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Marlboro Music Festival formed the subsidiary nonprofit organization, Potash Hill, Inc. to manage the property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=C. B. |date=September 21, 2022 |title=Atop Marlboro's Potash Hill, new prospects |url=https://vermontbiz.com/news/2022/september/21/atop-marlboros-potash-hill-new-prospects |access-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003213253/https://vermontbiz.com/news/2022/september/21/atop-marlboros-potash-hill-new-prospects |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Presidents ===

* [[Walter F. Hendricks]] (1946-1951)
* Dave Lovejoy (1951-1953)
* Paul Zens (1953-1957)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marlboro College Prepares to Expand {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1957/10/10/marlboro-college-prepares-to-expand-pthis/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>
* Roland Boden (1957-1958; acting)
* [[Tom Ragle]] (1958-1981)
* Ron Gander (1981-1996)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=PAUL H. HEINTZ, Reformer |date=2007-09-25 |title=Rod Gander dies at 76 |url=https://www.reformer.com/local-news/rod-gander-dies-at-76/article_ea39e376-e82c-5824-86b4-de20f3f76ea2.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Brattleboro Reformer |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830103045/https://www.reformer.com/local-news/rod-gander-dies-at-76/article_ea39e376-e82c-5824-86b4-de20f3f76ea2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Paul LeBlanc (university president)|Paul LeBlanc]] (1996-2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EvoLLLution |url=https://evolllution.com/author/paul-leblanc |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=evolllution.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130083816/https://evolllution.com/author/paul-leblanc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ellen McCulloch-Lovell]] (2003-2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marlboro College names new president |url=https://www.commonsnews.org/issue/292/Marlboro-College-names-new-president |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Marlboro College names new president |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130083815/https://www.commonsnews.org/issue/292/Marlboro-College-names-new-president |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen McCulloch-Lovell {{!}} Bennington College |url=https://www.bennington.edu/bennington-network/outsized-impact/ellen-mcculloch-lovell |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.bennington.edu |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130083821/https://www.bennington.edu/bennington-network/outsized-impact/ellen-mcculloch-lovell |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kevin F. F. Quigley]] (2015-2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marlboro College names new president |url=https://www.commonsnews.org/issue/292/Marlboro-College-names-new-president |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Marlboro College names new president |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130083815/https://www.commonsnews.org/issue/292/Marlboro-College-names-new-president |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Faculty===
* [[Wyn Cooper]]
* [[Jay Craven]]
* [[Paul LeBlanc (college president)|Paul J. LeBlanc]], later became president of [[Southern New Hampshire University]].
* [[Peter Lefcourt]], literature and writing (1968-1970)
* [[Leslie Lamport]] (1960s)
* [[David Mamet]] (one semester)
* [[Joseph Mazur]], mathematics
* [[Blanche Honegger Moyse]], music
* [[Louis Moyse]], music

===Alumni===
* [[David Asman]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' editor, television journalist
* [[Shura Baryshnikov]], dancer
* [[Deni Ellis Béchard]], novelist
* [[Sophie Cabot Black]], poet
* [[Regina Lee Blaszczyk]], academic
* [[Sara Coffey]], member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
* [[Sean Cole]], journalist
* [[Alicia Dana]], Paralympian
* [[Marcus DeSieno]], lens-based artist
* [[Deborah Eisenberg]], author (left after two years)
* [[Ed Fallon]], member of the [[Iowa House of Representatives]]
* [[Gretchen Gerzina]], author and academic
* [[Harold Grinspoon]], real estate developer and philanthropist
* [[Daniel Harple]], entrepreneur and investor
* [[Parnell Hall (writer)|Parnell Hall]], novelist
* [[Joshua Harmon (poet)|Joshua Harmon]], poet, novelist, and essayist
* [[Geoffrey Holt (philanthropist)|Geoffrey Holt]], philanthropist
* [[Emilie Kornheiser]], member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
* [[Ted Levine]], actor
* [[Robert H. MacArthur]], ecologist
* [[Arthur Magida]], author and journalist
* [[Cate Marvin]], poet
* [[Jonathan Maslow]], journalist and author
* Selena Mooney, co-owner and founder of [[Missy Suicide|SuicideGirls]] (left after one year)
* [[William D. Mundell]], poet
* [[Chris Noth]], actor
* [[David Rhodes (author)|David Rhodes]], novelist
* [[Hans Rickheit]], cartoonist (left after one year)
* [[Tristan Roberts (politician)|Tristan Roberts]], member of the Vermont House of Representatives
* [[Eneriko Seruma]], poet and novelist
* [[Jock Sturges]], portrait photographer
* [[Tristan Toleno]], member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
* [[Charlotte Watts]], mathematician, epidemiologist, and academic

===Staff===
* [[Robert Frost]], poet, was the college's first trustee and former teacher of the college's founder, Walter Hendricks<ref name=timeline1945>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marlboro.edu/about/history/timeline |title=Marlboro College Through The Years |publisher=Marlboro College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193910/https://www.marlboro.edu/about/history/timeline |archive-date=October 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/?next_url=/ezproxy/r/ezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iub3JnL3N0YWJsZS80Mzg5NzI5MD9zZWFyY2hUZXh0PSUyMndhbHRlcitoZW5kcmlja3MlMjImc2VhcmNoVXJpPS9hY3Rpb24vZG9CYXNpY1NlYXJjaD9RdWVyeT0lMjUyMndhbHRlcitoZW5kcmlja3MlMjUyMiZhYl9zZWdtZW50cz0wL2Jhc2ljX3BocmFzZV9zZWFyY2gvY29udHJvbCZyZWZyZXFpZD1mYXN0bHktZGVmYXVsdDo0Yjg3NzU0NGRmODUzM2NiOTUzYTNiYjQ1NzM4YzczZQ-- |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216111100/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/?next_url=/ezproxy/r/ezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iub3JnL3N0YWJsZS80Mzg5NzI5MD9zZWFyY2hUZXh0PSUyMndhbHRlcitoZW5kcmlja3MlMjImc2VhcmNoVXJpPS9hY3Rpb24vZG9CYXNpY1NlYXJjaD9RdWVyeT0lMjUyMndhbHRlcitoZW5kcmlja3MlMjUyMiZhYl9zZWdtZW50cz0wL2Jhc2ljX3BocmFzZV9zZWFyY2gvY29udHJvbCZyZWZyZXFpZD1mYXN0bHktZGVmYXVsdDo0Yjg3NzU0NGRmODUzM2NiOTUzYTNiYjQ1NzM4YzczZQ-- |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ethan Gilsdorf]], author, worked in the marketing department in the late 1990s

==See also==
* [[List of colleges and universities in Vermont]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.marlboro.edu Marlboro College Archives at Emerson College]

{{Colleges and universities in Vermont|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Vermont]]
[[Category:Defunct private universities and colleges in Vermont]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Marlboro, Vermont]]
[[Category:Education in Windham County, Vermont]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in Vermont]]
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in Vermont]]

Assassination of Lord Mountbatten

2024-04-26T03:48:26Z

Slazenger: punctuation correction

{{Short description|1979 bomb attack in Mullaghmore, Ireland}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Assassination of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
| partof = [[The Troubles]]
| location = [[Mullaghmore Peninsula]], Ireland
| target = [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Earl Mountbatten]]
| coordinates = {{coord|54.4664|-8.4486|display=inline}}
| type = [[Bomb|Bombing]]
| fatalities = {{plainlist|
* Earl Mountbatten
* Nicholas Knatchbull
* Paul Maxwell
* [[Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne|Doreen Knatchbull]]
}}
| injuries = {{plainlist|
* [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Patricia Knatchbull]]
* [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|John Knatchbull]]
* Timothy Knatchbull
}}
| perpetrator = [[Provisional IRA]]
| assailant = [[Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)|Thomas McMahon]]
| weapon = [[Improvised explosive device|Bomb]]
| motive = [[Irish republicanism]]
| date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1979|08|27}}
| accused =
| convicted = Thomas McMahon
| charges = [[Murder]]
| trial =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| notes = {{Infobox
| subbox = yes
| bodyclass = collapsible
| bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}}
| abovestyle = font-size:100%; padding-left:3em;
| above = '''{{center|Location:}}'''
| image = [[File:Mullaghmore Peninsula Map.png|250px]]
| caption = Map showing Mullaghmore Peninsula (red) within [[County Sligo]], where Mountbatten was killed.
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles}}
[[File:Mullaghmore Peninsula 2023-05-27 32.jpg|thumb|Memorial near Mullaghmore]]

[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]], a relative of the [[British royal family]], was assassinated on 27 August 1979 by [[Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)|Thomas McMahon]], an [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] and [[Volunteer (Irish republican)|volunteer]] for the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA).

== Details ==

McMahon placed a 50lb [[gelignite]] bomb on ''Shadow V'', a fishing boat owned by Mountbatten, while it was harboured overnight in [[Mullaghmore Peninsula]] in [[County Sligo]], [[Republic of Ireland]]. It was detonated several hours later, after Mountbatten and his family and crew had boarded it and taken it offshore. Mountbatten was found alive by fishermen who rushed to the site of the explosion, but he died before reaching shore. Also killed were Mountbatten's 14-year-old grandson Nicholas Knatchbull, and Paul Maxwell, a teenage boy from [[Enniskillen]] serving as crew. The four others aboard{{snd}}Mountbatten's daughter [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Patricia]]; her husband [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|John Knatchbull]]; their son Timothy (twin brother of Nicholas); and John Knatchbull's mother [[Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne|Doreen]]{{snd}}were all seriously injured. Doreen Knatchbull died in hospital the following day.<ref>Kennedy, Leslie (2020-12-22). [https://www.history.com/news/mountbatten-assassination-ira-thatcher The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout]. History Channel. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref><ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/british-socialite-whose-father-lord-mountbatten-and-son-were-killed-by-the-ira-1.3121650 British socialite whose father, Lord Mountbatten, and son were killed by the IRA]. ''Irish Times'' (2017-06-17). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref>

The assassination took place during [[The Troubles]], a conflict between republicans and [[Unionism in Ireland|unionists]] in [[Northern Ireland]] following the [[Partition of Ireland]].<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/lord-mountbatten-death-the-crown-prince-charles-ira-b1723692.html Lord Mountbatten death: Who was he and why was he assassinated?]. ''The Independent'' (2020-12-20). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> The IRA claimed responsibility three days after the bombing, describing the attack as "a discriminate act to bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/31/archives/statement-by-ira.html Statement by I.R.A.]. ''New York Times'' (1979-08-31). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref>

Mountbatten was a great-grandson of [[Queen Victoria]], second cousin to [[Queen Elizabeth II]], and uncle to her husband [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]].<ref>Hallemann, Caroline (2020-11-13). [https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a14409174/lord-mountbatten-uncle-dickie-the-crown/ Who Is Prince Philip's Uncle, Lord Mountbatten?]. ''Town and Country Magazine''. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> As [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]], Mountbatten served as head of the [[British Armed Forces]] from 1959 to 1965,<ref>[https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/0BA1D2B30EDB49D1B70797C264E5DB92/MB1_J.pdf MB1/J Mountbatten Papers: Chief of the Defence Staff, 1959–65]. University of Southampton. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> having previously headed the [[Royal Navy]] as the [[First Sea Lord]].<ref>[https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/5DD9C34B9C0C4A43B93A1FF1E5D3D175/MB1_I.pdf MB1/I Mountbatten Papers: First Sea Lord, 1955-9]. University of Southampton. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref>
[[Sinn Féin]] vice-president [[Gerry Adams]] said that Mountbatten was a military target in a war situation.<ref>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948791,00.html NORTHERN IRELAND: It is Clearly a War Situation]. ''Time'' (1979-11-19). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref>

Two hours before the explosion, McMahon had been arrested by the [[Garda Síochána]] on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2511000/2511545.stm On This Day: 27 August 1979: IRA bomb kills Lord Mountbatten]. BBC. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> Paint from Mountbatten's boat, and traces of [[nitroglycerine]], were found on his clothes, and on 23 November 1979 he was convicted of the killings in the Republic of Ireland. His sentence was life imprisonment.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5995439/Killer-of-Lord-Mountbatten-enjoys-freedom-30-years-on-from-IRA-murder.html Killer of Lord Mountbatten enjoys freedom, 30 years on from IRA murder]. ''Daily Telegraph'' (2009-08-09). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref><ref>King, Victoria (2009-12-30). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8418150.stm Files show US-UK tensions over Northern Ireland in 1979]. BBC. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref>

The assassination marked an escalation of the conflict, with the IRA committing their deadliest attack on the [[British Army]] (the [[Warrenpoint ambush]]) on the same day as the assassination.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ireland-queen-north-idUSTRE74G2UJ20110517 Timeline: Long road to Northern Irish settlement]. Reuters (2011-05-17). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> Thatcher changed Britain's approach by coordinating the various British security services campaigns against the IRA more centrally and used the [[Special Air Service|SAS]] more aggressively to kill known IRA volunteers who were on active operation. Thatcher was [[Brighton hotel bombing|herself the target of an assassination attempt]] five years later.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-crown-season-four-elizabeth-lord-mountbatten-assassination-ira-7055975/ Lord Mountbatten’s assassination and its impact on IRA’s push for independence]. Indian Express'' (2020-11-18). Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> McMahon was paroled from his life sentence in 1998 after 19 years in prison under the terms of the [[Good Friday Agreement]], as part of the [[Northern Ireland peace process]] which brought an end to the Troubles after three decades.<ref>[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ira-member-sentenced-for-mountbattens-assassination This Day in History: 1979 November 23 1979: IRA member sentenced for Mountbatten's assassination]. History Channel. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref>

==Reactions==
The killing was condemned by UK Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and Irish [[Taoiseach]] [[Jack Lynch]]. Many international figures offered their condolences to the royal family, including US President [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5qZBgAAQBAJ&q=Death+of+Mountbatten:+President+Carter+profound+sadness&pg=PP79|title=The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in her Own Words|first= Ingrid |last=Seward|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4711-5097-5}}</ref><ref>[https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/117639 Death of Mountbatten: Taoiseach John Lynch message to MT (condolences and condemnation)]. Margaret Thatcher.org. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</ref> The [[United States Department of State]] said: "Americans will especially recall his great contribution to our common cause in World War II as well as his many services to this country and to the world since then."<ref name="Nytimes1979"/>

Three days of state mourning was announced in Burma (now known as Myanmar), while in India where he served as the last [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] and first [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], a week of mourning was observed.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV3VAAAAMAAJ |title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East |date=1979 |publisher=[[BBC Monitoring|British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service]] |pages=A-9 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' published an extraordinary [[obituary notice]], the [[All India Radio]] broadcast a short tribute including statements by former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] who called him "an extraordinary personality, a lion, a born leader of men".<ref name="Nytimes1979"/> ''Tribute to Lord Mountbatten'', a [[television special]] on [[DD National]] was broadcast, led by Prime Minister [[Charan Singh]]; it included Indira Gandhi and other Indian leaders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |date=2021-10-02 |title=Mountbatten and India, 1964–79: after Nehru |journal=[[Contemporary British History]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=569–596 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2021.1944113 |s2cid=237793636 |issn=1361-9462|doi-access=free }}</ref> Singh also signed the [[condolence book]] at the [[British High Commission, New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-19 |title=Prime Minister Ch. Charan Singh signing condolence book for Earl Mountbatten at British High Commission in Delhi |url=https://charansingh.org/photos/prime-minister-ch-charan-singh-signing-condolence-book-earl-mountbatten-british-high |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=charansingh.org}}</ref> Providing condolences, the [[President of India]] [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] said in a message to Queen Elizabeth II "Lord Mountbatten will always occupy a place of honor in India."<ref name="Nytimes1979">{{Cite news |date=1979-08-28 |title=India Orders Mourning For Slain British Hero|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/28/archives/india-orders-mourning-for-slain-british-hero.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> PM Charan Singh remarked that Mountbatten's "drive and vigour helped in the difficult period after our independence".<ref>{{cite book | title=Charan Singh: Selected Speeches, July 1979-December 1979 | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qshHAAAAMAAJ | page=55}}</ref>

The assassination also horrified the [[Irish Americans|Irish American]] community, who viewed Mountbatten as a hero for his role in defeating the [[Axis powers]] during [[World War II]] (many American soldiers in the war served under him),<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Different Way to Win: Dan Rooney's Story: From the Super Bowl to the Rooney Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCgDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|author=Jim Rooney|date=2019|page=136-137|publisher=AMTZ Chiloé Publishing, LLC|isbn=9-7817-3340-4921|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Financing of Terror|author=[[James Adams (entrepreneur)|James Adams]]|date=April 10, 2017|page=155|isbn=978-1-5210-0362-6}}</ref><ref name="GWDA">{{cite book|title=Irish America and the Ulster Conflict: 1968-1995|author=Andrew J. Wilson|date=January 1, 1995|page=152|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|isbn=0-8132-08351}}</ref> and IRA financial support in America via [[NORAID]] dwindled,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8pKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|title=Coalitions Between Terrorist Organizations Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamists|author=[[Ely Karmon]]|date=June 2005|page=280|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9-7890-4740-7386|via=Google Books}}</ref> which was already in steep decline since the [[Bloody Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]] incident of 1972.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/fundraising-by-a-group-in-us-called-vital-to-ira-operations.html|title=Fund‐Raising by a Group in U.S. Called Vital to I.R.A. Operations|date=September 24, 1979|author=Linda Charlton|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The American press condemned the attack, including ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', which said "the Provisional army's action against Mountbatten and others engenders no sympathy for their cause" and ''[[The New York Times]]'', which suggested that the Republic of Ireland and Britain team up as a means of "how to punish the IRA."<ref name="GWDA" /> The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], which succeeded in greatly reducing the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation|IRA arms importation]] into Ireland from America at the time of the killing, responded by forming the [[PIRA Squad]] in order to effectively track down IRA gunrunners engaged in procuring American arms.

== Funeral ==
{{Main|Funeral of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma}}
On 5 September 1979, the [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|ceremonial funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey under tight security,<ref name="Burma">{{cite web|url=https://www.lordmountbattenofburma.com/1979-royal-ceremonial-funeral|title=LOUIS, 1st EARL MOUNTBATTEN OF BURMA 1979: A Royal Ceremonial Funeral|publisher=Lord Mountbatten|language=EN|access-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref> attended by [[Queen Elizabeth II]], the [[British royal family|Royal Family]], other members of European royal houses, Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and all her surviving predecessors. Thousands of people turned out for the funeral procession, which began at Wellington Barracks, including representatives of the three Armies and military contingents from Burma, [[India]], the [[United States]], [[France]] and [[Canada]].<ref name="Burma"/> His coffin was carried in a cavalry armor and accompanied by 118 members of the Royal Navy. The funeral service was televised and the [[Charles III|Prince of Wales]] read Psalm 107.<ref name="Burma"/> In that address, the Archbishop of Canterbury, [[Donald Coggan]], highlighted several passages from his life in the Royal Navy. After the public ceremony, which he had planned, he was buried in Romsey Abbey. As part of the funeral arrangements for him, his body was embalmed by [[Desmond Henley]].<ref name="Burma"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis Mountbatten, Earl}}
[[Category:1979 murders in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Assassinations in Ireland]]
[[Category:August 1979 events in Europe]]
[[Category:County Sligo]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 1979]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1979]]
[[Category:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)]]
[[Category:1979 disasters in Ireland]]

Operation Halyard

2024-03-11T04:29:37Z

Slazenger: Spelling correction

{{Short description|1944 Allied airlift operation in Serbia}}
{{Infobox operational plan
| name = Halyard Mission
| partof = [[World War II in Yugoslavia]]
| image = [[File:Pranjani Ceremony September 6 1944.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Joint US/Chetnik military ceremony in Pranjani September 6, 1944: Capt. Nick Lalich (OSS), Gen. [[Dragoljub Mihailović]] (Yugoslav Army in the Homeland), and Col. [[Robert H. McDowell]] (OSS).
| scope =
| type = Airlift/Special operation
| location = Near [[Pranjani]], [[Serbia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|44|02|09|N|20|10|41|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Yugoslavia
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| planned =
| planned_by =
| commanded_by = {{flagicon image|Office of Strategic Services Insignia.svg}} Maj. Gen. [[William J. Donovan]] {{flagicon image|Patch 15th USAAF.png}} Gen. [[Nathan Farragut Twining]] {{flagicon image|Mediterranean Allied Air Forces.png|23px}} Lt. Gen. [[Ira C. Eaker]] {{flagicon image|Chetniks Flag.svg}} Gen. [[Dragoljub Mihailovic]]
| objective = Rescue of U.S airmen
| target =
| date = 2 August – 27 December 1944
| time =
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| executed_by = {{flagicon image|Office of Strategic Services Insignia.svg}} [[Office of Strategic Services]] 
{{flagicon image|Chetniks Flag.svg}} [[Chetniks]] 
{{flagicon image|Mediterranean Allied Air Forces.png|23px}} [[Mediterranean Allied Air Forces]]
| outcome = Mission success
| casualties =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}
{{Campaignbox Yugoslavia}}

'''Operation Halyard''' (or '''Halyard Mission'''), known in Serbian as '''Operation Air Bridge''' ({{lang-sr|Операција Ваздушни мост|Operacija Vazdušni most}}),<ref name="Pešić2004">{{cite book|author=Miodrag D. Pešić|title=Misija Haljard: spasavanje savezničkih pilota od strane četnika Draže Mihailovića u Drugom svetskom ratu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=305nAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Pogledi|isbn=9788682235408}}</ref> was an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[airlift]] operation behind [[Axis powers|Axis]] lines during World War II. In July 1944, the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) drew up plans to send a team to the [[Chetniks]] force led by General [[Draža Mihailović]] in the [[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]] for the purpose of evacuating Allied airmen shot down over that area.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 30"/> This team, known as the Halyard team, was commanded by [[Lieutenant]] [[George Musulin]], along with [[Master Sergeant]] Michael Rajacich, and Specialist Arthur Jibilian, the radio operator. The team was detailed to the [[United States]] [[Fifteenth Air Force]] and designated as the 1st Air Crew Rescue Unit.<ref name="Ford 1992 p. 100">[[#Ford 1992|Ford (1992)]], p. 100</ref> It was the largest rescue operation of American airmen in history.<ref>[http://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1009490/us-commemorates-serbian-support-during-wwii/ US commemorates Serbian support during WWII - US Air Forces in Europa & Air Forces Africa]</ref> According to historian Professor [[Jozo Tomasevich]], a report submitted to the OSS showed that 417<ref name="Tomasevich 1975 p. 378">[[#Tomasevich 1975|Tomasevich (1975)]], p. 378</ref> Allied airmen who had been downed over occupied Yugoslavia were rescued by Mihailović's Chetniks,<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 32">[[#Leary 1995|Leary (1995)]], p. 32</ref> and airlifted out by the Fifteenth Air Force.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 30">[[#Leary 1995|Leary (1995)]], p. 30</ref> According to Lt. Cmdr. Richard M. Kelly (OSS), a grand total of 432 U.S. and 80 Allied personnel were airlifted during the Halyard Mission.<ref name="Kelly p. 62">[[#Kelly|Kelly (1946)]], p. 62</ref> According to Robert Donia allied air operations over Partisan territory in Yugoslavia were strategically significant and extensive in scope. Evaders’ forms show that airmen landed on much of Yugoslavia from eastern Serbia to Slovenia and even on Bulgaria. Evacuees most frequently mentioned airstrips at Tičevo, [[Sanski Most]] and on the Croatian coastal island of [[Vis (island)|Vis]]. Of the 2,364 flyers rescued from Yugoslavia, about 2,000 were extracted from [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] territory and 350 from Chetnik controlled territory.<ref>Robert J. Donia, ''The Forgotten Thousands: The Historiography of World War II Rescues of Allied Airmen in Yugoslavia''. Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 2020, p. 300-303</ref>

==Background==

===Targets for bombing===
[[File:Pranjani Serbia 1920.jpg|thumb|200px|left|John A. Kingsbury at banquet given by peasants, who are thankful for the health center, at village [[Pranjani]] in 1920.]]

After the successful [[Allied invasion of Sicily]], [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italy capitulated]] in the autumn of 1943, the Allies occupied the whole of southern Italy. In late 1943, the [[15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force|15th Air Force]] of the [[United States Army Air Forces]], under the command of General [[Nathan F. Twining|Nathan Twining]], was transferred from [[Tunisia]] to an airfield near [[Foggia]]. This airfield became the largest American air base in southern Italy, and was used for attacking targets in southern and [[Eastern Europe]]. The 15th Army Air Force also used the nearby airfields of [[Bari]], [[Brindisi]], [[Lecce Airfield|Lecce]] and [[Manduria]].
[[File:B-24D's fly over Ploești during World War II.jpg|thumb|left|B-24D's fly over Ploiești during World War II]]
The 15th Air Force bombed targets in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Hungary during World War II|Hungary]], [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania during World War II|Romania]]. Some of the most important targets were sources of petroleum and petroleum refineries in Romania. These installations were the driving force of Hitler's war machine and the main targets in the [[Oil Campaign of World War II]]. The Ostro Romano refinery in Ploiești, provided one quarter of the Third Reich's fuel needs and was one of the priority targets. All flights targeting the oil-fields and refineries in Romania, near the town of [[Ploiești]] north of [[Bucharest]], passed over the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia.

===Flight path===
From October 1943 to October 1944, the 15th Air Force conducted about 20,000 sorties with fighters and bombers. During this time it lost almost fifty percent of its aircraft but only about ten percent of its personnel. To carry out combat missions, the Fifteenth Air Force had at its disposal 500 heavy bombers ([[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17 Flying Fortresses]] and [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberators]]) and about 100 fighter escorts.

The flight path from southern Italy to the targets in Romania was repeated every day from the spring of 1944, (over the [[Adriatic Sea]], [[Montenegro]], Serbia and Bulgaria to Romania). Two-thirds of these flights were carried out against objectives in Bulgaria, Romania and the German-occupied zone of Serbia. The Germans had at their disposal a limited number of fighter aircraft whose most frequent targets were Allied planes that had already been damaged by Axis anti-aircraft defenses in Bulgaria and Romania, planes that because of such damage had to fly slowly at low altitude.

In the spring of 1944, the USAAF intensified the bombing of targets in Bulgaria and Romania, with the result that American aviators were being forced to bail out of damaged aircraft over Yugoslavia in increasing numbers. Some crews fell into the hands of Romanian, Bulgarian, Croatian or German troops and were sent to [[prisoner of war camp]]s. By August 1944, 350 bombers had been lost. Many of the crews survived: some came down in territory held by Marshal Tito's Partisans, while others found refuge in Serbia with [[Draža Mihailović]]`s Chetniks.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 28">[[#Leary 1995|Leary (1995)]], p. 28</ref>
[[File:Draza_Mihailovic,1943.jpg|thumb|Draža Mihailović in 1943]]
The first American airmen bailed out over the German-occupied zone of Serbia on 24 January 1944. That day two Liberators were shot down, one of them over [[Zlatibor]], the other over [[Toplica (river)|Toplica]]. One bomber, damaged by German fighter planes, made an emergency landing between Pločnik and Beloljin.<ref name="archive">[http://www.isi.mod.gov.rs/vojni_arhiv02/arhivska_gradja1.php?lang=en] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315182919/http://www.isi.mod.gov.rs/vojni_arhiv02/arhivska_gradja1.php?lang=en|date=2012-03-15}} Military Archive, Chetnik archives, K-278, registration number 18/1</ref> A crew of nine were rescued by the Chetnik Toplica Corps under the command of Major Milan Stojanović. The crew were placed in the home of local Chetnik leaders in the village of Velika Draguša. Another bomber was shot down that same day, the crew bailing out over [[Mount Zlatibor]]. They were found by members of the Zlatibor Corps. A [[Radiogram (message)|radiogram]] message on the rescue of one of the crews was sent by Stojanović to Mihailović on 25 January. Major Stojanović wrote that the previous day about 100 bombers flew from the direction of [[Niš]] towards [[Kosovska Mitrovica]], and that they were followed by nine German fighter aircraft. After a half-hour battle, one plane caught fire and was forced to land between the villages of [[Pločnik]] and [[Beloljin]], in the [[Toplica river|Toplica River]] valley.

By early July 1944, over one hundred airmen were in areas under Chetnik control.<ref>[[#Roberts 1973|Roberts (1973)]], p. 254</ref> The German and Bulgarian occupation forces in Serbia that had spotted the damaged aircraft and open parachutes pursued the airmen{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}. However, Chetniks under the control of Mihailović had already reached them. The Germans offered cash to the local Serbian population for the capture of Allied airmen. The peasants accepted the airmen into their homes and fed them for months without Allied help. Hospitals for sick and wounded airmen were established in [[Pranjani]] village.

==Creation of the Air Crew Rescue Unit==
[[Office of Strategic Services]] officers already had secured Marshal Tito's cooperation to retrieve downed airmen. In January 1944 Maj. Linn M. Farish and Lt. Eli Popovich had parachuted into Partisan HQ at [[Drvar]] to arrange assistance in rescuing American flyers. Following a meeting with Tito on 23 January 1944, orders went out to all partisan units to do everything possible to locate downed airmen and conduct them safely to the nearest Allied liaison team.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 29">[[#Leary 1995|Leary (1995)]], p. 29</ref>

Efforts to retrieve aircrews from Chetnik controlled areas ran afoul of the tangled web of Balkan politics. The British, who considered that part of the world within their sphere of interest, had shifted their support to Tito and were determined to sever all ties with Mihailović lest they offend the Communist leader. American attempts to maintain contact with Mihailović had been rebuffed by London.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 29"/> Nonetheless, General [[Nathan F. Twining]], Commander of the [[15th Air Force]], was determined to rescue his downed airmen. On 24 July 1944, thanks to the efforts of Twining and several OSS officers, General [[Ira C. Eaker]] (from April 1945 Deputy Commander of the Army Air Forces) directed the [[15th Air Force]] to establish an Air Crew Rescue Unit (ACRU). This independent organization of the [[Mediterranean Allied Air Forces]], attached to the [[15th Air Force]] would be responsible for locating and evacuating Allied airmen throughout the Balkans.

Selected to head the ACRU was Col. [[George Kraigher]] of the AAF Transport Command. Kraigher had flown for the Royal Serbian Air Force in World War I. Prior to World War II Kraigher played a key role in developing [[Pan American Airways]] air route from Miami to the Middle East via Brazil and West Africa. Taking over the rescue unit, Kraigher formed two parties. One would work with Tito's partisans; the other would go to Mihailović's Chetniks.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 30"/>

Lt. [[George Musulin]], an OSS officer who had led a liaison mission to Mihailović and one of the foremost advocates of maintaining contact with the Chetniks, was named commander of ACRU 1 (known as the Halyard Mission). Musulin, as Lt. Nelson Deranian, chief of OSS Special Operations Branch (SO) Bari suggested, possessed "the rugged character required to meet the hardships involved". M/Sgt. Michael Rajacich, borrowed from OSS Secret Intelligence Branch (S1) for this particular assignment, and Navy Specialist 1st Class Arthur Jibilian, the mission's OSS radio operator, rounded out Musulin's team.<ref name="Ford 1992 p. 100"/>

==Rescue of American airmen==
[[File:Wiki Šumadija VII Pranjani 1207 14.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Health center in the village of [[Pranjani]] built as an endowment of [[social worker]], [[humanist]] and member of the [[US Red Cross]] John A. Kingsbury (1876-1956) after the [[First World War]].<ref>[https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/items/show/3722 Kingzbury, John Adams (1876-1956)]</ref> In 1944, the OSS-led Halyard Mission team gave partial help from limited supplies. The dispensary was transformed into a behind enemy lines US military field hospital to treat wounded US airmen, Serbian Chetniks and local inhabitants. At the beginning of the 21st century, this village represents a small corner of the USA in Serbia.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eIJ6LHsl1E Memorial complex Pranjani by John Cappello]</ref>]]

On the night of 2–3 August 1944, after several abortive attempts, the Halyard Mission team parachuted into Mihailović's headquarters at Pranjani.<ref name="Ford 1992 p. 101">[[#Ford 1992|Ford (1992)]], p. 101</ref>

Airman Richard Felman (415th Bombardment Squadron, 98th Bombardment Group, 15th Air Force), who was at Pranjani, recalls the scene when the mission arrived at the airfield: "The one who was in the lead was the of a mob of Chetniks—they were kissing him and cheering him with tears in their eyes. He was in an American uniform and was one of the biggest chaps I'd ever seen. He walked over to us and put out his hands. 'I'm George Musulin', he said.<ref name="Ford 1992 p. 103">[[#Ford 1992|Ford (1992)]], p. 103</ref>

Lt. Musulin arranged a meeting with a committee of the airmen to discuss the preparations that would need to be made before evacuation could take place. He discovered that there were approximately 250 airmen divided into six groups and housed within a ten-mile radius of the airstrip at Galovića polje (Galovica field) near Pranjani. Musulin established a courier service between the mission and the various groups in order to provide daily news on the progress being made towards the evacuation. He also distributed funds to enable the airmen to purchase needed supplies. At the same time Mihailović assigned the First Ravna Gora Corps to provide security for the operation.

According to Professor Kirk Ford, the airmen assembled at Pranjani awaiting evacuation represented a potential source of intelligence, particularly concerning Serbia. "They had witnessed the civil war between Chetnik and Partisan forces and had experienced the full range of Chetnik-German relations, from open hostility to wary tolerance and at times accommodation. They had seen Chetnik soldiers give their lives to save them from capture and had been protected and well-treated by Mihailović's forces and by the Serbian peasantry. Their very presence at Pranjani under Chetnik was itself a clear evidence that Mihailović remained a well-disposed toward the United States and was no collaborator in the true sense of the word."<ref name="Ford 1992 p. 107">[[#Ford 1992|Ford (1992)]], p. 107</ref>

{{Blockquote|To some, it may be difficult to understand how the Chetniks could rescue American Airmen from the Germans, as they did in at least one instance, and, at the same time, collaborate with these very same forces. The answer rests in the Chetniks' perception of who was really the enemy. The Chetniks considered the Partisan communist movement a far greater threat to Yugoslavia than the German occupation forces. Renewed Allied support was Mihailovic's only means of reversing the Partisan takeover. There was absolutely nothing to be gained by turning American airmen over to the Germans. In fact, evacuated Americans were a significant source of first rate public relations on behalf of the Chetniks. In late 1944, only Americans displayed any outward concern for what might happen to the Chetniks when the Partisans gained control. To do anything except rescue and protect American airmen would mean the loss of their last source of support and salvation.<ref name="znaci.net">{{cite book|last=Matteson|first=Thomas T.|title=An Analysis of the Circumstances Surrounding the Rescue and Evacuation of Allied Aircrewmen from Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 |work=Air War College Research Report No 128|year=1977|publisher=Air War College |location=Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama|page=40|url=https://znaci.org/00002/406.pdf}}</ref> | [[Thomas T. Matteson]] Commander, in ''An Analysis of the Circumstances Surrounding the Rescue and Evacuation of Allied Aircrewmen from Yugoslavia, 1941-1945''}}

According to statistics compiled by the US Air Force Air Crew Rescue Unit, between 1 January and 15 October 1944, a total of 1,152 American airmen were airlifted from Yugoslavia, 795 with the assistance of the Yugoslav Partisans and 356 with the help of the Serbian Chetniks. Serbian-American Lt. Eli Popovich, part of the Halyard Mission attached to partisan HQ, kept in radio contact with Arthur Jibilian to co-ordinate the rescue of all US and foreign airmen in Yugoslavia from Mihailović's HQ (where radio operator Jibilian was attached).

==Airstrip construction==
[[File:Wiki Šumadija VII Galovića polje 1270 13.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Improvised airfield in the village of Pranjani. On this site, in 2020 is started the construction of the Memorial Complex and the sport airfield to commemorate on this rescue operation.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8knzLVsSHs Pranjani Memorial (Halyard Foundation & Bus Plus Produkcija)]</ref> ]]
In early-March 1944, 25 rescued pilots were brought to Pranjani. Captain [[Zvonimir Vučković]] of the First Ravna Gora Corps was responsible for their security. Mihailović ordered Vučković to build an improvised airstrip from which the aviators could be evacuated. Vučković selected a field near [[Pranjani]]. Construction of the airstrip was managed by Captain Nikola Verkić. Vučković stated:

{{Blockquote|More than a hundred diggers and as many ox-drawn carts were used to build. Because of the greater secrecy we worked mostly at night. The digging, leveling and cutting-down of trees created blisters on hands. In late March I sent a report to General Mihailović that the jobs around the airport were completed.<ref name="TT"/>}}

British authorities thought the airstrip was too short. Eleven airmen, including John P. Devlin, wanted to go on foot to the Adriatic Sea. Mihailovic provided supporting units and they started out on 19 April, after a ceremonial send-off in Pranjani. The remaining aviators were unable to walk due to injuries and illness. A few dozen more airmen reached Pranjani in late-April. Vučković divided them into two groups. The first, from the Takovo district, was guided by Sergeant Bora Komračević. The second group from the Dragačevo district was guided by Mihailo Paunović, who did not speak English.<ref name="TT"/>

==Ground combat==
Due to the collection of rescued aviators near Pranjani, fighting occurred between the Chetniks and German and Bulgarian occupation forces. On 14 March 1944 the Germans moved into the village of Oplanić, near [[Gružа]], looking for the crew of a downed Liberator. Captain Nikola Petković's 4th battalion of the Gruža brigade opened fire on the German armored vehicles to lure them away from the portion of the village where the aviators were hiding. Three Chetniks were killed and two more captured during the firefight. After the war, the communists destroyed their gravestones.<ref>Ćirović, Slobodan: ''On the trail of crime'', Nova Svetlost, Kragujevac, 2002.</ref>{{Request quotation|date=March 2012}}

The 1st Dragačevo Brigade of the First Ravna Gora Corps engaged German forces attempting to capture an American aircrew bailing out over the [[Čačak]] - [[Užice]] road. Vučković reported the deaths of a few Chetnik soldiers in the fight. The fallen Chetniks were buried in a cemetery in Dljin village.<ref name="TT">[http://www.gelman.gwu.edu/collections/GRC/collections/CEER/serbia Zvonimir Vučković, A Balkan Tragedy, Yugoslavia 1941-1946: Memoirs of a Guerrilla Fighter, New York. ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614180047/http://www.gelman.gwu.edu/collections/GRC/collections/CEER/serbia |date=June 14, 2010 }}</ref>

Lieutenant Colonel Todor Gogić, commander of the Morava group Corps sent a radiogram to Mihailović on 17 April, "On 15 April at about 11 hours, due to engine failure, a B-24 Liberator with a crew of 10 made an emergency landing near the village of Drenovac south of [[Paraćin]]. We managed to rescue nine crew members from the Germans and Bulgarians, but one airmen was captured. The crew is from the 861st Squadron, 460th bomber group."<ref>[http://www.isi.mod.gov.rs/vojni_arhiv02/arhivska_gradja1.php?lang=en] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315182919/http://www.isi.mod.gov.rs/vojni_arhiv02/arhivska_gradja1.php?lang=en|date=2012-03-15}} Military Archive, Chetnik archives, K-277, registration number 4/1</ref>

==Departure of Chetnik political mission==
The British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] military mission led by [[Brigadier]] [[Charles Armstrong (soldier)|Charles Armstrong]] was ready for evacuation by late-May 1944. Following agreement with their [[Bari]] headquarters, three Douglas Dakota cargo aircraft ([[C-47]]s) landed at Pranjani on 29 May. In addition to the SOE mission, 40 rescued Allied airmen were also evacuated. Mihailović had decided to send a political mission to London using the same evacuation. The mission was led by the President of the [[Socialist Party of Yugoslavia]], [[Živko Topalović]]. Topalović had been a member of the [[Labour and Socialist International]] party before the war. He intended to meet with British political leaders to influence them to change [[Winston Churchill]]'s decision to abandon Mihailović and support [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Topalović's mission was a failure. The British did not allow him to leave southern Italy.

==Radio link==

===The Democratic Yugoslavia news agency bulletin reports===
Reports about the rescued airmen were sent to the "Democratic Yugoslavia" news agency, which belonged to the High Command of the Yugoslav Army in the fatherland of Mihailović. This agency had an office and radio station in New York City. A report was received by the Yugoslav Embassy in [[Washington, DC]]. Staff headed by the Ambassador [[Konstantin Fotić]], forwarded the report to the US Army, so that the families of airmen, especially their mothers, who were in some cases previously notified that their offspring were "missing in action". The reports almost always contained the names and addresses of the airmen.

Mirjana Vujnovich was working at the Yugoslav Embassy in Washington when she learned of reports that Serbian guerrillas were sheltering Allied airmen. She passed the information on to her husband, [[George Vujnovich]], who put together a rescue plan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Richard |date=2012-04-30 |title=George Vujnovich is Dead at 96; Led War Rescue |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/nyregion/george-vujnovich-96-led-rescue-of-airmen-in-world-war-ii.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Lieutenant George Vujnovich, worked for the OSS in [[Brindisi]], in southern Italy. He received a letter from his wife which mentioned the American airmen's plight: "there are hundreds... can you do something for them? It would be great if [they] are evacuated".<ref name="AT">[http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Operativac-OSS-u-Brindiziju.lt.html Agent of the OSS in Brindisi], Newspaper "Politika", November 7, 2010</ref> It was the turning point which led to the planning and execution of Operation Halyard.<ref name="AT"/>

===Evacuation===
{{Cleanup|reason=run-on text|date=December 2018}}
In late-May 1944, for the first time since 1941, there were no Allied liaison officers with the Chetniks. Mihailovich's headquarters had attempted to establish direct radio contact with the Allied Mediterranean Command, but failed.

On 15 July 1944, while returning in a severely damaged airplane (B-17G, 840th BS, 483rd BG,15th AF, Sterparone, Italy) on a mission to an important enemy oil refinery in Ploesti, Captain Leo C. Brooks [West Point, June 1943] was forced to bail out over Yugoslavia ([[Ljig]], Serbia). Immediately on landing he was approached by members of the Chetnik army who offered him assistance. At Captain Brooks' request to see their commanding officer (Kapetan Marko Muzikravić), he was led through the mountains for several days. On 26 July 1944 he reached a British landing strip (Pranjani, Serbia) that had been prepared for the evacuation of escapees.

In the villages surrounding this field there were already some 150 American airmen who were awaiting an expected evacuation, and more were coming in every day. As the ranking American officer, he took command of the Americans present. In conjunction with the Chetnik area commander he determined the best policy to follow in quartering and protecting the men and in effecting a high degree of camouflage discipline. Due to his careful planning, tact, and diplomacy, Captain Brooks obtained maximum aid and assistance from the Chetnik Army. Two entire army corps totaling 3,000 men were provided him to insure ample defense against possible German interference.

At Captain Brooks' suggestion, all men to be evacuated were split into six groups with an American officer in charge of each. The first of these groups was composed of all the sick and injured who were quartered near a hospital so that they could receive medical attention. The rest of the groups were dispersed in the neighboring mountains, the most distant being two hours walking distance away. Keeping with him a staff of six officers to handle staff work, Captain Brooks then directed that, to insure the most orderly and expeditious evacuation possible, a list be drafted by name, rank, and serial number of all Americans in the area together with the date of their being shot down. Meanwhile, two men (one was 1st Lt. Tom Oliver (West Point, June 1943, B-24, 756th BS, 459th BG, 15th AF, Giulia, Italy and, ironically, academy roommate of Captain Brooks) who had been sent to contact General Mihailovic's headquarters, brought back word that on one of three specified nights friendly planes would land to evacuate those present.

Captain Brooks inspected the airfield, improvised a night-lighting system with several kerosene lamps and then set up a watch to signal the planes when they came over. Only one plane arrived, however, and it did not land, dropping supplies and three men by parachute instead. These three men (OSS team, 1st Lt. Musulin, Master Sergeant Rajacich, and Navy Petty Officer Jibilian) had been sent in as an Allied mission from Italy and had brought along a radio. The officer in charge of the mission brought word that the landing strip was not considered usable by 15th Air Force and that no landing would be made until a great amount of work had been done to it. After setting up an improvised radio station with the new equipment, Captain Brooks left one officer in charge of the construction work necessary at this particular field, gave him detailed instructions on how to complete the project, and procured for him through the Chetnik Army Commander a large number of Yugoslav laborers.

The remaining six officers, including himself, he divided into two-man teams to investigate possible sites for another field. In this manner two better locations were discovered, and work was immediately begun on those fields as well. In the meantime, radio contact with 15th Air Force was reestablished. A request was made for urgently needed supplies and a message sent regarding the work that was being done on the first field. Two transports came shortly thereafter and dropped a considerable quantity of needed supplies. Acting under instructions previously issued by Captain Brooks, the group quartered nearest the dropping site successfully brought in all these supplies. Several days later when construction on the first field had progressed to the point where it was usable, the 15th Air Force was notified. A message came back from headquarters that eight aircraft would arrive that evening, each with a capacity of 12 men. Captain Brooks then sent runners to alert the first 96 men scheduled to go.

The field was cleared and signal fires built. One officer was put in charge of the men and ordered to have each group of twelve men leave the woods only when its plane was ready. During this time no one else was to be on the field. Another officer was detailed to meet the planes as they landed and park them for loading. A third officer was detailed to guide them out for takeoff. Only four aircraft (C-47A, 60thTCG, 12thAF Brindisi, Italy) came in that night, the first carrying a doctor, several assistants, and medical supplies. These four airplanes were landed, unloaded, loaded with evacuees, and successfully dispatched. Captain Brooks learned from the pilot of the first plane to land, that the operation was to continue throughout the following morning with friendly fighter cover. He immediately sent runners to all the different groups.

By 07:00 on 10 August 1944 all the remaining evacuees had been assembled in the woods adjacent to the field. To assist the aircraft, Captain Brooks had had the field marked with strips of parachutes. As each airplane came in that morning 20 men were dispatched to it and it took off. Only after all the other evacuees had been loaded did Captain Brooks get aboard the last airplane. After this last airplane had been loaded, the pilot counted 21 men aboard, one more than the maximum. Assuming that one would have to be left on the ground Captain Brooks immediately left the airplane as the volunteer who would stay behind. A recount by the pilot, however, brought out that he had only 20 passengers instead of 21. After reassuring himself that the safety of the others would not be imperiled, Captain Brooks did board again. A total of 240 Americans, seven British, 12 Russians, five French, and five Italian officers and men were evacuated in this operation.

===Airlift from Pranjani to Bari===
At midnight on 2 August 1944, an American plane flew over Pranjani, near Mihailovic's headquarters in central Serbia, where a fire burned as a previous agreed signal. Three parachutes opened just behind and below the aircraft, they supported OSS intelligence agents Captain George Musulin, Lieutenant Michael Rayachich, and Sergeant Arthur Jiblian and their radio equipment; they were there to set the operation up. Captain Musulin's first task was to request from Mihailović that all the rescued airmen be gathered in the area for the forthcoming evacuation. Musulin was assured that the Chetniks had done everything possible for the airmen, including medical care. They were to have armed escorts to the evacuation point. In the meantime, to allow for a possible German attack on Pranjani, Mihailović was instructed to build a reserve airstrip in the Dragačevo district.<ref name="AS"/>

Mihailović decided to send additional representatives to Italy to assist Topalović with his mission. They were;<ref>[[#Roberts 1973|Roberts(1973)]], p. 255</ref> the president of the [[Independent Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)|Independent Democratic Party]] [[Adam Pribićević]], Supreme Court judge Dr. [[Vladimir Belajčić]], Captain Zvonimir Vučković, and Ivan Kovač, a Slovene who taught [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] before the war.

Meanwhile, on Sunday, 6 August 1944, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published an interview with Mihailović by journalist [[Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II|Cyrus Leo Sulzberger]].

Near Pranjani, Chetnik sentries detained a civilian identified as Ivan Popov; one sentinel had his suspicions aroused because he thought he had seen Popov leave a Gestapo building in [[Belgrade]] in a German officers' uniform. Captain Vučković ordered the man to be executed. However, the civilian was reprieved at the last minute when he showed Vučković a letter signed by Mihailović. The incident was reported to the general, who ordered that he be sent to his headquarters. Popov was a double agent for the Yugoslavs and British in the Gestapo. He was also [[Dušan Popov]]'s brother.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/may2002.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2011-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203155742/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/may2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Popov (British [[Code name|codenamed]] ''Dreadnought'', Yugoslav (Chetnik) codenamed ''Eskulap''), was evacuated along with American airmen to Italy. The young aviators had no idea that one of the passengers was a former Gestapo officer.

The largest evacuation from [[Pranjani]] began at 03:00 on 10 August. Four [[C-47]]s flew in; they were followed by a further six. Other sources give twelve<ref>Matteson p29</ref> or fourteen US transport aircraft used.<ref name="Roberts 1973 p. 255">[[#Roberts 1973|Roberts (1973)]], p. 255</ref> These aircraft may have been protected by 50 ([[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang]] and [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning|P-38 Lightning]]) fighters of the Fifteenth Air Force,<ref>Matteson 1977 p29</ref> but one source indicates they were protected by six [[Royal Air Force]] Spitfires.<ref name="Roberts 1973 p. 255"/> Ground security was provided by the Morava group under Captain Aleksandar Milošević. A total of 237 men were evacuated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}<ref>Matteson gives 263 total, including 225 American aircrew and six British aircrew, p29</ref>

The operation was repeated on 12, 15, and 18 August; a further 210 airmen were evacuated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} A new OSS unit, under Operation Ranger, was led by Colonel [[Robert H. McDowell]]. Musulin flew out of Pranjani on 29 August, in the same aircraft that McDowell had arrived in. Musulin's replacement was Captain Nick Lalich, who flew to Pranjani on 10 August.

===Evacuation from Koceljeva===
On the eve of the [[Belgrade Offensive|invasion by the Red Army]] in September 1944, the supreme command of the Yugoslav Army, along with the Halyard and Ranger missions, left Pranjani and transferred to [[Mačva]]. Another improvised airstrip at [[Koceljeva]] had been built. The runway was 400 meters long. It was constructed between 15–17 September. Twenty airmen, a Frenchman, a few Italians, and two US medical officers were evacuated on 17 September.<ref name="AS">[http://www.pogledi.rs/30.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221023306/http://pogledi.rs/30.php|date=2010-12-21}} Pešić, Miodrag: ''Mission Halyard'', Novi Pogledi, Kragujevac, 2004.</ref>

===Evacuation from Boljanić===
A third improvised airstrip was built between 22 October-1 November at Boljanić near [[Doboj]] in eastern Bosnia. It was used to evacuate the Supreme Command of the Yugoslav Army and 15 US airmen on 27 September. These aviators had jumped from two damaged aircraft in June 1944 into Milino Selo, in eastern Bosnia. They were accommodated in the houses of Luke Panić and several prominent farmers in the village Boljanić, and rescued by the Chetniks Ozren Corps Major Cvijetin Todić.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} Two C-47s, covered by seven fighters, landed. The evacuees, including Captain John Milodragovich and Lieutenant Michael Rajachich (both OSS), were taken to Bari. McDowell tried to persuade Mihailović to accompany him to Italy, but he refused, saying: ''"I prefer to lose my life in my country, than to live as an outcast in strange land. I'll stay with my soldiers and my people to the end, in order to fulfill duty that my [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King]] gave to me. For King and Fatherland – Freedom or Death!"''

Two C-47s, one piloted by Colonel [[George Kraigher]], (a pioneer in the development of [[Pan American World Airways]] ),<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/25/obituaries/george-kraigher-pilot-in-two-wars.html GEORGE KRAIGHER, PILOT IN TWO WARS], by Thomas W. Ennis (The New York Times); Obituary, September 25, 1984</ref> the other by First Lieutenant John L. Dunn, left Italy at 11:00 on 27 December 1944. Escorted by 16 P-38s, they reached the emergency landing field at Boljanić at 12:55. Spotting a hole in the overcast, Kraigher led the way in, to land on a 1,700-foot strip that was frozen just enough to support the weight of a C-47. The transports were met by Captain Lalich. The aircraft were quickly loaded with 20 American airmen, one US citizen, two Yugoslavian (Chetnik) officers, four French, four Italian army personnel, and two remaining Halyard team members, Lalich and his radio operator, Arthur Jibilian. Lalich tried once more to persuade Mihailović to accompany them to Italy. Mihailović remained consistent in his intention to stay with his soldiers. The aircraft took off at 13:15.

==Number of rescued airmen==
*237 men evacuated from Pranjani on 9–10 August
*210 men evacuated from Pranjani on 12, 15, 18 August
*20 men evacuated from Koceljeva on 17 September
*15 men evacuated from the village of Boljanić on 1 November
*20 men evacuated from Boljanić on 27 December

A total of 417 Allied airmen were airlifted from Chetnik territory during Operation Halyard, of which 343 were Americans.<ref name="Tomasevich 1975 p. 378"/>

==Members of the Halyard Mission==
*Captain George Musulin (Head of Mission from 2–19 August 1944) - [[Legion of Merit]].
*[[George Vujnovich]], helped organize and supervise the mission - Bronze Star Medal.<ref name=nytime>{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Richard|title=George Vujnovich is Dead at 96; Led War Rescue|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/nyregion/george-vujnovich-96-led-rescue-of-airmen-in-world-war-ii.html|access-date=May 3, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 29, 2012}}</ref>
*Lieutenant Michael "Mike" Rayachich (member of mission from 2–19 August, then a member of the Renger mission to 1 November 1944) - Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster.
*Radio operator Navy Specialist 1st Class Petty Officer (the equivalent of Staff Sgt.) Arthur Jibilian (member of mission from 2 August-27 December 1944) - [[Silver Star]]
*Captain Nick Lalich (member of mission from 10–28 August, Head of Mission from 29 August-27 December 1944) - Legion of Merit.
*Captain Jack Mitrani, MD, with two medical assistants (Dr Mitrani headed the medical team mission of Halyard from 10 August-17 September 1944).

==Mission==

This operation took place between August and December 1944 from a crudely constructed forest airfield created by Serbian peasants in Pranjani. It is little known today, and largely unknown to most Americans. It is the subject of the 2007 book ''The Forgotten 500: The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All For the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II'', by author [[Gregory A. Freeman]]. In his book, he describes it as one of the greatest rescue stories ever told. It tells the story of how the airmen were downed in a country they knew nothing about, and how the Serbian villagers were willing to sacrifice their own lives to save the lives of the air crews.
[[File:DražaLegion of Merit.jpg|thumb|Mihailović was posthumously awarded the U.S. Legion of Merit]]
The OSS planned an elaborate rescue involving C-47 cargo planes landing in enemy territory. It was an extremely risky operation, involving the planes not only entering enemy territory without being shot down themselves, but also landing, retrieving the downed airmen, then taking off and flying out of that same territory, again without being shot down themselves. The rescue was a complete success, but received little to no publicity. This was partly due to the timing, the world's attention being focused on the [[Operation Overlord|conflict in northern France]].

Because of this operation, and due to the efforts of Major Richard Felman, United States President [[Harry S. Truman]] posthumously awarded Mihailović the [[Legion of Merit]] for his contribution to the Allied victory during World War II. Initially, this high award and the story of the rescue was classified secret by the U.S. [[State Department]] so as not to offend the-then Communist government of Yugoslavia. Such a display of appreciation for the Chetniks would not have been welcome as the Western Allies, who had supported the Chetniks early in World War II, switched sides to [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s Partisans for the latter part of the war.
The award was presented to Mihailović's daughter Gordana Mihajlovic by the US State Department on May 9, 2005.

==Commemoration==
Authority to erect a monument to Mihailovich was given in 1989 by the National Committee of American Airmen in Washington, District of Columbia, in recognition of the role he played in saving the lives of more than five hundred United States airmen in Yugoslavia during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:S.J.RES.18.IS: |title=Bill Text 101st Congress (1989-1990) S.J.RES.18.IS |access-date=2011-03-30 |archive-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122030036/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:S.J.RES.18.IS: |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On September 12, 2004, five years after the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|NATO armed conflict against Yugoslavia]], four American veterans, Clare Musgrove, Arthur Jibilian, George Vujnovich and Robert Wilson, visited Pranjani for the unveiling of a commemorative plaque.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://belgrade.usembassy.gov/archives/press/2004/040916.html |title=WWII Veterans Delegation Visit Serbia |access-date=2007-10-18 |archive-date=2007-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519011906/http://www.belgrade.usembassy.gov/archives/press/2004/040916.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A bill introduced in the [[US House of Representatives]] by [[Bob Latta]] on July 31, 2009, requested that Jibilian be awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for his part in Operation Halyard.
[[File:USMC-090815-A-5937M-002.jpg|thumb|left|Marine Security Guards for the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade, Serbia Lance Corporal Aaron Johnston and Gunnery Sgt. Laureano Perez lay a wreath at the Halyard Mission memorial in [[Pranjani]], Serbia.]]
[[File:Halyard Mission in Sirogojno.jpg|thumb|left|Operation Halyard memorial of the [[Zlatibor Corps]] in [[Sirogojno]]]]
On Veterans' Day, 2007, the U.S. Ambassador to Serbia, [[Cameron Munter]], visited Pranjani and presented the citizens of the area with a proclamation signed by the Governor of the State of Ohio expressing gratitude to the Serbian families that rescued hundreds of U.S. airmen whose aircraft had been shot down by Nazi forces in World War II.

On October 17, 2010, George Vujnovich was awarded the [[Bronze Star]] in a ceremony in New York City for his role in the operation.<ref>[http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/14/66-years-later-a-bronze-star/?ref=nyregion 66 Years Later, a Bronze Star, New York Times, City Room, October 14, 2010]</ref><ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101017/ap_on_re_us/us_wwii_rescue_medal;_ylt=AsG_qByyNmRgnAUkaWka2gAUewgF;_ylu=X3oDMTNuNDlubnBvBGFzc2V0Ay9zL2FwLzIwMTAxMDE3L2FwX29uX3JlX3VzL3VzX3d3aWlfcmVzY3VlX21lZGFsBGNjb2RlA21wX2VjXzhfMTAEY3BvcwM0BHBvcwM0BHNlYwN5bl90b3Bfc3RvcmllcwRzbGsDOTUteWVhci1vbGRu 95-year-old NYC man gets medal for WWII rescue]</ref> Vujnovich trained the volunteers who carried out the rescue, teaching them how to blend in with other Serbians, by mastering mundane tasks conforming to local custom, such as tying and tucking their shoelaces and pushing food onto their forks with their knives during meals.
[[File:Ravnagora spomenik1.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to General Draza Mihailovic at Ravna Gora near historical improvised airstrip in the village Pranjani, Serbia.]]
The U.S. Embassy in Belgrade, in cooperation with the Euro-Atlantic Initiative and the citizens of Pranjani, initiated a project to construct a library and youth center in Pranjani which will help the education of local children and enhance commemoration of the Halyard Mission. The project will mark a historical bond between the Serbian and American people and the [[Ohio–Serbia National Guard Partnership|state partnership]] between [[Serbia]] and the [[State of Ohio]], which was established in 2006. The project will include an effort to educate both the Serbian and American public about the Halyard Mission, through photographic exhibitions, an internet presentation and the production of a documentary movie. The library-youth center project consists of the construction of a multipurpose facility. It will serve as a library and the center for multimedia education of young people and farmers from the Pranjani area. It will be equipped with Internet access and as a memorial center for the Halyard Mission which will include a permanent exhibition of photographs, objects and documents related to the evacuation mission of Allied airmen and the wartime alliance between the people of Serbia and the U.S. Part of the Center's exhibits will be given to the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]], [[Wright-Patterson Air Base]] in Ohio where a special exhibition area will be opened about Serbia's role in the rescue of the airmen in World War II. Similar to the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial|Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C.]], one wall of the Pranjani center will include the names of all the Allied airmen that were rescued during the Halyard Mission and the Serbian families that hid and cared for them. The Library will be built immediately adjacent to the primary school and Pranjani church, which was the place used for ceremonies of friendship and cooperation by citizens of the area, the Ravna Gora movement ([[Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland]]), and the U.S. mission. Another segment will be built on Galovića field in Pranjani where the U.S. Air Force evacuated the airmen. This part of the project envisions the construction of a hangar and the placement of one C-47 aircraft inside it. In addition, multi-language plaques and maps will be erected that will allow history lovers and interested tourists to become acquainted with the Halyard Mission and the historic heritage of the area.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|title=A Balkan Tragedy, Yugoslavia 1941-1946: Memoirs of a Guerilla Fighter|year=2004|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=0880335378|url=http://www.trove.nla.gov.au/work/17497575?selectedversion=NBD261829112|author=Zvonimir Vuckovich}}
*{{cite book|title=Operation Air Bridge:Serbian Chetniks and the Rescued American Airmen in World War II|year= 2002|publisher=Serbian Master's Society|isbn=86-903831-0-7|author=Miodrag D. Pesic}}
*{{cite book|title=Héros trahi par les alliés: Le général Mihailovic 1893-1946|year=1999|publisher=Librairie Académque Perrin|isbn=9782262035075|author=Jean-Christophe Buisson}}
* {{cite book|title=OSS and Yugoslav Resistance 1943 - 1945|year=1992|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1585440405|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/158544040X/ref=pd_aw_fbt_14_img_2?ie=VTF8&psc=1&refRID=FMRCGFQZB7TTHDBV49EM|author=Kirk Ford}}
* Freeman, Gregory A. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Forgotten-500-Untold-Greatest-Mission/dp/0451224957 The Forgotten 500: The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All For the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II]'' NAL Hardcover 2007, {{ISBN|0-451-22212-1}}
*{{cite book|title=Last Words: A Memoir of World War II and Yugoslav Tragedy|year=1989|publisher=Walker&Co - New York|isbn=0802710670|url=https://archive.org/details/lastwordsmemoiro00todo|author=Boris J. Todorovich}}
*{{cite book|title=Shadows of the Mountain: The Allies, the Resistance and the Rivalries that Domed WWII Yugoslavia|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470084564|author=Marcia Kurapovna}}
*{{cite book|title=Great Rescues of World War II: Stories of Adventure, Daring and Sacrifice|year=2009|publisher=Murdoch Books |isbn=978-1741964523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WRN-SoDTBgC&q=Craughwell,+Thomas+J.+Great+Rescues+of+World+War+II|author=Thomas J. Craughwell}}
*{{cite book|title=Serbia Under Swastika: A World War Occupation (History of Military Occupation)|year=2017|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252041068|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/0252041062/ref=pd_aw_sim_sbs_14_1?ie=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=T3DX0E2R1VT9K3GGCMJ&dpPL=1&dpLD=51QPhTDirJL|author=Alexander Prusin}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Hoare
| first = Marko Attila
| title = Adding Insult to Injury: Washington Decorates a Nazi Collaborator
| journal = Bosnia Report
| date = September–November 2005
| series = 47-48
| url = http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=3026&reportid=169
| access-date = 2014-01-25
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303145017/http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=3026&reportid=169
| archive-date = 2012-03-03
| url-status = dead
}}
* Karchmar, Lucien. ''Draža Mihailović and the Rise of the Četnik Movement, 1941-1942.'' New York: Garland Pub., 1987.
* {{cite journal
| last = Kelly
| first = Lt. Cmdr. Richard M.
| title = Behind the Enemy Lines Series: Halyard Mission
| journal = Blue Book Magazine
|date=August 1946
| series = Volume 83, No 4
| url = http://www.ossreborn.com/files/Behind%20the%20Lines%20Series%20Compilation.pdf
| ref = Kelly
}}
*{{cite book
|first=William M.
|last=Leary
|title=Fueling the Fires of Resistance: Army Air Forces Special Operations in the Balkans 1943-1945
|publisher=USAF - Air Force History and Museum Program
|year=1995
|ref=Leary_1995
|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a433268.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190803/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a433268.pdf
|url-status=live
|archive-date=February 1, 2014
}}
* Lees, Michael. ''The Rape of Serbia: The British Role in Tito's Grab for Power, 1943-1944.'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991.
* Martin, David. ''Ally Betrayed: The Uncensored Story of Tito and Mihailović.'' New York: Prentice-Hall, 1946.
* Martin, David. ''Patriot or Traitor: The Case of General Mihailović: Proceedings and Report of the Commission of Inquiry of the Committee for a Fair Trial for Draja Mihailović.'' Hoover Archival Documentaries. Hoover Institution Publication, volume 191. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1978.
* Martin, David. ''The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder.'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990.
* {{Cite book|last=Matteson|first=Thomas T.|title=AN ANALYSIS OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE RESCUE AND EVACUATION OF ALLIED AIRCREWMEN FROM YUGOSLAVIA, 1941-1945|year=1977|url=https://znaci.org/00002/406.htm|publisher=Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base|location=Alabama}}
* {{cite book
|first=Walter R.
|last=Roberts
|title=Tito, Mihailović and the Allies 1941-1945
|url=https://archive.org/details/titomihailovict00walt
|url-access=registration
|publisher=Rutgers University Press
|year=1973
|isbn=9780813507408
|ref=Roberts_1973
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Tomasevich
| first = Jozo
| title = War and revolution in Yugoslavia 1941-1945, Volume I: The Chetniks
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ&q=the+chetniks
| publisher = [[Stanford University Press]]
| year = 1975
| location = [[San Francisco]]
| isbn = 0-8047-0857-6
| ref = Tomasevich_1975
}}
* Trew, Simon. ''Britain, Mihailović, and the Chetniks, 1941–42.'' Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press in association with King's College, London, 1998.

==External links==
*[http://www.teslasociety.com/arthur_photos.htm Poor villagers, Chetniks and American Airmen during Halyard Mission in the Nazi-occupied Serbia - Photos by Art Jibilian]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_fhNd5ZBE8 Halyard Mission - AFNEuropa] on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oa0SnbB1kQ0 Site of Operation Halyard] on YouTube
*[http://www.historynet.com/rescue-behind-enemy-lines.htm Rescue Behind Enemy Lines] by Kevin Morrow, World War II Magazine, March 20, 2008
*[http://www.generalmihailovich.com/2008/04/mihailovich-and-i-by-richard-l-felman.html Mihaliovich and I by Richard L. Felman (1964)]
*[http://www.marines.mil/unit/hqmc/Pages/OperationHalyardmissionevokesforgottenfriendshipsamongSerbs,Americans.aspx U.S. Marines at the Halyard Mission memorial] at ''[[USMC]]'' by Army Sgt. Sean Mathis, Headquarters Marine Corps, February 9, 2009
*[http://www.postgazette.com/pg/09212/987716-84.stm Trying to right a wrong WWII airmen honored for role in rescue operation] by Jack Kelly, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 31, 2009
*[http://www.cantoncitizenonline.com/111110/worldwar2.htm Canton man a big part of greatest untold story of WWII] by Jay Turner Citizen Staff (Canton Citizen), November 11, 2010 Non Functional Link.
*[http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/The-Great-Escape.html?c=y&page=1 The Great Escape ] by Phil Scott; Air & Space Magazine, January 1, 2011
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6967314n Bronze Star Awarded to Unsung WWII Hero] CBS NEWS, October 17, 2010

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving the United States|Halyard]]
[[Category:1944 in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Yugoslavia in World War II]]
[[Category:Airlifts]]
[[Category:Serbia–United States relations]]
[[Category:1944 in Serbia]]
[[Category:Serbia in World War II]]
[[Category:1944 in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina in World War II]]
[[Category:Escapes and rescues during World War II]]

HMS Stork (L81)

2024-03-01T07:01:15Z

Slazenger: Using standardized abbreviations for armament in infobox.

{{short description|Sloop of the Royal Navy}}
{{other ships|HMS Stork}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = HMS Stork 1943 IWM FL 22540.jpg
| Ship caption = HMS ''Stork'' in July 1943
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = United Kingdom
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
| Ship name = HMS ''Stork''
| Ship ordered = 1 May 1935
| Ship awarded =
| Ship builder = [[William Denny & Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]]
| Ship laid down = 19 June 1935
| Ship launched = 21 April 1936
| Ship christened =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship commissioned = 10 September 1936
| Ship recommissioned =
| Ship decommissioned =
| Ship in service =
| Ship out of service =
| Ship renamed =
| Ship reclassified =
| Ship refit =
| Ship captured =
| Ship struck =
| Ship reinstated =
| Ship identification = [[Pennant number]]: L81 / U81
| Ship fate = Broken up at [[Troon]] 1958
| Ship homeport =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption = <ref>Conway p57</ref>
| Ship class = {{sclass|Bittern|sloop|0}} [[sloop of war|sloop]]
| Ship displacement = 1,190 tons
| Ship length = {{convert|266|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|37|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught =
| Ship draft =
| Ship propulsion = *Geared [[steam turbines]] on two shafts
*3,300 hp
| Ship speed = {{convert|18.75|kn|km/h|adj=on}}
| Ship range =
| Ship endurance =
| Ship test depth =
| Ship boats =
| Ship capacity =
| Ship complement = 125
| Ship time to activate =
| Ship sensors =
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament = *6 × [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} DP guns]]
*4 × [[0.5 inch Vickers machine gun|{{convert|0.5|in|mm|adj=on}} AA machine guns]]
| Ship armour =
| Ship armor =
| Ship aircraft =
| Ship motto =
| Ship nickname =
| Ship honours =
| Ship notes =
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Stork'' (L81)''' was a {{sclass|Bittern|sloop|0}} [[sloop-of-war|sloop]] of the [[Royal Navy]]. She was active during the [[Second World War]], serving in convoy escort groups, and was a successful [[anti-submarine warfare]] vessel, being credited with the destruction of four [[U-boat]]s.

==Construction==
''Stork'' was laid down on 19 June 1935 by [[William Denny & Brothers]] of [[Dumbarton]], [[Scotland]], one of a series of general purpose vessels that could be employed as escort vessels in time of war. She was launched on 21 April 1936 and commissioned on 10 September the same year. She was completed as an unarmed survey ship, but with provision for an armament of [[anti-aircraft]] and [[anti-submarine warfare]] weapons. After commissioning ''Stork'' was sent to join the [[Commander-in-Chief, China]], and operated in [[British Malaya|Malayan]] waters until 1939. With war in Europe looming she returned to [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]] in early 1939 for refit and for installation of her main armament and anti-aircraft guns.<ref name=Mason>G Mason, [http://www.naval-history.net/index.htm navalhistory.net]</ref>

==Service history==
At the outbreak of hostilities in September 1939 ''Stork'' was still refitting; by November she had completed trials and was assigned to convoy escort duty in the [[North Sea]], on the east coast routes.

In April 1940 ''Stork'' took part in the [[Norwegian Campaign]] and at [[Battle of Narvik|Narvik]] came under air attack, assisting later in the rescue of survivors from the transport {{ship|MS|Chrobry}}.

In September 1940 ''Stork'' was damaged by air attack on an east coast convoy  and spent the next six months in dock.

''Stork'' completed repairs and trials in June 1941 and in August, under the command of Cdr [[Frederic John Walker|FJ "Johnnie" Walker]], was assigned to lead the [[36th Escort Group (Royal Navy)|36th Escort Group]] (36 EG), employed escorting convoys to and from [[Gibraltar]] and the South Atlantic. In December 1941, while off Gibraltar, ''Stork'' and ''Samphire'' attacked ''U-568'', which was damaged and forced to return to base.<ref>Blair Vol I, p401</ref> Later that month ''Stork'' and 36EG escorted [[Convoy HG 76|HG 76]] from Gibraltar homeward, augmented by the new [[escort carrier]] {{HMS|Audacity|D10|2}} and other ships. During the journey five U-boats were sunk, four by ships of 36 EG, with ''Stork'' taking part in the destruction of {{GS|U-131|1941|2}}, and {{GS|U-574||2}}, which was depth-charged and rammed by ''Stork''.<ref>Blair Vol I, p411-6</ref>

''Stork'' continued with 36 EG until mid-1942. On 14 April, while with [[Convoy OG 82|OG 82]] ''Stork'' and the corvette {{HMS|Vetch|K132|2}} sank {{GS|U-252||2}}.<ref>Blair Vol I, p553</ref> In June, [[Convoy HG 84|HG 84]] came under attack by [[Wolfpack Endrass|Endrass group]]; Five ships were sunk, but Walker and 36EG were commended for their vigorous defence. During this action ''Stork'' and [[HMS Gardenia (K99)|''Gardenia'']] attacked and damaged [[German submarine U-132 (1941)|''U-132'']], forcing it to retire.<ref>Blair Vol I, p623-4</ref> In August Walker took command of 20th Escort Group, with ''Stork'' as senior ship. 20EG designated as a support group, but after two trips (with ON 132 and SC 102) the group was disbanded to provide escorts for [[Operation Torch]]. While escorting Torch convoy KMS 1 in the [[Mediterranean]] ''Stork'' was torpedoed by {{GS|U-77|1940|2}} off [[Algeria]] on 12 November.<ref>Blair Vol II, p102</ref> She was towed to Gibraltar for temporary repairs and then taken to [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] for further repairs. In June 1943, under new command, ''Stork'' joined the 37th Escort Group and on 30 August 1943, while escorting SL 135, she and the corvette {{HMS|Stonecrop|K142|2}} sank {{GS|U-634||2}} in the North Atlantic east of the Azores.<ref>Blair Vol II, p396</ref> In 1944 she was part of the 116th Escort Group supporting [[Operation Neptune]]. In January 1945, with the war in Europe drawing to a conclusion, ''Stork'' was docked for refitting at [[Portsmouth]] prior to joining the [[British Pacific Fleet]], but the work was delayed and not completed before [[VJ Day|the Japanese surrender]], and the war's end. ''Stork'' was put in reserve but in January 1946 was re-commissioned as the Senior Officer's ship in the [[Fishery Protection Squadron]] where she served for two years before being put in reserve again. She was decommissioned and broken up in 1958.<ref name=Mason/>

==Battle honours==
* [[Norwegian Campaign|Norway]] 1940
* North Sea 1940
* [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] 1940-44
* [[Operation Torch|North Africa]] 1942
* [[Operation Neptune|Normandy]] 1944<ref>[http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Ships/HMS%20Stork/HMS%20Stork%20Battle%20Honours.htm HMS ''Stork'': Battle Honours] at britainsnavy.co.uk; retrieved 8 July 2020</ref>

==Successes==
During her service ''Stork'' was credited with the destruction of four U-boats:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! U-boat
! Type
! Location<ref>Locations per Kemp; other sources may differ</ref>
! Notes
|-
| 17 December 1941 || {{GS|U-131|1941|2}} || IXC || off [[Cape St. Vincent]] {{coord|34|12|N|13|35|W}} || contact by [[Grumman Martlet|Martlet]] [[802 Naval Air Squadron|802 Sqdn]] ({{HMS|Audacity|D10|6}}), pursued and sunk by gunfire, {{HMS|Stanley|I73|2}}, {{HMS|Blankney|L30|2}}, {{HMS|Exmoor|L08|2}}, {{HMS|Pentstemon|K61|2}}, ''Stork''<ref>Kemp p75-6</ref><ref>Neistle p122</ref>
|-
| 19 December 1941 || {{GS|U-574||2}} || VIIC || off [[Lisbon]] {{coord|38|12|N|17|23|W}} || [[depth charge|d/c]] and rammed by ''Stork''<ref>Kemp p76</ref><ref>Neistle p71</ref>
|-
| 14 April 1942 || {{GS|U-252||2}} || VIIC || NW of [[Cape Finisterre]] {{coord|47|00|N|18|14|W}} || contact by {{HMS|Vetch|K132|2}}, d/c by ''Vetch'', ''Stork''<ref>Kemp p81</ref><ref>Neistle p50</ref>
|-
| 30 August 1943 || {{GS|U-634||2}} || VIIC || W of Cape Finisterre {{coord|40|13|N|19|24|W}} || d/c by {{HMS|Stonecrop|K142|2}}, ''Stork''<ref>Kemp p145</ref><ref>Neistle p77</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Blair|first=Clay|title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942|year=2000|publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-35260-8|author-link=Clay Blair}}
*{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945|year=1998 |isbn=0-304-35261-6|author-link=Clay Blair}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger |publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK |year=1980 |isbn=0-85177-146-7 |chapter=Great Britain (including Empire Forces)|author-first=N. J. M. |author-last=Campbell |pages=2–85}}
*{{cite book |last1=Colledge |first1=J. J. |title=Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present |date=2020 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-5267-9327-0 |edition=5th revised and updated|first2=Ben|last2=Warlow|first3=Steve|last3=Bush|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Hague|first=Arnold|title=Sloops: A History of the 71 Sloops Built in Britain and Australia for the British, Australian and Indian Navies 1926–1946|year=1993|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Kendal, UK|isbn=0-905617-67-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=U-Boats Destroyed, German submarine losses in the World Wars |publisher=Arms and Armour |year=1997 |isbn=1-85409-515-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998 |isbn=1-55750-048-7 |author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton}}
*{{cite book |title=German U-Boat Losses During World War II |first=Axel |last=Niestle |publisher=Greenhill |date=1998 |isbn=1-85367-352-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005 |edition=Third Revised |isbn=1-59114-119-2|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
* Warlow, B : ''Battle Honours of the Royal Navy'' (2004) {{ISBN|1-904459-05-6}}
* DEG Wemyss : ''Walker's Groups in the Western Approaches'' (1948)

==External links==
{{Commons category|HMS Stork (L81)}}
* [http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-18SL-Stork.htm HMS ''STORK'' (L 81) – ''Bittern''-class Sloop] – naval-history.net
* [http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3907.html HMS ''Stork'' (L 81 / U 81)] – uboat.net
* [http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Ships/HMS%20Stork/HMS%20Stork%20%281936%29%20SL%207.htm HMS ''Stork'' (1936)] – britainsnavy.co.uk

{{Bittern class sloop}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stork}}
[[Category:1936 ships]]
[[Category:Bittern-class sloops]]
[[Category:Survey vessels of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:World War II escort ships of the United Kingdom]]

Superfiring

2024-02-28T06:33:44Z

Slazenger: Adding wikilink

{{Short description|Arrangement of gun turrets on a warship with one higher and behind the other}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}

[[File:Minas Geraes from bow.jpg|thumb|right|The two bow [[gun turret]]s on one of the first superfiring battleships, the Brazilian {{Ship|Brazilian battleship|Minas Geraes||2}}. They are "superfiring" because one has been mounted over the other, and can shoot over its top.]]

'''Superfiring''' armament is a naval military building technique in which two (or more) turrets are located in a line, one behind the other, with the second turret located above ("super") the one in front so that the second turret can fire over the first. This configuration meant that both forward or aft turrets could fire at any target within their sector, even when the target was in the same vertical plane as the turrets.

== History ==

The history of large surface warships follow generic labels as [[battleship]]s, and a further distinction between [[pre-dreadnought]]s and [[dreadnought]]s. The era of technical evolution occurred roughly from 1900 to 1945. Part of the technical evolution was driven by the need to compress as much large-gun firepower into the smallest space possible. In early designs, the large-caliber turrets were all located on the same plane firing to one side or the other. In firing ahead or to the rear, usually only the forward-most or rearmost turret could fire, especially at low angles.

[[File:Brassey's1912 South-Carolina.png|thumb|right|Line drawing of a ''South Carolina''-class battleship, showing superfiring main armament.<ref group=note>Reprinted from ''Brassey's Naval Annual'', 1912.</ref>]]

An early concern was that the pressure and shock from the higher turret would damage the lower one when firing over the top. In 1908, [[United States Navy]] tests using the [[monitor (warship)|monitor]] {{USS|Florida|BM-9}} as the testbed proved that superfiring was safe. The result was the design for the first {{sclass|South Carolina| battleship}} (commissioned in 1910).

The first ship with superfiring artillery (though not of the same caliber), was the [[French battleship Henri IV|French battleship ''Henri IV'']], launched in 1899.<ref>Roger Chesneau, Eugène Kolesnik (ed.): ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905'', Conway Maritime Press, London, 1979, {{ISBN|0-85177-133-5}}, p.295</ref>

Superfiring was not limited to two turrets. For example, the [[Atlanta-class cruiser|''Atlanta''-class]] of [[light cruiser]], which were developed and built for service in [[World War II]], utilized a triple-overlap system both forward and astern, their armament of dual-mount [[5"/38 caliber gun|5"/38 caliber]] dual-purpose main armament having a nearly unobstructed arc of fire. The British [[Dido-class cruiser|''Dido''-class]], which were also light cruisers armed entirely with dual-purpose guns (the [[QF 5.25-inch naval gun|5.25" Mk 1]]) also had three turrets forward, with two aft.

== Advantages and disadvantages ==
Advantages of superfiring turrets over non-superfiring arrangements include improved firing arcs for all except the foremost and rearmost turrets, as well as an increase of useful deck space on which to build the ship's superstructure due to the concentration of the main batteries towards the ends of the ship. Depending on the design of the ship and its weapons, it may also help to avoid issues with the ship's propulsion.

[[File:Fuso1944.png|thumb|The Japanese battleship ''[[Japanese battleship Fusō|Fuso]]'' featured a combination of superfiring and non-superfiring turrets. The placement of the Z-turret (third from the stern) interfered with the steam turbines, requiring it to be raised above the deck.]]

The disadvantage of this arrangement is a higher center of mass as a result of the higher placement of turrets, thus decreasing the [[metacentric height]]. This decrease in stability may cause issues if not corrected by compromises elsewhere to keep the center of mass low.

Because of this, superfiring arrangements, while common, are not used exclusively. Examples of non-superfiring designs include but are not limited to the ''[[Gangut-class battleship|Gangut]]'', ''[[Imperatritsa Mariya-class battleship|Imperatritsa Mariya]]'', and ''[[Russian battleship Imperator Nikolai I (1916)|Imperator Nikolai]]'' classes of battleships built for the [[Imperial Russian Navy|Imperial Russian]] navy, as well as modern ships such as the [[Zumwalt-class destroyer|''Zumwalt''-class destroyers]]. In addition, many ships, such as the [[New York-class battleship|''New York''-class]] battleships, used combinations of superfiring and non-superfiring arrangements. Exclusively non-superfiring arrangements also remained common on destroyers.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battleships]]

SS Robert Rowan

2024-02-23T20:01:16Z

Slazenger: Added specific date of loss.

{{short description|World War II Liberty ship of the United States}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = LC-USZ62-80640 (22643805608).jpg
| Ship caption = ''Robert Rowan'' on 11 July 1943
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = United States
| Ship flag = {{USN flag|1947}}
| Ship name = ''Robert Rowan''
| Ship namesake = [[Robert Rowan (politician)|Robert Rowan]]
| Ship ordered =
| Ship awarded =
| Ship builder = [[North Carolina Shipbuilding Company|North Carolina Shipbuilding Co.]]
| Ship original cost =
| Ship yard number =
| Ship way number = 1553
| Ship laid down = 5 March 1943
| Ship launched = 6 April 1943
| Ship sponsor =
| Ship christened =
| Ship completed =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship commissioned =
| Ship decommissioned =
| Ship in service =
| Ship out of service =
| Ship renamed =
| Ship reclassified =
| Ship refit =
| Ship struck =
| Ship reinstated =
| Ship homeport =
| Ship identification =
| Ship motto =
| Ship nickname =
| Ship honors =
| Ship captured =
| Ship fate = *Sunk off [[Sicily]], 11 July 1943
*Scrapped, 1948
| Ship notes =
| Ship badge =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = [[Liberty ship]]
| Ship tonnage =
| Ship displacement = {{convert|14245|LT|MT}}<ref name="davies">{{cite web |url=http://ww2ships.com/acrobat/us-os-001-f-r00.pdf |title=Liberty Cargo Ships |first=James |last=Davies |work=ww2ships.com |year=2012 |page=23 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref>
| Ship length = *{{Convert|441|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
*{{Convert|417|ft|9|in|abbr=on}} [[Length between perpendiculars|p/p]]
*{{Convert|427|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length at the waterline|w/l]]<ref name="davies"/>
| Ship beam = {{Convert|57|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="davies"/>
| Ship height =
| Ship draft = {{Convert|27|ft|9|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="davies"/>
| Ship depth =
| Ship hold depth =
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion = *Two oil-fired boilers
*[[Triple-expansion steam engine]]
*{{Convert|2500|hp|abbr=on}}
*Single screw
| Ship speed = {{Convert|11|kn|lk=in}}<ref name="davies"/>
| Ship range = {{Convert|20000|nmi|abbr=on}}
| Ship endurance =
| Ship boats =
| Ship capacity = {{convert|10856|MT|LT|0|abbr=on}} [[deadweight tonnage|deadweight]] (DWT)<ref name="davies"/>
| Ship troops =
| Ship complement =
| Ship crew = 81<ref name="davies"/>
| Ship time to activate =
| Ship sensors =
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament = Stern-mounted [[4-inch/50-caliber gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}}]] [[deck gun]] for use against surfaced submarines, variety of [[anti-aircraft guns]]
| Ship armor =
| Ship notes =
}}
|}
'''SS ''Robert Rowan''''' was an American [[Liberty ship]] built in 1943 for service in [[World War II]]. Her namesake was [[Robert Rowan (politician)|Robert Rowan]], an American politician.

== Design ==
{{Main|Liberty ship}}
Like other Liberty ships, she was {{convert|441|ft|m}} long and {{convert|56|ft|m}} wide, carried 9000 tons of cargo and had a top speed of {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}. Most Liberty ships were named after prominent deceased Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html#anchor446731 |title=Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II |work=usmm.org |year=2008 |accessdate=10 May 2012 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091805/http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html#anchor446731 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Construction and career ==
The keel of the ship was laid on 5 March 1943. Few months later the [[North Carolina Shipbuilding Company]] [[Launched (ship)|launched]] in [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] under the name ''Robert Rowan'' christened by Jean A. Huske from Fayetteville, NC and commissioned later that year.<ref>Miramar Ship Index</ref>

She was delivered to the [[Isthmian Steamship Company]] on 13 April. Her maiden voyage started on 14 May 1943 at [[Hampton Roads]], [[Virginia]] to [[Oran]] as part of convoy UGS-8A. She was sent on to [[Gela]], [[Sicily]] to support the [[Allied invasion of Sicily|invasion of Sicily]] ([[Operation Husky]]). She arrived at Gela 11 July 1943 with a cargo of ammunition and 334 soldiers of the 18th Infantry. She also carried 14 U.S. Navy personnel, 32 U.S. Navy armed guards, and 41 crewmen. During the [[Battle of Gela (1943)|battle of Gela]] the ''Rowan'' was hit by three 500 kg bombs. Just before 14:00 hrs [[Junkers Ju 88|German Junkers Ju 88 bombers]] appeared overhead and attacked the ships in the bay. One bomb passed through the ship, but the other two exploded in the holds. Because of the nature of the cargo the ship was abandoned without any attempt to put the fire out. All 421 men on board safely evacuated the ship and were picked up by [[PT boat]]s and transferred to nearby [[destroyer]]s. Within twenty minutes the fire reached her munitions with a tremendous explosion tearing the ship in half. The burning ship came to rest on an even keel and burned for two days. The destroyer [[USS McLanahan (DD-615)|USS ''McLanahan'']] tried to sink the ship because the fires lit up the area during the night, but this failed as the water was too shallow. The hulk lay in the waters off Gela until 1948 when it was sold and scrapped.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed widths=220 heights=165>
File:LC-USZ62-98980 (19642428220).jpg|Explosion of SS ''Robert Rowan'' off Sicily
File:80-G-180986.jpg
File:SC180476.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robert Rowan}}
[[Category:Liberty ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Wilmington, North Carolina]]
[[Category:1943 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1943]]
[[Category:Filmed killings]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of Italy]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by German aircraft]]

{{liberty-ship-stub}}

Battle of Gela (1943)

2024-02-23T19:59:46Z

Slazenger: /* 11 July */ Adding wikilink

{{Short description|Battle during the Allied Invasion of Sicily}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Battle of Gela (1943)
|partof = the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean theatre]] of [[World War II]]
| image = USS Boise (CL-47) underway 1938.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption = [[Brooklyn-class cruiser|''Brooklyn''-class cruisers]] {{USS|Boise|CL-47|2}} (pictured) and her [[sister ship]] {{USS|Savannah|CL-42|2}}, demonstrated the effectiveness of naval gunfire against tanks.
|date = 10–12 July 1943
|place = [[Gela]], [[Sicily]]
|result = Allied victory
|combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|commander1 = {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Henry Kent Hewitt]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[George S. Patton]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Hugh Joseph Gaffey]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Charles Leslie Keerans Jr.]]{{KIA}}
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Alfredo Guzzoni]] {{flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Arnaldo Rabellino]] {{POW}} {{flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Domenico Chirieleison]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Paul Conrath]]
|strength1 = ''Gela beachead:''
* [[1st Infantry Division (United States)]] 
* [[2nd Armored Division (United States)]]
''Naval support:''
* {{USS|Savannah|CL-42|6}}
* {{USS|Boise|CL-47|6}}
* {{HMS|Abercrombie|F109|6}}
* {{USS|Shubrick|DD-639|6}}
* {{USS|Jeffers|DD-621|6}}
* {{USS|Maddox|DD-622|6}}
* {{USS|Butler|DD-636|6}}
* {{USS|Glennon|DD-620|6}}
|strength2 = ''Gela beachead:''
* [[Italian XVIII Coastal Brigade]]
* [[429th Coastal Battalion]]
''North of Gela:''
* [[4th Infantry Division "Livorno"]]
* [[1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring]]
''Air support:''
* [[Luftflotte 2]]
* [[3rd Air Fleet]]
* [[4th Air Fleet]]

|casualties1 = '''U.S.:'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-16/72-16.htm|title = WWII Campaigns: Sicily}}</ref> 2,300 casualties 1 destroyer sunk<ref>[https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/1785.html USS Maddox (ii) (DD 622)]</ref>
|casualties2 = '''Italian:'''<ref>Andrea Augello, «Uccidi gli italiani: Gela 1943, la battaglia dimenticata», Mursia, Milano 2009, p. 120.</ref> 3,350 killed 5,000 wounded 2,000 prisoners<ref>Part of the 5,000 wounded are also included among the 2,000 prisoners. Total casualties of the Livorno Division numbered 214 officers and 7,000 men, of whom 1,300 were taken prisoner (Alberto Santoni, ''Le operazioni in Sicilia e in Calabria'', Italian Army Historical Branch, 1989, p. 201).</ref> '''German:''' 630 killed, wounded, and prisoners 14 tanks
|notes =
|campaignbox =
{{Campaignbox Invasion of Sicily}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Italy}}
{{Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign}}
The amphibious '''Battle of Gela''' was the opening engagement of the American portion of the Allied [[Invasion of Sicily]] during [[World War II]]. [[United States Navy]] ships landed [[United States Army]] troops along the eastern end of the south coast of [[Sicily]]; and withstood attacks by [[Luftwaffe]] and [[Regia Aeronautica]] aircraft while defending the beachhead against German [[tank]]s and Italian tanks of the [[4th Infantry Division Livorno|Livorno Division]] until the Army captured the [[Ponte Olivo Airfield]] for use by [[United States Army Air Forces]] planes. The battle convinced United States Army officers of the value of naval artillery support, and revealed problems coordinating air support from autonomous air forces during amphibious operations.<ref name=nhm>{{cite journal |last=Allard |first=Dean |year=1997 |title=The U.S. Navy Comes Ashore in the Med |journal=Naval History |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=47&48 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] }}</ref>

==Background==
The invasion of Sicily followed the [[Tunisian Campaign|Allied capture of Tunisia]] in North [[Africa]] and preceded the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] as a means of diverting Axis forces from the eastern front with the [[Soviet Union]] until the Western Allies were prepared to invade [[occupied Europe]] through [[France]]. Ground forces under overall command of General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] were transported by naval forces under overall command of Admiral [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]].<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 2–7</ref> The invasion was constrained by marginally effective air cover from 670 Allied [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] operating at maximum range which limited patrolling time over one hundred miles of invasion beaches and prevented proportional response to incoming raids. There were three [[Wing (military aviation unit)|wings]] (twenty [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]]) of [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s operating from airfields on [[Malta]] and two [[Group (military aviation unit)|groups]] of [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]]s from airfields on [[Pantelleria]] and [[Gozo]].<ref name=g&s107>Garland & Smyth, p. 107</ref> Allied air forces refused to provide air support for Allied ground forces until Axis air forces had been neutralized; and, since Axis bombing continued through 12 July, the role of Allied aircraft was negligible in the fighting at Gela.<ref name="nutter">{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/husky/plans.aspx|title=Operation Husky: The Allied Invasion of Sicily, 1943|publisher=Thomas E. Nutter|access-date=2012-03-17}}</ref> Pre-invasion strategic bombing reduced [[Luftflotte 2]] strength to 175 planes in Sicily,<ref name="deste">de Ste. Croix pp. 84–85</ref> but 418 additional ''Luftwaffe'' and 449 ''Regia Aeronautica'' aircraft remained serviceable at bases in Italy to be flown in as required.<ref name="m&g">Greene & Massignani (1998) pp. 288–289</ref>

Allied ground forces had no idea when, where, in what numbers, or under what circumstances they might see Allied aircraft.<ref name=g&s107/> Unlike the earlier invasion of North Africa and later invasion of Italy, the United States invasion fleet included no aircraft carriers.<ref name="m&g"/> Carriers which had supported the American landings during [[Operation Torch]] had been reassigned without replacement. The [[escort carrier]] {{USS|Santee|CVE-29|6}} was defending [[UG convoys]] from [[U-boat]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s5/santee-ii.htm|title=Santee|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref> while the other three [[Sangamon class escort carrier]]s had been transferred to the Pacific to support the [[Guadalcanal campaign]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/|title=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=2012-04-05|archive-date=30 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130095752/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the fleet carrier {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}} was training new pilots on the United States Atlantic coast.<ref>Cressman (2003) p. 322</ref>

===Setting===
The fishing town of [[Gela]] was on a [[limestone]] plateau<ref>Atkinson (2007) p. 75</ref> at {{convert|150|ft|adj=on}} elevation behind a beach with a {{convert|900|ft|adj=on}} pier.<ref name=web>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-39th-combat-engineer-regiment-in-the-battle-for-gela.htm|title=39th Combat Engineer Regiment in the Battle for Gela|date=12 June 2006|publisher=Rex A. Knight|access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref> Plains cultivated for grain extended inland behind the community of 32,000. The mouth of the Gela River was {{convert|1|mi}} east of the pier and the mouth of the Acate River was {{convert|5|mi|0}} east of the Gela River.<ref name=g&s901>Garland & Smyth, pp. 99, 101</ref> The sand and stone beach between the rivers was from {{convert|10|-|30|yd|m|0}} wide and backed by {{convert|900|yd|m}} of dunes.<ref name=lm&l>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 56–61</ref> The drainage divide between the two rivers was the {{convert|400|ft|adj=on}} Piano Lupo highland {{convert|7|mi}} northeast of Gela with a strategic junction of roads including the coastal highway between Gela and [[Scoglitti]] and roads leading inland to [[Niscemi]] and [[Caltagirone]].<ref name=g&s901/>

===American forces===
The [[52d Troop Carrier Wing]] of 222 [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]]s from North Africa carried the airborne [[505th Infantry Regiment (United States)|505th Infantry Regiment]] for a parachute drop over Piano Lupo. A western task force of 601 ships (including 130 warships and 324 landing craft and [[Troopship|transports]] with 1,124 [[LCVP (United States)|shipboard landing boats]]) under the command of Vice Admiral [[Henry Kent Hewitt]] carried the [[Seventh United States Army]] under the command of Lieutenant General [[George S. Patton]]. Both officers sailed aboard the flagship transport {{USS|Monrovia|APA-31|6}}. Patton commanded three times as many soldiers as Hewitt had landed eight months earlier at [[Morocco]] during Operation Torch. Americans had not previously sustained so many combat troops over beaches without a port; so the amphibious shipping included nine new types of landing boats, five new types of landing ships, and project Goldrush pontoon causeways untested under combat conditions. The invasion was the European combat premier of [[Landing Ship, Tank|tank landing ships (LST)s]] only a week after the Pacific [[Operation Cartwheel]].<ref>Atkinson (2007) pp. 33, 55, 60</ref> The western task force was divided into Task Force C to land the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]] near [[Licata]] (sector ''Joss'') on the western flank, Task Force K to land the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]] near Scoglitti (sector ''Cent'') on the eastern flank, and Task Force H to land the [[16th Infantry Regiment (United States)|16th]] and [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Regiments]] of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] with the [[Engineer Special Brigade (United States)#1st Engineer Special Brigade|531st Engineers]] and the [[1st Ranger Battalion (United States)|1st]] and [[4th Ranger Battalion (United States)|4th Rangers]], with the 83rd Chemical Mortar Battalion attached <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4point2.org/hist-83.htm#sicily|title = Rounds Away: History of the 83rd Chemical Mortar Bn}}</ref> near Gela (sector ''Dime'').<ref>Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992) p. 222</ref> The reserve force of the [[2nd Armored Division (United States)|2nd Armored Division]] and [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States)|18th Regiment]] of the 1st Infantry Division was landed on the first day of fighting to support the 1st Infantry Division.<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 4–7, 149</ref>

===Axis forces===
[[File:Tratto costa gelese.jpg|left|thumb|21st century view of Gela from the west.]]
The Gela invasion beaches were defended by the Italian XVIII Coastal Brigade and the Italian 429th Coastal Battalion under (Major Rubellino) using [[barbed wire]], concrete [[pillbox (military)|pillboxes]] , and [[anti-tank]] guns. The 429th Coastal Battalion was also defending the town itself.<ref name=web/> The beach on either side of the Gela pier was [[land mine|mined]] and defended by [[machine gun]]s on both flanks and artillery batteries {{convert|7000|yd|m|-1}} inland, on Cape Soprano to the west, and on Monte Lungo to the north. The sand and stone beach on the east side of the Gela River was defended by three machine gun nests at the east end and by artillery batteries {{convert|9000|yd|m|-2}} to the north and {{convert|10000|yd|m|-2}} to the northwest.<ref name=lm&l/> The Italian [[4th Infantry Division "Livorno"]] was positioned near Niscemi and supported by the Italian Mobile Group "E" at Ponte Olivo with obsolete [[Renault R35|R35]] tanks to respond when invasion points became known.<ref name="g&s7">Garland & Smyth, pp. 147–162</ref> They were joined on the afternoon of the first day by 9,000 German combat troops<ref>Atkinson p. 94</ref> of the [[1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring]] with 46 [[Panzerkampfwagen III]] and 32 [[Panzerkampfwagen IV]] tanks from Caltagirone, reinforced with a regiment of the [[15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzergrenadier Division]] with the 215th Panzer Battalion with 17 [[Tiger I]] tanks attached.<ref name="nutter"/>

Air support was available from one ''staffel'' of [[Jagdgeschwader 53]] [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]G-6 fighters at [[Catania]], two ''staffeln'' of [[Jagdgeschwader 77]] Bf 109G-6 fighters at [[Trapani]], another Jagdgeschwader 77 staffel at [[Sciacca]], two ''staffeln'' of [[Schlachtgeschwader 2]] [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]]F-2 ground attack fighter-bombers at [[Castelvetrano]], and two ''staffeln'' of [[Schnellkampfgeschwader 10]] Fw 190A-5 fast bombers at [[Gerbini Airfield]]. [[Junkers Ju 88]]A and [[Savoia-Marchetti SM 79]] medium bombers could reach Gela from bases in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uncleted.jinak.cz/pdf/Aeronotes3.pdf|title=Deployments & OOBs|publisher=Uncle Ted|access-date=2012-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724125126/http://uncleted.jinak.cz/pdf/Aeronotes3.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Prelude==
[[File:Gela 11 lug 43.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Map of Gela and surrounding area show troop movements.]]
The larger transports sailed from [[Oran]] on 5 July as convoy NCF 1 and were screened by [[destroyer]]s as they hugged the African coast eastbound while the gunfire support [[cruiser]]s sailed on a parallel course as a covering force to the north. The LSTs, [[Landing Craft Infantry|LCIs]], [[Landing craft tank|LCTs]] and patrol craft sailed directly from Tunisia as convoys TJM 1 and TJS 1. The convoys were spotted and all German forces on Sicily were alerted at 18:40 on 9 July.<ref name="ssa69">Morison (1954) p. 69</ref> [[Beaufort scale]] force 7 winds created {{convert|12|ft|adj=on}} seas causing widespread seasickness among the embarked troops.<ref>Atkinson (2007) pp. 64, 66</ref> Winds moderated on the evening of 9 July as ships divided into task forces C, H, and K and proceeded to assigned anchorages off the Sicilian coast. As the ships anchored, airborne troops of the 505th Infantry Regiment were scattered by wind and aircraft navigation errors.<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 10–13</ref> Fewer than 200 of the 3,400 paratroopers were able to reach the strategic Piano Lupo highland before the defending Livorno Division arrived.<ref>Garland & Smyth, pp. 117, 119</ref>

The transports {{USS|Joseph T. Dickman|APA-13|2}},<ref group="note" name="uscg">Ship manned by [[United States Coast Guard]] crew. (Willoughby(1957) p. 221)</ref> {{HMS|Prince Charles|1941|2}}, ''Prince Leopold'', {{USS|Oberon|AKA-14|2}}, {{USS|Barnett|APA-5|2}}, ''Monrovia'', {{USS|Lyon|AP-71|2}}, {{USS|Samuel Chase|APA-26|2}},<ref group="note" name="uscg"/> {{USS|Betelgeuse|AKA-11|2}}, {{USS|Thurston|AP-77|2}}, {{USS|Elizabeth C. Stanton|AP-69|2}}, {{USS|Orizaba|ID-1536|2}}, and {{USS|Chateau Thierry|AP-31|2}} anchored approximately {{convert|6|nmi|km mi|lk=in}} off the mouth of the Gela River with LCIs, LSTs, and salvage vessels slightly further offshore; and the destroyers {{USS|Murphy|DD-603|6}}, {{USS|Glennon|DD-620|2}}, {{USS|Maddox|DD-622|2}}, {{USS|Bernadou|DD-153|2}}, and {{USS|Dallas|DD-199|2}} screened the seaward side of the anchorage. The light cruiser {{USS|Savannah|CL-42|6}} and destroyer {{USS|Shubrick|DD-639|6}} patrolled a gunfire support area west of the anchorage, while {{USS|Boise|CL-47|6}} and {{USS|Jeffers|DD-621|2}} patrolled a similar gunfire support area east of the anchorage.<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 60, 65</ref> The Army hoped for surprise, and declined Navy suggestions for pre-invasion bombardment.<ref name="p&n">Potter & Nimitz (1960) pp. 589–591</ref>

==Battle==
===10 July===
[[Image:USS Maddox (DD-622).jpg|right|thumb|{{USS|Maddox|DD-622|6}} was bombed and sunk on the first day of the invasion.]]
The transports started unloading shortly after midnight, and General Guzzoni declared an emergency at 01:00.<ref name="ssa69"/> The first assault wave from ''Barnett'', ''Lyon'', ''Thurston'' and ''Stanton'' landed about 02:45. ''Shubrick'' destroyed two XVIII Coastal Brigade searchlights illuminating the first wave and fired on several XVIII Coastal Brigade artillery positions. Initial waves had landed on all beaches by 03:35.<ref name=l&m68>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 62–68, 81–82</ref> The Rangers landed on either side of the Gela pier. The 26th Regiment landed on the east side of the Gela River, and the 16th Regiment landed east of the 26th Regiment. Three hundred men of the 45th Division's 180th Regiment accidentally landed among the 16th Regiment on beaches west of the [[Acate River]].<ref>Garland & Smyth, pp. 100, 136</ref>

The 12th Air Support Command planned to provide air cover of 12 fighters over Gela during daylight hours, but the number actually available was never more than eight and sometimes as few as two.<ref>Morison (1954) p. 100</ref> Axis air raids took place around the clock; so no Allied fighters were present when most Axis aircraft arrived. The first Allied fighters arrived at 05:01 before sunrise at 05:46; but Axis bombers had arrived before first light. Bombs and flares began falling at 04:21 and ''Maddox'' sank at 04:58 with 212 of her crew less than two minutes after being hit by a bomb dropped by an Italian Stuka.<ref>Junkers Ju 87 over the Mediterranean, John A Weal, p. 53, Delprado Publishers/Ediciones de Prado, 1996</ref><ref>"The first victim of the air attack was USS Maddox (DD-622), which was steaming alone on antisubmarine patrol when she was hit by a bomb dropped by an Italian Ju 87 Stuka at 0421. One of the bombs exploded Maddox's aft magazine, causing the ship to roll over and sink within two minutes, taking 210 of her crew with her. The Stuka returned, strafing the 74 survivors before departing." Michael G. Walling. Bloodstained Sands: U.S. Amphibious Operations in World War II, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. p. 270</ref>''LST-345'' and submarine chaser ''PC-621'' were damaged by collision while maneuvering to avoid bombs.<ref name="cressman">Cressman (2000) p. 168</ref>''Savannah'' shot down a Ju 88 at 05:14. Absence of fighter cover during the initial Axis bombing attack created an enduring shipboard perception they were responsible for their own air defense and should prioritize aircraft destruction above identification. Axis fighters and fighter-bombers were able to make undetected low-level approaches from Catania under the fleet's [[radar]] horizon by flying down the [[Acate River]] canyon at the eastern edge of the Gela beachhead. Allied fighters patrolling at altitude to engage medium bombers were perceived as dive bombers and subjected to friendly fire losses when they attempted to engage low altitude air raids.<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 5–6, 19, 62, 67, 71, 89, 92</ref> Ships were using [[proximity fuze]]d anti-aircraft ammunition for the first time in the European theater.<ref name="p&n"/>
[[File:British and U. S. Troops Landing at Gela Sicily.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. and British troops landing near Gela.]]

As the Rangers landed on the beaches. The Italian defenders had begun to fire on the Rangers . The Rangers attacked the town of Gela hoping to capture the Gela pier for offloading the LSTs. Italian defenders destroyed the masonry pier with demolition charges at 02:40;<ref name="g&s7"/> but the Rangers captured the town by 08:00 with three [[8 cm FK M. 5]] artillery pieces and 200 prisoners of the XVIII Coastal Brigade defenders. The 429th Coastal Battalion had lost 194 men killed or wounded, 45% of its force.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P_xmEKsVD9UC&dq=429+coastal+battalion+gela&pg=PT96 The Battle of Sicily: How the Allies Lost Their Chance for Total Victory]</ref> The 1st Infantry Division hoped to capture the Ponte Olivo Airfield within 24 hours of landing. The 26th Regiment was prepared to assist the Rangers in capturing Gela; but, when that proved unnecessary, began moving inland to take the high ground west of Ponte Olivo. The 16th Regiment intended to join the 505th airborne regiment assumed to be in control of the Piano Lupo highland east of Ponte Olivo. There they planned to defend against attacks from Niscemi and prepare for a coordinated attack with the 26th Regiment against Ponte Olivo.<ref>Garland & Smyth, pp. 100, 136, 139</ref> The 16th Regiment encountered heavy resistance from the machine gun nests at the east end of their landing beach; and XVIII Coastal Brigade artillery and mortars were targeting the beach as LCIs began landing support troops east of the Gela River at 04:30.<ref name=l&m68/>

After sunrise, minesweepers began clearing mines near the beach so the LSTs could start landing vehicles at 08:00. ''LST-338'' was straddled by Italian shellfire as soon as it beached. Italian artillery intensified firing at the eastern beach from 07:10 until ''Boise'' and ''Savannah'' temporarily silenced the batteries at 09:40. Landing craft temporarily stopped using the beach when Italian artillery resumed firing at 10:10 and destroyed some landing craft and supplies offloaded onto the beach. [[Half-track]]s attempting to move inland from the eastern beach encountered an Italian minefield.<ref name=l&m6&8>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 62–63, 83–84, 88</ref> [[Teller mine]]s destroyed trucks, [[DUKW]]s and five navy [[bulldozer]]s. [[Mine detector]]s were unreliable after exposure to salt water during the landing,<ref>Atkinson (2007) p. 80</ref> and the first path through the minefield was not cleared until 12:12.<ref name=l&m6&8/> By noon, not a single piece of Allied artillery had been landed, and none of the ten tanks assigned to the 1st Division were ashore. Landing craft had to wait up to four hours to be unloaded while the beach was congested by vehicles waiting to move inland. Unloading was frequently interrupted by air attacks and artillery fire; and a shortage of landing craft developed as nearly 200 were disabled by shellfire or broaching in the surf. Unexpected [[sand bar]]s paralleled the beach {{convert|150|yd|m|0}} offshore and prevented some landing craft (including LSTs carrying tanks) from getting ashore to offload their cargo.<ref name="g&s7"/> Some soldiers landing on the sandbars in darkness drowned wading toward the beach with their heavy packs.<ref>Atkinson (2007) p. 78</ref> In the confusion ashore, some of the 1st Infantry Division's supporting artillery was diverted to the Licata beaches to the west and the Scoglitti beaches to the east; and was significantly delayed traveling overland to Gela.<ref name="g&s7"/>

[[File:SOC scoutplane is hoisted on board, during recovery by USS Philadelphia (CL-41).jpg|right|thumb|Cruiser launched [[Curtiss SOC Seagull]]s had a short life expectancy without fighter cover—four were shot down and all others disabled during the battle.]]
[[Image:USS Shubrick (DD-639) 0563902.jpg|right|thumb|{{USS|Shubrick|DD-639|6}} earned a Ranger's praise: "It's pretty accurate work when a destroyer some 2 or 3 miles offshore knocks out three tanks some 7 or 8 miles inland."<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) p. 149</ref>]]
''Boise'' and ''Savannah'' launched [[Curtiss SOC Seagull]] observation seaplanes at 06:00 to locate targets and perform [[gunnery spotting]]. [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109s]] had shot down both ''Savannah'' planes by 07:30 as the Italian Livorno Division launched a three-prong counterattack to recapture Gela. The Italian counterattack was reported by an American newspaper: "Supported by no less than forty-five tanks, a considerable force of infantry of the Livorno Division attacked the American troops around Gela. The American division beat them back with severe casualties. This was the heaviest response to the Allied advance."<ref>[[The New York Times]], 13 July 1943, page 2</ref>
An infantry column from [[Butera]] approached Gela from the west while a second infantry column preceded by 13 [[Fiat 3000]] tanks approached Gela along the road from Ponte Olivo, and a third infantry column preceded by about 25 Fiat 3000 tanks approached the beachhead east of the Gela River from Niscemi.<ref name=g&s15>Garland & Smyth, pp. 150–152</ref> ''Savannah'' launched its two remaining SOCs at 08:30 as Rangers directed ''Shubrick'' gunfire destroying three of the tanks approaching Gela along the Ponte Olivo Road. Surviving tanks entered the town of Gela while the Italian infantry was immobilized by gunfire from ''Shubrick''. The Rangers destroyed three of the tanks before the remaining seven retreated with their accompanying infantry. The Rangers used the captured 8 cm Italian artillery to repel the Livorno Division infantry column approaching Gela from Butera.<ref name="g&s7"/>

The Italian column from Niscemi pushed through a 505th Regiment roadblock to reach the Piano Lupo road junction before troops from the 16th Regiment arrived.<ref name=g&s15/> ''Boise'' opened fire at 09:10 after their SOCs observed the Italian column approaching along the Niscemi Road and radioed coordinates before being chased off by Bf 109s.<ref name=l&m67>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 62–63, 84–87</ref> The Livorno infantry remained in previously prepared defensive positions to avoid the naval gunfire while the tanks continued toward the beachhead until they encountered the two forward battalions of the 16th Regiment.<ref name=g&s15/> Bf 109s shot down another ''Savannah'' SOC and the last SOC returned to the ship damaged. ''Boise'', ''Savannah'' and the British monitor {{HMS|Abercrombie|F109|6}} fired on the Italian column from 10:47 to 11:08.<ref name=l&m68/> The 16th Regiment occupied Piano Lupo as the tanks and infantry from Niscemi withdrew under combined pressure from naval gunfire and the 16th Infantry Regiment.<ref name=g&s15/> ''Boise'' launched the last operational SOC at 12:19 and it was shot down by Bf 109s as ''Boise'' fired on the Italians from 12:45 to 12:51.<ref name=l&m68/> The naval artillery destroyed two tanks<ref name="g&s7"/> and the 16th Infantry destroyed two others.<ref name=g&s15/>

Axis bombing raids hit the beach at 13:20 and 14:30 in support of the Hermann Göring Division armored regiment counterattack against the eastern beachhead. A high-altitude bombing attack at 15:30 was followed by intermittent attacks for the remainder of the day.<ref name=l&m69>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 63, 89–90</ref> The Hermann Göring Division approached Piano Lupo from Niscemi while 15th ''Panzergrenadiers'' supported by 17 [[Tiger I]] tanks approached from the Acate River. After some difficulty maneuvering the Tiger tanks through olive groves, the 15th ''Panzergrenadiers'' overran the 1st battalion of the 45th Division's 180th infantry regiment before being stopped by the 3rd battalion. The Hermann Göring Division pushed through the 16th Infantry Regiment in Piano Lupo, but paused as they encountered naval gunfire when moving off the Piano Lupo highland toward the beachhead. After waiting through the remaining daylight for a rendezvous with the stalled 15th ''Panzergrenadiers'', the Hermann Göring Division withdrew at dusk to regroup.<ref>Garland & Smyth, pp. 154–155</ref> As the Hermann Göring Division withdrew, the reserve force of the 2nd Armored Division and 18th Infantry Regiment began landing at 17:00 over the beaches being vacated by the 26th Infantry Regiment. ''LST-313'' was attempting to offload anti-tank artillery when three or four fighters dropped bombs on the pontoon causeway being used to offload the LSTs. One bomb struck ''LST-313'', killing 21 men, damaging embarked vehicles, and igniting a gasoline fire causing a series of ammunition explosions. The burning LST, with the 26th Infantry's anti-tank artillery,<ref name=a100>Atkinson (2007) p. 100</ref> was abandoned at 18:24; and continuing explosions scattered the pontoons, causing nearby ''LST-312'' to broach, and prevented the offloading of more LSTs. The 1st Infantry Division requested extended air cover after being bombed from 17:30 to 19:30, and Axis bombing continued at a rate of 275–300 sorties per day with half arriving during hours of darkness.<ref name="deste"/> Gunfire support ships provided covering fire as the 1st Infantry Division began retreating back toward the beach at 21:50 under cover of darkness. Only three LSTs (carrying half-tracks but no tanks) had been unloaded when the 1st Infantry Division requested immediate tank support at 22:15. Axis bombing of beaches and ships intensified at 2245.<ref name=l&m69/>

The ''Luftwaffe'' had flown 370 sorties on 10 July and lost 16 aircraft destroyed or missing. According to Italian sources, 141 sorties were flown by the ''Regia Aeronautica'' which lost 11 aircraft on the first day of the landings.<ref>Aircraft of World War II in combat, Robert Jackson, p. 87, Amber Books, 2008</ref> That evening, Italian Stukas<ref>"Witness Describes Hospital Ship Loss; Injured Paratrooper Relates How Italian Plane Bombed Fully Lighted ''Talamba''", ''The New York Times'', 19 July 1943</ref> or Reggiane Re.2002s<ref>[https://plane-encyclopedia.com/ww2/reggiane-re-2002-ariete/ Reggiane Re.2002 Ariete]</ref> sank the Indian hospital ship ''[[SS Talamba|Talamba]]'' {{cvt|3|-|5|nmi|km mi|0}} off the beaches of Sicily with heavy loss of lives.<ref>"The only serious casualty was the sinking, with heavy loss of life, of the hospital ship Talamba, which was lying, fully illuminated, five miles off the beaches." The War at Sea, 1939-1945: part 1. The offensive, 1st June 1943-31st May 1944, Stephen Wentworth Roskill, p. 131, H.M. Stationery Office, 1960</ref><ref>[https://tyneareasc.org.uk/2012/10/sunk-by-enemy-action-s-s-talamba/ Sunk By Enemy Action – SS Talamba]</ref>

===11 July===
[[Image:USS Barnett APA-5.jpg|right|thumb|{{USS|Barnett|APA-5|6}} was hit by a bomb on the morning of 11 July.]]
Tugs refloated LST-312 around midnight.<ref name="w&l">LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp. 90–93</ref> The first American tanks were landed at 02:00 and these [[67th Armor Regiment]] vehicles promptly became stuck in soft beach sand.<ref name=g&s159>Garland & Smyth, p. 159</ref> Bent steel matting intended to support the tanks' weight became entangled in their treads and bogey wheels.<ref name=a100/> {{USS|Butler|DD-636|6}} replaced ''Shubrick'' as the western gunfire support destroyer at 05:30 and ''Glennon'' replaced ''Jeffers'' as the eastern destroyer at 06:20. Twelve SM 79s bombed the transport anchorage at 06:35 holing ''Dickman'' and ''Orizaba'' with near miss bomb fragments and striking ''Barnett'' with a bomb, killing seven army personnel, wounding 35 more, and starting a fire. It was the first of 14 Axis air raids on the beachhead that day, and covered a coordinated Axis attack.<ref name="w&l"/> While the Livorno Division attacked the Rangers at Gela in three columns from the west side of the Gela River, the Hermann Göring Division attacked the 1st Infantry Division beachhead on the east side of the Gela River. Sixty [[Panzer III]] and [[Panzer IV]] tanks surviving the previous day's naval gunfire advanced in two columns. The 1st Battalion advanced from Niscemi and the 2nd Battalion from the Ponte Olivo Airfield while the 15th ''Panzergrenadiers'' again advanced down the Acate River valley to the east. The German forces from the east planned to meet the Italian forces from the west at the Gela beachhead.<ref name="g&s8">Garland & Smyth, pp. 163–174</ref> The German 2nd Battalion swept past the 3rd Battalion of the 26th Infantry Regiment at 06:40; and the 26th began retreating toward the beach, while the 16th Infantry Regiment delayed the German 1st Battalion until naval gunfire began to take effect at mid-morning.<ref>Atkinson (2007) pp. 97–100</ref>

While the sixty tanks landed earlier still wallowed in the dunes, five American tanks landed from ''LST-2'' at 08:45 immediately went into action without being dewaterproofed. By that time, the German tanks were within {{convert|2400|yd|m|-2}} of the beachhead. Every man on the beach, including yeomen, electricians, carpenters, and intelligence and supply officers of the Advanced Naval Base Group, was hastily armed and formed a firing line along the dunes with engineers of the Army shore parties. Ships began gunfire support requested by shore parties at 09:15, and ''Boise'' fired on the tanks from 10:40 to 11:42.<ref name="w&l"/> Army observers reported 13 tanks destroyed by ''Boise'',<ref name="cressman"/> but after the war it was claimed that majority of these had been destroyed by the four mobile tanks of [[Combat Command|CCB]], 2nd Armored Division.<ref>McDaniel, Alva T., Lieutenant Colonel, Cooch, Francis A. 3rd, Major, Labadie, George V., Major, Piburn, Edwin W. Jr, Captain, Porta, James R., Captain, The Armored Division as an Assault Landing Force, A Research Report Prepared Committee 34, Officers Advanced Course 1951–1952, The Armored School, Fort Knox, Kentucky May 1952, p. 33</ref> The 15th ''Panzergrenadiers'' in the Acate River valley were stopped by the 505th airborne infantry troops who had landed 36 hours earlier; and the westernmost column of the Livorno Division was stopped by the 3rd Infantry Division. ''Savannah'' fired 500 rounds of 6-inch (150 mm) shells, killing more than half of the Italian infantry advancing on Gela and leaving human bodies hanging from trees. Rangers took 400 prisoners from the dazed survivors.<ref name="g&s8"/> Although unable to reach Gela, Lieutenant-Colonel Dante Hugo Leonardi's 3rd Battalion from the 34th ''Livorno'' Infantry Regiment took a number of prisoners from forward elements of the US 26th Infantry Regiment.<ref>"At around 8:00 am, the Battalion reached its first objective line. The US infantry encountered [probably, Company K, 3rd Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment] was not solidly entrenched and made no further attempts to stand; it swiftly fell back, leaving several prisoners and weapons in Italian hands." [https://web.archive.org/web/20100304032028/http://www.comandosupremo.com/Flesh.html Flesh vs. Iron]</ref> The [[Sarasota Herald Tribune]] confirmed on 12 July that no less than seven determined counterattacks against the US beachhead on 10 and 11 July had been carried out on the part of the ''Livorno'' Division, "The heaviest of seven Italian counter-attacks was met and beaten back by American troops in the Gela area. The attack was launched by the Italian's Fourth Livorno Division with 45 tanks in support."<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19430712&id=Ta4qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5834,604843&hl=en Allies' Mighty Invasion Force Beats Back Seven Italian Counter Attacks, Sarasota Herald Tribune, 12 July 1943]</ref>

[[Image:SC180476.jpg|left|thumb|Liberty ship ''Robert Rowan'' explodes after being bombed on 11 July.]]
While American forces ashore stopped the Axis advance, [[Minelayer]]s spent the afternoon placing a protective minefield offshore of the anchorage. Axis bombing of the anchorage resumed at 12:35 and continued intermittently with repeated attacks from 13:51 to 15:35. A 15:45 attack by 35 Ju 88s with escorting Bf 109s hit the [[Liberty ship]] ''[[SS Robert Rowan|Robert Rowan]]''. The Liberty Ship's [[ammunition]] cargo detonated at 17:30; but the sunken ship was not submerged in the shallow anchorage, and fires illuminated the anchorage for a heavy bombing attack from 19:47 to 19:52 followed by a series of dive-bombing attacks beginning at 21:34 and lasting past midnight. Many ships were damaged by near misses, but only one LST remained to be unloaded at 16:00. ''Boise'' fired at Niscemi from 18:26 to 19:37. Surviving Axis tanks began to withdraw under cover of darkness at 22:35.<ref name="w&l"/>

===12 July===
The invasion convoy was 90 percent unloaded before dawn; and the 1st Infantry Division captured the Ponte Olivo airfield at 08:45, approximately 27 hours later than planned. Allied fighters successfully broke up an Axis bomber raid at 09:36 and the daily number of Axis bombing sorties was halved by the end of the day. Ships continued to provide gunfire support, and ''Butler'' fired on tanks near Ponte Olivo airfield from 11:26 to 11:35. General Patton left ''Monrovia'' at 17:00 to establish headquarters ashore.<ref>LaMonte & Lewis (1993) p. 94</ref> The [[Twelfth Air Force]] [[27th Fighter Bomber Group]] landed [[North American A-36 Apache]] ground support aircraft at Ponte Olivo as soon as the airfield was declared secure for operations, and provided air support for continuing operations against German and Italian forces.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Rick |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85019241 |title=The Day of Battle : The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 |date=2007 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |isbn=978-0-8050-6289-2 |edition=|location=New York |oclc=85019241 |author-link=Rick Atkinson}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/warshiplossesofw0000brow_n3r3/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Warship Losses of World War Two |date=1995 |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=978-1-55750-914-7 |edition= |location=Annapolis, MD |oclc=231683373 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cressman |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/TheOfficialChronologyOfTheUSNavyInWorldWarII |title=The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II |date=2000 |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=978-1-55750-149-3 |location=Annapolis, MD |oclc=41977179 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cressman |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51848555 |title=USS Ranger : The Navy's First Flattop From Keel to Mast, 1934–46 |date=2003 |publisher=[[Brassey's]] |isbn=978-1-57488-720-4 |edition=|location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=51848555}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Tony |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3758769 |title=Hitler's Luftwaffe : A Pictorial History and Technical Encyclopedia of Hitler's Air Power in World War II |date=1977 |publisher=Crescent Books |isbn=978-0-517-22477-9 |location=New York |oclc=3758769}}
* {{cite book |last1=Garland |first1=Albert N. |last2=Smyth |first2=Howard McGaw |title =U.S. Army in World War II – Mediterranean Theater of Operations – Sicily and the Surrender of Italy |publisher =United States Government Printing Office |date =1965 |location =Washington, D.C. |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/006/6-2-1/CMH_Pub_6-2-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927072315/https://history.army.mil/html/books/006/6-2-1/CMH_Pub_6-2-1.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2012}}
* Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro ''The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943'' (1998) Sarpedon {{ISBN|1-885119-61-5}}
* Kafka, Roger and Pepperburg, Roy L. ''Warships of the World'' (1946) Cornell Maritime Press
* Karig, Walter, CDR, USNR ''Battle Report: The Atlantic War'' (1946) Farrar & Rinehart
* La Monte, John L. & Lewis, Winston B. ''The Sicilian Campaign, 10 July – 17 August 1943'' (1993) United States Government Printing Office {{ISBN|0-945274-17-3}}
* Macintyre, Donald ''The Naval War Against Hitler'' (1971) Charles Scribner's Sons
* Morison, Samuel Eliot ''Sicily-Salerno-Anzio: January 1943–June 1944 (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Volume IX)'' (1954) Little, Brown & Company
* Potter, E.B. and Nimitz, Chester W. ''Sea Power'' (1960) Prentice-Hall
* Preston, Antony ''Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II'' (1996) Random House {{ISBN|0-517-67963-9}}
* Rohwer, Jurgen and Hummelchen, Gerhard ''Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945'' (1992) Naval Institute Press {{ISBN|1-55750-105-X}}
* Ruge, Friedrich ''Der Seekrieg'' (1957) United States Naval Institute
* Silverstone, Paul H. ''U.S. Warships of World War II'' (1968) Doubleday & Company
* Willoughby, Malcolm F. ''The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II'' (1957) United States Naval Institute

{{coord missing|Mediterranean}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gela}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Naval aviation operations and battles]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Allied invasion of Sicily]]
[[Category:Battles in Sicily]]
[[Category:Gela]]
[[Category:1943 in Italy]]
[[Category:July 1943 events]]

Luštica

2023-11-18T05:02:26Z

Slazenger: /* Military heritage */ Adding wikilink

{{For|the village|Luštica, Herceg Novi}}
[[File:Ulaz Boka kotorska - Prevlaka.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of Luštica (to the left) and [[Prevlaka]] (to the right, at the distance) from Herceg Novi]]
'''Luštica''' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Луштица, {{IPA-sh|lûːʃtit͡sa|pron}}) is a [[peninsula]] on the south [[Adriatic Sea]], located at the entrance of the [[Bay of Kotor]] ({{lang-sh|Boka kotorska}} or ''Boka'') in southwestern [[Montenegro]]. It effectively separates [[Tivat]] Bay from the Adriatic.<ref>[https://waytomonte.com/rs/p-923-lustica Poluostrvo Luštica], waytomonte.com</ref>

The peninsula has an area of 47 km² and is 13 km long. The highest point of the peninsula is Obosnik peak, at 582 m. It has 35 km of coast, which accounts for 12% of [[Montenegrin Littoral|Montenegrin coastline]]. Lustica is divided between [[Herceg Novi]] and [[Tivat]] [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] municipalities.

==Cultural heritage==

The area has twenty [[church (building)|churches]], out of which eighteen [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] and two [[Catholic]] ones. Once an isolated community, there are farms and smallholders producing their own olive oil, cheese, prosciutto, wine and rakija from local ingredients.

==Natural history==
Luštica is largely undeveloped with populations of [[wild boar]], [[mongoose]], [[jackal]] and [[Edible dormouse|edible dormice]]. [[Nightingale]]s and [[Scops-owl]]s can also be heard in abundance. Olive groves are also plentiful although many are uncultivated and overgrown.

==Military heritage==
[[File:Fort_Kabala_3.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Austro-Hungarian fort Kabala at Luštica]]
The peninsula also has a significant military history with its location guarding the entrance into the [[Boka Kotorska]], which housed military ports at [[Tivat]] during the [[interbellum]] and the [[Cold War]] period ([[Yugoslav Navy]]) as well as in [[Kotor]] earlier during the [[Austro-Hungarian]] period ([[Austro-Hungarian Navy]]).

There are disused Austrian-built fortifications at Rose, [[Mamula (island)|Mamula]], [[Arza]], and Montenegrin military installations at Rose (disused), [[Krašići]] and Obosnik. Three disused submarine hides are cut into the rock of the [[steep coast]] on [[Herceg Novi]] bay, and the Kumbor Strait. Since the closure of Tivat Naval Base a [[Kotor-class frigate|Kotor Class Frigate]], previously of the Yugoslav Navy, has been moored at a facility directly below the village of Zabrđe in the Kumbor strait.

==Tourism==
On the northeast side there are fine views over [[Tivat]] and [[Herceg Novi]] bays of the [[Boka Kotorska]] and on the southwest side; fine views over the entrance of the Boka to the [[Adriatic]] Sea and of the Prevlaka Peninsula.

The Luštica peninsula is main excursion destination for tourists in Herceg Novi. It has the finest{{fact|date=September 2022}} beaches and resorts in [[Herceg Novi]] municipality, including ''Žanjice'', ''Mirište'', ''Arza'' and ''Dobreč''.

A small population is resident all year round with a large number of people resident for the summer months only. Historically these summer visitors have come from parts of the former [[Yugoslavia]], particularly [[Serbia]]. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, and with [[Montenegro]] gaining independence, Western Europeans and Russians have moved in, some permanently.

Close to [[Tivat Airport]], a number of development projects have been proposed for the area, including golf courses.{{fact|date=September 2022}} However, to date{{when?|date=September 2022}} there is still very little tourism development with the main building activity limited to that close to Zanjice beach. However the scale is still very small.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

The biggest tourist centre is [[Krašići]] with many houses and apartments for rent.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

The scenery, clean seas, views, warm summers and relative isolation make Luštica a tourist destination.<ref>[https://waytomonte.com/rs/l-203-peninsula-lustica-and-grbalj Luštica i Grbalj], waytomonte.com</ref>

==Villages==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Babunci
*Begovići
*Bjelila
*Brguli
*Đuraševići
*Eraci
*[[klinci village resort]]
*Klinci
*Krtoli
*[[Krašići]]
*Milovići
*Mitrovići
*Miževići
*Mrkovi
*Radovići
*Rose
*Tići
*Zabrđe or Zabrdje
*Zambelići
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Herceg Novi Municipality]]
[[Category:Tivat Municipality]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Bay of Kotor]]

Dragon Dream

2023-11-08T01:16:01Z

Slazenger: /* Operational history */ Clarifying location of the hangar, particularly due to the subsequent statements about the collapse and lawsuit rely on the location being established.

{{distinguish|Dragon Dreams|Rêve de Dragon}}
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name = Dragon Dream
|image = Dragon Dream experimental cargo air ship.jpg
|caption = Dragon Dream experimental cargo air ship
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type = Experimental aircraft<ref name=FAA-N866ML/> Dirigible
|national origin = United States
|manufacturer = [[Worldwide Aeros Corp]]
|designer = Igor Pasternak
|first flight =
}}{{Infobox aircraft career
|sole example of type?= yes
|type = ML866<ref name=FAA-N866ML/>
|civil registration = N866ML<ref name=FAA-N866ML/>
|construction number = 0023<ref name=FAA-N866ML/>
|construction date =
|in service =
|status =
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|}

'''Dragon Dream''' (FAA registration: '''N866ML'''<ref name=FAA-N866ML>{{cite web |url= http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=866ML |title= N866ML has Reserved/Multiple Records
|work= N-Number Inquiry |publisher= FAA Registry }}</ref>) is an [[experimental aircraft|experimental]]<ref name=FAA-N866ML/> [[Aerostat|lighter than air]] (LTA) cargo [[rigid airship]] built by [[Worldwide Aeros Corp]] as a half-scale proof of concept prototype for a design which the manufacturer calls the "[[Aeroscraft]]".<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Flight Global]] |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aeros-gains-airworthiness-certificate-for-new-hybrid-390293/|title=Aeros gains airworthiness certificate for new hybrid airship|date=6 September 2013|accessdate=16 July 2014}}</ref> The development and design has been funded by the US government through the military [[Walrus HULA]] and then the "Pelican" projects.<ref name=AviationWeek1>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/pelican-demonstrator-aimed-airlift|title=Pelican Demonstrator Aimed at Airlift|website=aviationweek.com|last= Sweetman |first=Bill |date=15 October 2012|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref>

==Design==
The hull of the Dragon Dream has a flattened elliptic cross-section.

[[Buoyancy]] control is managed by pumping [[helium]] gas from the internal gas bag and compressing it into a storage cell, the reduction in lifting volume leading to a loss of buoyancy. The system can vary the airship's lift by 3,000–4,000 lb. The manufacturer uses the phrase "Control Of Static Heaviness" for this technology.

;Specifications
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Aviation Week;<ref name=AviationWeek1 /><ref>[http://aviationweek.com/blog/aeros-tests-pelican-variable-buoyancy-airship "Aeros Tests Pelican Variable-Buoyancy Airship "] 2013</ref> FAA Registration<ref name=NNumberLU-N866ML>{{cite web |url= https://nnumber.org/N866ML/ |title= N866ML |publisher= N Number Lookup }}</ref>
|prime units?=imp

|genhide=

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|eng1 number=3
|eng1 name= Lycoming AEIO-540 SER
|eng1 type= Reciprocating diesel
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|eng1 hp= 260 
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|perfhide=yes

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}}

==Operational history==
The airship was completed in 2013 and, after extensive systems tests in the construction hangar at [[Marine Corps Air Station Tustin|MCAS Tustin]], was granted an [[airworthiness certificate]] by the US [[Federal Aviation Administration]] in September 2013, following which some outdoor tethered trials were carried out. Shortly afterwards it was badly damaged when part of the hangar roof collapsed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/aeros-struggles-put-airship-concept-production|title=Aeros Struggles To Put Airship Concept Into Production|last=Pleasant|first=Tom|website=aviationweek.com|date=3 February 2014 |accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref> and the company sued the US Navy for $65 million in 2015.<ref name=avw2015-03>{{cite web |first=Russ |last=Niles |url=http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Airship-Maker-Suing-Over-Hangar-Collapse-223699-1.html |title=Airship Maker Suing Over Hangar Collapse |work=avweb.com|agency=Aviation Publishing Group |date=15 March 2015 |accessdate=19 March 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{citation |journal=Flight International |publisher=via Flightglobal.com |title=Worldwide Aeros to build partially buoyant civil airship |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/worldwide-aeros-to-build-partially-buoyant-civil-airship-215960/ |first=Graham |last=Warwick
|date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=14 June 2014}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aeros ML866 Dragon Dream}}
*[http://www.aeroscraft.com Worldwide Aeros website]
*{{YouTube|GcJZiMhkw9Y|Dragon Dream first flight}}

{{Portal bar|Aviation}}

[[Category:Airships of the United States]]
[[Category:2010s United States experimental aircraft]]

Hôtel Ritz Paris

2023-10-01T04:14:55Z

Slazenger: /* Noteworthy historical occurrences */ Adding wikilink

{{short description|Hotel in central Paris, France}}
{{Redirect|Hôtel Ritz|other hotels|Hotel Ritz (disambiguation){{!}}Hotel Ritz|the hotel chain|Ritz-Carlton|other uses|Ritz (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Ritz Paris
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| status =
| logo = Ritz Paris Logo.svg
| logo_size = 140px
| image = Hôtel Ritz.jpg
| image_alt =
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| altitude =
| building_type = Hotel
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
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| client =
| owner = TBC
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| address = 15 [[Place Vendôme]]
| location_town = [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement, Paris]]
| location_country = France
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date =
| completion_date =
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| opened_date = 1 June 1898
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date = 1987, 2012–16
| demolition_date =
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| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]] (1705) [[Charles Mewès]] (1897–98) Bernard Gaucherel (1980–87)
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
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| references =
| website = {{URL|http://www.ritzparis.com}}
}}
The '''Ritz Paris''' is a hotel in central [[Paris]], overlooking the [[Place Vendôme]] in the city's [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]]. A member of the [[Leading Hotels of the World]] marketing group, the Ritz Paris is ranked among the most luxurious hotels in the world.

The hotel was founded in 1898 by the Swiss hotelier [[César Ritz]] in collaboration with the French chef [[Auguste Escoffier]]. The hotel was constructed behind the façade of an eighteenth-century townhouse. It was among the first hotels in Europe to provide an [[en suite]] bathroom, electricity, and a telephone for each room. It quickly established a reputation for luxury and attracted a clientele that included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars, and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel including [[Coco Chanel]], and the cocktail lounge Bar Hemingway pays tribute to writer [[Ernest Hemingway]].

Beginning in 2012, the 159-room hotel underwent a four-year, multimillion-euro renovation, reopening on 6 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/hotels/luxury-hotels-in-paris/page/'the-palace-distinction'|title=The new superstar hotels of Paris|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022222833/http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/hotels/luxury-hotels-in-paris/page/%27the-palace-distinction%27|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhw.com/hotel/Ritz-Paris-Paris-France|title=Ritz Paris : Paris, France : The Leading Hotels of the World}}</ref> While the hotel has not applied for the '[[Palace (hotel)|Palace]]' distinction from the French ministry of economy, industry and employment,<ref>{{cite web |title=A List of Grand Luxury Hotels in Paris with the "Palace" Status |url=https://deluxe-confidential.com/a-list-of-grand-luxury-hotels-in-paris-with-the-palace-status/?lang=en |website=Deluxe Confidential |access-date=12 October 2020 |date=1 October 2018}}</ref> its ''Suite Impériale'' has been listed by the French government as a national monument.

Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel is featured in many notable works of fiction including novels ([[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[Tender Is The Night]]'' and Hemingway's ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]''),
a play ([[Noël Coward]]'s play ''[[Semi-Monde]]''), and films ([[Billy Wilder]]'s 1957 comedy ''[[Love in the Afternoon (1957 film)|Love in the Afternoon]]'' and [[William Wyler]]'s 1966 comedy ''[[How to Steal a Million]]'').

==Background and history==
[[File:César Ritz (1897).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[César Ritz]]]]
The [[Place Vendôme]] was started by the [[François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois|Marquis de Louvois]] and abandoned due to a lack of funds. After Louvois' death the site was bought by king [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], but finances ran low and the project was bought and completed by [[John Law (economist)|John Law]].

Lot number 15, Place Vendôme site was purchased in 1705 by Antoine Bitaut de Vaillé, advisor to the Grand Council, nominee of Jeanne Baillet de La Cour, widow of Nicolas Baillet de La Cour and acting on behalf of his daughter Anne. Jeanne bequeathed it in 1710 to her daughter, Anne, wife of Duke Antoine de Gramont. Anne, a chambermaid to the first doctor of Louis XIV, Daquin, then to Louis Sanguin, Marquis de Livry, married the Duke Antoine Charles IV of Gramont who left his name to the [[hôtel particulier]] Hôtel de Gramont which was built on the site. In 1721, the Duchesse de Gramont, who had become a widow, sold it to Daniel François de Gelas of Voisin (1686–1762), knight of Amber and count of Lautrec, who lived there for thirty years. It was sold in 1750 to Charles de la Villette, treasurer of the extraordinary wars, who rented it to the Prince of Andorra, Spanish ambassador. From 1775 it belonged to Claude Darras, secretary of the king, and then was occupied from 1788 by the Direction of the liquidation of the public debt and then from 1792 by the Mortgage credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paristoric.com/index.php/paris-d-hier/hotels-particuliers/hotels-place-vendome/808-l-hotel-de-gramont|website=Paristoric.com|title=The Gramont Hotel|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713125702/https://www.paristoric.com/index.php/paris-d-hier/hotels-particuliers/hotels-place-vendome/808-l-hotel-de-gramont|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The façade was designed by the royal architect [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]]. In 1854 it was acquired by the [[Péreire brothers]], who made it the head office of their ''Crédit Mobilier'' financial institution.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

In 1888, the Swiss hotelier [[César Ritz]] and the French chef [[Auguste Escoffier]] opened a restaurant in [[Baden-Baden]], and the two were then invited to London by [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]] to become the first manager and chef of the [[Savoy Hotel]], positions they held from 1889 until 1897.<ref name=dnbE>Ashburner, F. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50441 "Escoffier, Georges Auguste (1846–1935)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2009</ref> The Savoy under Ritz was an immediate success, attracting a distinguished and moneyed clientele, headed by the [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. In 1897, Ritz and Escoffier were both dismissed from the Savoy, when Ritz was implicated in the disappearance of over £3400 worth of wine and spirits.<ref name=oxforddnb/> Before their dismissal, customers at the Savoy had reportedly urged them to open a hotel in Paris.<ref name="Michelli2008">{{cite book| last=Michelli| first=Joseph| title=The New Gold Standard: 5 Leadership Principles for Creating a Legendary Customer Experience Courtesy of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM0i-FcdE9QC&pg=PA3|access-date=20 May 2011| date=13 June 2008| publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional| isbn=978-0-07-154833-5| page=3}}</ref> Aided by [[Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle]], Ritz purchased the palace and transformed the former Hôtel de Gramont building into a 210-room hotel.<ref name="Michelli2008"/> He stated that his purpose for the hotel was to provide his rich clientele with "all the refinement that a prince could desire in his own home."<ref name="Magi1978">{{cite book| last=Magi| first=Giovanna| title=All Paris| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QOLg8P3wB4C&pg=PA33| year=1978| publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi| isbn=978-88-7009-191-5| page=33}}</ref> He engaged the architect [[Charles Mewès]] to update the original 1705 structure.<ref name="GrayBreach1986">{{cite book| last1=Gray| first1=Alexander Stuart| last2=Breach| first2=Jean| last3=Breach| first3=Nicholas| title=Edwardian architecture: a biographical dictionary| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9lPAAAAMAAJ| access-date=20 May 2011| date=January 1986| publisher=University of Iowa Press| isbn=978-0-87745-136-5| page=259}}</ref> Ritz's innovative standards of hygiene demanded a bathroom for every suite, the maximum possible amount of sunlight, and the minimum of curtains and other hangings.<ref name="oxforddnb">Brigid Allen, 'Ritz, César Jean (1850–1918)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48534, accessed 3 July 2012]</ref> At the same time he furnished the hotel with all the old-fashioned appeal of an English or French gentleman's house, in order to make clients feel at home.<ref name="oxforddnb"/>

The hotel opened on 1 June 1898 to a "glittering reception".<ref name="RyerssonYaccarino2004">{{cite book| last1=Ryersson| first1=Scot D.| last2=Yaccarino| first2=Michael Orlando| title=Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25| year=2004| publisher=U of Minnesota Press| isbn=978-0-8166-4520-6| page=25}}</ref><ref name="Metzelthin1981">{{cite book| last=Metzelthin| first=Pearl Violette Newfield| title=Gourmet| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ| access-date=20 May 2011| year=1981| publisher=Condé Nast Publications}}</ref> Together with the culinary talents of his junior partner Escoffier, Ritz made the hotel synonymous with opulence, service, and fine dining, as embodied in the term "[[wikt:ritzy|ritzy]]." It immediately became fashionable with Parisian socialites, hosting many prestigious personalities over the years, such as [[Marcel Proust]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Ernest Hemingway]],<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://adequatica.medium.com/hemingway-in-paris-fb0a425913e0| title=Hemingway in Paris| last=Yenin| first=Andrey| date=22 March 2015}}</ref> [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]], and the couturier [[Coco Chanel]], who made the Ritz her home for more than thirty years.<ref name="ritzparis">{{cite web |url=http://www.ritzparis.com/hotel/the-legend-of-the-ritz/famous-hosts.html,1,159,156,0,0 |title=Hôtel Ritz Paris: Hôtel de luxe 5 étoiles Paris. Hotel Place Vendôme |website=Ritz Paris |access-date=23 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928230201/http://www.ritzparis.com/hotel/the-legend-of-the-ritz/famous-hosts.html%2C1%2C159%2C156%2C0%2C0 |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Many of the suites in the hotel are named after their famous patrons. Hemingway once said, "When in Paris the only reason not to stay at the Ritz is if you can't afford it".<ref name="MacDonell2008">{{cite book| last=MacDonell| first=Nancy| title=In the Know| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qc_jn7VfQ4C&pg=PA195| year=2008| publisher=Hardie Grant Publishing| isbn=978-1-74066-641-1| page=195}}</ref>

[[File:RitzParisGarden.jpg|thumb|Garden terrace in ''The dinner in the Hotel Ritz in Paris'' (1904), by [[Pierre-Georges Jeanniot]]]]

In 1904 and 1908, the Ritz garden café was painted by the Swiss artist, [[Pierre-Georges Jeanniot]]. Proust wrote parts of ''[[Remembrance of Things Past]]'' here from around 1909.<ref name="PrincePorter2010">{{cite book|last1=Prince|first1=Danforth| last2=Porter| first2=Darwin| title=Frommer's France 2011| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLP_5UmSv7wC&pg=PA7|year=2010| publisher=Frommer's| isbn=978-0-470-61438-9| page=7}}</ref> The building was extended in 1910, and César Ritz died in 1918, succeeded by his son, [[Charles Ritz]]. [[Queen Marie of Romania]] stayed at the Ritz Hotel with her two eldest daughters, Elisabeth (of Greece) and Maria (of Yugoslavia) in 1919 while campaigning for [[Greater Romania]] at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. Many other prominent royal figures and heads of state slept and dined at the hotel over the years. Edward VII reportedly once got stuck in a too-narrow bathtub with his lover at the hotel.<ref name="PorterPrince2010"/> August Escoffier died in 1935.

After the death of [[Charles Ritz]] in 1976, the hotel went into a period of slow decline. As it lost its luster, its clientele diminished, and for the first time in its existence, it began to lose money. It was rescued, however, in 1979 by Egyptian businessman, [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], who purchased the hotel for $20 million and installed a new managing director, Frank Klein. Klein, in turn, put Guy Legay, the former chief of the three-star [[Ledoyen]], in charge of the kitchen.<ref name="vanityfair">{{cite journal| url=http://www.vanityfair.com/society/2012/07/paris-ritz-history-france| title=As the Paris Ritz Shutters, Remembering Its Mysteries, Misbehaviors, and Unhurried Luxuries| first=A. E.| last=Hotchner| date=21 June 2012| journal=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> Al-Fayed renovated it completely over several years without stopping its operation; this was achieved by annexing two townhouses, joined by an arcade with many of Paris's leading boutiques.<ref name="PorterPrince2010"/> The renovation of the hotel was headed by the architect Bernard Gaucherel from 1980 to 1987. The entire ten-year renovation cost a total of $250 million. The restaurants were given a new look, and a swimming pool, health club, and spas were created in the basement.<ref name="vanityfair"/> The Little Bar was renamed the Hemingway Bar. In 1988, the Ritz-Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in honour of Auguste Escoffier.<ref name="Escoffier"/>

On 1 August 2012, the Ritz closed for the first time in its history for an extensive restoration.<ref name="ritzparis2">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ritzparis.com/inprogress/a-legend-in-progress.html,1,192,0,0,0 |title=A Legend in Progress | |journal=Ritz Magazine |publisher=Ritz Paris |access-date=23 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190310/http://www.ritzparis.com/inprogress/a-legend-in-progress.html%2C1%2C192%2C0%2C0%2C0 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> It was scheduled to reopen in late 2015, but this date was later changed to March 2016.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la-trb-ritz-paris-hemingway-reopening-20150604-story.html| title=The Ritz Paris, where Hemingway once hung out, now looks at a year-end reopening| newspaper=Los Angeles Times| first=Catharine| last=Hamm| date=15 June 2015| access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> At 07:00 [[UTC+1|local time]] on 19 January 2016, a major fire broke out in the roof of the building. Fifteen fire engines and 60 firefighters responded.<ref name=BBC35351013>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35351013 |title=Paris Ritz: Fire under control at world-famous hotel |work=BBC News |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> The Ritz reopened on 6 June 2016 after a major four-year, multimillion-dollar renovation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Edwards |first=Natasha |title=Paris puts on the Ritz |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/inside-the-ritz-paris-hotel-france/ |date=9 June 2016 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref>

In the 21st century, the Ritz is ranked among the most luxurious hotels in the world and the most expensive in Paris.<ref name="PrincePorter2010"/><ref name="GublerGlynn2008">{{cite book| last1=Gubler| first1=Fritz |last2=Glynn| first2=Raewyn| title=Great, Grand & Famous Hotels| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtq5_dr9kT4C&pg=PP6| access-date=20 May 2011| year=2008| publisher=Great, Grand & Famous Hotels| page=6}}</ref><ref name="McBride1997">{{cite book| last=McBride| first=Bunny| title=Molly Spotted Elk: A Penobscot in Paris| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtDwH7IGJF8C&pg=PA166| access-date=20 May 2011| date=September 1997| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press| isbn=978-0-8061-2989-1| page=166}}</ref> It is referred to by some{{Who|date=September 2016}} as the best hotel in Europe and one of the world's most famous hotels.<ref name="PorterPrince2010"/><ref name="Communications1987">{{cite journal| title=The Best of Everything| journal=[[Orange Coast (magazine)|Orange Coast]]| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38| access-date=8 June 2011| date=July 1987| page=38| issn=0279-0483}}</ref><ref name="Mack2008">{{cite book| last=Mack| first=James Leonard| title=My Life, My Country, My World| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAbgYQqjF0oC&pg=PA104| year=2008| publisher=Dorrance Publishing| isbn=978-0-8059-7881-0| page=104}}</ref> It is one of "[[The Leading Hotels of the World]]".<ref name="CorporationAssociation1994">{{cite book| title=Directory of Hotel and Motel Companies| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uswdAQAAMAAJ| access-date=20 May 2011| year=1994| publisher=American Hotel Association Directory Corp.| page=10}}</ref>

[[File:Ritz Paris.jpg|thumb|right|Place Vendôme Entrance in 2009]]

==Noteworthy historical occurrences==
During the summer of 1940, the [[Luftwaffe]], the air forces of [[Nazi]] Germany during the [[Second World War]], set up their headquarters at the Ritz, with their chief [[Hermann Göring]].<ref name="Mitcham2008">{{cite book| last=Mitcham| first=Samuel W.| title=The rise of the Wehrmacht: the German armed forces and World War II| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW66ejQS2xoC&pg=PA371| year=2008| publisher=ABC-CLIO| isbn=978-0-275-99659-8| page=371}}</ref>

[[Ernest Hemingway]], who stayed at the hotel many times after World War II, was there when he learned his third wife, [[Martha Gellhorn]], wanted a divorce. He reacted to the news by throwing her photo into a Ritz toilet and then shooting the photo and the toilet with his pistol.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19931025&id=YyMyAAAAIBAJ&pg=4158,3168031&hl=en| title=Paris hotel still puttin' on the Ritz| date=25 October 1993| page=7D| newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]| access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

On 22 April 1955, the [[Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma|Duke]] and [[Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset|Duchess of Parma]] hosted a [[debutante ball|coming out ball]] for their daughter, [[Princess Cécile Marie of Bourbon-Parma]], at the hotel.{{CN|date=June 2023}} On 31 August 1997, [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], and Al-Fayed's son [[Dodi Al-Fayed]], and their chauffeur [[Henri Paul]], dined in the Imperial Suite of the hotel before leaving the hotel with bodyguard [[Trevor Rees-Jones (bodyguard)|Trevor Rees-Jones]], only to have a [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|fatal car accident]] in the [[Pont de l'Alma]] underpass.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2016/06/15/luxury-lineage-a-brief-history-of-the-ritz-paris-coco-chanel-hemingway-princess-diana/#571de7e91ce3| title=Luxury Lineage: A Brief History of the Ritz Paris| date=15 June 2016| last=Solomon| first=Michael| journal=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]| access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> During 10 January 2018 five men stole millions of euros worth of jewellery from within the hotel, three were subsequently caught before escaping.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.lepoint.fr/faits-divers/paris-plusieurs-millions-d-euros-voles-lors-d-un-braquage-au-ritz-10-01-2018-2185498_2627.php| title=Braquage au Ritz: la totalité du butin retrouvée, 3 suspects déférés| trans-title=Heist at the Ritz: all the loot found, 3 suspects charged| newspaper=[[Le Point]]| date=12 January 2018| access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Hôtel Ritz Paris.jpg|thumb|right|Hôtel Ritz Paris, looking north]]

The palace and the square are masterpieces of classical architecture from the end of the reign of [[Louis XIV]]. The façade was designed by the royal architect [[Jules Hardouin Mansart|Mansart]] in the late 17th century before the plot was bought and construction began in 1705. The Hôtel Ritz comprises the Vendôme and the Cambon buildings with rooms overlooking the [[Place Vendôme]], and, on the opposite side, the hotel's garden.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

The Ritz was among the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom ''en suite'', a telephone and electricity for each room.<ref name="MacDonell2008"/><ref name="Denby2004">{{cite book| last=Denby| first=Elaine| title=Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhLyGME7734C&pg=PA122| year=2004| publisher=Reaktion Books| isbn=978-1-86189-121-1| page=122}}</ref> The Hôtel Ritz Paris is 4 floors high, including the [[mansard roof]], and as of 2011 offers 159 rooms,<ref name="PorterPrince2010">{{cite book| last1=Porter| first1=Darwin| last2=Prince| first2=Danforth| title=Frommer's Paris 2011| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpVA8OseJ0C&pg=PA111| access-date=20 May 2011| date=21 September 2010| publisher=Frommer's| isbn=978-0-470-61441-9| page=111}}</ref> a two-Michelin-starred restaurant, two bars and a casual dining restaurant.

===Rooms and suites===
[[File:Hotel Ritz Paris bathroom.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Bath/shower and peach-coloured towel]]
In the 1970s a travel publication ''Holiday'' wrote, "Practically every royal head of state has snoozed under down quilts on the finest linen sheets, beneath fifteen-foot-high ({{convert|15|ft|m|disp=output only}}) ceilings in rooms looking out, through huge double windows, on the elegant Place Vendôme."<ref name="Holiday">{{cite book|title=Holiday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DltTAAAAYAAJ|access-date=20 May 2011|date=February 1977|publisher=Curtis.|page=8}}</ref> [[Frommer's]], which calls the Ritz "Europe's greatest hotel", describes the furnishings as follows: "The public salons are furnished with museum-calibre antiques. Each guest room is uniquely decorated, most with Louis XIV or [[Louis XV]] reproductions; all have fine rugs, marble fireplaces, tapestries, brass beds, and more. Ever since Edward VII got stuck in a too-narrow bathtub with his lover, the tubs at the Ritz have been deep and big."<ref name="PorterPrince2010"/> The bathrooms contain unique golden swan taps, and peach-coloured towels and robes, believed to be more flattering than white to a woman's complexion.<ref name="PE">{{cite web|url=http://www.parisescapes.com/paris_sleep_hotel_ritz.html|title=Hotel Ritz|publisher=Paris Escapes|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

The Ritz may be the most expensive hotel in Paris,<ref name="McBride1997"/> employing a staff of over 600,<ref name="PE"/> the rooms in 2011 started at [[euro|€]]850 a night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1250&id_lang=1 |title=Prestations et Tarifs |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526125551/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1250&id_lang=1 |archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> Suites start at €3,650<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1254&id_lang=1 |title=Prestations et Tarifs |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526125612/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1254&id_lang=1 |archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> and up to €20,000 a night for the most lavish ones (Suite Impériale being the most expensive).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1253&id_lang=1 |title=Prestations et Tarifs |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526125628/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1253&id_lang=1 |archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> These finest suites are known as the "Prestige suites", ten in total, which according to the Ritz are "a world for aesthetes where 18th century panelling echoes allegorical ceilings, old masters and priceless antique furniture. Each suite is unique and each seems to still breathe the spirit of the illustrious guests who once stayed there."<ref name="Coco Chanel">{{cite web |url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_lang=2&id_target=12310 |title=Coco Chanel Suite |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526145440/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_lang=2&id_target=12310 |archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> The Vendôme Suite is one of the most spacious of the hotel, containing Louis XIV furnishings, with a red and ivory theme and grand windows overlooking the square.<ref name="Vendome">{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1236&id_lang=2 |title=Vendôme |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114547/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1236&id_lang=2 |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The César Ritz Suite overlooks the square and contains Louis XV furniture and a portrait of Ritz himself. The room is decorated in shades of green and light yellow with a canopied bed in one room and silk floral pattern in the second.<ref name="Cesar Ritz"/> The doors of the sitting room of the suite are edged in gold leaf.<ref name="Cesar Ritz">{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1237&id_lang=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114075712/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_lang=2&id_target=1237 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2008 |title=César Ritz |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref> The [[Elton John]] Suite, decorated in strawberry pink and cream, contains two bedrooms, a thick pink carpet and attic windows.<ref name="Elton John">{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1238&id_lang=2 |title=Elton John |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113190436/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_lang=2&id_target=1238 |archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref> John reportedly hired the entire floor for his 42nd birthday.<ref name="BadmanKeith">{{cite book| last=Badman| first=Keith| title=The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After The Break-Up| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2UA5rymtaQC&pg=PA421| access-date=20 May 2011| publisher=Music Sales Limited| isbn=978-0-85712-001-4| page=421| date=2009-10-27}}</ref> The Windsor Suite contains tapestries and gilded mouldings and portraits of the Duke ([[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]) and Duchess of Windsor. They are decorated with Louis XVI furniture and colours such as almond green, salmon and pearl grey.<ref name="Windsor"/> The master bedroom is decorated in pearl grey in a shade which the Ritz calls "Wallis blue", a favourite of [[Wallis, Duchess of Windsor]].<ref name="Windsor">{{cite web |url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1239&id_lang=2 |title=Windsor |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113190805/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_lang=2&id_target=1239 |archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref> The {{convert|1670|sqft|adj=on}} Coco Chanel Suite where Coco Chanel lived for some 35 years consists of two bedrooms and a living room and features [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] [[lacquer]]s, Chinese furniture, [[baroque]] mirrors and oversized sofas with quilting created by Grande Mademoiselle.<ref name="Coco Chanel"/>

====Imperial Suite====

The Imperial Suite (''Suite Impériale'') is the finest suite of the hotel and is listed as a National Monument of France in its own right.<ref name="Imperial"/> The Imperial Suite is located on the first floor and consists of two bedrooms, a grand salon, and a dining room. The suite features {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} ceilings,<ref name="LM"/> great chandeliers and windows overlooking the Place Vendôme, a massive long gold framed Baroque mirror between the windows, red and gold upholstery and a four-poster bed said to be identical to that in [[Marie Antoinette]]'s bedroom in the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref name="Imperial">{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=12311&id_lang=2 |title=Imperial |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114510/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=12311&id_lang=2 |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The other bedroom is in the style of Louis XVI, with a [[baldachin]] bed and columns.<ref name="LM">{{cite journal |url=http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2010.2_Apr/PDFs/RitzParis.pdf |title=The Ritz Paris |journal=Leaders Magazine |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=158 |access-date=20 May 2011 |date=April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624152610/http://leadersmag.com/issues/2010.2_Apr/PDFs/RitzParis.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> The suite is lavishly decorated in French art, bas-reliefs and 18th-century paneling which is protected under the suite's historic monument status. The bathroom is a former boudoir overlooking the Vendôme garden, with 18th-century paneling and a Jacuzzi bath and steam-bath shower, and has its own plasma television and cosmetics fridge.<ref name="LM"/> As well as facilities such as a DVD player, high-speed internet, and fax, the suite features a Porsche Design kitchenette with [[Chroma Cnife|Chroma knives]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroma-cutlery.com/news/imperial-suite-hotel-ritz-paris.html|title=Imperial Suite, Hotel Ritz, Paris - CHROMA Cnife}}</ref> near the salon and has its own small personal wine cellar filled with a variety of French wines.<ref name="LM"/> Over the years the suite has hosted some of the world's most prestigious guests from the [[Mohammed Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] to [[George H. W. Bush]]. The suite was [[Hermann Göring]]'s choice of residence during the Second World War and it was where [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], and [[Dodi Al-Fayed]] ate their last meal. The World Travel Awards of 2007 selected the Imperial Suite as "Europe's Leading Suite".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-suite-2007 |title=Europe's Leading Suite 2007 |publisher=World Travel Awards |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120085159/http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-suite-2007 |archive-date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

===Restaurant and bars===

====L'Espadon====
Although there was necessarily a hotel restaurant from the inception of the Ritz, the current hotel restaurant, L'Espadon (The Swordfish) was established in 1956 by [[Charles Ritz]].<ref name="Réalités">{{cite book|title=Réalités|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW8gAQAAMAAJ|access-date=20 May 2011|year=1956|publisher=Réalités Monthly Magazine}}</ref> He was a keen fishing enthusiast so named the restaurant after a fish.<ref name="GLH">{{cite web|url=http://www.grandluxuryhotels.com/hotel/ritz-paris/l-espadon/|title=L'Espadon|publisher=Grand Luxury Hotels|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-date=28 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528053245/http://www.grandluxuryhotels.com/hotel/ritz-paris/l-espadon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The restaurant is inspired by the legendary first chef of the hotel, Auguste Escoffier, serving "traditional French culinary style with contemporary overtones".<ref name="GLH"/> The cuisine was by the award-winning chef [[Michel Roth]], the ninth head chef of the hotel; the restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential [[Michelin Guide|Michelin Red Guide]].<ref name="MacDonell2008"/><ref name="Rodwell">{{cite book| last=Rodwell| first=Edward| title=Quintessentially Reserve 2010| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnuim2UjNisC&pg=PA153| access-date=20 May 2011| publisher=Quintessentially Publishing| isbn=978-0-9558270-5-1| page=153}}</ref> He was the executive chef of the restaurant until its closing on 1 August 2012 for a complete renovation. The head chef was formerly [[Guy Legay]], cited as one of Paris's greatest chefs,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.uc.edu/food/about/in_the_news/university_of_cincinnatichefreceivestophonorsinculinarychallenge.html| title=University of Cincinnati Chef Receives Top Honors in Culinary Challenge| publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]]| access-date=20 May 2011| archive-date=25 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080651/http://www.uc.edu/food/about/in_the_news/university_of_cincinnatichefreceivestophonorsinculinarychallenge.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> who had served from at least 1986 to beyond 1999.<ref name="LLC1986">{{cite journal| title=Cafe Pierre Advertisement| journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOcCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40| date=September 15, 1986| page=40| issn=0028-7369}}</ref><ref name="Esquire"/> In 1999, ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine wrote, "the dining room, L'Espadon, down the long corridor of mirrors and display cases, has a glittering Regency formality that seems to swirl around you, and it's easy enough to imagine Hemingway sitting down with Dietrich to a dish of chef Guy Legay's buttery scrambled eggs..."<ref name="Esquire">{{cite journal| title=Across the River and Into the Ritz| last=Mariani| first=John| url=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1999/7/1/across-the-river-and-into-the-ritz| access-date=30 September 2021| date=July 1999| journal=Esquire| pages=42–45| url-access=subscription}}</ref> The restaurant decor is described as "opulent with [[Trompe-l'œil|trompe l’oeil]] ceilings, swagged drapes, and views into the garden."<ref name="PE"/> The courtyard garden is rich in greenery and contains several statues and a fountain.<ref name="PE"/> The hotel hires five or so florists to provide fresh flowers.<ref name="PE"/>

====Bars====
{{multiple image
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The hotel has several bars, namely the Ritz Bar, Bar Vendôme, Bar Hemingway and the Pool Bar. The Ritz Bar, just inside the Rue Cambon entrance on the left, gained a reputation over the years for its glamorous cocktail parties and the unique bartending skills of Frank Meier, a head barman from 1921 until his death in 1947.<ref name="Gubler2008">{{cite book|last=Gubler|first=Fritz|title=Waldorf hysteria: hotel manners, misbehaviour & minibars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYPFIIt0kQkC&pg=PT54|year=2008|publisher=Great, Grand & Famous Hotels|isbn=978-0-9804667-1-3|page=54}}</ref> One of his best-known cocktails was the potent "Rainbow", consisting of anisette, mint, yellow chartreuse, cherry brandy, kümmel, green chartreuse and cognac.<ref name="Gubler2008"/> The Ritz Bar is designed in the Victorian style with red-velvet armchairs and bar furnishings, a marble fireplace and historic portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1390&id_lang=2 |title=The Ritz Bar |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807115111/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1390&id_lang=2 |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The Ritz Bar may have been the world's first hotel bar.<ref name="vanityfair"/>

Bar Hemingway was the favorite bar of Ernest Hemingway and is said by some{{Who|date=September 2016}} to be the birthplace of the [[Bloody Mary (cocktail)|Bloody Mary]] cocktail which was invented for him.<ref name="MacDonell2008"/> However, the claim is disputed as [[Fernand Petiot]] claimed to have invented the drink in 1921 while working at [[Harry's New York Bar]], a frequent Paris hangout for Hemingway and other American expatriates, rather than in the bar in the Ritz itself.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Andrew| last1=MacElhone| first2=Duncan| last2=MacElhone| title=Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails| page=35| publisher=Martino Fine Books| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwxswEACAAJ&q=Harry%27s+ABC+of+Mixing+Cocktails| date=25 April 2017| isbn=978-1-6842-2101-1| edition=reprint}}</ref> The bar has been restored to its original appearance, with rich wood paneling and leather upholstery and has 25 original photographs on the walls taken by the author of places and people that inspired him.

Bar Vendôme is very popular with wealthy Parisians for afternoon tea and contains wood furnishings and a grand piano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1330&id_lang=2 |title=Bar Vendôme |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814071638/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1330&id_lang=2 |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> During the summer months the doors are opened out onto the garden and terrace.

===Ritz-Escoffier School===
[[File:Place Vendôme 6.jpg|thumb|right|The hotel at night, looking west]]
The Ritz-Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in 1988 in honour of [[Auguste Escoffier]].<ref name="Escoffier">{{cite web |url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1911&id_lang=2 |title=Ritz Escouffier School |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222073143/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=1911&id_lang=2 |archive-date=22 February 2011 }}</ref> The ethos of the school is based on Escoffier's words, "Good cuisine is the foundation of true happiness."
This school is accessed through an entrance in the back of the hotel and offers training courses and workshops for amateur and professional cooks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecole Ritz Escoffier|url=http://www.ritzescoffier.com/en-GB#customer-block-0|website=Ecole Ritz Escoffier|date=11 May 2016 | access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="WilliamsBerry2009">{{cite book| last1=Williams| first1=Nicola| last2=Berry| first2=Oliver| last3=Fallon| first3=Steve| title=France| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-QEGxA6r1YC&pg=PA87| access-date=20 May 2011| year=2009| publisher=Lonely Planet| isbn=978-1-74104-915-2| page=87}}</ref>

==Pool and spa==
The Ritz Health Club contains a swimming pool, the largest in all of the Parisian hotel palaces and billed by the Ritz as "the finest indoor pool in Paris".<ref name="Rodwell"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=2011&id_lang=2 |title=The Ritz Health Club |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814070411/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=2011&id_lang=2 |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> The pool's construction was inspired by the baths of [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]] and features reliefs on the ceilings and jet streams and underwater sounds in the pool. The health club boasts of {{convert|1700|m2}} of "hi-tech facilities" and offers a range of health treatments, from [[reflexology]] to [[Swedish massage]] and [[shiatsu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_target=2013&id_lang=2 |title=Modelage and body-care treatments |publisher=Hôtel Ritz Paris |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113184732/http://www.ritzparis.com/jump_to.asp?id_lang=2&id_target=2013 |archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref>

==In fiction==
Because of its status as a symbol of wealth and luxury, the hotel has featured in many notable works of fiction.

===Novels and plays===
Many novels of the [[Lost Generation]] feature scenes in the Ritz, such as [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[Tender Is The Night]]'' and [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]''. [[Noël Coward]]'s play ''[[Semi-Monde]]'' is perhaps the most notable work covering the hotel in detail, following the escapades of an extravagant, promiscuous fictional Paris elite between 1924 and 1926.<ref name="Hoare1995">{{cite book|last=Hoare|first=Philip|title=Noël Coward: a biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nm9aAAAAMAAJ|access-date=22 April 2013|year=1995|publisher=Sinclair-Stevenson|page=157|isbn=9781856192651}}</ref> In the [[Bret Easton Ellis]] novel ''[[Glamorama]]'', a group of supermodels turned terrorists plant a home-made bomb in the Ritz, resulting in its destruction.<ref name="Tomberger2002">{{cite book|last=Tomberger|first=Michaela|title=New novels for young readers in/of the 1980s - Narrative strategies and presentation of the novel's world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RE9t9NZp0eUC&pg=PA80|year=2002|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-638-10883-6|page=80}}</ref> In ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', the protagonist, [[Robert Langdon]], stays at the hotel while in Paris, as do Andrea Sachs and [[Miranda Priestly]] in [[Lauren Weisberger]]'s ''[[The Devil Wears Prada (novel)|The Devil Wears Prada]]''.<ref name="Kitiarsa2008">{{cite book|last=Kitiarsa|first=Pattana|title=Religious commodifications in Asia: marketing gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQaRjg3fLFYC&pg=PA38|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-43738-7|page=38}}</ref><ref name="The Book review">{{cite book|title=The Book review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHksAAAAYAAJ|access-date=20 May 2011|year=2004|publisher=C. Chari for Perspective Publications}}</ref> The final chapter of [[Ian Fleming]]'s [[James Bond]] novel ''[[From Russia, with Love (novel)|From Russia, with Love]]'' is set at the hotel. The villain, [[Rosa Klebb]], stays in room 204 and engages in a battle with Bond which results in her death.<ref name="Chapman2007">{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=James|title=Licence to thrill: a cultural history of the James Bond films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8wqAQAAIAAJ|access-date=20 May 2011|year=2007|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-515-9}}</ref> In [[Julian Fellowes]]' novel ''Snobs'' (2004), those attending Earl Broughton's pre-marriage bachelor party are accommodated at the Ritz.

===Cinema===
The hotel has featured in several films, three of which starred [[Audrey Hepburn]]. In [[Stanley Donen]]'s 1957 film ''[[Funny Face]]'', Kay Thompson dances in the Ritz's entry driveway and in front of the hotel, accompanied by a group of dancers dressed as Ritz bellhops during the ''Bonjour, Paris!'' number. In [[Billy Wilder]]'s 1957 comedy ''[[Love in the Afternoon (1957 film)|Love in the Afternoon]]'', Hepburn initiates her romance with [[Gary Cooper]] in his suite in the hotel and much of the film is set there. The hotel is again seen in the 1966 movie ''[[How to Steal a Million]]'', with a romantic scene between Hepburn and [[Peter O'Toole]] in the hotel's bar in which Hepburn wears an iconic [[Givenchy]] black lace eye mask and matching cocktail dress.<ref name="GublerGlynn2008"/><ref name="Inc1957">{{cite magazine| magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LT8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79| date=12 August 1957| pages=79–82| issn=0024-3019| volume=43| issue=7| title=Gary, Cary remain frisky past fifty}}</ref> In the Indian film ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'', [[Abhishek Bachchan]] meets his fictional love (played by [[Lara Dutta]]) at Hotel Ritz.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003601560| title=Jhoom Barabar Jhoom| journal=Film Journal| access-date=20 May 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204194905/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003601560| archive-date=4 February 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ritz-Carlton]] hotel chain
* [[The Ritz London Hotel]], opened 8 years after the Paris property.
* [[Ritz (disambiguation)]], for other uses
* [[The Leading Hotels of the World]]
* [[Colin Peter Field]] – head bartender of the Hemingway Bar at Hôtel Ritz Paris

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.ritzparis.com Hotel website]
*[http://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/features/feature1103/ Interview with Colin Field, leading mixologist and head barman of the Ritz's Hemingway Bar]
* [http://www.industryleadersmagazine.com/paris-ritz-to-close-doors-for-two-years-hotel-industry-surprised/ Paris Ritz To Close Doors For Two Years]

{{coord|48|52|04|N|2|19|43|E|source:dewiki|display=title}}
{{Hotels in Paris}}
{{The Leading Hotels of the World|Europe}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hotel Ritz Paris}}
[[Category:Hotels in Paris|Ritz Paris]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 1898|Ritz Paris]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1705|Ritz Paris]]
[[Category:1705 establishments in France]]
[[Category:2016 fires in Europe]]
[[Category:Fires in Paris]]
[[Category:Ritz family| ]]

Via Domiziana

2023-09-26T00:06:26Z

Slazenger: Reverted edit by 2.102.9.75 (talk) to last version by Modussiccandi

{{Short description|Road in Campania}}
[[File:Arco Felice (2018)-7.jpg|thumb|250px|Via Domitiana through the Arco Felice in Cumae]]

:The ''via Domitiana'' is not to be confused with the similar-sounding ''[[via Domitia]]'' in France.

'''Via Domiziana''' is the modern name for the '''Via Domitiana''' in the [[Campania]] region of [[Italy]], a major [[Roman road]] built in 95 AD under (and named for) the emperor, [[Domitian]], to facilitate access to and from the important ports of Puteoli (modern [[Pozzuoli]]) and [[Portus Julius]] (home port of the western Imperial fleet, consisting of the waters around [[Baiae]] and [[Cape Misenum]]) in the Gulf of [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite book|last=di Mauro|first=Leonardo|editor=Ferrari-Bravo, Anna|title=Naples: The City and Its Famous Bay|year=2003|publisher=Touring Club of Italy|location=Milan, Italy|isbn=88-365-2836-8|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balsdon|first=John |title=Rome: the story of an empire|url=https://archive.org/details/romestoryofempir00bals|url-access=registration|series=World University Library|year=1970|publisher=McGraw Hill |page=[https://archive.org/details/romestoryofempir00bals/page/64 64]|location=New York|oclc=112699}}</ref>

The Via Domitiana was not built from scratch, but was based on an existing road and it also used works undertaken in the [[Neronian]] period for the construction of the [[Fossa Neronis]] (the canal intended to connect Rome to Pozzuoli).

The road left the [[Appian Way]] at Formiae or Sinuessa. It followed the coast and crossed the rivers Savona and Volturna,<ref>The remains of the Roman bridge on the Volturna, inserted in the mediaeval fortress, are still visible in [[Castel Volturno]]</ref> passed through an area of coastal lagoons by [[Liternum|Linterne]] and [[Cumae]] and ended in [[Pozzuoli]]. In 102 [[Trajan]] extended the Via Domitiana to Naples.

It was damaged by [[Alaric I|Alaric]] in 420 AD and ultimately destroyed by [[Gaiseric]] in 455 AD. It was partially restored under various rulers of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] in the [[Middle Ages]] and in its modern guise is a major coast road leading north from Naples.

[[Statius]] wrote an entire poem on the theme of Via Domitiana.<ref>Statius: Silvae , IV, 3</ref> He recalled the progress made by the new road and praised the Emperor. The poem is also an interesting testimony on the construction of roads under the Roman Empire.<ref>Johannes JL Smolenaars, "Ideology and Poetics along the Via Domitiana: Statius Silvae 4.3", in Flavian Poetry , ed. by Ruurd R. Nauta, Harm-Jan van Dam, and Johannes JL Smolenaars ("Mnemosyne Supplementa"), Leiden, Brill, 2006, pp. 223-244. ( {{ISBN|90-04-14794-2}} )</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{List of Roman roads}}
{{Portal|History}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}

[[Category:90s establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Roman roads in Italy|Domitiana, Via]]
[[Category:Domitian]]
[[Category:95 establishments]]

{{Italy-road-stub}}

Citizen Watch

2023-09-25T03:52:24Z

Slazenger: Corrected photo caption box, incorrectly stating the number of radio control zones. The displayed model has a U680 caliber rather than U600, with 4 zones as shown in the image.

{{short description|Core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Tokyo, Japan}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.
| native_name = シチズン時計株式会社
| native_name_lang = ja
| romanized_name = Shichizun Tokei kabushiki gaisha
| logo = Citizen logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Citizen-tanashi.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Head office of the Citizen Watch holding company in Tokyo
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Kabushiki kaisha|KK]])
| traded_as = {{TYO|7762}} [[Nikkei 225|Nikkei 225 Component]]
| key_people = Toshihiko Sato ([[President (corporate title)|President]] and CEO)
| industry =
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Watch]]es and parts
* Information equipment and parts
* Electronic equipment and parts
* Industrial machinery and equipment
* [[Jewelry]]
}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{yen|321.6 billion}} 
US$2.93 billion ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 2018)<ref name="Annual Report FY2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.citizen.co.jp/global/files/AR2019.pdf |title=Annual Report FY2018|publisher=Citizen Holdings |access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{yen|22.4 billion}} US$204.61 million ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 2018)<ref name="Annual Report FY2018"/>
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{yen|13.3 billion}} US$121.49 million ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 2018)<ref name="Annual Report FY2018"/>
| num_employees = 20,882 (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citizen.co.jp/global/aboutus/corporate/|title=Corporate Profile|publisher=Citizen Holdings |access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>
| homepage = [http://www.citizen.co.jp/global/ citizen.co.jp]
| former_name = Shokosha Watch Research Institute (before May 28, 1930)
| foundation = {{start date and age|1918}}
| location_city = [[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]], [[Tokyo]]
| location_country = Japan
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.'''|シチズン時計株式会社|Shichizun tokei Kabushiki-gaisha}} is an [[electronics]] company primarily known for its [[watches]] and is the core company of a [[economy of Japan|Japanese]] global [[corporation|corporate]] group based in [[Nishitokyo]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. In addition to Citizen brand watches, it is the parent of American watch company [[Bulova]], and is also known for manufacturing small electronic devices such as [[calculator]]s.

==History==
The company was founded in 1930 by Japanese and [[economy of Switzerland|Swiss]] investors. It took over Shokosha Watch Research Institute (founded in 1918) and some facilities of the assembly plant opened in [[Yokohama]] in 1912 by the Swiss watchmaker Rodolphe Schmid.

The brand Citizen was first registered in Switzerland by Schmid in 1918 for watches he sold in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzufy.com/blog/2018/11/19/the-citizen-watch-story/| trans-title=History of Citizen Watch| language=English |title = The Citizen Watch Story| date=2018-11-19}}</ref> The development of this brand was supported in the 1920s by Count [[Gotō Shinpei]] with his hope that watches could become affordable to the general public. The growth of Citizen until [[World War II]] relied on [[technology transfer]] from Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.horlogerie-suisse.com/horlomag/watch-around/0088/les-origines-suisses-de-citizen-watch| trans-title=The Swiss origins of Citizen Watch| language=French |title = Les origines suisses de Citizen Watch}}</ref>

[[File:Citizen Attesa Eco-Drive ATV53-3023 02.JPG|thumb|right|Citizen Attesa Eco-Drive ATV53-3023 analog-digital [[chronograph]] with 4 area [[Radio clock|Radio Controlled reception]] (North America, Europe, China, and Japan)]]

==Products==

===Atomic timekeeping===
Citizen launched the world's first multi-band atomic timekeeping watch in 1993 and has remained a pioneer of this field. Synchronized to atomic clocks, these watches are accurate to within one second in one hundred thousand years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.citizenwatch.com/us/en/atomic-timekeeping.html|title=Atomic Timekeeping {{!}} Citizen|website=us.citizenwatch.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051952/https://us.citizenwatch.com/us/en/atomic-timekeeping.html|archive-date=2017-12-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Skyhawk A-T line features radio-controlled timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with [[radio clock]]s in Japan, [[North America]], and [[Europe]], automatically selecting the correct frequency by location. The watch actually tracks two [[time zone]]s—home and world—but synchronizes to the 'home' zone. When traveling, the user may swap the 'home' and 'world' zones, thereby enabling proper time signal reception on a different continent while retaining the other time. The day, date, and [[daylight saving time]] settings are set automatically when the watch is synchronized. These features are comparable to the synchronization with atomic clocks found in [[Casio Wave Ceptor]] watches.

The Perpetual Chrono A-T synchronizes with the atomic clocks in [[Colorado]] or Germany, depending on signal strength and location, and incorporates Eco-Drive technology, so it does not require replacement batteries.

===Bulova UHF movement===
In 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement (UHF 262 kHz) that uses a three-prong quartz crystal for the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/− 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.crunchgear.com/2010/03/23/bulova-introduces-the-most-accurate-watch-in-the-world-the-precisionist/ |title=Bulova introduces the most accurate watch in the world, the Precisionist |publisher=Crunch gear |date = 2010-03-23 |access-date= 2012-07-08}}</ref>

=== Chronomaster ===
Accurate to within five seconds per year, the Chronomaster line is unofficially the most accurate quartz-crystal watch ever made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citizen.jp/product/the-citizen/lineup/detail.html?tag=0|title=ザ・シチズン製品検索［CITIZEN-シチズン腕時計］|website=シチズンウオッチオフィシャルサイト［CITIZEN-シチズン時計株式会社］|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wornandwound.com/guide-to-high-accuracy-quartz-haq-watches/|title=Guide to High Accuracy Quartz (HAQ) Watches - Worn & Wound|date=2016-01-21|work=Worn & Wound|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref> They are currently sold only in the Japanese domestic market but can be obtained internationally if ordered online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.higuchi-inc.com/thecitizen.html|title=The CITIZEN|website=www.higuchi-inc.com|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref>

===Contemporary watches===
Citizen also produces the ''Independent Watches'' line, featuring a more modern, contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market, these watches may be labelled "Secret", "Lighthouse" brands among others.

===DCP clasp===
The [[deployant clasp]] with a Push Button (DCP) is a clasp available for many Citizen watch bracelet bands. The clasp, as with the Calibre 8700, is also used with leather bands as if they were metal bracelet-style watchbands; however, when the clasp is fastened, the band appears to be a normal eye-hole and link pin leather watchband.

===[[Diving watches]] (including the Fugu)===
[[File:Diverswatch2.jpg|thumb|Citizen Promaster Automatic NY0040-09EE diving watch]]

In 1959, Citizen launched the Parawater – Japan's first fully-waterproof wristwatch. It became the forerunner to Citizen's range of dive watches, subsequently (1982) called the Promaster Marine range. Also in 1982, Citizen launched the 1300m Professional Diver's watch – the world's most pressure-resistant wristwatch at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizenwatch-global.com/promaster/technology_history/|title = TECHNOLOGY & HISTORY | PROMASTER-Official Site [CITIZEN]}}</ref>

But it was perhaps the Fugu that became Citizen's most iconic diver. With its launch in 1989, fans nicknamed it the [[Fugu]], after the Japanese pufferfish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizen.com.hk/html/en/news/what-s-news/citizen-asia-limited-promaster-ny011-series.html|title = Citizen Watch}}</ref> The watch's bezel has alternating smooth and serrated edges to provide a positive grip in wet conditions, with the shape inspired by the pufferfish. Citizen eventually adopted Fugu as the watch's official name, even engraving some models' casebacks with a pufferfish logo. And in 1993, the [[Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei]] adopted the Fugu NY004 for official use. All Fugu models are certified to the ISO 6425 standard for reliability underwater, resistance to shocks and magnetism, water-tightness and thermal-shock resistance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedivewatchblog.com/iso-6425-diving-watch-standards-what-are-the-parameters/|title = ISO 6425 Diving Watch Standards: What Are the Parameters|date = 10 December 2019}}</ref> The original Fugu series (NY004, NY008 and NY009) were criticised for their bezel action and lack of sapphire crystal. These issues were ultimately addressed by the NY011 series (launched in 2020). With a Miyota 8203 movement, Fugu automatic watches can be handwound – a significant advantage over their original competitor (Seiko's now discontinued SKX).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewatchhand.com/news/citizen-promaster-ny011/|title = Citizen Promaster NY011: Catching a bigger fugu|date = 10 August 2020}}</ref>

Among the world’s ISO-certified watches for professional diving, the Fugu remains the mechanical watch in continuous production for the longest.

===Eco-Drive===
[[Eco-Drive]] watches use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under the watch face. In the rare and discontinued Eco-Drive Duo series, the solar power was supplemented by an [[automatic quartz]] power source. One early model, called the Citizen Vitality, used the watch hands to drive a small electric generator, but was discontinued following complaints that the device could explode and cause wrist injuries. There was also an Eco-Drive Thermo model that exploited temperature differentials between the wearer's skin temperature and ambient temperature to recharge the battery. However, the only Eco-Drive system described on the Citizen Watch official website is the one depending solely on light to recharge. Features similar to the Eco-Drive have been developed by other manufacturers like [[Casio]] and [[Junghans]]. All Citizen Eco-Drive movements are made in Japan but the case or the bracelet may also be made in China.

=== Noblia ===
In 1985 the Zen Noblia Ultra Slim watch was introduced as a model by Citizen. From 1986 to 1997 Citizen offered watches under the Noblia brand. These were in the high-priced segment and combined a traditional-classical design with modern quartz movements. Noblia was an outfitter and sponsor of the Louis Vuitton Cup and the Star North American Championship. Noblia was discontinued in 1997 after releasing a collection of ceramic clocks.

=== Q&Q SmileSolar ===
Q&Q SmileSolar is a line of solar powered watches, which do not require a battery change. They are made of recycled materials and have a water resistant rating of 10 Bar. The line of watches also supports people by making a donation for each watch purchased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smile-qq.com/#/page/|title=Q&Q -TIME FOR EVERYONE-|website=www.smile-qq.com|language=ja|access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref>

===Other products===
Citizen also manufactures calculators and small electronic organizers. Some non-watch devices such as [[handheld television]]s and [[computer printer]]s, have been marketed under the Citizen brand name.

In the 1980s, a number of [[handheld electronic game]]s were sold under the Q&Q brand.

In the early-mid 1990s, Citizen partnered with [[Compaq Computer Corporation]] to build notebook computers in Japan for the Japan and Far Eastern market to be sold under the Compaq name.

On January 10, 2008, Citizen bought the Bulova Watch Company for $250 million, making The Citizen Group the world's largest watchmaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mensjewlery.org/bulova-watches|title=Bulova Watches: A Style Icon Steeped In Tradition.|work=Gems And Jewelry|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, Citizen acquired the Swiss Frédérique Constant Group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethdoerr/2016/05/26/citizen-acquires-swiss-frederique-constant-group-as-part-of-citizen-global-plan-2018/#10f8dce979b0|title=Citizen Acquires Swiss Frédérique Constant Group As Part Of 'Citizen Global Plan 2018'|last=Doerr|first=Elizabeth|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-12-26|language=en}}</ref>

==Corporate divisions==
*Japan CBM Corporation – Sales of timepieces, including the Q&Q brand.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.jcbm.co.jp/eng/watches/watches.html | publisher = JCBM | place = [[Japan|JP]] | contribution = Watches | title = About - Collection | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218005951/http://www.jcbm.co.jp/eng/watches/watches.html | archive-date = 2008-12-18 }}</ref>
*Citizen Systems Japan Co., Ltd. – Sales of business and consumer electronic devices including calculators.
*Citizen Miyota Co., Ltd. – Production of wristwatches, quartz crystal oscillators, electronic viewfinders, LCD back-light units, CCD/CMOS image sensors, ferroelectric micro LCDs, [[LCoS]], high-density mounting equipment.
*Citizen Fine Tech Co., Ltd. – Manufacturing and sales of electronic components (ceramic parts, quartz crystal oscillator chips, etc.).
*Citizen Seimitsu Co., Ltd. – Manufacturing of watch movements, watch face components, automotive components, LCD cells, mini printers, measuring instruments, lubrication units, secondary machining LC lathes and glass scribers.
* Citizen Watch Company of America<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.citizenwatch.com/ | title = Citizen Watch Company of America}}</ref>
* Vagary watches
* [[Bulova|Bulova Watch Company]]
*Alpina<ref>{{Citation|url= https://usa.watchpro.com/alpina-watches-increases-sales-35-2018-citizen-watch-companys-ownership|title= Alpina watches from "Watch Pro"|date= 29 January 2019}}</ref> and Atelier de Monaco<ref>{{Citation|url=https://ateliers-demonaco.com|title= website Atelier de Monaco (Switzerland)}}</ref>
* [[Frédérique Constant]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethdoerr/2016/05/26/citizen-acquires-swiss-frederique-constant-group-as-part-of-citizen-global-plan-2018/#10f8dce979b0|title=Citizen Acquires Swiss Frédérique Constant Group As Part Of 'Citizen Global Plan 2018'|last=Doerr|first=Elizabeth|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-12-26|language=en}}</ref>
* Campanola<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.citizenwatch-global.com/campanola/|title=Campanola official web site}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.ablogtowatch.com/citizen-campanola-mechanical-chronograph-watch/|title=Campanola mechanical chrono|date=2016-11-20}}</ref>
* La Joux-Perret<ref>{{Citation|url= https://www.europastar.com/magazine/features/1004085201-citizen-acquires-manufacture-la-joux-perret.html|title= Citizen acquires manifacture La Joux-Perret|date= August 2012}}</ref>
* Arnold & Son<ref>{{Citation|url= https://watchesbysjx.com/2012/03/citizen-of-japan-acquires-la-joux-perret-and-arnold-son.html|title= Citizen acquires La Joux-Perret and Arnold & Son}}</ref>

==Sponsorships==
*Official timekeeper and official watch of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] tennis championships, from 1993<ref>{{cite news|title=Citizen Watch looks to celebrate its 24th year as a sponsor of the US Open Tennis Championships|url=http://www.citizenwatch-global.com/news/2016/20160829/index.html|access-date=30 March 2017|work=Citizen|date=29 August 2016}}</ref> until 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naas |first1=Roberta |title=Rolex Scores: Takes Over As Official Sponsor and Timekeeper Of US Open Tennis Championships And More |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertanaas/2018/07/23/rolex-scores-takes-over-as-official-sponsor-and-timekeeper-of-us-open-tennis-championships-and-more/#698f99fa3c22 |access-date=10 November 2018 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
*ISU – [[World Figure Skating Championships]]
*Official timekeeping partner of [[Manchester United F.C.]]
*Official partner of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]: during Leafs games at [[Scotiabank Arena]], the scoreboard clock features Citizen branding.
*Official timekeeper of [[Walt Disney World]], [[Disneyland]] Resort, [[Tokyo Disney Resort]], [[Disneyland Paris]], [[Hong Kong Disneyland]], and [[Shanghai Disney Resort]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL TIMEPIECE OF WALT DISNEY WORLD® AND DISNEYLAND® |url=https://www.citizenwatch.com/us/en/disney-press-release.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.citizenwatch.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Seiko]]
* [[Orient Watch|Orient]]
* [[Miyota (watch movement manufacturer)|Miyota]]

== References ==
*Pierre-Yves Donzé, Industrial Development, Technology Transfer, and Global Competition: A history of the Japanese watch industry since 1850, Routledge, 2017. {{ISBN|1138650692}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2010}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Citizen Holdings}}
*[http://www.citizenwatch.jp/ Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.] (International Watch site)
*[http://citizen.jp/product/the-citizen/lineup/detail.html?tag=0 Citizen Chronomaster website]
*[https://uae.citizenshop.me/ Citizen Watch UAE] (Official Site in UAE)
*[https://oman.citizenshop.me/ Citizen Watch Oman] (Official Site in Oman)
*[https://ksa.citizenshop.me/ Citizen Watch Saudi Arabia] (Official Site in KSA)

{{Japanese Electronics Industry}}
{{Nikkei 225}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Citizen Watch| ]]
[[Category:Japanese companies established in 1918]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1918]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1918]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Japan]]
[[Category:Watchmaking conglomerates]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of Japan]]
[[Category:Watch manufacturing companies of Japan]]
[[Category:Electronic calculator companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Japanese brands]]
[[Category:Nishitōkyō, Tokyo]]

Green Room (White House)

2023-09-20T23:46:11Z

Slazenger: /* Usage */ Adding wikilink

{{Infobox historic site
| name = Green Room (White House)
| image = White House interior, Old Green Room.jpg
| image_size = 240
| caption = The Green Room, in an undated photo, likely created between 1860 and 1880, and then used as a Presidential study.
| built = circa 1800
| built_for = Common Dining Room
| location = 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20500
| rebuilt = 1816 (after the British burned the White House in 1814) and 1904 by [[McKim, Mead & White]], both in [[Empire style|French Empire]] styles.
| restored = Coolidge-appointed committee of [[Colonial Revival]] and [[Federal architecture|Federal]] furniture experts in 1926. Subsequent work by [[Maison Jansen]] in 1961 and [[Clement Conger]] in 1971 further refined that restoration.
| governing_body = The [[White House Office of the Curator]], the [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]], the [[White House Historical Association]] and the [[White House Endowment Trust]]
| architect = [[James Hoban]]
| architecture = Early American [[Colonial Revival]] and [[Federal architecture|Federal]] style
}}

The '''Green Room''' is one of three state [[parlor]]s on the first floor of the [[White House]], the home of the [[president of the United States]]. It is used for small receptions and teas. During a state dinner, guests are served cocktails in the three state parlors before the president, first lady, and a visiting head of state descend the [[Grand Staircase (White House)|Grand Staircase]] for dinner. The room is traditionally decorated in shades of green. The room is approximately {{convert|28|by|22.5|ft|m}}. It has six doors, which open into the [[Cross Hall]], [[East Room]], South Portico, and [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]].

Little is known about the room's original decor, except that it was likely in the fashionable [[Empire style|French Empire]] style of the day, a tradition that continued until a group of [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]] and [[Federal architecture|Federal]]-style furniture and art experts appointed by then [[Calvin Coolidge|President Coolidge]] sought to [[Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage|restore]] the room according to the period in which it was built, rather than a passing style of a later time. All subsequent work on the room followed Coolidge's lead, First Lady Jackie Kennedy most prominently. In 1961, she formed the White House Historical Association "to help the White House collect and exhibit the very best artifacts of American history and culture."<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/about|access-date=2021-02-03|website=WHHA (en-US)|language=en}}</ref> The same year, "Congress enacted Public Law 87-286 declaring that the furnishings of the White House were the inalienable property of the White House, legislating the White House’s status as a museum and extending legal protection to donated period furnishings and all White House objects."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Decorating the White House|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room-old/press-collection/decorating-the-white-house|access-date=2021-02-03|website=WHHA (en-US)|language=en}}</ref> An endowment for new acquisitions and the renovation of state rooms was created in 1979, with the help of former First Lady [[Rosalynn Carter]].<ref name=":0" />

Upon his death, February 20th 1862, Abraham Lincoln's son Willie laid in state in the Green Room. (With Malice Towards None by Stephen B. Oats)

==Early decor==
{{See also|James Hoban|White House|French Empire style}}
Descriptions of the Green Room's furnishings before the 1814 fire are limited.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Following the 1816 rebuilding, inventories suggest the room initially contained French Empire items bought by President [[James Madison]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Throughout most of the 19th century, the room was decorated in a series of revival styles.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

== 1902 Roosevelt renovation ==
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 220
| image1 = GreenRoomTR2.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[McKim, Mead, and White]] renovation of the Green Room in 1904 during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt.
| image2 = GreenJFK.jpg
| caption2 = The Green Room in 1964, looking northeast, showing decor adopted during the administration of John F. Kennedy, and with a chandelier substitution made at the request of new first lady Lady Bird Johnson.
}}{{See also|McKim, Mead & White||}}
In 1902, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] selected the architectural firm of [[McKim, Mead & White]] to make extensive structural changes to the White House and redecorate most of its rooms.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=16}} For the Green Room, the firm decided to mimic an 1820s-style parlor or drawing room in the [[Empire style|French Empire style]]. An 1817 [[fireplace mantel]] was removed from the [[State Dining Room of the White House|State Dining Room]] and used in the Green Room,{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=89}} displacing its original mantel.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The door [[Molding (decorative)|moldings]], which dated from the [[James Monroe]] administration, were retained.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=89}}

==1926 Coolidge restoration==
In 1924, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Grace Coolidge]] undertook a [[Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage|restoration]] of the White House. Coolidge appointed a group of wealthy patrons of the arts, many of whom were knowledgeable in [[American colonial architecture|Colonial]] and [[Federal architecture|Early American]] furniture and art, to locate historic furnishings and raise money for the work. A split emerged in the committee between those who wished to implement a [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]] style room and those who wished to preserve the 1902 [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] decor. The dispute became public, and President [[Calvin Coolidge]] ordered the restoration stopped. Work resumed with a different committee in 1926, and the room redecorated in Colonial Revival and [[Federal furniture]].{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=16, 90}}

Coolidge replaced the heavily patterned floral wall covering with a simple green [[silk]] [[velvet]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival-style]] [[fireplace mantel|mantel]] (likely installed in 1852) was replaced by a [[Empire style|French Empire]] mantel purchased by President Monroe in 1819.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Although the some period antiques were found and placed in the room, most of the furniture were reproductions.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=90}} A suite of reproduction French [[Directoire]] upholstered chairs and white-painted caned reproduction [[Regency architecture|English Regency]] furniture replaced a suite of overstuffed [[Ottoman architecture|Turkish style]] [[Couch|sofas]] and chairs.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Over the next 37 years, subsequent presidents mostly maintained the Green Room as Coolidge left it, with only minor alterations.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=90}} One significant change was made after the White House was gutted and renovated under President [[Harry S. Truman]] in 1952. When the Green Room was decorated after the renovation, the walls were covered in a green silk [[damask]] in the style of [[Robert Adam]] (manufactured by American fabrics firm [[Franco Scalamandré|Scalamandré]]). The [[window treatment]]s and drapes used the same fabric, with the window treatments covering the window moldings.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=93}}

==1961 Kennedy cultural conservation==
{{See also|Jacqueline Kennedy#White House restoration|Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage}}
In 1961, First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] began a major refurbishment of the White House that included the Green Room. Her renovation was technically overseen by an advisory Committee on Fine Arts made up of museum professionals as well as wealthy individuals interested in antiques.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=21-24}} American antiques [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]] [[Henry Francis du Pont]] (an expert in Federal furniture) led this committee.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=22}} Mrs. Kennedy also brought in French interior designer [[Stéphane Boudin]] (an advocate of French interior design) and his company, [[Maison Jansen]], to oversee the refurbishment.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=5-6}} Although du Pont and Boudin often competed with one another for control of redecoration of a space in the White House, the Green Room represents an area where they cooperated more closely.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=89}} This was because the Green Room had a long history as a Federal-style room, an area in which du Pont and his committee were experts.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=90}} The Green Room was the first room in the White House to be redesigned almost completely with the input of the committee.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=89}}{{Efn|Historians James Abbott and Elaine Rice note that du Pont and Boudin worked in almost total isolation. It was common for Boudin to revise du Pont's alterations without telling anyone except for Jacqueline Kennedy.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=95}}}}

{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 220
| image1 = Leinster House, DUBLIN - panoramio.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Irish-born White House architect James Hoban modeled the White House after the Ango-Irish villa [[Leinster House]] in Dublin, which currently houses the Irish parliament. (Courtesy of Pastor Sam, 2009).
| image2 = White house south.jpg
| caption2 = The White House, featuring its southern portico and resemblance to Leinster House, photographed in 2005.
| image3 = White House State Floor.svg
| caption3 = All of the color-named rooms are located near the White House's southern portico. The 2009 White House State Floor plan shows the location of the Green Room, lower right.
| header = The White House's Design History and Floor Plan
}}

Du Pont and Boudin did disagree over the wall covering. Du Pont proposed a green-on-green stripe, while Boudin desired a more subdued, moss-colored silk with a [[moiré pattern]]. Jacqueline Kennedy chose Boudin's fabric in spring 1962.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=95}} After the Scalamandré fabric company proved unable to reproduce the moiré silk with the quality desired by Kennedy, the French firm of Tassinari et Châtel was chosen to manufacture the fabric.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=95-96}}{{Efn|The Kennedy administration was very sensitive to the political uproar which would have occurred had the public known that a French interior decorator and the French firms he was associated with were refurbishing the White House. Tassinari et Châtel's role as the manufacturer of the silk was hidden, and many historians continued for several decades to mistakenly assume that Scalamandré produced it.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=96}}}}

The window treatments were another area of disagreement between du Pont and Boudin. Du Pont wanted the window treatments inside the window frame, to expose the moldings. Boudin felt this made the room appear too tall. After the two discussed the issue in early 1961, du Pont's view won out.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=93}} But in late 1962, Boudin removed these window treatments and implemented one he had used many times before in many different homes: Straight panels to hide the side moldings, with a [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival]] flat panel to cover the top molding and rods. The fabric used was the same Boudin had selected for the wall covering, but trimmed with a French-made decorative silver tape.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=96}}{{Efn|Boudin had used the same window treatment a few years before in the Green Room at [[Leeds Castle]] in [[Kent]], [[England]]. He would replicate the Baroque Revival panel for use on a bench in the White House's [[Queens' Bedroom]].{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=96}}}}

Several significant pieces of antique furniture were acquired and placed in the room by du Pont. Among these were [[card table]]s, "Martha Washington" chairs,{{Efn|The chair was a high-backed, upholstered [[Sheraton style]] chair first manufactured in 1790 and named for the former First Lady as a marketing technique.{{sfn|Dreppard|1948|pages=142-143}}}} a [[secretary desk|secretary]] (by [[Baltimore]] furniture maker Joseph Burgess), [[List of chairs#S|side chairs]], a [[couch|sofa]] (formerly owned by [[Daniel Webster]]), [[Couch|settees]] (from [[Massachusetts]]), [[urn]] stands, and [[Sewing table|work tables]].{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=91-92}}{{Efn|Du Pont wanted a much more delicate lady's writing desk used in the room, but Boudin insisted on the Burgess secretary. It was later discovered that the lady's desk was a late-1800s reproduction and unsuitable for the White House.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=91-93}}}} Many items of furniture were reupholstered in white. Du Pont chose a white cotton with delicate embroidered vines in green and gold for the Massachusetts settees, and an ivory silk with multicolored flowers for the Webster sofa. The various chairs were covered in either a white damask with a medallion pattern, a green-on-white silk [[brocade]] (inspired by Robert Adam), or a buff, green, or gold silk of contemporary design and weave.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=94}} With the new window and wall upholstery in place by early 1963, Boudin suggested upholstering all the furniture in the room in green. But for reasons which are unclear, he only changed one item, a [[French Decorative styles during the Reign of Louis XVI (1774–91)|Louis XVI-style]] [[Chair#Armrests|armchair]] acquired in 1963. It was covered in a leather the same shade of green as the walls.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=97-98}}

Artwork in the room was generally selected by Boudin, primarily because the frames used reflected the Federal style of the Green Room. These paintings included [[John Frederick Kensett]]'s 1853 ''Niagara Falls'', [[Théobald Chartran]]'s 1902 portrait of [[Edith Roosevelt]], and Alvin Fisher's 1849 ''Indian Guides''. Smaller [[still life]]s were used to frame the larger pictures.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|pages=98-99}}

A late 18th-century English Axminster carpet in a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] pattern was donated by an anonymous individual and placed on the floor. This carpet incorporated as its central motif an architectural medallion surrounded by [[Rosette (design)|rosettes]]. The borders featured [[anthemion]] in shades of [[taupe]], [[Salvia officinalis|sage]], and pink.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

The Green Room became President John F. Kennedy's favorite.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=89}} After Kennedy's assassination, the Kennedy family donated [[Claude Monet]]'s 1897 ''Morning on the Seine, Good Weather'', to the White House. It was hung in the Green Room. When [[Aaron Shikler]] finished President Kennedy's official portrait in 1970, it, too, was hung in the Green Room.{{sfn|Abbott|Rice|1998|page=99}}

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson followed in the former First Lady's footsteps, by establishing the advisory [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]] to oversee the maintenance of the State Rooms in a museum-like fashion, as well as to create a permanent position for a White House curator.<ref name=":0" />

== 1971 Nixon interior architecture ==
[[File:Pat Nixon Green Room C8019-08a.jpg|thumb|First Lady [[Pat Nixon]] unveils her changes to the White House Green Room, 1971|left]]
Many changes occurred during the Nixon administration under the direction of First Lady [[Pat Nixon]]. [[Clement Conger]], the new [[Curator of the White House|White House curator]] appointed during the Nixon administration, had completed substantial [[Thomas Chippendale|Chippendale]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] interiors at the [[United States Department of State]]. In the Green Room, as well as in the Blue and Red rooms, Conger addressed correcting the generic traditional plaster moldings put in place during the Truman reconstruction, installing historically accurate crown moldings and ceiling medallions. Conger commissioned [[Edward Vason Jones]] and [[David Byers]] to design new drapes of striped cream, green, and [[Coral (color)|coral]] silk [[satin]]. Conger and Jones cited illustrations shown in an early 19th-century pattern book belonging to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now called [[Historic New England]]). Coral and gilt ornamental [[cornice]]s were constructed and installed above the windows. They were topped by hand-carved, gilded American eagles with outspread wings, a favorite decorative motif of the Federal period. The cornices are similar to those in the library of the [[Miles Brewton House]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and the South Drawing Room of the [[Sir John Soane's Museum|Sir John Soane House]] in [[London]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Scalamandré produced a copy of the Kennedy-era moss green silk to be rehung on the walls.

Conger also added several major pieces by Scottish-born New York cabinetmaker [[Duncan Phyfe]]. They include a pair of work tables, side chairs with scroll arms, two card tables, and a pair of window benches. These replaced the more delicate Federal-era furniture approved by du Pont and Mrs. Kennedy. On the west wall above a Duncan Phyfe sofa, Conger hung a pair of gilded [[girandole]] "bullseye" wall sconces.

==2007 Bush interior decor==
[[File:GreenRoomClintonNARA.jpg|250px|thumb|The Green Room looking northeast during the administration of [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]]. On top of the mantelpiece a [[French Empire mantel clock]] depicting [[Hannibal]].]]
The Green Room was refurbished during the summer of 2007 by First Lady [[Laura Bush]] with advisement from the [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]], Bush family interior designer Ken Blasingame, and White House curator William Allman. The refurbishment retained most of the Nixon-era Conger and Jones design. Walls were again hung in silk, but this time in a more vertical and largely scaled moiré pattern and a darker shade. The coral color in the upholstered chairs and in the striped drapery fabric was intensified to a more vibrant shade bordering on [[vermilion]]. The drapery recreates Edward Vason Jones' 1971 design but with the more intense [[vermilion]] in the silk and the painted cornice. The drapery design was simplified by removing four large tassels but retained the large bobble-fringe of the Nixon-era design. The green [[Turkish carpet|Turkish]] [[Kilim]] carpet installed in the Nixon administration was replaced by a new rug woven in the [[Savonnerie]] style of France. It is somewhat similar in design to an antique Savonnerie acquired for the Red Room by Stéphane Boudin. As a part of the refurbishment the painting ''The Builders'' by [[Jacob Lawrence]] was acquired by the [[White House Acquisition Trust]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Green Room Makeover Incorporates A Colorful Past|work=The Washington Post|date=September 20, 2007|access-date=December 10, 2016|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/19/AR2007091902423.html}}</ref> ''The Builders'' and ''Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City'' by [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]] were at that time the only two paintings by African-American artists in the White House permanent collection.<ref>White House Acquires Tanner painting http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/102296.html</ref>

==Usage==
The room was intended by architect [[James Hoban]] to be the "Common Dining Room." [[Thomas Jefferson]] used it as a dining room and covered the floor with a green-colored [[canvas]] for protection. It was in the Green Room that [[William Wallace Lincoln]], the third son of President Abraham Lincoln, was embalmed following his death (most likely from [[typhoid]]). Grace Coolidge displayed what some considered risqué [[Art Deco]] sculpture in the room and used the room for small parties with friends. [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] entertained [[Amelia Earhart]] in the Green Room.

==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1=James A.|last2=Rice|first2=Elaine M.|title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration|url=https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold|date=1998|isbn=0442025327}}
*{{cite book|last=Dreppard|first=Carl William|title=Handbook of Antique Chairs|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday & Company|date=1948}}

==Further reading ==
* Abbott, James A. ''A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin.'' Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. {{ISBN|0-9646659-0-5}}.
* Clinton, Hillary Rodham. ''An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History.'' Simon & Schuster: 2000. {{ISBN|0-684-85799-5}}.
* Monkman, Betty C. ''The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families.'' Abbeville Press: 2000. {{ISBN|0-7892-0624-2}}.
* Seale, William. ''The President's House.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. {{ISBN|0-912308-28-1}}.
* Seale, William, ''The White House: The History of an American Idea.'' White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. {{ISBN|0-912308-85-0}}.
* West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. ''Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies.'' Coward, McCann & Geoghegan: 1973. SBN 698-10546-X.
* ''The White House: An Historic Guide.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. {{ISBN|0-912308-79-6}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Green Room (White House)|Green Room}}
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/whtour/green.html White House Web site]
*[http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor1/green-room.htm White House Museum's Green Room page], with many historical pictures
*[http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/education/williedeath.htm Death Of Willie Lincoln]

{{White House|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|38|53|51.15|N|77|2|11.16|W|region:US-DC_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Rooms in the White House]]

Charnon Ki Dasi

2023-07-14T01:42:20Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 189.220.43.247 (talk): not adhering to manual of style (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Charnon Ki Dasi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| director = [[Gajanan Jagirdar]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = 1941
| runtime = 129 min.
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Charnon Ki Dasi''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1941|1941]]. It was directed by [[Gajanan Jagirdar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781579581466}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0230076 |title =Charnon Ki Dasi }}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1940s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gajanan Jagirdar]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism

2023-07-14T01:42:12Z

Slazenger: Added report for 189.220.43.247 (HG) (3.4.10)

<noinclude>{{Short description|Noticeboard for persistent vandalism}}__NONEWSECTIONLINK__

{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}|autoconfirmed|{{pp|1=vandalism|action=edit|small=yes|expiry=}}}}[[Category:Pages that should not be manually archived]]
{{/Header}}
{{adminbacklog|bot=HBC AIV helperbot5}}</noinclude>

== Reports ==
{{Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism/TB2}}
=== User-reported ===

*{{IPvandal|130.25.174.151}} Deliberate factual errors. [[User:Mvcg66b3r|Mvcg66b3r]] ([[User talk:Mvcg66b3r|talk]]) 23:56, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
*{{vandal|5.59.117.63}} – edit warring. [[User:Filmssssssssssss|𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒎𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔]] ([[User talk:Filmssssssssssss|talk]]) 00:29, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
*{{vandal|37.155.0.0/16}} This range keeps engaging in [[WP:TENDENTIOUS]]. Please click here [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/37.155.0.0/16&target=37.155.0.0%2F16&offset=&limit=500] and Ctrl + F "reverted", now your whole screen is yellow, that's how many times they have been reverted in these past years. --[[User:HistoryofIran|HistoryofIran]] ([[User talk:HistoryofIran|talk]]) 00:42, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
*{{vandal|2601:47:4002:CA00:696C:29F1:4FFD:8197}} persistent vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/74.73.224.126|74.73.224.126]] ([[User talk:74.73.224.126|talk]]) 01:28, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
* {{IPVandal|189.220.43.247}} This user was automatically reported by Huggle due to reverted vandalism after a final warning. Please verify their contributions carefully, it may be a false positive. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:42, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

User talk:189.220.43.247

2023-07-14T01:38:34Z

Slazenger: Level 4 warning re. Dark Forces (2020 film) (HG) (3.4.10)

== Welcome! ==

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== July 2023 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:BillClinternet|BillClinternet]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/189.220.43.247|your recent contributions]] to [[:Villains (film)]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. ''There has already been a summary about the directors, writers, and actors who starred in the movie. By the tone of this edit, I can tell that this may have intended to be a form of vandalism. Please don't do that, '' [[User:BillClinternet|BillClinternet]] ([[User talk:BillClinternet|talk]]) 02:37, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do not use styles that are nonstandard, unusual, inappropriate or difficult to understand in articles, as you did in [[:Dupatta (1952 film)]]. There is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], and edits should not deliberately go against it without special reason. Thank you. [[User:Miner Editor|Miner Editor]] ([[User talk:Miner Editor|talk]]) 22:31, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to [[:Dupatta (1970 film)]], even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment again, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. [[User:Dl2000|Dl2000]] ([[User talk:Dl2000|talk]]) 00:11, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop. If you continue to use disruptive, inappropriate or hard-to-read formatting, as you did at [[:Dark Forces (2020 film)]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. There is a Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], and edits should not deliberately go against it without special reason. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:32, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you make disruptive edits to Wikipedia contrary to the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], as you did at [[:Dark Forces (2020 film)]].  [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:38, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Dark Forces (2020 film)

2023-07-14T01:38:32Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 189.220.43.247 (talk): not adhering to manual of style (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|2020 Mexican film}}
{{No plot|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dark Forces
| image = Dark Forces (2020 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Bernardo Arellano
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|es|Fuego negro}}
| producer =
| writer = Bernardo Arellano
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mauricio Aspe]]
* Johana Fragoso Blendl
* Dale Carley
}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Biznaga Films
* Corazón Films
}}
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|8|21}}
| runtime = 81 minutes
| country = Mexico
| language = Spanish
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dark Forces''''' ({{lang-es|'''Fuego negro'''}}) is a 2020 Mexican [[Action film|action]] [[thriller film]] directed and written by Bernardo Arellano and starring [[Mauricio Aspe]], Johana Fragoso Blendl and Dale Carley.<ref name="meaww">{{cite web |url=https://meaww.com/dark-forces-release-date-plot-details-cast-all-you-need-to-know-netflix |title='Dark Forces': Release date, plot, cast and all you need to know about Netflix's dark thriller about a renegade |accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heavenofhorror.com/reviews/dark-forces-netflix-horror/|title=Dark Force - Netflix Review (2/5)|work=Heaven of Horror|first=Karina|last=Adelgaard|date=21 August 2020|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://finde.latercera.com/series-y-peliculas/fuego-negro-terror-netflix-mexico/|title=El terror sobrenatural llega a Netflix con la película mexicana Fuego Negro|trans-title=Supernatural terror comes to Netflix with the Mexican film Black Fire|language=es|first=Damaris|last=Torres|date=21 August 2020|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mauricio Aspe]] as Max
* Johana Fragoso Blendl as Julia
* Dale Carley as Jack
* Ángel Garnica as Botones
* [[Tenoch Huerta]] as Franco
* [[Eréndira Ibarra]] as Rubí
* Eglé Ivanauskaité as Molly
* Daina Soledad Liparoti as Diva
* Ariane Pellicer as Helga
* Pedro Prieto as Hombre de negro
* Marina Vera as Recepcionista
* [[Nick Zedd]] as Demonio

==Release==
''Dark Forces'' was released on August 21, 2020 on Netflix.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12536776}}
* {{Netflix title}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Mexican action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s Spanish-language films]]
[[Category:Spanish-language Netflix original films]]
[[Category:2020s Mexican films]]

{{Mexico-film-stub}}

User talk:Nurbaitaru

2023-07-14T01:37:43Z

Slazenger: Message re. Prime Minister of Senegal (HG) (3.4.10)

== June 2023 ==
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== July 2023 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Slazenger|Slazenger]]. I noticed that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20Minister%20of%20Senegal&diff=1165260417 this edit] to [[:Prime Minister of Senegal]], you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Slazenger|my talk page]]. Thank you. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:37, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Prime Minister of Senegal

2023-07-14T01:37:42Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by Nurbaitaru (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = the Republic of Senegal ''Premier ministre de la République du Sénégal''
| insignia = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Senegal|Coat of Arms of Senegal]]
| nativename =
| image = File:Amadou Ba.png
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Amadou Ba (politician, born 1961)|Amadou Ba]]
| incumbentsince = 17 September 2022
| style =
| residence =
| appointer = [[List of presidents of Senegal|President of Senegal]]
| termlength =
| formation = 18 May 1960
| succession =
| inaugural = [[Mamadou Dia]]
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}
{{Politics of Senegal}}

The '''Prime Minister of Senegal''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Premier ministre du Sénégal'') is the [[head of government]] of [[Senegal]]. The Prime Minister is appointed by the [[List of presidents of Senegal|President of Senegal]], who is directly elected for a five-year term. The Prime Minister, in turn, appoints the Senegalese cabinet, after consultation with the President.

The following is a list of prime ministers of Senegal, since the country gained independence from [[France]] in 1960.

==Future of post==
On 6 April 2019, after being reappointed by [[President of Senegal|President]] [[Macky Sall]], Prime Minister [[Mohammed Dionne]] announced that President Sall had tasked him with enacting various government reforms, including the elimination of the job of Prime Minister. Sall's goal was to remove the "intermediary level" of Prime Minister to allow the President to take a more hands-on approach to governing.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |title=Senegal President Sall tells PM to scrap his own post |url=https://guardian.ng/news/senegal-president-sall-tells-pm-to-scrap-his-own-post/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |date=7 April 2019 |work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2021, Macky Sall announced the return of the post of prime minister suppressed since 2019.

== Key ==
;Political parties
{{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}|[[Socialist Party of Senegal]] (PSS)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal)}}|[[Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal)|Alliance of the Forces of Progress]] (AFP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Senegalese Democratic Party}}|[[Senegalese Democratic Party]] (PDS)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)}}|[[Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)|Alliance for the Republic]] (APR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Other factions
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

== List of officeholders ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political party
! rowspan="2" |[[List of presidents of Senegal|President(s)]]
|-
!Took office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}; color:white;"| 1
| [[File:Mamadou Dia 1962.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mamadou Dia]] {{small|(1910–2009)}}
| 18 May 1960
| 18 December 1962
| {{ayd|1960|05|18|1962|12|18}}
| [[Socialist Party of Senegal|PSS]]
| [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]]
|-
| colspan="8" |Post abolished (18 December 1962 – 26 February 1970)
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}; color:white;"| 2
| [[File:Abdou Diouf.jpg|80px]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]] {{small|(born 1935)}}
| 26 February 1970
| 31 December 1980
| {{ayd|1970|02|26|1980|12|31}}
| [[Socialist Party of Senegal|PSS]]
| [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}; color:white;"| 3
| [[File:Visite de Sekou Touré (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Habib Thiam]] {{small|(1933–2017)}}
| 1 January 1981
| 3 April 1983
| {{ayd|1981|01|01|1983|04|03}}
| [[Socialist Party of Senegal|PSS]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}; color:white;"| —
| [[File:Moustapha Niasse 2009.jpg|80px]]
| [[Moustapha Niasse]] {{small|(born 1939) ''Acting''}}
| 3 April 1983
| 29 April 1983
| {{ayd|1983|04|03|1983|04|29}}
| [[Socialist Party of Senegal|PSS]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]]
|-
| colspan="8" |Post abolished (29 April 1983 – 8 April 1991)
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}; color:white;"| {{small|(3)}}
| [[File:Visite de Sekou Touré (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Habib Thiam]] {{small|(1933–2017)}}
| 8 April 1991
| 3 July 1998
| {{ayd|1991|04|08|1998|07|03}}
| [[Socialist Party of Senegal|PSS]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party of Senegal}}; color:white;"| 4
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| [[Mamadou Lamine Loum]] {{small|(born 1952)}}<ref name="afriqueexpress">{{cite web | url = http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/senegal/senegalgvts/senegalgvthome.htm | title = Les gouvernements successifs au SENEGAL | work = Afrique Express | language = fr | access-date = 29 June 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110909042422/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/senegal/senegalgvts/senegalgvthome.htm | archive-date = 2011-09-09 }}</ref>
| 3 July 1998
| 5 April 2000
| {{ayd|1998|07|03|2000|04|05}}
| [[Socialist Party of Senegal|PSS]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]] [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal)}}; color:white;"| 5
| [[File:Moustapha Niasse 2009.jpg|80px]]
| [[Moustapha Niasse]] {{small|(born 1939)}}<ref name="afriqueexpress" />
| 5 April 2000
| 3 March 2001
| {{ayd|2000|04|05|2001|03|03}}
| [[Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal)|AFP]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Senegalese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 6
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| [[Mame Madior Boye]] {{small|(born 1940)}}<ref name="afriqueexpress" />
| 3 March 2001
| 4 November 2002
| {{ayd|2001|03|03|2002|11|04}}
| [[Senegalese Democratic Party|PDS]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Senegalese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 7
| [[File:Idrissa seck 33.JPG|80px]]
| [[Idrissa Seck]] {{small|(born 1959)}}<ref name="afriqueexpress" />
| 4 November 2002
| 21 July 2004
| {{ayd|2002|11|04|2004|07|21}}
| [[Senegalese Democratic Party|PDS]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Senegalese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 8
| [[File:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|80px]]
| [[Macky Sall]] {{small|(born 1961)}}
| 21 July 2004
| 19 June 2007
| {{ayd|2004|07|21|2007|06|19}}
| [[Senegalese Democratic Party|PDS]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 9
| [[File:Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré 2007-11-02.jpg|80px]]
| [[Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré]] {{small|(born 1951)}}
| 19 June 2007
| 30 April 2009
| {{ayd|2007|06|19|2009|04|30}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Senegalese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 10
| [[File:Souleymane ndéné ndiaye .jpg|80px]]
| [[Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye]] {{small|(born 1958)}}
| 30 April 2009
| 5 April 2012
| {{ayd|2009|04|30|2012|04|05}}
| [[Senegalese Democratic Party|PDS]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]] [[Macky Sall]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 11
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| [[Abdoul Mbaye]] {{small|(born 1953)}}
| 5 April 2012
| 1 September 2013
| {{ayd|2012|04|05|2013|09|01}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Macky Sall]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)}}; color:white;"| 12
| [[File:Aminata Touré (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Aminata Touré (Senegalese politician)|Aminata Touré]] {{small|(born 1962)}}
| 1 September 2013
| 8 July 2014
| {{ayd|2013|09|01|2014|07|08}}
| [[Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)|APR]]
| [[Macky Sall]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 13
| [[File:Mohammed Dionne.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mahammed Dionne]] {{small|(born 1959)}}
| 8 July 2014
| 14 May 2019
| {{ayd|2014|07|08|2019|05|14}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Macky Sall]]
|-
| colspan="8" |Post abolished (14 May 2019 – 17 September 2022)
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"| 14
| [[File:Amadou Ba.png|80px]]
| [[Amadou Ba (politician, born 1961)|Amadou Ba]] {{small|(born 1961)}}
| 17 September 2022
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2022|09|17|||}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Macky Sall]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Senegal]]
**[[President of Senegal]]
**[[List of colonial governors of Senegal]]
**[[Politics of Senegal]]
*[[Lists of office-holders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Senegal.html World Statesmen - Senegal]

{{Prime ministers of Senegal}}
{{Senegal topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}
{{Prime Minister}}

[[Category:Government ministers of Senegal]]
[[Category:History of Senegal]]
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Senegal, Prime Minister]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Senegal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Senegal|Prime Minister]]

User talk:142.161.94.245

2023-07-14T01:34:39Z

Slazenger: Welcoming user (HG) (3.4.10)

== Welcome! ==

Hello! I noticed [[Special:Contributions/142.161.94.245|your contributions]] and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay.
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Happy editing!  [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:34, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

User talk:189.220.43.247

2023-07-14T01:32:01Z

Slazenger: Level 3 warning re. Dark Forces (2020 film) (HG) (3.4.10)

Dark Forces (2020 film)

2023-07-14T01:31:25Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 189.220.43.247 (talk): not adhering to manual of style (HG) (3.4.10)

User talk:2607:FB91:1589:879C:4C96:92AA:37CC:6709

2023-07-14T01:16:12Z

Slazenger: Message re. Joel McEntire (HG) (3.4.10)

== July 2023 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Slazenger|Slazenger]]. I noticed that you made an edit to a biography of a living person, [[:Joel McEntire]], but you didn't support your changes with a citation to a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. Wikipedia has a strict policy concerning [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|how we write about living people]], so please help us keep such articles accurate. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Slazenger|my talk page]]. Thank you. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:16, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

Joel McEntire

2023-07-14T01:16:10Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 2607:FB91:1589:879C:4C96:92AA:37CC:6709 (talk): addition of unsourced content to a biographical article (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{short description |American politician from Washington}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Joel McEntire
|state_house = Washington
|district = [[Washington's 19th legislative district|19th]]
| alongside = [[Jim Walsh (Washington politician)|Jim Walsh]]
|term_start = January 11, 2021
|predecessor = [[Brian Blake]]
|birth_name = Joel William McEntire
|birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1987}}
|birth_place = [[Layton, Utah]], U.S.
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|occupation = Politician
}}

'''Joel William McEntire'''<ref>{{cite news |url = http://whk.stparchive.com/Archive/WHK/WHK05272010p06.php |title = Kaufman-McEntire |work = The Wahkiakum County Eagle |date = May 27, 2010 |access-date = December 22, 2021 }}</ref> (born 1987)<ref>{{Cite web |title = Legislative Manual 2021-2022 |url = https://leg.wa.gov/LIC/Documents/Historical/Legislative%20Manuals/Legislative%20Manual%20-%20Red%20Book%202021_ONLINE.pdf |publisher = [[Washington State Legislature]] }}</ref> is an American politician of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. In 2020, he was elected to the [[Washington House of Representatives]] to represent the [[Washington's 19th legislative district|19th legislative district]] and took office on January 11, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last = |first = |date = December 1, 2020 |title = Canvass of the Returns of the General Election Held on November 3, 2020 |url = https://www.sos.wa.gov/_assets/elections/research/official%20canvass%20of%20the%20returns%20g2020_%20certification%2012%2001%202020.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = [[State of Washington]] Secretary of State }}</ref>

In 2023 a Twitter account in his name replied to other users and used the terms "straight up loser", "dim wit dem", and "utterly pathetic" among others. In an email to ''[[The Chronicle (Centralia, Washington)|The Chronicle]]'', McEntire stated that control of the account was "handed off to a kid from Vancouver to use" after an earlier statement that claimed the posts were "photoshopped".<ref>{{cite news |last = Vander Stoep |first = Isabel |date = April 5, 2023 |title = Rep. Joel McEntire OK'd Twitter Account in His Name Calling People 'Loser,' 'Pathetic' |url = https://www.chronline.com/stories/rep-joel-mcentire-okd-twitter-account-in-his-name-calling-people-loser-pathetic,316859 |work = [[The Chronicle (Centralia, Washington)|The Chronicle]] |accessdate = April 25, 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ballotpedia.org/Joel_McEntire Joel McEntire at ballotpedia.org]

{{Washington House of Representatives}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McEntire, Joel}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:People from Cathlamet, Washington]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the Washington House of Representatives]]

{{Washington-politician-stub}}

User talk:2601:47:4002:CA00:696C:29F1:4FFD:8197

2023-07-14T01:14:43Z

Slazenger: Level 3 warning re. Alexander II of Russia (HG) (3.4.10)

== July 2023 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:74.73.224.126|74.73.224.126]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/2601:47:4002:CA00:696C:29F1:4FFD:8197|your recent contributions]] to [[:Paul I of Russia]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/74.73.224.126|74.73.224.126]] ([[User talk:74.73.224.126|talk]]) 00:58, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please do not add or significantly change content without citing [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|''reliable'' sources]]{{#if:Alexander II of Russia|, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20II%20of%20Russia&diff=1165258462 this edit] to [[:Alexander II of Russia]]}}. Before making any potentially controversial [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|edits]], it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. Please review the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] and take this opportunity to add references to the article. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:12, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please do not add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced]] or [[Wikipedia:No original research|original content]]{{#if:Alexander II of Russia|, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20II%20of%20Russia&diff=1165258668 this edit] to [[:Alexander II of Russia]]}}. Doing so violates Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability policy]]. If you continue to do so, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:14, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Alexander II of Russia

2023-07-14T01:14:40Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 2601:47:4002:CA00:696C:29F1:4FFD:8197 (talk): not providing a reliable source (WP:CITE, WP:RS) (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|Emperor of the Russian Empire from 1855 to 1881}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Alexander II
| image = Zar Alexander II.jpg (cropped).jpg
| caption = Photograph, 1878–81
| alt = Black-and-white photograph of Alexander in his 60s
| succession = [[Emperor of Russia]]
| reign = 2 March 1855{{snd}}13 March 1881
| coronation = 7 September 1856
| cor-type = russia
| predecessor = [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]]
| successor = [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1818|4|29}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow Kremlin]], [[Moscow Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1881|3|13|1818 |4|29}} 
| death_place = [[Winter Palace]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russian Empire
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg]], Russian Empire
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)|Marie of Hesse and by Rhine]]|1841|1880|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Catherine Mikhailovna Dolgorukova]] ([[morganatic]])|1880}}
}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia|Grand Duchess Alexandra]]
* [[Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia]]
* [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]
* [[Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Vladimir]]
* [[Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Alexei]]
* [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia|Maria, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Sergei]]
* [[Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Paul]] Legitimized:
* [[Prince George Yuryevsky]]
* [[Princess Olga Alexandrovna Yurievskaya|Princess Olga Yurievskaya]]
* [[Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya|Princess Catherine Yurievskaya]]
}}
| issue-link = #Marriages and children
| issue-pipe = among others...
| full name = Alexander Nikolayevich Romanov
| house = [[Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]
| father = [[Nicholas I of Russia]]
| mother = [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)|Charlotte of Prussia]]
| religion = [[Russian Orthodox]]
| signature = Signatur Alexander II. (Russland).PNG
}}
'''Alexander II''' ({{lang-rus|Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич|Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich|p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ}}; 29 April 1818{{spnd}}13 March 1881){{efn|Old style: 17 April 1818; 1 March 1881}} was [[Emperor of Russia]], [[Congress Poland|King of Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Finland]] from 2 March 1855 until [[Assassination of Alexander II of Russia|his assassination in 1881]].{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=561}} Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the [[emancipation reform of 1861|emancipation]] of [[Serfdom in Russia|Russia's serfs]] in 1861, for which he is known as '''Alexander the Liberator''' ({{lang-rus|Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель|r=Aleksándr Osvobodítel|p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ}}).

The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing [[corporal punishment]],<ref name="Reformation by the Tsar Liberator">{{cite web|url=http://www.inforefuge.com/reformation-by-the-tsar-liberator|website=InfoRefuge|publisher=InfoRefuge|access-date=18 April 2016| title=Reformation by the Tsar Liberator|date=16 October 2007}}</ref> promoting local self-government through the ''[[zemstvo]]'' system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education. After an assassination attempt in 1866, Alexander adopted a somewhat more conservative stance until his death.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-II-emperor-of-Russia|title=Alexander II {{!}} emperor of Russia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=14 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Alexander was also notable for his foreign policy, which was mainly pacifist, supportive of the [[United States]], and opposite of [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]]. Alexander backed the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]] and sent warships to [[New York Harbor]] and [[San Francisco Bay]] ostensibly to deter attacks by the [[Confederate States Navy|Confederate Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2017/08/16/what-role-did-russia-play-in-the-us-civil-war_823252|title=What role did Russia play in the U.S. Civil War?|first=Oleg|last=Yegorov|date=16 August 2017|website=Russia Beyond}}</ref> and [[Alaska Purchase|sold Alaska]] to the United States in 1867, fearing the remote colony would fall into British hands if there were another war.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/alaskahistoryof40000nask/page/61|title=Alaska, a history of the 49th state|last=Claus-M.|first=Naske|date=1987|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|others=Slotnick, Herman E.|isbn=978-0806125732|edition=2nd|location=Norman|page=[https://archive.org/details/alaskahistoryof40000nask/page/61 61]|oclc=44965514}}</ref> He sought peace, moved away from bellicose France when [[Napoleon III]] fell in 1871, and in 1872 joined with [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]] in the [[League of the Three Emperors]] that stabilized the European situation. Despite his otherwise pacifist foreign policy, he fought a brief war with the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1877–78]], leading to the independence of the [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgarian]], [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegrin]], [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Romanian]] and [[Principality of Serbia|Serbian]] states, pursued further expansion into [[Far East]] and the [[Caucasus]], and conquered [[Turkestan]], also approving plans leading to the [[Circassian genocide]].<ref name="KingonMiliutin">King, Charles. ''The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus''. Page 94. ''In a policy memorandum in of 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive farmers...[but] Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements. [[Tsar Alexander II]] formally approved the resettlement plan...Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s.''</ref> Although disappointed by the results of the [[Congress of Berlin]] in 1878, Alexander abided by that agreement. Among his greatest domestic challenges was an [[January Uprising|uprising in Poland]] in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia. Alexander was proposing additional parliamentary reforms to counter the rise of nascent revolutionary and anarchistic movements when he was assassinated in 1881.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scepsis.net/library/id_1536.html|title=Контрреформы 1889—1892 гг.: Содержание контрреформ // Николай Троицкий|website=scepsis.net}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Grand prince Alexander Nikolaevich (F. Krüger, 1830).jpg|180px|thumb|left|Grand prince Alexander Nikolaevich, 1830]]
Born in [[Moscow]], Alexander Nikolayevich was the eldest son of [[Nicholas I of Russia]] and [[Alexandra Fyodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)|Charlotte of Prussia]] (eldest daughter of [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] and of [[Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]). His early life gave little indication of his ultimate potential; until the time of his accession in 1855, aged 37, few imagined that posterity would know him for implementing the most challenging reforms undertaken in Russia since the reign of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]].{{sfn|Wallace|1911|pp=559–60}}

His uncle [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor Alexander I]] died childless. [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin]], the next-younger brother of Alexander I, had previously renounced his rights to the throne of Russia. Thus, Alexander's father, who was the third son of Paul I, became the new [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor]]; he took the name [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]]. At that time, Alexander became [[Tsesarevich]] as his father's heir to the throne.

In the period of his life as [[heir apparent]] (1825 to 1855), the intellectual atmosphere of [[Saint Petersburg]] did not favour any kind of change: [[freedom of thought]] and all forms of private initiative were suppressed vigorously by the order of his father. Personal and official censorship was rife; criticism of the authorities was regarded as a serious offence.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}}

The education of the [[tsesarevich]] as future emperor took place under the supervision of the liberal romantic poet and gifted translator [[Vasily Zhukovsky]],<ref>{{cite book| title = The McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world biography: an international reference work| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=52BmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA113| year = 1973| publisher = McGraw-Hill| page = 113 |isbn = 9780070796331}}</ref> grasping a smattering of a great many subjects and becoming familiar with the chief modern [[European languages]].{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}} Unusually for the time, the young Alexander was taken on a six-month tour of Russia (1837), visiting 20 provinces in the country.<ref>Edvard Radzinsky, ''Alexander II: the Last Great Tsar'', p. 63.</ref> He also visited many prominent Western European countries<ref>Edvard Radzinsky, ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar'', pp. 65–69, 190–91 & 199–200.</ref> in 1838 and 1839. As Tsesarevich, Alexander became the first [[Romanov]] heir to visit [[Siberia]]<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Radzinsky
| first1 = Edvard
| author-link1 = Edvard Radzinsky
| translator1-last = Bouis
| translator1-first = Antonina
| translator-link = Antonina W. Bouis
| chapter = How to Bring Up a Caesar
| title = Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar
| edition = reprint
| location = New York
| publisher = Simon and Schuster
| date = 2005
| page = 62
| isbn = 978-0743281973
| quote = The tsesarevich was the first Romanov heir to visit Siberia, where convicts and exiles were sent.
}}
</ref> (1837). While touring Russia, he also befriended the then-exiled poet [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen|Alexander Herzen]] and pardoned him. It was through Herzen's influence that he later abolished [[serfdom]] in Russia.

In 1839, when his parents sent him on a tour of Europe, he met twenty-year-old [[Queen Victoria]] and both fell in love. Simon Sebag Montefiore speculates that a small romance emerged. Such a marriage, however, would not work, as Alexander was not a minor prince of Europe and was in line to inherit a throne himself.<ref>Sebag Montefiore, p. 512</ref> In 1847, Alexander donated money to [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Irish Famine sparked international fundraising |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/irish-famine-sparked-international-fundraising-237694651 |work=IrishCentral |date=10 May 2010}}</ref>

He has been described as looking like a German, somewhat of a pacifist, a heavy smoker and card player.<ref>The Advocate: or, Irish Industrial Journal, 7 March 1855, page 3, column 2</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:Entry Processin.jpg|thumb|Procession of Alexander II into [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]] from the [[Red Porch]] during his coronation]]
[[File:Mihály Zichy - Coronation of Alexander II (1857, Hermitage) detail 01.jpg|thumb|The coronation of Emperor Alexander II and [[Empress Maria Alexandrovna]] on 26 August/7 September 1856 at the [[Cathedral of the Dormition|Dormition Cathedral]] of the [[Moscow Kremlin]], painting by Mihály Zichy. The painting depicts the moment when the Emperor crowned the Empress.]]
The death of his father gave Alexander a diplomatic headache, for his father was engaged in open warfare in the southwest of his empire. On 15 January 1856, the new tsar took Russia out of the [[Crimean War]] on the very unfavourable terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)]], which included the loss of the [[Black Sea Fleet]], and the provision that the [[Black Sea]] was to be a demilitarized zone similar to a contemporaneous region of the [[Baltic Sea]]. This gave him room to breathe and pursue an ambitious plan of domestic reforms.

===Reforms===
{{Main|Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia}}

Encouraged by public opinion, Alexander began a period of radical reforms, including an attempt not to depend on landed aristocracy controlling the poor, an effort to develop Russia's natural resources, and to reform all branches of the administration.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}}

[[Boris Chicherin]] (1828–1904) was a political philosopher who believed that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government by Alexander to make the reforms possible. He praised Alexander for the range of his fundamental reforms, arguing that the tsar was:
{{blockquote|called upon to execute one of the hardest tasks which can confront an autocratic ruler: to completely remodel the enormous state which had been entrusted to his care, to abolish an age-old order founded on slavery, to replace it with civic decency and freedom, to establish justice in a country which had never known the meaning of legality, to redesign the entire administration, to introduce freedom of the press in the context of untrammeled authority, to call new forces to life at every turn and set them on firm legal foundations, to put a repressed and humiliated society on its feet, and to give it the chance to flex its muscles.<ref>Quoted in David Saunders, ''Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform: 1801–1881''. London: Longman, 1992. p. 213. {{ISBN|9780582489783}}.</ref>}}

==== Emancipation of the serfs ====
{{Main|Emancipation reform of 1861|Abolition of serfdom in Livonia}}
Alexander II succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father in 1855. As Tsesarevich, he had been an enthusiastic supporter of his father's reactionary policies. That is, he always obeyed the autocratic ruler. But now he was the autocratic ruler himself, and fully intended to rule according to what he thought best. He rejected any moves to set up a parliamentary system that would curb his powers. He inherited a large mess that had been wrought by his father's fear of progress during his reign. Many of the other royal families of Europe had also disliked Nicholas I, which extended to distrust of the [[House of Romanov|Romanov dynasty]] itself. Even so, there was no one more prepared to bring the country around than Alexander II.<ref>Sebag Montefiore, pp. 541–42</ref> The first year of his reign was devoted to the prosecution of the [[Crimean War]] and, after the fall of [[Sevastopol]], to negotiations for peace led by his trusted counsellor, Prince [[Alexander Gorchakov]]. The country had been exhausted and humiliated by the war.<ref>Edvard Radzinsky, ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar'', p. 107.</ref> Bribe-taking, theft and corruption were rampant.<ref>Edvard, Radzinsky, ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar'' p. 107.</ref>

The Emancipation Reform of 1861 abolished [[serfdom]] on private estates throughout the Russian Empire. Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property, and to own a business. The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II.

Polish [[landed proprietor]]s of the Lithuanian provinces presented a petition hoping that their relations with the serfs might be regulated in a way more satisfactory for the proprietors. Alexander II authorized the formation of committees "for ameliorating the condition of the peasants", and laid down the principles on which the amelioration was to be effected.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}} Without consulting his ordinary advisers, Alexander ordered the Minister of the Interior to send a circular to the provincial governors of [[European Russia]] ([[Serfdom in Russia|serfdom]] was rare in other parts) containing a copy of the instructions forwarded to the [[Governor-General]] of Lithuania, praising the supposed generous, patriotic intentions of the Lithuanian landed proprietors, and suggesting that perhaps the landed proprietors of other provinces might express a similar desire. The hint was taken: in all provinces where serfdom existed, emancipation committees were formed.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}}

[[File:Alexander Iwanowitsch Morosow 001.jpg|thumb|Leaving church in [[Pskov]], 1864]]
Emancipation was not a simple goal capable of being achieved instantaneously by imperial decree. It contained complicated problems, deeply affecting the economic, social, and political future of the nation. Alexander had to choose between the different measures recommended to him and decide, if the serfs would become agricultural laborers dependent economically and administratively on the landlords, or if the serfs would be transformed into a class of independent communal proprietors.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}} The emperor gave his support to the latter project, and the Russian peasantry became one of the last groups of peasants in Europe to shake off serfdom. The architects of the emancipation manifesto were Alexander's brother [[Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia|Konstantin]], [[Yakov Rostovtsev]], and [[Nikolay Milyutin]]. On 3 March 1861, six years after his accession, the emancipation law was signed and published.

==== Additional reforms ====
{{Main|Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia}}
[[File:Alaska Purchase (hi-res).jpg|thumb|The US$7.2 million check used to [[Alaska Purchase|pay]] for [[Russian Alaska]] in 1867]]

A host of new reforms followed in diverse areas.<ref>W. Bruce Lincoln, ''The great reforms: Autocracy, bureaucracy, and the politics of change in imperial Russia'' (Northern Illinois UP, 1990).</ref><ref>Ben Eklof, John Bushnell, and Larisa Georgievna Zakharova, eds. ''Russia's great reforms, 1855-1881'' (Indiana University Press, 1994).</ref> The tsar appointed [[Dmitry Milyutin]] to carry out significant reforms in the Russian armed forces. Further important changes were made concerning industry and commerce, and the new freedom thus afforded produced a large number of [[limited liability company|limited liability companies]].{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}} Plans were formed for building a great network of railways, partly to develop the natural resources of the country, and partly to increase its power for defense and attack.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=560}}

Military reforms included universal [[conscription]], introduced for all social classes on 1 January 1874.<ref>Edvard Radzinsky, ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar'' p. 150.</ref> Prior to the new regulation, as of 1861, conscription was compulsorily enforced only for the peasantry. Conscription had been 25 years for serfs who were drafted by their landowners, which was widely considered to be a life sentence.<ref>Jonathon Bromley, "Russia 1848–1917"</ref> Other military reforms included extending the reserve forces and the military district system, which split the Russian states into 15 military districts, a system still in use over a hundred years later. The building of strategic railways and an emphasis on the military education of the officer corps comprised further reforms. [[Corporal punishment]] in the military and branding of soldiers as punishment were banned.<ref>Edvard Radzinsky, ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar'', pp. 150–51.</ref> The bulk of important military reforms were enacted as a result of the poor showing in the Crimean War.

A new judicial administration (1864), based on the French model, introduced security of tenure.<ref>John Keep, in Robert Auty and Dimitri Obolensky, eds. (1976), ''An Introduction to Russian History'', p. 238</ref> A new [[penal code]] and [[judicial reform of Alexander II|a greatly simplified system of civil and criminal procedure]] also came into operation.{{sfn|Wallace|1911|pp=560–561}} Reorganisation of the judiciary occurred to include trial in open court, with judges appointed for life, a jury system, and the creation of justices of the peace to deal with minor offences at local level. Legal historian Sir [[Henry Maine]] credited Alexander II with the first great attempt since the time of [[Grotius]] to codify and humanise the usages of war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maine |first=Henry |year=1888 |title= International Law: A Series of Lectures Delivered Before the University of Cambridge, 1887 |publisher=John Murray |place=London |edition= 1 |page= 128 |url= https://archive.org/stream/internationallaw00mainiala#page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Tsar Alexander II and Kaser Wilhelm I.jpg|thumb|Alexander II with his uncle, German Emperor [[William I, German Emperor|William I]], on a hunting trip together, 1872]]
Alexander's bureaucracy instituted an elaborate scheme of local self-government ([[zemstvo]]) for the rural districts (1864) and the large towns (1870), with elective assemblies possessing a restricted right of taxation, and a new rural and municipal police under the direction of the [[MVD (Russia)|Minister of the Interior]].{{sfn|Wallace|1911|p=561}}

Under Alexander's rules [[History of the Jews in Russia|Jews]] could not own land, and were restricted in travel. However special taxes on Jews were eliminated and those who graduated from secondary school were permitted to live outside the [[Pale of Settlement]], and became eligible for state employment. Large numbers of educated Jews moved as soon as possible to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and other major cities.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Sara E. |last1=Karesh |first2=Mitchell M. |last2=Hurvitz |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA10|year=2005|publisher=Infobase |pages=10–11|isbn=9780816069828}}</ref><ref>James P. Duffy, Vincent L. Ricci, ''Czars: Russia's Rulers for Over One Thousand Years'', p. 324</ref>

The [[Russian America|Alaska colony]] was losing money, and would be impossible to defend in wartime against Britain, so in 1867 Russia [[Alaska Purchase|sold Alaska]] to the United States for $7.2 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|7.2|1867}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}). The Russian administrators, soldiers, settlers, and some of the priests returned home. Others stayed to minister to their native parishioners, who remain members of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] into the 21st century.<ref>James R. Gibson (1979). "Why the Russians Sold Alaska". ''Wilson Quarterly'' 3.3: 179-188. {{JSTOR|40255691}}</ref>

===Reaction after 1866 ===

Alexander maintained a generally liberal course.<ref>Simon Sebag Montefiore (2016), ''The Romanovs: 1613–1918'', pp. 392ff.</ref> Radicals complained he did not go far enough, and he became a target for numerous assassination plots. He survived attempts that took place in 1866, 1879, and 1880. Finally {{OldStyleDate|13 March|1881|1 March}}, assassins organized by the [[Narodnaya Volya]] (People's Will) party killed him with a bomb. The Emperor had earlier in the day signed the [[Loris-Melikov's constitutional reform|Loris-Melikov constitution]], which would have created two legislative commissions made up of indirectly elected representatives, had it not been repealed by his reactionary successor [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]].<ref>{{Citation|title=This Day in History – 13 March 1881 |work=History |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=4833 |access-date=11 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210084358/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=4833 |archive-date=10 February 2010 }}</ref>

An attempted assassination in 1866 started a more conservative period that lasted until his death.<ref name=":0" /> The Tsar made a series of new appointments, replacing liberal ministers with conservatives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964|last=Waller|first=Sally|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-835467-3|location=Oxford|page=23}}</ref> Under Minister of Education [[Dmitry Tolstoy]], liberal university courses and subjects that encouraged critical thinking were replaced by a more traditional curriculum, and from 1871 onwards only students from {{lang|ru-Latn|gimnaziya}} schools could progress to university.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dmitry-Andreyevich-Graf-Tolstoy|title=Dmitry Andreyevich, Count Tolstoy {{!}} Russian statesman|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 1879, governor-generals were established with powers to prosecute in military courts and exile political offenders. The government also held show trials with the intention of deterring others from revolutionary activity, but after cases such as the [[Trial of the 193]] where sympathetic juries acquitted many of the defendants,<ref>Hingley, Ronald, ''Nihilists: Russian Radicals and Revolutionaries in the Reign of Alexander II, 1855–81'' (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967) p. 79.</ref> this was abandoned.<ref name=":1" />

===Suppression of separatist movements===
[[File:Bitwa pod Mrzygłodem 1863.PNG|thumb|[[Battle of Mrzygłód]] during the [[January Uprising]] in 1863]]

After Alexander II became Emperor of Russia and [[List of rulers of Partitioned Poland|King of Poland]] in 1855, he substantially relaxed the strict and repressive regime that had been imposed on [[Congress Poland]] after the [[November Uprising]] of 1830–1831.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander II |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-II-emperor-of-Russia |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=January Insurrection |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-Insurrection |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2023}}

However, in 1856, at the beginning of his reign, Alexander made a memorable speech to the deputies of the Polish nobility who inhabited [[Congress Poland]], Western [[Ukraine]], [[Lithuania]], [[Livonia]], and [[Belarus]], in which he warned against further concessions with the words, "Gentlemen, let us have no dreams!"<ref>{{cite book|last=Morfill|first=William|title=A history of Russia: from the birth of Peter the Great to Nicholas II|year=1902|publisher=James Pott|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrussiaf00morfgoog/page/n447 429]|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrussiaf00morfgoog}}</ref> This served as a warning to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The territories of the former [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]] were excluded from liberal policies introduced by Alexander. The result was the [[January Uprising]] of 1863–1864 that was suppressed after eighteen months of fighting. Hundreds of Poles were executed, and thousands were deported to [[Siberia]]. The price of suppression was Russian support for the [[unification of Germany]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[martial law]] in Lithuania, introduced in 1863, lasted for the next 40 years. Native languages, [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], were completely banned from printed texts, the [[Ems Ukase]] being an example. The authorities banned use of the Latin script for writing Lithuanian. The [[Polish language]] was banned in both oral and written form from all provinces except [[Congress Poland]], where it was allowed in private conversations only.

[[Nikolay Milyutin]] was installed as governor and he decided that the best response to the January Uprising was to make reforms regarding the peasants. He devised a program which involved the emancipation of the peasantry at the expense of the nationalist {{lang|pl|[[szlachta]]}} landowners and the expulsion of [[Catholic Church in Poland|Roman Catholic]] priests from schools.<ref>Lincoln, W. Bruce (1977). ''Nikolai Miliutin, an enlightened Russian Bureaucrat.'' pp. 90–102. New York: Oriental Research Partners. {{ISBN|0-89250-133-2}}</ref> [[Abolition of serfdom in Poland|Emancipation]] of the Polish peasantry from their [[Serfdom in Poland|serf]]-like status took place in 1864, on more generous terms than the emancipation of Russian peasants in 1861.<ref>Zyzniewski, Stanley J. (1966). "The Russo-Polish Crucible of the 1860s: A Review of Some Recent Literature". ''The Polish Review'' 23-46. {{JSTOR|25776655}}</ref>

===Encouraging Finnish nationalism===
[[File:Alexander II (Romanov) monument in Helsinki, Finland.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Alexander II (statue in Helsinki)|Monument to Alexander II]] "The Liberator" at the [[Helsinki Senate Square#Statue of Alexander II|Senate Square]] in Helsinki, by sculptor [[Walter Runeberg]]. It was erected in 1894, when Finland was still a Russian grand duchy.]]

In 1863, Alexander II re-convened the [[Diet of Finland]] and initiated several reforms increasing Finland's autonomy within the Russian Empire, including establishment of its own currency, the [[Finnish markka]].<ref name="Ц">{{Cite web|url=http://www.krotov.info/lib_sec/04_g/gol/ovanov_01.htm#_Toc468949488|title=krotov.info|website=www.krotov.info|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=16 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516061230/http://krotov.info/lib_sec/04_g/gol/ovanov_01.htm#_Toc468949488|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liberation of business led to increased [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] and industrial development. Finland also got its first [[History of rail transport in Finland|railways]], separately established under Finnish administration.<ref name=haar>{{cite book|last1=Haarmann|first1=Harald|title=Modern Finland: Portrait of a Flourishing Society|date=4 October 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1476625652|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEA4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211}}</ref> Finally, the elevation of [[Finnish language|Finnish]] from a language of the common people to a [[national language]] equal to [[Finland Swedish|Swedish]] opened opportunities for a larger proportion of Finnish society. Alexander II is still regarded as "The Good Tsar" in Finland.<ref name="haar" />

These reforms could be seen as results of a genuine belief that reforms were easier to test in an underpopulated, homogeneous country than in the whole of Russia. They may also be seen as a reward for the loyalty of its relatively western-oriented population during the [[Crimean War]] and during the [[January Uprising|Polish uprising]]. Encouraging Finnish nationalism and language can also be seen as an attempt to dilute ties with Sweden.

===Foreign affairs===
During the Crimean War [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] maintained a policy of [[Armed neutrality|hostile neutrality]] towards Russia, and, while not going to war, was supportive of the Anglo-French coalition. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859 [[Second Italian War of Independence|Franco-Austrian War]], which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; and in the 1866 [[Austro-Prussian War]], with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking lands.<ref name="Figes2010">{{cite book | last= Figes | first= Orlando | title= Crimea: The Last Crusade | year= 2010 | page=433| location= London | publisher= Allen Lane | isbn= 978-0-7139-9704-0 }}</ref>

During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), Russia supported the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], largely due to the view that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to their geopolitical rival, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. In 1863, the [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]]'s [[Baltic Fleet|Baltic]] and [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific fleet]]s wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.<ref>Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie. ''Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914'' p 95. {{ISBN|0-8262-1097-X|9780826210975}}</ref>

[[File:Sofia winter (Tsar Liberator Monument, sculptor Arnoldo Zocchi) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Monument to the Tsar Liberator]] in the centre of [[Sofia]], the capital of Bulgaria]]
The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris of 1856]] stood until 1871, when Prussia defeated France in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. During his reign, [[Napoleon III]], eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the [[Eastern Question]]. France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of the [[French Third Republic]]. Encouraged by the new attitude of French diplomacy and supported by the German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]], Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the Paris treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom with Austria<ref>Hugh Ragsdale, ''Imperial Russian Foreign Policy'' (Cambridge University Press. 1993). p.227</ref> could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a [[Black Sea Fleet|fleet in the Black Sea]]. France, after the Franco-Prussian War and the loss of [[Alsace–Lorraine]], was fervently hostile to Germany, and maintained friendly relations with Russia.

In the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] the states of [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Romania]], [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]], and [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]] gained international recognition of their independence while [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and [[Eastern Rumelia]] achieved their autonomy from direct Ottoman rule. Russia took over [[Southern Bessarabia]],<ref>Frederick Kellogg, ''The Road to Romanian Independence'', Purdue University Press, 1995, p. 191</ref> lost in 1856.

==== End of the Caucasian War ====
{{main|Caucasian War}}
[[File:Imam Shamil surrendered to Count Baryatinsky on August 25, 1859 by Kivshenko, Alexei Danilovich.jpg|thumb|[[Imam Shamil]] surrendered to Count Baryatinsky on 25 August 1859.]]

The [[Russo-Circassian War]] concluded as a Russian victory during Alexander II's rule. Just before the conclusion of the war the Russian Army, under the emperor's order, sought to eliminate the [[Circassians|Circassian]] "mountaineers" in the [[Circassian genocide]], which would be often referred to as "cleansing" and "genocide" in several historic dialogues.<ref>Y. Abramov,[http://www.circassianworld.com/RU/CaucasianMountaineers.html ''Caucasian Mountaineers, Materials For the History of Circassian People''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321190324/http://www.circassianworld.com/RU/CaucasianMountaineers.html |date=21 March 2011 }}, 1990</ref><ref>Justin McCarthy, ''Death and Exile, the Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims'', 1821–1922, Princeton, New Jersey, 1995</ref> In 1857, [[Dmitry Milyutin]] first published the idea of mass expulsions of Circassian natives.<ref name="KingonMiliutin2">King, Charles. ''The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus''. p. 94. "In a policy memorandum in of 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive farmers ... [but] Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements. [[Tsar Alexander II]] formally approved the resettlement plan ... Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s".</ref> Milyutin argued that the goal was not to simply move them so that their land could be settled by productive farmers, but rather that "eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements".<ref name="KingonMiliutin2" /><ref name="Richmond200879">{{harvnb|Richmond|2008|p=79}}. "In his memoirs [[Dmitry Milyutin|Milutin]], who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [{{lang|ru-Latn|ochistit'}}] the mountain zone of its indigenous population".</ref> Tsar Alexander II endorsed the plans.<ref name="KingonMiliutin2" /> A large portion of indigenous peoples of the region were ethnically cleansed<ref name="Richmond200879" /> from their homeland at the end of the [[Russo-Circassian War]] by Russia. A large deportation was launched against the remaining population before the end of the war in 1864 and it was mostly completed by 1867.<ref>Kazemzadeh 1974</ref> Only a small percentage accepted surrender and resettlement within the [[Russian Empire]]. The remaining Circassian populations who refused to surrender were thus variously dispersed, resettled, tortured, and most of the time, killed ''en masse''.<ref>{{cite book|last=King|first=Charles|title=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus|page=95}}. "One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse".</ref>

====Liberation of Bulgaria====
{{main|Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)}}
In April 1876, the [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] population in the Balkans rebelled against [[Ottoman Bulgaria|Ottoman rule]]. The Ottoman authorities suppressed the [[April Uprising]], causing a general outcry throughout Europe. Some of the most prominent intellectuals and politicians on the Continent, most notably [[Victor Hugo]] and [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], sought to raise awareness about the atrocities that the Turks imposed on the Bulgarian population. To solve this new crisis in the "Eastern question" a [[Constantinople Conference]] was convened by the Great Powers in Constantinople at the end of the year. The participants in the Conference failed to reach a final agreement.

After the failure of the Constantinople Conference, at the beginning of 1877, Emperor Alexander II started diplomatic preparations with the other Great Powers to secure their neutrality in case of a war between Russia and the Ottomans. Alexander II considered such agreements paramount in avoiding the possibility of causing his country a disaster similar to the Crimean War.<ref name="Ц"/>

[[File:Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg|thumb|In 1877, Russian general [[Iosif Gurko]] liberated [[Veliko Tarnovo]], ending the 480-year rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]
The Russian Emperor succeeded in his diplomatic endeavors. Having secured agreement as to non-involvement by the other Great Powers, on 17 April 1877 Russia declared war upon the Ottoman Empire. The Russians, helped by the Romanian Army under its supreme commander King Carol I (then Prince of Romania), who sought to obtain Romanian independence from the Ottomans as well, were successful against the Turks and the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War]] of 1877–1878 ended with the signing of the preliminary peace [[Treaty of San Stefano]] on {{OldStyleDate|19 February|1878|3 March}}. The treaty and the subsequent [[Congress of Berlin]] (June–July 1878) secured the emergence of an independent Bulgarian state for the first time since 1396, and Bulgarian parliamentarians elected the tsar's nephew, [[Alexander of Battenberg|Prince Alexander of Battenberg]], as the Bulgarians' first ruler.

For his social reforms in Russia and his role in the liberation of Bulgaria, Alexander II became known in Bulgaria as the "Tsar-Liberator of Russians and Bulgarians". A [[Monument to the Tsar Liberator|monument to Alexander II]] was erected in 1907 in Sofia in the "National Assembly" square, opposite to the Parliament building.<ref name="Ц"/> The monument underwent a complete reconstruction in 2012, funded by the Sofia Municipality and some Russian foundations. The inscription on the monument reads in Old-Bulgarian style: "To the Tsar-Liberator from grateful Bulgaria". There is a museum dedicated to Alexander in the Bulgarian city of [[Pleven]].

===Assassination attempts===
In April 1866, there was an attempt on the emperor's life in [[St. Petersburg]] by [[Dmitry Karakozov]].<ref name="verhoeven">{{cite book|last1=Verhoeven|first1=Claudia|title=The odd man Karakozov: Imperial Russia, modernity, and the birth of terrorism|date=2009|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca|isbn=978-0-8014-4652-8}}</ref> To commemorate his narrow escape from death (which he himself referred to only as "the event of 4 April 1866"), a number of churches and chapels were built in many Russian cities. [[Viktor Hartmann]], a Russian architect, even sketched a design of a monumental gate (which was never built) to commemorate the event. [[Modest Mussorgsky]] later wrote his piano suite ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'', the last movement of which, "The Great Gate of Kiev", is based on Hartmann's sketches.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

During the [[International Exposition (1867)|1867 World's Fair]] Polish immigrant [[Antoni Berezowski]] attacked the carriage containing Alexander, his two sons and [[Napoleon III]].<ref name="Tarsaidze">{{cite book|last1=Tarsaidze|first1=Alexandre|title=Katia: Wife before God|date=1970|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York}}</ref> His self-modified double-barreled pistol misfired and struck the horse of an escorting cavalryman.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

On the morning of 20 April 1879, Alexander was briskly walking towards the Square of the Guards Staff and faced [[Alexander Soloviev (Revolutionary)|Alexander Soloviev]], a 33-year-old former student. Having seen a menacing revolver in his hands, the Emperor fled in a zigzag pattern. Soloviev fired five times but missed; he was sentenced to death and hanged on 28 May.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

The student acted on his own, but other revolutionaries were keen to murder Alexander.<ref name="rowley" /> In December 1879, the ''[[Narodnaya Volya]]'' (People's Will), a radical revolutionary group which hoped to ignite a [[social revolution]], organised an explosion on the railway from [[Livadiya, Ukraine|Livadia]]{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} to Moscow, but they missed the emperor's train.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

On the evening of 5 February 1880 [[Stephan Khalturin]], also from ''Narodnaya Volya'', set off a timed charge under the dining room of the [[Winter Palace]], right in the resting room of the guards a story below, killing 11 people and wounding 30 others.<ref name="rowley" /> ''The New York Times'' (4 March 1880) reported "the dynamite used was enclosed in an iron box, and exploded by a system of clockwork used by the man [[Alexander Keith Jr.|Thomas]] in Bremen some years ago."<ref>Quoted in {{cite book|last=Larabee|first=Ann|title=The Dynamite Fiend: The Chilling Tale of a Confederate Spy, Con Artist, and Mass Murderer|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|date=2005|isbn=978-1403967947|url=https://archive.org/details/dynamitefiendchi0000lara}}, p. 194</ref> However, dinner had been delayed by the late arrival of the tsar's nephew, the [[Alexander of Battenberg|Prince of Bulgaria]], so the tsar and his family were not in the dining room at the time of the explosion and were unharmed.<ref name="rowley" />

==Assassination==
{{Main|Assassination of Alexander II of Russia}}
[[File:Alexander II of Russia's murder 02.jpg|thumb|The explosion killed one of the Cossacks and wounded the driver.]]
[[File:Attentat mortal Alexander II (1881).jpg|thumb|''The assassination of Alexander II'', drawing by G. Broling, 1881]]

After the last assassination attempt in February 1880, [[Michael Tarielovich, Count Loris-Melikov|Count Loris-Melikov]] was appointed the head of the Supreme Executive Commission and given extraordinary powers to fight the revolutionaries. Loris-Melikov's proposals called for some form of parliamentary body, and the Emperor seemed to agree; these plans were never realized.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

On {{OldStyleDate|13 March|1881|1 March}}, Alexander was assassinated in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the place of the emperor Alexander II assassination in St. Petersburg the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood was founded |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619641 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Presidential Library |language=en}}</ref>

As he was known to do every Sunday for many years, the emperor went to the [[Mikhailovsky Manège]] for the military [[wikt:roll call|roll call]]. He travelled both to and from the ''Manège'' in a closed carriage accompanied by five [[Cossacks]] and Frank (Franciszek) Joseph Jackowski, a Polish noble, with a sixth Cossack<ref name="Richard J Harris, Newport Beach, CA USA">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Richard|title=Mother's recounting of her father's experience}}</ref> sitting on the coachman's left. The emperor's carriage was followed by two sleighs carrying, among others, the chief of police and the chief of the emperor's guards. The route, as always, was via the [[Catherine Canal]] and over the [[Pevchesky Bridge]].{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

The street was flanked by narrow pavements for the public. A young member of the ''[[Narodnaya Volya]]'' ("People's Will") movement, [[Nikolai Rysakov]],<ref name="rowley">{{cite journal|last1=Rowley|first1=Alison|title=Dark Tourism and the Death of Russian Emperor Alexander II, 1881–1891|journal=Historian|date=Summer 2017|volume=79|issue=2|pages=229–55|doi=10.1111/hisn.12503 |s2cid=148924679|issn=0018-2370}}</ref> was carrying a small white package wrapped in a handkerchief. He later said of his attempt to kill the Tsar:

{{Blockquote|After a moment's hesitation I threw the bomb. I sent it under the horses' hooves in the supposition that it would blow up under the carriage... The explosion knocked me into the fence.<ref>Radzinsky, Edvard, ''Alexander II: The Last Great Czar'', (Freepress 2005) p. 413</ref>}}

The explosion, while killing one of the [[Cossacks]] and seriously wounding the driver and people on the sidewalk,<ref name="rowley" /> had only damaged the [[Bulletproofing|bulletproof]] carriage, a gift from [[Napoleon III]] of France. The emperor emerged shaken but unhurt.<ref name="rowley" /> Rysakov was captured almost immediately. Police Chief Dvorzhitzky heard Rysakov shout out to someone else in the gathering crowd. Dvorzhitzky offered to drive the Tsar back to the Palace in his sleigh. The Tsar agreed, but he decided to first see the culprit, and to survey the damage. He expressed solicitude for the victims. To the anxious inquires of his entourage, Alexander replied, "Thank God, I'm untouched".

Nevertheless, a second young member of the ''Narodnaya Volya'', [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]],<ref name="rowley" /> standing by the canal fence, raised both arms and threw something at the emperor's feet. He was alleged to have shouted, "It is too early to thank God".<ref>Robert K. Massie, ''Nicholas and Alexandra'', Dell Publishing Company, New York, p. 16</ref> Dvorzhitzky was later to write:

{{Blockquote|I was deafened by the new explosion, burned, wounded and thrown to the ground. Suddenly, amid the smoke and snowy fog, I heard His Majesty's weak voice cry, 'Help!' Gathering what strength I had, I jumped up and rushed to the emperor. His Majesty was half-lying, half-sitting, leaning on his right arm. Thinking he was merely wounded heavily, I tried to lift him but the czar's legs were shattered, and the blood poured out of them. Twenty people, with wounds of varying degree, lay on the sidewalk and on the street. Some managed to stand, others to crawl, still others tried to get out from beneath bodies that had fallen on them. Through the snow, debris, and blood you could see fragments of clothing, epaulets, sabres, and bloody chunks of human flesh.<ref>Radzinsky, (2005) p. 415</ref>}}

Later, it was learned there was a third bomber in the crowd. [[Ivan Emelyanov]] stood ready, clutching a briefcase containing a bomb that was to be used if the other two bombers failed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manaev |first=Georgy |date=2021-03-13 |title=5 times terrorists FAILED to kill the Russian Emperor |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/333524-5-attempts-alexander-of-russia-murder |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref>

Alexander was carried by sleigh to the [[Winter Palace]]<ref name="rowley" /> to his study where almost the same day twenty years earlier, he had signed the [[Emancipation reform of 1861|Emancipation Edict]] freeing the serfs. Alexander was bleeding to death, with his legs torn away, his stomach ripped open, and his face mutilated.<ref>Massie, p. 16</ref> Members of the [[Romanov family]] came rushing to the scene.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

The dying emperor was given [[Eucharist|Communion]] and [[Last rites#In the Orthodox Church|Last Rites]]. When the attending physician, [[Sergey Botkin]], was asked how long it would be, he replied, "Up to fifteen minutes."<ref>Radzinsky, (2005) p. 419</ref> At 3:30 that day, the standard of Alexander II (his personal flag) was lowered for the last time.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Храм Спаса на крови 7.jpg|thumb|The [[Church of the Savior on Blood]] was built on the site of Alexander II's assassination.]]
[[File:Slsa1070 31 3.jpg|thumb|Alexander II, also known as the [[Grand Duke of Finland]], was well regarded among the majority of [[Finns]].<ref>YLE: The statue of the Russian emperor arouses wonder among tourists – Why is it still in the middle of Helsinki? - [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10984227 Venäjän keisarin patsas herättää turisteissa ihmetystä – Miksi se on yhä keskellä Helsinkiä?] (in Finnish)</ref> Statue of Alexander II at the [[Senate Square, Helsinki|Senate Square]] in [[Helsinki]], Finland, flowered on 13 March 1899, the day of the commemoration of the emperor's death.]]

Alexander II's death caused a great setback for the reform movement. One of his last acts was the approval of [[Mikhail Loris-Melikov]]'s [[Loris-Melikov's constitutional reform|constitutional reforms]].<ref>Heilbronner, Hans, 'Alexander III and the Reform Plan of Loris-Melikov', ''The Journal of Modern History'', 33:4 (1961) 384–97 [386]</ref> Though the reforms were conservative in practice, their significance lay in the value Alexander II attributed to them: "I have given my approval, but I do not hide from myself the fact that it is the first step towards a constitution."<ref>Venturi, Franco, ''Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia'', trans. by Francis Haskell (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960)</ref>
In a matter of 48 hours, Alexander II planned to release these plans to the Russian people. Instead, following his succession, Alexander III, under the advice of [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]], chose to abandon these reforms and went on to pursue a policy of greater autocratic power.<ref>Heilbronner, pp. 390–96</ref>

The assassination triggered major suppression of civil liberties in Russia, and [[police brutality]] burst back in full force after experiencing some restraint under the reign of Alexander II, whose death was witnessed first-hand by his son, [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]], and his grandson, [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], both future emperors who vowed not to have the same fate befall them. Both of them used the [[Okhrana]] to arrest protestors and uproot suspected rebel groups, creating further suppression of personal freedom for the Russian people. A series of anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s and antisemitic legislation, the [[May Laws]], were yet another result.<ref name="Ц"/>

Finally, the tsar's assassination also inspired [[anarchism|anarchists]] to advocate "'[[propaganda by the deed|propaganda by deed]]'—the use of a spectacular act of violence to incite revolution."<ref>Palmer, Brian (29 December 2010) [http://www.slate.com/id/2279457/ What do anarchists want from us?], ''[[Slate.com]]''</ref>

In 1881, the [[Alexander Church]], designed by Theodor Decker and named after Alexander II, was completed in [[Tampere]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visittampere.fi/en/attraction/alexander-church/|title=Alexander Church}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoveringfinland.com/destination/alexander-church-tampere/|title=Alexander Church - Tampere Tampere}}</ref> Also, with construction starting in 1883, the [[Church of the Savior on Blood]] was built on the site of Alexander's assassination and dedicated in his memory.

==Marriages and children==
===First marriage===
{{Wikisource|Scribner's Monthly Magazine/Volume 3/Issue 2/The Imperial Family of Russia|An intimate glimpse into the family life of Alexander II (1871)}}
[[File:Cartetsar.JPG|thumb|{{center|Emperor Alexander II and his wife, Empress Maria, with their son, the future [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] by [[Sergei Lvovich Levitsky]] 1870}}]]

In 1838–39, the young bachelor, Alexander made the [[Grand Tour]] of Europe which was standard for young men of his class at that time. One of the purposes of the tour was to select a suitable bride for himself. His father [[Nicholas I of Russia]] suggested [[Princess Alexandrine of Baden]] as a suitable choice, but he was prepared to allow Alexander to choose his own bride, as long as she was not Roman Catholic or a commoner.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 11">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 11</ref> Alexander stayed for three days with the maiden [[Queen Victoria]]. The two got along well, but there was no question of marriage between two major monarchs.

In Germany, Alexander made an unplanned stop in Darmstadt. He was reluctant to spend "a possibly dull evening" with their host [[Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]], but he agreed to do so because [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] insisted that his entourage was exhausted and needed a rest.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 11"/> During dinner, he met and was charmed by [[Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)|Princess Marie]], the 14-year-old daughter of [[Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse]]. He was so smitten that he declared that he would rather abandon the succession than not marry her.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 12">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 12</ref> He wrote to his father: "I liked her terribly at first sight. If you permit it, dear father, I will come back to Darmstadt after England."<ref>Edvard Radzinsky, "Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar," p. 67</ref> When he left Darmstadt, she gave him a locket that contained a piece of her hair.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 12"/>

Alexander's parents initially did not support his decision to marry Princess Marie of Hesse. There were troubling rumors about her paternity. Although she was the legal daughter of [[Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]], there were rumors that Marie was the biological daughter of her mother's lover, [[August von Senarclens de Grancy|Baron August von Senarclens de Grancy]].<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 12"/> Alexander's parents worried that Marie could have inherited her mother's consumption. Alexander's [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)|mother]] considered the Hesse family grossly inferior to the Hohenzollerns and Romanovs.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 12"/>

In April 1840, Alexander's engagement to Princess Marie was officially announced.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 13">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 13</ref> In August, the 16-year-old Marie left Darmstadt for Russia.<ref name="Kiste, 1959, p. 13"/> In December, she was received into the Orthodox Church and received the names ''Maria Alexandrovna''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=11 August 1855|title=Alexander II of Russia|journal=Spirit of the Times; A Chronicle of the Turf, Agriculture, Field Sports, Literature and the Stage (1835–1861)|volume=25|page=304|via=ProQuest}}</ref>

On 16 April 1841, aged 23, Tsesarevitch Alexander married Marie in St. Petersburg.

The marriage produced six sons and two daughters:
*[[Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia]] (30 August 1842 – 10 July 1849), nicknamed Lina, died of [[meningitis|infant meningitis]] in St. Petersburg at the age of six
*[[Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia]] (20 September 1843 – 24 April 1865), engaged to [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Princess Dagmar of Denmark]]
*[[Alexander III of Russia|Emperor Alexander III]] (10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) he married [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Princess Dagmar of Denmark]] on 9 November 1866. They had six children.
*[[Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia]] (22 April 1847 – 17 February 1909) he married [[Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] on 28 August 1874. They had five children.
*[[Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich]] (14 January 1850 – 14 November 1908) he married [[Alexandra Zhukovskaya]] in 1870. They had one son.
*[[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]] (17 October 1853 – 24 October 1920) she married [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] on 23 January 1874. They had six children.
*[[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]] (11 May 1857 – 17 February 1905) he married [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine]] on 15 June 1884. They had no children.
*[[Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia]] (3 October 1860 – 24 January 1919) he married [[Alexandra Georgievna of Greece|Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark]] on 17 June 1889. They had two children. He remarried [[Olga Valerianovna Paley|Olga Karnovich]] on 10 October 1902. They had three children.

Alexander particularly placed hope in his eldest son, [[Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia|Tsesarevich Nicholas]]. In 1864, Alexander II found Nicholas a bride, [[Dagmar of Denmark (Maria Feodorovna)|Princess Dagmar of Denmark]], second daughter of [[King Christian IX of Denmark]] and younger sister to [[Queen Alexandra|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] and [[King George I of Greece]]. In 1865, Nicholas died of cerebrospinal [[meningitis]]. Alexander was devastated by Nicholas' death, and his nephew [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia]] reflected that "his shoulders were bent, and he walked so slowly that we all felt as though his loss had robbed him of all his strength."<ref>John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 30</ref>

Alexander's second son, [[Alexander III of Russia|Grand Duke Alexander]] became tsesarevich and married the late [[Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia|Tsesarevich Nicholas]]'s fiancée. The couple married in November 1866, with Dagmar converting to Orthodoxy and taking the name Maria Feodorovna.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Alexander grew estranged from his second son, [[Alexander III of Russia|Grand Duke Alexander]].<ref>Van Der Kiste, p. 94</ref>

Alexander's favorite child was his daughter, [[Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia|Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna]]. He reflected that his daughter had "never caused us anything but joy. We lost our eldest girl and we had so ardently wished for another – her birth was a joy and a delight, not to be described, and her whole life has been a continuation."<ref>John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 62</ref> In 1873, a quarrel broke out between the courts of Queen Victoria and Alexander II, when Victoria's second son, [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Alfred]], made it known that he wished to marry the Grand Duchess. The tsar objected to the queen's request to have his daughter come to England in order to meet her,<ref>Van Der Kiste, John ''The Romanovs: 1818–1959'' (Sutton Publishing, 2004) p. 71</ref> and after the January 1874 wedding in St. Petersburg, the tsar insisted that his daughter be granted precedence over the Princess of Wales, which the queen rebuffed.<ref>Van Der Kiste p. 74</ref> Later that year, after attending the engagement ceremonies of his second surviving son, [[Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia|Vladimir]], to [[Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Maria Pavlovna of Russia)|Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] in Berlin, Alexander II, with his third son, [[Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia|Alexei]], accompanying him, made a visit to England.<ref>Der Kiste, p. 74</ref> While not a state visit, but simply a trip to see his daughter, he nevertheless partook in receptions at Buckingham Palace and Marlborough House, inspected the artillery at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, reviewed troops at Aldershot and met both Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] and the leader of the opposition, [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]].<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 75">Van Der Kiste, p. 75</ref> Disraeli observed of the tsar that "his mien and manners are gracious and graceful, but the expression of his countenance, which I could now very closely examine, is sad. Whether it is satiety, or the loneliness of despotism, or fear of a violent death, I know not, but it was a visage of, I should think, habitual mournfulness."<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 75"/>

In 1866, Alexander II took a mistress, [[Catherine Dolgorukova]], with whom he would father three surviving children. In 1880, he moved his mistress and their children into the Winter Palace. Alexander's affair alienated all his children except Alexei and Marie Alexandrovna.<ref>Van Der Kiste, p. 67</ref> Courtiers spread stories that the dying Empress Marie was forced to hear the noise of Catherine's children moving about overhead, but their respective rooms were actually far.<ref>Radzinsky, Edvard (2005). Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar. Free Press, a division of Simon and Schuster, Inc. p. 300. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-7332-9}}</ref> In May 1880, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna visited Russia to see her dying mother. She was horrified to learn that Catherine lived in the Palace and she confronted him.<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 97">Van Der Kiste, p. 97</ref> Shocked by the loss of support from his daughter, he quietly retreated to [[Gatchina Palace]] for military reviews.<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 97"/> The quarrel, however, evidently, jolted his conscience enough to lead him to return to St. Petersburg each morning to ask after his wife's health.<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 97"/>

Empress Marie Alexandrovna suffered from [[tuberculosis]]. She succumbed to it on 3 June 1880.

===Second marriage===
[[File:Tsar Alexander II 1881.jpg|thumb|Tsar Alexander II, photo by [[Sergei Lvovich Levitsky]], 1881 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)]]

On {{OldStyleDate|18 July|1880|6 July}}, Alexander II married his mistress [[Catherine Dolgorukova]] [[morganatic marriage|morganatically]] in a secret ceremony at [[Tsarskoye Selo]].<ref>Van Der Kiste, pp. 97 & 98</ref> The action scandalized both his family and the court. It violated Orthodox custom which required a minimum period of 40 days mourning between the death of a spouse and the remarriage of a surviving spouse, eliciting criticism in foreign courts.<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 98">Van Der Kiste, p. 98</ref> Alexander bestowed on Catherine the title of Princess Yurievskaya and legitimized their children.<ref name="Van Der Kiste, pg. 98"/>

Before their marriage, Alexander and Catherine had four children:
*[[Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky]] (12 May 1872 – 13 September 1913) he married [[Countess Alexandra von Zarnekau]] on 11 February 1900 and they were divorced in 1908. They had one son.
*[[Princess Olga Alexandrovna Yurievskaya]] (7 November 1873 – 10 August 1925) she married Count Georg of Merenberg on 12 May 1895. They had three children.
*Prince Boris Alexandrovich Yurievsky (23 February – 11 April 1876)
*[[Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya]] (9 September 1878 – 22 December 1959) she married Prince Alexander Vladimirovich Baryatinsky (1870–1910) on 18 October 1901. They had two sons. She remarried [[Serge Obolensky|Prince Sergei Platonovich Obolensky]] on 6 October 1916 and they were divorced in 1924.

==In fiction==
Alexander II appears prominently in the opening two chapters of [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Michael Strogoff]]'' (published in 1876 during Alexander's own lifetime). The Emperor sets the book's plot in motion and sends its eponymous protagonist on the dangerous and vital mission which would occupy the rest of the book. Verne presents Alexander II in a highly positive light, as an enlightened yet firm monarch, dealing confidently and decisively with a rebellion. Alexander's liberalism shows in a dialogue with the chief of police, who says "There was a time, sire, when NONE returned from Siberia", to be immediately rebuked by the Emperor who answers:
"Well, whilst I live, Siberia is and shall be a country whence men CAN return."<ref>[[s:Michael Strogoff/Chapter II|Jules Verne, "Michael Strogoff", Ch. 2]]</ref>

The films ''[[Katia (film)|Katia]]'' (1938) and ''[[Magnificent Sinner]]'' (1959) depict a highly fictionalized account of the Tsar's romance with the woman who became his second wife.

In ''[[The Tiger in the Well]]'', [[Philip Pullman]] refers to the assassination – though he never names Alexander – and to the pogroms that followed. The anti-Jewish attacks play an important role in the novel's plot. [[Andrew Williams (novelist)|Andrew Williams']]s historical thriller, To Kill A Tsar, tells the story of The People's Will revolutionaries and the assassination through the eyes of an Anglo-Russian doctor living in St Petersburg.

[[Oscar Wilde]]'s first play ''[[Vera; or, The Nihilists]]'', written in 1880{{mdash}}Alexander II's last year{{mdash}}features Russian revolutionaries who seek to assassinate a reform-minded Emperor (and who, in the play, ultimately fail in their plot). Though Wilde's fictional Emperor differs from the actual Alexander, contemporary events{{which|date=October 2011}} in Russia – as published in the British press of the time – clearly{{original research inline|date=October 2011}} influenced Wilde.

Alexander II's reasons to [[Alaska Purchase|sell Alaska]] to the United States in 1867 are fictionized in the epilogue of the novel ''Forty-Ninth''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pronsky|first1=Boris|title=Forty-Ninth|last2=Britton|first2=Craig|isbn=9798201386238|pages=114–117, 130–136, 180–182|language=English}}</ref> by Boris Pronsky and Craig Britton, in a form of a letter to Catherine Dolgorukova. Prior to that, the book explores the events immediately after the first assassination attempt on the Tsar in 1866, as well as the relationship with his brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich.

==In nonfiction==
[[Mark Twain]] describes a short visit with Alexander II in Chapter 37 of ''[[The Innocents Abroad]]'', describing him as "very tall and spare, and a determined-looking man, though a very pleasant-looking one nevertheless. It is easy to see that he is kind and affectionate. There is something very noble in his expression when his cap is off."<ref>{{Citation
| last = Twain
| first = Mark
| author-link = Mark Twain
| title = The Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrim's Progress – ch. 37
| year = 1869
| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5691/5691-h/5691-h.htm#ch37
| access-date = 28 April 2011}}</ref>

==Ancestors==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Alexander II of Russia'''
|2= 2. [[Nicholas I of Russia]]
|3= 3. [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)|Princess Charlotte of Prussia]]
|4= 4. [[Paul I of Russia]]
|5= 5. [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg]]
|6= 6. [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]
|7= 7. [[Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|8= 8. [[Peter III of Russia]]
|9= 9. [[Catherine II of Russia]]
|10= 10. [[Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt]]
|12= 12. [[Frederick William II of Prussia]]
|13= 13. [[Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt|Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|14= 14. [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|15= 15. [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
}}

==Honours==
;Domestic orders and decorations<ref name="Army">[http://regiment.ru/bio/A/2.htm Russian Imperial Army - Emperor Alexander II of Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010506/http://regiment.ru/bio/A/2.htm |date=18 December 2018 }} (In Russian)</ref>{{self-published inline|date=January 2021}}
* [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''29 April 1818''
* [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]], ''29 April 1818''
* [[Order of St. Anna|Knight of St. Anna]], 1st Class, ''29 April 1818''
* [[Order of St. Vladimir|Knight of St. Vladimir]], 1st Class, ''1 January 1846''
* [[Order of St. George|Knight of St. George]], 4th Class, ''10 November 1850''; 1st Class, ''26 November 1869''
* [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Knight of St. Stanislaus]], 1st Class, ''11 June 1865''
* [[Golden Weapon for Bravery|Golden Sword "For Bravery"]], ''28 November 1877''
* {{flagicon image|Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg}} [[Congress Poland|Poland]]: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Knight of the White Eagle]], ''12 July 1829''<ref>''Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705-2008'' (2008), p. 289</ref>

;Foreign orders and decorations<ref name="Army"/>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Austrian Empire}}:<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1878&page=237&size=45|chapter=Ritter-Orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1878|access-date=2 November 2019|pages=61, 64}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Order of St. Stephen]], ''1839''
** Knight of the [[Military Order of Maria Theresa]], ''1875''
* {{flag|Baden}}:<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1850), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870429 p. 32], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870445 48]</ref>
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1839''
** [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion]], ''1839''
* {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1829''<ref>{{cite book|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zBRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8|year=1870|publisher=Landesamt|page=8}}</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''25 April 1856''<ref name="Veldekens1858">{{cite book|author=Ferdinand Veldekens|title=Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP11|year=1858|publisher=lelong|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_6lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212 212]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Empire of Brazil}}:
** [[Order of the Southern Cross|Grand Cross of the Southern Cross]], ''15 May 1845''
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Pedro I]], ''14 February 1856''
* {{flag|Emirate of Bukhara}}: Order of Noble Bukhara, ''1881''
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''23 April 1834'';<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=468}}</ref> with Golden Collar, ''1838''
* {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]], ''June 1847''<ref>''Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg'' (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0034.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815 p. 20]</ref>
* [[France]]:
** {{flagicon image|Pavillon royal de France.svg}} [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]]: [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Knight of the Holy Spirit]], ''5 February 1824''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Teulet|first1=Alexandre|date=1863|title=Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578-1830)|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f377.item.zoom|language=fr|trans-title=Chronological List of Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578-1830)|journal=Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France |number=2 |page=117 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[Second French Empire|French Empire]]: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''30 July 1856''<ref>{{cite book|author1= M. Wattel |author2=B. Wattel | title = Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |location= Paris |date = 2009 |publisher= Archives & Culture | page = 514 | isbn = 978-2-35077-135-9| ref = M. et B. Wattel}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Greece|old}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]: [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Redeemer]], ''8 November 1835''
* {{flag|Kingdom of Hanover}}:<ref>{{cite book|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für das Königreich Hannover|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp9jAAAAcAAJ|year=1854|publisher=Berenberg|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zp9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32 32] [https://books.google.com/books?id=zp9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61 61]}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]], ''1838''
** [[Order of St. George (Hanover)|Knight of St. George]], ''1840''
* {{flagicon|Hesse}} [[Electorate of Hesse]]: [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)|Grand Cross of the Golden Lion]], ''18 August 1847''<ref>{{cite book|title=Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_RSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1856|publisher=Waisenhaus|page=11}}</ref>
* {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}:<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein'' (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen ", [https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n34 pp. 10], [https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n72 47], [https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n154/mode/2up 130]</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''25 March 1839''
** Grand Cross of the Merit [[Order of Philip the Magnanimous]], ''25 December 1843''
** Military Merit Cross, ''16 May 1878''
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''27 April 1877''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=143}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore and Golden Collar, ''21 June 1864''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mexico (1864-1867).svg}} [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]: [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle|Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle]], with Collar, ''1865''<ref>{{citation|title=Almanaque imperial para el año 1866|year=1866|language=es|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ|chapter=Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio|page=242|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Monaco}}: [[Order of Saint-Charles|Grand Cross of St. Charles]], ''22 July 1873''<ref>[https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b2d2198a20c00236d3cec1d0e69bb09e.pdf Sovereign Ordonnance of 22 July 1873]</ref>
* {{flag|Principality of Montenegro}}: [[Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje|Knight of St. Peter of Cetinje]]
* {{flag|Nassau}}: [[Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau|Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau]], ''May 1858''<ref>''Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau'' (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10021632?page=23 7]</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}:
** [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion]], ''2 December 1834''
** Grand Cross of the [[Military William Order]], ''13 September 1855''<ref name="Military William Order">{{cite web|url=https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1855/09/13/romanov-aleksandr-ii-nikolajevitsj |title=Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr II Nikolajevitsj |trans-title=Military William Order: Romanov, Alexander II Nikolaevich |website=Ministerie van Defensie|language=nl|access-date=12 March 2016|date=13 September 1855}}</ref>
* {{flag|Oldenburg}}: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown, ''27 September 1847''<ref name="Oldenburg1873">{{cite book|author=Staat Oldenburg|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1872/73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpBYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA28|year=1873|publisher=Schulze|page=28}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}:
** [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class, ''1 February 1860''
** [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class, ''25 May 1871''
* {{flag|Duchy of Parma}}: [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George]], with Collar, ''1851''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Almanacco di corte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqYSAAAAYAAJ&q=Almanacco%20di%20Parma&pg=PA220|date=1858|access-date=24 April 2019|language=it}}</ref>
* [[File:Amir Kabir Flag.svg|20px]] [[Qajar Iran|Persian Empire]]: [[Order of the Lion and the Sun]], 1st Class, ''10 July 1850''
* {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Three Orders]], ''27 November 1855''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bragança |first1=Jose Vicente de|last2=Estrela |first2=Paulo Jorge |date=2017 |title=Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia|url=https://www.academia.edu/35782766 |language=pt|trans-title=Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia|journal=Pro Phalaris |volume=16 |page=10 |access-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]:
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''10 June 1826''; with Collar, ''1856''<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=12&skin=2021 8], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=935&skin=2021 923]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1877|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal [[House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''30 May 1856''<ref name="prus"/>
** [[Pour le Mérite]] (military), ''8 December 1869''; with Oak Leaves, ''8 December 1871''; Grand Cross, ''24 April 1878''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lehmann|first1=Gustaf|title=Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913|year=1913|trans-title=The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite|language=de|url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN135808618|page=499|volume=2|location=Berlin|publisher=[[E.S. Mittler & Sohn|Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn]]}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Sardinia}}: [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''20 October 1845''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&q=Ordine%20supremo%20della%20Santissima%20Annunziata&pg=PA110|publisher=Eredi Botta|date=1869|access-date=4 March 2019|language=it|first=Luigi|surname=Cibrario|page=110}}</ref>
* {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''12 September 1838''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1840), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00184597/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_11_0328.tif p. 7]</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1840''<ref>{{cite book|title=Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3|year=1866|publisher=Heinrich|page=3}}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain|1785}}: [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''14 May 1826''<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro|title=Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en|year=1835|publisher=En la Imprenta Nacional|page=73|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1818}} [[Sweden-Norway]]: [[Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], ''6 March 1826''<ref>{{cite book|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1877|page=368|url=http://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0392.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv}}</ref>
* {{flag|Two Sicilies}}: [[Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit|Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit]], ''20 January 1839''
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: [[Order of the Garter|Stranger Knight of the Garter]], ''14 August 1867''<ref name=p64>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n153/mode/2up p. 64]</ref>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}:<ref name="Württemberg1869">{{cite book|author=Württemberg|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Württemberg: 1869|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1|year=1869|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=awdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 30], [https://books.google.com/books?id=awdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA55 55]}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1829''
** [[Military Merit Order (Württemberg)|Knight of the Military Merit Order]], ''25 December 1850''
}}

===Arms===
[[File:Lesser CoA of the empire of Russia.svg|230px|center|thumb|Lesser Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire]]

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Alexander II by E.Botman (1856, Russian museum).jpg|Portrait of Alexander II, 1856
File:Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._(1888,_Hermitage)_detail.jpg|Portrait of Emperor Alexander II wearing the greatcoat and cap of the Imperial Horse-Guards Regiment. c. 1865
File:Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG|Alexander II, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
File:Alexander II of Russia by K.Makovskiy (1881, GTG).jpg|Alexander II, portrait by [[Konstantin Makovsky]]. 1881
File:Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg|The [[Monument to the Tsar Liberator]] in [[Sofia]] commemorates Alexander II's decisive role in the [[Liberation of Bulgaria]] from Ottoman rule during the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]].
File:Chenstokhov.jpg|A monument to Alexander II in [[Jasna Góra Monastery|Częstochowa]], removed after liberation of Poland.
File:Monument of Alexander II of Russia in Plovdiv.jpg|A monument to Alexander II in [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery]]
* [[Tsars of Russia family tree]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Alexander II. (tsar)|display=Alexander II.|volume=1|pages=559–561|first=Donald Mackenzie|last=Wallace|author-link=Donald Mackenzie Wallace}}
* {{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Walter |title=The Northwest Caucasus : past, present, future |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9780415693219}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)}}
* {{cite book| last = Crankshaw| first = Edward| title = The Shadow of the Winter Palace: The Drift to Revolution, 1825–1917| year = 2000| publisher = Da Capo Press| isbn = 978-0-306-80940-8 }}
* {{cite book| author = Eklof, Ben|author2=John Bushnell|author3=L. Larisa Georgievna Zakharova| title = Russia's Great Reforms, 1855–1881| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-253-20861-3 }}
* Lincoln, W. Bruce. ''The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias'' (1983) [https://www.amazon.com/Romanovs-Autocrats-All-Russias/dp/0385279086/ excerpt and text search]
* Lincoln, W. Bruce. '' The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia'' (1990)
* Moss, Walter G., ''Alexander II and His Times: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky''. London: Anthem Press, 2002. [http://people.emich.edu/wmoss/publications/ online] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060112121614/http://www.praiseofglory.com/taleantichrist.htm |date=12 January 2006 }}
* Mosse, W. E. ''Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia'' (1958) [https://www.questia.com/library/4022637/alexander-ii-and-the-modernization-of-russia online]
* Pereira, N.G.O.,''Tsar Emancipator: Alexander II of Russia, 1818–1881'', Newtonville, Mass: Oriental Research Partners, 1983.
* {{cite book| last = Polunow| first = Alexander| title = Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, And Social Change, 1814–1914| year = 2005| publisher = M E Sharpe Incorporated| isbn = 978-0-7656-0672-3 }}
* [[Edvard Radzinsky|Radzinsky, Edvard]], ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar''. New York: The Free Press, 2005.
* {{cite book| last = Zakharova| first = Larissa| title = Alexander II: Portrait of an Autocrat and His Times| year = 1910| isbn = 978-0-8133-1491-4 }}
* Watts, Carl Peter. "Alexander II's Reforms: Causes and Consequences" ''History Review'' (1998): 6–15. [https://sites.google.com/site/ibhistoryrussia/syllabus-overview---imperial-russia/alexander-ii/AlexanderII-twoHistoryReviewarticles.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1 Online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource author}}
*{{cite book |chapter= Alexander II (Obituary Notice, Monday, March 14, 1881) |title= Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from the Times|year=1893 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |place=London |pages=268–291 |volume= II (1876-1881)|hdl= 2027/osu.32435022453492}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050848/http://diaryrh.ru/historical-photos/emperor-alexander-ii/ The Emperor Alexander II. Photos with dates.]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20050106.shtml The Assassination of Tsar Alexander II] from [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|''In Our Time'' (BBC Radio 4)]]
* [http://kantor.forum24.ru/ Alexander II – the Liberator. Russian-speaking forum. ]
* {{YouTube|SS5oCZvCdhM|Romanovs. Romanovs. The seventh film. Nicholas I; Alexander II}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Romanov|House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]|29 April|1818|13 March|1881|[[House of Oldenburg]] }}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Russia]] [[Grand Duke of Finland]]|years=1855–1881}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of Poland]]|years=1855–1864}}
{{S-vac|reason=Annexation by Russia}}
{{S-end}}

{{Russian emperors}}
{{Russian tsareviches}}
{{Russian grand dukes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander 02 Of Russia}}
[[Category:Alexander II of Russia| ]]
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:1881 murders in Europe]]
[[Category:19th-century Russian monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Assassinated politicians of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Children of Nicholas I of Russia]]
[[Category:Circassian genocide perpetrators]]
[[Category:Deaths by suicide bomber]]
[[Category:Deaths from bleeding]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs]]
[[Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]
[[Category:Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Male murder victims]]
[[Category:Murdered Russian monarchs]]
[[Category:Royalty from Moscow]]
[[Category:People from Moscow Governorate]]
[[Category:People murdered in Russia]]
[[Category:People of the Caucasian War]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Finland]]
[[Category:Russian emperors]]
[[Category:Russian grand dukes]]
[[Category:Russian people of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Russian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]
[[Category:Russian terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:Assassinated heads of state in Europe]]

ATLiens

2023-07-14T01:14:29Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 24.208.226.69 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Infobox album
| name = ATLiens
| type = studio
| artist = [[Outkast]]
| cover = outkast-atliens.jpg
| alt =
| released = August 27, 1996
| recorded = 1994–1996
| studio = Bosstown Recording Studios, [[Doppler Studios|Doppler Recording Studios]], [[PatchWerk Recording Studios|PatchWerk Recording Studio]], Purple Dragon Studios, Studio LaCoCo ([[Atlanta, Georgia]]) [[Chung King Studios|Chung King Recording Studio]], Sound On Sound Recording ([[New York City, New York]])
| genre = {{hlist|[[Southern hip hop]]|[[alternative hip hop]]}}
| length = 57:23
| label = {{hlist|[[Arista Records|Arista]]|[[LaFace Records|LaFace]]}}
| producer = {{hlist|[[Organized Noize]]|Outkast}}
| prev_title = [[Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik|Southernplaya- listicadillacmuzik]]
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Aquemini]]
| next_year = 1998
| misc = {{Singles
| name = ATLiens
| type = studio
| single1 = [[Elevators (Me & You)]]
| single1date = July 9, 1996
| single2 = [[ATLiens (song)|ATLiens]]
| single2date = August 20, 1996
| single3 = [[Jazzy Belle]]
| single3date = December 17, 1996
}}
}}

'''''ATLiens''''' is the second studio album by American [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] duo [[Outkast]]. It was released on August 27, 1996, by [[Arista Records]] and [[LaFace Records]]. From 1995 to 1996, Outkast recorded ''ATLiens'' in sessions at several Atlanta studios—Bosstown Recording Studios, [[Doppler Studios|Doppler Recording Studios]], [[PatchWerk Recording Studios|PatchWerk Recording Studio]], Purple Dragon Studios, and Studio LaCoCo—as well as [[Chung King Studios|Chung King Recording Studio]] and Sound On Sound Recording in New York City.

The record features [[outer space]]-inspired production sounds, with Outkast and producers [[Organized Noize]] incorporating elements of [[Dub music|dub]] and [[Gospel music|gospel]] into the compositions. Several songs feature the duo's first attempts at producing music by themselves. Lyrically, the group discusses a wide range of topics including urban life as hustlers, existential introspection, and extraterrestrial life. The album's title is a [[portmanteau]] of "ATL" (an [[abbreviation]] of [[Atlanta, Georgia]]) and "[[Extraterrestrial life|alien]]s", which has been interpreted by critics as a commentary about the feeling of being isolated from American culture.

''ATLiens'' debuted at number two on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart, and it sold nearly 350,000 copies in its first two weeks of release. The album was very well received by music critics upon its release, who praised its unique sound and lyrical content. It has been certified [[RIAA certification|double platinum]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), for shipments of two million copies in the United States. The album spawned the singles "[[Elevators (Me & You)]]", "[[ATLiens (song)|ATLiens]]", and "[[Jazzy Belle]]". Since its release, ''ATLiens'' has been listed by several magazines and critics as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time.

==Background==
In 1994, Outkast released their debut album, ''[[Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik]]'', which was recorded when members [[Big Boi]] and [[André 3000]] were eighteen years old. Bolstered by the success of the single "[[Player's Ball]]", the record established Outkast as prominent figures in the Southern hip hop scene.{{sfn|Nickson|2004|pp=32–33}} After the album was certified platinum, LaFace Records gave Outkast more creative control and advanced money for their 1996 follow-up album ''ATLiens''.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1997|title=none|journal=Black Diaspora|location=New York|volume=18|page=25}}</ref> The duo took the opportunity to recreate their image. On a trip to [[Jamaica]] with producer [[Mr. DJ]], the two decided to abandon their [[Cornrows|cornrow]] hairstyles in favor of a more natural aesthetic, vowing to stop combing their hair.{{sfn|Westhoff|2011|p=135}} [[Dungeon Family]] member [[Big Rube]] observed an increase in the duo's confidence after returning from their first tour, remarking, "They started understanding the power they had in their music. They started showing a swagger that certain artists have—the ones that are stars."{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=139}} The members also underwent changes in their personal lives; in 1995, Big Boi's girlfriend gave birth to their first child and André 3000 and [[Total (group)|Total]]'s Keisha Spivey ended their two-year relationship.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=140}}

Despite its success, ''Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik'' had some detractors, including hip hop tastemakers who were unaccustomed to the album's style.{{sfn|Nickson|2004|p=35}} As the [[East Coast hip hop|East Coast]] and [[West Coast hip hop|West Coast]] hip hop scenes were already well-established at the time, many did not view the South as a legitimate and respectable scene.{{sfn|Westhoff|2011|p=133}} At the 1995 Source Awards, an award ceremony held by ''[[The Source]]'' magazine, Outkast won in the "Best Newcomer" category,{{sfn|Strong|2004|p=1134}} but were booed upon taking the stage and delivering their acceptance speech; Big Boi managed to deliver his shout outs, while André 3000 was nervous and said, "The South got somethin' to say."{{sfn|Johnson|2007|pp=460–461}} The latter recalled how the album was received by some listeners, "People thought that the South basically only had [[Miami bass|bass music]]. At first people were looking at us like 'Um, I don't know.'"{{sfn|Nickson|2004|p=35}} Taken aback by the backlash, André 3000 and Big Boi channelled their frustration in the studio to improve upon their debut.{{sfn|Westhoff|2011|p=133}}

== Recording and production ==
[[File:Patchwerk 995.gif|thumb|left|270px|[[PatchWerk Recording Studios|PatchWerk Recording Studio]] in Atlanta, one of the album's recording locations]]

After acquiring their own recording studio, the duo immediately started working on new material and assimilated themselves with music recording and studio equipment, as they sought to become more ambitious artists and less dependent on other producers.{{sfn|Nickson|2004|p=42}} The two also became more accustomed to playing live, particularly Big Boi, and André 3000 significantly changed his lifestyle, as he adopted a more eccentric fashion sense, became a vegetarian (he has since resumed eating meat), and stopped smoking marijuana.{{sfn|Nickson|2004|p=46}} Having dropped out months before graduation, André 3000 also returned to high school to earn his diploma during the recording of ''ATLiens''.<ref name="Vibrations">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGB0iIRXtJEC&pg=PA23|title=Positive Vibrations|first=Dimitry|last=Leger|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|volume=12|issue=10|date=January 1997|access-date=July 8, 2012|page=23}}</ref>

Before beginning work on ''ATLiens'', André 3000 purchased an [[E-mu SP-1200|SP1200]] drum machine, an [[Music Production Center|MPC3000]] sampler, a [[TASCAM]] mixing board, and turntables with stacks of classic records.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=140}} Although he had never produced a song before, he used techniques learned from observing the Dungeon Crew at work. "[[Elevators (Me & You)]]" was the first song the duo created together for the album.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=140}} The duo refrained from [[Sampling (music)|sampling]] on the album, with Big Boi explaining "I feel like you cheat the listener when you sample. If it's an old school jam, leave it to the old. We wanna have our own school of music."<ref name="Vibrations"/>

Outkast recorded the album in sessions at several Atlanta studios—Bosstown Recording Studios, [[Doppler Studios|Doppler Recording Studios]], [[PatchWerk Recording Studios|PatchWerk Recording Studio]], Purple Dragon Studios, and Studio LaCoCo—as well as [[Chung King Studios|Chung King Recording Studio]] and Sound On Sound Recording in New York City.<ref name="Liner Notes"/> For ''ATLiens'', the band aimed for a consistent set of songs in which a listener would not need to skip tracks; Outkast wrote around 35 songs for the album and reduced them to fourteen.<ref name="Home">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108|title=Outkast: Home on the Range|first=Kenji|last=Jasper|journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|volume=4|issue=8|date=October 1996|access-date=July 8, 2012|page=108}}</ref> The duo's songwriting style for the album had no solid structure and was mostly spontaneous; Big Boi noted, "Stuff'll just come to you. I'll be sittin' in the truck, and I'll start rhymin'. People look at me like I'm crazy, but that's how it starts."<ref name="Home"/>

==Composition==

===Music===
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Two-thirds of the album is produced by [[Organized Noize]], Outkast's primary production team. The rest is produced by Earthtone III, a production team that includes Outkast themselves and [[Mr. DJ]]. André 3000 and Big Boi produced the songs "Jazzy Belle" and "Elevators (Me & You)".{{sfn|Wang|2003|p=133}} It also has a notably more laid-back, spacey production sound, which they expanded upon on their follow-up album ''[[Aquemini]]''.<ref name="aqueminirev">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/aquemini-mw0000043056|title=Aquemini – OutKast|last=Huey|first=Steve|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> Although the group drew from [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]]'s outer-space inspired compositions, the band utilizes a more laid-back style as opposed to Clinton's hard funk leanings.<ref name="allmusicrev">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/atliens-mw0000175875|title=ATLiens – OutKast|first=Steve|last=Huey|work=AllMusic|access-date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> Many tracks feature strong echo and reverb, taking influence from [[Dub music|dub]] and [[reggae]].<ref name="allmusicrev"/> Andrea Comer of the ''[[Hartford Courant]]'' perceives an "extraterrestrial feel" in the record's production.<ref name="Comer"/>

[[MTV]] wrote that the album's production "built giddy, chaotic hooks around throbbing bass grooves, neck-snapping drums and bits of backwoods [[country music|country]] and [[psychedelic rock]] for good measure."<ref>{{cite web|first1=Kyle|last1=Anderson|title=Outkast's ATLiens Crash Lands On Earth: Wake-Up Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2579400/outkast-atliens/|website=[[MTV]]|date=August 27, 2010|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> Outkast also incorporated elements of [[Gospel music|gospel]] into the music; being from the South, the group felt obligated to "stay close to [their] slave roots".<ref name="Vibrations"/> The album's introduction track "You May Die" has been described as "churchy".<ref name="Harrington"/> "Elevators (Me & You)" contains atmospheric elements including echoes, dub-influenced bass, organ riffs, and telephone tones.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|pp=140–141}} "13th Floor/Growing Old" contains a [[spoken word]] introduction from Big Rube, somber soul vocals from [[Debra Killings]], and a "[[Prince (musician)|Prince]]-ish" piano riff,{{sfn|Wang|2003|p=133}}{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=142}} while "Wheelz of Steel" features "furious" turntable scratching by Mr. DJ.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=142}} "Extraterrestrial" offers a break in the continuity of the record as it features no drum [[Beat (music)|beat]].{{sfn|Johnson|2007|pp=461–462}}

===Lyrics===
Lyrically, André 3000 and Big Boi abandon the "hard-partying playa characters" of their debut album in favor of more spacey, funky, and futuristic personas on ''ATLiens''.<ref name="allmusicrev"/> With their lyrics, the duo hoped to reflect on maturity in the wake of the birth of Big Boi's daughter.<ref name="carries"/> André 3000 explained, "It's like everybody's talking about sipping champagne and being big time, so we just took it upon ourselves to do something new ... I want my children to say, 'Daddy really said something, he wasn't just trying to brag on himself.'"<ref name="carries"/> Many songs on ''ATLiens'' feature more unconventional subject matter for hip hop. The lyrical content ranges from addressing urban life as hustlers and pimps to extraterrestrial life and space travel.{{sfn|Johnson|2007|pp=461–462}} The title track's chorus expresses Southern pride, while its verses feature André 3000 explaining his newly adopted drug-free lifestyle.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=141–142}}

"Elevators (Me & You)" illustrates Outkast's rise to fame, and was inspired by a show the band played at [[Howard University]] with [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]] in the audience.<ref name="Home"/> The song also discusses the unlikely partnership of André 3000 and Big Boi, and uses the metaphor of an elevator for the ups and downs of fame.<ref name="Bradley498">Bradley, 2011. p. 498</ref> The final verse illustrates André 3000 dealing with a fan who pretends to have been childhood friends with him.<ref name="Bradley498"/> It also references Southern culture, including mentions of [[Cadillac]]s and extended family gatherings.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=141}} "Babylon" reflects on [[Religion and sexuality|religious attitudes towards sex]] and illustrates André 3000's upbringing and his forbidden attractions throughout childhood.{{sfn|Johnson|2007|pp=461–462}} "Jazzy Belle" discusses the group's "increasingly enlightened" view regarding women: "Went from yellin' ... bitches and hoes to queen thangs".{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=142}} The album's closer "13th Floor/Growing Old" is a meditation on aging and emphasizes Southern hip hop's legitimacy.{{sfn|Sarig|2007|p=142}}

==Release==
===Promotion===
[[File:Atlanta skyline.jpg|left|thumb|The album is a [[portmanteau]] of "ATL" (an [[abbreviation]] of [[Atlanta, Georgia]]) and "[[Extraterrestrial life|alien]]s". (Atlanta skyline pictured in 1982).]]

''ATLiens'' was released on August 27, 1996, by [[LaFace Records]]. In September, LaFace created a promotion for the record in conjunction with [[Blockbuster LLC|Blockbuster]] in which customers could enter to win a 1970s Cadillac car, emphasizing Outkast and Cadillac's connection with the Southern lifestyle.<ref name="carries">{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Shawnee|date=August 31, 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7|title='Elevators' Carries LaFace's OutKast to Top|pages=7, 20|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=108|issue=35|access-date=December 19, 2012}}</ref> The record's inner booklet features a 24-page comic strip foldout starring the members, who must defend "positive music" against the villain Nosamulli.<ref name="carries"/> The strip continues in the artwork for each single released from ''ATLiens'' except for "Elevators (Me & You)".<ref name="carries"/>

The album's title is a [[portmanteau]] of "ATL" (an [[abbreviation]] of [[Atlanta, Georgia]]) and "[[Extraterrestrial life|alien]]s". In his book ''Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture'', author T. Hasan Johnson interprets the album's title as "partly a statement about being from Atlanta, while also signifying on the theme of the group's name (by using the term ''aliens'') framing themselves as societal outcasts."{{sfn|Johnson|2007|p=461}} Mark Bould, author of ''The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction'', observes that the title symbolizes Outkast's "estrangement from American society", suggesting that "the inner city of their formative years is out of this world and its hostile conditions."{{sfn|Bould|2009|p=191}}

===Commercial performance===
The album debuted at number two on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB71FFBDA46427F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Pearl Jam's 'No Code' to Top Albums Chart|work=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|date=September 7, 1996|access-date=March 5, 2011|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701140717/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB71FFBDA46427F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=July 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it sold nearly 350,000 copies in its first two weeks of release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-09-15/entertainment/ca-44034_1_keith-sweat|title=The Charts – 'ATLiens' Landing|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 15, 1996|access-date=March 5, 2011}}</ref> It ultimately spent 33 weeks on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart.<ref name="bb200">{{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=outkast|chart=Billboard 200}}|title=OutKast Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=March 5, 2011}}</ref> Three singles were released for the album—"[[Elevators (Me & You)]]" on July 5, 1996,<ref name="RIAA"/> "[[ATLiens (song)|ATLiens]]" in November 1996, and "[[Jazzy Belle]]" in April 1997.{{sfn|Strong|2006|p=797}} "Elevators (Me & You)" reached number 12 and spent 20 weeks on the [[Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart.<ref name="hot100">{{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=outkast|chart=Hot 100}}|title=OutKast Album & Song Chart History – Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=March 5, 2011}}</ref> It was certified [[RIAA certification|Gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) on September 13, 1996, for shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States.<ref name="RIAA"/> "ATLiens" reached number 35 and spent 17 weeks on the Hot 100, and "Jazzy Belle" spent 14 weeks and peaked at number 52 on the Hot 100.<ref name="hot100"/> The album was certified [[RIAA certification|Platinum]] by the RIAA on November 6, 1996, for shipments of one million copies in the US.<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Outkast&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2012&sort=Artist&perPage=25#|title=Searchable Database|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA)|at=''If necessary, click'' Advanced, ''then click'' Format, ''then select'' Album, ''then click'' SEARCH|access-date=December 20, 2012}}</ref> By 1998, it had sold over 1.2 million copies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/27/entertainment/ca-26891|title=Four-Star Performers|first=Soren|last=Baker|author-link=Soren Baker|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 27, 1998|access-date=March 5, 2011}}</ref> On June 24, 2003, the RIAA certified ''ATLiens'' double platinum, having shipped two million copies in the US.<ref name="RIAA"/>

== Critical reception ==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="allmusicrev"/>
| rev2 = ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|3.5|4}}<ref name="Murray">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA2ACB5ABF0DF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Outkast 'ATLiens' LaFace Records|first=Sonia|last=Murray|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=September 5, 1996|access-date=December 22, 2012|url-access=subscription|format=Transcription of original review at [[Talk:ATLiens#The Atlanta Journal-Constitution review|talk page]]}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]''
| rev3Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Hoffberger">{{cite web|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2008-07-25/648470/|title=Outkast: ATLiens (La Face / Arista)|first=Chase|last=Hoffberger|work=[[The Austin Chronicle]]|date=July 25, 2008|access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]''
| rev4Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="BigV">{{cite journal|url=http://blender.com:80/reviews/review_1166.html|title=Outkast: ATLiens|author=Big V|journal=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]|access-date=January 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603102606/http://blender.com/reviews/review_1166.html|archive-date=June 3, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
| rev5Score = {{Rating|3|5}}{{sfn|Larkin|2007|p=1070}}
| rev6 = ''[[The Great Rock Discography]]''
| rev6Score = 7/10{{sfn|Strong|2006|p=797}}
| rev7 = ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''
| rev7Score = {{Rating|3|4}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Outkast: ATLiens (LaFace/Arista)|first=Pete|last=Goldman|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=September 15, 1996}}</ref>
| rev8 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev8Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Powell">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/atliens-19961031|title=ATLiens|first=Kevin|last=Powell|author-link=Kevin Powell|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=October 31, 1996|access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref>
| rev9 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''
| rev9Score = {{Rating|3|5}}{{sfn|Sarig|2004|pp=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/610 610–611]}}
| rev10 = ''[[The Source]]''
| rev10Score = 4/5<ref name="Source"/>
}}
''ATLiens'' received critical acclaim. Andrea Comer of the ''[[Hartford Courant]]'' felt that Outkast's "lyrical acumen shines through" despite "Heltah-Skeltah mumbling and Southern slang", and stated, "after a few rotations, the alien feeling wears away, and [the album is] just out of this world."<ref name="Comer">{{cite web|first=Andrea|last=Comer|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-11-07-9611070089-story.html|title=Album Review -- Outkast -- ATLiens|work=[[Hartford Courant]]|date=November 7, 1996|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> Sonia Murray of ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' called the album "more thoughtful" than its predecessor, noting, "What the second album lacks in adventurous arrangements it more than makes up for in lyrical dominance."<ref name="Murray"/> ''[[The Source]]''{{'}}s Allen S. Gordon observed "growth" from Outkast and Organized Noize, and stated, "Big Boi and Dre have gone out of this world into a new dimension of sight, sound and mind".<ref name="Source">{{cite journal|title=Outkast: ATLiens|first=Allen S.|last=Gordon|journal=[[The Source]]|page=118|issue=85|date=October 1996}}</ref>

[[Kevin Powell]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' felt that, like Outkast's debut album, ''ATLiens'' is "a gritty document of what's happening here and now, an up-to-the-minute briefing on Southern black ghetto life on which Outkast members Andre and Big Boi cast their feelings of alienation in familiar, realistic characterizations". Powell asserted that unlike East Coast hip hop's "hedonistic materialism" or "the gunplay and pimpism" of West Coast hip hop, "Andre and Big Boi display a unique ability to describe ghetto life while offering up life-affirming possibilities, something all too rare in today's hip-hop nation."<ref name="Powell"/> Richard Harrington of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' enjoyed the record's "more serious and focused lyrical sensibility", explaining, "The raps are generally inventive, clever without being cloying, more proof (if any were needed) that hip-hop innovation isn't just an East-West thang."<ref name="Harrington">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/10/11/outkast-atliens-from-hip-hop-planet/225e4bed-4fa9-4b2c-9330-1ee26238e3a7/|title=OutKast: 'ATLiens' From Hip-Hop Planet|first=Richard|last=Harrington|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 11, 1996|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In a retrospective review, [[AllMusic]] editor Steve Huey viewed the album as Outkast's "most focused work" and commented that "In addition to the striking musical leap forward, Dre and Big Boi continue to grow as rappers; their flows are getting more tongue-twistingly complex, and their lyrics more free-associative".<ref name="allmusicrev"/> RapReviews critic Steve Juon recommended it to listeners who "want to be challenged by [their] hip-hop" and wrote of the album's aesthetic:

{{blockquote|It's deep. So deep that listening to ''ATLiens'' you might feel like drowning, but the smooth vo-cals of Big Boi and the earthy flows of Andre always push you back up to the surface. They are players in the truest sense of the word; not just playing for ends but playing to win in the ultimate battle of life over death, good over bad, and righteousness over evil. Yet, it's not that heavy either. This album is nod your head music, shake your ass music. It makes you think and groove at the same time.<ref name="Juon">{{cite web|url=http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/BTTL_atliens.html|title=OutKast :: ATLiens :: LaFace/Arista Records|first=Steve "Flash"|last=Juon|work=RapReviews|date=January 28, 2003|access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref>}}

In ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]'' (2004), Roni Sarig felt that, strong rapping notwithstanding, the album's music "suffers as the duo make their first attempt at self-producing" and stated, "Although ''ATLiens'' promised expanded vistas with its interstellar motif, the record delivered something of a sophomore slump ... At best, ''ATLiens'' is the sound of an ambitious group searching for its voice."{{sfn|Sarig|2004|pp=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/610 610–611]}}

In 1998, the album was selected as one of ''The Source''{{'}}s "100 Best Rap Albums".<ref>{{cite journal|title=100 Best Rap Albums|journal=The Source|issue=100|date=January 1998}}</ref> In 2000, ''[[Exclaim!]]'' listed the album on their "100 Records That Rocked 100 Issues of ''Exclaim!''" list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/index.asp?layid=22&csid1=386|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930103224/http://exclaim.ca/index.asp?layid=22&csid1=386|title=100 Records That Rocked 100 Issues of Exclaim!|work=[[Exclaim!]]|date=October 30, 2000|archive-date=September 30, 2003|access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Hip Hop Connection]]'' ranked it number six on their list of "The 100 Greatest Rap Albums 1995–2005".<ref>{{cite journal|title=The 100 Greatest Rap Albums 1995–2005|journal=[[Hip Hop Connection]]|location=London|year=2005}}</ref> ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' ranked the album fifth on their list of "The 50 Greatest Sophomore Albums in Hip-Hop History",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/the-50-greatest-sophomore-albums-in-hip-hop-history/outkast-atliens|title=5. OutKast, ''ATLiens'' (1996)|first=Robbie|last=Ettelson|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=January 9, 2013|access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> its title 15th on "The 50 Best Rap Album Titles Ever",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/the-50-best-rap-album-titles/atliens|title=15. OutKast, ''ATLiens'' (1996)|first=Alex|last=Gale|work=Complex|date=November 21, 2012|access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> and the title track's beat 91st on "The 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Beats of All Time".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/the-100-greatest-hip-hop-beats-of-all-time/outkast-atliens|title=91. OutKast, 'ATLiens' (1996)|first1=Robbie|last1=Ettelson|first2=David|last2=Drake|first3=Insanul|last3=Ahmed|work=Complex|date=November 9, 2012|access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> Rappers [[Isaiah Rashad]],<ref name="thefader1">{{cite web|last=Stephenson|first=Will|url=http://www.thefader.com/2013/11/25/gen-f-isaiah-rashad/#/0 |title=GEN F: Isaiah Rashad |work=[[The Fader]] |date=November 25, 2013 |access-date=January 28, 2014}}</ref> [[Wiz Khalifa]] and [[Dom Kennedy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/03/wiz-khalifa-25-favorite-albums/atliens|title=#25. Outkast, ''ATLiens'' (1996)|first=Insanul|last=Ahmed|work=Complex|date=March 29, 2011|access-date=December 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/dom-kennedys-25-favorite-albums/outkast-atliens|title=OutKast, ''ATLiens'' (1996)|first=Eric|last=Diep|work=Complex|date=November 20, 2012|access-date=December 20, 2012}}</ref> and DJ Jesse Marco have named ''ATLiens'' as one of their favorite albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/jesse-marcos-30-favorite-albums/outkast-atliens|title=OutKast, ''ATLiens'' (1996)|first=Justin|last=Block|work=Complex|date=November 24, 2012|access-date=December 20, 2012}}</ref>

==Track listing==
Track listing and samples compiled from album liner notes.<ref name="Liner Notes">{{cite AV media notes|title=ATLiens|others=OutKast|year=1996|type=CD liner|publisher=[[LaFace Records]]|id=0015133-02}}</ref>
All tracks produced by Organized Noize Productions, except where noted.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| title1 = You May Die (Intro)
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Organized Noize]]|[[Joi (singer)|Joi Gilliam]]|[[Screechy Peach|Myrna Crenshaw]]}}
| extra1 =
| length1 = 1:05

| title2 = Two Dope Boyz (In a Cadillac)
| writer2 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|[[André 3000|André Benjamin]]|[[Big Boi|Antwan Patton]]}}
| extra2 =
| length2 = 2:46

| title3 = [[ATLiens (song)|ATLiens]]
| writer3 = {{hlist|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra3 = [[Outkast]]
| length3 = 3:50

| title4 = Wheelz of Steel
| writer4 = {{hlist|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra4 = Outkast
| length4 = 4:03

| title5 = [[Jazzy Belle]]
| writer5 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra5 =
| length5 = 4:12

| title6 = [[Elevators (Me & You)]]
| writer6 = {{hlist|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra6 = Outkast
| length6 = 4:25

| title7 = Ova da Wudz
| note7 = featuring [[Witchdoctor (rapper)|Witchdoctor]]
| writer7 = {{hlist|Benjamin|Patton|[[Witchdoctor (rapper)|Erin Johnson]]}}
| extra7 = Outkast
| length7 = 3:48

| title8 = Babylon
| writer8 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|Benjamin|Patton|[[Andrea Martin (musician)|Andrea]] and [[Ivan Matias|Ivan]]}}
| extra8 =
| length8 = 4:24

| title9 = Wailin{{'-}}
| writer9 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra9 =
| length9 = 2:00

| title10 = Mainstream
| note10 = featuring [[T-Mo]] and [[Khujo]]
| writer10 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|Benjamin|Patton|[[T-Mo|Robert T. Barnett]]|[[Khujo|Willie Knighton]]}}
| extra10 =
| length10 = 5:18

| title11 = Decatur Psalm
| note11 = featuring [[Big Gipp]] and [[Cool Breeze (rapper)|Cool Breeze]]
| writer11 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|[[Big Gipp|Cameron Gipp]]|Benjamin|Patton|[[Cool Breeze (rapper)|Frederick Bell]]}}
| extra11 =
| length11 = 3:58

| title12 = Millennium
| writer12 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra12 =
| length12 = 3:09

| title13 = E.T. (Extraterrestrial)
| note13 = featuring Witchdoctor
| writer13 = {{hlist|Benjamin|Patton|Johnson}}
| extra13 = Outkast
| length13 = 3:07

| title14 = 13th Floor / Growing Old
| writer14 = {{hlist|Organized Noize|Marqueze Ethridge|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra14 =
| length14 = 6:50

| title15 = Elevators
| note15 = ONP 86 Mix
| writer15 = {{hlist|Benjamin|Patton}}
| extra15 =
| length15 = 4:37
}}

'''Notes'''
* "You May Die (Intro)" features additional vocals by [[Joi (singer)|Joi]], [[Screechy Peach]] and Trina
* "Two Dope Boyz (In a Cadillac)" features additional vocals by [[Screechy Peach]]
* "Ova Du Wudz" and "E.T. (Extra-Terrestrial) feature additional vocals by [[Witchdoctor (rapper)|EJ Tha Witch Doctor]]
* "Babylon" features additional vocals by [[Andrea Martin (musician)|Andrea Martin]]
* "Wailin'" features additional vocals by [[CeeLo|Cee-Lo]] of [[Goodie Mob]]
* "Mainstream" features additional vocals by [[Khujo]] and [[T-Mo]] of Goodie Mob
* "Decatur Psalm" features additional vocals by [[Big Gipp]] of Goodie Mob and [[Cool Breeze (rapper)|Cool Breeze]]
* "Millennium" features additional vocals by ShaJuanna Edghill
* "13th Floor / Growing Old" features additional vocals by [[Big Rube]] and [[Debra Killings]]

'''Sample credits'''
*"You May Die (Intro)" is an interpolation of "Summer in the City" performed by [[Quincy Jones]].
*"Two Dope Boyz (In a Cadillac)" contains a sample of "D.E.E.P." performed by Outkast, and "Danger, She's a Stranger" performed by [[The Five Stairsteps]].
*"ATLiens" contains a sample of "Around the World" performed by Attilio Mineo, and "So Tired" performed by [[The Chambers Brothers]].
*"Wheelz of Steel" contains a sample of "Focus III" performed by [[Focus (band)|Focus]], "Saturday Night Style" performed by [[Mikey Dread]].
*"Jazzy Belle" contains a sample of "It's Yours" performed by [[T La Rock]] and [[Jazzy Jay]], and "Prelude" performed by [[Lamont Dozier]].
*"Elevators" contains a sample of "Blue Suede Shoes" performed by [[Carl Perkins]].
*"Elevators (Me & You) [ONP 86 Mix]" contains a sample of "Come in Out of the Rain" performed by [[Parliament (band)|Parliament]]; the original contains SFX from the video game [[Super Mario Bros.]]
*"Ova Da Wudz" contain a sample of "Judas" performed by [[Society of Soul]].
*"Babylon" contains a sample of "12 O'Clock" performed by [[Vangelis]].
*"Wailin'" contains a sample of "To the Establishment" performed by Lou Bond.
*"Mainstream" contains a sample of "Sesame Street" performed by [[Goodie Mob]] and "Soldier In Our Town" by [[Iron Butterfly]].
*"Decatur Psalm" contains a sample of "Cebu" performed by [[The Commodores]].

==Personnel==
Compiled from album liner notes.<ref name="Liner Notes"/>

=== Musicians ===
{{div col}}
;OutKast
* [[Andre 3000]] – vocals
* [[Big Boi]] – vocals
;Guests
* [[Andrea Martin (musician)|Andrea Martin]] – vocals
* [[Big Gipp]] – vocals
* [[Big Rube]] – vocals
* Carlos Glover – acoustic guitar
* [[Cee-Lo Green|Cee-Lo]] – vocals
* [[Cool Breeze (rapper)|Cool Breeze]] – vocals
* Craig Love – guitar
* [[Debra Killings]] – vocals
* Dee Simmons – drums
* Ed Stroud – guitar
* James "Jay" Nicholas – bass
* [[Jazzyfatnastees]] – vocals
* [[Joi (singer)|Joi]] – vocals
* Kenny Wright – keyboard
* Kerren Berz – violin
* [[Khujo]] – vocals
* Marq Jefferson – bass guitar
* Martin Terry – guitar
* Marvin "Chanz" Parkman – keyboard, organ
* [[Mr. DJ]] – scratches
* Preston Crump – bass guitar
* ShaJuanna Edghill – vocals
* Skinny Miracles – piano
* [[Sleepy Brown]] – vocals
* [[T-Mo]] – Vocals
* Tamara Powell – vocals
* Tommy Martin – acoustic guitar
* Trina Powell – vocals
* [[Screechy Peach]] – vocals
* [[Witchdoctor (rapper)|Witchdoctor]] – vocals
{{div col end}}

=== Production ===
{{div col}}
* Alvin Speights – mixing
* Bernasky Wall – engineering
* Blake Eiseman – engineering
* Brian Frye – engineering
* Carlton Batts – mastering
* Derrick Williams – engineering
* Dexter Simmons – engineering, mixing
* Jarvis Blackshear – engineering
* John Frye – engineering
* John Wydrycs – engineering
* Leslie Brathwaite – mixing
* Mike Wilson – engineering
* [[Neal Pogue]] – mixing
* [[Organized Noize]] – drum programming, keyboard programming, mixing, production
* [[Outkast]] – drum programming, keyboard programming, mixing, production
{{div col end}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1996)
!Peak position
|-
|Canadian Albums (''[[RPM100|RPM]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=sp19smnjn4io5g2nmhli5tdfo5&q1=outkast&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20|title=Results – RPM – Library and Archives – Top Albums/CDs – Outkast|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=December 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021325/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=sp19smnjn4io5g2nmhli5tdfo5&q1=outkast&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20|archive-date=March 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|-
{{album chart|Germany4|82|id=6951|artist=Outkast|album=ATLiens|access-date=August 26, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|Billboard200|2|artist=Outkast|access-date=August 26, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|BillboardRandBHipHop|1|artist=Outkast|access-date=August 26, 2021}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1996)
!Position
|-
|US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1996/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1996|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>
|align="center"|77
|-
|US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1996/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1996|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>
|align="center"|19
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|type=album|title=ATLiens|artist=Outkast|award=Gold|relyear=1996|certyear=2003}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=album|title=ATLiens|artist=Outkast|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1996|certyear=2003}}
{{Certification Table Bottom | nosales=true}}

==See also==
*[[List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 1996|List of ''Billboard'' number-one R&B albums of 1996]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|editor-last=Bould|editor-first=Mark|date=March 18, 2009|title=The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-45379-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=T. Hasan|chapter=Outkast|editor-last=Hess|editor-first=Mickey|year=2007|title=Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-0-313-33903-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/iconsofhiphopenc0000unse}}
* {{cite book|last=Larkin|first=Colin|author-link=Colin Larkin|chapter=Outkast|date=September 1, 2007|title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music|edition=5th|publisher=[[Omnibus Press]]|isbn=978-1846098567|title-link=Encyclopedia of Popular Music}}
* {{cite book|last=Nickson|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Nickson|date=September 1, 2004|title=Hey Ya!: The Unauthorized Biography of Outkast|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|isbn=0-312-33735-3|url=https://archive.org/details/heyyaunauthorize00nick}}
* {{cite book|last=Sarig|first=Roni|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|editor1-link=Nathan Brackett|editor2-last=Hoard|editor2-first=Christian|date=November 2, 2004|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&pg=PA610|chapter=OutKast|access-date=October 9, 2009|title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-7432-0169-8|edition=4th|title-link=The Rolling Stone Album Guide}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Sarig|editor-first=Roni|title=Third Coast: OutKast, Timbaland, and How Hip-Hop Became a Southern Thing|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|date=May 1, 2007|isbn=978-0-306-81430-3|url=https://archive.org/details/thirdcoastoutkas00sari}}
* {{cite book|last=Strong|first=Martin C.|author-link=Martin C. Strong|date=October 21, 2004|title=The Great Rock Discography|chapter=Outkast|publisher=[[Canongate Books|Canongate U.S.]]|edition=7th|isbn=1-84195-615-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Strong|first=Martin C.|title=The Essential Rock Discography: Complete Discographies Listing Every Track Recorded by More Than 1,200 Artists|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsooY_e1w8kC&pg=PA797|chapter=Outkast|publisher=Canongate U.S.|year=2006|isbn=1-84195-860-3|edition=8th}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Oliver|title=Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide|publisher=[[ECW Press]]|date=May 1, 2003|isbn=1-55022-561-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Westhoff|first=Ben|date=May 1, 2011|title=Dirty South: OutKast, Lil Wayne, Soulja Boy, and the Southern Rappers Who Reinvented Hip-Hop|publisher=[[Chicago Review Press]]|isbn=978-1-56976-606-4}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs master|type=album|25965|ATLiens}}
* [http://articles.latimes.com/1996-12-22/entertainment/ca-11489_1_pure-hip-hop "The Inside Story on Hip-Hop's Outsiders"] by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''

{{OutKast}}

{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1996 albums]]
[[Category:Outkast albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by André 3000]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Organized Noize]]
[[Category:Albums recorded at Chung King Studios]]

User talk:24.208.226.69

2023-07-14T01:13:35Z

Slazenger: Message re. Igor (album) (HG) (3.4.10)

== April 2023 ==
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{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

== June 2023 ==

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Igor (album)]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:TheAmazingPeanuts|TheAmazingPeanuts]] ([[User talk:TheAmazingPeanuts|talk]]) 00:32, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Please stop your [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. If you continue to [[WP:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Igor (album)]], you may be [[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. [[User:TheAmazingPeanuts|TheAmazingPeanuts]] ([[User talk:TheAmazingPeanuts|talk]]) 01:59, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Igor (album)]]. [[User:TheAmazingPeanuts|TheAmazingPeanuts]] ([[User talk:TheAmazingPeanuts|talk]]) 15:52, 14 June 14 (UTC)

<div class="user-block uw-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">You have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for [[WP:Disruptive editing|abuse of editing privileges]]. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[WP:Five pillars|make useful contributions]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text at the bottom of your talk page: <code><nowiki>{{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}</nowiki></code>.  [[User:PhilKnight|PhilKnight]] ([[User talk:PhilKnight|talk]]) 17:07, 14 June 2023 (UTC)</div></div>

== July 2023 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Slazenger|Slazenger]]. I noticed that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor%20%28album%29&diff=1165258612 this edit] to [[:Igor (album)]], you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Slazenger|my talk page]]. Thank you. [[User:Slazenger|--Slazenger]] ([[User talk:Slazenger|Contact Me]]) 01:13, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Igor (album)

2023-07-14T01:13:33Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 24.208.226.69 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|2019 studio album by Tyler, the Creator}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Igor
| type = studio
| artist = [[Tyler, the Creator]]
| cover = Igor - Tyler, the Creator.jpg
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Digital cover; the CD release is available with a pink, yellow, blue or green background
| released = {{Start date|2019|05|17}}
| recorded = 2017–2019
| studio = {{flatlist|
* [[Chalice Recording Studios|Chalice]]
* Coldwater
* [[Conway Recording Studios|Conway]]
* [[Westlake Recording Studios|Westlake]] (Los Angeles)
* O'Shefia (Atlanta)
* Paramount (Hollywood)
* Shangri-La ([[Malibu, California|Malibu]])
* Villa Batell ([[Lake Como]])
}}
| genre = 
* [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]<ref name="Clash" />
* [[funk]]<ref name="RStone" />
* [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="RStone" />
* [[neo soul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/sep/17/tyler-the-creator-review-brixton-academy-london|title=Tyler, the Creator review – hero's welcome for rap's heartbroken dandy|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=September 17, 2019|access-date=September 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922031640/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/sep/17/tyler-the-creator-review-brixton-academy-london|archive-date=September 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| length = 39:43
| label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| producer = Tyler, the Creator
| prev_title = [[Music Inspired by Illumination & Dr. Seuss' The Grinch]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Call Me If You Get Lost]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{Extra album cover
| header = Alternative covers
| type = studio
| cover = IGOR alt cover.jpg
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Special edition vinyl cover, by Lewis Rossignol
}}
{{Extra album cover
| header = no
| cover = Apple Music Presents Tyler The Creator album cover.jpg
| border =
| alt =
| caption = ''Apple Music Presents: Tyler, the Creator'' cover
}}
{{Singles
| name = Igor
| type = studio
| single1 = [[Earfquake]]
| single1date = June 4, 2019
}}
}}
'''''Igor''''' (stylized in [[all caps]]) is the fifth studio album{{efn|''Igor'' is Tyler, the Creator's fifth studio album release on a record label; however, Tyler has referred to the project as his sixth album, considering his debut mixtape ''[[Bastard (Tyler, the Creator mixtape)|Bastard]]'' as an album.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=tylerthecreator|author=Tyler, the Creator|author-link=Tyler, the Creator|number=1129249689751056384|title=igor is album 6|date=May 16, 2019|access-date=May 18, 2019}}</ref>}} by American rapper and producer [[Tyler, the Creator]]. It was released on May 17, 2019, through [[Columbia Records]]. Produced solely by Tyler himself, the album features guest appearances from [[Playboi Carti]], [[Lil Uzi Vert]], [[Solange Knowles|Solange]], [[Kanye West]], and [[Jerrod Carmichael]]. Following the release of ''[[Flower Boy]]'' (2017), the album was primarily recorded in California, with recording sessions also being held in [[Lake Como]], Italy, and [[Atlanta]] between 2017 and 2019.

Music journalists have noted that ''Igor'' continues to build on the [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[neo soul]] sound established in ''Flower Boy'', while also incorporating [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] and [[funk]] influences. Critics have noted the album's use of synthesizers and low-mixed vocals. Thematically, ''Igor'' follows a narrative of a [[love triangle]] between the titular character and his male love interest. The album employs the "[[Igor (character)|Igor]]" literary archetype to explore themes associated with love, such as heartbreak, loss, and jealousy.

To help market the album, Tyler, the Creator released the single "[[Earfquake]]", which reached number 13 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becoming his highest-charting single. In its first week of release, ''Igor'' debuted at number one on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], moving 165,000 [[album-equivalent unit]]s and becoming Tyler, the Creator's first US number-one album. It was a widespread critical success, being named among the best albums of 2019 in many publications' year-end lists, and it won [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Album|Best Rap Album]] at the [[62nd Annual Grammy Awards|2020 Grammy Awards]], becoming Tyler's first Grammy win.

== Background and recording ==
Work on the album began in 2017, with Tyler initially writing the song "[[Earfquake]]" for Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]] and Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]], who both turned down the song.<ref name="AppleMusicEvent">{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2019/05/tyler-live-performance-igor-everything-we-learned/earfquake-justin-bieber-rihanna|title=Tyler, the Creator's First Live Performance of 'IGOR': Everything We Learned|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|last=Skelton|first=Eric|date=May 23, 2019|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524214113/https://www.complex.com/music/2019/05/tyler-live-performance-igor-everything-we-learned/earfquake-justin-bieber-rihanna|archive-date=May 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "[[I Think]]" was recorded in [[Lake Como]], Italy with the help of American singer [[Solange Knowles|Solange]]. Tyler wrote "Running Out of Time" while taking a break from a recording session with American rapper [[ASAP Ferg]], feeling reassured after [[Kendrick Lamar]] told Tyler he appreciated his singing.<ref name="AppleMusicEvent"/><ref name="Billboard1">{{cite magazine|last=Saponara|first=Michael|date=May 23, 2019|title=Tyler, The Creator Performs 'Igor' Album in Full For Intimate Los Angeles Show|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8512888/tyler-the-creator-performs-igor-concert|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523193126/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8512888/tyler-the-creator-performs-igor-concert|archive-date=May 23, 2019|access-date=May 24, 2019|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Tyler produced the beat for "Gone, Gone" in 2013 while on tour for his second studio album ''[[Wolf (Tyler, the Creator album)|Wolf]]'', choosing to scrap the song from both ''[[Cherry Bomb (album)|Cherry Bomb]]'' and ''[[Flower Boy]]'' since he didn't feel it fit either of those albums.<ref name="AppleMusicEvent"/>

In an interview with ''[[Fantastic Man (magazine)|Fantastic Man]]'' for their Autumn and Winter 2018 issue, Tyler was asked if he had ever been in love, to which he replied: "I don't want to talk about that. Um, that's the next record."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fantasticman.com/men/tyler-the-creator|title=Men: Tyler, THE CREATOR|work=[[Fantastic Man (magazine)|Fantastic Man]]|last=Flynn|first=Paul|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803020613/https://www.fantasticman.com/men/tyler-the-creator|archive-date=August 3, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2018, Tyler previewed the song "Running Out of Time" for an interview with ''[[Fast Company]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90245399/a-creator-in-bloom|title=Tyler, the Creator is in full bloom|work=[[Fast Company]]|last=Wilson|first=Mark|date=October 18, 2019|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521212535/https://www.fastcompany.com/90245399/a-creator-in-bloom|archive-date=May 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 26, 2019, a supplemental financial report from [[Sony Music|Sony]] revealed that a new album from Tyler was expected by the end of June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/a/a-sony-financial-report-claims-new-tyler-the-creator-calvin-harris-albums-are-dropping-soon|title=A Sony Financial Report Claims New Tyler, The Creator & Calvin Harris Albums Are Dropping Soon|publisher=[[Genius (website)|Genius]]|access-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507001056/https://genius.com/a/a-sony-financial-report-claims-new-tyler-the-creator-calvin-harris-albums-are-dropping-soon|archive-date=May 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In early May 2019, Tyler released snippets for the tracks "Igor's Theme" and "What's Good".<ref name="tracks">{{cite web|url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/tyler-the-creator-igor-album-release-date-details/|title=Everything We Know So Far About Tyler, the Creator's New Album 'IGOR'|website=[[Highsnobiety]]|last=Sawyer|first=Jonathan|date=May 7, 2019|access-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200524114825/https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/tyler-the-creator-igor-album-release-date-details/|archive-date=May 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The album was first announced by Tyler through his social media accounts on May 6, 2019.<ref name="pitchfork.com">{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/tyler-the-creator-announces-new-album-igor/|title=Tyler, the Creator Announces New Album IGOR|website=Pitchfork|date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014331/https://pitchfork.com/news/tyler-the-creator-announces-new-album-igor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition ==
''[[Rolling Stone]]'' writer Danny Schwartz described ''Igor'' as a "rich and messy mélange of [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[funk]] and [[Hip hop music|rap]]". The album is synth-heavy, with [[neo soul]] melodies and low-mixed vocals.<ref name="RStone"/>

== Themes and narrative ==
The album follows a narrative of a [[love triangle]] where Tyler is in love with a man who is also dating a woman who is pulling him away from Tyler.<ref name="NME2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/hidden-symbols-tyler-creators-igor-2492005|title=The hidden symbols in Tyler, The Creator's 'Igor'|work=NME|last=Hunt|first=El|date=May 24, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014331/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/hidden-symbols-tyler-creators-igor-2492005|url-status=live}}</ref> American comedian [[Jerrod Carmichael]] serves as the album's narrator as it progresses, speaking short lines to make sense of Tyler's and the [[title character]] Igor's state of mind. Carmichael first appears on the album's fourth track "Exactly What You Run from You End Up Chasing".<ref name="NME2"/>

The character Igor is mentioned by name on the tracks "Igor's Theme" and "What's Good". Igor follows the Gothic [[Igor (character)|"Igor" archetype]] as a villain's assistant and represents a darker, apathetic side of Tyler that is revealed. Igor arrives after Tyler pours out all of his heart for his love interest, though his love interest remains focused on his ex-girlfriend. The arrival of Igor serves as a reset for the strong romantic emotions Tyler was entangled in during the album's first half.<ref name="NME2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2019-05-20-tyler-the-creator-igor-what-happens-when-november-ends|title=Tyler, The Creator's 'IGOR' Is What Happens When "November" Ends|publisher=DJBooth|last=Chesman|first=Donna-Claire|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014332/https://djbooth.net/features/2019-05-20-tyler-the-creator-igor-what-happens-when-november-ends|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Promotion ==
[[File:Tyler In Pittsburgh.jpg|thumb|Tyler performing in concert (2019)]]
A music video for the song, "Earfquake", was released alongside the album's release on May 17, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/tyler-the-creator-andy-warhol-factory-earfquake-new-album-music-video-igor|title=Watch Tyler, the Creator's New "Earfquake" Video|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|last=Hann|first=Rachel|date=May 17, 2019|access-date=June 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602082224/https://www.vogue.com/article/tyler-the-creator-andy-warhol-factory-earfquake-new-album-music-video-igor|archive-date=June 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It was sent to [[rhythmic contemporary]] radio on June 4, 2019, as the album's [[lead single]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|title=Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases|publisher=All Access|access-date=June 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602025721/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|archive-date=June 2, 2019}}</ref> On June 3, 2019, Tyler announced his forthcoming tour for the album, which was supported by [[Jaden Smith]], [[Dev Hynes|Blood Orange]], and [[GoldLink]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesource.com/2019/06/03/tyler-the-creator-announces-igor-tour-dates/|title=Tyler, The Creator Announces 'IGOR' Tour Dates|work=The Source|last=Grant|first=Shawn|date=June 3, 2019|access-date=August 30, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014335/https://thesource.com/2019/06/03/tyler-the-creator-announces-igor-tour-dates/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Video album===
On August 14, 2019, [[Apple Music]] released the video album '''''Apple Music Presents: Tyler, the Creator'''''. The album is a collection of eleven videos recorded from Tyler's first live performance of ''Igor'', performed in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/08/14/tyler-the-creators-live-igor-concert-apple-music|title=Watch Tyler, The Creator's live IGOR concert for Apple Music|work=The Fader|last=Darville|first=Jordan|date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014345/https://www.thefader.com/2019/08/14/tyler-the-creators-live-igor-concert-apple-music|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
{{Album ratings
| ADM = 7.9/10<ref name="ADM">{{cite web|url=http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/9895/Tyler-The-Creator-Igor.aspx|title=Igor by Tyler, The Creator reviews|publisher=[[AnyDecentMusic?]]|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014405/http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/9895/Tyler-The-Creator-Igor.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| MC = 81/100<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/igor/tyler-the-creator|title=IGOR by Tyler, The Creator Reviews and Tracks|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014401/https://www.metacritic.com/music/igor/tyler-the-creator|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1score = {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/igor-mw0003277810|title=IGOR – Tyler, The Creator|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|last=Kellman|first=Andy|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014359/https://www.allmusic.com/album/igor-mw0003277810|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]''
| rev2score = 8/10<ref name="Clash">{{cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/first-take-tyler-the-creator-igor|title=First Take: Tyler, The Creator – Igor|work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|last=Rosebade|first=Nick|date=May 17, 2019|access-date=May 21, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014400/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/first-take-tyler-the-creator-igor|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]''
| rev3score = A−<ref name="COS">{{cite web|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/05/album-review-tyler-the-creator-igor/|title=Album Review: Tyler, the Creator Blossoms on the Masterful IGOR|work=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]|last=Thiessen|first=Christopher|date=May 22, 2019|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014400/https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/05/album-review-tyler-the-creator-igor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[The Guardian]]''
| rev4score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/17/tyler-the-creator-igor-review|title=Tyler, the Creator: Igor review – impulsive artist takes the rapping off|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Van Nguyen|first=Dean|date=May 17, 2019|access-date=May 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027161922/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/17/tyler-the-creator-igor-review|archive-date=October 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[HipHopDX]]''
| rev5score = 4.4/5<ref name="HipHopDX">{{cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.3426/title.review-tyler-the-creators-igor-is-a-fantastic-continuation-of-his-artistic-transformation|title=Review: Tyler, The Creator's 'IGOR' Is A Fantastic Continuation Of His Artistic Transformation|work=[[HipHopDX]]|last=Spielberger|first=Danial|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524214114/https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.3426/title.review-tyler-the-creators-igor-is-a-fantastic-continuation-of-his-artistic-transformation|archive-date=May 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev6 = ''[[The Independent]]''
| rev6score = {{rating|5|5}}<ref name="The Independent">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/tyler-the-creator-review-igor-album-gay-frank-ocean-kanye-west-tour-a8917981.html|title=Tyler, the Creator review, IGOR: His best work to date|work=[[The Independent]]|last=O'Connor|first=Roisin|date=May 17, 2019|access-date=May 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517190215/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/tyler-the-creator-review-igor-album-gay-frank-ocean-kanye-west-tour-a8917981.html|archive-date=May 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev7 = ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''
| rev7score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="The New Zealand Herald">{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12231232|title=Album review: Tyler the Creator, IGOR|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|last=Yates|first=Siena|date=May 23, 2019|access-date=June 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629194836/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12231232|archive-date=June 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev8 = ''[[NME]]''
| rev8score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="NME">{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/tyler-the-creator-igor-album-review-2490085|title=Tyler, The Creator – 'IGOR' review|work=[[NME]]|last=Moore|first=Sam|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=November 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128034605/https://www.nme.com/reviews/tyler-the-creator-igor-album-review-2490085|archive-date=November 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev9 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
| rev9score = 8.0/10<ref name="pf">{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/tyler-the-creator-igor/|title=Tyler, the Creator: IGOR|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|last=Strauss|first=Matthew|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=May 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520054336/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/tyler-the-creator-igor/|archive-date=May 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev10 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev10score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="RStone">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/tyler-the-creator-igor-review-837811/|title=Tyler the Creator's Surreal, Summery 'IGOR'|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|last=Schwartz|first=Danny|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=May 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520231434/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/tyler-the-creator-igor-review-837811/|archive-date=May 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
''Igor'' was met with widespread critical acclaim. At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[Standard score|normalized]] rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average]] score of 81, based on 18 reviews.<ref name="MC"/> Aggregator [[AnyDecentMusic?]] gave it 7.9 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.<ref name="ADM"/>

Roisin O'Connor of ''[[The Independent]]'' gave a positive review, stating "The production here is superb. Tyler has never been one for traditional song structure, but on ''IGOR'' he's like the Minotaur luring you through a maze that twists and turns around seemingly impossible corners, drawing you into the thrilling unknown. ... This is Tyler's best work to date".<ref name="The Independent"/> Andy Kellman of [[AllMusic]] said, "Tyler and a motorcade's worth of supporting vocalists fulfill the promise and threat with what plays out, a creatively vital and emotionally heartsick set with as much pain, vulnerability, and compulsion as a classic soul LP".<ref name="AllMusic"/> Danial Spielberger of ''[[HipHopDX]]'' saying "On ''IGOR'', Tyler showcases a more polished iteration of the hazy pop he's been perfecting for years. Though some might be disappointed that he's becoming more of a singer than a rapper, this is the kind of project that should encourage more artists to disavow labels and relish in taking risks".<ref name="HipHopDX"/> ''Rolling Stone'' critic Danny Schwartz said, "''Igor'' is a heartfelt album that finds Tyler lowering his guard and revealing himself to be a shape-shifting artist who is still growing, and who has fully shed his skin as a vulgar internet cowboy".<ref name="RStone"/> Sam Moore of ''[[NME]]'' stated: "''IGOR'' is an accomplished and evergreen record that's well worth putting your phone down, turning the TV off and devoting your full attention span to."<ref name="NME"/> ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]''{{'}}s Nick Rosebade wrote, "The trademark visceral beats, scathing lyrics and the general feeling of anger and aggression that peppered his previous albums have been replaced with slower beats and irresistible soul hooks. At first this change in tone, and pace, is jarring and you are waiting for it to kick off, but as the album progresses you get into it and dig this new Tyler".<ref name="Clash"/>

Reviewing the album for [[Sputnikmusic]], Rowan5215 stated: "''IGOR'' is not by any means Tyler's best work, and at times deliberately plays against his strengths in order to keep the listener off-guard—this pays dividends in the stunning "I THINK" and "A BOY IS A GUN", less so on the repetitive and cloying "RUNNING OUT OF TIME" and "ARE WE STILL FRIENDS?". What it is, though, is a form of ragged beat-tape minimalist that Tyler wears extremely well."<ref name="Sputnikmusic">{{cite web|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/79586/Tyler-the-Creator-Igor/|title=Review: Tyler the Creator – IGOR|publisher=[[Sputnikmusic]]|author=Rowan5215|date=May 21, 2019|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524214113/https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/79586/Tyler-the-Creator-Igor/|archive-date=May 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In a mixed review, ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s Dean Van Nguyen stated: "It's no bad thing that ''Igor'' downplays Tyler's indomitable personality – but the writing and execution do not quite replace what has been lost. What's left is a fine showcase of ingenuity that too rarely burrows very far into your consciousness."<ref name="Guardian"/>

===Year-end lists===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="border:none; margin:0;"
|+Select year-end rankings of ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Publication
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| List
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Rank
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''
| 100 Best Albums of the 2010s
| {{center|54}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8543722/best-albums-of-the-2010s-top-100|title=100 Best Albums of the 2010s: Staff Picks|magazine=Billboard|date=November 19, 2019|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218234627/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8543722/best-albums-of-the-2010s-top-100|archive-date=December 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| 50 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|7}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8545657/best-albums-of-2019-top-50|title=50 Best Albums of 2019; Staff Picks|magazine=Billboard|date=December 10, 2019|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108025257/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8545657/best-albums-of-2019-top-50|archive-date=January 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]''
| Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/best-albums-2019/tyler-the-creator-igor|title=Best Albums of 2019: Top Music Albums of the Year|work=Complex|date=December 3, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194152/https://www.complex.com/music/best-albums-2019/tyler-the-creator-igor|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[The Guardian]]''
| The 50 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|5}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/03/50-best-albums-of-2019|title=The 50 best albums of 2019; the full list|work=The Guardian|date=December 20, 2019|access-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014014/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/03/50-best-albums-of-2019|archive-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[The Independent]]''
| The 50 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|6}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/albums-of-the-year-2019-lana-del-rey-tyler-the-creator-taylor-swift-a9250921.html|title=The 50 best albums of 2019 – from Tyler, the Creator's IGOR to Weyes Blood's Titanic Rising|work=The Independent|date=December 20, 2019|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222154014/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/albums-of-the-year-2019-lana-del-rey-tyler-the-creator-taylor-swift-a9250921.html|archive-date=December 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[NME]]''
| The 50 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/features/the-greatest-albums-of-2019-2586777|title=The 50 best albums of 2019|work=NME|date=December 16, 2019|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221025934/https://www.nme.com/features/the-greatest-albums-of-2019-2586777|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Now (newspaper)|Now]]''
| The 10 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nowtoronto.com/music/features/best-albums-of-2019/|title=The 10 best albums of 2019|work=Now|date=December 20, 2019|access-date=December 26, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014403/https://nowtoronto.com/music/features/best-albums-of-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
| The 50 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|23}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/best-albums-2019/|title=The 50 Best Albums of 2019|work=Pitchfork|date=December 10, 2019|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000714/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/best-albums-2019/|archive-date=February 15, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| 50 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|12}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2019-914750/tyler-the-creator-igor-2-916978/|title=50 Best Albums of 2019|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=December 5, 2019|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014411/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2019-914750/tyler-the-creator-igor-2-916978/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Slant Magazine]]''
| The 25 Best Albums of 2019
| {{center|23}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/features/the-25-best-albums-of-2019/|title=The 25 Best Albums of 2019|work=Slant Magazine|date=December 12, 2019|access-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101105033/https://www.slantmagazine.com/features/the-25-best-albums-of-2019/|archive-date=January 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Sputnikmusic]]
| Top 50 Albums of 2019
| {{center|15}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/blog/2019/12/19/staffs-top-50-albums-of-2019-30-11/|title=Sputnikmusic – Staff's Top 50 Albums of 2019: 30 – 11|publisher=Sputnikmusic|date=December 19, 2019|access-date=December 22, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014402/https://www.sputnikmusic.com/blog/2019/12/19/staffs-top-50-albums-of-2019-30-11/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|}

===Industry awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="border:none; margin:0;"
|+Awards and nominations for ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Ceremony
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[BET Hip Hop Awards]]
| [[2019 BET Hip Hop Awards|2019]]
| [[BET Hip Hop Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8532511/bet-hip-hop-awards-2019-complete-winners-list|title=BET Hip Hop Awards 2019: Complete Winners List|magazine=Billboard|date=October 8, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009234521/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8532511/bet-hip-hop-awards-2019-complete-winners-list|archive-date=October 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Grammy Awards]]
| [[62nd Annual Grammy Awards|2020]]
| [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Album|Best Rap Album]]
| {{won}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/2020-grammys-winners-list-1203480813/|title=2020 Grammys Winners List|work=Variety|author=Variety Staff|date=January 26, 2020|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917221107/https://variety.com/2020/music/news/2020-grammys-winners-list-1203480813/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|}

== Controversy ==
Despite winning [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Album|Best Rap Album]] at the [[62nd Annual Grammy Awards|2020 Grammy Awards]], Tyler has affirmed that ''Igor'' should be considered a [[Pop music|pop]] album, and criticized the Grammys' choice to place him in the Rap and [[Grammy Award for Best Progressive R&B Album|Urban]] categories as being racially motivated and a "[[insult|backhanded compliment]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/tyler-the-creator-grammys-rap-urban-category-voting-1203481571/|title=Tyler, the Creator Calls Urban Grammys Category 'a Politically Correct Way to Say the N-Word'|website=Variety|last=Angermiller|first=Michele Amabile|date=January 26, 2020|access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>

== Commercial performance ==
''Igor'' debuted at number one on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] with 165,000 [[album-equivalent unit]]s, of which 74,000 were pure album sales. It was Tyler's first US number-one album.<ref name="NYT No. 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/27/arts/music/tyler-the-creator-dj-khaled-billboard-chart.html|title=Tyler, the Creator Beats DJ Khaled to Hit No. 1 With 'Igor'|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Sisario|first=Ben|date=May 27, 2019|access-date=May 28, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014404/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/27/arts/music/tyler-the-creator-dj-khaled-billboard-chart.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
All tracks written and produced by [[Tyler, the Creator]] (Tyler Okonma), except where noted.

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Igor'' track listing

| title1 = Igor's Theme
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Tyler, the Creator|Tyler Okonma]]|[[Lil Uzi Vert|Symere Woods]]}}
| length1 = 3:20

| title2 = [[Earfquake]]
| writer2 = {{hlist|Okonma|[[Playboi Carti|Jordan Carter]]}}
| length2 = 3:10

| title3 = [[I Think]]
| writer3 = {{hlist|Okonma|Bodiono Nkono Télesphore{{ref|a|[a]}}|Bibi Mascel{{ref|a|[a]}}}}
| length3 = 3:32

| title4 = Exactly What You Run from You End Up Chasing
| length4 = 0:14

| title5 = Running Out of Time
| length5 = 2:57

| title6 = New Magic Wand
| length6 = 3:15

| title7 = A Boy Is a Gun
| writer7 = {{hlist|Okonma|Bobby Dukes{{ref|b|[b]}}|[[The O'Jays|Bobby Massey]]{{ref|b|[b]}}|Lester Allen McKenzie{{ref|b|[b]}}}}
| length7 = 3:30

| title8 = Puppet
| writer8 = {{hlist|Okonma|[[Kanye West]]|Mick Ware{{ref|c|[c]}}|[[Part Time|David Smith]]{{ref|c|[c]}}}}
| length8 = 2:59

| title9 = What's Good
| length9 = 3:25

| title10 = Gone, Gone / Thank You
| writer10 = {{hlist|Okonma|[[Smith Westerns|Cullen Omori]]{{ref|d|[d]}}|[[Alan O'Day]]{{ref|d|[d]}}|[[Tatsuro Yamashita]]{{ref|d|[d]}}}}
| length10 = 6:15

| title11 = I Don't Love You Anymore
| length11 = 2:41

| title12 = Are We Still Friends?
| writer12 = {{hlist|Okonma|[[Al Green]]{{ref|e|[e]}}}}
| length12 = 4:25

| total_length = 39:43
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = CD, vinyl and cassette release

| title4 = Boyfriend
| writer4 = {{hlist|Okonma|[[Twink (musician)|John Charles Alder]]{{ref|f|[f]}}}}
| length4 = 4:00

| total_length = 43:29
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Apple Music Presents: Tyler, the Creator''

| title1 = Igor's Theme
| note1 = Live
| length1 = 3:42

| title2 = Earfquake
| note2 = Live
| length2 = 3:38

| title3 = I Think
| note3 = Live
| length3 = 3:45

| title4 = Running Out of Time
| note4 = Live
| length4 = 2:56

| title5 = New Magic Wand
| note5 = Live
| length5 = 3:39

| title6 = A Boy Is a Gun
| note6 = Live
| length6 = 3:54

| title7 = Puppet
| note7 = Live
| length7 = 3:20

| title8 = What's Good
| note8 = Live
| length8 = 3:29

| title9 = Gone, Gone / Thank You
| note9 = Live
| length9 = 4:39

| title10 = I Don't Love You Anymore
| note10 = Live
| length10 = 3:10

| title11 = Are We Still Friends?
| note11 = Live
| length11 = 5:06

| total_length = 41:18
}}

'''Notes'''

* All tracks are stylized in all caps. For example, "Igor's Theme" is stylized as "IGOR'S THEME".
* "A Boy Is a Gun" often has its title stylized with an asterisk at the end.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-tyler-the-creators-new-a-boy-is-a-gun-video/|title=Watch Tyler, the Creator's New "A BOY IS A GUN*" Video|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|last=Kim|first=Michelle|date=September 16, 2019|access-date=October 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917035453/https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-tyler-the-creators-new-a-boy-is-a-gun-video/|archive-date=September 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Samples'''
* "Igor's Theme" incorporates uncredited elements of "Attention", performed by [[Head West]]; and "Scatin'{{-"}}, performed by [[Dâm-Funk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/hidden-symbols-tyler-creators-igor-2492005|title=The hidden symbols in Tyler, The Creator's 'Igor'|work=NME|last=Hunt|first=El|date=May 24, 2019|access-date=June 26, 2019|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014331/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/hidden-symbols-tyler-creators-igor-2492005|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{sup|{{note|a|[a]}}}} "I Think" incorporates elements of "Get Down", written and composed by Bodiono Nkono Télesphore, and performed by Nkono Teles; and "Special Lady", written and performed by Bibi Mascel.
* "Running Out of Time" contains samples of "Hit It Run", performed by [[Run-DMC]].
* "New Magic Wand" incorporates elements of "Vsichni Praznj", written and performed by Siluetes 61.
* {{sup|{{note|b|[b]}}}} "A Boy Is a Gun" contains excerpts from "[[2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One|Bound]]", written by Bobby Dukes, [[The O'Jays|Bobby Massey]], and Lester Allen McKenzie, and performed by [[Ponderosa Twins Plus One]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rindner |first=Grant |date=May 18, 2019 |title=Tyler, The Creator's "A BOY IS A GUN" Samples Ponderosa Twins Plus One's "Bound" |url=https://genius.com/a/tyler-the-creators-a-boy-is-a-gun-samples-ponderosa-twins-plus-ones-bound |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=[[Genius (website)|Genius]] |language=en}}</ref>
* {{sup|{{note|c|[c]}}}} "Puppet" incorporates elements of "Today", written by Mick Ware and performed by Czar; and contains excerpts from "It's Alright With Me", written by David Smith and performed by [[Part Time]].
* {{sup|{{note|d|[d]}}}} "Gone, Gone / Thank You" contains excerpts from "Hey Girl", written and performed by [[Smith Westerns|Cullen Omori]]; and interpolations from "Fragile", written by [[Alan O'Day]] and [[Tatsuro Yamashita]], and performed by Yamashita.
* {{sup|{{note|e|[e]}}}} "Are We Still Friends?" contains excerpts from "Dream", written and performed by [[Al Green]].
* {{sup|{{note|f|[f]}}}} "Boyfriend" contains excerpts from "Fluid", written by [[Twink (musician)|John Charles Alder]] and performed by [[Twink (musician)|Twink]].

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] and liner notes.<ref name="Tidal">{{cite web|url=https://listen.tidal.com/album/109485854/credits|title=Credits / Igor / Tyler, the Creator|publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]|access-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="booklet">{{cite AV media notes|title=Igor|others=[[Tyler, the Creator]]|year=2019|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]}}</ref>

===Musicians===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tyler, the Creator|Tyler Okonma]] – lead vocals, production, arrangement
* [[Lil Uzi Vert]] – vocals (track 1)
* [[Playboi Carti]] – rap verse (track 2)
* [[Solange Knowles|Solange]] – vocals (track 3), background vocals (tracks 7, 11)
* [[Jerrod Carmichael]] – vocals (track 4), additional vocals (tracks 6, 8–10, "Boyfriend")
* [[Kanye West]] – rap verse (track 8)
* [[Anthony Evans (singer)|Anthony Evans]] – background vocals (tracks 1, 3, 10)
* [[Amanda Brown (singer)|Amanda Brown]] – background vocals (tracks 1, 3, 10)
* Tiffany Stevenson – background vocals (tracks 1, 3, 10)
* [[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]] – background vocals (tracks 2, 11, "Boyfriend")
* [[Jessy Wilson]] – background vocals (tracks 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11)
* [[Ryan Beatty]] – background vocals (track 3)
* [[Santigold]] – background vocals (tracks 4, 6, 8, "Boyfriend")
* [[CeeLo Green]] – background vocals (track 10)
* [[La Roux]] – background vocals (track 10)
* [[Pharrell Williams]] – background vocals (track 12)
* [[Slowthai]] – additional vocals (track 9)
* Kevin Kendricks – keyboards (track 3), additional keyboards (track 7), chimes (track 8)
* [[Jack White]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Renshaw |first1=David |date=July 18, 2019 |title=Tyler, The Creator confirms Jack White makes an uncredited appearance on IGOR |url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/07/18/tyler-the-creator-jack-white-billie-eilish-beats-1 |website=The Fader |access-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Feat">{{cite tweet|user=tylerthecreator|author=Tyler, the Creator|author-link=Tyler, the Creator|number=1130168401803042817|title=IGORS HELPING HANDS|date=May 19, 2019|access-date=May 23, 2019}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

===Technical===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Vic Wainstein – recording (tracks 1–3, 5–12)
* Tyler Okonma – recording (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 11)
* Kingston Callaway – recording (track 10)
* John Armstrong – recording assistance (track 1)
* Ben Fletcher – recording assistance (track 1)
* Rob Bisel – recording assistance (tracks 1, 3, 9)
* Ashley Jacobson – recording assistance (track 2)
* Thomas Cullison – recording assistance (tracks 2, 10)
* Josh Sellers – recording assistance (tracks 5, 6)
* Derrick Jenner – recording assistance (track 7)
* [[Neal H Pogue]] – mixing
* Zachary Acosta – mix assistance
* MeMiceElfani – mix assistance
* [[Mike Bozzi]] – mastering
{{Div col end}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Chart performance for ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{album chart|Australia|3|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Austria|7|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 31, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Flanders|5|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Wallonia|40|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|BillboardCanada|2|artist=Tyler the Creator|rowheader=true|access-date=May 28, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Czech|5|date=201921|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Denmark|4|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 29, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Netherlands|3|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Finland|6|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 27, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|France|43|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 28, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Germany4|29|id=385033|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Ireland2|4|artist=Tyler, the Creator|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Italy|32|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2019}}
|-
! scope="row"| Latvian Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|LAIPA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parmuziku.lv/muzikas-zinas/latvija/muzikas-paterina-tops-21-nedela-7968|title=Mūzikas Patēriņa Tops/ 21. nedēļa|language=lv|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|LAIPA]]|access-date=November 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010115019/https://www.parmuziku.lv/muzikas-zinas/latvija/muzikas-paterina-tops-21-nedela-7968|archive-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Lithuanian Albums ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/savaites-klausomiausi-w16-2-2-2-2-2/|title=Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)|language=lt|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|date=May 24, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009193955/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/savaites-klausomiausi-w16-2-2-2-2-2/|archive-date=October 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{album chart|New Zealand|2|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Norway|3|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Poland|50|id=1228|rowheader=true|access-date=September 5, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Scotland|20|date=20191011|rowheader=true|access-date=October 12, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Sweden|5|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 24, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Switzerland|14|artist=Tyler, the Creator|album=Igor|rowheader=true|access-date=May 29, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|UK2|4|date=20190524|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|UKR&B|3|date=20190524|rowheader=true|access-date=June 14, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|Billboard200|1|artist=Tyler the Creator|rowheader=true|access-date=June 14, 2019}}
|-
{{album chart|BillboardRandBHipHop|1|artist=Tyler the Creator|rowheader=true|access-date=June 14, 2019}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+2019 year-end chart performance for ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2019/albums-chart|title=ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 2019|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315024115/https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2019/albums-chart|archive-date=March 15, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 61
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2019&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2019|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222160725/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2019&cat=a|archive-date=February 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 138
|-
! scope="row"| Danish Albums (Hitlisten)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitlisten.nu/top2019.asp|title=Album Top-100 2019|publisher=Hitlisten|language=da|access-date=January 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114175340/http://hitlisten.nu/top2019.asp|archive-date=January 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 74
|-
! scope="row"| Icelandic Albums (Plötutíóindi)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plotutidindi.is/arslistar/tonlistinn-plotur-2019/|title=Tónlistinn – Plötur – 2019|publisher=Plötutíóindi|language=is|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref>
| 40
|-
! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223153312/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-billboard-200-albums|archive-date=February 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 71
|-
! scope="row"| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2019|magazine=Billboard|access-date=May 30, 2020|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205173349/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 30
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+2020 year-end chart performance for ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Chart (2020)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2020/albums-chart|title=ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2020|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
| 83
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2020&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2020|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=December 18, 2020}}</ref>
| 160
|-
! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref>
| 151
|-
! scope="row"| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2020|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref>
| 98
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+2021 year-end chart performance for ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Chart (2021)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2021/albums-chart|title=ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2021|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref>
| 98
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2021&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2021|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=January 5, 2022}}</ref>
| 195
|-
! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref>
| 134
|-
! scope="row"| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2021|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref>
| 94
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+2022 year-end chart performance for ''Igor''
! scope="col"| Chart (2022)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2022/albums-chart|title=ARIA Top 100 Albums Chart for 2022|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=January 4, 2023}}</ref>
| 55
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2022&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2022|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl|access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref>
| 150
|-
! scope="row"| Lithuanian Albums (AGATA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/2022m/|title=2022 metų klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|access-date=February 28, 2023}}</ref>
| 28
|-
! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/top-billboard-200-albums/|title=Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2022|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>
| 72
|-
! scope="row"| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums/|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2022|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>
| 37
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for ''Igor''}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Australia|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Platinum|certyear=2023|relyear=2019|access-date=April 4, 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Brazil|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=2019|certyear=2023|access-date=April 27, 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Canada|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Platinum|certyear=2022|relyear=2019|access-date=December 21, 2022}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Denmark|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Platinum|certyear=2022|relyear=2019|id=11255|access-date=May 3, 2022}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=France|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Gold|certyear=2023|relyear=2019|access-date=July 11, 2023}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Mexico|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Gold|certyear=2023|relyear=2019|access-date=January 30, 2023}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United Kingdom|artist=Tyler the Creator|title=Igor|award=Gold|certyear=2021|relyear=2019|id=16288-4783-2|access-date=September 27, 2021}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United States|artist=Tyler, the Creator|title=Igor|award=Platinum|certyear=2021|relyear=2019|access-date=August 2, 2021}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=yes | nosales=true | noshipments=true}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tyler, the Creator}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Rap Album}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Tyler, the Creator]]
[[Category:Odd Future Records albums]]
[[Category:Tyler, the Creator albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums recorded at Shangri-La (recording studio)]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Rap Album]]
[[Category:Song cycles]]
[[Category:Concept albums]]
[[Category:Hip hop albums by American artists]]
[[Category:Neo soul albums]]
[[Category:Contemporary R&B albums by American artists]]
[[Category:Funk albums by American artists]]

Tropical cyclones in 2023

2023-07-14T01:12:29Z

Slazenger: Reverted edits by 45.250.246.62 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}

{{Tropical cyclones by year
| Track=2023 tropical cyclone summary map.png
| First system= [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 03F|03F]]
| First date= January 5, 2023
| Last system=
| Last date=
| Strongest system=[[Typhoon Mawar|Mawar]]
| Pressure mbar/hPa=905
| Pressure inHg=26.72
| Longest system=[[Cyclone Freddy|Freddy]] (Longest-lasting tropical system on record)
| Total days=37
| Total systems=51
| Named systems=26 (+2 unofficial)
| Fatalities=1,988 (9){{efn|name=indirect"}}
| Damages=11050
| Damagespre=≥
| YearB=2022
| YearC=2023
| YearC2=23
| YearA2=24
| Five years= [[Tropical cyclones in 2021|2021]], [[Tropical cyclones in 2022|2022]], '''2023''', ''[[Tropical cyclones in 2024|2024]]'', ''[[Tropical cyclones in 2025|2025]]''
}}
[[File:Major Tropical Cyclones of 2023.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Satellite photos of 9 [[tropical cyclone]]s worldwide that reached at least Category 3 on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]] during [[w:2023|2023]], from [[Cyclone Freddy|Freddy]] in February to [[Cyclone Biparjoy|Biparjoy]] in June. Among them, [[Typhoon Mawar|Mawar]] (center image in the second row) was the most intense with a minimum central pressure of 905 hPa.]]
In 2023, [[tropical cyclone]]s formed in seven major bodies of water, commonly known as [[tropical cyclone basins]]. Tropical cyclones will be named by various weather agencies when they attain [[maximum sustained winds]] of {{convert|35|knots|km/h mph|round=5}}. So far, 48 systems formed, with 22 of them being named. The most intense storm of the year so far has been [[Typhoon Mawar]], with a minimum pressure of {{convert|905|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}}. The current deadliest tropical cyclone of the year is [[Cyclone Freddy]], which killed more than 1,400 people in Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar, Zimbabwe and Mauritius, while the costliest tropical cyclone so far is [[Cyclone Gabrielle]], which caused at least US$8.4 billion (NZ$13.5 billion) worth of damages in New Zealand. Throughout 2023, nine [[Saffir-Simpson scale|major tropical cyclones]] have formed, including five [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 5 tropical cyclones]] in the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]] (SSHWS) during the year.

Tropical cyclones are primarily monitored by ten warning centers across the world, designated as a [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] (RSMC) or a [[Tropical Cyclone Warning Center]] (TCWC) by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO). These ten centers are the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC), the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]] (CPHC), the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA), the [[Indian Meteorological Department]] (IMD), [[Météo-France]] (MFR), Indonesia's [[Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency|Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika]], the Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (BoM), Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS), and New Zealand's [[MetService]]. Other notable warning centers include the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA; albeit official within the Philippines), the United States' [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC), and the [[Brazilian Navy]] Hydrographic Center.

==Global atmospheric and hydrological conditions==
There is an amplified Madden-Julian Oscillation
(MJO) event over the Eastern Indian Ocean present and is contributing to instability and an increase in conductive environment for increased convective activity in the area.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
On February 9, the NOAA made a new ENSO forecast stating that the La Niña is still ongoing but will transition into an ENSO-Neutral soon. It says that there is around a 5% chance that the La Niña persists throughout March and around a 95% chance of an ENSO-Neutral in March. The ENSO-Neutral is expected to transition into an El Niño later in the year with around a 60% chance of an El Niño in September.<ref>{{cite web |title=EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) DIAGNOSTIC DISCUSSION |url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml |publisher=Issued by Climate Prediction Center/NCEP/NWS |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214235517/https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Summary==
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from:05/01/2023 till:07/01/2023 color:SPAC text:"03F"
from:06/01/2023 till:08/01/2023 color:AUSR
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from:07/01/2023 till:08/01/2023 color:SPAC text:"Hale"
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from:16/01/2023 till:17/01/2023 color:NATL text:"Unnamed"
from:16/01/2023 till:29/01/2023 color:SWIO text:"[[Cyclone Cheneso|Cheneso]]"
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from:21/01/2023 till:22/01/2023 color:MED text: "Hannelore"
from:22/01/2023 till:26/01/2023 color:AUSR text: "10U"
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from:30/01/2023 till:03/02/2023 color:NIO text:"BOB 01"
from:31/01/2023 till:05/02/2023 color:AUSR text:"12U"
from:05/02/2023 till:14/02/2023 color:AUSR text:
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from:14/02/2023 till:14/03/2023 color:SWIO text:"[[Cyclone Freddy|Freddy]]"
from:05/02/2023 till:10/02/2023 color:AUSR
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from:10/02/2023 till:11/02/2023 color:SPAC text:"[[Cyclone Gabrielle|Gabrielle]]"
from:10/02/2023 till:11/02/2023 color:MED text:"Helios"
from:11/02/2023 till:17/02/2023 Color:AUSR text:"15U"
from:17/02/2023 till:18/02/2023 Color:AUSR text:"TL"
from:21/02/2023 till:28/02/2023 color:SWIO text:"Enala"
barset:break
from:23/02/2023 till:04/03/2023 color:SPAC text:"[[Cyclone Judy (2023)|Judy]]"
from:23/02/2023 till:10/03/2023 Color:AUSR text:"16U"
from:24/02/2023 till:27/02/2023 Color:AUSR text:"17U"
from:27/02/2023 till:04/03/2023 color:MED text: "Juliette"
from:27/02/2023 till:01/03/2023 color:AUSR
barset:break
barset:skip
barset:skip
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barset:skip
from:01/03/2023 till:06/03/2023 color:SPAC text:"[[Cyclones Judy and Kevin|Kevin]]"
from:04/03/2023 till:07/03/2023 color:WPAC text:"TD"
from:07/03/2023 till:20/03/2023 color:SPAC text:"[[Cyclone Yaku|Yaku]]"
from:08/03/2023 till:13/03/2023 color:SPAC text:"10F"
from:11/03/2023 till:23/03/2023 color:SPAC text:"11F"
from:11/03/2023 till:21/03/2023 color:SPAC text:"12F"
from:25/03/2023 till:31/03/2023 color:AUSR text:"20U"
from:25/03/2023 till:28/03/2023 color:SWIO text:"09"
from:28/03/2023 till:05/04/2023 color:AUSR text:"Herman"
from:30/03/2023 till:04/04/2023 color:AUSR text:"22U"
from:05/04/2023 till:16/04/2023 color:AUSR text:"[[Cyclone Ilsa|Ilsa]]"
from:10/04/2023 till:13/04/2023 color:WPAC text:"Amang"
from:14/04/2023 till:15/04/2023 color:AUSR text:
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from:15/04/2023 till:18/04/2023 color:SPAC text:"13F"
from:19/04/2023 till:22/04/2023 color:WPAC text:"Sanvu"
from:30/04/2023 till:02/05/2023 color:AUSR text:"TL"
barset:break
from:05/05/2023 till:07/05/2023 color:WPAC text:"TD"
from:09/05/2023 till:15/05/2023 color:NIO text:"[[Cyclone Mocha|Mocha]]"
from:12/05/2023 till:21/05/2023 color:SWIO text:"Fabien"
from:19/05/2023 till:03/06/2023 color:WPAC text:"[[Typhoon Mawar|Mawar]]"
from:01/06/2023 till:03/06/2023 color:NATL text:"Arlene"
from:05/06/2023 till:12/06/2023 color:WPAC text:"Guchol"
from:06/06/2023 till:19/06/2023 color:NIO text:"[[Cyclone Biparjoy|Biparjoy]]"
from:07/06/2023 till:11/06/2023 color:WPAC text:"TD"
from:09/06/2023 till:10/06/2023 color:NIO text:"03B"
from:19/06/2023 till:24/06/2023 color:NATL text:"Bret"
from:22/06/2023 till:26/06/2023 color:NATL text:"Cindy"
from:27/06/2023 till:02/07/2023 color:EPAC/CPAC text:"Adrian"
from:29/06/2023 till:01/07/2023 color:EPAC/CPAC text:"Beatriz"
from:11/07/2023 till:14/07/2023 color:EPAC/CPAC text:"Calvin"
from:13/07/2023 till:14/07/2023 color:WPAC text:"Dodong"

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from:20/12/2022 till:31/12/2022 text:Dec. '22
from:01/01/2023 till:31/01/2023 text:January
from:01/02/2023 till:28/02/2023 text:February
from:01/03/2023 till:31/03/2023 text:March
from:01/04/2023 till:30/04/2023 text:April
from:01/05/2023 till:31/05/2023 text:May
from:01/06/2023 till:30/06/2023 text:June
from:01/07/2023 till:31/07/2023 text:July
from:01/08/2023 till:31/08/2023 text:August
from:01/09/2023 till:30/09/2023 text:September
from:01/10/2023 till:31/10/2023 text:October
from:01/11/2023 till:30/11/2023 text:November
from:01/12/2023 till:31/12/2023 text:December
from:01/01/2024 till:15/01/2024 text:Jan. '24
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===North Atlantic Ocean===
[[File:2023 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png|thumb|2023 Atlantic hurricane season summary map]]
{{main|2023 Atlantic hurricane season}}
The season began unexpectedly on January 16, when the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a non-tropical low-pressure area located north of [[Bermuda]]. It made landfall on northeastern [[Nova Scotia]] on January 17, before dissipating the next day. Though [[2023 Atlantic hurricane season#Unnamed subtropical storm|the system]] had shown some signs of sub-[[tropical cyclogenesis]] at the time, it was not until after a post-analysis, that the NHC reclassified it as a subtropical storm on May 11, and designated it as the season's first storm. Even so, it was not retroactively given a storm name. The system's formation was the earliest season opener in the basin since [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season|2016]].

On June 1, the day of the official start of the season, a [[low-pressure area]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] initially expected to not develop further became Tropical Depression Two. It soon intensified into [[Tropical Storm Arlene (2023)|Tropical Storm Arlene]]. On June 3, Arlene weakened to a remnant low. Then, two weeks later, successive [[tropical wave]]s coming off the coast of [[West Africa]] each produced a tropical cyclone. Tropical Depression Three formed on June 19, and intensified into [[Tropical Storm Bret (2023)|Tropical Storm Bret]] that same day. Tropical Depression Four formed on June 22, and intensified into [[Tropical Storm Cindy (2023)|Tropical Storm Cindy]] early the next day. Bret would later reach its peak intensity as a high-end tropical storm before moderate wind shear took its toll on the system.
{{clear}}

===Eastern & Central Pacific Oceans===
[[File:2023 Pacific hurricane season summary map.png|thumb|2023 Pacific hurricane season summary map]]
{{main|2023 Pacific hurricane season}}
The 2023 Pacific hurricane season had the second-latest forming first named storm on record in the eastern Pacific (since 1970), behind only Tropical Storm Agatha in [[2016 Pacific hurricane season|2016]]. The first storm of the season, [[2023 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Adrian|Adrian]] formed on June 27, followed by [[2023 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Beatriz|Beatriz]] which impacted the southwestern coast of [[Mexico]] on June 29. Adrian fortunately stayed out to sea and became a category 2 hurricane with winds of 110mph (175km/h).
{{clear}}

===Western Pacific Ocean===
[[File:2023 Pacific typhoon season summary.png|thumb|2023 Pacific typhoon season summary map]]
{{Main|2023 Pacific typhoon season}}
The season began on March 4 with the formation of a tropical depression which formed [[List of near-Equatorial tropical cyclones|near the equator]], east of [[Singapore]]. The depression was short lived and was last noted three days later. The storm however, brought heavy rainfall across [[Malaysia]], affecting about 50,000 people.

A month later on April 7, the JMA began tracking a [[low-pressure area]] located in the [[Philippines Sea]]. On the same day the JMA classified the system as a tropical depression with the PAGASA naming the system ''Amang''. The depression made three landfalls in the [[Philippines]] before weakening into a remnant low on April 13. Amang caused minor damage across the country however, no fatalities were reported. Five days after Amang dissipated, the JMA began monitoring another disturbance located near [[Pohnpei]]. After slowly intensifying, the system reached tropical storm status and the system was named [[2023 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Storm Sanvu|''Sanvu'']] by the JMA; becoming the first named storm in the basin. Sanvu however began to weaken after entering hostile environment. The storm weakened back into a tropical depression until it dissipated on April 25.

[[File:Mawar 2023-05-23 0550Z.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Typhoon Mawar as viewed from the [[International Space Station]] on May 23.]]
On May 5, a tropical depression was noted in the [[Sulu Sea]] by the JMA. The system crossed [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] and entered the [[West Philippine Sea]] on the same day. The system continued to traverse the [[South China Sea]] before dissipating on May 7. On May 19, a tropical depression developed south-southwest of the [[Chuuk islands|Chuuk Islands]]. A few hours later, it became a tropical storm and was named ''[[Typhoon Mawar|Mawar]]''. On the next day, the JMA upgraded the system into a Severe Tropical Storm, as the storm was getting better defined. A day later, Mawar was classified as a Category-1 equivalent typhoon by the JTWC. The JMA followed suit and designated the system as a Typhoon on the same day; becoming the first typhoon of the year in the basin. Mawar later strengthened into a Category 2-equivalent typhoon on May 22. Then, the storm began to explosively intensify and reached Category 3-equivalent status on the same day. It further strengthened into a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon on the next day as it approached [[Guam]]. Land interaction with Guam and an eyewall replacement cycle caused the storm to weaken slightly but eventually restrengthened after passing the northern tip of Guam on May 24. The next day, Mawar completed its eyewall replacement cycle and went on to reach its peak intensity of 295km/h (185mph), equivalent to a very strong Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. As Mawar entered the PAR which was named Betty by PAGASA, it encountered cooler oceans and increasing wind shear which caused it to weaken. It also underwent yet another [[eyewall replacement cycle]] causing the storm to weaken further. It affected the eastern coast of Luzon and weakened to a severe tropical storm as it left the PAR on June 1. It affected the [[Okinawa Islands]] and finally turned extratropical south of [[Honshu]] on June 3.

On June 5, a low-pressure area was formed north of Palau, naming the system as Invest 98W. At the following day, it intensified and entered the Philippine area of responsibility, prompting to name the PAGASA as Chedeng at 08:00 UTC. The JTWC later followed suit and designated it as 03W. At 20:00 UTC, Chedeng was upgraded into a tropical storm, attaining the name Guchol. Guchol later became a strong Category 2 typhoon in the Philippine Sea, but the cold wake from Super Typhoon Mawar kept it from intensifying any further. As Guchol (Chedeng) exited the PAR, it weakened into a severe tropical storm, and continued northeastwards, avoiding the Japanese archipelago.
{{clear}}

===North Indian Ocean===
[[File:2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png|thumb|2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map]]
{{Main|2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season}}
The season began on January 30 with the formation of a tropical depression classified as [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Depression BOB 01|BOB 01]] over the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The storm's formation makes it the first time since [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2019]] to see a storm develop in the month of January in the basin. The JTWC later issued a TCFA on the system, which it designated as ''Invest 90B''. It weakened after continued land interaction with [[Sri Lanka]].

After almost four months of inactivity, the [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] began to monitor a disturbance which was located in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on May 6. The system steadily improved and was upgraded into a Depression by the IMD, classified as ''BOB 02''. Soon afterward on May 10, it intensified to a Deep Depression. On the next day, it strengthened into a Cyclonic Storm; with the IMD assigning the name [[Cyclone Mocha|Mocha]]. Mocha afterward, began to intensify rapidly and reached its peak intensity as a Category 5-equivalent cyclone on May 14. Mocha then made landfall just north of [[Sittwe]], [[Myanmar]] as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone. The cyclone then rapidly weakened and was last noted over the [[China|Chinese]] [[Provinces of China|province]] of [[Yunnan]] on May 15. Mocha caused heavy damage across Myanmar and [[Bangladesh]] and killed at least 400 people. On June 1, the IMD monitored a disturbance in the [[Arabian Sea]] and was later upgraded to a cyclonic storm on June 6, receiving the name ''Biparjoy.'' The system quickly intensified to Category 1-equivalent strength, but afterward moderate easterly wind shear limited Biparjoy's intensification for a while. However, the cyclone unexpectedly rapidly intensified and reached its peak as a Category 3 cyclone. Afterward, wind shear began to take a toll on Biparjoy and made landfall near [[Naliya]], India. The [[brown ocean effect]] caused the cyclone to gradually weaken and was finally downgraded to a well-marked low-pressure area by the IMD on June 19. Meanwhile, in the Bay of Bengal, a low-pressure area formed on June 9, and the JTWC designated it ''Tropical Cyclone 03B'' with sheared yet organized convection. On June 10, the system weakened to a low-pressure area over [[Bangladesh]] and dissipated.
{{clear}}

===South-West Indian Ocean===
====January - June====
[[File:2022-2023 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png|thumb|2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map]]
{{Main|2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season}}
On January 17, a zone of Disturbed Weather classified as ''05'' formed northeast of [[Madagascar]]. It was later upgraded to Tropical Depression by the MFR and the JTWC. Meteo Madagascar later named it ''[[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Cheneso|Cheneso]]''. After making landfall in northeastern Madagascar, the JTWC issued their final warning. The MFR, however, was still tracking the system, and stated that Cheneso had become an overland depression. On January 21, the JTWC began re-issuing advisories, as the system had re-emerged over water, and later re-issued a TCFA on the system. The MFR re-designated the system as ''Tropical Disturbance Cheneso.'' The JTWC re-upgraded the system to tropical storm status, and on January 24, the MFR, upgraded it to a moderate tropical storm. It was later upgraded to tropical cyclone (MFR designation) and category-1 hurricane (JTWC designation). With land interaction and upwelling cool waters, it degenerated into a severe tropical storm (MFR designation) on January 27 as it started accelerating towards the south. It was later downgraded to tropical storm by the JTWC. After briefly re-intensifying to tropical cyclone status, it was downgraded to strong tropical storm and transitioned into a Post-tropical depression on January 29. By January 30, JTWC issued the last warning for Cheneso.

[[File:Freddy and Enala on 2023-02-21.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Two tropical cyclones active on February 21: [[Cyclone Freddy]] (left) nearing Madagascar and a tropical disturbance which would later become [[Cyclone Enala (2023)|Cyclone Enala]] (right)]]
On February 9, [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 11U (Dingani)|Tropical Low 11U]] from the Australian region moved into the Southwest Indian Ocean basin, which the MFR classified as Moderate Tropical Storm ''Dingani''. The JTWC initiated advisories as ''Tropical Cyclone 13S''. It was struggling to intensify due to high wind shear, however was later upgraded to Severe Tropical Storm. It was later upgraded to Tropical Cyclone status by the MFR and Category 1 Hurricane by the JTWC. After reaching Category 2 status, it turned southward, and after weakening, it transitioned into a post-tropical depression on February 15. On February 14, [[Cyclone Freddy|Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy]] entered this basin, where it was immediately designated as a Tropical Cyclone by the MFR. It later intensified into Intense Tropical Cyclone on the MFR's scale, and re-intensified into a Category 5 major hurricane on the SSHWS, becoming the first category 5 cyclone of the year. After weakening, it later re-intensified, reaching Very Intense Tropical Cyclone status on the MFR's scale. On February 21, it weakened and made landfall in Madagascar, and emerged into the [[Mozambique Channel]]. It re-intensified to Severe Tropical Storm status and February 24, made its second landfall in [[Mozambique]]. On February 22, a Tropical Depression formed, which later intensified into a Moderate Tropical Storm, hence gaining the name ''Enala''. The system eventually intensified to Tropical Cyclone status before steadily weakening as it was heading southwards. Freddy, meanwhile, re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel on March 2, where it eventually intensified to Tropical Cyclone status. On March 11, the system made landfall in Mozambique for the final time, dissipating inland on March 14.
On 21 March, a weak low-pressure developed over the central Indian Ocean, MFR initially estimated a "very low" chance of a moderate tropical storm. On March 25, it intensified into a tropical depression, dissipating on March 28.

[[File:Mocha and 10 2023-05-13.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cyclone Mocha]] above the equator and a tropical disturbance that would later become [[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Fabien|Cyclone Fabien]] on May 13.]]
On May 13, a disturbance was noted by the MFR as it developed across the Indian Ocean. Soon afterwards, it strengthened into a tropical disturbance. The JTWC later issued the TCFA on the system which not long after, the MFR designated the system as Tropical Depression 10. The next day, it intensified into a Moderate Tropical Storm with the name [[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Fabien|Fabien]]. Fabien then intensified to an Intense Tropical Cyclone on May 16, becoming the latest major cyclone on record, suppressing [[Cyclone Billy-Lila (1986)|Cyclone Billy-Lila]] of 1986 by 6 days<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-05-15 |title=Intense Tropical Storm 10 (Fabien) Warning Number (15/10/20222023) |url=_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202305161943.pdf |url-status=live |journal= |publisher=[[Météo-France]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.22233/20412495.0523.1 |s2cid=258478461 |issn=2041-2487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517043652/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202305161943.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> The MFR and JTWC later downgraded Fabien to a remnant low on May 22.
{{clear}}
====July - December====
{{Main|2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season}}
{{clear}}

===Australian Region===

====January - June====
{{Main|2022–23 Australian region cyclone season}}
[[File:2022-2023 Australian region cyclone season summary.png|thumb|2022–23 Australian region cyclone season summary map]]
The season began with [[Cyclone Ellie (2022)|Cyclone Ellie]], which persisted into 2023. Ellie dissipated on January 8, ending its long duration over the Australian mainland. On January 6, [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 07U (Hale)|Tropical Low 07U]] formed over the [[Coral Sea]], becoming the first storm to form in the basin. 07U entered the South Pacific basin on the next day, where it was named [[Cyclone Hale (2023)|''Hale'']] by the FMS. Tropical Disturbance 05F formed on January 14 by the FMS, while it was still in the Australian basin. It briefly moved into the South Pacific basin and re-entered into the Australian basin. It later moved back into the South Pacific Basin. On January 18, a tropical low formed. The JTWC issued a TCFA on the system as it crossed into the South Pacific basin. It was later identified as 06F (10P from JTWC) and was dissipated on January 21 with vertical wind shear in South Pacific Ocean. On January 22, a tropical low classified as ''10U'' by the BoM formed from a monsoon trough over the [[Arafura Sea]], which generally headed westward after formation. It dissipated on January 26. On January 27, the BoM noted that a tropical low formed in the central Indian Ocean and classified it as ''11U''. The JTWC designated the system as ''Invest 94S'', and began to consolidate. Another tropical low formed in the central Indian Ocean being classified as ''12U'' by the BoM and ''Invest 95S'' by the JTWC, which dissipated on February 5.

[[File:Freddy, Gabrielle, and 11U near Australia on February 8, 2023.png|thumb|right|250px|Three tropical cyclones active on February 8: [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 11U (Dingani)|Tropical Low 11U]]; which would later become [[Cyclone Dingani]] (left), [[Cyclone Freddy (2023)|Cyclone Freddy]] (middle left) and [[Cyclone Gabrielle (2023)|Cyclone Gabrielle]] (right)]]
The same day, another tropical low classified as ''13U'' by the BoM and ''97S'' by the JTWC formed northeast of 12U, and began to consolidate. 13U intensified into a Category 1 tropical cyclone, henceforth being assigned the name ''Freddy''. Tropical Low 14U formed south of the Solomon Islands, also being tracked by the JTWC, by the code identifier ''99P''. Freddy intensified into a Category 3 on the Australian scale, and 14U became the fifth named storm of 2023 as it became a Category 1 on the Australian scale, henceforth being assigned the name ''Gabrielle''. [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 11U (Dingani)|Tropical Low 11U]] moved into the Southwest Indian Ocean basin on February 9, where it was assigned the name ''Dingani''. Freddy weakened into a category two tropical cyclone before intensifying again. Gabrielle moved into the South Pacific basin as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on February 10. Freddy intensified into a Category 4 on both the Australian scale and the SSHWS. Tropical Low 15U formed in the Gulf of Carpentaria on February 11. Freddy, after weakening slightly, moved into the South-west Indian Ocean basin on February 14. 15U was last noted on February 17. On February 23, the BoM reported that 16U had formed to the north of the coast of [[Pilbara]], later moving into the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] before moving inland. 17U, a weak tropical low, formed over land to the south of the [[Joseph Bonaparte Gulf]] on February 24. Another weak tropical low formed on February 26, classified as ''18U'' by the BoM. 18U moved into the South Pacific basin on March 1. 17U, meanwhile, was last noted on February 27.

On March 28, Tropical Low 21U formed near the coast of Cocos Kelling Islands, a day later it intensified giving it the name ''Herman'', a few days later it intensified into a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone. However, it started to rapidly deteriorate down to a tropical low within 48 hours after its peak. A week later on April 6, the BoM noted a tropical low forming in the Timor Sea. It gradually intensified as it moved southwest before being designated Topical Low 23U. The storm rapidly improved and was upgraded to a Category 1 tropical cyclone by the BoM, naming the system [[Cyclone Ilsa|''Ilsa'']]. Ilsa went along the coast of [[Western Australia]] while steadily intensifying to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on April 12. Ilsa gradually tracked southwest before turning to the southeast where it further intensified to a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone. One minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) was recorded by the JTWC, making the system equivalent to a Category 5 equivalent cyclone on the SSHWS. The BoM also monitored record breaking [[Maximum sustained wind|ten-minute sustained winds]] of 218 km/h (135 mph) in [[Bedout Island]] beating the previous record of [[Cyclone George]] in 2007. In the late hours of April 13, Ilsa made landfall east of [[Port Hedland, Western Australia|Port Hedland]]. Ilsa rapidly weakened while inland prompting the JTWC to cease its advisories on the system. Ilsa further degenerated into a low and dissipated on April 16. On April 30, the BoM noted a weak tropical low south of [[Christmas Island]].

====July - December====
{{Main|2023–24 Australian region cyclone season}}
{{clear}}

===South Pacific Ocean===

====January - June====
[[File:2022-2023 South Pacific cyclone season summary.png|thumb|2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season summary map]]
{{Main|2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season}}
On January 5, a tropical disturbance which was designated as [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 03F|''03F'']] formed near [[New Caledonia]], becoming the first system to form in 2023. 03F dissipated two days later as it was in close proximity with nearby Cyclone Hale. On January 7, [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 07U (Hale)|Tropical Low 07U]] entered the basin from the Australian region, where it was reclassified as ''04F''. On the same day, the system strengthened into a Category 1 cyclone and was named [[Cyclone Hale (2023)|''Hale'']] by the FMS. Hale struggled to intensify further due to moderate wind shear and became an extratropical cyclone as it approached [[New Zealand]]. Hale caused widespread flooding and slips in the northern and eastern parts of the country however, no fatalities were reported. Tropical Disturbance 05F formed on January 14 by the FMS, while it was still in the Australian basin. It briefly moved into the South Pacific basin and re-entered into the Australian basin. It later moved back into the South Pacific basin. After re-entering into the basin, the JTWC had upgraded the system to ''Cyclone 09P'', and the FMS named the system ''Irene'', as the system had reached tropical storm intensity. It began subtropical transition and completed it on January 19, in which the JTWC issued their final warning on the system. The tropical low that had formed in the Australian region on January 18 crossed over into the South Pacific basin, where the JTWC kept up its TCFA on the system. The FMS classified the system as ''Tropical Depression 06F''. The system dissipated on January 22 without any impacts to land.

[[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle|Severe Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle]] moved into the South Pacific basin on February 10. It reached peak intensity in this basin as a Category 3 on the Australian scale, and later made landfall on [[Norfolk Island]] as a Category 2, and subsequently became subtropical, prompting the BoM and the JTWC to cease advisories, however the JTWC was still tracking it as ''Subtropical Storm 12P''. However, it eventually became fully extratropical and the JTWC stopped tracking the system. Tropical Disturbance 08F formed just south of [[Samoa]] on February 23. It later intensified into a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone, hence being assigned the name ''Judy''. It later intensified into a Category 4 severe Tropical Cyclone. On March 5 it weakened into an Extatropical Cyclone. On February 27 the [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (BoM) had started tracking Tropical Low 18U on the Australian Region then it entered the South Pacific Basin where it intensified into a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone given the name ''Kevin''. It rapidly intensified into a Category 5 Tropical Cyclone just south-east of [[Vanuatu]]. It weakened to an extratropical cyclone on March 5. Both Judy and Kevin were major tropical cyclones when they struck Vanuatu only 48 hours apart from each other. Tropical Disturbance 10F formed on March 9 near [[Niue]]. On March 11, 11F formed to the west of [[Tonga]], with 12F forming a bit after to the northeast of [[Vanuatu]]. Neither of the three systems developed further, with the three dissipating on March 13, 23, and 21, respectively. On March 15, a weak tropical low from the Australian Region moved into the South Pacific Basin, being designated as Tropical Disturbance 13F. However, it did not develop further and became extratropical on April 18.

On March 7, SENAMHI reported an "unorganized tropical cyclone" in the Peruvian Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciclón Yaku se presenta frente al mar peruano |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/senamhi/noticias/721545-ciclon-yaku-se-presenta-frente-al-mar-peruano |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es-pe}}</ref> They dubbed the unofficial system as [[Cyclone Yaku]]. It dissipated on March 20. The system destroyed thousands of homes in Peru and killed eight people.

{{clear}}
====July - December====
{{Main|2023–24 South Pacific cyclone season}}

=== South Atlantic Ocean ===
{{Main|South Atlantic tropical cyclone}}
On 7 January, a subtropical depression formed about {{convert|500|km|abbr=on}} southeast of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{cite web |title=FQST02 SBBR 070000 |url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/fq/fqst02.sbbr..txt |publisher=Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/2023.01.07-052343/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/fq/fqst02.sbbr..txt |archive-date=7 January 2023 |date=7 January 2023}}</ref> Without affecting any area and moving away from the Brazilian coast, it lost its subtropical characteristics in the afternoon of 10 January, according to the Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/chm/sites/www.marinha.mil.br.chm/files/cartas-sinoticas/c23011012.png|title=Cartas Sinóticas|publisher=Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center|date=10 January 2023|access-date=11 January 2023|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111041414/https://www.marinha.mil.br/chm/sites/www.marinha.mil.br.chm/files/cartas-sinoticas/c23011012.png|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Mediterranean Sea===
{{see also|Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone}}One system formed in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in early 2023. On January 21, [[Storm Hannelore]] transitioned into a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone in the [[Adriatic Sea]]. The storm travelled west-northwest and made landfall in the [[Rimini Province]], [[Italy]] early on January 22. Hannelore transitioned into an extratropical cyclone soon after landfall and no impacts from the system was reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicane in northern Adriatic {{!}} EUMETSAT |url=https://www.eumetsat.int/medicane-northern-adriatic |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.eumetsat.int |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210073532/https://www.eumetsat.int/medicane-northern-adriatic |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Systems==
===January===
[[File:Cheneso 2023-01-25 1100Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Cheneso]]]]
January was very active, featuring twelve systems with five of them being named. From 2022, [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Ellie|Cyclone Ellie]] from the Australian region persisted into 2023. The first storm of the year started off with a short lived disturbance classified as [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 03F|03F]], which formed in the South Pacific basin. Shortly after 03F, a tropical low classified as [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 07U (Hale)|07U]] formed in the Australian basin and later entered the South Pacific basin. There, 07U strengthened into a tropical cyclone and was named [[Cyclone Hale (2023)|Hale]] by the [[Fiji Meteorological Service|FMS]]; becoming the first named storm of the year. The northern part of [[New Zealand]] suffered minor flooding after Hale's remnants made landfall over the country on January 10, and one indirect fatality was reported. Four days later, [[Cyclone Irene (2023)|Irene]] formed, becoming the second named storm in the basin. Irene passed near [[New Caledonia]] and [[Vanuatu]] however, no serious damage was reported. Moreover, in the Australian and South Pacific basins, four tropical lows classified as [[2022-23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Depression 06F|06F]], [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 10U|10U]], [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 11U (Dingani)|11U]], and [[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 12U|12U]] formed.  The remnants of 06F contributed to major flooding in New Zealand which caused 4 fatalities. In the South-West Indian Ocean basin, [[Cyclone Cheneso]] formed south of Diego Garcia and made landfall over northern [[Madagascar]]. After landfall, Cheneso's remnants reorganized in the [[Mozambique Channel]] and intensified into a Category 2 cyclone, becoming the strongest storm of the month. Cheneso devastated much of the country and destroyed many infrastructures due to its slow movement off the coast while reorganizing. As of January 31, 33 fatalities were reported from the cyclone. In the Atlantic, a non-tropical low developed over the [[Gulf Stream]] in mid-January. During its routine post-operational review, the NHC concluded that from January 16 to 17, the system had been [[2023 Atlantic hurricane season#Unnamed subtropical storm|a subtropical storm]]. Retroactively designated as the first storm of the season, though not given a name, the storm made landfall on the far northeastern coast of Nova Scotia just before it became a post-tropical low, which later dissipated over [[Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality|far eastern Quebec]]. The Northern Indian Ocean basin also had an early start with a depression classified as [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Depression BOB 01|BOB 01]] forming on January 30. In the South Atlantic, a subtropical depression formed off the coast of [[Brazil]]. The depression however, moved away from the coast and weakened. 11U moved into the Southwest Indian Ocean basin on February 9, where it was assigned the name ''Dingani''. It later intensified to Tropical Cyclone on the MFR's scale and Category 1 on the SSHWS. It eventually intensified to Tropical Cyclone status before turning southward and eventually transitioning into a post-tropical depression. The Mediterranean Sea featured [[Storm Hannelore|Cyclone Hannelore]], a short-lived system in the Adriatic Sea.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in January 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 03F|03F]]
|January 5–7
|{{unknown}}
|1000
|[[New Caledonia]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Hale (2023)|Hale]]
|January 6–8
|75 (45)
|994
|New Caledonia, [[New Zealand]]
|Unknown
|0 (1){{efn|name=indirect"}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dunseath|first1=Finlay|last2=Schwanecke|first2=Gianina|last3=Fuller|first3=Piers|date=2023-01-26|title=Gisborne council meets over safety at slash- covered beach after death of child|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/gisborne/300792573/gisborne-council-meets-over-safety-at-slash-covered-beach-after-death-of-child|access-date=2023-01-26|website=Stuff|language=en|archive-date=2023-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126013207/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/gisborne/300792573/gisborne-council-meets-over-safety-at-slash-covered-beach-after-death-of-child|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
![[South Atlantic tropical cyclone#2021–present|SD]]
|January 7–10
|55 (35)
|1010
|Rio de Janeiro
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Irene (2023)|Irene]]
|January 14–20
|100 (65)
|985
|[[New Caledonia]], [[Vanuatu]]
|Unknown
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Cheneso|Cheneso]]
|January 16–29
|130 (80)
|965
|[[Madagascar]]
|Unknown
|33
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madagascar - Tropical Cyclone CHENESO, update (GDACS, BNGRCMID, MeteoMadagascar, EMSR645) (ECHO Daily Flash of 01 February 2023) - Madagascar {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-tropical-cyclone-cheneso-update-gdacs-bngrcmid-meteomadagascar-emsr645-echo-daily-flash-01-february-2023 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=reliefweb.int |date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[2023 Atlantic hurricane season#Unnamed subtropical storm|Unnamed]]
|January 16–17
|110 (70)
|976
|[[Nova Scotia]]
|None
|None
|<ref name=":1">{{cite report|last1=Papin|first1=Philippe|last2=Cangialosi|first2=John|last3=Beven|first3=John|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Unnamed Subtropical Storm|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012023_Unnamed.pdf|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=July 6, 2023 |date=July 6, 2023}}</ref>
|-
![[2022-23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Depression 06F|06F]]
|January 18–22
|55 (35)
|996
|[[New Caledonia]], New Zealand
|$625 million
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-29 |title=Aucklanders receive emergency phone alert as MetService issues heavy rain warning |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/weather-news/300794650/aucklanders-receive-emergency-phone-alert-as-metservice-issues-heavy-rain-warning |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[Storm Hannelore|Hannelore]]
|January 21–22
|{{unknown}}
|995
|Italy
|None
|None
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2023 |title=Analyse Surface 21-01-23 |url=https://page.met.fu-berlin.de/wetterpate/static/archiv/2023/Analyse_20230121.gif |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] |publisher=[[Free University of Berlin]] |language=de |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231508/https://page.met.fu-berlin.de/wetterpate/static/archiv/2023/Analyse_20230121.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 10U|10U]]
|January 22–26
|{{unknown}}
|1001
|[[Northern Territory]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Dingani|Dingani]]
|January 27 – February 15
|140 (85)
|971
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Depression BOB 01|BOB 01]]
|January 30 – February 2
|45 (30)
|1004
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 12U|12U]]
|January 31 – February 4
|{{unknown}}
|1002
|None
|None
|None
|
|}

===February===
[[File:Freddy 2023-02-19 0900Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Freddy]]]]
[[File:Kevin 2023-03-04 0220Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclones Judy and Kevin|Cyclone Kevin]]]]
February was active, featuring eleven systems with seven of them being named. The month also includes an unofficial cyclones named [[Storm Helios|Helios]] and [[2022–23 European windstorm season#Cyclone Juliette (Zakariyya)|Juliette]] which both formed in the [[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone|Mediterranean Sea]]. The month started off with [[Cyclone Freddy|Freddy]], which formed in the Australian Region on February 4. Freddy reached its peak intensity as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone before crossing into the South-West Indian Ocean basin. There, the MFR immediately classified Freddy as an intense tropical cyclone. The cyclone further intensified into a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone, becoming the first one of the year. Freddy continued travelling across the Indian Ocean before making landfall over [[Madagascar]] and [[Mozambique]], killing at least 100 people. Unexpectedly, Freddy emerged back over the [[Mozambique Channel]] and restrengthed back into a cyclone. The cyclone then made its second landfall over Mozambique and dissipated on March 14; ending its erratic five week lifespan. Freddy left severe destruction across its path and killed at least 1,400 people. Freddy also became the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record and was also the first cyclone since [[Cyclone Leon–Eline|Leon–Eline]] and [[Cyclone Hudah|Hudah]] in [[1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season|2000]] to travel across the entire Southern Indian Ocean. On February 6, [[Cyclone Gabrielle]] formed in the Australian Region. As Gabrielle headed towards [[New Zealand]], the cyclone reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 cyclone. Gabrielle caused extensive damage across New Zealand and other nearby countries. Gabrielle became the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, the cyclone was the deadliest in New Zealand since 1968. [[Cyclone Enala (2023)|Cyclone Enala]] formed on February 19 in the Southern Indian Ocean and reached its peak as a Category 1-equivalent cyclone. However, Enala had no effect on land. [[Cyclones Judy and Kevin|Judy]] and [[Cyclones Judy and Kevin|Kevin]] both formed in the South Pacific basin and intensified into major cyclones. The two cyclones later impacted [[Vanuatu]]. Four other weak tropical lows also formed in the Australian Region. Most were short lived and were no threat to land. Additionally, [[Storm Helios|Cyclone Helios]] and [[2022–23 European windstorm season#Cyclone Juliette (Zakariyya)|Juliette]] in the Mediterranean Sea brought record-breaking rainfall on [[Malta]] and heavy snow and large waves occured in the parts of [[Italy]], [[Spain]] and [[France]]..

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in February 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[Cyclone Freddy|Freddy]]
|February 5 – March 14
|220 (140)
|931
|[[Mascarene Islands]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]]
|Unknown
|1,434
|<ref>{{cite report |url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/15294381-e694-44c8-a2ae-5b421b025ce0/ROSEA_20230314_SouthernAfrica_CycloneFreddy_FlashUpdate_7.pdf |title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Flash Update No. 7 (14 March 2023) |date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314105418/https://reliefweb.int/attachments/15294381-e694-44c8-a2ae-5b421b025ce0/ROSEA_20230314_SouthernAfrica_CycloneFreddy_FlashUpdate_7.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2023 |url-status=live |agency=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |via=ReliefWeb |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jack McBrams|date=17 March 2023|title=Cyclone Freddy affects 500,000 people in Malawi: UN |url=https://news.yahoo.com/cyclone-freddy-affects-500-000-203954927.html |website=Yahoo news |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>{{EM-DAT}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwanese Fishing Vessel Disappears With Its Sixteen Crew Members |date=26 February 2023 |url=https://english.lematinal.media/taiwanese-fishing-vessel-disappears-with-its-sixteen-crew-members/ |publisher=Le Matinal |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316184332/https://english.lematinal.media/taiwanese-fishing-vessel-disappears-with-its-sixteen-crew-members/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Freddy claims 2 lives in Manicaland – Zimbabwe Situation |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/cyclone-freddy-claims-2-lives-in-manicaland/ |access-date=17 March 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228085821/https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/cyclone-freddy-claims-2-lives-in-manicaland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[Cyclone Gabrielle|Gabrielle]]
|February 6–11
|150 (90)
|958
|[[Norfolk Island]], [[New Zealand]]
|$8.12 billion
|11
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halpin |first=Blair Ensor, Nadine Porter and James |date=2023-02-16 |title=Cyclone Gabrielle: What we know about the nine people who've died |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/weather-news/131242927/cyclone-gabrielle-what-we-know-about-the-nine-people-whove-died |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Stuff |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217072905/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/weather-news/131242927/cyclone-gabrielle-what-we-know-about-the-nine-people-whove-died |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whyte |first=Anna |date=2023-02-19 |title=Cyclone Gabrielle: PM warns tough calls to come as resilience 'tested like never before' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/131272630/cyclone-gabrielle-pm-warns-tough-calls-to-come-as-resilience-tested-like-never-before |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[Storm Helios|Helios]]
|February 10–11
|{{unknown}}
|{{unknown}}
|[[Malta]], [[Sicily]], [[Tunisia]]
|Unknown
|None
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=Analyse Surface 10-02-23 |url=https://page.met.fu-berlin.de/wetterpate/static/archiv/2023/Analyse_20230210.gif |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] |publisher=[[Free University of Berlin]] |language=de |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231509/https://page.met.fu-berlin.de/wetterpate/static/archiv/2023/Analyse_20230210.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 15U|15U]]
|February 11–17
|45 (30)
|997
|None
|None
|None
|<ref name="Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Northern Region, including the Gulf of Carpentaria. Issued at 2: 15 pm CST on Sunday 12 February 2023">{{cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Northern Region, including the Gulf of Carpentaria. Issued at 2: 15 pm CST on Sunday 12 February 2023 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/forecasts/tcoutlook.shtml |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401082717/http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/forecasts/tcoutlook.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Other systems|TL]]
|February 17–18
|{{unknown}}
|1004
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Enala (2023)|Enala]]
|February 21–28
|120 (75)
|980
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclones Judy and Kevin|Judy]]
|February 23–March 4
|175 (110)
|945
|[[Vanuatu]]
|Unknown
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 16U|16U]]
|February 23–March 10
|{{unknown}}
|995
|Western Australia, Northern Territory
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 17U|17U]]
|February 24–27
|{{unknown}}
|999
|[[Northern Territory]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 European windstorm season#Cyclone Juliette (Zakariyya)|Juliette]]
|February 27-March 4
|{{unknown}}
|{{unknown}}
|[[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[France]]
|None
|None
|<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Analyse_20230227 |url=https://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Analyse_20230227.gif |website=Free University of Berlin |format=.GIF |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162129/https://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Analyse_20230227.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
![[Cyclones Judy and Kevin|Kevin]]
|February 27–March 5
|215 (130)
|925
|[[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]]
|Unknown
|None
|
|}

===March===
[[File:Herman 2023-03-31 0630Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Herman (2023)|Cyclone Herman]]]]
March was inactive, especially in terms of named storms, featuring nine systems with only two of them being named. The month also includes an unofficial cyclone named [[Cyclone Yaku|Yaku]] which formed off the coast of [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]]. In the Northern Pacific basin, a tropical depression formed on March 4 east of [[Singapore]] [[List of tropical cyclones near the Equator|near the equator]], becoming the first storm of the year to form in the basin. The depression dissipated the next day. However, the storm killed four people after flooding parts of [[Malaysia]]. In the South Pacific basin, three tropical lows classified as [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 10F|10F]], [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 11F|11F]], and [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 12F|12F]] formed and dissipated without causing serious damage. In the Australian basin, three systems formed with [[Cyclone Herman (2023)|Herman]] being the strongest storm of the month. Herman formed on March 29 and headed towards the Australian coast and later reached its peak intensity as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. The cyclone however turned around and weakened due to dry air. Herman was last noted on April 5 by the JTWC. In the Southern Indian Ocean basin, a short lived depression classified as [[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Moderate Tropical Storm 09|09]] formed on March 25 and dissipated two days later without affecting any landmass. Yaku, being an unofficial storm of the South Pacific basin unusually formed in the Southeastern Pacific near South America. The cyclone killed at least eight people and caused serious damage across Peru and Ecuador.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in March 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[2023 Pacific typhoon season#Other systems|TD]]
|March 4–7
|55 (35)
|1008
|[[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
|Unknown
|4
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands forced from their homes amid southern Malaysia floods|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/6/malaysia-floods-17|date=March 6, 2023|access-date=March 6, 2023|publisher=Alijazeera.com}}</ref>
|-
![[Cyclone Yaku|Yaku]]
|March 7–20
|{{unknown}}
|1009
|[[Peru]], [[Ecuador]]
|None
|≥8
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rochabrun |first1=Marcelo |title=Peru's Desert Coast Braces for More Deadly Rains From Cyclone |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=14 March 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-14/peru-s-desert-coast-braces-for-more-deadly-rains-from-cyclone?leadSource=uverify%20wall |publisher=Bloomberg News |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
![[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 10F|10F]]
|March 8–13
|{{unknown}}
|1006
|[[Niue]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 11F|11F]]
|March 11–23
|{{unknown}}
|1006
|[[Tonga]], Niue
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 12F|12F]]
|March 11–21
|{{unknown}}
|1005
|[[New Caledonia]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 20U|20U]]
|March 25–31
|{{unknown}}
|1005
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Moderate Tropical Storm 09|09]]
|March 25–28
|75 (45)
|997
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Herman (2023)|Herman]]
|March 28–April 3
|215 (130)
|930
|[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos Islands]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Low 22U|22U]]
|March 30–April 2
|{{unknown}}
|{{unknown}}
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
|}

===April===
[[File:Ilsa 2023-04-13 0545Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Ilsa]]]]
April was a very inactive month, featuring only five systems with two{{#tag:ref|[[2023 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Depression Amang|''Amang'']], which was named by the PAGASA does not count as a named storm. Only storms named by the JMA are counted in the basin.|group="nb"}} of them being named. The month started off with a disturbance forming in the Australian Region on April 5. The disturbance, which was classified as 23U was later named [[Cyclone Ilsa|Ilsa]] by the BoM on April 10. Ilsa continued on and reached its peak intensity as a Category 5 cyclone on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson scale|SSHWS]] as it neared the Australian coast, becoming the strongest storm of the month. The cyclone made landfall east of [[Port Hedland, Western Australia|Port Hedland]] and weakened before it was last noted on April 16. In the Western Pacific basin, the JMA noted a low pressure area forming in the Philippine Sea on April 7. The low was later classified as a tropical depression after its structure slightly improved. As it entered the [[Philippine Area of Responsibility|PAR]], the depression was named [[Tropical Depression Amang (2023)|Amang]] by the PAGASA. Amang made three landfalls in Southern Luzon before weakening into a remnant low on April 3 due to dry air and wind shear. A week later, a tropical depression formed near [[Pohnpei]]. The depression later intensified into a tropical storm, where it was named [[Tropical Storm Sanvu (2023)|Sanvu]] by the JMA, becoming the first named storm in the basin. Sanvu however, failed to intensify further due to its poor structure and dissipated on April 25. In the South Pacific basin, a disturbance classified as [[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 13F|13F]] formed and entered the basin from the Australian basin. The disturbance however was poorly organized and never intensified further. On April 30, a weak tropical low, to the south of Christmas Island, was noted by the BoM.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in April 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[Cyclone Ilsa|Ilsa]]
|April 5–16
|230 (145)
|915
|[[Maluku (province)|Maluku]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Western Australia]]
|>$4 million
|8
|<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Hannah |last2=Barker |first2=Anne |last3=Brann |first3=Matt |last4=Bieundurry |first4=Tallulah |date=2023-05-03 |title=Indonesian fishermen who survived cyclone that killed eight off WA coast won't face charges |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-03/australian-government-wont-charge-indonesian-fishers-shipwreck/102296416 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref>
|-
![[Tropical Depression Amang (2023)|Amang]]
|April 10–13
|55 (35)
|1004
|[[Palau]], [[Philippines]]
|$923,000
|None
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Amang' leaves P12.34-M damage to agriculture |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/13/2258652/amang-leaves-p1234-m-damage-agriculture |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref>
|-
![[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Disturbance 13F|13F]]
|April 14–18
|{{unknown}}
|999
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Tropical Storm Sanvu (2023)|Sanvu]]
|April 19–22
|85 (50)
|996
|[[Federated States of Micronesia]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season#Other systems|TL]]
|April 30–May 2
|{{Unknown}}
|{{Unknown}}
|[[Christmas Island]]
|None
|None
|
|-
|}

===May===
[[File:Mawar 2023-05-26 0405Z.jpg|thumb|[[Typhoon Mawar]]]]
May was a slightly inactive month in terms of named storms, featuring four systems with three of them being named. However, the number of intense tropical cyclones and the [[Accumulated cyclone energy|ACE]] were both far above normal. The month started off with a tropical depression, which formed in the [[Sulu Sea]]. The system crossed [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] and entered the West Philippine Sea on May 5 before dissipating two days later. Moreover, in the West Pacific basin, a tropical depression formed near the [[Chuuk Islands]] on May 19. On the next day, the JMA named the depression [[Typhoon Mawar (2023)|Mawar]]. Mawar continued intensifying before intensifying into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon, becoming the first typhoon to form in the basin. It later intensified into a Category 5-equivalent typhoon after striking [[Guam]], becoming the strongest storm of the month and currently worldwide. In the Northern Indian Ocean basin, the IMD began monitoring a tropical depression which formed in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on May 9. The system was later named [[Cyclone Mocha|Mocha]] by the IMD after intensifying into a tropical storm. Mocha continued strengthening further; eventually becoming a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone on the SSHWS scale. On May 14, the cyclone made landfall on [[Myanmar]] and rapidly weakened before it was last noted over [[China]] on the next day. Mocha caused heavy damage across Myanmar and [[Bangladesh]] and killed at least 400 people. In the South-West Indian Ocean basin, a disturbance formed close to the equator on May 12, east of [[Indonesia]] and to the south of strengthening Cyclone Mocha. The MFR later named the system [[Cyclone Fabien (2023)|Fabien]] after reaching tropical storm status. Fabien reached its peak intensity as a Category 3-equivalent cyclone on May 15, becoming the latest tropical cyclone of that intensity, surpassing [[Cyclone Billy-Lila (1986)|Cyclone Billy-Lila]] of 1986 by 6 days. Fabien started to weaken on the next day due to wind shear and dry air. The cyclone degenerated into a remnant low and was last noted on May 21.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in May 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[2023 Pacific typhoon season#Other systems|TD]]
|May 5–7
|{{unknown}}
|1004
|[[Philippines]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Mocha|Mocha]]
|May 9–15
|215 (130)
|938
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], India, [[Yunnan]]
|$1.5 billion
|463
|<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Mocha Death Count Rises To 60 In Myanmar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/cyclone-mocha-death-count-rises-to-60-in-myanmar-4039568 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="rfa.org">{{Cite news |title=မုန်တိုင်းကြောင့် သေဆုံးသွားရတဲ့ ရိုဟင်ဂျာများ |url=https://www.rfa.org/burmese/multimedia/mocha-rakhine-sittway-rohingya-05162023163202.html/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|language=my}}</ref><ref name="bhorerkagoj">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=মহেশখালীতে ঘূর্ণিঝড়ে ৩ লবণচাষির মৃত্যু |url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2023/05/15/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9/ |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[Bhorer Kagoj]] |language=bn |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515140105/https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2023/05/15/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[Cyclone Fabien (2023)|Fabien]]
|May 12–21
|175 (110)
|958
|[[Diego Garcia]]
|None
|16
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Two bodies found in Chinese fishing vessel crew search in the Indian Ocean |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-18/two-bodies-found-in-chinese-fishing-vessel-crew-search/102365632?utm_medium=social&utm_content=sf266800977&utm_campaign=tw_abc_news&utm_source=t.co&sf266800977=1 |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=ABC News |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519122458/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-18/two-bodies-found-in-chinese-fishing-vessel-crew-search/102365632?utm_medium=social&utm_content=sf266800977&utm_campaign=tw_abc_news&utm_source=t.co&sf266800977=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.navy.lk/lead-story/2023/05/23/202305231830/|title=Sri Lanka Navy conducts risky diving operation at overturned Chinese fishing vessel in high seas|access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>

|-
![[Typhoon Mawar|Mawar (Betty)]]
|May 19–June 3
|215 (130)
|905
|[[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Philippines]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], [[Russian Far East]], [[Alaska]]
|$136 million
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Healy |first1=Shane Tenorio |title=Searches for missing swimmers called off |url=https://www.postguam.com/news/local/searches-for-missing-swimmers-called-off/article_e305f486-fc50-11ed-b1a7-d37a7406481d.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |work=The Guam Daily Post |date=2023-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2023 |title=One dead as Typhoon Mawar lashes Taiwan |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/one-dead-as-typhoon-mawar-lashes-taiwan/video/0aa06a1af46b8e1f7a038daa7323f590 |access-date=May 29, 2023 |website=news.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4231/SitRep_No_8_for_TC_BETTY_2023_2.pdf |title=Situational Report No. 8 for TC Betty (2023) |date=June 1, 2023 |publisher=[[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council]] |access-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

===June===
[[File:Biparjoy 2023-06-12 0850Z.jpg|thumb|[[Cyclone Biparjoy]]]]
June was active, featuring nine systems with seven of them being named. An area of interest formed in the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Of Mexico]] on May 31. The disturbance quickly became better organized and at 21:00 UTC on June 1, the system was designated as Tropical Depression Two. A day later, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, and named ''Arlene''. On June 6, two tropical depressions formed in the Arabian Sea and in the Philippine Sea. The depression in the Philippine Sea later strengthened into ''Tropical Storm Guchol'' at 20:00 UTC. And in the Arabian Sea, the depression rapidly intensified into a category 1 cyclone, which received the name ''Biparjoy''. Later, on June 19, a tropical depression formed in the Atlantic, later receiving the name ''Bret'' when it attained tropical storm strength. Another tropical depression developed just a few days later, on June 22, receiving the name ''Cindy'' early the next day after being upgraded to a tropical storm. On June 25, in the Eastern Pacific, a depression formed near the coast of Mexico, which upon strengthening into a tropical storm three days later, was named ''Adrian''. Another area of low pressure formed near the southwest coast of Costa Rica on June 25. A few days later, the system organized as a tropical storm, assigned the name as ''Beatriz''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in June 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[Tropical Storm Arlene (2023)|Arlene]]
|June 1–3
|65 (40)
|998
|[[Florida]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Typhoon Guchol (2023)|Guchol (Chedeng)]]
|June 5–12
|140 (85)
|970
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone Biparjoy|Biparjoy]]
|June 6–19
|165 (105)
|958
|[[Western India]], [[Pakistan]]
|Unknown
|17
|{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
![[2023 Pacific typhoon season#Other systems|TD]]
|June 7–11
|{{unknown}}
|1000
|[[South China]], [[Vietnam]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Cyclone 03B (2023)|03B]]
|June 9–10
|75 (45)
|991
|[[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]]
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Tropical Storm Bret (2023)|Bret]]
|June 19–24
|110 (70)
|996
|[[Barbados]], [[Windward Islands]], [[Leeward Antilles]], [[Venezuela]], Northerneastern [[Colombia]]
|Minimal
|None
|
|-
![[Tropical Storm Cindy (2023)|Cindy]]
|June 22–26
|95 (60)
|1001
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Hurricane Adrian (2023)|Adrian]]
|June 27–July 2
|175 (110)
|970
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[Hurricane Beatriz (2023)|Beatriz]]
|June 29–July 1
|140 (85)
|991
|Southwestern [[Mexico]]
|Unknown
|1
|{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
|}

===July===
[[File:Calvin 2023-07-12 2025Z.jpg|thumb|[[Hurricane Calvin (2023)|Hurricane Calvin]]]]
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Tropical cyclones formed in July 2023
! width="5%" | Storm name
! width="15%" | Dates active
! width="10%" | Max wind km/h (mph)
! width="5%" | Pressure (hPa)
! width="30%" | Areas affected
! width="10%" | Damage ([[USD]])
! width="5%" | Deaths
! width="5%" | Refs
|-
![[Hurricane Calvin (2023)|Calvin]]
|July 11–present
|120 (75)
|993
|None
|None
|None
|
|-
![[2023 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Depression Dodong|Dodong]]
|July 13–present
|{{unknown}}
|1002
|[[Philippines]]
|None
|None
|
|}

{{clear}}

==Global effects==
There are a total of nine [[tropical cyclone basins]], seven are seasonal and two are non-seasonal, thus all seven basins except the [[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone|Mediterranean]] and [[South Atlantic tropical cyclone|South Atlantic]] are active. In this table, data from all these basins are added.<ref name="Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential Seven Basins">{{cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential Seven Basins |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone/data/seven.php |publisher=NOAA |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512200540/https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone/data/seven.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan=2|'''Season name'''
! width="250" | '''Areas affected'''
! width="65" | '''Systems formed'''
! width="65" | '''Named storms'''
! width="65"| '''Tropical cyclones'''
! width="100" | '''Damage ([[USD]])'''
! width="50" | '''Deaths'''
! width="40" | '''Ref'''
|-
! colspan=2| [[2023 Atlantic hurricane season|North Atlantic Ocean]]{{efn|name=1-minute"|The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Atlantic, Eastern and Central Pacific|Saffir Simpson Scale]] which uses 1-minute sustained winds.}}
|[[New England]], [[Nova Scotia]], Florida, [[Cuba]], [[Barbados]], Windward Islands, [[Leeward Antilles]], [[Venezuela]], Northeastern Colombia
|4
|4
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
!colspan=2|[[2023 Pacific hurricane season|Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean]]{{efn|name=1-minute"}}
|[[Revillagigedo Islands]], Southwestern Mexico
|3
|3
|2
|{{n/a}}
|1
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[2023 Pacific typhoon season|Western Pacific Ocean]]{{efn|name="onbefore"|Only systems that formed either '''before or on December 31, 2023''' are counted in the seasonal totals.}}
|[[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Palau]], [[Philippines]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Mariana Islands]]
|8
|3
|2
|$137 million
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Thousands forced from their homes amid southern Malaysia floods |publisher=Alijazeera.com |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/6/malaysia-floods-17 |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>
|-
!colspan=2|[[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|North Indian Ocean]]{{efn|name=3-minute"|The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|IMD Scale]] which uses 3-minute sustained winds.}}
|[[Sri Lanka]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], India, [[Yunnan]]
|3
|2
|2
|$1.5 billion
|480
|<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref name="rfa.org"/><ref name="bhorerkagoj"/>
|-
!rowspan=2| South-West Indian Ocean
|[[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|January – June]]{{efn|name="onafter0101"|Only systems that formed either '''on or after January 1, 2023''' are counted in the seasonal totals.}}{{efn|name="wind gusts"|The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on [[Météo-France]], which uses wind gusts.}}
|[[Mascarene Islands]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]]
|2
|3{{efn|name=named"|Although two systems formed in this basin, there are three named storms because after Tropical Low 11U moved into this basin, it was given a name, ''Dingani'', by the MFR.}}
|3{{efn|name=entered|According to the BoM, Cyclone Freddy entered the South-West Indian ocean basin from the Australian Region on 14 February 2023}}
|{{Unknown}}
|1,483
|
|-
|[[2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|July – December]]{{efn|name="onbefore"}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Australian region
|[[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season|January – June]]{{efn|name="onafter0101"}}
|[[New Caledonia]], [[Northern Australia]], [[Norfolk Island]]
|14
|4
|4
|$2.7 million
|0 (8)
|
|-
|[[2023–24 Australian region cyclone season|July – December]]{{efn|name="onbefore"}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
!rowspan=2| South Pacific Ocean
|[[2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season|January – June]]{{efn|name="onafter0101"}}
|New Caledonia, [[New Zealand]], [[Vanuatu]]
|11
|4
|2
|>$9.42 billion
|15 (1){{efn|name=indirect"}}
|
|-
|[[2023–24 South Pacific cyclone season|July – December]]{{efn|name="onbefore"}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[South Atlantic tropical cyclone|South Atlantic Ocean]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|1
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone|Mediterranean Sea]]
|[[Italy]], [[Malta]]
|2
|2
|{{n/a}}
|{{Unknown}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|-
!colspan=2|Worldwide
!(See above)
!{{#expr:4+2+7+3+2+14+11+1+2}}{{efn|name=System Counting|The sum of the number of systems in each basin will not equal the number shown as the total. This is because when systems move between basins, it creates a discrepancy in the actual number of systems.}} 
!{{#expr:4+2+3+2+3+4+4+0+2}} 
!{{#expr:0+2+2+2+3+4+2+0+0}} 
!≥ $11.05 billion 
!1,989 (9){{efn|name=indirect"|The number in the bracket indicates indirect deaths.}}
!
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Tropical cyclones by year]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2023]]
* [[Tornadoes of 2023|Tornadoes in 2023]]
* [[Weather of 2023]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Tropical cyclones by decade/2020–present}}
{{TC year external links}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|2023}}

[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2023| ]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones by year]]

User talk:2601:47:4002:CA00:696C:29F1:4FFD:8197

2023-07-14T01:12:11Z

Slazenger: Level 2 warning re. Alexander II of Russia (HG) (3.4.10)